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why did countries such as india and indonesia join the non-aligned movement during the cold war
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Non-Aligned Movement
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non - aligned movement
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Non-Aligned Movement ( NAM ) Member countries Observer countries Location Jakarta , Indonesia ( Headquarters ) Coordinating Bureau New York City , New York , U.S. Membership 120 members 17 observers Leaders Principal decision - making organ Conference of Heads of State or Government of Non-Aligned Countries Presidency Venezuela Secretary - General Nicolás Maduro Establishment 1961 in Belgrade , Yugoslavia as the Conference of Heads of State or Government of Non-Aligned Countries Website csstc.org The Non-Aligned Movement ( NAM ) is a group of states that are not formally aligned with or against any major power bloc . As of 2012 , the movement has 120 members . It was established in 1961 in Belgrade , Yugoslavia . An initiative of Yugoslav president Josip Broz Tito led to the first Conference of Heads of State or Government of Non-Aligned Countries . The term non-aligned movement appears first in the fifth conference in 1976 , where participating countries are denoted as `` members of the movement '' . The purpose of the organization has been enumerated as to ensure `` the national independence , sovereignty , territorial integrity and security of non-aligned countries '' in their `` struggle against imperialism , colonialism , neo-colonialism , racism , and all forms of foreign aggression , occupation , domination , interference or hegemony as well as against great power and bloc politics , '' by Fidel Castro in his Havana Declaration of 1979 . The countries of the Non-Aligned Movement represent nearly two - thirds of the United Nations ' members and contain 55 % of the world population . Membership is particularly concentrated in countries considered to be developing or part of the Third World , though the Non-Aligned Movement also has a number of developed nations . Although many of the Non-Aligned Movement 's members were actually quite closely aligned with one or another of the superpowers , the movement still maintained cohesion throughout the Cold War , even despite several conflicts between members which also threatened the movement . In the years since the Cold War 's end , it has focused on developing multilateral ties and connections as well as unity among the developing nations of the world , especially those within the Global South . Contents 1 History 1.1 Origins and the Cold War 1.2 Since the end of the Cold War 2 Organizational structure and membership 3 Policies and ideology 4 Current activities and positions 5 Summits 6 Secretary general 7 Members , observers and guests 7.1 Current members 7.1. 1 Africa 7.1. 2 Americas 7.1. 3 Asia 7.1. 4 Europe 7.1. 5 Oceania 7.2 Former members 7.3 Observers 7.3. 1 Countries 7.3. 2 Organisations 7.4 Guests 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links 11.1 Videos History ( edit ) Origins and the Cold War ( edit ) The founding fathers of the Non-Aligned Movement were Josip Broz Tito of Socialist Yugoslavia , Jawaharlal Nehru of India , Sukarno of Indonesia , Gamal Abdel Nasser of Egypt and Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana . Their actions were known as ' The Initiative of Five ' . The Non-Aligned Movement as an organization was founded on the Brijuni islands in Yugoslavia in 1956 , and was formalized by signing the Declaration of Brijuni on July 19th , 1956 . The Declaration was signed by Yugoslavia 's president , Josip Broz Tito , India 's first prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru and Egypt 's second president , Gamal Abdel Nasser . One of the quotations within the Declaration is `` Peace can not be achieved with separation , but with the aspiration towards collective security in global terms and expansion of freedom , as well as terminating the domination of one country over another '' . According to Rejaul Karim Laskar , an ideologue of the Congress party which ruled India for most part of the Cold War years , the Non-Aligned Movement arose from the desire of Jawaharlal Nehru and other leaders of the newly independent countries of the third world to guard their independence `` in face of complex international situation demanding allegiance to either two warring superpowers '' . The Movement advocates a middle course for states in the developing world between the Western and Eastern Blocs during the Cold War . The phrase itself was first used to represent the doctrine by Indian diplomat V.K. Krishna Menon in 1953 , at the United Nations . But it soon after became the name to refer to the participants of the Conference of Heads of State or Government of Non-Aligned Countries first held in 1961 . The term `` non-alignment '' was established in 1953 at the United Nations . Nehru used the phrase in a 1954 speech in Colombo , Sri Lanka . In this speech , Nehru described the five pillars to be used as a guide for Sino - Indian relations called Panchsheel ( five restraints ) ; these principles would later serve as the basis of the Non-Aligned Movement . The five principles were : Mutual respect for each other 's territorial integrity and sovereignty . Mutual non-aggression . Mutual non-interference in domestic affairs . Equality and mutual benefit . Peaceful co-existence . A significant milestone in the development of the Non-Aligned Movement was the 1955 Bandung Conference , a conference of Asian and African states hosted by Indonesian president Sukarno , who gave a significant contribution to promote this movement . Bringing together Sukarno , U Nu , Nasser , Nehru , Tito , Nkrumah and Menon with the likes of Ho Chi Minh , Zhou Enlai , and Norodom Sihanouk , as well as U Thant and a young Indira Gandhi , the conference adopted a `` declaration on promotion of world peace and cooperation '' , which included Nehru 's five principles , and a collective pledge to remain neutral in the Cold War . Six years after Bandung , an initiative of Yugoslav president Josip Broz Tito led to the first Conference of Heads of State or Government of Non-Aligned Countries , which was held in September 1961 in Belgrade . The term non-aligned movement appears first in the fifth conference in 1976 , where participating countries are denoted as members of the movement . Belgrade Conference , September 1961 At the Lusaka Conference in September 1970 , the member nations added as aims of the movement the peaceful resolution of disputes and the abstention from the big power military alliances and pacts . Another added aim was opposition to stationing of military bases in foreign countries . Some members were involved in serious conflicts with other members ( e.g. India and Pakistan , Iran and Iraq ) . The movement fractured from its own internal contradictions when the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan in 1979 . Although the Soviet allies supported the invasion , other members of the movement ( particularly predominantly Muslim states ) condemned it . Since the end of the Cold War ( edit ) Because the Non-Aligned Movement was formed as an attempt to throw out the Cold War , it has struggled to find relevance since the Cold War ended . After the breakup of Yugoslavia , a founding member , its membership was suspended in 1992 at the regular Ministerial Meeting of the Movement , held in New York during the regular yearly session of the General Assembly of the United Nations . The successor states of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia have expressed little interest in membership , though Serbia and Bosnia and Herzegovina have observer status . In 2004 , Malta and Cyprus ceased to be members and joined the European Union . Belarus is the only member of the Movement in Europe . Azerbaijan and Fiji are the most recent entrants , joining in 2011 . The applications of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Costa Rica were rejected in 1995 and 1998 , respectively . Since the end of the Cold War , the Non-Aligned Movement has been forced to redefine itself and reinvent its purpose in the current world system . A major question has been whether many of its foundational ideologies , principally national independence , territorial integrity , and the struggle against colonialism and imperialism , can be applied to contemporary issues . The movement has emphasised its principles of multilateralism , equality , and mutual non-aggression in attempting to become a stronger voice for the global South , and an instrument that can be utilised to promote the needs of member nations at the international level and strengthen their political leverage when negotiating with developed nations . In its efforts to advance Southern interests , the movement has stressed the importance of cooperation and unity amongst member states , but as in the past , cohesion remains a problem since the size of the organisation and the divergence of agendas and allegiances present the ongoing potential for fragmentation . While agreement on basic principles has been smooth , taking definitive action vis - à - vis particular international issues has been rare , with the movement preferring to assert its criticism or support rather than pass hard - line resolutions . The movement continues to see a role for itself , as in its view , the world 's poorest nations remain exploited and marginalised , no longer by opposing superpowers , but rather in a uni-polar world , and it is Western hegemony and neo-colonialism that the movement has really re-aligned itself against . It opposes foreign occupation , interference in internal affairs and aggressive unilateral measures , but it has also shifted to focus on the socio - economic challenges facing member states , especially the inequalities manifested by globalization and the implications of neo-liberal policies . The Non-Aligned Movement has identified economic underdevelopment , poverty , and social injustices as growing threats to peace and security . The 16th NAM summit took place in Tehran , Iran , from 26 to 31 August 2012 . According to Mehr News Agency , representatives from over 150 countries were scheduled to attend . Attendance at the highest level includes 27 presidents , 2 kings and emirs , 7 prime ministers , 9 vice presidents , 2 parliament spokesmen and 5 special envoys . At the summit , Iran took over from Egypt as Chair of the Non-Aligned Movement for the period 2012 to 2015 . Organizational structure and membership ( edit ) The movement stems from a desire not to be aligned within a geopolitical / military structure and therefore itself does not have a very strict organizational structure . Some organizational basics were defined at the 1996 Cartagena Document on Methodology The Summit Conference of Heads of State or Government of Non-Aligned States is `` the highest decision making authority '' . The chairmanship rotates between countries and changes at every summit of heads of state or government to the country organizing the summit . Requirements for membership of the Non-Aligned Movement coincide with the key beliefs of the United Nations . The current requirements are that the candidate country has displayed practices in accordance with the ten `` Bandung principles '' of 1955 : Respect for fundamental human rights and for the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations . Respect for the sovereignty and territorial integrity of all nations . Recognition of the movements for national independence . Recognition of the equality of all races and of the equality of all nations , large and small . Abstention from intervention or interference in the internal affairs of another country . Respect for the right of each nation to defend itself singly or collectively , in conformity with the Charter of the United Nations . Refraining from acts or threats of aggression or the use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any country . Settlement of all international disputes by peaceful means , in conformity with the Charter of the United Nations . Promotion of mutual interests and co-operation . Respect for justice and international obligations . Policies and ideology ( edit ) The South Africa Conference NAM logo Secretaries General of the NAM had included such diverse figures as Suharto , militaristic anti-communist , and Nelson Mandela , a democratic socialist and famous anti-apartheid activist . Consisting of many governments with vastly different ideologies , the Non-Aligned Movement is unified by its declared commitment to world peace and security . At the seventh summit held in New Delhi in March 1983 , the movement described itself as `` history 's biggest peace movement '' . The movement places equal emphasis on disarmament . NAM 's commitment to peace pre-dates its formal institutionalisation in 1961 . The Brioni meeting between heads of governments of India , Egypt and Yugoslavia in 1956 recognized that there exists a vital link between struggle for peace and endeavours for disarmament . During the 1970s and early 1980s , the NAM also sponsored campaigns for restructuring commercial relations between developed and developing nations , namely the New International Economic Order ( NIEO ) , and its cultural offspring , the New World Information and Communication Order ( NWICO ) . The latter , on its own , sparked a Non-Aligned initiative on cooperation for communications , the Non-Aligned News Agencies Pool , created in 1975 and later converted into the NAM News Network in 2005 . The Non-Aligned Movement espouses policies and practices of cooperation , especially those that are multilateral and provide mutual benefit to all those involved . Many of the members of the Non-Aligned Movement are also members of the United Nations . Both organisations have a stated policy of peaceful cooperation , yet the successes the NAM has had with multilateral agreements tend to be ignored by the larger , western and developed nation dominated UN . African concerns about apartheid were linked with Arab - Asian concerns about Palestine and multilateral cooperation in these areas has enjoyed moderate success . The Non-Aligned Movement has played a major role in various ideological conflicts throughout its existence , including extreme opposition to apartheid governments and support of guerrilla movements in various locations , including Rhodesia and South Africa . Current activities and positions ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( March 2017 ) Criticism of US policy In recent years the organization has criticized certain aspects of US foreign policy . The 2003 invasion of Iraq and the War on Terrorism , its attempts to stifle Iran and North Korea 's nuclear plans , and its other actions have been denounced by some members of the Non-Aligned Movement as attempts to run roughshod over the sovereignty of smaller nations ; at the most recent summit , Kim Yong - nam , the head of North Korea 's parliament , stated , `` The United States is attempting to deprive other countries of even their legitimate right to peaceful nuclear activities . '' Self - determination of Puerto Rico Since 1961 , the organization has supported the discussion of the case of Puerto Rico 's self - determination before the United Nations . A resolution on the matter was to be proposed on the XV Summit by the Hostosian National Independence Movement . Self - determination of Western Sahara Since 1973 , the group has supported the discussion of the case of Western Sahara 's self - determination before the United Nations . The movement reaffirmed in its last meeting ( Sharm El Sheikh 2009 ) the support to the Self - determination of the Sahrawi people by choosing between any valid option , welcomed the direct conversations between the parties , and remembered the responsibility of the United Nations on the Sahrawi issue . Sustainable development The movement is publicly committed to the tenets of sustainable development and the attainment of the Millennium Development Goals , but it believes that the international community has not created conditions conducive to development and has infringed upon the right to sovereign development by each member state . Issues such as globalization , the debt burden , unfair trade practices , the decline in foreign aid , donor conditionality , and the lack of democracy in international financial decision - making are cited as factors inhibiting development . Reforms of the UN The movement has been outspoken in its criticism of current UN structures and power dynamics , stating that the organisation has been utilised by powerful states in ways that violate the movement 's principles . It has made a number of recommendations that it says would strengthen the representation and power of `` non-aligned '' states . The proposed UN reforms are also aimed at improving the transparency and democracy of UN decision - making . The UN Security Council is the element it considers the most distorted , undemocratic , and in need of reshaping . South - South cooperation The movement has collaborated with other organisations of the developing world -- primarily the Group of 77 -- forming a number of joint committees and releasing statements and documents representing the shared interests of both groups . This dialogue and cooperation can be taken as an effort to increase the global awareness about the organisation and bolster its political clout . Cultural diversity and human rights The movement accepts the universality of human rights and social justice , but fiercely resists cultural homogenisation . In line with its views on sovereignty , the organisation appeals for the protection of cultural diversity , and the tolerance of the religious , socio - cultural , and historical particularities that define human rights in a specific region . Working groups , task forces , committees Committee on Palestine High - Level Working Group for the Restructuring of the United Nations Joint Coordinating Committee ( chaired by Chairman of G - 77 and Chairman of NAM ) Non-Aligned Security Caucus Standing Ministerial Committee for Economic Cooperation Task Force on Somalia Working Group on Disarmament Working Group on Human Rights Working Group on Peace - Keeping Operations Summits ( edit ) 1st summit , Belgrade 16th summit of the NAM , Tehran The conference of Heads of State or Government of the Non-Aligned Countries , often referred to as Non-Aligned Movement Summit is the main meeting within the movement and are held every few years : Date Host country Host city 1st 1 -- 6 September 1961 Yugoslavia Belgrade 2nd 5 -- 10 October 1964 United Arab Republic Cairo 3rd 8 -- 10 September 1970 Zambia Lusaka 4th 5 -- 9 September 1973 Algeria Algiers 5th 16 -- 19 August 1976 Sri Lanka Colombo 6th 3 -- 9 September 1979 Cuba Havana 7th 7 -- 12 March 1983 India New Delhi 8th 1 -- 6 September 1986 Zimbabwe Harare 9th 4 -- 7 September 1989 Yugoslavia Belgrade 10th 1 -- 6 September 1992 Indonesia Jakarta 11th 18 -- 20 October 1995 Colombia Cartagena 12th 2 -- 3 September 1998 South Africa Durban 13th 20 -- 25 February 2003 Malaysia Kuala Lumpur 14th 15 -- 16 September 2006 Cuba Havana 15th 11 -- 16 July 2009 Egypt Sharm el - Sheikh 16th 26 -- 31 August 2012 Iran Tehran 17th 13 -- 18 September 2016 Venezuela Porlamar 18th 2019 Azerbaijan TBA A variety of ministerial meetings are held between the summit meetings . Some are specialist , such as the meeting on `` Inter-Faith Dialogue and Co-operation for Peace '' , held in Manila , the Philippines , 16 -- 18 March 2010 . There is a general Conference of Foreign Ministers every three years . The most recent were in Bali , Indonesia , 23 -- 27 May 2011 and Algiers , Algeria , 26 -- 29 May 2014 . The Non-Aligned Movement celebrated its 50th anniversary in Belgrade on 5 -- 6 September 2011 . Secretary General ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Between summits , the Non-Aligned Movement is run by the secretary general elected at the last summit meeting . The Coordinating Bureau , also based at the UN , is the main instrument for directing the work of the movement 's task forces , committees and working groups . Image Secretary - General Country ( holding the Presidency ) Party From To Josip Broz Tito ( 1892 - 1980 ) Yugoslavia League of Communists of Yugoslavia 1961 1964 Gamal Abdel Nasser ( 1918 - 1970 ) United Arab Republic Arab Socialist Union 1964 1970 Kenneth Kaunda ( 1924 - ) Zambia United National Independence Party 1970 1973 Houari Boumediène ( 1932 - 1978 ) Algeria Revolutionary Council 1973 1976 William Gopallawa ( 1896 - 1981 ) Sri Lanka Independent 1976 1978 Junius Richard Jayewardene ( 1906 - 1996 ) United National Party 1978 1979 Fidel Castro ( 1926 - 2016 ) Cuba Communist Party of Cuba 1979 Neelam Sanjiva Reddy ( 1913 - 1996 ) India Janata Party Zail Singh ( 1916 - 1994 ) Indian National Congress 1986 Robert Mugabe ( 1924 - ) Zimbabwe ZANU - PF 1986 1989 Janez Drnovšek ( 1950 - 2008 ) Yugoslavia League of Communists of Yugoslavia 1989 1990 Borisav Jović ( 1928 - ) Socialist Party of Serbia 1990 1991 Stjepan Mesić ( 1934 - ) Croatian Democratic Union 1991 Branko Kostić ( 1939 - ) Democratic Party of Socialists of Montenegro 1991 1992 Dobrica Ćosić ( 1921 - 2014 ) FR Yugoslavia Independent 1992 Suharto ( 1921 - 2008 ) Indonesia Golkar 1992 1995 Ernesto Samper ( 1950 - ) Colombia Colombian Liberal Party 1995 1998 Andrés Pastrana Arango ( 1954 - ) Colombian Conservative Party 1998 Nelson Mandela ( 1918 - 2013 ) South Africa African National Congress 1998 1999 Thabo Mbeki ( 1942 - ) 1999 2003 Mahathir Mohamad ( 1925 - ) Malaysia United Malays National Organisation 2003 Abdullah Ahmad Badawi ( 1939 - ) 2003 2006 Fidel Castro ( 1926 - 2016 ) Cuba Communist Party of Cuba 2006 2008 Raúl Castro ( 1931 - ) 2008 2009 Hosni Mubarak ( 1928 - ) Egypt National Democratic Party 2009 2011 Mohamed Hussein Tantawi ( 1935 - ) Independent 2011 2012 Mohamed Morsi ( 1951 - ) Freedom and Justice Party 2012 Mahmoud Ahmadinejad ( 1956 - ) Iran Alliance of Builders of Islamic Iran 2012 2013 Hassan Rouhani ( 1948 - ) Moderation and Development Party 2013 2016 Nicolás Maduro ( 1962 - ) Venezuela United Socialist Party 2016 present Members , Observers and guests ( edit ) Current members ( edit ) The following countries are members of the NAM , arranged by continent , showing their year of admission : Africa ( edit ) Currently every African country ( except South Sudan and Western Sahara ) is a member of the Non-Aligned Movement . Algeria ( 1961 ) Angola ( 1976 ) Benin ( 1964 ) Botswana ( 1970 ) Burkina Faso ( 1973 ) Burundi ( 1964 ) Cameroon ( 1964 ) Cape Verde ( 1976 ) Central African Republic ( 1964 ) Chad ( 1964 ) Comoros ( 1976 ) Democratic Republic of the Congo ( 1961 ) Djibouti ( 1983 ) Egypt ( 1961 ) Equatorial Guinea ( 1970 ) Eritrea ( 1995 ) Ethiopia ( 1961 ) Gabon ( 1970 ) Gambia ( 1973 ) Ghana ( 1961 ) Guinea ( 1961 ) Guinea - Bissau ( 1976 ) Côte d'Ivoire ( 1973 ) Kenya ( 1964 ) Lesotho ( 1970 ) Liberia ( 1964 ) Libya ( 1964 ) Madagascar ( 1973 ) Malawi ( 1964 ) Mali ( 1961 ) Mauritania ( 1964 ) Mauritius ( 1973 ) Morocco ( 1961 ) Mozambique ( 1976 ) Namibia ( 1979 ) Niger ( 1973 ) Nigeria ( 1964 ) Republic of the Congo ( 1964 ) Rwanda ( 1970 ) São Tomé and Príncipe ( 1976 ) Senegal ( 1964 ) Seychelles ( 1976 ) Sierra Leone ( 1964 ) Somalia ( 1961 ) South Africa ( 1994 ) Sudan ( 1961 ) Swaziland ( 1970 ) Tanzania ( 1964 ) Togo ( 1964 ) Tunisia ( 1961 ) Uganda ( 1964 ) Zambia ( 1964 ) Zimbabwe ( 1979 ) Americas ( edit ) Antigua and Barbuda ( 2006 ) Bahamas ( 1983 ) Barbados ( 1983 ) Belize ( 1976 ) Bolivia ( 1979 ) Chile ( 1973 ) Colombia ( 1983 ) Cuba ( 1961 ) Dominica ( 2006 ) Dominican Republic ( 2000 ) Ecuador ( 1983 ) Grenada ( 1979 ) Guatemala ( 1993 ) Guyana ( 1970 ) Haiti ( 2006 ) Honduras ( 1995 ) Jamaica ( 1970 ) Nicaragua ( 1979 ) Panama ( 1976 ) Peru ( 1973 ) Saint Kitts and Nevis ( 2006 ) Saint Lucia ( 1983 ) Saint Vincent and the Grenadines ( 2003 ) Suriname ( 1983 ) Trinidad and Tobago ( 1970 ) Venezuela ( 1989 ) Asia ( edit ) Afghanistan ( 1961 ) Azerbaijan ( 2011 ) Bahrain ( 1973 ) Bangladesh ( 1973 ) Bhutan ( 1973 ) Brunei ( 1993 ) Cambodia ( 1961 ) India ( 1961 ) Indonesia ( 1961 ) Iran ( 1979 ) Iraq ( 1961 ) Jordan ( 1964 ) Kuwait ( 1964 ) Laos ( 1964 ) Lebanon ( 1961 ) Malaysia ( 1970 ) Maldives ( 1976 ) Mongolia ( 1993 ) Myanmar ( 1961 ) Nepal ( 1961 ) North Korea ( 1976 ) Oman ( 1973 ) Pakistan ( 1979 ) Palestine ( 1976 ) Philippines ( 1993 ) Qatar ( 1973 ) Saudi Arabia ( 1961 ) Singapore ( 1970 ) Sri Lanka ( 1961 ) Syria ( 1964 ) Thailand ( 1993 ) East Timor ( 2003 ) Turkmenistan ( 1995 ) United Arab Emirates ( 1970 ) Uzbekistan ( 1993 ) Vietnam ( 1976 ) Yemen ( 1990 ) Europe ( edit ) Belarus ( 1998 ) Oceania ( edit ) Fiji ( 2011 ) Papua New Guinea ( 1993 ) Vanuatu ( 1983 ) Former members ( edit ) Cyprus ( 1961 -- 2004 ) Malta ( 1973 -- 2004 ) Yugoslavia ( 1961 -- 1992 ) Observers ( edit ) The following countries and organizations have observer status ( 2012 ) : Countries ( edit ) Argentina Bosnia and Herzegovina Brazil China Costa Rica Cyprus Armenia El Salvador Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Macedonia Mexico Paraguay Serbia South Sudan Tajikistan Uruguay Organisations ( edit ) African Union Afro - Asian People 's Solidarity Organisation Arab League Association of Southeast Asian Nations Commonwealth Secretariat Commonwealth of Nations Hostosian National Independence Movement Kanak and Socialist National Liberation Front Organisation of Islamic Cooperation South Centre United Nations World Peace Council International Institute for Non-Aligned Studies Guests ( edit ) There is no permanent guest status , but often several non-member countries are represented as guests at conferences . In addition , a large number of organisations , both from within the UN system and from outside , are always invited as guests . See also ( edit ) Asian -- African Conference Country neutrality Dual loyalty Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence G - 77 New World Information and Communication Order North -- South divide Policy of deliberate ambiguity India and the Non-Aligned Movement South - South Cooperation Third World References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` NAM Members & Observers - 16th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement '' . Tehran. 26 -- 31 August 2012 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 02 - 08 . Retrieved 24 August 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Non-Aligned Movement : Background Information '' . Government of Zaire. 21 September 2001 . Archived from the original on 9 February 2016 . Retrieved 23 April 2011 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) , znaci.net Jump up ^ Fidel Castro speech to the UN in his position as chairman of the non-aligned countries movement 12 October 1979 Archived 11 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine. ; `` Pakistan & Non-Aligned Movement '' Archived 2 October 2006 at the Wayback Machine ... Board of Investment -- Government of Pakistan . 2003 . Jump up ^ Laskar , Rejaul Karim ( June 2004 ) . `` Respite from Disgraceful NDA Foreign Policy '' . Congress Sandesh. 6 ( 10 ) : 8 . Jump up ^ Ma'aroof , Mohammad Khalid ( 1987 ) . Afghanistan in World Politics : ( a Study of Afghan - U.S. Relations ) . Gyan Publishing House . pp. 75 -- . ISBN 978 - 81 - 212 - 0097 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Belgrade declaration of non-aligned countries '' ( PDF ) . Egyptian presidency website . 6 September 1961 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 23 April 2011 . Retrieved 23 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Fifth conference of heads of state or Government of non-aligned nations '' ( PDF ) . Egyptian presidency website . 6 September 1961 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 23 April 2011 . Retrieved 23 April 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Suvedi , Sūryaprasāda ( 1996 ) . Land and Maritime Zones of Peace in International Law . Oxford : Clarendon Press ; New York : Oxford University Press . pp. 169 -- 170 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 198 - 26096 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Non-Aligned Movement : Member States '' Archived 9 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine ... XII Summit , Durban , South Africa , 2 -- 3 September 1998 . Retrieved 24 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Lai Kwon Kin ( 2 September 1992 ) . `` Yugoslavia casts shadow over non-aligned summit '' . The Independent . Retrieved 26 September 2009 . Iran and several other Muslim nations want the rump state of Yugoslavia kicked out , saying it no longer represents the country which helped to found the movement . ^ Jump up to : Najam , Adil ( 2003 ) . `` Chapter 9 : The Collective South in Multinational Environmental Politics '' . In Nagel , Stuard . Policymaking and prosperity : a multinational anthology . Lanham , MD : Lexington Books . pp. 197 -- 240 ( 233 ) . ISBN 0 - 7391 - 0460 - 8 . Retrieved 10 November 2009 . Turkmenistan , Belarus and Dominican Republic are the most recent entrants . The application of Bosnia - Herzegovina and Costa Rica were rejected in 1995 and 1998 . Jump up ^ Putting Differences Aside Archived 12 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine. , Daria Acosta , 18 September 2006 . Jump up ^ Staff ( 7 August 2009 ) . `` Profile : Non-Aligned Movement '' . BBC News . Retrieved 24 August 2012 . Jump up ^ XII Summit , Durban , South Africa , 2 -- 3 September 1998 : Final Document Archived 19 December 2015 at the Wayback Machine. , no . 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ XII Summit , Durban , South Africa , 2 -- 3 September 1998 : NAM XII Summit : Basic Documents -- Final Document : 1 Global Issues Archived 19 December 2015 at the Wayback Machine ... Nam.gov.za . Retrieved 3 August 2013 . Jump up ^ NAM summit will raise Iran 's profile in the international arena Archived 28 January 2013 at Archive.is Jump up ^ NAM summit kicks off in Tehran Archived 29 August 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Southern Africa : Media Briefing By Deputy Minister Ebrahim Ebrahim On International Developments '' . 15 August 2012 . Retrieved 18 September 2016 -- via AllAfrica . ^ Jump up to : `` Meeting of the Ministerial Committee on Methodology of the Movement of the Non-Aligned Countries , Caratagena de Indias , May 14 -- 16 , 1996 '' . Head of State and Government of the Non-Aligned Countries . Government of Zaire. 14 -- 16 May 1996 . Archived from the original on 2 April 2011 . Retrieved 24 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Suharto tops corruption rankings '' . BBC News . 25 March 2004 . Retrieved 4 February 2006 . Jump up ^ Commission for Reception , Truth and Reconciliation in East Timor Benetech Human Rights Data Analysis Group ( 9 February 2006 ) . `` The Profile of Human Rights Violations in Timor - Leste , 1974 -- 1999 '' . A Report to the Commission on Reception , Truth and Reconciliation of Timor - Leste . Human Rights Data Analysis Group ( HRDAG ) . Archived from the original on 22 February 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Ohlson , Thomas ; Stockholm International Peace Research Institute ( 1988 ) . Arms Transfer Limitations and Third World Security . Oxford : Oxford University Press . p. 198 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 198 - 29124 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Morphet , Sally . `` Multilateralism and the Non-Aligned Movement : What Is the Global South Doing and Where Is It Going ? '' . Global Governance : A Review of Multilateralism and International Organizations . 10 ( 2004 ) , pp. 517 -- 537 . Jump up ^ Grant , Cedric . `` Equity in Third World Relations : a third world perspective '' . International Affairs 71 , 3 ( 1995 ) , 567 -- 587 . Jump up ^ Staff ( 16 September 2006 ) . `` Non-Aligned Nations Slam U.S. '' CBC News . Retrieved 23 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Transcript ( 14 July 2009 ) . `` No Alineados preparan apoyo a la libre determinación de Puerto Rico -- El texto se presentaría al cierre de la cita del NOAL en Sharm el Sheij '' ( in Spanish ) . Radio Cooperativa . Retrieved 23 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 3162 ( XXVIII ) Question of Spanish Sahara . U.N. General assembly 28th session , 1973 '' Archived 13 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine . ( PDF format ) . United Nations . Jump up ^ XV Summit of heads of state and government of the Non Aligned Movement -- Final Document . Sharm El Sheikh , Egypt. 16 - 04 - 2009 . Archived 17 August 2012 at the Wayback Machine . See points 237 , 238 & 239 . Jump up ^ Statement on the implementation of the Right to Development Archived 9 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine. , 7 January 2008 . Jump up ^ XII Summit , Durban , South Africa , 2 -- 3 September 1998 : Final Document Archived 19 December 2015 at the Wayback Machine. , no . 55 . Jump up ^ Declaration on the occasion of celebrating Human Rights Day Archived 9 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ XII Summit , Durban , South Africa , 2 -- 3 September 1998 : The Non-Aligned Movement : Background Information 2.4 . Archived 9 February 2016 at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ XV Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement , Sharm El Sheikh , 11 -- 16 July 2009 : Previous Summits Archived 8 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Serbia , RTS , Radio televizija Srbije , Radio Television of . `` Nesvrstani ponovo u Beogradu '' . Retrieved 18 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Secretary - General 's Message to Additional Commemorative Meeting of the Non-Aligned Movement - United Nations Secretary - General Ban Ki - moon '' . Retrieved 18 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Cahoon , Ben . `` Non-Aligned Movement ( NAM ) '' . World Statesmen.org . Retrieved 4 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Fidel Castro , having recently undergone gastric surgery , was unable to attend the conference and was represented by his younger brother , Cuba 's acting president Raúl Castro . See `` Castro elected President of Non-Aligned Movement Nations '' . People 's Daily . 16 September 2006 . Jump up ^ In a joint letter to the UN Secretary - General sent just prior to unification , the Ministers of Foreign affairs of North and South Yemen stated that `` All treaties and agreements concluded between either the Yemen Arab Republic or the People 's Democratic Republic of Yemen and other States and international organizations in accordance with international law which are in force on 22 May 1990 will remain in effect , and international relations existing on 22 May 1990 between the People 's Democratic Republic of Yemen and the Yemen Arab Republic and other States will continue . '' Bühler , Konrad ( 2001 ) . State Succession and Membership in International Organizations . Martinus Nijhoff Publisher . Jump up ^ North Yemen is one of the founders in 1961 . South Yemen joined in 1970 . In 1990 both were unified into a single state which accepted responsibility for all treaties of its predecessors . Jump up ^ `` Cyprus and the Non -- Aligned Movement '' . Ministry of Foreign Affairs , Republic of Cyprus . Archived from the original on 23 March 2014 . Retrieved 23 March 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` XIV Ministerial Conference of the Non-Aligned Movement '' . South Africa Ministry for Foreign Affairs . Archived from the original on 1 June 2013 . Retrieved 23 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Final Document of the 7th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement - ( New Delhi Declaration ) '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 8 October 2011 . Retrieved 18 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Kin , Lai Kwok ( 2 September 1992 ) . `` Yugoslavia Casts Shadow over Non-Aligned Summit '' . The Independent . Reuters . Retrieved 24 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Serrat , Oscar J. ( 20 September 1991 ) . `` Argentina Withdraws from Non-Aligned Movement '' . Associated Press . Retrieved 23 March 2014 . Jump up ^ XII Summit , Durban , South Africa , 2 -- 3 September 1998 : The Non-Aligned Movement : Background Information 4.4 . Archived 9 February 2016 at the Wayback Machine . Further reading ( edit ) Hans Köchler ( ed . ) , The Principles of Non-Alignment . The Non-aligned Countries in the Eighties -- Results and Perspectives . London : Third World Centre , 1982 . ISBN 0 - 86199 - 015 - 3 ( Google Print ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Non-Aligned Movement . Official Site : 17th Summit -- Seventeenth Non-Aligned Movement Summit ( Margarita , Venezuela 2016 ) Official Site : 16th Summit -- Sixteenth Non Aligned Movement Summit ( Tehran 26 -- 31 August 2012 ) Official Site : 15th Summit -- Fifteenth Non Aligned Movement Summit ( Sharm el Sheikh 11 -- 16 July 2009 ) Official Site : 14th Summit -- Fourteenth Non Aligned Movement Summit ( Havana , 11 -- 16 September 2006 ) Non-Aligned Movement -- South African government NAM site International Institute for Non-Aligned Studies -- International Organization for Non-Aligned Movement The Cold War International History Project 's Document Collection on the NAM Videos ( edit ) Non-Aligned Movement Summit in Tehran -- PressTV ( 2012 ) Iran 's NAM presidency -- PressTV ( 2012 ) Links to related articles Non-Aligned Movement Members List of members of Non-Aligned Movement India and the Non-Aligned Movement Yugoslavia and the Non-Aligned Movement Egypt and the Non-Aligned Movement Structure Organizations NAM News Network Principles Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence Summits Bandung Conference Non-Aligned Foreign Ministers Conference 16th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement Founders Josip Broz Tito ( Yugoslavia ) Sukarno ( Indonesia ) Jawaharlal Nehru ( India ) Kwame Nkrumah ( Ghana ) Gamal Abdel Nasser ( Egypt ) People Houari Boumediene Fidel Castro Nelson Mandela Mohamed Morsi Nicolás Maduro South -- South cooperation and Third Worldism Global South Development Landlocked developing countries Least Developed Countries Heavily indebted poor countries Markets Emerging markets Newly industrialized country Transition economy Worlds Theory First World Second World Third World Fourth World Geopolitics Decolonization Cold War Neocolonialism Multipolarity World Conference against Racism Durban I Durban II Durban III Globalization BRICS Brazil -- Russia -- India -- China -- South Africa ( BRICS ) BASIC ( BRICS less Russia ) BRIC ( BRICS less South Africa ) India -- Brazil -- South Africa Dialogue Forum ( IBSA ) Finance Debt Asian Clearing Union Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank Asian Development Bank Arab Monetary Fund BancoSur Caribbean Development Bank Common Fund for Commodities Trade and development Developmental state Flying geese paradigm Infrastructure - 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where do new york giants play home games
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New York Giants Current season Established August 1 , 1925 ; 92 years ago ( August 1 , 1925 ) First season : 1925 Play in MetLife Stadium East Rutherford , New Jersey Headquartered in the Quest Diagnostics Training Center East Rutherford , New Jersey Logo Wordmark League / conference affiliations National Football League ( 1925 -- present ) Eastern Division ( 1933 -- 1949 ) American Conference ( 1950 -- 1952 ) Eastern Conference ( 1953 -- 1969 ) Century Division ( 1967 ; 1969 ) Capitol Division ( 1968 ) National Football Conference ( 1970 -- present ) NFC East ( 1970 -- present ) Current uniform Team colors Dark Blue , Red , White Personnel Owner ( s ) John Mara , Steve Tisch Chairman Steve Tisch President John Mara General manager Dave Gettleman Head coach Steve Spagnuolo ( interim ) Team history New York Giants ( 1925 -- present ) Team nicknames Big Blue , G - Men , Jints , Big Blue Wrecking Crew , New York Football Giants Championships League championships ( 8 ) NFL championships ( pre-1970 AFL -- NFL merger ) ( 4 ) 1927 , 1934 , 1938 , 1956 Super Bowl championships ( 4 ) 1986 ( XXI ) , 1990 ( XXV ) , 2007 ( XLII ) , 2011 ( XLVI ) Conference championships ( 11 ) NFL Eastern : 1956 , 1958 , 1959 , 1961 , 1962 , 1963 NFC : 1986 , 1990 , 2000 , 2007 , 2011 Division championships ( 16 ) NFL East : 1933 , 1934 , 1935 , 1938 , 1939 , 1941 , 1944 , 1946 NFC East : 1986 , 1989 , 1990 , 1997 , 2000 , 2005 , 2008 , 2011 Playoff appearances ( 32 ) NFL : 1933 , 1934 , 1935 , 1938 , 1939 , 1941 , 1943 , 1944 , 1946 , 1950 , 1956 , 1958 , 1959 , 1961 , 1962 , 1963 , 1981 , 1984 , 1985 , 1986 , 1989 , 1990 , 1993 , 1997 , 2000 , 2002 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2008 , 2011 , 2016 Home fields Polo Grounds ( 1925 -- 1955 ) Yankee Stadium ( 1956 -- 1973 ) Yale Bowl ( 1973 -- 1974 ) Shea Stadium ( 1975 ) Giants Stadium ( 1976 -- 2009 ) MetLife Stadium ( 2010 -- present )
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New York Giants
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new york giants
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National Football League ( 1925 -- present )
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Eastern Division ( 1933 -- 1949 ) American Conference ( 1950 -- 1952 ) Eastern Conference ( 1953 -- 1969 ) Century Division ( 1967 ; 1969 ) Capitol Division ( 1968 ) National Football Conference ( 1970 -- present ) NFC East ( 1970 -- present ) Current uniform Team colors Dark Blue , Red , White Personnel Owner ( s ) John Mara , Steve Tisch Chairman Steve Tisch President John Mara General manager Dave Gettleman Head coach Steve Spagnuolo ( interim ) Team history New York Giants ( 1925 -- present ) Team nicknames Big Blue , G - Men , Jints , Big Blue Wrecking Crew , New York Football Giants Championships League championships ( 8 ) NFL championships ( pre-1970 AFL -- NFL merger ) ( 4 ) 1927 , 1934 , 1938 , 1956 Super Bowl championships ( 4 ) 1986 ( XXI ) , 1990 ( XXV ) , 2007 ( XLII ) , 2011 ( XLVI ) Conference championships ( 11 ) NFL Eastern : 1956 , 1958 , 1959 , 1961 , 1962 , 1963 NFC : 1986 , 1990 , 2000 , 2007 , 2011 Division championships ( 16 ) NFL East : 1933 , 1934 , 1935 , 1938 , 1939 , 1941 , 1944 , 1946 NFC East : 1986 , 1989 , 1990 , 1997 , 2000 , 2005 , 2008 , 2011 Playoff appearances ( 32 ) NFL : 1933 , 1934 , 1935 , 1938 , 1939 , 1941 , 1943 , 1944 , 1946 , 1950 , 1956 , 1958 , 1959 , 1961 , 1962 , 1963 , 1981 , 1984 , 1985 , 1986 , 1989 , 1990 , 1993 , 1997 , 2000 , 2002 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2008 , 2011 , 2016 Home fields Polo Grounds ( 1925 -- 1955 ) Yankee Stadium ( 1956 -- 1973 ) Yale Bowl ( 1973 -- 1974 ) Shea Stadium ( 1975 ) Giants Stadium ( 1976 -- 2009 ) MetLife Stadium ( 2010 -- present ) The New York Giants are a professional American football team based in the New York metropolitan area . The Giants compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member club of the league 's National Football Conference ( NFC ) East division . The team plays its home games at MetLife Stadium in East Rutherford , New Jersey , which it shares with the New York Jets in a unique arrangement . The Giants hold their summer training camp at the Quest Diagnostics Training Center at the Meadowlands Sports Complex . The Giants were one of five teams that joined the NFL in 1925 , and is the only one of that group still existing , as well as the league 's longest - established team in the Northeastern United States . The team ranks third among all NFL franchises with eight NFL championship titles : four in the pre -- Super Bowl era ( 1927 , 1934 , 1938 , 1956 ) and four since the advent of the Super Bowl ( Super Bowls XXI ( 1986 ) , XXV ( 1990 ) , XLII ( 2007 ) , and XLVI ( 2011 ) ) , along with more championship appearances than any other team , with 19 overall appearances . Their championship tally is surpassed only by the Green Bay Packers ( 13 ) and Chicago Bears ( 9 ) . Throughout their history , the Giants have featured 28 Hall of Fame players , including NFL Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) award winners Mel Hein , Frank Gifford , Y.A. Tittle , and Lawrence Taylor . To distinguish themselves from the professional baseball team of the same name , the football team was incorporated as the `` New York National League Football Company , Inc . '' in 1929 and changed to `` New York Football Giants , Inc . '' in 1937 . While the baseball team moved to San Francisco after the 1957 season , the football team continues to use `` New York Football Giants , Inc . '' as its legal corporate name , and is often referred to by fans and sportscasters as the `` New York Football Giants '' . The team has also acquired several nicknames , including `` Big Blue '' , the `` G - Men '' , and the `` Jints '' , an intentionally mangled contraction seen frequently in the New York Post and New York Daily News , originating from the baseball team when they were based in New York . Additionally , the team as a whole is occasionally referred to as the `` Big Blue Wrecking Crew '' , even though this moniker primarily and originally refers to the Giants defensive unit during the 80s and early 90s ( and before that to the Los Angeles Dodgers baseball teams of the late 1970s and early 1980s ) . The team 's heated rivalry with the Philadelphia Eagles is the oldest of the NFC East rivalries , dating all the way back to 1933 , and has been called the best rivalry in the NFL in the 21st century . Contents ( hide ) 1 Team history 1.1 1925 -- 1932 1.2 1933 -- 1946 1.3 Fourth NFL championship and `` The Greatest Game Ever Played '' ( 1947 -- 1963 ) 1.4 Postseason drought and resurgence ( 1964 -- 1982 ) 1.5 Bill Parcells era ( 1983 -- 1990 ) 1.5. 1 First Super Bowl championship ( 1986 season ) 1.5. 2 Second Super Bowl championship ( 1990 season ) 1.6 Post-Parcells era ( 1991 -- 1996 ) 1.7 Jim Fassel era ( 1997 -- 2003 ) 1.7. 1 NFC Champions ( 2000 season ) 1.8 Tom Coughlin / Eli Manning era ( 2004 -- 2015 ) 1.8. 1 Third Super Bowl championship ( 2007 season ) 1.8. 2 Late - season collapses ( 2008 -- 2010 ) 1.8. 3 Fourth Super Bowl championship ( 2011 season ) 1.8. 4 Post-Super Bowl struggles ( 2012 -- 2015 ) 1.8. 5 Back to the playoffs ( 2016 ) 1.8. 6 Struggles ( 2017 ) 1.9 Timeline 2 Championships 2.1 League Championships 2.1. 1 Pre-Super Bowl NFL Championships 2.1. 2 Super Bowl Championships 2.2 NFC Championships 3 Logos and uniforms 4 Ownerships , financial history and fan base 5 Rivalries 5.1 Philadelphia Eagles 5.2 Washington Redskins 5.3 Dallas Cowboys 5.4 San Francisco 49ers 5.5 New York Jets 6 Players of note 6.1 Current roster 6.2 Retired numbers 6.3 Pro Football Hall of Famers 6.4 Ring of Honor 6.5 NFL MVP award winners 6.6 Super Bowl MVP award winners 6.7 First - round draft picks 7 Coaches of note 7.1 Current staff 8 Media , radio and television 8.1 Past 9 See also 10 References 11 Bibliography 12 External links Team history Main article : History of the New York Giants 1925 -- 1932 The Giants played their first game as an away game against All New Britain in New Britain , Connecticut , on October 4 , 1925 . They defeated New Britain 26 -- 0 in front of a crowd of 10,000 . The Giants were successful in their first season , finishing with an 8 -- 4 record . In its third season , the team finished with the best record in the league at 11 -- 1 -- 1 and was awarded the NFL title . After a disappointing fourth season ( 1928 ) owner Mara bought the entire squad of the Detroit Wolverines , principally to acquire star quarterback Benny Friedman , and merged the two teams under the Giants name . In 1930 , there were still many who questioned the quality of the professional game , claiming the college `` amateurs '' played with more intensity than professionals . In December 1930 , the Giants played a team of Notre Dame All Stars at the Polo Grounds to raise money for the unemployed of New York City . It was also an opportunity to establish the skill and prestige of the pro game . Knute Rockne reassembled his Four Horsemen along with the stars of his 1924 Championship squad and told them to score early , then defend . Rockne , like much of the public , thought little of pro football and expected an easy win . But from the beginning it was a one - way contest , with Friedman running for two Giant touchdowns and Hap Moran passing for another . Notre Dame failed to score . When it was all over , Coach Rockne told his team , `` That was the greatest football machine I ever saw . I am glad none of you got hurt . '' The game raised $100,000 for the homeless , and is often credited with establishing the legitimacy of the professional game for those who were critical . It also was the last game the legendary Rockne ever coached ; he was killed in an airplane crash on March 31 , 1931 . 1933 -- 1946 Al Blozis , Giants tackle , died in World War II . According to Mel Hein , `` If he had n't been killed , he could have been the greatest tackle who ever played football . '' In a 14 - year span from 1933 to 1947 , the Giants qualified to play in the NFL championship game 8 times , winning twice . During this period the Giants were led by Hall of Fame coach Steve Owen , and Hall of Fame players Mel Hein , Red Badgro and Tuffy Leemans . The period also featured the 1944 Giants , which are ranked as the # 1 defensive team in NFL history , `` ... a truly awesome unit '' . They gave up only 7.5 points per game ( a record that still stands ) and shut out five of their 10 opponents , though they lost 14 - 7 to the Green Bay Packers in the 1944 NFL Championship Game . The famous `` Sneakers Game '' was played in this era where the Giants defeated the Chicago Bears on an icy field in the 1934 NFL Championship Game , while wearing sneakers for better traction . The Giants played the Detroit Lions to a scoreless tie on November 7 , 1943 . To this day , no NFL game played since then has ended in a scoreless tie . The Giants were particularly successful from the latter half of the 1930s until the United States entry into World War II . They added their third NFL championship in 1938 with a 23 -- 17 win over the Green Bay Packers . Fourth NFL Championship and `` the greatest game ever played '' ( 1947 -- 1963 ) They did not win another league title until 1956 , aided by a number of future Pro Football Hall of Fame players such as running back Frank Gifford , linebacker Sam Huff , and offensive tackle Roosevelt Brown , as well as all - pro running back Alex Webster . The Giants ' 1956 championship team not only included players who would eventually find their way to the Pro Football Hall of Fame , but a Hall of Fame coaching staff , as well . Head coach Jim Lee Howell 's staff had Vince Lombardi coaching the offense and Tom Landry coaching the defense . From 1958 to 1963 , the Giants played in the NFL Championship Game five times , but failed to win . Most significantly , the Giants played the Colts in the 1958 NFL Championship Game , which is considered a watershed event in the history of the NFL . The game , which the Giants lost in overtime 23 -- 17 , is often called `` The Greatest Game Ever Played '' and is considered one of the most important events in furthering the NFL 's popularity . The following year , they lost the championship to the Colts again , giving up a 9 - 7 4th quarter lead en route to a 31 -- 16 loss . Both the 1961 and 1962 championship game matched the Giants up against the Green Bay Packers , with the Giants losing both 37 - 0 and 16 - 7 respectively . In 1963 , led by league MVP quarterback Y.A. Tittle , who threw a then - NFL record 36 touchdown passes , the Giants advanced to the NFL Championship Game , where they lost to the Bears 14 -- 10 for their third consecutive championship loss , as well as their fifth loss in the title game in 6 years . Postseason drought and resurgence ( 1964 -- 1982 ) From 1964 to 1978 , the Giants registered only two winning seasons and no playoff appearances . With players , such as Tittle and Gifford approaching their mid 30s , the team declined rapidly , finishing 2 -- 10 -- 2 in 1964 . They rebounded with a 7 -- 7 record in 1965 , before compiling a league - worst 1 -- 12 -- 1 record , and allowing more than 500 points on defense in 1966 . During the 1969 preseason , the Giants lost their first meeting with the New York Jets , 37 -- 14 , in front of 70,874 fans at the Yale Bowl in New Haven , Connecticut . Following the game , Wellington Mara fired coach Allie Sherman , and replaced him with former Giants fullback Alex Webster . In 1967 , the team acquired quarterback Fran Tarkenton from the Minnesota Vikings . Despite having several respectable seasons with Tarkenton at quarterback , including a 7 -- 7 finish in 1967 and 9 -- 5 in 1970 , the Giants traded him back to the Vikings after a 4 -- 10 finish in 1971 . Tarkenton would go on to lead the Vikings to three Super Bowls and earn a place in the Hall of Fame , while the Giants suffered through one of the worst stretches in their history , winning only 23 games from 1973 to 1979 . Before the 1976 season , the Giants tried to revive a weak offense by replacing retired RB Ron Johnson with future Hall of Fame fullback Larry Csonka , but Csonka was often injured and ineffective during his 3 years in New York . The 1977 season featured a roster that included three rookie quarterbacks . The Giants were allowed to play their home games at the Yale Bowl in New Haven , Connecticut in 1973 and 1974 , and at Shea Stadium ( home of the Mets and Jets ) in 1975 , due to the renovation of Yankee Stadium . They finally moved into their own dedicated state - of - the - art stadium in 1976 , when they moved into Giants Stadium at the Meadowlands in East Rutherford , New Jersey . One of the low points during this period was the play known as the `` Miracle at the Meadowlands '' , which occurred in 1978 . With the Giants trying to kill the clock and secure a win against the Philadelphia Eagles , offensive coordinator , Bob Gibson , chose to call a running play . This resulted in `` The Fumble '' by QB Joe Pisarcik that was returned for a game - winning touchdown by the Eagles ' Herman Edwards . The Giants ' front office operations were complicated by a long - standing feud between Wellington Mara and his nephew , Tim Mara . Jack Mara had died in 1965 , leaving his share of the club to his son Tim . Wellington and Tim 's personal styles and their visions for the club clashed , and eventually they stopped talking to each other . Commissioner Rozelle intervened and appointed a neutral general manager , George Young , allowing the club to operate more smoothly . The feud became moot on February 20 , 1991 , when Tim Mara sold his shares in the club to Preston Robert Tisch . Giants Stadium was home to the Giants from 1976 to 2009 . In 1979 , the Giants began the steps that would , in time , return them to the pinnacle of the NFL . These included the drafting of quarterback Phil Simms in 1979 , and linebacker Lawrence Taylor in 1981 . In 1981 , Taylor won the NFL 's Defensive Rookie of the Year and Defensive Player of the Year awards and the Giants made the playoffs for the first time since 1963 . One of the few bright spots during this time was the team 's excellent linebackers , who were known as the Crunch Bunch . After the strike - shortened 1982 season , in which they finished 4 -- 5 , head coach Ray Perkins resigned to take over the same position at the University of Alabama . In a change that would prove crucial in the coming years , he was replaced by the team 's defensive coordinator , Bill Parcells . Bill Parcells era ( 1983 -- 1990 ) In 1983 , Bill Parcells was promoted to head coach from defensive coordinator . One of his first moves was to change his starting quarterback , sitting the injury - prone and struggling Phil Simms ( who had missed the entire 1982 season with an injury ) and electing instead to go with Scott Brunner , who had gone 4 - 5 as the starter in place of Simms in the strike - shortened previous season . Parcells went as far as to demote Simms to the third string position , promoting Jeff Rutledge over Simms to be Brunner 's backup . Parcells later said the move was a mistake and one he `` nearly paid for dearly '' as the team finished with a 3 -- 12 -- 1 record and his job security was called into question . In the offseason the Giants released Brunner and named Simms the starter . The move paid off as the team won nine games and returned to the playoffs . After beating the Los Angeles Rams in the Wild Card Round , the Giants prepared for a showdown against top - seeded San Francisco . The 49ers defeated the Giants 21 -- 10 in the Divisional Round . The 1985 Giants compiled a 10 -- 6 record and avenged their loss against San Francisco by beating them in the Wild Card round 17 -- 3 . However , they again lost in the Divisional Round , this time to the Bears , by a score of 21 -- 0 . However , the following season would end with the Giants winning their first Super Bowl championship . First Super Bowl Championship ( 1986 season ) After 9 -- 7 and 10 -- 6 finishes in 1984 and 1985 respectively , the Giants compiled a 14 -- 2 record in 1986 led by league MVP and Defensive Player of the Year Lawrence Taylor and the Big Blue Wrecking Crew defense . As of 2015 , this is the Giants ' best regular season record since the NFL began playing 16 - game seasons in 1978 . After clinching the top seed in the NFC , the Giants defeated the 49ers 49 -- 3 in the divisional round of the NFC playoffs and the Redskins 17 -- 0 in the NFC championship game , advancing to their first Super Bowl , Super Bowl XXI , against the Denver Broncos at the Rose Bowl in Pasadena . Led by MVP Simms who completed 22 of 25 passes for a Super Bowl record 88 % completion percentage , they defeated the Broncos 39 -- 20 , to win their first championship since 1956 . In addition to Phil Simms and Lawrence Taylor , the team was led during this period by head coach Bill Parcells , tight end Mark Bavaro , running back Joe Morris , and Hall of Fame linebacker Harry Carson . The Giants struggled to a 6 -- 9 record in the strike - marred 1987 season , due largely to a decline in the running game , as Morris managed only 658 yards behind an injury - riddled offensive line . The early portion of the 1988 season was marred by a scandal involving Lawrence Taylor . Taylor had abused cocaine and was suspended for the first four games of the season for his second violation of the league 's substance abuse policy . Despite the controversy , the Giants finished 10 -- 6 , and Taylor recorded 15.5 sacks after his return from the suspension . They surged to a 12 -- 4 record in 1989 , but lost to the Los Angeles Rams in their opening playoff game when Flipper Anderson caught a 47 - yard touchdown pass to give the Rams a 19 -- 13 overtime win . Second Super Bowl Championship ( 1990 season ) In 1990 , the Giants went 13 -- 3 and , at the time , set an NFL record for fewest turnovers in a season ( 14 ) . They defeated the San Francisco 49ers , who were attempting to win the Super Bowl for an unprecedented third straight year , 15 -- 13 at San Francisco and then defeated the Buffalo Bills 20 -- 19 in Super Bowl XXV . Post-parcells era ( 1991 -- 1996 ) Following the 1990 season , Parcells resigned as head coach and was replaced by the team 's offensive - line coach Ray Handley . Handley served as coach for two disappointing seasons ( 1991 and 1992 ) , which saw the Giants fall from Super Bowl champions to an 8 -- 8 record in 1991 and a 6 -- 10 record in 1992 . He was fired following the 1992 season , and replaced by former Denver Broncos ' coach Dan Reeves . In the early 1990s , Simms and Taylor , two of the stars of the 1980s , played out the last seasons of their careers with steadily declining production . The Giants experienced a resurgent season with Reeves at the helm in 1993 however , and Simms and Taylor ended their careers as members of a playoff team . Giants defensive end Justin Tuck at the Giants Super Bowl XLII parade on February 5 , 2008 . The Giants initially struggled in the post Simms - Taylor era . After starting 3 -- 7 in 1994 , the Giants won their final six games to finish 9 -- 7 but missed the playoffs . Quarterback Dave Brown received heavy criticism throughout the season . Brown performed poorly the following two seasons , and the Giants struggled to 5 -- 11 and 6 -- 10 records . Reeves was fired following the 1996 season . Jim Fassel era ( 1997 -- 2003 ) In 1997 , the Giants named Jim Fassel , who had spent the previous season as offensive coordinator of the Arizona Cardinals , as their 16th head coach . Fassel named Danny Kanell the team 's starting quarterback . The Giants finished the 1997 season with a record of 10 -- 5 -- 1 and qualified for the playoffs for the first time in four years . However , they lost in the Wild Card round to the Vikings at home . The following year , the Giants began the season 4 -- 8 before rallying to finish the season 8 -- 8 . One of the notable games of that season was a win over the eventual Super Bowl champion Denver Broncos in week 15 , giving the Broncos their first loss of the season after starting 13 -- 0 . Before the 1999 season , the Giants signed ex-Carolina Panthers quarterback Kerry Collins . Collins was the first - ever draft choice of the expansion Carolina Panthers in 1995 , and led the Panthers to the NFC Championship game in his second season . However , problems with alcohol , conflicts with his teammates and questions about his character led to his release from the Panthers . The Giants finished the season with a 7 -- 9 record , Fassel 's first losing season as head coach . NFC champions ( 2000 season ) In 2000 , the Giants were looking to make the playoffs for the first time in three seasons . The Giants started the season 7 -- 2 , but suffered back - to - back home losses to St. Louis and Detroit to make their record 7 -- 4 and call their playoff prospects into question . At a press conference following the Giants ' loss to Detroit , Fassel guaranteed that `` this team is going to the playoffs '' . The Giants responded , winning the rest of their regular season games to finish the season 12 -- 4 and clinch the top seed in the NFC . In the Divisional Round , the Giants beat the Philadelphia Eagles 20 -- 10 at home to qualify for the NFC Championship Game , in which they defeated the Minnesota Vikings 41 -- 0 . They advanced to play the Baltimore Ravens in Super Bowl XXXV . Though the Giants went into halftime down only 10 -- 0 , the Ravens dominated the second half . Their defense harassed Kerry Collins all game long , resulting in Collins completing only 15 of 39 passes for 112 yards and 4 interceptions . The Ravens won the game 34 -- 7 . After a disappointing 7 -- 9 record in 2001 , the Giants finished the 2002 season with a record of 10 -- 6 , qualifying for the playoffs as a wild card . This set up a meeting with the San Francisco 49ers in Candlestick Park in the Wild Card round . The Giants built up a sizable lead throughout the game , and led 38 -- 14 with 4 : 27 left in the third quarter . However , San Francisco rallied to win the game by one point , with the final score of 39 -- 38 . After a dismal 2003 season in which the Giants finished with a 4 -- 12 record , Jim Fassel was released by the Giants . His head coaching record with the Giants during this time was 58 -- 53 -- 1 . Tom Coughlin / Eli Manning era ( 2004 -- 2015 ) Tom Coughlin alongside George W. Bush at the White House to celebrate the Giants ' Super Bowl XLII championship . In 2004 , three years after their last Super Bowl appearance , Fassel was replaced by Tom Coughlin . Although Collins had several solid seasons as the Giants quarterback , he experienced his share of struggles . In 2004 , the Giants completed a draft day trade for University of Mississippi quarterback Eli Manning . Manning became the team 's starting quarterback in the middle of the 2004 season , taking over for Kurt Warner . During the three - year period from 2004 to 2006 , Tom Coughlin 's Giants compiled a 25 -- 23 regular season record and two appearances in the Wild Card Round -- both losses ( to the Carolina Panthers in 2005 and to the Philadelphia Eagles in 2006 . ) and spawned intense media scrutiny concerning the direction of the team . During this period in their history , standout players included defensive end Michael Strahan , who set the NFL single season record in sacks in 2001 , and running back Tiki Barber , who set a team record for rushing yards in a season in 2005 . Barber retired at the end of the 2006 season . Third Super Bowl Championship ( 2007 season ) The NFL Green Bay Packers in the shotgun formation against the New York Giants on September 16 , 2007 . Going into 2007 , the Giants had made the playoffs in back - to - back seasons . In 2007 , the Giants became the third NFL franchise to win at least 600 games when they defeated the Atlanta Falcons 31 -- 10 on Monday Night Football . For the 2007 season , the NFL scheduled the Giants ' road game against the Miami Dolphins on October 28 in London 's Wembley Stadium ; this was the first NFL regular - season game to be played outside of North America . The Giants defeated the Dolphins , 13 -- 10 . The Giants finished 10 -- 6 , and became NFC Champions after defeating the Tampa Bay Buccaneers , Dallas Cowboys , and Green Bay Packers in the NFC Playoffs . They set a record for most consecutive road wins in a single season with 10 ( a streak which ended with a loss to the Cleveland Browns during week 6 of the 2008 season ) . The Patriots ( 18 -- 0 ) entered the Super Bowl undefeated and were 12 point favorites going into game weekend . The Giants defeated the Patriots 17 -- 14 in Super Bowl XLII , aided by the famous `` Manning to Tyree '' pass . On this famous play , Manning escaped the grip of several Patriots defensive linemen , stepped up in the pocket , and heaved the ball down the middle of the field to a double covered David Tyree . With Rodney Harrison , a Patriots defensive back , all over Tyree , David managed to hold on to the ball by holding it on his helmet until he fell to the ground . This catch set up a Manning to Plaxico Burress touchdown pass in the back of the end zone to put the Giants in the lead . It was the third biggest upset by betting line in Super Bowl history ( the Baltimore Colts were favored by 17 over the New York Jets in Super Bowl III , and the St. Louis Rams were favored by 14 over the New England Patriots in Super Bowl XXXVI ) . Co-owner John Mara described it as `` the greatest victory in the history of this franchise , without question '' . Late - season collapses ( 2008 -- 2010 ) Main articles : 2008 New York Giants season , 2009 New York Giants season , and 2010 New York Giants season The Giants began the 2008 NFL season with a record of 11 -- 1 , but lost three of their last four regular season games partially due to a self - inflicted gunshot wound to wide receiver Plaxico Burress . However , the Giants still won the NFC East with a record of 12 -- 4 , and clinched the number one seed in the NFC after beating the Carolina Panthers for home field advantage and a first - round bye . In the Divisional Round of the playoffs , the Giants lost 23 -- 11 to the Philadelphia Eagles at home . In 2009 , the Giants opened a new training complex , the Timex Performance Center , also located in the Meadowlands . After starting 5 -- 0 in the 2009 season , New York lost to the likewise undefeated New Orleans Saints at the Superdome 48 -- 27 , beginning a four - game losing streak , in which they lost to the Arizona Cardinals 24 -- 17 , the San Diego Chargers 21 -- 20 and the Philadelphia Eagles 40 -- 17 . The streak was broken with a 34 -- 31 overtime victory against the Falcons . On Thanksgiving night , they lost to the Denver Broncos 26 -- 6 . The Giants next beat the division leading Cowboys . A week later , with a record of 7 -- 5 , they lost to the Philadelphia Eagles , 45 -- 38 . On December 27 , the Giants lost to the Carolina Panthers 41 -- 9 in their final game at Giants Stadium , and were eliminated from playoff eligibility . The Giants finished the season 8 -- 8 . Eli Manning lines up a pass just out of the reach of Houston Texans defenders in 2010 . Following the season , the Giants fired first - year defensive coordinator Bill Sheridan , and replaced him with the former Buffalo Bills interim head coach , Perry Fewell . The Giants defense finished 13th overall under Sheridan , giving up 324.9 yards per game , and the final two losses of the season against Carolina and Minnesota , in which the Giants gave up 85 points , ultimately led to the firing . In 2010 , the Giants moved from Giants Stadium into MetLife Stadium , then known as the `` New Meadowlands Stadium '' . They won against the Panthers in the very first game at the New Meadowlands , but then lost to the Colts in the second `` Manning Bowl '' , so - called due to Eli Manning 's brother Peyton playing for the Colts . The Giants dropped one game to the Tennessee Titans before going on a five - game winning streak , beating the Bears , Houston Texans , Lions , Cowboys , and Seattle Seahawks . Before long , the Giants were 6 -- 2 , but lost two straight to division foes : to the Cowboys 33 -- 20 at home , and to the Eagles on the road , putting the G - Men in 2nd place in the NFC East at 6 -- 4 . In first place was the Eagles , but at December 19 they were both tied for first place at 8 -- 4 , setting up a match for first place . The Giants were at home , and led 24 -- 3 over the Eagles at halftime . The score was 31 -- 10 with 5 : 40 left in the game , but Michael Vick led the Eagles to three touchdown drives to tie the game up at 31 with 40 seconds left . After a Giants three - and - outs , Matt Dodge punted the ball to DeSean Jackson , who returned it for a touchdown , concluding the Giants ' epic collapse . The next game , the Giants lost to the eventual Super Bowl Champion Green Bay Packers 45 -- 17 , and at 9 -- 6 , they faced the Redskins . They had to win and have the Packers lose in order to get into the playoffs . The Giants won 17 -- 14 , but the Packers beat the Bears 10 -- 3 , so the Giants missed out on the playoffs again , ending a collapse in which the Giants went 4 -- 4 in their last eight games . Fourth Super Bowl Championship ( 2011 season ) Main article : 2011 New York Giants season During the 2011 preseason , the Giants lost Kevin Boss , Steve Smith , Rich Seubert , Keith Bulluck , Derek Hagan , and Pro Bowl center Shaun O'Hara to free agency . However , the season also saw the emergence of second - year wide receiver Victor Cruz and second - year tight end Jake Ballard . The Giants opened their season with a 28 -- 14 loss to the Washington Redskins at FedEx Field on the 10th anniversary of the September 11th attacks . However , the Giants secured a 6 -- 2 record by the midpoint of the season , including road victories over the Philadelphia Eagles and the New England Patriots . The latter victory ended the Patriots ' NFL record home - game winning streak , after a touchdown pass from Manning to Jake Ballard with 15 seconds left in the game . Wide receiver Victor Cruz played a critical role in helping the Giants become world champions in 2011 . However , the Giants then suffered a four - game losing streak , including road losses against the resurgent San Francisco 49ers and the New Orleans Saints and home losses to the Eagles and the then - undefeated Green Bay Packers , to make their record 6 -- 6 entering December . The Giants broke their losing streak with a tightly contested 37 -- 34 road victory over the Cowboys on December 11 , but lost at home to the Washington Redskins the following week to make their record 7 -- 7 with a Christmas Eve showdown against their crosstown rival New York Jets the following week . The Giants won , 29 -- 14 , and knocked the Eagles out of playoff contention , to set up a Week 17 home game against the Cowboys in which the winner would clinch the NFC East while the loser would be eliminated from playoff contention . The game was flexed into Sunday Night Football . The Giants defeated the Cowboys , 31 -- 14 , and clinched the NFC East title and the fourth seed in the playoffs . Wide receiver Victor Cruz finished the regular season with 1,536 receiving yards , breaking the Giants franchise record previously held by Amani Toomer . On January 8 , 2012 in the first round of the playoffs the Giants defeated the Atlanta Falcons 24 -- 2 . After giving up an early safety in the first half , QB Eli Manning threw for three consecutive touchdowns . RBs Ahmad Bradshaw and Brandon Jacobs combined for 172 yards rushing , a season - high for the Giants . With the victory , the Giants advanced to the second round against the top - ranked Green Bay Packers . On January 15 , 2012 , the Giants defeated the Green Bay Packers 37 -- 20 . Eli Manning threw for 330 yards and 3 touchdowns , two of which to wide receiver Hakeem Nicks . This earned the Giants a spot in the NFC Championship Game on January 22 , 2012 , against the San Francisco 49ers . They won this game 20 -- 17 , in overtime , with Tynes scoring the winning field goal as he did four years earlier in the same game against the Packers . The New York Giants won Super Bowl XLVI against the New England Patriots with a score of 21 -- 17 . The winning touchdown was preceded by a 38 - yard reception by receiver Mario Manningham . As in Super Bowl XLII , Eli Manning was Super Bowl MVP , defeating the New England Patriots for a second time in the Super Bowl . Ahmad Bradshaw scored the game - winning touchdown by falling into the end zone . The Patriots were allowing Bradshaw to get the touchdown so they would get the ball with some time remaining . When Eli Manning handed the ball to Bradshaw , he told him not to score . Bradshaw was about to fall down at the 1 - yard line but his momentum carried him in , thus the `` reluctant touchdown . '' As was the case in each of their four previous Super Bowl appearances , the Giants trailed at halftime . They are the only team in NFL history to have more than two second half , come - from - behind , Super Bowl victories ( 4 ) . The Pittsburgh Steelers , who accomplished the feat in Super Bowl X and Super Bowl XIV , are the only other team to do it more than once . Post-super Bowl struggles ( 2012 -- 2015 ) Main articles : 2012 New York Giants season , 2013 New York Giants season , 2014 New York Giants season , and 2015 New York Giants season The Giants began the 2012 season with a home loss to the Cowboys , but rebounded to finish October with a 6 -- 2 record and on a four - game winning streak that included a 26 -- 3 road victory against the eventual NFC champion San Francisco 49ers . Following the arrival of Hurricane Sandy in the Northeastern United States , the Giants lost back - to - back games against the Steelers and Bengals to fall to 6 -- 4 . Despite impressive blowout home victories over the Packers , Saints and Eagles , the Giants finished the season 9 -- 7 and out of the playoffs . The Redskins won the division with a 10 -- 6 record , only to lose to the Seahawks 24 -- 14 in Wild Card Weekend . QB Eli Manning , DE Jason Pierre - Paul , WR Victor Cruz , and G Chris Snee represented the Giants at the Pro Bowl . The 2013 New York Giants season began with hope that the Giants could become the first team to play in the Super Bowl in their home stadium , as MetLife Stadium was scheduled to host Super Bowl XLVIII that February . However , the Giants ' playoff hopes took a massive hit when they lost the first six games of the season . They rebounded to win the next four games in a row to improve to 4 -- 6 , but lost a critical home game to the Cowboys on a last - minute field goal . They finished the season 7 -- 9 and with a losing record for the first time since 2004 . The Giants drafted rookie wide receiver Odell Beckham Jr. in the 2014 NFL Draft , who would later go on to win the AP Offensive Rookie of the Year award . However , the Giants missed the playoffs for a third straight season , finishing with a 6 -- 10 record . The 2015 New York Giants season was another disappointing campaign , as the Giants showcased a struggling defense and several late - game collapses . The Giants finished the season with a 6 -- 10 record and missed the playoffs . Back to the playoffs ( 2016 ) Main article : 2016 New York Giants season On January 14 , 2016 , the Giants announced that Ben McAdoo would become the team 's head coach . He replaced Tom Coughlin , who had resigned the previous week . The Giants turned it around in 2016 , ending their five - year playoff drought . The Giants later lost to the Green Bay Packers 38 -- 13 in the Wild Card round . Struggles ( 2017 ) Main article : 2017 New York Giants season After having high expectations due to their 11 -- 5 record in 2016 , the Giants had an unexpected 0 -- 5 start to the season , before pulling a massive upset versus the Broncos at Sports Authority Field at Mile High for their first win of the season . However , during the Week 5 game against the Los Angeles Chargers , Odell Beckham Jr. fractured his fibula , an injury that ended his season . During the same game , the Giants also lost WRs Brandon Marshall and Dwayne Harris to season ending injuries . The season was also marred by suspensions to Dominique Rodgers - Cromartie and Janoris Jenkins . Timeline Season by season timeline of the New York Giants franchise including the team name , changes of Home Field , Postseason Championships Seasons , and coaches throughout the years . Championships League Championships The Giants have won a total of eight League Championships : 1927 , 1934 , 1938 , 1956 , 1986 , 1990 , 2007 and 2011 . The first four of those championships came in the pre-Super Bowl era . New York 's eight championships put them third among all active and defunct NFL teams , trailing only the Green Bay Packers ( 13 ) and the Chicago Bears ( 9 ) . Pre-Super Bowl NFL Championships Before the Super Bowl was instituted , the Giants won four officially recognized NFL Championships . Year Coach Location Opponent Score Record 1927 Earl Potteiger N / A N / A N / A 11 -- 1 -- 1 1934 Steve Owen New York , NY Chicago Bears 30 -- 13 8 -- 5 1938 Steve Owen New York , NY Green Bay Packers 23 -- 17 8 -- 2 -- 1 1956 Jim Lee Howell New York , NY Chicago Bears 47 -- 7 8 -- 3 -- 1 Total NFL championships won : 4 Super Bowl Championships The Giants have won four Super Bowls , tied with Green Bay for the fifth most behind only Dallas , San Francisco and New England ( all with 5 ) , and Pittsburgh ( 6 ) . Year Coach Super Bowl Location Opponent Score Record 1986 Bill Parcells XXI Pasadena , CA Denver Broncos 39 -- 20 17 -- 2 1990 Bill Parcells XXV Tampa , FL Buffalo Bills 20 -- 19 16 -- 3 2007 Tom Coughlin XLII Glendale , AZ New England Patriots 17 -- 14 14 -- 6 2011 Tom Coughlin XLVI Indianapolis , IN New England Patriots 21 -- 17 13 -- 7 Total Super Bowls won : 4 NFC Championships The Giants have won five NFC Championship Games , including two in overtime in 2007 and 2011 . Year Coach Location Opponent Score Record 1986 Bill Parcells East Rutherford , NJ Washington Redskins 17 -- 0 17 -- 2 1990 Bill Parcells San Francisco , CA San Francisco 49ers 15 -- 13 16 -- 3 2000 Jim Fassel East Rutherford , NJ Minnesota Vikings 41 -- 0 14 -- 5 2007 Tom Coughlin Green Bay , WI Green Bay Packers 23 -- 20 ( OT ) 14 -- 6 2011 Tom Coughlin San Francisco , CA San Francisco 49ers 20 -- 17 ( OT ) 13 -- 7 Total NFC Championships won : 5 Logos and uniforms Main article : Logos and uniforms of the New York Giants With over 80 years of team history , the Giants have used numerous uniforms and logos , while maintaining a consistent identity . The Giants ' logos include several incarnations of a giant quarterback preparing to throw a football , a lowercase `` ny '' , and stylized versions of the team nickname . Giants ' jerseys are traditionally blue or red ( or white with blue or red accents ) , and their pants alternate between white and gray . Currently , the Giants wear home jerseys that are solid blue with white block numbering , white pants with five thin blue / gray / red / gray / blue stripes on the pant legs , and solid blue socks . For this they gained their most renowned nickname , `` Big Blue '' . For road uniforms , they wear a white jersey with red block numbering and red `` Northwestern '' stripes on the sleeves , gray pants with three thin non-contiguous red / blue / red stripes on the pant legs , and solid red socks . The Giants ' current helmet is metallic blue with white block numbers , which are frontally mounted and base mounted on either side of a red stripe running down the center or frontally mounted and base mounted on the red center stripe itself . The Giants , along with the Pittsburgh Steelers , are one of only two teams in the National Football League to have the players ' uniform numbers on both the front and back of the helmets . The helmet is adorned on both sides with the stylized white lower case `` ny '' logo and features a gray facemask . The home uniforms are generally similar to the design used from 1966 to 1974 , but with some slight elements from the 1956 -- 1961 uniforms . The road uniforms are essentially a modernization of the design used from 1956 to 1961 . Additionally , the Giants had a third jersey until the 2009 season , which recalled the Giants ' solid red home jerseys from the early 1950s : a solid red alternate with white block numbers . These jerseys were used a total of four times , but have since been retired . They were used once in 2004 against the Philadelphia Eagles and in three consecutive years -- 2005 , 2006 , and 2007 -- against the Dallas Cowboys . Ownerships , financial history and fan base Main article : Financial history of the New York Giants The Giants have had a long and , at times , turbulent financial history . The team was founded by Tim Mara with an investment of US $ 500 in 1925 and became one of the first teams in the then five - year - old NFL . To differentiate themselves from the baseball team of the same name , they took the name `` New York Football Giants '' , which they still use as their legal corporate name . Although the Giants were successful on the field in their initial seasons , their financial status was a different story . Overshadowed by baseball , boxing , and college football , professional football was not a popular sport in 1925 . The Giants were in dire financial straits until the 11th game of the season when Red Grange and the Chicago Bears came to town , attracting over 73,000 fans . This gave the Giants a much needed influx of revenue , and perhaps altered the history of the franchise . The following year , Grange and his agent formed a rival league and stationed a competing team , led by Grange , in New York . Though the Giants lost $50,000 that season , the rival league folded and was subsumed into the NFL . Following the 1930 season , Mara transferred ownership of the team over to his two sons to insulate the team from creditors , and by 1946 , he had given over complete control of the team to them . Jack , the older son , controlled the business aspects , while Wellington controlled the on - field operations . After their initial struggles the Giants financial status stabilized , and they led the league in attendance several times in the 1930s and 1940s . Giants estimated value from 1998 to 2006 according to Forbes magazine . By the early 1960s , the Giants had firmly established themselves as one of the league 's biggest attractions . However , rather than continuing to receive their higher share of the league television revenue , the Mara sons pushed for equal sharing of revenue for the benefit of the entire league . Revenue sharing is still practiced in the NFL today , and is credited with strengthening the league . After their struggles in the latter half of the 1960s and the entire 1970s , the Giants hired an outsider , George Young , to run the football operations for the first time in franchise history . The Giants ' on - field product and business aspects improved rapidly following the move . In 1991 , Tim Mara , grandson of the founder , was struggling with cancer and sold his half of the team to Bob Tisch for a reported $80 million . This marked the first time in franchise history the team had not been solely owned by the Mara family . In 2005 , Wellington Mara , who had been with the team since its inception in 1925 when he worked as a ball boy , died at the age of 89 . His death was followed two weeks later by the death of Tisch . In 2015 , Wellington 's widow and Giants co-owner Ann died due to complications from a head injury suffered in a fall . She was 85 years old . In 2010 , MetLife Stadium opened , replacing Giants Stadium . The new stadium is a 50 / 50 partnership between the Giants and Jets , and while the stadium is owned by the New Jersey Sports and Exposition Authority on paper , the two teams jointly built the stadium using private funds , and administer it jointly through New Meadowlands Stadium Corporation . The Giants had previously planned a $300 million renovation to the Meadowlands , before deciding in favor of the new stadium which was originally estimated to cost approximately $600 million , before rising to an estimated cost of one billion dollars . One advantage gained by owning the stadium is that the teams saved considerable money in tax payments . The teams leased the land from the state at a cost of $6.3 million per year . The state paid for all utilities , including the $30 million needed to install them . The Giants are owned and operated by John Mara and Steve Tisch . Forbes magazine estimated the value of the team in 2012 to be $1.3 billion . This ranks the New York Giants as the fourth most valuable franchise in the NFL and the ninth most valuable professional sports franchise in the world . The value has steadily increased from $288 million in 1998 , to their current value . The magazine estimated their revenue in 2006 at $182 million , of which $46 million came from gate receipts . Operating income was $26.9 million , and player salary was $102 million . Current major sponsors include Gatorade , Anheuser Busch , Toyota , and Verizon Wireless . Recent former sponsors include Miller Brewing and North Fork Bank . Luxury suites , retail and game day concessions at the new stadium are provisioned and operated by global hospitality giant Delaware North Companies . Giants average ticket price is $72 . The Giants draw their fans from the New York metropolitan area . Since their move to New Jersey in 1976 , fans from each state have claimed the team as their own . In January 1987 , shortly before the team won Super Bowl XXI , then New York City mayor Ed Koch labeled the team `` foreigners '' and said they were not entitled to a ticker - tape parade in New York City . On February 5 , 2008 , the city , under mayor Michael Bloomberg , threw a ticker tape parade in honor of the Giants ' Super Bowl XLII victory at the Canyon of Heroes in lower Manhattan . New York City held another ticker tape parade on February 7 , 2012 , in honor of the Giants ' Super Bowl XLVI victory . According to a team spokesman , in 2001 , 52 percent of the Giants ' season ticket - holders lived in New Jersey . Most of the remaining ticket holders lived in New York State with some coming from other states . Through the lean years of the 1960s and 1970s the Giants , in spite of a 17 - year - long playoff drought , still accumulated a 20 - year - long waiting list for season tickets . It has been estimated that the Giants have a waiting list of 135,000 people , the largest of any North American professional sports franchise . Rivalries Philadelphia Eagles Main article : Eagles -- Giants rivalry The rivalry between the New York Giants and the Philadelphia Eagles is one of the oldest in the NFL , dating back to 1933 . The two teams have frequently fought for playoff contention , NFC East titles , and respect . While the Giants have dominated this rivalry throughout most of its history , the series began to even in the 1980s , with the series lead to the Eagles 22 -- 21 through the 1990s and 2000s . The Giants lead the series 85 -- 81 -- 2 . The two teams have met four times in the postseason , with each team winning two games . Three of those four playoff meetings were held in the 2000s decade . New York City and Philadelphia have a strong geographic rivalry , as seen in other professional sports such as the Mets - Phillies rivalry in Major League Baseball , and the Flyers - Rangers and Devils - Flyers rivalries in the National Hockey League . Washington Redskins Main article : Giants - Redskins rivalry The Washington Redskins gather at the line of scrimmage against the Giants . The Giants have an old and storied rivalry with the Redskins , dating back to 1932 . While this rivalry is typically given less significance than the rivalries with the Eagles and Cowboys , there have been periods of great competition between the two . In the 1980s the Giants and Redskins clashed as both struggled against each other for division titles and even Super Bowl Championships . Most notable among these is the 1986 NFC Championship game in which the Giants defeated the Redskins 17 -- 0 to earn their first ever trip to the Super Bowl . Wellington Mara always felt this was the Giants oldest and truest rival , and after passing away in 2005 , the Giants honored their longtime owner by defeating the Redskins 36 -- 0 at home . The Giants lead this series 98 -- 66 -- 4 . The Giants 98 wins against the Redskins are tied for most wins against another franchise in NFL history , along with the Chicago Bears defeating the Detroit Lions 98 times . Dallas Cowboys Main article : Cowboys -- Giants rivalry The Giants have maintained a fierce divisional rivalry with the Dallas Cowboys since the Cowboys first began play in 1960 . The two teams have a combined nine Super Bowl victories between them , and have played many games in which the NFC East title was at stake . The rivalry is unique among professional sports as it is the only divisional rivalry between sports teams from New York City and Dallas , partially due to the large distance between the two cities . The Cowboys lead the regular season series 62 -- 43 -- 2 , while the Giants hold the lone playoff victory between the two teams , held at the conclusion of the 2007 season . San Francisco 49ers Main article : 49ers - Giants rivalry Despite never being in the same division , the Giants and 49ers have developed a heated rivalry over the years . The two teams have met eight times in the playoffs ( including two NFC Championship Games , both won by New York ) since 1982 , which is the most of any two teams in that span . The Giants lead the overall series 20 -- 19 , but the postseason series is tied , 4 -- 4 . New York Jets Main article : Giants -- Jets rivalry The Giants and Jets for many years had the only intracity rivalry in the NFL , made even more unusual by sharing a stadium . They have met annually in the preseason since 1969 . Since 2011 , this meeting has been known as the `` MetLife Bowl '' , after the naming sponsor of the teams ' stadium . Regular season matchups between the teams occur once every four years , as they follow the NFL scheduling formula for interconference games . Since the two teams play each other so infrequently in the regular season , some , including players on both teams , have questioned whether the Giants and Jets have a real rivalry . A memorable regular season game was in 1988 , when the Giants faced off against the Jets in the last game of the season , needing a victory to make the playoffs . The Jets played spoiler , however , beating the Giants 27 -- 21 and ruining the latter 's playoff hopes . A different scenario unfolded during the penultimate regular season game of 2011 as the `` visiting '' Giants defeated the Jets 29 -- 14 . The victory simultaneously helped eliminate the Jets from playoff contention and propel the Giants to their own playoff run and eventual win in Super Bowl XLVI . The Giants lead the overall regular season series 8 -- 5 and have won five of the past six meetings . Players of note Main article : List of New York Giants players Current roster New York Giants roster view talk Quarterbacks 10 Eli Manning 3 Geno Smith 5 Davis Webb Running backs 26 Orleans Darkwa 22 Wayne Gallman 28 Paul Perkins 43 Shane Smith FB 34 Shane Vereen Wide receivers 86 Marquis Bundy 18 Roger Lewis 83 Kalif Raymond 19 Travis Rudolph 84 Hunter Sharp 87 Sterling Shepard Tight ends 89 Jerell Adams 85 Rhett Ellison 88 Evan Engram 81 Ryan O'Malley Offensive linemen 61 Nick Becton T 66 Adam Bisnowaty T 74 Ereck Flowers T 73 John Greco T 75 Jon Halapio G 77 John Jerry G 69 Brett Jones C 71 Damien Mama G 63 Chad Wheeler T Defensive linemen 96 Jay Bromley DT 98 Damon Harrison DT 91 Avery Moss DE 78 Romeo Okwara DE 90 Jason Pierre - Paul DE 99 Robert Thomas DT 94 Dalvin Tomlinson DT 54 Olivier Vernon DE 72 Kerry Wynn DE Linebackers 55 Ray - Ray Armstrong OLB 48 Akeem Ayers OLB 59 Devon Kennard OLB 39 Derrick Mathews OLB 46 Calvin Munson MLB 47 Kelvin Sheppard MLB Defensive backs 33 Andrew Adams FS 29 Nat Berhe SS 37 Ross Cockrell CB 25 Brandon Dixon CB 23 Darryl Morris CB 36 Ryan Murphy SS 41 Dominique Rodgers - Cromartie CB 27 Darian Thompson FS Special teams 51 Zak DeOssie LS 2 Aldrick Rosas K 9 Brad Wing P Reserve lists 24 Eli Apple CB ( Susp . ) 64 Josh Banks DT ( IR ) 13 Odell Beckham Jr . WR ( IR ) 52 Jonathan Casillas OLB ( IR ) 21 Landon Collins SS ( IR ) 38 Donte Deayon CB ( IR ) 65 Jessamen Dunker G ( IR ) 76 D.J. Fluker G ( IR ) 93 B.J. Goodson MLB ( IR ) 58 Curtis Grant OLB ( IR ) 17 Dwayne Harris WR ( IR ) 68 Bobby Hart OT ( IR ) 44 Mark Herzlich MLB ( IR ) 20 Janoris Jenkins CB ( IR ) 82 Keeon Johnson WR ( IR ) 12 Tavarres King WR ( IR ) 15 Brandon Marshall WR ( IR ) 80 Darius Powe WR ( IR ) 67 Justin Pugh G ( IR ) 70 Weston Richburg C ( IR ) 57 Keenan Robinson OLB ( IR ) 45 Deontae Skinner OLB ( IR ) 97 Ishaq Williams DE ( IR ) Practice squad 62 Ethan Cooper G 6 Amba Etta - Tawo WR 31 Jeremiah McKinnon CB 30 Tim Scott CB 8 Canaan Severin WR 60 Kristjan Sokoli DT 79 Jordan Williams DE Rookies in italics Roster updated December 31 , 2017 Depth chart Transactions 53 Active , 23 Inactive , 7 Practice squad → AFC rosters → NFC rosters AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA Retired numbers New York Giants retired numbers No . Player Position Career Ray Flaherty 1928 -- 1935 Tuffy Leemans RB 1936 -- 1943 7 Mel Hein C , LB 1931 -- 1945 11 Phil Simms QB 1979 -- 1993 14 Ward Cuff HB , WB 1937 -- 1945 Y.A. Tittle QB 1961 -- 1964 16 Frank Gifford HB , WR 1952 -- 1964 32 Al Blozis OT 1942 -- 1944 40 Joe Morrison RB , WR 1959 -- 1972 42 Charlie Conerly QB 1948 -- 1961 50 Ken Strong HB 1933 -- 1947 56 Lawrence Taylor LB 1981 -- 1993 Notes : Retired in 1935 , this was the first number to be retired by any team in major league sports . Posthumous honor . The number 14 was retired in honor of Ward Cuff in 1946 . Y.A. Tittle requested 14 after the Giants traded for him in 1961 , and it was retired a second time in 1964 at the conclusion of Tittle 's playing career . The number is now retired in honor of both players . Pro Football Hall of Famers In the Pro Football Hall of Fame , the Giants boast the second-most enshrined members with 29 . Tim Mara , Mel Hein , Pete Henry , Cal Hubbard and Jim Thorpe were a part of the original class of inductees in 1963 , while Defensive End Michael Strahan , the most recent Giant inducted , was a part of the Class of 2014 . Numerous members , including Larry Csonka , Ray Flaherty , Joe Guyon , Pete Henry , Arnie Herber , Cal Hubbard , Tom Landry , Don Maynard , Hugh McElhenny , and Jim Thorpe were at one time associated with the New York Giants , but they were inducted largely based on their careers with other teams . New York Giants Hall of Famers No . Player Position Tenure Inducted No . Player Position Tenure Inducted 17 Red Badgro TE / DE 1930 -- 1935 1981 -- Tim Mara Owner and founder 1925 -- 1959 1963 79 Rosey Brown 1953 -- 1965 -- Wellington Mara Owner / Administrator 1937 -- 2005 1997 53 Harry Carson LB 1976 -- 1988 2006 13 Don Maynard WR 1958 39 Larry Csonka FB 1976 -- 1978 13 Hugh McElhenny RB 1963 1970 Ray Flaherty 1928 -- 1935 1976 55 Steve Owen Coach 1926 -- 1933 1930 -- 1953 1966 6 Benny Friedman QB Coach 1929 -- 1931 1930 2005 -- Bill Parcells Coach 1983 -- 1990 2013 16 Frank Gifford HB 1952 -- 1960 1962 -- 1964 1977 81 Andy Robustelli DE 1956 -- 1964 1971 11 Joe Guyon RB 1927 1978 92 Michael Strahan DE 1993 -- 2007 2014 7 Mel Hein 1931 -- 1945 1966 50 Ken Strong HB / FB / K 1933 -- 1935 1939 1944 -- 1947 1967 55 Pete Henry OT 1927 1963 10 Fran Tarkenton QB 1967 -- 1971 1986 38 Arnie Herber QB 1944 -- 1945 1963 56 Lawrence Taylor LB 1981 -- 1993 1999 41 60 Cal Hubbard 1927 -- 1928 1936 1966 31 Jim Thorpe RB , DB 1925 1963 70 Sam Huff LB 1956 -- 1963 1982 14 Y.A. Tittle QB 1961 -- 1964 1971 49 Tom Landry DB / P 1950 -- 1955 1982 45 Emlen Tunnell DB 1948 -- 1958 1967 Tuffy Leemans FB 1936 -- 1943 1990 73 Arnie Weinmeister DE 1950 -- 1953 1984 Ring of honor The New York Giants unveiled their own Ring of Honor on October 3 , 2010 during halftime of their Sunday Night Football matchup with the Chicago Bears . John Mara had long wished to create a Giants Ring of Honor and Hall of Fame to honor Giants who helped the franchise achieve each of their championships , and the building of MetLife Stadium resulted in the realization of that ambition . The organization had an inaugural induction class of 30 including players , coaches , owners and executives that have had a great impact on the organization . While the entire list of inductees was not revealed until the actual induction , the organization did confirm about a week before the ceremony that Phil Simms , Bill Parcells , Michael Strahan , Tiki Barber , Frank Gifford and Pete Gogolak would all be inducted . New York Giants Ring of Honor Name Position No . Years active Championships Inducted Ernie Accorsi Executive -- 1994 -- 2007 -- 2016 Jessie Armstead LB 98 1993 -- 2001 -- Carl Banks LB 58 1984 -- 1992 1986 , 1990 2011 Tiki Barber RB 21 1997 -- 2006 -- Mark Bavaro TE 89 1985 -- 1990 1986 , 1990 2011 Al Blozis OT 32 1942 -- 1944 -- Rosey Brown OT 79 1953 -- 1965 1956 Harry Carson LB 53 1976 -- 1988 1986 Charlie Conerly QB 42 1948 -- 1961 1956 Tom Coughlin WR Coach / Head Coach -- 1988 - 1990 , 2004 -- 2015 1990 , 2007 , 2011 2016 Frank Gifford RB / WR 16 1952 -- 1964 1956 Pete Gogolak 1966 -- 1974 -- Mel Hein C / LB 7 1931 -- 1945 1934 , 1938 Jim Lee Howell End / Head Coach 21 , 81 1937 -- 1942 , 1946 -- 1947 , 1954 -- 1960 1938 , 1956 Sam Huff LB 70 1956 -- 1963 1956 Dave Jennings 13 1974 -- 1984 -- 2011 John Johnson Athletic Trainer -- 1948 -- 2008 1956 , 1986 , 1990 , 2007 2015 Tuffy Leemans RB 1936 -- 1943 1938 Jack Lummus End 29 1941 -- 2015 Dick Lynch DB 22 25 1958 -- 1966 -- Jack Mara Owner -- 1925 -- 1965 1927 , 1934 , 1938 , 1956 Tim Mara Owner -- 1925 -- 1959 1927 , 1934 , 1938 , 1956 Wellington Mara Ball Boy / Executive / Owner -- 1925 -- 2005 1927 , 1934 , 1938 , 1956 , 1986 , 1990 George Martin DE 75 1975 -- 1988 1986 Joe Morrison WR / RB 40 1959 -- 1972 -- Steve Owen OT / Head coach 6 , 9 , 12 , 36 , 44 , 50 , 55 1926 -- 1953 1927 , 1934 , 1938 Bill Parcells Linebacker Coach / Defensive Coordinator / Head Coach -- 1979 , 1981 -- 1990 1986 , 1990 Andy Robustelli DE 81 , 84 1956 -- 1964 1956 Phil Simms QB 11 1979 -- 1993 1986 , 1990 Chris Snee OG 76 2004 -- 2013 2007 , 2011 2015 Michael Strahan DE 92 1993 -- 2007 2007 Ken Strong HB 50 1933 -- 1935 , 1939 , 1944 -- 1947 1934 Lawrence Taylor LB 56 1981 -- 1993 1986 , 1990 Bob Tisch Owner -- 1991 -- 2005 -- Y.A. Tittle QB 14 1961 -- 1964 -- Amani Toomer WR 81 1996 -- 2008 2007 Justin Tuck DE 91 2005 -- 2013 2007 , 2011 2016 Emlen Tunnell DB / Scout / Assistant Head Coach 45 1948 -- 1958 , 1963 -- 1973 1956 Osi Umenyiora DE 72 2003 -- 2012 2007 , 2011 2015 Brad Van Pelt LB 10 1973 -- 1983 -- 2011 Alex Webster FB / Head Coach 29 1955 -- 1964 , 1969 -- 1973 1956 2011 George Young Executive -- 1979 -- 1997 1986 , 1990 NFL MVP award winners Giants NFL MVP winners Year Player Position Selector 1938 Mel Hein C , LB NFL 1956 Frank Gifford HB , WR NEA , UPI 1959 Charlie Conerly QB NEA 1961 Y.A. Tittle QB NEA 1962 Y.A. Tittle QB UPI 1963 Y.A. Tittle QB AP , NEA 1986 Lawrence Taylor LB AP , PFWA 1986 Phil Simms QB NEA Super Bowl MVP award winners Manning with the Lombardi Trophy during the Giants Super Bowl victory rally at Giants Stadium in 2008 . Super Bowl MVP winners SB Player Position XXI Phil Simms QB XXV Ottis Anderson RB XLII Eli Manning QB XLVI Eli Manning QB First - round draft picks Main article : List of New York Giants first - round draft picks Recent first - round draft picks Year Player College Position 2008 Kenny Phillips Miami ( FL ) DB 2009 Hakeem Nicks North Carolina WR Jason Pierre - Paul South Florida DE 2011 Prince Amukamara Nebraska DB 2012 David Wilson Virginia Tech RB 2013 Justin Pugh Syracuse OT 2014 Odell Beckham Jr . LSU WR 2015 Ereck Flowers Miami ( FL ) OT 2016 Eli Apple Ohio State CB 2017 Evan Engram Mississippi TE Coaches of note Main article : List of New York Giants head coaches Current staff New York Giants staff Front Office President / CEO -- John Mara Chairman / Executive Vice President -- Steve Tisch General Manager -- Dave Gettleman Assistant General Manager -- Kevin Abrams Senior Vice President of Player Personnel -- Chris Mara Director of Pro Personnel -- Ken Sternfeld Director of Player Development -- David Tyree Head Coaches Interim Head Coach / Defensive Coordinator -- Steve Spagnuolo Offensive Coaches Offensive Coordinator -- Mike Sullivan Quarterbacks -- Frank Cignetti Jr . Running Backs -- Craig Johnson Wide Receivers -- Adam Henry Tight Ends -- Kevin M. Gilbride Offensive Line -- Mike Solari Assistant Offensive Line -- Lunda Wells Offensive Assistant -- Ryan Roeder Defensive Coaches Defensive Line -- Patrick Graham Assistant Defensive Line -- Rob Leonard Linebackers -- Bill McGovern Secondary / Cornerbacks -- Tim Walton Secondary / Safeties -- Dave Merritt Defensive Assistant -- Bobby Blick Special Team Coaches Special Teams Coordinator -- Tom Quinn Assistant Special Teams -- Dwayne Stukes Strength and Conditioning Strength and Conditioning -- Aaron Wellman Assistant Strength and Conditioning -- Markus Paul Director of Performance Nutrition / Assistant Strength and Conditioning -- Pratik Patel Performance Manager -- Joe Danos → Coaching Staff → Management → More NFL staffs AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA Media , radio and television This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : New York Giants Radio Network As of 2010 , the Giants ' flagship radio station is WFAN , with games simulcast on WFAN - FM as of November 2012 . Beginning in 2012 , the Giants became WFAN 's top priority during the entire football season ; prior to that , games that conflicted with late season New York Mets baseball games in September and early October were moved to other CBS Radio owned stations . This arrangement only lasted for 2012 , and the Mets received priority again in 2013 . WFAN acquired the rights to New York Yankees games for 2014 , and thus the Giants ' schedule will be in conflict with them for the foreseeable future . When there is an overlap , Giants games are carried by WFAN 's sister station , WCBS - AM . Bob Papa on play - by - play and Carl Banks on color commentary are the Giants ' radio broadcast team , with Howard Cross as the sideline reporter . When Papa is unavailable to call games Chris Carrino , WFAN 's lead broadcaster for the Brooklyn Nets , substitutes for him . Games are carried over the New York Giants Radio Network over various stations in New York , Pennsylvania , Connecticut , and ( as of 2010 ) Mississippi . Preseason telecasts not seen nationally air in the area on WNBC , with WWOR - TV serving as an overflow station for when WNBC is airing other programming such as the Summer Olympic Games . Papa and Banks call these games on television , with studio host Paul Dottino as Papa 's substitute . WPIX - TV or WABC - TV will also air any Giants broadcast that is carried by ESPN , as per the local carriage rules ( WABC - TV corporate parent , The Walt Disney Company , holds an 80 % majority ownership stake in ESPN , and has a right of first refusal for these telecasts ) . Thursday Night Football games exclusive to NFL Network are carried locally by the producing network 's O&O , either WCBS - TV or WNBC . The Giants ' public address announcer at MetLife Stadium is Jim Hall , who for years was Bob Sheppard 's substitute at Yankee Stadium due to their very similar voices . Hall took over the Giants PA job after Sheppard elected to leave the position in 2005 to focus solely on his Yankee Stadium duties . Past WFAN has produced the Giants ' radio broadcasts since 1995 , but has not always aired them on the station . For 1995 , then - Giants flagship WOR continued to carry the games as they had for the previous two seasons . In 1996 the games were simulcast on WFAN and WOR , which caused some conflict as at the time , WFAN was the radio flagship of the New York Jets as well . To remedy the situation , beginning the next year WFAN moved the Giants ' radio broadcasts to the FM dial and sister station WNEW - FM , where they remained until the end of the 1999 season . In 2000 WFAN lost the Jets ' radio contract to WABC and the Giants moved back to WFAN where they have been ever since . The Giants ' longtime radio home was WNEW , where games aired from the mid-1950s until 1993 when the station was bought by Bloomberg L.P. and changed its format . Marty Glickman teamed with Al DeRogatis for a long stretch beginning in the early 1960s on WNEW . Chip Cipolla and later Sam Huff joined Glickman after DeRogatis left to join Curt Gowdy on NBC . After the WNEW split , games began airing on WOR . Glickman moved to the crosstown Jets in 1973 and was succeeded by Marv Albert . Jim Gordon succeeded Albert in 1977 , beginning an 18 - year tenure as the Giants ' play - by - play voice . Meanwhile , Dick Lynch took over as color analyst in 1976 and continued in that role through 2007 , with his last game being Super Bowl XLII , and retired following the season due to his advancing leukemia , which took his life in September 2008 . Eventually Gordon and Lynch were joined by Karl Nelson , a former lineman for the Giants . Gordon and Nelson were fired after the 1994 season , after which Papa took over the play - by - play ( after being studio host ) and led a two - man booth with Lynch . Dave Jennings joined the broadcast team in 2002 following his firing by the Jets , with whom he had worked since his 1987 retirement from the NFL . Jennings was moved to the pregame show after the 2006 season and was replaced by Carl Banks , leaving broadcasting altogether in 2008 due to his ongoing battle with Parkinson 's disease that he lost in 2013 . After WFAN began airing games Richard Neer served as pregame and postgame host . He was replaced by Sid Rosenberg , who was in turn fired by the station due to troubles and replaced by Chris Carlin . Carlin left in 2008 to focus full - time on his duties as SNY studio host and Rutgers athletics radio voice and was replaced by WWOR sports reporter and former WFAN host Russ Salzberg , who cohosted with Roman Oben after Jennings left . WEPN Giants beat reporter Paul Dottino was hired by WFAN to host the pregame show for 2009 and continues to be a part of the program . Anita Marks has hosted the pre - and post - game shows since 2010 , co-hosting with Dottino for home games and Oben for away games . The Giants were carried on the DuMont Network , then CBS ( New York 's Channel 2 ) in the early TV days of the NFL , when home games were blacked out within a 75 - mile radius of New York City . Chris Schenkel was their play - by - play announcer in that early era when each team was assigned its own network voice on its regional telecasts . At the time , there were few if any true national telecasts until the NFL championship game , which was carried by NBC . Schenkel was joined by Jim McKay , later Johnny Lujack through the 1950s and the early 1960s . As Giants players retired to the broadcast booth in the early and 1960s , first Pat Summerall , then Frank Gifford took the color analyst slot next to Schenkel . As the 1970 merger of the NFL and AFL approached , CBS moved to a more generic announcer approach and Schenkel was off the broadcasts . Giants regular - season Sunday telecasts moved to Fox when that network took over NFC telecasts in 1994 and are carried locally by WNYW . WCBS - TV and WPIX were previously home to Giants preseason telecasts in the 1990s , with WPIX serving as the Giants ' ( and Jets ' ) long time preseason home . After the NFC rights were lost by CBS , the Giants followed the conference 's broadcast rights to WNYW . WWOR became the Giants ' flagship TV station in the late ' 90s , and stayed so up until WNBC took over rights in 2005 . When the Giants first moved to WNYW , Mike Breen was their preseason play - by - play man . Sam Rosen was the television voice for some time afterward , except for two years when Curt Menefee ( then of WNYW ) was the voice . When the games moved to WWOR , Rosen regained the position and held it until 2004 . Former Giant receiver Phil McConkey became the early season analyst after his retirement and stayed in the booth for many years . See also New York City portal New Jersey portal Professional American football championship List of New York Giants seasons References Jump up ^ `` New York Giants Team Facts '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New York Giants Team Capsule '' ( PDF ) . 2016 Official National Football League Record and Fact Book . National Football League . July 15 , 2016 . Retrieved August 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` New York Giants 2013 Logo Slick '' ( PDF ) . New York Giants . July 15 , 2013 . Retrieved July 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Eisen , Michael ( January 4 , 2013 ) . `` 2013 Training Camp to be held in NJ '' . New York Giants . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Albany No More : Giants To Hold 2013 Training Camp At The Meadowlands '' . CBS News . Retrieved January 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hoovers.com Company Profile '' . Hoovers.com . Retrieved October 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Jimmy the Geek ( 2008 - 02 - 01 ) . `` Wilmington Blogs : Pulp Culture The News Journal '' . delawareonline . Retrieved November 8 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Brookover , Bob ( September 17 , 2006 ) . `` The Birds ' Biggest Rival -- In a division of fierce foes , the Giants have battled the Eagles as tough as anyone '' . Philadelphia Inquirer . p . D1 . ^ Jump up to : Brookover , Bob ( November 6 , 2008 ) . `` Eagles -- Giants among top rivalries '' . Philadelphia Inquirer . p . D6 . ^ Jump up to : New York First Game & First Home Game Program , hapmoran.org . Retrieved February 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ New York Pro Eleven Takes Opening Game , The New York Times , October 5 , 1925 . Retrieved March 16 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : New York Giants ( 1925 -- ) Archived April 9 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine. , databasefootball.com . Retrieved January 23 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Championship games 1925 -- 1949 '' . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2006 . Retrieved January 12 , 2007 . , giants.com . Retrieved January 12 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Neft , Cohen , and Korch . pg. 83 Jump up ^ New York Giants vs. Notre Dame All Stars December 14 , 1930 , hapmoran.org . Retrieved March 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Robert McG. , Jr . `` Two Giants Were Heroes Far From Playing Field '' , The New York Times , January 26 , 1991 . Retrieved September 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2015 . Retrieved February 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McDonough , W. et al. `` 75 Seasons : The Complete Story of the National Football League 1920 - 1995 , '' Turner Publishing , Inc. and National Football League Properties , Atlanta , p. 86 ( 1994 ) Jump up ^ The Detroit Free Press , November 8 , 1943 , p. 14 Jump up ^ The New York Times , November 8 , 1943 , p. 22 ^ Jump up to : History of the New York Giants , sportsecyclopedia . Retrieved September 12 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Neft , Cohen , and Korch . pg. 272 Jump up ^ Kart , Larry . `` The Chicago Bears wins the 1963 NFL Championship '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved October 14 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : 1966 NFL Standings , Stats and Awards Archived April 8 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine. , databasefootball.com . Retrieved March 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Wallace , William M. Jets Beat Giants , 37 -- 14 ; Namath Completes 14 of 16 Passes , 3 for Scores ; Battle Returns Punt For 86 Yards 70,874 Fans See Jet Rookie Score in Yale Bowl -- Mathis Tallies Two Touchdowns , The New York Times , August 18 , 1969 . Retrieved March 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Weinraub , Bernard . Fans Show Mixed Emotions ; Bad Trades Laid To Team 's Pilot , The New York Times , September 13 , 1969 . Retrieved March 18 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Fran Tarkenton , vikingupdate.com . Retrieved March 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Katz , Michael . Giants Go With Youth and Cut Ramsey ; McVay Draws a Line , The New York Times , September 13 , 1977 . Retrieved March 21 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Katz , Michael . 20 Seconds Left As Eagles Win ; Jets Bow ; Todd Reinjured , The New York Times , November 20 , 1978 . Retrieved March 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Vecsey , George ( 1991 - 02 - 21 ) . `` Sports Of The Times ; The Feud That Won Super Bowls '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Lawrence Taylor Archived May 1 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine. , databasefootball.com . Retrieved February 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Mifflin , Lawrie : ( 1 ) The New York Times , September 11 , 1982 - Scouting ; Crunch Bunch Jump up ^ `` HolidayCalendar '' . Giants.com. April 28 , 2004 . Archived from the original on January 1 , 2011 . Retrieved October 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Battista , Judy . `` Redskins - The Fifth Down Blog '' . Fifthdown.blogs.nytimes.com . Retrieved October 8 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Championship Games 1950 -- present '' . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2007 . Retrieved December 1 , 2010 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) , giants.com . Retrieved January 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Joe Morris Archived December 27 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine. , databasefootball.com . Retrieved May 3 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Neft , Cohen , and Korch . pg. 846 Jump up ^ Neft , Cohen , and Korch . pg. 914 Jump up ^ Fucillo , David . `` 49ers ' Year - by - Year : 1990 '' . Niners Nation . Retrieved November 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ 1994 New York Giants Archived April 8 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine. , databasefootball.com . Retrieved March 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Berkow , Ira . Sports of The Times ; Brown Hopes To Wear Out Giant Fans , The New York Times , October 25 , 1994 . Retrieved March 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ King , Peter . Renewed and revitalized at 28 , Collins finally comes clean , Sports Illustrated , January 22 , 2001 . Retrieved March 21 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2000 New York Giants '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved August 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rhoden , William C. Sports of The Times ; With Season at Crossroads , Fassel Dares His Team , The New York Times , November 27 , 2000 . Retrieved May 12 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Super Bowl XXXV recap '' . Archived from the original on July 12 , 2007 . Retrieved May 25 , 2007 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) , National Football League . Retrieved May 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Magee , Jerry . Nothing personal , San Diego ; Eli Manning just did n't want to be a Charger Archived October 3 , 2005 , at the Wayback Machine. , U-T San Diego , September 21 , 2005 . Retrieved March 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Tom Coughlin coaching profile , ESPN . Retrieved March 22 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Associated Press . Giants confirm Coughlin to remain coach , USA TODAY , January 10 , 2007 . Retrieved March 22 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Associated Press . Strahan breaks Gastineau 's 17 - year - old record , ESPN , January 2001 . Retrieved March 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Tiki Barber plans to stay busy after retirement '' . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2007 . Retrieved April 23 , 2007 . , National Football League , February 6 , 2007 . Retrieved March 22 , 2007 . Jump up ^ PAUL NEWBERRY ( 2010 - 11 - 04 ) . `` Giants win their fourth in a row , routing hapless Falcons 31 -- 10 '' . Yahoo !. Retrieved November 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ O'Halloran , Ryan ( 2008 - 02 - 03 ) . `` Superbowl ( sic ) XLII preview '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved November 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Giants End Pats Perfect Season ; Win Super Bowl '' . Jump up ^ Opinion : Eli makes sure MVP stays in the family , NBC Sports.com , February 4 , 2008 . Retrieved March 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Vacchiano , Ralph . Improbable Super Bowl victory capped incredible Giant season , Daily News location = New York , February 10 , 2008 . Retrieved November 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Lapointe , Joe ( January 12 , 2009 ) . `` Manning and Giants Stopped Short in Bid to Repeat as Champs '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` schedule_2009 '' . Giants.com . March 30 , 2009 . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2010 . Retrieved November 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ NFL Stats : by Team Category . National Football League . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` New York Giants Lose Season Opener Against Washington Redskins 28 - 14 : Rapid Reaction '' . Jump up ^ `` NFL Game Center : New York Giants at New England Patriots -- 2011 Super Bowl '' . National Football League . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Odds and Interest : a Look at the 2013 NFL Pro Bowl '' . Jump up ^ `` NFL Experience Will not Be a Part of Super Bowl XLVIII in New York / New Jersey '' . Jump up ^ `` New York Giants Fail to Live up to Talk and Guarantees , Fall 24 - 21 to Dallas Cowboys '' . Jump up ^ `` Odell Beckham Jr . `` Happy '' to Land with New York Giants ; Recalls Past with Eli Manning `` . Jump up ^ Eisen , Michael ( January 14 , 2016 ) . `` Ben McAdoo named New York Giants head coach '' . Giants.com . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Giants injury updates : Odell Beckham Jr. to have season - ending ankle surgery '' . Sporting News . 2017 - 10 - 09 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Rodgers - Cromartie suspended after blowup with McAdoo '' . New York Post . 2017 - 10 - 11 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Giants suspend Janoris Jenkins indefinitely '' . New York Post . 2017 - 10 - 31 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` NFL CHAMPIONS 1920 - 2015 '' . Jump up ^ `` History of the New York Giants '' . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2010 . Retrieved October 20 , 2010 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) , giants.com . Retrieved January 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Neft , Cohen , and Korch . pg. 52 Jump up ^ NFL History : 1921 -- 1930 , National Football League / history . Retrieved May 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Carroll . pg. 126 Jump up ^ Pro Football Here to Stay , Says Mara ; Giants to Play Next Year Despite Losses -- Game Also to Remain at Ebbets Field. , The New York Times , December 19 , 1926 . Retrieved June 4 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Burke , Monte . Turning $500 Into A $573 Million NFL Team , Forbes , August 29 , 2003 . Retrieved June 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Tim Mara died in 1959 . Attendance Rises in Pro Football ; Grand Total for League Games and Extra Contests in 1939 Placed at 1,575,289 Increase 12.3 Per Cent Giants First For Home Crowds With 233,440 During Season -- Detroit Places Next , The New York Times , December 17 , 1939 . Retrieved June 4 , 2007 . * Pro Football set Attendance Mark ; National League Teams Played to More Than 1,600,000 Fans During 1940 Dodgers Drew 146,229 Washington , Pittsburgh Also Attracted Larger Crowds to Home Games , The New York Times , December 24 , 1940 . Retrieved June 4 , 2007 . * Attendance Gain for Pro Football ; Game Average 36.7 % Higher -- 1,072,469 at 40 Contests -- 55 Last Year Drew More , The New York Times , December 7 , 1943 . Retrieved June 4 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Teams valuation : 1998 - 2005 - New York Giants , Forbes . Retrieved June 4 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : New York Giants ( 2006 ) , Forbes . Retrieved June 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Dave . Sports of the Times ; Ten Giant Steps to Superdom , The New York Times , January 25 , 1987 . Retrieved March 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Eskenazi , Gerald . Football ; Tisch Does n't Plan to Be A Figurehead for Giants , The New York Times , February 22 , 1991 . Retrieved March 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Goldstein , Richard . Wellington Mara , the Patriarch of the N.F.L. , Dies at 89 , The New York Times , October 26 , 2005 . Retrieved June 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Giants co-owner Ann Mara dies at age 85 '' . ^ Jump up to : New York Giants ( 2004 ) , Forbes . Retrieved June 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Kurt Badenhausen. `` # 9 New York Giants -- Kurt Badenhausen '' . Forbes . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kurt Badenhausen ( 2012 - 04 - 18 ) . `` Manchester United Tops The World 's 50 Most Valuable Sports Teams '' . Forbes . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Associated Press . Two states claim NFC champion Giants as their own , Sports Illustrated , January 19 , 2001 . Retrieved June 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Hevesi , Dennis ( January 13 , 1987 ) . `` Pre-Super Bowl Scrimmage : So Whose Giants Are They ? '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Matuszewski , Erik . New York 's Giants Victory Parade Set for Tomorrow , Bloomberg L.P. , February 4 , 2008 . Retrieved February 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived December 22 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Hanlon , Greg ( November 30 , 2008 ) . `` Top 10 Moments in the Giants - Redskins Rivalry '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` New York Giants Head - to - Head Records - Pro-Football-Reference.com '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Jump up ^ Sphigel , Ben ( December 20 , 2011 ) . `` The Jets ' Players Are Asking Themselves : Is This a Rivalry Game ? '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Samuel , Ebenezer ( August 14 , 2012 ) . `` Giants ' Weatherford : Beating Jets is ' sweet ' '' . Daily News . New York . Retrieved September 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ B , John . `` Jets vs. Giants : How Big of a Rivalry Is It ? '' . SB Nation . Retrieved September 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ DelVecchio , Steve . `` Bart Scott : Jets - Giants Not a Rivalry Because You Do n't Have to Fight Over Strippers in New York '' . Larry Brown Sports . Retrieved September 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Brandt , Gil . `` Scouts reveal their sleepers '' . Archived from the original on May 29 , 2006 . Retrieved June 4 , 2007 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) , National Football League , August 30 , 2005 . Retrieved June 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` New York Giants Retired Jersey Numbers '' . Big Blue Interactive . Retrieved August 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hall of Famers by Team , profootballhof.com . Retrieved March 2 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Landry Player stats '' . Pro Football Reference.com . Retrieved June 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Headlines -- Story -- Giants to Unveil Ring of Honor '' . Giants.com . September 29 , 2010 . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2010 . Retrieved November 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Giants New Ring Of Honor : Who Deserves A Spot ? '' . Bleacher Report . 2010 - 09 - 30 . Retrieved November 8 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Giants.com - TV & Radio Gameday Guide '' . Bibliography Carroll , John Martin ( 1999 ) . Grange and the Rise of Modern Football . Urbana : University of Illinois Press . ISBN 0 - 252 - 07166 - 2 . Neft , David S. ; Cohen , Richard M. ; Korch , Rick ( 1994 ) . The Complete History of Professional Football from 1892 to the Present . New York : St. Martin 's Press . p. 113 . ISBN 0 - 312 - 11435 - 4 . Steinbreder , John ( 1999 ) . Giants : 75 Years of Championship Football ( second ed . ) . Dallas : Taylor Publishing Co . ISBN 0 - 87833 - 159 - X . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New%20York%20Giants
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who played blofeld in for your eyes only
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In a sixth appearance -- in the pre-credit sequence of For Your Eyes Only -- he is an anonymous , bald , wheelchair - bound villain trying to kill Bond once again . Blofeld remains unnamed and unlisted in the film 's end credits . The only clues to his identity are the trademark white cat , similar clothes to his previous onscreen appearances , the dialogue indicating that he and Bond have met before , and the fact that the scene begins with Bond paying his respects at Tracy 's grave , often considered by the producers as a means of providing an `` immediate continuity link '' in the event of a new actor taking the part of Bond ( although this was Roger Moore 's fifth appearance as Bond ) . The anonymity of the villain was due to the legal dispute between Kevin McClory and Eon Productions over the Thunderball copyrights .
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Ernst Stavro Blofeld
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ernst stavro blofeld
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Ernst Stavro Blofeld is a fictional character and a supervillain from the James Bond series of novels and films , created by Ian Fleming . A criminal with aspirations of world domination , he is the archenemy of the British Secret Service agent James Bond . Blofeld is head of the global criminal organisation SPECTRE and is commonly referred to as Number 1 , an official numerical position given to members of SPECTRE . The character was originally written by Fleming as a physically massive and powerfully built man , standing around 6 ft 3 in ( 1.91 m ) and weighing 21.6 stone ( about 300 pounds ( 140 kg ) ) , who had become flabby with a huge belly .
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Blofeld appears or is heard in three novels : Thunderball , On Her Majesty 's Secret Service ; and You Only Live Twice ; as well as seven films from Eon Productions : From Russia with Love ( 1963 ) ; Thunderball ( 1965 ) ; You Only Live Twice ( 1967 ) ; On Her Majesty 's Secret Service ( 1969 ) ; Diamonds Are Forever ( 1971 ) ; For Your Eyes Only ( 1981 ) ( the pre-title sequence of which shows an unnamed character resembling him fall to his death ) ; and Spectre ( 2015 ) . He also appears in Never Say Never Again ( 1983 ) , the non-Eon remake of Thunderball . Blofeld has been played on screen by Donald Pleasence , Telly Savalas , Charles Gray , Max von Sydow , and Christoph Waltz , among others . It was initially a convention of the films not to show Blofeld 's face , only a close - up of him stroking his white blue - eyed Persian cat . Many of Blofeld 's characteristics have become tropes in popular fiction , representing the stock character of the supervillain , with the stroking of his white cat often retained as a parodic allusion to Blofeld 's character , as seen in the Austin Powers film series with the character of Dr. Evil and his cat Mr. Bigglesworth , or in the well - known cartoon Inspector Gadget with the character of Dr. Claw . Contents ( hide ) 1 Character 2 In novels 3 In films 4 Table of film appearances 5 Video games 6 Homages 7 See also 8 References Character ( edit ) Ian Fleming includes information about Blofeld 's background in his novel Thunderball . According to the novel , Blofeld was born on 28 May 1908 ( which is also Fleming 's birthday ) in Gdingen , Imperial Germany ( now Gdynia , Poland ) ; his father Ernst George Blofeld was Polish , and his mother Maria Stavro Michelopoulos was Greek , hence the well - known Greek name Stavro . After the First World War , Blofeld became a Polish national . As a young man , he was well - versed in the social science disciplines , but also in the natural science and technology disciplines . He first graduated from the University of Warsaw with a degree in Political History and Economics , and then from the Warsaw University of Technology with a degree in Engineering and Radionics . He was then hired by the Polish Ministry of Posts and Telegraphs and appointed to a sensitive communication position , which he used for buying and selling stocks at the Warsaw Stock Exchange . Correctly foreseeing the coming of World War II , Blofeld made copies of top - secret wires and sold them for cash to Nazi Germany . Before the German invasion of Poland in 1939 , he destroyed all records of his existence , then moved first to Sweden , then to Turkey , where he worked for Turkish Radio and began to set up his own private intelligence organisation . During the war , he sold information to both sides . After the defeat of Erwin Rommel , he decided to back the Allied war effort , and was awarded numerous medals by the Allied powers after the war 's end . Blofeld then moved temporarily to South America before founding SPECTRE . In the John Gardner novel For Special Services , Blofeld is depicted as having had a daughter with a French mistress named Nena . It is commonly believed that the name Blofeld was inspired by the English cricket commentator Henry Blofeld 's father , with whom Fleming went to school . Henry Blofeld offered on the BBC Radio 4 series Just a Minute that `` Ian took my father 's name as the name of the baddie . '' In novels ( edit ) Blofeld makes three appearances in Ian Fleming 's novels . He first appears in a minor role as the leader of SPECTRE in the 1961 novel Thunderball . The plot that he formulates is carried out by his second - in - command Emilio Largo . Blofeld is described physically as a massive man , weighing roughly 20 stone ( 280 lb ; 130 kg ) , has black crew - cut hair , black eyes ( similar to those of Benito Mussolini ) , heavy eyelashes , a thin mouth , and long pointed hands and feet . He has violet - scented breath from chewing flavoured cachous ( breath mints ) , a habit he adopts whenever he must deliver bad news . A meticulous planner of formidable intellect , he seems to be without conscience but not necessarily insane , and is motivated solely by financial gain . Blofeld 's lifestyle is described in one chapter in Thunderball : `` For the rest , he did n't smoke or drink and he had never been known to sleep with a member of either sex . He did n't even eat very much . '' Blofeld is absent from the next novel , The Spy Who Loved Me , though its events take place while Bond is battling SPECTRE in North America . In On Her Majesty 's Secret Service ( 1963 ) , Bond learns that Blofeld has altered his appearance radically -- he is now tall and thin ; has reduced his weight to 12 stone ( 170 lb ; 76 kg ) ; sports long silver hair , a syphilitic infection on his nose , and no earlobes ; he wears dark green tinted contact lenses to hide his distinctive eyes . Perhaps less calculating than previously , he is notably saddled with the exploitable weakness of snobbery about his assumed nobility , indicating that he is losing his sanity . He is hiding in Switzerland in the guise of the Comte Balthazar de Bleuchamp and Bond defeats his vindictive plans to destroy Britain 's agricultural economy . In the final sequence of the novel , Blofeld gets revenge by murdering Bond 's new wife , Tracy . In You Only Live Twice , published in 1964 , Blofeld returns and Bond finds him hiding in Japan under the alias Dr. Guntram Shatterhand . He has once again changed his appearance . He has put on some muscle , and has a gold - capped tooth , a fully healed nose , and a drooping grey mustache . Bond describes Blofeld on their confrontation as being `` a big man , perhaps six foot three ( 190 cm ) , and powerfully built . '' It is indicated that Blofeld has by now gone completely insane , as he all but admits himself when Bond levels the accusation . Bond strangles him to death at the end of the novel . In both On Her Majesty 's Secret Service and You Only Live Twice , Blofeld is aided in his schemes by Irma Bunt , who is clearly his lover in the latter , and posing as Shatterhand 's wife . Bond incapacitates her in their Japanese castle base before it blows up , killing Bunt . The final mention of Blofeld is in the beginning of the next novel , The Man with the Golden Gun , published in 1965 . In films ( edit ) Blofeld in ( clockwise from upper - left ) You Only Live Twice ( Donald Pleasence ) , On Her Majesty 's Secret Service ( Telly Savalas ) , Never Say Never Again ( Max von Sydow ) , Spectre ( Christoph Waltz ) , and Diamonds Are Forever ( Charles Gray ) In the film series , Blofeld first appears in From Russia with Love , then in Thunderball . In these two appearances , his face is not seen , and only his lower body is visible as he strokes his trademark white cat . Czech actor Jan Werich was originally cast by producer Harry Saltzman to play Blofeld in You Only Live Twice . Upon his arrival at the Pinewood set , both producer Albert R. Broccoli and director Lewis Gilbert felt that he was a bad choice , resembling a `` poor , benevolent Santa Claus . '' Nonetheless , in an attempt to make the casting work , Gilbert continued filming . After five days , both Gilbert and Broccoli determined that Werich was not menacing enough , and recast Donald Pleasence in the role -- the official excuse being that Werich was ill . Donald Pleasence used a German accent for the part . In the third , fourth , and fifth appearances -- You Only Live Twice , On Her Majesty 's Secret Service and Diamonds Are Forever -- he is the primary antagonist , meeting Bond face - to - face . During the opening sequence of Diamonds Are Forever , he reveals to Bond that some of his men have undergone plastic surgery to become his decoy duplicates . In the film version of On Her Majesty 's Secret Service , he is not Tracy Bond 's actual killer . He drives the car from which Irma Bunt ( Ilse Steppat ) fires the fatal shots at Tracy , minutes after she married Bond . In a sixth appearance -- in the pre-credit sequence of For Your Eyes Only -- he is an anonymous , bald , wheelchair - bound villain trying to kill Bond once again . Blofeld remains unnamed and unlisted in the film 's end credits . The only clues to his identity are the trademark white cat , similar clothes to his previous onscreen appearances , the dialogue indicating that he and Bond have met before , and the fact that the scene begins with Bond paying his respects at Tracy 's grave , often considered by the producers as a means of providing an `` immediate continuity link '' in the event of a new actor taking the part of Bond ( although this was Roger Moore 's fifth appearance as Bond ) . The anonymity of the villain was due to the legal dispute between Kevin McClory and Eon Productions over the Thunderball copyrights . Blofeld 's appearance and personality change according to the personifying actor and the production . He has a full head of black hair in From Russia With Love and Thunderball ; a facial dueling scar in You Only Live Twice ; no scar or earlobes in On Her Majesty 's Secret Service ; and silver - grey hair in Diamonds Are Forever . This metamorphosing matches Fleming 's literary portrayal of a master criminal who will go to great lengths to preserve his anonymity , including the use of plastic surgery . He often wears a jacket without lapels , based loosely either on the Nehru jacket or on the Mao suit , a feature which is used in spoofs like the Austin Powers series , though in his early two appearances on film he wore a black business suit . By November 2013 , MGM and the McClory estate had formally settled the issue with Danjaq and MGM and acquired the full copyright to the characters and concepts of Blofeld and SPECTRE . Blofeld consequently reappeared in Spectre , played by Christoph Waltz , and with a new background . He was now born Franz Oberhauser , the son of Hannes Oberhauser , Bond 's legal guardian after he was orphaned at the age of 11 , making him and Bond adoptive brothers . As a young man , he murdered his father , staged his own death , and took on the alias of Ernst Stavro Blofeld , using his mother 's maiden name . He then assembled the global criminal organisation known as Spectre . He is revealed to have been trying for years to destroy Bond , whom he resents for having been his father 's favourite ; he is thus revealed to have been the power behind the villains of the previous three films . At the end of the film , Bond takes him into custody after foiling his plan to take control of the world 's national security intelligence data . This incarnation of Blofeld again wears a jacket without lapels , has a full head of hair , and is disfigured in the course of the film , echoing the Pleasence version 's duelling scar . A white Persian cat is also briefly shown . Table of film appearances ( edit ) Year Film Actor and notes Status after the film concludes 1963 From Russia with Love Anthony Dawson as actor ( only hands and back of head are seen ) , Eric Pohlmann as voice actor ; the end credits list a question mark instead of an actor 's name . Active / indirect involvement in the field . Never has any contact with Bond . 1965 Thunderball Anthony Dawson as actor ( only hands and back of head are seen ) , Eric Pohlmann as voice actor , both uncredited ; end credits do not list Blofeld . Active / indirect involvement in the field . Never has any contact with Bond . 1967 You Only Live Twice Donald Pleasence . Actor Jan Werich was originally cast , and some clips show his hands petting cat , and tuft of hair can be seen just above back of chair . Pleasence replaced Werich during filming when the latter was deemed unsuited for the role . Injured in his right hand by a shuriken ; escapes . 1969 On Her Majesty 's Secret Service Telly Savalas ; appears with earlobes removed to back up claim to a noble title . Escapes ; he was the driver in the drive - by murder of Tracy Bond . 1971 Diamonds Are Forever Charles Gray ; appears also as doubles , all created via plastic surgery . He attempts to escape in his mini-sub , but Bond gains control of it and crashes it into the control room . 1981 For Your Eyes Only John Hollis as actor , Robert Rietty as voice actor ; Blofeld 's face is not seen close - up and his name is n't used due to the legal battle with Kevin McClory revealed in the film 's DVD commentary . Dropped down a very large chimney from his own helicopter . Never Say Never Again ( non-Eon ) Max von Sydow . Appears in a small number of scenes . Active / indirect involvement in the field . Never has any direct contact with Bond . 2015 Spectre Christoph Waltz ; he is initially known by his birth name as Franz Oberhauser , but reveals that he rejected his father 's name , and takes his mother 's maiden name , Blofeld . He later receives a facial scar ( a reference to You Only Live Twice ) due to Q 's exploding watch . Captured and arrested by Bond and MI6 Video games ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Blofeld appears in the 2004 video game GoldenEye : Rogue Agent , with the likeness of Donald Pleasence , voiced by Gideon Emery . Blofeld is a playable multiplayer character in the 2010 video game GoldenEye 007 for the Wii , with the likeness of Charles Gray . Blofeld is one of the main characters in the 2012 video game 007 Legends , featured in the mission based on On Her Majesty 's Secret Service , in which the character was an amalgamation of the first three actors appearing in the official film series . Throughout the game , he is voiced by Glenn Wrage . In Blood Stone , the main antagonist , Nicole Hunter ( featured with voice and likeness of Joss Stone ) , tells Bond at the end of the story mode that she was trying to prove herself to a rich and powerful man . Bond tries to get his name but she refuses to give it claiming he 's `` bigger than everything '' ( including MI6 ) , and that he was watching them . Suddenly , an unmanned drone flies toward them and shoots Nicole dead . After the release of Spectre , it was heavily implied that Blofeld was Nicole 's employer and the person responsible for the game 's events . Homages ( edit ) Some of Blofeld 's characteristics have become supervillain tropes in popular fiction and media , including the parodies Dr. Claw ( and his pet , M.A.D. Cat ) from the Inspector Gadget animated series ( 1983 -- 86 ) , Team Rocket leader Giovanni and his Persian cat from the Pokémon television series and Dr. Evil ( and his cat Mr. Bigglesworth ) from the Austin Powers film series ( 1997 -- 2002 ) . The 1999 The Powerpuff Girls episode `` Cat Man Do '' also features a supervillain with a cat , though it is the feline that turns out to be the criminal mastermind . In The Penguins of Madagascar , the recurring villain Dr. Blowhole , is a parody homage to Blofeld . The main antagonist in CBBC Children 's spy comedy M.I. High is a character called `` The Grandmaster '' whose face is always obscured by shadows or a scarf - he has a pet white rabbit called `` General Flopsy '' . The final boss of the License to Adventure challenge path in the game Kingdom of Loathing is `` Blofeld '' , an underling pretending to be Blofeld , with the real fight against Blofeld occurring once you have defeated the impostor 11 times . See also ( edit ) James Bond portal List of recurring characters in the James Bond film series List of James Bond villains References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Oliver Buckton ( 8 October 2015 ) . Espionage in British Fiction and Film since 1900 : The Changing Enemy . Lexington Books . p. 244 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4985 - 0484 - 3 . Yet this suggestion of femininity in Blofeld 's face is belied by his massive girth , his body `` weighed about twenty stone . It had once been all muscle ... but in the past ten years it had softened and he had a vast belly that he concealed behind roomy trousers . Jump up ^ Ian Fleming 's James Bond : Annotations and Chronologies for Ian Fleming 's Bond Stories , published 2006 , page 34 Jump up ^ `` The Bond Film Informant : Ernst Stavro Blofeld '' . Mjnewton.demon.co.uk. 28 May 2008 . Archived from the original on 8 November 2016 . Retrieved 29 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BBC Radio 4 - Desert Island Discs , Henry Blofeld '' . Bbc.co.uk. 5 December 2003 . Retrieved 29 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BBC Radio 4 - Just a Minute , Series 67 , Episode 3 '' . Bbc.co.uk. 2 September 2013 . Retrieved 29 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Production Staff ( 2000 ) . Inside You Only Live Twice : An Original Documentary ( Television ) . MGM Home Entertainment Inc . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived 19 November 2006 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ The Bond Files by Andy Lane and Paul Simpson , published by Virgin in 1999 Jump up ^ Smith , Jim ; Lavington , Stephen ( 2002 ) . Bond Films . London : Virgin Books . p. 178 . ISBN 9780753507094 . ^ Jump up to : `` What James Bond Mythology Tells Us About Spectre '' . Screen Rant. 9 November 2015 . Retrieved 22 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Vejvoda , Jim . `` MGM , Danjaq Settle James Bond Rights Dispute With McClory Estate '' . IGN . Retrieved 16 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Andy Lane and Paul Simpson . The Bond Files . Some sources mistakenly identify the voice as Joseph Wiseman 's . Jump up ^ Cork , John ; Stutz , Collin ( 2007 ) . James Bond Encyclopedia . New York : DK Pub . p. 40 . ISBN 9780756631673 . Jump up ^ MI6 Community . `` Bloodstone Spectre Connection '' . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ Martens , Todd ( 28 March 2015 ) . `` Spectre trailer reinvents a famous Bond rival '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 7 November 2015 . ( hide ) James Bond characters James Bond as literary character and as film character Allies Miss Moneypenny Q Bill Tanner 00 Agents Felix Leiter Women Aki Anya Amasova Tracy Bond Tiffany Case Wai Lin Vesper Lynd Pussy Galore Honey Rider Tatiana Romanova Sévérine Natalya Simonova Stacey Sutton Kissy Suzuki Domino Vitali Jinx Johnson Villains and henchmen Julius No Rosa Klebb Ernst Stavro Blofeld Oddjob Auric Goldfinger Emilio Largo Mr. Wint and Mr. Kidd Francisco Scaramanga Jaws Hugo Drax Max Zorin Brad Whitaker Necros Alec Trevelyan Xenia Onatopp Le Chiffre Raoul Silva Organisations SPECTRE SMERSH The Union Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Stavro_Blofeld&oldid=811620136 '' Categories : Bond villains Characters in British novels of the 20th century Fictional Austrian people Fictional characters introduced in 1961 Fictional characters with disfigurements Fictional crime bosses Fictional Greek people Fictional mass murderers Fictional patricides Fictional Polish people Fictional spymasters Fictional torturers Literary villains Terrorism in fiction Video game bosses Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from October 2015 All articles needing additional references Articles needing expert attention with no reason or talk parameter Articles needing unspecified expert attention Articles needing expert attention from November 2015 All articles needing expert attention Articles with multiple maintenance issues EngvarB from March 2016 Use dmy dates from March 2016 Articles using Infobox character with multiple unlabeled fields Articles needing additional references from August 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 22 November 2017 , at 20 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst%20Stavro%20Blofeld
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who played david on one day at a time
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Ann Romano , a divorced mother , moves from their home in Logansport , Indiana , to Indianapolis with her daughters , the rebellious Julie and the wisecracking Barbara . Ann frequently struggles with maintaining her role as mother while affording her daughters the freedom she never had as a young woman . Ann begins dating her divorce lawyer , David Kane ( Richard Masur ) . They become engaged and call it off on their wedding day , when David says he wants kids , but Ann does not . Dwayne Schneider , the building 's quirky superintendent ( most often referred to only by his last name ) , provides usually unwanted advice to the tenants .
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Richard Masur
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One Day at a Time
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one day at a time
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One Day at a Time is an American sitcom that aired on CBS from December 16 , 1975 , until May 28 , 1984 . It starred Bonnie Franklin as a divorced mother raising two teenaged daughters in Indianapolis . The daughters were played by Mackenzie Phillips and Valerie Bertinelli .
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Contents 1 Background 2 Plot 3 Production 3.1 Theme song and opening credits 3.2 Casting 3.2. 1 Main cast 4 Episodes 5 Reception 5.1 Ratings 5.2 Awards and honors 6 Syndication 7 Cast reunions 8 Home media 9 Remake 10 References 11 External links Background ( edit ) The series was created by Whitney Blake and Allan Manings , a husband - and - wife writing duo who were both actors in the 1950s and 1960s . The series was based on Whitney Blake 's own life as a single mother , raising her three children ( including future actress Meredith Baxter ) after her divorce from her first husband . Plot ( edit ) Ann Romano , a divorced mother , moves from their home in Logansport , Indiana , to Indianapolis with her daughters , the rebellious Julie and the wisecracking Barbara . Ann frequently struggles with maintaining her role as mother while affording her daughters the freedom she never had as a young woman . Ann begins dating her divorce lawyer , David Kane ( Richard Masur ) . They become engaged and call it off on their wedding day , when David says he wants kids , but Ann does not . Dwayne Schneider , the building 's quirky superintendent ( most often referred to only by his last name ) , provides usually unwanted advice to the tenants . After David takes a job in Los Angeles , the focus squarely rests on Ann 's dilemmas as a single mother and career woman , as well as the girls ' growing pains , with Schneider becoming a more welcomed part of the family . Ann 's strained relationship with her ex-husband Ed slowly mends , as does the girls ' relationship with his new wife , Vickie . Julie and Barbara advance through high school and into the working world , and Julie eventually marries flight attendant Max Horvath . Alex , the orphaned son of Ann 's deceased boyfriend , moves in , changing the dynamics in the female - dominated apartment . Later in the series run , Julie gives birth to a daughter , `` Little Annie '' Horvath , Barbara marries dental student Mark Royer , and Ann 's mother Katherine moves nearby . In the penultimate episode , Ann decides to take a job in London , leaving her daughters in Indianapolis to raise families of their own . In the series finale , Schneider also leaves town , moving to Florida to take care of his niece and nephew . Production ( edit ) For its entire run , the series was taped in Hollywood before a studio audience . Originally , it was taped at CBS Television City . Shortly after its premiere , the series began taping at Metromedia Square , where it remained until 1982 . From 1982 to 1984 , the series was taped at Universal Studios . Like many sitcoms developed by Norman Lear , One Day at a Time often tackled serious issues in life and relationships , particularly those related to second - wave feminism . Stories depicting such events as weddings , births , and other important milestones frequently stretched over two - , three - , and four - part episodes . Theme song and opening credits ( edit ) The theme song for One Day at a Time , `` This is It '' , was composed by Brill Building songwriter Jeff Barry and his wife Nancy Barry , and performed by recording artist Polly Cutter . The opening credits were originally seen over a filmed sequence showing Ann , Julie , and Barbara excitedly moving into their new home . Later , the opening credits sequence mostly consisted of clips of each cast member taken from previous episodes . Casting ( edit ) Actors Bonnie Franklin , Pat Harrington , Jr. , and Valerie Bertinelli were the only cast members to remain with the series throughout its entire run . Lead actress Mackenzie Phillips was fired after the fifth season due to growing problems with substance abuse . She later returned in a frequent recurring role . Original cast member Richard Masur was written out early in the second season , but returned as a guest star in the sixth - season finale . After Masur 's departure , the producers tried going in a different direction . Instead of Ann Romano being romantically involved with a man , it was decided to give Ann a comedic foil . For that role , producer Lear chose actress and comedienne Mary Louise Wilson , who had just completed a successful run on Broadway as Tessie Tura in a revival of Gypsy starring Angela Lansbury . Wilson was signed to play Ginny Wroblicki , a cocktail waitress who moves into Schneider 's apartment building , and immediately becomes Ann 's best friend and confidante . The shows ' ratings began to decline soon after Wilson 's arrival , as the character of Ginny Wroblicki proved to be unpopular with viewers . According to her memoir , My First Hundred Years in Show Business , prior to being cast as Ginny , Wilson had never seen One Day at a Time and immediately sat down and watched an episode one night in her apartment . She did not find the sitcom funny at all and was not given a script until the first read - through of her first episode . Wilson also did not get along with Franklin , `` who took her role as arbiter over moral issues very seriously '' and who considered herself `` our foremost authority on Broadway '' . She also thought that Harrington 's character of Schneider was not funny at all , although she liked Harrington himself , and found him hilarious offscreen . Wilson wrote that `` aside from Lear , nobody thought I was funny ... To make matters worse , each character , according to the show 's formula , had to have a ' serious ' moral dilemma at some point , and I was given some problem about an illegitimate child to work out in these increasingly sentimental scenes that made my bowels shrink . '' At the end of the second season of One Day at a Time , Wilson begged her agent to ask Lear to release her from her contract . Wilson later admitted , `` I felt terribly wrong to be so miserable . I knew this was the kind of break actors longed for . '' Wilson was also unaccustomed to working on a sitcom with four cameras in front of a live audience where `` you said your line when the red light on the camera went on ... and there follows a pause longer than the river Styx before the light on camera four goes on '' at which the character you 're speaking to says the next line . After the meeting with her agent , Wilson impulsively changed her mind and agreed to stay with the series , but it was too late . Her agent had already informed Norman Lear of Wilson 's unhappiness and she was released from the show after appearing in 14 episodes . The character of Ginny Wroblicki was never seen , referred to , or heard from again except in a fifth - season episode ( `` Retrospective '' ) made up mainly of clips from earlier in the series . For the next two seasons , the central cast of Ann , Julie , Barbara , and Schneider was supplemented by recurring characters , including William Kirby Cullen as Julie 's boyfriend Chuck Butterfield , Howard Morton and K Callan as Chuck 's parents , John Putch as Barbara 's awkward friend Bob Morton , Scott Colomby as Barbara 's boyfriend Cliff Randall , and John Hillerman and Charles Siebert as Ann 's bosses , Mr. Connors and Mr. Davenport , respectively . Dick O'Neill and Nedra Volz made three appearances together as Orville and Emily , residents of the retirement home where the main characters put on a semiregular variety show . Joseph Campanella also made several appearances as Ann 's ex-husband and the girls ' father , Ed Cooper . Michael Lembeck joined the series as Julie 's husband , Max , in the fifth season , but he was written out as a consequence of Phillips ' firing ( but later returned in season seven along with Philips ) . A steady stream of regulars was added in the ensuing seasons , including Ron Rifkin as Ann 's boyfriend , Nick ; Glenn Scarpelli as Nick 's son , Alex ; and Boyd Gaines as Barbara 's boyfriend , later husband , Mark . Shelley Fabares , who had previously guest - starred as Ann 's rival co-worker Francine Webster , appeared more frequently , eventually becoming a regular . Nanette Fabray , who played Ann 's mother , also made more frequent appearances before becoming a regular cast member in the final season . Howard Hesseman joined the series for a short time as Mark 's father , Sam , who would become Ann 's second husband . Notable guest stars throughout the series run include Norman Alden , Robby Benson , Carla Borelli , Charlie Brill , Dennis Burkley , Jack Dodson , Elinor Donahue , David Dukes , Greg Evigan , Conchata Ferrell , Corey Feldman , Alice Ghostley , Lee Grant , Mark Hamill , Jim Hutton , Terry Kiser , Richard Kline , Christopher Knight , Jay Leno , Robert Mandan , Robert Morse , Denise Nicholas , J. Pat O'Malley , Jo Ann Pflug , Eve Plumb , Susan Richardson , William Schallert , Gretchen Corbett , Suzanne Somers , Ellen Travolta , Dick Van Patten , and Keenan Wynn . Main cast ( edit ) Actor Character Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 Bonnie Franklin Ann Romano Main Mackenzie Phillips Julie Cooper Horvath Main Recurring Richard Masur David Kane Main Guest Valerie Bertinelli Barbara Cooper Royer Main Pat Harrington Jr . Dwayne Schneider Main Mary Louise Wilson Ginny Wroblicki Main Michael Lembeck Max Horvath Main Recurring Main Ron Rifkin Nick Handris Main Glenn Scarpelli Alex Handris Main Boyd Gaines Mark Royer Recurring Main Shelley Fabares Francine Webster Guest Guest Recurring Main Recurring Nanette Fabray Katherine Romano Guest Recurring Main Howard Hesseman Sam Royer Recurring Main Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of One Day at a Time episodes Season Episodes Originally aired Nielsen ratings First aired Last aired Rank Rating Tied with 15 December 16 , 1975 ( 1975 - 12 - 16 ) March 30 , 1976 ( 1976 - 03 - 30 ) 12 23.1 N / A 24 September 28 , 1976 ( 1976 - 09 - 28 ) March 22 , 1977 ( 1977 - 03 - 22 ) 8 23.4 The ABC Sunday Night Movie Baretta 24 September 27 , 1977 ( 1977 - 09 - 27 ) April 3 , 1978 ( 1978 - 04 - 03 ) 10 23.0 N / A 26 September 18 , 1978 ( 1978 - 09 - 18 ) April 14 , 1979 ( 1979 - 04 - 14 ) 18 21.6 N / A 5 26 September 30 , 1979 ( 1979 - 09 - 30 ) April 13 , 1980 ( 1980 - 04 - 13 ) 10 23.0 N / A 6 21 November 9 , 1980 ( 1980 - 11 - 09 ) May 10 , 1981 ( 1981 - 05 - 10 ) 11 22.0 N / A 7 25 October 11 , 1981 ( 1981 - 10 - 11 ) May 16 , 1982 ( 1982 - 05 - 16 ) 10 22.0 N / A 8 26 September 26 , 1982 ( 1982 - 09 - 26 ) May 23 , 1983 ( 1983 - 05 - 23 ) 16 19.1 N / A 9 22 October 2 , 1983 ( 1983 - 10 - 02 ) May 28 , 1984 ( 1984 - 05 - 28 ) 44 15.9 N / A Reception ( edit ) Ratings ( edit ) One Day at a Time was best known in the 1980s as a staple of the CBS Sunday - night lineup , one of the most successful in TV history , along with Archie Bunker 's Place , Alice , and The Jeffersons . The series consistently ranked among the top twenty ( if not the top ten ) programs in the ratings . However , the network moved the show around on the prime time schedule eleven times . By the end of the 1982 -- 83 season , viewership was beginning to slip and the series ended season eight ranking at No. 16 . At this time , Bonnie Franklin and Valerie Bertinelli were anxious to move on , but agreed to do a ninth ( and final ) season . ( Although both were offered contracts for two more seasons : a ninth and a tenth according to Bertinelli in her autobiography Losing It : And Gaining My Life Back One Pound at a Time . ) Awards and honors ( edit ) 1981 , 1982 : Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film to Valerie Bertinelli 1982 : Outstanding Directing in a Comedy Series to Alan Rafkin 1984 : Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor -- Comedy Series to Pat Harrington Syndication ( edit ) CBS aired daytime reruns of the show for three years . From September 17 , 1979 , to February 1 , 1980 , it aired on the daytime schedule at 3 : 30 pm Eastern time ; with the cancellation of Love of Life to accommodate the expansion of The Young and the Restless to one hour , it was moved on February 4 , 1980 , to 4 pm Eastern due to Guiding Light moving to 3 pm . On September 28 , 1981 , it moved to 10 am Eastern time , and on September 20 , 1982 , it was replaced by The $25,000 Pyramid . Soon after , the show entered off - network syndication , airing on local stations around the country , and nationally on WGN , TBS , and the E ! Network . Logo TV started airing episodes in April 2017 . As of July 23 , 2017 , the series airs Sunday nights on the digital broadcast network Antenna TV . It also can be seen on the satellite service FeTV . Cast reunions ( edit ) The One Day at a Time Reunion was a 60 - minute CBS retrospective special which aired on Tuesday February 22 , 2005 , at 9 : 00 pm ET , reuniting Bonnie Franklin , Mackenzie Phillips , Valerie Bertinelli , and Pat Harrington to reminisce about the series and their characters . Regular cast members Richard Masur , Shelley Fabares , Nanette Fabray , Michael Lembeck , and Glenn Scarpelli shared their feelings about their time on the show in separate interviews . The special was included as a bonus on One Day at a Time : The Complete First Season DVD set . On February 26 , 2008 , Franklin , Phillips , Bertinelli , and Harrington reunited once again to talk about life on the set , Phillips ' drug problems , and the show 's theme song on NBC 's Today Show as part of a week - long segment titled `` Together Again : TV 's Greatest Casts Reunited '' . Bertinelli , Harrington , and ( on tape ) Franklin appeared on the September 10 , 2008 , episode of Rachael Ray to celebrate Ray 's 40th birthday . In 2011 , Franklin reunited again with Bertinelli on an episode of Hot in Cleveland which marked one of Franklin 's last acting roles before her death in 2013 . Mackenzie Phillips and Pat Harrington Jr. also made individual cameos on the series . One Day at a Time was awarded the Innovation Award on the 2012 TV Land Award show on April 29 . Accepting the award were Valerie Bertinelli , Bonnie Franklin , Pat Harrington Jr. , Richard Masur , Mackenzie Phillips , and Glenn Scarpelli . Home media ( edit ) On April 24 , 2007 , Sony Pictures Home Entertainment released the first season of One Day at a Time on DVD in Region 1 . On September 7 , 2017 , it was announced that Shout ! Factory had acquired the rights to the series and released One Day at a Time - The Complete Series on DVD in Region 1 on December 5 , 2017 . Season 2 was released on March 27 , 2018 . Season 3 was released on June 12 , 2018 . DVD Name Ep # Release Date The Complete First Season 15 April 24 , 2007 The Complete Second Season 24 March 27 , 2018 The Complete Third Season 24 June 12 , 2018 The Complete Series 209 December 5 , 2017 Remake ( edit ) Main article : One Day at a Time ( 2017 TV series ) Gloria Calderon Kellett and Mike Royce developed a new version of the series , with a Latino cast , for Netflix , beginning in 2017 . The ensemble is led by Justina Machado , with Rita Moreno , Stephen Tobolowsky , Isabella Gomez , Marcel Ruiz , and Todd Grinnell in supporting roles . Pam Fryman directed the pilot episode . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Mike Celizic ( February 26 , 2008 ) . `` Cast of ' One Day at a Time ' reunites on TODAY '' . msnbc.msn.com . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Mary Louise . My First Hundred Years , pp. 133 - 139 . Overlook Press . c. 2015 , 2016 Jump up ^ Brooks , Tim ; Marsh , Earle ( 2007 ) . The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows 1946 - Present ( Ninth Edition ) . Ballantine Books . p. 1687 - 1690 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 49773 - 4 . Jump up ^ 1983 - 84 Ratings History http://www.tvratingsguide.com/2017/09/1983-84-ratings-history-networks-are.html Jump up ^ `` Barbara 's Crisis '' . TV.com . Retrieved 15 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Awards for `` One Day at a Time '' `` . IMDb . Retrieved 15 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Schedule - Antenna TV Jump up ^ Lambert , David . One Day at a Time - CONFIRMED ! ' The Complete Series ' DVDs in 2017 from Shout ! 27 - disc package with all nine seasons will be at stores in early December Archived 2017 - 09 - 08 at the Wayback Machine . TV Shows on DVD , December 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David . One Day at a Time - Shout ! 's Street Date for a Separate ' Season 2 ' Set. 3 - DVD release will be available near the end of March Archived 2017 - 12 - 09 at the Wayback Machine . TV Shows on DVD , December 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David . One Day at a Time - ' Season 3 ' DVDs to be Sold Separately for the First Time this June . Available since December in The Complete Series , Shout ! will now separate this season TV Shows on DVD , March 5 , 2018 Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( January 1 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix Orders ' One Day At A Time ' Latino Remake Series Co-Starring Rita Moreno '' . Deadline Hollywood . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' One Day At A Time ' : Justina Machado To Play The Lead In Netflix Series Remake '' . Deadline Hollywood . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' One Day At a Time ' : Stephen Tobolowsky Cast In Netflix Latino Family Remake '' . Deadline Hollywood . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( April 19 , 2016 ) . `` ' One Day At a Time ' : Todd Grinnell Cast As Schneider In Netflix Series Remake '' . Deadline Hollywood . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 5 , 2016 ) . `` Pam Fryman Sets 3 Pilot Directing Gigs '' . Deadline Hollywood . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to One Day at a Time . One Day at a Time on IMDb One Day at a Time at TV.com One Day at a Time at epguides.com Museum of Broadcast Communications page on One Day at a Time Norman Lear Created The Deputy ( 1959 -- 61 ) All in the Family ( 1971 -- 79 ) Maude ( 1972 -- 78 ) The Nancy Walker Show ( 1976 ) All That Glitters ( 1977 ) Fernwood 2 Night ( 1977 ) America 2 - Night ( 1978 ) In the Beginning ( 1978 ) Apple Pie ( 1978 ) Hanging In ( 1979 ) Palmerstown , U.S.A. ( 1980 -- 81 ) a.k.a. Pablo ( 1984 ) Sunday Dinner ( 1991 ) 704 Hauser ( 1994 ) Guess Who Died ( 2018 ) Developed Good Times ( 1974 -- 79 ) Sanford and Son ( 1972 -- 78 ) Mary Hartman , Mary Hartman ( 1976 -- 78 ) The Jeffersons ( 1975 -- 85 ) One Day at a Time ( 1975 -- 84 ) The Dumplings ( 1976 ) All 's Fair ( 1976 -- 77 ) Sanford Arms ( 1977 ) The Baxters ( 1979 -- 81 ) Film Come Blow Your Horn ( screenwriter ; 1963 ) Divorce American Style ( screenwriter ; 1967 ) The Night They Raided Minsky 's ( screenwriter ; 1968 ) Cold Turkey ( director ; 1971 ) The Princess Bride ( producer ; 1987 ) Pete Seeger : The Power of Song ( producer ; 2007 ) Related articles Tandem Productions ELP Communications Act III Communications People for the American Way Business Enterprise Trust Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=One_Day_at_a_Time&oldid=865344637 '' Categories : 1975 American television series debuts 1984 American television series endings 1970s American sitcoms 1980s American sitcoms CBS network shows English - language television programs Television series by Sony Pictures Television Sony franchises Television shows set in Indiana Television shows set in Indianapolis Television series about families Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from July 2015 All articles needing additional references TV.com template with ID same as Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Italiano Nederlands Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Edit links This page was last edited on 23 October 2018 , at 10 : 27 ( UTC ) . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One%20Day%20at%20a%20Time
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who plays jackie in it's always sunny
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Jessica Collins ( born Jessica Lynn Capogna ; April 1 , 1971 ) is an American actress . She is best known for portraying Dinah Lee Mayberry on the ABC soap opera Loving ( 1991 -- 1994 ) and Avery Bailey Clark on the CBS soap opera The Young and the Restless ( 2011 -- 2015 ) . She also starred as Meredith Davies on Fox 's Tru Calling , and appeared in recurring and guest roles in many other shows .
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Jessica Collins
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Jessica Collins
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jessica collins
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Jessica Collins ( born Jessica Lynn Capogna ; April 1 , 1971 ) is an American actress . She is best known for portraying Dinah Lee Mayberry on the ABC soap opera Loving ( 1991 -- 1994 ) and Avery Bailey Clark on the CBS soap opera The Young and the Restless ( 2011 -- 2015 ) . She also starred as Meredith Davies on Fox 's Tru Calling , and appeared in recurring and guest roles in many other shows .
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Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 5 Awards and nominations 6 References 7 External links Early life ( edit ) Collins was born in Schenectady , New York . She attended Amsterdam High School in Amsterdam , New York . In 1988 , she won the title Miss New York Teen USA and was the first runner - up for the Miss Teen USA Pageant in that same year . Collins later attended London 's Royal National Theatre Studio and the Howard Fine Acting Studio in Los Angeles . Career ( edit ) Collins starred in ABC daytime soap opera Loving as Dinah Lee Mayberry from 1991 to 1994 . After leaving daytime , Collins appeared in the films Leprechaun 4 : In Space ( 1996 ) , Best of the Best : Without Warning ( 1998 ) , and Beautiful ( 2000 ) , and guest - starred in primetime shows such as Lois & Clark : The New Adventures of Superman , Star Trek : Voyager , Beverly Hills 90210 , and Dawson 's Creek . Collins played Meredith Davies on the Fox Network 's Tru Calling from 2003 to 2004 . She had a major recurring role in the NBC period drama , American Dreams , and later appeared in the short - lived series Unscripted and Scoundrels . She also starred in the short - lived ABC comedy - drama Big Shots from 2007 to 2008 . In film , Collins played roles in Ritual ( 2002 ) , Catch Me If You Can ( 2002 ) , Dirty Love ( 2005 ) , Live ! ( 2007 ) , and Open House ( 2010 ) . Her other television credits include CSI : Crime Scene Investigation , Two and a Half Men , Nip / Tuck , It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia , and NCIS . In 2011 , Collins returned to soaps with a role as Avery Bailey Clark on CBS 's The Young and the Restless . In 2013 and 2016 , she was nominated for Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series for her role , winning in 2016 . In May 2015 , Soap Opera Digest reported that Collins was leaving the show , with Avery 's last appearance airing on July 21 , 2015 . Personal life ( edit ) She married Robert Tyler on November 11 , 1996 . The couple divorced February 15 , 2002 , citing irreconcilable differences . On May 4 , 2016 , she married writer and producer Michael Cooney . She and Cooney have a daughter , Jemma , born in January 2016 . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Film Role Notes Leprechaun 4 : In Space Dr. Tina Reeves 1998 Best of the Best : Without Warning Karina 2000 Beautiful Miss Lawrenceville 2002 Ritual Jackie 2002 Catch Me If You Can Peggy 2003 King for a Day Mother Short film The Ranch Kim 2005 Dirty Love Mandy 2007 Live ! Starlet Open House Lauren Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1991 -- 1994 Loving Dinah Lee Mayberry Alden Series regular All My Children Dinah Lee Mayberry Alden Guest Appearance 1994 M.A.N.T.I.S. Corrine Episode : `` Through the Dark Circle '' 1994 Coach Bridget McDermott Episode : `` Working Girl '' 1995 Lois & Clark : The New Adventures of Superman Mindy Church Episodes : `` We Have a Lot to Talk About '' , `` Home is Where the Hurt Is '' Diagnosis : Murder Wendy Windsor Episode : `` A Model Murder '' Life with Roger Heather Episode : `` The Way We Was '' 1997 Star Trek : Voyager Linnis Paris Episode : `` Before and After '' 1997 Beverly Hills 90210 Jody Carlisle Episodes : `` Deadline '' , `` Child of the Night '' , `` Friends , Lovers , and Children '' 2000 Dawson 's Creek Sherry Eisler Episode : `` To Green , With Love '' 2002 Off Centre Kristi Lee Episode : `` The Good , The Bad , and The Lazy '' 2002 Andy Richter Controls the Universe Leslie Episode : `` Little Andy in Charge '' 2002 -- 2003 American Dreams Colleen 7 episodes 2003 -- 2004 Tru Calling Meredith Davies Main role ( season 1 ) , 15 episodes The Ranch Kim Television film 2005 Everwood Cameron Episode : `` Giving Up the Girl '' 2005 Unscripted Jessica 4 episodes 2005 CSI : Crime Scene Investigation Missy Episode : `` Dog Eat Dog '' 2006 Two and a Half Men Gloria Episode : `` Walnuts and Demerol '' 2007 -- 2008 Big Shots Marla Main role , 11 episodes 2008 Gary Unmarried Leslie Episode : `` Gary and Allison Brooks '' 2009 Nip / Tuck Tracy Pierce Episode : `` Lola Wlodkowski '' Scoundrels Valerie Bottoms 4 episodes CSI : Miami Marcie Westerfield Episode : `` Happy Birthday '' 2011 Memphis Beat Margo Episode : `` Troubled Water '' 2011 , 2013 It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia Jackie Denardo Episodes : `` The Storm of the Century '' , `` The Gang Saves the Day '' 2011 -- 2015 The Young and the Restless Avery Bailey Clark Series regular 2012 NCIS Judy Ford Episode : `` Recovery '' 2014 Perception Special Agent Anne - Marie Bishop Episode : `` Prologue '' Awards and nominations ( edit ) List of acting awards and nominations Year Award Title Result Ref . 1994 Soap Opera Digest Award Hottest Female Star Loving Nominated 1994 Soap Opera Digest Award Outstanding Younger Lead Actress Loving Nominated 2013 Daytime Emmy Award Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series The Young and the Restless Nominated 2016 Daytime Emmy Award Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series The Young and the Restless Won References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Jessica Collins -- Biography '' . MSN Movies . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Lionsgate Hosts Open House in August '' . DreadCentral.com . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : Jessica Collins Joins The Young and the Restless -- Today 's News : Our Take '' . TV Guide . June 24 , 2011 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ Labrecque , Jeff ( May 1 , 2013 ) . `` Daytime Emmy nominations : ' Young and the Restless ' leads CBS Inside TV '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( May 1 , 2016 ) `` 2016 Daytime Emmy Winners List '' . Tvline.com . Retrieved September 5 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` Jessica Collins Off Y&R '' . Soap Opera Digest . American Media . March 18 , 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Jessica Collins Married '' . Soapoperadigest.com . Retrieved May 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Young , Candace ( May 5 , 2016 ) . `` Jessica Collins Marries Michael Cooney '' . Soaps.sheknows.com . Retrieved July 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pollier , Bobby ( January 28 , 2016 ) . `` Jessica Collins Gives Birth To Baby Girl '' . Heavy.com . Retrieved January 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The 40th Annual Daytime Entertainment Emmy Award Nominations '' . New York : emmyonline.org and National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences . May 1 , 2013 . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Daytime Emmy Awards : The Complete Winners List '' . The Hollywood Reporter . New York City : Prometheus Global Media . May 1 , 2016 . Archived from the original on May 2 , 2016 . Retrieved May 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The 43rd Annual Daytime Emmy Award Nominations '' ( PDF ) . New York : emmyonline.org and National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences . March 24 , 2016 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on March 24 , 2016 . Retrieved March 24 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Biography portal Film portal Television portal New York portal Jessica Collins on IMDb Jessica Collins on Facebook Jessica Collins at TV.com Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Suzanne Rogers ( 1979 ) Francesca James ( 1980 ) Jane Elliot ( 1981 ) Dorothy Lyman ( 1982 ) Louise Shaffer ( 1983 ) Judi Evans ( 1984 ) Beth Maitland ( 1985 ) Leann Hunley ( 1986 ) Kathleen Noone ( 1987 ) Ellen Wheeler ( 1988 ) Nancy Lee Grahn / Debbi Morgan ( 1989 ) Julia Barr ( 1990 ) Jess Walton ( 1991 ) Maeve Kinkead ( 1992 ) Ellen Parker ( 1993 ) Susan Haskell ( 1994 ) Rena Sofer ( 1995 ) Anna Holbrook ( 1996 ) Michelle Stafford ( 1997 ) Julia Barr ( 1998 ) Sharon Case ( 1999 ) Sarah Joy Brown ( 2000 ) Lesli Kay ( 2001 ) Crystal Chappell ( 2002 ) Vanessa Marcil ( 2003 ) Cady McClain ( 2004 ) Natalia Livingston ( 2005 ) Gina Tognoni ( 2006 ) Genie Francis ( 2007 ) Gina Tognoni ( 2008 ) Tamara Braun ( 2009 ) Julie Pinson ( 2010 ) Heather Tom ( 2011 ) Nancy Lee Grahn ( 2012 ) Julie Berman ( 2013 ) Amelia Heinle ( 2014 ) Amelia Heinle ( 2015 ) Jessica Collins ( 2016 ) Kate Mansi ( 2017 ) New York pageant winners Miss New York Bess Myerson ( 1945 ) Kris Krull ( 1974 ) Tawny Godin ( 1975 ) Mary Hinterberger ( 1975 ) Vanessa Williams ( 1983 ) Maryalice Demler ( 1990 ) Brandi Burkhardt ( 1999 ) Jessica Lynch ( 2003 ) Christina Ellington ( 2004 ) Kandice Pelletier ( 2005 ) Leigh - Taylor Smith ( 2008 ) Claire Buffie ( 2010 ) Kaitlin Monte ( 2011 ) Mallory Hagan ( 2012 ) Nina Davuluri ( 2013 ) Kira Kazantsev ( 2014 ) Jamie Lynn Macchia ( 2015 ) Miss New York USA Jackie Loughery ( 1952 ) Mary Therese Friel ( 1979 ) Jennifer Gareis ( 1994 ) Shanna Moakler ( 1995 ) Kimberly Pressler ( 1999 ) Jaclyn Nesheiwat ( 2004 ) Meaghan Jarensky ( 2005 ) Adriana Diaz ( 2006 ) Gloria Almonte ( 2007 ) Danielle Roundtree ( 2008 ) Tracey Chang ( 2009 ) Joanne Nosuchinsky ( 2013 ) Serena Bucaj ( 2016 ) Miss New York Teen USA Ruth Zakarian ( 1983 ) Jessica Collins ( 1988 ) Kimberly Pressler ( 1994 ) Gloria Almonte ( 2001 ) Adriana Diaz ( 2003 ) Natascha Bessez ( 2005 ) Taylor Gildersleeve ( 2009 ) Corrin Stellakis ( 2014 ) Mrs. New York Meaghan Castaldi ( 2010 ) VIAF : 122026291 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jessica_Collins&oldid=801316823 '' Categories : American television actresses American film actresses Miss Teen USA delegates People from Schenectady , New York 1971 births Living people Actresses from New York ( state ) American soap opera actresses 20th - century American actresses 21st - century American actresses Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano नेपाली Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 18 September 2017 , at 23 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessica%20Collins
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who played little ricky as a baby on i love lucy
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Enrique Alberto Ricardo IV , `` Little Ricky , '' is a fictional character from the American television series I Love Lucy ( 1951 -- 57 , with Ricky Jr. becoming a part of the show as of his birth in 1953 ) and The Lucy - Desi Comedy Hour ( 1957 -- 60 ) . Little Ricky was played by a number of actors , including James John Ganzer , twins Richard and Ronald Lee Simmons , twins Michael and Joseph Mayer and , most notably , Keith Thibodeaux , billed as Little Ricky . Although the I Love Lucy announcer and the opening credits of The Lucy - Desi Comedy Hour gave his stage name as `` Little Ricky '' , in his post-Lucy acting career , particularly his four - year irregular stint on The Andy Griffith Show , he was billed as Richard Keith .
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Ricky Ricardo , Jr. .
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ricky ricardo, jr..
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Enrique Alberto Ricardo IV , `` Little Ricky , '' is a fictional character from the American television series I Love Lucy ( 1951 -- 57 , with Ricky Jr. becoming a part of the show as of his birth in 1953 ) and The Lucy - Desi Comedy Hour ( 1957 -- 60 ) . Little Ricky was played by a number of actors , including James John Ganzer , twins Richard and Ronald Lee Simmons , twins Michael and Joseph Mayer and , most notably , Keith Thibodeaux , billed as Little Ricky . Although the I Love Lucy announcer and the opening credits of The Lucy - Desi Comedy Hour gave his stage name as `` Little Ricky '' , in his post-Lucy acting career , particularly his four - year irregular stint on The Andy Griffith Show , he was billed as Richard Keith .
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In the show , Little Ricky is the son of Lucy Ricardo and Ricky Ricardo . Little Ricky lives with his parents in a New York Brownstone apartment building , which is owned and run by his godparents ; the family later moves to a large suburban house in Westport , Connecticut . Fictional character biography ( edit ) Lucy finds out she was expecting Little Ricky on the Season 2 episode `` Lucy is Enceinte . '' The episode in which he is born , `` Lucy goes to the Hospital , '' was aired on the same day as the birth of Lucille Ball 's real son , Desi Arnaz , Jr . -- Monday , January 19 , 1953 . Mother : Lucy Ricardo , played by Lucille Ball . Father : Ricky Ricardo , played by Desi Arnaz . Maternal Grandmother : Mrs. MacGillicuddy , played by Kathryn Card . Godfather : Fred Mertz played by William Frawley . Godmother : Ethel Mertz played by Vivian Vance . Babysitter : Mrs. Matilda Trumble played by Elizabeth Patterson . Classmates : Stevie Appleby and Bruce Ramsey . Little Ricky 's father buys him a set of drums in the season 6 episode `` Little Ricky Learns to play the Drums , '' after he shows he can carry a beat while tapping his spoon on a glass during a family breakfast . His parents enroll him in a music school where he is the only drummer , where he forms a band named `` Ricky Ricardo and the Dixieland Band . '' Little Ricky experiences stage fright before his first music school recital but seems to overcome stage fright as he performs comfortably in many other episodes , such as `` The Ricardos Visit Cuba , '' where he plays the conga drum alongside his father ; `` Little Ricky 's School Pageant , '' where he plays the lead ; and `` Ragtime Band , '' where Little Ricky plays the drums alongside his mother and godparents . Episode appearances ( edit ) Season and Episode Number Episode Title Actor portraying Little Ricky Little Ricky 's Involvement in Episode 2.16 `` Lucy Goes to the Hospital '' James John Ganzer There is only one scene in which Little Ricky appears , when the baby is brought to the maternity ward window for Ricky and the Mertz 's to see him for the first time . 2.22 `` No Children Allowed '' Richard and Ronald Lee Simmons When Little Ricky cries throughout the night , neighbors complain and the clause in their lease `` No Children Allowed '' comes into play . 2.24 `` The Indian Show '' Richard and Ronald Lee Simmons Lucy appears as a dancer in Ricky 's `` Waters of the Minnetonka '' number with Little Ricky strapped on her back . 3.5 `` Baby Pictures '' Joseph and Michael Mayer Lucy and Ricky promise not to show off pictures of Little Ricky like other parents do . 3.9 `` Too Many Crooks '' Joseph and Michael Mayer Lucy escapes with Little Ricky when she believes a crook named Madame X is outside on her fire escape . 3.14 `` Ricky Minds the Baby '' Joseph and Michael Mayer Little Ricky spends quality time with his father when Ricky has a week off of work . 3.20 `` Home Movies '' Joseph and Michael Mayer Ricky makes home movies about Little Ricky with his new movie camera and projector . 4.21 `` The Hedda Hopper Story '' Joseph and Michael Mayer Mrs. MacGillicuddy and Little Ricky arrive in California to join the Ricardos and the Mertzes . 5.2 `` Lucy and John Wayne '' Joseph and Michael Mayer After John Wayne signs his name in cement for the second time , Little Ricky is seen playing in the wet cement . 5.5 `` The Great Train Robbery '' Joseph and Michael Mayer When Mrs. MacGillicuddy and Little Ricky get moved to a different room on the train ride back to New York from California , Lucy first thinks they 've been kidnapped . 5.6 `` Homecoming '' Joseph and Michael Mayer The Ricardos , Mertzes and Little Ricky arrive back in New York . 5.9 `` Nursery School '' Joseph and Michael Mayer Little Ricky gets sick after Ricky insists that Lucy enroll him in nursery school . 5.13 `` Bon Voyage '' Joseph and Michael Mayer Lucy misses the ship to Europe when she gets off to kiss Little Ricky goodbye one more time . 5.22 `` Lucy Gets Homesick in Italy '' Joseph and Michael Mayer Lucy gets homesick on Little Ricky 's birthday . 6.2 `` Little Ricky Learns to Play the Drums '' Little Ricky Little Ricky 's incessant playing causes trouble between the Ricardos and the Mertzes . 6.4 `` Little Ricky gets Stage Fright '' Little Ricky Little Ricky panics before his first music school recital . 6.7 `` Deep Sea Fishing '' Little Ricky The group goes fishing and there 's a bet between the men , including Little Ricky , and the women about who can catch the bigger fish . 6.8 `` Desert Island '' Little Ricky The group , including Little Ricky , get stranded at sea when Lucy gets only half a tank of gas for the boat . 6.9 `` The Ricardos Visit Cuba '' Little Ricky Little Ricky plays the Conga drums alongside his father in a night club performance in Cuba . 6.10 `` Little Ricky 's School Pageant '' Little Ricky Little Ricky lands the lead in his school play , `` The Enchanted Forest . '' 6.13 `` Lucy and Superman '' Little Ricky Lucy gets Superman , guest star George Reeves , to appear at Little Ricky 's fifth birthday party . 6.14 `` Little Ricky gets a Dog '' Little Ricky Little Ricky 's new dog causes problems with the new neighbor . 6.16 `` Lucy Hates to Leave '' Little Ricky The Ricardos , including Little Ricky , make their move from New York City to the country in Connecticut . 6.19 `` Lucy Raises Chickens '' Little Ricky Little Ricky accidentally lets five hundred baby chicks escape and the house is soon overrun . 6.20 `` Lucy Does the Tango '' Little Ricky Little Ricky and his friend , Bruce Ramsey , hide 250 chickens when his father decides that he 's going to sell them . 6.21 `` Ragtime Band '' Little Ricky When Ricky refuses to play for a local benefit , Lucy forms a band which includes Little Ricky . 6.24 `` Building a BBQ '' Little Ricky When Little Ricky 's kite flies away , there 's a chance Lucy 's wedding ring went with it . 6.26 `` Lucy Raises Tulips '' Little Ricky Little Ricky 's dog , Fred , causes problems for Lucy who 's growing tulips for a neighborhood contest . 6.27 `` The Ricardos Dedicate a Statue '' Little Ricky When Little Ricky 's dog , Fred , runs away , it causes problems for the entire neighborhood and especially the Westport Historical Society . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Joseph and Michael Mayer Everything Lucy Youns.com Jump up ^ Keith Thibodeaux Everything Lucy Youns.com Jump up ^ I love Lucy TV Show : Actors , Photos and Episodes from the Classic Television Show : Jump up ^ * http://www.youns.com/lucy/characters.asp Jump up ^ I Love Lucy - TV.com I Love Lucy Characters Lucy and Ricky Ricardo Ricky Ricardo , Jr . Fred Mertz Ethel Mertz Episodes List of episodes `` The Girls Want to Go to a Nightclub '' `` Lucy Does a TV Commercial '' `` Lucy Goes to the Hospital '' `` Lucy and Superman '' Spin - offs I Love Lucy ( film ) The Lucy -- Desi Comedy Hour episodes Related My Favorite Husband The Lucy Show episodes Here 's Lucy episodes Life with Lucy Lucy in London Vitameatavegamin Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ricky_Ricardo,_Jr.&oldid=780060058 '' Categories : Child characters in television Fictional characters introduced in 1953 I Love Lucy characters Hidden categories : Pages using infobox character with unknown parameters Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 12 May 2017 , at 18 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricky%20Ricardo%2C%20Jr.
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tribal leaders was looked upon as god incarnate
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List of people who have been considered deities
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list of people who have been considered deities
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This is a list of notable people who were considered deities by themselves or others .
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Contents ( hide ) 1 Imperial cults 2 Posthumous deification 3 Involuntary deification 4 Self - deification 5 See also 6 References Imperial cults ( edit ) Who Image When Notability Pharaohs 3050 BCE -- 30 BCE Egyptian pharaohs were kings of Ancient Egypt , and were considered gods by their culture . Their titles equated them with aspects of the likes of the hawk god Horus , the vulture goddess Nekhbet , and the cobra - goddess Wadjet . The Egyptians believed that when their Pharaoh died , he would continue to lead them in the next life , which is why his burial was grand and completed to perfection -- to please him in the next life and ensure his immortality to protect his people . See List of pharaohs . Japanese emperors 660 BCE -- 1945 CE Claimed , at least by some Shintoists , including government officials , to be divine descendants of the goddess Amaterasu . Hirohito , the Shōwa emperor , repudiated the `` false conception '' of his divinity in the Humanity Declaration in 1945 . Chinese emperors 221 BCE -- 1911 CE Deified as `` Sons of Heaven '' since the Qin Dynasty under Qin Shi Huang . Roman emperors 42 BCE -- 363 CE Following Julius Caesar who in 42 BCE was formally deified as `` the Divine Julius '' , and Caesar Augustus henceforth became Divi filius ( `` Son of the Divine One '' ) , some ( not all ) Roman Emperors of the 1st to 4th centuries claimed divinity , including Tiberius 14 -- 37 , Caligula 37 -- 41 , Claudius 41 -- 54 , Hadrian 117 -- 138 , Commodus 161 -- 192 , Constantine I 306 -- 312 , Julian the Apostate 361 -- 363 Further information : Imperial cult ( ancient Rome ) , Augustus ( honorific ) , and Augusta ( honorific ) Natchez rulers 700 CE The Natchez were a theocracy ruled by `` The Great Sun . '' This ruler has sometimes been deemed a God - king . The Sailendras 700 CE The Sailendra dynasty of Java were active promoters of Mahayana Buddhism and covered the plains of Central Java with Buddhist monuments , including the world - famous Borobudur . Majapahit kings 1293 -- 1597 Javanese rulers of South East Asia 's largest ever kingdom , in Indonesia . After death , they were depicted as Hindu gods ( see for instance Raden Wijaya ) . Dalai Lamas 1391 -- present Considered re-incarnations of Avalokiteśvara in Tibetan Buddhism . Panchen Lamas are incarnations of Amitābha . Inca emperors 1438 The Inca Emperors had a status very similar to that of the Pharaohs of Egypt . Nepalese kings 1768 -- 2008 In Nepal , the kings of the Shah dynasty were considered incarnations of Vishnu . Posthumous deification ( edit ) Main article : Apotheosis Who Image When Notability Imhotep 2600 BCE Ancient Egyptian architect and physician , who two thousand years after his death , was raised to that of a god , becoming the god of medicine and healing . Queen Dido of Carthage 814 BCE Founder and first queen of Carthage , after her death , she was deified by her people with the name of Tanit and assimilated to the Great Goddess Astarte ( Roman Juno ) . The cult of Tanit survived Carthage 's destruction by the Romans ; it was introduced to Rome itself by Emperor Septimius Severus , himself born in North Africa . It was extinguished completely with the Theodosian decrees of the late 4th century . Homer 8th century BCE Venerated at Alexandria by Ptolemy IV Philopator . Romulus and Remus 771 BCE -- 717 BCE Founders of Rome , sons of Mars , Romulus served as first king . After his death , Romulus was defined as the god Quirinus , the divine persona of the Roman people . He is now regarded as a mythological figure , and his name a back - formation from the name Rome , which may ultimately derive from a word for `` river '' . Some scholars , notably Andrea Carandini believe in the historicity of Romulus , in part because of the 1988 discovery of the Murus Romuli on the north slope of the Palatine Hill in Rome . The Buddha 563 BCE ( ? ) Believed a god by some Mahayana sects , and worshipped as an avatar of Vishnu by some Vaishnavas . Hephaestion 356 BCE -- 324 BCE Deified by Alexander the Great Alexander the Great 356 BCE -- 323 BCE Some believe he implied he was a demigod by actively using the title `` Son of Ammon -- Zeus '' . The title was bestowed upon him by Egyptian priests of the god Ammon at the Oracle of the god at the Siwah oasis in the Libyan Desert . Jesus 1st century Further information : History of early Christianity , Pauline Christianity , Christology , and Dating the Bible § Table IV : New Testament The Pauline epistles from the early second half of the 1st century CE offer the earliest references to Jesus as the Son of God ( See Romans 1 for example ) . The First Council of Nicaea of 325 AD crystallized this notion in the Nicene creed and declared Jesus God Incarnate . Early Christian denominations with different christologies such as the Ebionites fell in popularity , and he is now considered divine in most Christian views of Jesus ( God the Son in Trinitarian Christianity ) . See also : § Self - deification Antinous 111 CE -- 130 CE Deified by Hadrian . He is the last non-Imperial human formally deified in Western civilization . Mary , mother of Jesus 300 CE In 300 AD she was worshipped as a Mother Goddess in the Christian sect Collyridianism , which was found throughout the Thrace . Collyridianism was made up mostly of women followers and female priests . Followers of Collyridianism were known to make bread and wheat offerings to the Virgin Mary , along with other sacrificial practices . The cult was heavily condemned as heretical and schismatic by other Christians and was preached against by Epiphanius of Salamis , who discussed the group in his recollective writings titled Panarion . Guan Yu 581 CE -- 618 CE Guan Yu has been deified as early as the Sui Dynasty and is still popularly worshipped today among the Chinese people variedly as an indigenous Chinese deity , a bodhisattva in Buddhism and a guardian deity in Taoism . He is also held in high esteem in Confucianism . In Hong Kong both police and gangsters consider him a divine object of reverence . In certain schools of Taoism and Chinese Buddhism he has been deemed divine or semi-divine status . The reverence for him may date back to the Sui dynasty . Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib 599 CE -- 661 CE According to the Alawite faith , Ali ibn Abi Talib is one member of a trinity ( Ali - Muhammad - Salman the Persian ) corresponding roughly to the Christian Father , Son , and Holy Spirit . He is considered the second emanation of God by Yarsan and the supreme deity in Ali - Illahism . Sugawara no Michizane 845 CE -- 903 CE Japanese Imperial courtier banished from the capital and deified upon his death to appease his angry spirit . Worshipped as Tenjin , kami of scholarship . Al - Hakim bi-Amr Allah 985 CE -- 1021 CE Sixth Fatimid Caliph in Egypt , ruling from 996 to 1021 . The members of the Druze faith believe that the Fatimid Caliph Al - Hakim bi-Amr Allah is the Mahdi . The Muslim scholar and early preacher Nashtakin ad - Darazi claimed that the Caliph was God incarnate . Because of that he was executed by al hakim who did not proclaim he that he was God . The druze today do reject Ad - Darazi 's preaching completely Tokugawa Ieyasu 1616 Deified posthumously with the name Tōshō Daigongen by his successors . George Washington 1865 Worshipped as a kami in Hawaiian Shinto shrines . In the United States Capitol dome , he is also depicted ascending into Heaven and becoming a god , in the famous painting called The Apotheosis of Washington . Kanichi Otsuka 1891 Shinreikyo states of its founder `` God became one with a human body , appeared among humanity , and founded Shinreikyo . '' L.L. Zamenhof 20th century Considered a god by members of the Oomoto religion . José Rizal 20th century Deified by some people in the Philippines due to his contributions to the Philippine Revolution . Wallace Fard Muhammad 20th century Posthumously ( ? ) deified by Elijah Muhammad . He is also given other titles by the Nation of Islam . Mother Teresa Worshipped as a Hindu goddess by some inhabitants of Kolkata . Involuntary deification ( edit ) Who Image When Notability Ezra 458 BC Ezra established Second Temple Judaism and is regarded as a very important figure in Judaism . The Quran claims that a group of Jews , often interpreted as the Yemenite Jews , believed Uzair was the son of God . Antiochus II Theos 286 BCE -- 246 BCE Seleucid ruler . The younger son of Antiochus I and Stratonice , succeeded his father in 261 . He liberated Ephesus , Ionia , Cilicia and Pamphylia from Egyptian domination , and in return for their autonomy the cities of Asia Minor gave him the title Theos ( `` God '' ) . Zheng He 1371 -- 1433 Worshipped by some Chinese and South East Asians . Kumari ~ 17th century -- present These are little girls who are worshipped by both Hindus and Buddhists as the incarnation of the Hindu Goddess Durga ( Nepali Taleju ) in Nepal . They are picked when they are prepubescent and are worshipped until they reach puberty . Their cult is in South Asian countries , especially in Nepal . John Nicholson 19th century Inspired the cult of Nikal Seyn . Yosef Yitzchak Schneersohn 1880 -- 1950 Sixth Rebbe of the Chabad Lubavitch chasidic movement . Claimed as the messiah by adherents of the Chabad messianism . Often vehemently denied claims that he was the messiah during his lifetime . Menachem Mendel Schneerson 1904 -- 1994 Seventh Rebbe of the Chabad Lubavitch chasidic movement . Claimed as the messiah by adherents of the Chabad messianism . Often vehemently denied claims that he was the messiah during his lifetime . Jiddu Krishnamurti 1909 Renounced the status of messiah and Maitreya incarnation given him by the Theosophical Society . Haile Selassie I 1930s Among most followers of the Rastafari movement , Haile Selassie is seen as the second coming of Jesus Christ , God incarnate , the Black Messiah and `` Earth 's Rightful Ruler '' who will also lead African peoples to freedom . Rastas say that his imperial titles ( i.e. King of Kings , Conquering Lion of the Tribe of Judah , and Root of David ) were prophesied as belonging to the returned Messiah in Revelation 5 : 5 . Their faith in his divinity first appeared in Jamaica , soon after his 1930 coronation in Addis Ababa . Before his coronation he was called Ras ( meaning Prince ) Tafari . Prince Philip , Duke of Edinburgh 1950s ~ 1960s Considered a god in the village of Yaohnanen , a cargo cult in Vanuatu . See Prince Philip Movement . Diego Maradona 1998 Iglesia Maradoniana was formed by an Argentinian group of fans of the association football player Diego Armando Maradona . The adherents baptize themselves by slapping a football , which is a reference to the 1986 `` Hand of God '' goal . Raj Patel In January 2010 some adherents of Share International , following an announcement by Benjamin Creme , concluded that Patel could be the Maitreya. Patel denied being the Maitreya . Self - deification ( edit ) Main article : Self - deification Further information : Maitreya claimants , Buddha claimants , and Messiah claimants Who Image When Notability Naram - Sin 2255 BCE -- 2119 BCE The first Mesopotamian king to claim divinity . Pharnavaz I of Iberia 326 BCE -- 234 BCE Iberian king ( reigned 299 - 234 BC ) Antiochus IV Epiphanes 215 BCE -- 164 BCE Seleucid ruler ( reigned 175 - 164 ) ; the only Seleucid king to claim divine honors , calling himself Theos Epiphaneus `` God Manifest '' and Nikephoros `` Bringer of Victory . '' Nearly conquered Ptolemaic Egypt , the primary rival of the Seleucids among the Diadochi states . Famously attempted to impose ancient Greek religion on the Jews by persecution , leading to the Maccabean Revolt ; remembered as a major persecutor in Jewish tradition . Antiochus I Theos c. 86 BCE -- 38 BCE King of Commagene who instituted a cult for himself and several syncretistic Graeco - Persian deities at Mount Nemrud and elsewhere . Jesus 1st century The Gospel of John reports him as hinting at , or claiming to be , God in passages such as John 10 : 30 , and John 14 : 9 dating from the late 1st century or 2nd century CE . See also : § Posthumous deification Simon Magus 1st century Considered a god in Simonianism . According to Irenaeus , he `` was glorified by many as if he were a god ; and he taught that it was himself who appeared among the Jews as the Son , but descended in Samaria as the Father while he came to other nations in the character of the Holy Spirit . He represented himself , in a word , as being the loftiest of all powers , that is , the Being who is the Father over all , and he allowed himself to be called by whatsoever title men were pleased to address him . '' Veleda 1st century Germanic prophetess considered a deity during her lifetime . Ismail I 16th century Self - claimed to be an emanation of God and was considered such by the Kızılbaş - Safaviya order , Qizilbash - Turkman subjects and Alevis . Danila Filippovich 1700 He believed that he was God and started the Khlysts . ( There are various transliterations of his name including Danila Filipov , Danila Filipich , and Daniil Filippovich . ) Kondratii Selivanov 1780s Kondraty Selivanov proclaimed himself both as the late Peter III of Russia and Christ himself , and started the Skoptsy . Hong Xiuquan 19th century Chinese man who claimed he was the younger brother of Jesus , and thus a son of God . Led the Taiping Rebellion , conquering a large part of China before defeat and suicide . Dios Buhawi ~ 1887 Philippine shaman who called himself `` God Whirlwind . '' Father Divine ~ 20th century His followers considered him God in the flesh . Taher Saifuddin 20th century Claimed to be Ilah'ul - Ard ( God on Earth ) in Bombay High Court . Lou de Palingboer 20th century A divorced Dutchman named Louwrens Voorthuijzen who proclaimed himself `` Lou the Eel Vendor '' , this being the translation of his proclaimed name `` Lou de Palingboer '' . He was a figure who mixed marketing European eels with proselytism . His followers also considered him a living God on a mission against evil . Jehovah Wanyonyi 20th century `` I am the one who created Adam and Eve . I made their bodies and their blood '' , ( ... ) `` I still use human beings by speaking through them , like I spoke through Jesus Christ until he went to Heaven . '' There are between 120 and a 1000 followers who consider him God . Sathya Sai Baba 20th century Hindu guru that followers believed was a reincarnation of an avatar of Dattatreya . He alleged that he had the ability to heal , raise the dead , appear in more than one location at the same time , materialize objects , such as jewellery , etc . Yahweh ben Yahweh 20th century He was born as Hulon Mitchell , Jr. and his self - proclaimed name means `` God , Son of God . '' He could have only been deeming himself son of God , not God , but many of his followers clearly consider him God Incarnate . Mitsuo Matayoshi 20th century In 1997 he established the World Economic Community Party ( 世界 経済 共同体 党 ) based on his conviction that he is the God and Christ . Meher Baba ~ 1930 An Indian spiritual master who said he was the Avatar , God in human form . Mita ~ 1940 According to the Mita faith , Mita ( Peraza ) was the incarnation of the Holy Ghost on earth . Jim Jones 1955 Founder of Peoples Temple , which started off as a part of a mainstream Protestant denomination before becoming a personality cult as time went on . One of Jones 's devotees claimed that Jones said `` If you see me as your savior , I 'll be your savior . If you see me as your God , I 'll be your God '' ; however Jones also described himself as atheist . Vissarion 1961 Claims to be Jesus Christ returned , which makes him not `` God '' but the `` word of God '' . Nirmala Srivastava 1970 Guru and goddess of Sahaja Yoga , has proclaimed herself the incarnation of the Holy Ghost ( Adi Shakti ) , claimed that all other incarnations ( e.g. , Krishna , Christ , etc . ) were aspects of her . Raël Claims to be Maitreya , messenger of the `` Elohim . '' Francisco Macías Nguema 1978 In 1978 , he changed the motto of Equatorial Guinea to `` There is no other God than Macias Nguema . '' Apollo Quiboloy 1985 Calls himself as the `` Appointed Son of God . '' Joseph Kony Proclaims himself the spokesperson of God and a spirit medium , and has been considered by some as a cult of personality , and claims he is visited by a multinational host of 13 spirits , including a Chinese phantom . See also ( edit ) Advaita Vedanta Ancestor worship Apotheosis Arahitogami Brahman Christ myth theory Cult of personality Culture hero Divinity and Mortality Divinization ( Christian ) Euhemerism Godhead Godman ( Hindu ascetic ) Hero cult Idolatry Imperial cult Incarnation List of avatar claimants List of Buddha claimants List of deities List of demigods List of Mahdi claimants List of messiah claimants List of people claimed to be Jesus Mahāvākyas Maitreya claimants Messiah complex Personality cult Religion in ancient Rome Sacred king Tat Tvam Asi `` Thou Art God '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The rulers of Egypt , first the kings and later the pharaohs , were gods as well as men who ruled by divine right . Each king was ' the son of god ' , who at the point of death became one with his father , a god in a cosmic Heaven . '' Christopher Knight , Robert Lomas ( August 1 , 2001 ) . The Hiram Key : Pharaohs , Freemasons and the Discovery of the Secret Scrolls of Jesus , 100 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 931412 - 75 - 9 . Available in print from Fair Winds . Jump up ^ `` The king had a superhuman role , being a manifestation of a god or of various deities on earth . The king 's principle original title , the Horus name , proclaimed that he was an aspect of one of the chief gods , Horus , a sky god who was depicted as a falcon . Other identifications were added to this one , notably , `` Son of Re ( the sun god ) '' and `` Perfect God , '' both introduced during the 4th dynasty ( c. 2575 -- 2465 BC ) , when the great pyramids were constructed . The epithet `` Son of Re '' placed the king in a close but dependent relation with the leading figure of the pantheon . '' Merriam - Webster ( 1999 ) . Encyclopedia of World Religions ( Hardcover ) . Merriam Webster , Incorporated . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87779 - 044 - 0 . Jump up ^ Hirohito 's 1945 Declaration in Japanese and English : `` The ties between Us and Our people have always stood upon mutual trust and affection . They do not depend upon mere legends and myths . They are not predicated on the false conception that the Emperor is divine , and that the Japanese people are superior to other races and fated to rule the world . '' Jump up ^ Mote , F.W. ( 1999 ) . Imperial China : 900 -- 1800 . Harvard University Press . ISBN 0 - 674 - 01212 - 7 . Jump up ^ The community leader would be called the Great Sun . Natchez social organization was based on the relationship of community members to the Great Sun . In the 17th century , French explorers and colonists met this leader , who lived in a large house on the top of a platform mound at the site that is now preserved by the State of Mississippi as the Grand Village of the Natchez . The Great Sun enjoyed the status of a living god ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Patrons of Buddhism , the Sailendras during the height of their power in central Java constructed impressive monuments and temple complexes , the best known of which is the Borobudur on the Kedu Plain '' ( quoted from Hall 1985 : 109 ) . Jump up ^ Stein 1972 , p. 84 Jump up ^ Das , Sarat Chandra . Contributions on the Religion and History of Tibet ( 1970 ) , p. 82 . Manjushri Publishing House , New Delhi . First published in the Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal , Vol . LI ( 1882 ) . Jump up ^ Геше Джампа Тинлей . Практика необычной Гуру - Йоги , 2003 , с. 76 ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ Charles Haviland ( 9 May 2005 ) . `` Nepal and the divine monarchy '' . BBC . Retrieved 3 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Virgil , Aeneid 1.446 f , Silius Italicus , Punica 1.81 f Jump up ^ Carandini . La nascita di Roma . Dèi , lari , eroi e uomini all'alba di una civiltà ( Torino : Einaudi , 1997 ) and Carandini . Remo e Romolo . Dai rioni dei Quiriti alla città dei Romani ( 775 / 750 -- 700 / 675 a . C. circa ) ( Torino : Einaudi , 2006 ) Jump up ^ `` Not the least of the many extraordinary facts about Alexander is that both in his lifetime and after his death he was worshipped as a god , by Greeks and Ancient Macedonians as well as , for example , Egyptians ( to whom he was Pharaoh ) . The episode that led to Callisthenes ' death in 327 was connected to this fact . Greeks and Ancient Macedonians believed that formal obeisance should be paid only to gods . So the refusal of his Greek and Macedonian courtiers to pay it to Alexander implied that they , at any rate , did not believe he genuinely was a living god , at least not in the same sense as Zeus or Dionysus were . Alexander , regardless , did nothing to discourage the view that he really was divine . His claim to divine birth , not merely divine descent , was part of a total self - promotional package , which included the striking of silver medallions in India depicting him with the attributes of Zeus . Through sheer force of personality and magnitude of achievement he won over large numbers of ordinary Greeks and Macedonians to share this view of himself , and to act on it by devoting shrines to his cult . '' Cartledge , Paul ( 2004 ) . `` Alexander the Great '' . History Today . 54 : 1 . Jump up ^ `` People worship Emperor Guan not merely as a law - protecting heavenly deity , but also as god of war , god of wealth and god of righteousness . They pray to Emperor Guan for many reasons ... '' Emperor Guan Jump up ^ Brett , Michael ( 2001 ) . The Rise of the Fatimids : The World of the Mediterranean and the Middle East in the Tenth Century CE . Leiden , The Netherlands : Koninklijke Brill NV . p. 470 . Jump up ^ Frischauer , Willi ( 1970 ) . The Aga Khans . Bodley Head . Jump up ^ Ismail K. Poonawala . `` Review - The Fatimids and Their Traditions of Learning '' . Journal of the American Oriental Society . 119 ( 3 ) : 542 . doi : 10.2307 / 605981 . Jump up ^ Gamal Nkrumah ( 10 December 2009 ) . `` The crazed caliph '' . Al - Ahram Weekly Online . Archived from the original on 27 March 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ Elkamel , Sara ( 24 August 2010 ) . `` Caliph of Cairo : The rule and mysterious disappearance of Al - Hakim bi-Amr Allah '' . Egypt Independent . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Encyclopedia of Shinto - Home : Special Topics : Shrines and Hawaiians of Japanese descent '' . Eos.kokugakuin.ac.jp . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` When I sat cross-legged by myself just like the great statue of the Buddha in Nara , I felt that the earth , about the size of a watermelon , was underneath me and I could see the other me walking about on it . I experience the real `` me '' looking down at the other `` me '' on this small planet . I was and understood everything on this earth ( Shinreikyo History : 5 ) . Religious movements home page on the website of the University of Virginia . This entry was written by Jeffrey Hadden . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ `` Rizalist cult ( Filipino religion ) - Encyclopædia Britannica '' . Britannica.com . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` The Honorable Elijah Muhammad identified the Master as being the answer to the one that the world had been expecting for the past 2,000 years under the names Messiah , the second coming of Jesus , the Christ , Jehovah , God , and the Son of Man . '' NOI.org quoting Elijah Muhammad Jump up ^ `` In India , Mother Teresa Draws Devotees of all Faiths '' . The Wall Street Journal . 3 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Brueggemann 2002 , pp. 75 , 144 . Jump up ^ The New Encyclopedia of Judaism , Ezra Jump up ^ Encyclopaedia Judaica , Volume 6 , Encyclopedia Judaica Jerusalem , p. 1108 ^ Jump up to : Harper 's Bible Dictionary , San Francisco : Harper and Row , 1985 Jump up ^ `` 郑 和 研究 专题 '' . Jllib.cn . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ Rastafarians regard Haile Selassie I as God , in part because Marcus Garvey 's prophecy -- `` Look to Africa where a black king shall be crowned , he shall be the Redeemer '' -- was swiftly followed by the ascension of Haile Selassie as Emperor of Ethiopia . BBC Jump up ^ `` Is Prince Philip an island god ? '' . BBC News . June 10 , 2007 . Retrieved May 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Diego Maradona 's 48th birthday celebrated by Church of Maradona '' . The Telegraph . London . 30 October 2008 . Retrieved 3 October 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Scott James ( 4 February 2010 ) . `` In Internet Era , an Unwilling Lord for New Age Followers '' . New York Times . Retrieved 30 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Kleiner , Fred ( 2005 ) . Gardner 's Art Through The Ages . Thomson - Wadsworth . p. 41 . ISBN 0 - 534 - 64095 - 8 . Jump up ^ International Nemrud Foundation ( 2015 ) . `` The Nomos : The Holy Law of King Antiochos '' . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 27 . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) John 10 : 30 Jump up ^ ( 4 ) John 14 : 9 Jump up ^ Irenaeus , Against Heresies Book I Chapter XXIII . Justin Martyr states : `` There was a Samaritan , Simon , a native of the village called Gitto , who in the reign of Claudius Caesar , and in your royal city of Rome , did mighty acts of magic , by virtue of the art of the devils operating in him . He was considered a god , ... '' Justin Martyr , First Apology Chapter XXVI . Jump up ^ The Dervish lodge : architecture , art , and Sufism in Ottoman Turkey , Raymond Lifchez , p. 35 Jump up ^ The Shiites of Lebanon under Ottoman rule , 1516 - 1788 , Stefan Winter , p. 13 Jump up ^ The Kurds : a concise handbook Mehrdad R. Izady , p. 48 Jump up ^ His teaching of Twelve Commitments stated , `` I am God predicted by the prophets ; I descended on the earth to save the human souls ; there is no God but me . There is no other teaching . Do not seek for it . '' St. Petersburg State University article ( A bit of dispute here as there are sites that indicate he taught any and all Khlysts could mystically become God incarnate through him ) Jump up ^ `` Father Divine : A General Overview '' , Timothy Miller , 1999 , Retrieved June 6 , 2007 , `` Followers of Father Divine proclaimed him God in the flesh , and for most Americans nothing could have been more ridiculous than a small African - American deity . '' Jump up ^ The Milli Gazette . `` Bohra : an Islamic sect reduced to a cult '' . Milligazette.com . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Bohra dissenters challenge oppressive priesthood - Rediff.com India News '' . Rediff.com. 2011 - 03 - 05 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ De God die Lou heette ( Dutch language ) `` The God that was called Lou '' VPRO TV programme . Jump up ^ International Cultic Studies Association ( 2001 ) . `` INTERNATIONAL : Kenya - '' God '' and 400 Followers Living in Kenya `` . Cultic Studies Journal . 18 ( 4 ) . Jump up ^ BBC News ( November 12 , 2001 ) . `` Kenyan ' God ' sent Aids as ' punishment ' '' . Retrieved December 29 , 2004 . Jump up ^ `` He identified himself as the ' grand master of the celestial lodge , the architect of the universe ' . '' Crimelibrary Jump up ^ Miami Herald ( October 15 , 2001 ) . `` The old message of self - esteem has been crowded out by one that elevates their leader to Grand Master of All , the God of the Universe , the Grand Potentate , the Everlasting Father and the persecuted Messiah . '' Jump up ^ `` After the Upper House Election , Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi should hand the seat of the Prime Minister to Jesus Matayoshi , the one true God . '' : : : cgunson.com : : : MATAYOSHI Jump up ^ Awakener Magazine , Volume 9 , Number 4 , 1964 , p. 15 Jump up ^ Awakener Magazine , Volume 4 , Number 2 , 1956 , p. 27 Jump up ^ Kalchuri ( 1986 ) p. 2324 Jump up ^ Baba ( 1987 ) p. 269 Jump up ^ Awakener Magazine , Volume 11 , Number 1 , 1966 , p. 9 Jump up ^ Essay in Latin American Issues Volume 13 states she taught that , `` when a shooting star moving in the distance suddenly approached her and landed on her forehead , filling the room with light ( Cruz ) . She had become the living incarnation of the Holy Spirit , who at that moment revealed to her the name of God in this new era : ' MITA ' '' or `` Spirit of Life . '' Jump up ^ Jonestown : The Life and Death of Peoples Temple . American Experience , PBS.org . Jump up ^ Jones , Jim in conversation with John Maher , `` Transcript of Recovered FBI tape Q 622 . '' Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple . Jonestown Project : San Diego State University . Jump up ^ Judith Coney , Sahaja Yoga : Socializing Processes in a South Asian New Religious Movement ( 1999 ) p27 `` She began her mission of salvation in earnest , establishing a reputation as a faith healer ... Then , on December 2nd 1979 , in London , she unequivocally declared her divinity to her followers : ' ( Today ) is the day I declare that I am the One who has to save the humanity . I declare , I am the one who is Adi Shakti , who is the Mother of all the mothers , who is the Primordial Mother , the Shakti , the purest desire of God , who has incarnated on this Earth to give meaning to itself ... ' Since then , she is most often understood by her followers to be the Devi , the Goddess of Indian mythology , returned to save the world . '' Jump up ^ : : Sahaja Yoga - Tamil : : Adi Sakthi By Thirumoolar Jump up ^ `` Macias Nguema : Ruthless and bloody dictator '' . Afroarticles.com . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Evangelist Quiboloy backs Duterte '' . The Philippine Star . February 8 , 2016 . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . 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what is your understanding of the concept of management by objectives (mbo)
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Management by objectives
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management by objectives
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Management by objectives ( MBO ) , also known as management by results ( MBR ) , was first popularized by Peter Drucker in his 1954 book The Practice of Management . Management by objectives is the process of defining specific objectives within an organization that management can convey to organization members , then deciding on how to achieve each objective in sequence . This process allows managers to take work that needs to be done one step at a time to allow for a calm , yet productive work environment . This process also helps organization members to see their accomplishments as they achieve each objective , which reinforces a positive work environment and a sense of achievement . An important part of MBO is the measurement and comparison of an employee 's actual performance with the standards set . Ideally , when employees themselves have been involved with the goal - setting and choosing the course of action to be followed by them , they are more likely to fulfill their responsibilities . According to George S. Odiorne , the system of management by objectives can be described as a process whereby the superior and subordinate jointly identify common goals , define each individual 's major areas of responsibility in terms of the results expected of him or her , and use these measures as guides for operating the unit and assessing the contribution of each of its members .
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Contents 1 History 2 Concept and framework 3 Features and advantages 4 Application in practice 5 Arguments against 6 Recent research 7 See also 8 References History ( edit ) Peter Drucker first used the term `` management by objectives '' in his 1954 book The Practice of Management . While the basic ideas of MBO were not original to Drucker , they pulled from other management practices to create a complete `` system '' . The idea draws on the many ideas presented in Mary Parker Follett 's 1926 essay , `` The Giving of Orders '' . After the term and idea were brought up , Drucker 's student , George Odiorne , continued to develop the idea in his book Management Decisions by Objectives , published in the mid-1960s . MBO was popularized by companies like Hewlett - Packard , who claimed it led to their success . Concept and framework ( edit ) Management by objectives at its core is the process of employers / supervisors attempting to manage their subordinates by introducing a set of specific goals that both the employee and the company strive to achieve in the near future , and working to meet those goals accordingly . Five steps : Review organizational goal Set worker objective Monitor progress Evaluation Give reward Features and advantages ( edit ) The principle of MBO is for employees to have a clear understanding of their roles and the responsibilities expected of them , so they can understand how their activities relate to the achievement of the organization 's goals . MBO also places importance on fulfilling the personal goals of each employee . Proponents argue that benefits of MBO include : Motivation -- Involving employees in the whole process of goal setting and increasing employee empowerment . This increases employee job satisfaction and commitment . Better communication and coordination -- Frequent reviews and interactions between superiors and subordinates help to maintain harmonious relationships within the organization and also to solve problems . Clarity of goals . Subordinates tend to have a higher commitment to objectives they set for themselves than those imposed on them by another person . Managers can ensure that objectives of the subordinates are linked to the organization 's objectives . Common goal for whole organization means it is a unifying , directive principle of management . Application in practice ( edit ) There are endless ways to exercise management by objectives . One must simply find specific goals to aim for in an organization or business . Many noteworthy companies have used MBO . The management at the computer company Hewlett - Packard ( HP ) , has said that it considers the policy a huge component of its success . Many other corporations praise the effectiveness of MBO , including Xerox , DuPont , Intel , and countless others . Companies that use MBO often report greater sales rates and productiveness within the organization . Objectives can be set in all domains of activities , such as production , marketing , services , sales , R&D , human resources , finance , and information systems . Some objectives are collective , and some can be goals for each individual worker . Both make the task at hand seem attainable and enable the workers to visualize what needs to be done and how . In the MBO paradigm , managers determine the mission and the strategic goals of the enterprise . The goals set by top - level managers are based on an analysis of what can and should be accomplished by the organization within a specific period of time . The functions of these managers can be centralised by appointing a project manager who can monitor and control activities of the various departments . If this can not be done or is not desirable , each manager 's contributions to the organizational goal should be clearly spelled out . Objectives need quantifying and monitoring . Reliable management information systems are needed to establish relevant objectives and monitor their `` reach ratio '' in an objective way . Pay incentives ( bonuses ) are often linked to results in reaching the objectives . The mnemonic S.M.A.R.T. is associated with the process of setting objectives in this paradigm . `` SMART '' objectives are : Specific - Target a specific area for improvement . Measurable - Quantify or suggest an indicator of progress . Assignable - Specify who will do it . Realistic - State what results can realistically be achieved , given available resources . Time - Related - Specify when the result ( s ) can be achieved . The aphorism `` what gets measured gets done '' , is aligned with the MBO philosophy . Arguments against ( edit ) MBO has its detractors and attention notably among them W. Edwards Deming , who argued that a lack of understanding of systems commonly results in the misapplication of objectives . Additionally , Deming stated that setting production targets will encourage workers to meet those targets through whatever means necessary , which usually results in poor quality . Point 7 of Deming 's key principles encourages managers to abandon objectives in favour of leadership because he felt that a leader with an understanding of systems was more likely to guide workers to an appropriate solution than the incentive of an objective . Deming also pointed out that Drucker warned managers that a systemic view was required and felt that Drucker 's warning went largely unheeded by the practitioners of MBO . There are several limitations to the assumptive base underlying the impact of managing by objectives , including : It over-emphasizes the setting of goals over the working of a plan as a driver of outcomes . It under - emphasizes the importance of the environment or context in which the goals are set . That context includes everything from the availability and quality of resources , to relative buy - in by leadership and stake - holders . As an example of the influence of management buy - in as a contextual influencer , in a 1991 comprehensive review of thirty years of research on the impact of Management by Objectives , Robert Rodgers and John Hunter concluded that companies whose CEOs demonstrated high commitment to MBO showed , on average , a 56 % gain in productivity . Companies with CEOs who showed low commitment only saw a 6 % gain in productivity . When this approach is not properly set , agreed and managed by organizations , self - centered employees might be prone to distort results , falsely representing achievement of targets that were set in a short - term , narrow fashion . In this case , managing by objectives would be counterproductive . Recent research ( edit ) Management by Objectives is still practiced today , with a focus on planning and development aiding various organizations . The most recent research focuses on specific industries , specifying the practice of MBO for each . In addition , following criticism of the original MBO approach , a new formula was introduced in 2016 , aiming at revitalizing it , that is the OPTIMAL MBO , which stands for its components , namely : ( O ) Objectives , Outside - in ; ( P ) Profitability ( budget ) related goals ; ( T ) Target Setting ; ( I ) Incentives & Influence ; ( M ) Measurement ; ( A ) Agreement , Accountability , Appraisal , Appreciation ; and ( L ) Leadership Support . While the practice is used today , it may go by different names -- the letters `` MBO '' have lost their formality , and future planning is a more standard practice . See also ( edit ) Decision - making software Objectives and key results ( OKR ) Peter Drucker School of Management Management styles References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Drucker , P. , The Practice of Management , Harper , New York , 1954 ; Heinemann , London , 1955 ; revised edn , Butterworth - Heinemann , 2007 Jump up ^ Mio , Chiara ; Venturelli , Andrea ; Leopizzi , Rossella ( 4 March 2015 ) . `` Management by objectives and corporate social responsibility disclosure : First results from Italy '' . Acc Auditing Accountability J. 28 ( 3 ) : 325 -- 364 . doi : 10.1108 / AAAJ - 09 - 2013 - 1480 . Jump up ^ Thomson , Thomas M. `` MANAGEMENT BY OBJECTIVES '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ LaFollette , William R. ; Fleming , Richard J. ( 1977 - 08 - 01 ) . `` The Historica Management by Objective '' . Academy of Management Proceedings . 1977 ( 1 ) : 2 -- 5 . doi : 10.5465 / AMBPP. 1977.4976584 . ISSN 0065 - 0668 . ^ Jump up to : `` Management by objectives '' . The Economist . ISSN 0013 - 0613 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ Lambert , Bruce ( 1992 - 01 - 23 ) . `` George S. Odiorne Is Dead at 71 ; Developed Theory of Management '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ Hindle , Tim . Guide to Management Ideas and Gurus . New York : Bloomberg Press , 2008 . Print Jump up ^ `` Masterclass on Mission Statement from Gordon Moore , co-founder , Intel Corporation > Gtmhub team blog '' . Jump up ^ `` Examples of Managerial Objectives '' . Jump up ^ `` The Concept Of Management By Objectives '' . Jump up ^ `` Multi-objective Optimization Tool for Integrated Groundwater Management ( PDF Download Available ) '' . Jump up ^ `` 基于 动态 平均 数 的 烟草 企业 目标 管理 '' . 中国 烟草 学报. 21 ( 3 ) . doi : 10.16472 / j. chinatobacco. 2014.457 . Jump up ^ S.M.A.R.T. Goals '' November 1981 issue of American Management Association Review by Ph. D. George T. Doran Jump up ^ Deming , W. Edwards , Out of the Crisis , The MIT Press , 1994 , ISBN 0 - 262 - 54116 - 5 Jump up ^ Deming 's 14 Points and Quality Project Leadership J. Alex Sherrer , March 3 , 2010 Jump up ^ Drucker , Peter , `` Management Tasks , Responsibilities , Practices '' , Harper & Row , 1973 Jump up ^ Raj , Ritu ( 12 October 2012 ) . `` The Concept of Management by Objectives '' . Ritu , Inc . Jump up ^ Xihuai , L. ( 2014 ) . On Application of MBO in College . Jump up ^ Nouiri , Issam . `` Objective optimization tool for integrated groundwater management . '' Water Resource Management . November 2015 . vol. 29 issue 14 . Jump up ^ Gotteiner , Sharon ( 2016 ) . `` The OPTIMAL MBO '' . European Accounting and Management Review Vol. 2 , Issue 2 , pp. 42 - 56 . Peter Drucker Books Concept of the Corporation ( 1946 ) The Landmarks of Tomorrow ( 1959 ) Post-Capitalist Society ( 1993 ) Concepts Knowledge worker Management by objectives Other Global Peter Drucker Forum Peter F. Drucker and Masatoshi Ito Graduate School of Management Moshidora film adaptation NDL : 00914216 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Management_by_objectives&oldid=864132702 '' Categories : Management by type Hidden categories : Wikipedia references cleanup from May 2016 All articles needing references cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from May 2016 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2012 Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska తెలుగు Tiếng Việt 中文 13 more Edit links This page was last edited on 15 October 2018 , at 09 : 12 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management%20by%20objectives
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where does the name latin america come from
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Latin America is a group of countries and dependencies in the Western Hemisphere where Romance languages such as Spanish , French and Portuguese are spoken ; it is broader than the terms Ibero - America or Hispanic America . The term originated in the Napoleon III French government in the mid-19th century as Amérique latine to consider French - speaking territories in the Americas , ( French Canadians , French Louisiana , French Guiana , Haiti , Guadeloupe , Martinique , Saint Martin , Saint Barthélemy ) along with the larger group of countries where Spanish and Portuguese languages prevailed , including the Spanish - speaking portions of the United States ( Southwestern United States and Florida ) Today , areas of Canada and the United States ( with the exception of Puerto Rico and Miami ) where Spanish , Portuguese and French are predominant are typically not included in definitions of Latin America .
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Latin America
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latin america
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Mainly : Spanish , Portuguese and French
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Others : Quechua , Mayan languages , Guaraní , Aymara , Nahuatl , Italian , German , English , Dutch , Polish , Ukrainian , Welsh , Yiddish , Chinese , Japanese Time zones UTC - 2 to UTC - 8 Largest cities ( Metro areas ) 1 . Mexico City 2 . São Paulo 3 . Buenos Aires 4 . Lima 5 . Rio de Janeiro 6 . Bogotá 7 . Santiago 8 . Belo Horizonte 9 . Guadalajara 10 . Monterrey Latin America is a group of countries and dependencies in the Western Hemisphere where Romance languages such as Spanish , French and Portuguese are spoken ; it is broader than the terms Ibero - America or Hispanic America . The term originated in the Napoleon III French government in the mid-19th century as Amérique latine to consider French - speaking territories in the Americas , ( French Canadians , French Louisiana , French Guiana , Haiti , Guadeloupe , Martinique , Saint Martin , Saint Barthélemy ) along with the larger group of countries where Spanish and Portuguese languages prevailed , including the Spanish - speaking portions of the United States ( Southwestern United States and Florida ) Today , areas of Canada and the United States ( with the exception of Puerto Rico and Miami ) where Spanish , Portuguese and French are predominant are typically not included in definitions of Latin America . Latin America consists of nineteen sovereign states and several territories and dependencies which cover an area that stretches from the northern border of Mexico to the southern tip of South America , including the Caribbean . It has an area of approximately 19,197,000 km ( 7,412,000 sq mi ) , almost 13 % of the Earth 's land surface area . As of 2016 , its population was estimated at more than 639 million and in 2014 , Latin America had a combined nominal GDP of 5,573,397 million USD and a GDP PPP of 7,531,585 million USD . The term `` Latin America '' was first used in an 1856 conference with the title `` Initiative of the America . Idea for a Federal Congress of Republics '' ( Iniciativa de la América . Idea de un Congreso Federal de las Repúblicas ) , by the Chilean politician Francisco Bilbao . In such conference , he called for the creation of a confederation of Latin American republics to better search for their common defense and prosperity , without political or economic barriers between them . In the same work , he also detailed the principles under which such a confederation should work . Contents 1 Etymology and definitions 1.1 Origins 1.2 Contemporary definitions 1.3 Subregions and countries 2 History 2.1 Pre-Columbian history 2.2 European colonization 2.2. 1 Slavery and forced labor in colonial Latin America 2.3 Independence ( 1804 -- 25 ) 2.3. 1 Independent Empire of Brazil 2.4 Conservative - liberal conflicts in the 19th century 2.5 British influence in Latin America during the 19th century 2.6 French involvement in Latin America during the 19th century 2.7 American involvement in Latin America during the 19th century 2.7. 1 Monroe Doctrine 2.7. 2 Mexican -- American War ( 1846 -- 48 ) 2.8 World wars ( 1914 -- 45 ) 2.8. 1 World War I and the Zimmermann Telegram 2.8. 2 Brazil 's participation in World War II 2.8. 3 Involvement in World War II 2.9 Cold War ( 1945 -- 92 ) 2.9. 1 Economy 2.9. 2 Reforms 2.9. 3 Bureaucratic authoritarianism 2.9. 4 US relations 2.9. 5 Cuban Revolution 2.9. 6 Bay of Pigs Invasion 2.9. 7 Alliance for Progress 2.9. 8 Nicaraguan Revolution 2.10 Washington Consensus 2.11 Turn to the left 2.12 Return of social movements 2.13 Modern era 3 Demographics 3.1 Largest cities 3.2 Ethnic groups 3.3 Language 3.4 Religion 3.5 Migration 3.6 Education 3.7 Crime and violence 4 Economy 4.1 Size 4.2 Development 4.3 Standard of living 4.4 Environment 5 Inequality 6 Trade blocs 7 Tourism 8 Culture 8.1 Art 8.2 Film 8.3 Literature 8.4 Music and dance 8.5 World Heritage Sites 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Etymology and definitions ( edit ) Origins ( edit ) Presencia de América Latina ( Presence of Latin America , 1964 -- 65 ) is a 300 square meters ( 3,200 sq ft ) mural at the hall of the Arts House of the University of Concepción , Chile . It is also known as Latin America 's Integration . The idea that a part of the Americas has a linguistic affinity with the Romance cultures as a whole can be traced back to the 1830s , in the writing of the French Saint - Simonian Michel Chevalier , who postulated that this part of the Americas was inhabited by people of a `` Latin race '' , and that it could , therefore , ally itself with `` Latin Europe '' , ultimately overlapping the Latin Church , in a struggle with `` Teutonic Europe '' , `` Anglo - Saxon America '' and `` Slavic Europe '' . Further investigations of the concept of Latin America are by Michel Gobat in the American Historical Review , the studies of Leslie Bethell , and the monograph by Mauricio Tenorio - Trillo , Latin America : The Allure and Power of an Idea ( 2017 ) . Historian John Leddy Phelan locates the origins of `` Latin America '' in the French occupation of Mexico . His argument is that French imperialists used the concept of `` Latin '' America as a way to counter British imperialism , as well as to challenge the German threat to France . The idea of a `` Latin race '' was then taken up by Latin American intellectuals and political leaders of the mid - and late - nineteenth century , who no longer looked to Spain or Portugal as cultural models , but rather to France . French ruler Napoleon III had a strong interest in extending French commercial and political power in the region he and his business promoter Felix Belly called `` Latin America '' to emphasize the shared Latin background of France with the former colonies of Spain and Portugal . This led to Napoleon 's failed attempt to take military control of Mexico in the 1860s . The term `` Latin America '' was first used in 1856 in a conference by the Chilean politician Francisco Bilbao in Paris . The conference had the title `` Initiative of the America . Idea for a Federal Congress of Republics . '' The same year the Colombian writer José María Torres Caicedo also used the term in his poem `` The Two Americas . '' Two events related with the U.S. played a central role in both works . The first event happened less than a decade before the publication of Bilbao 's and Torres Caicedo 's works : the Mexican -- American War , after which Mexico lost a third of its territory . The second event happened the same year both works were written , in opposition to the decision by U.S. president Franklin Pierce to recognize the regime recently established in Nicaragua by American William Walker and his band of filibusters who ruled Nicaragua for nearly a year , 1856 - 57 . In both Bilbao 's and Torres Caicedo 's works , the U.S. - Mexico war and Walker 's expedition to Nicaragua are explicitly mentioned as examples of dangers for the region . For Bilbao , `` Latin America '' was not a geographical concept , since he excluded Brazil , Paraguay and Mexico . Both authors also ask for the union of all Latin American countries as the only way to defend their territories against further foreign U.S. interventions . Both rejected also European imperialism , claiming that the return of European countries to non-democratic forms of government was another danger for Latin American countries , and used the same word to describe the state of European politics at the time : `` despotism . '' Several years later , during the French invasion of Mexico , Bilbao wrote another work , `` Emancipation of the Spirit in America , '' where he asked all Latin American countries to support the Mexican cause against France , and rejected French imperialism in Asia , Africa , Europe and the Americas . He asked Latin American intellectuals to search for their `` intellectual emancipation '' by abandoning all French ideas , claiming that France was : `` Hypocrite , because she ( France ) calls herself protector of the Latin race just to subject it to her exploitation regime ; treacherous , because she speaks of freedom and nationality , when , unable to conquer freedom for herself , she enslaves others instead ! '' Therefore , as Michel Gobat puts it , the term Latin America itself had an `` anti-imperial genesis , '' and their creators were far from supporting any form of imperialism in the region , or in any other place of the globe . However , in France the term Latin America was used with the opposite intention . It was supported by the French Empire of Napoleon III during the French invasion of Mexico as a way to include France among countries with influence in the Americas and to exclude Anglophone countries . It played a role in his campaign to imply cultural kinship of the region with France , transform France into a cultural and political leader of the area , and install Maximilian of Habsburg as emperor of the Second Mexican Empire . This term was also used in 1861 by French scholars in La revue des races Latines , a magazine dedicated to the Pan-Latinism movement . Contemporary definitions ( edit ) The 4 common subregions in Latin America Latin America generally refers to territories in the Americas where the Spanish or Portuguese languages prevail : Mexico , most of Central and South America , and in the Caribbean , Cuba , the Dominican Republic , Jamaica , and Puerto Rico . Latin America is , therefore , defined as all those parts of the Americas that were once part of the Spanish and Portuguese Empires . By this definition , Latin America is coterminous with Ibero - America ( `` Iberian America '' ) . The term is sometimes used more broadly to refer to all of the Americas south of the United States , thus including the Guianas , the Anglophone Caribbean ( and Belize ) ; the Francophone Caribbean ; and the Dutch Caribbean . This definition emphasizes a similar socioeconomic history of the region , which was characterized by formal or informal colonialism , rather than cultural aspects ( see , for example , dependency theory ) . As such , some sources avoid this oversimplification by using the phrase `` Latin America and the Caribbean '' instead , as in the United Nations geoscheme for the Americas . In a more literal definition , which is close to the semantic origin , Latin America designates countries in the Americas where a Romance language ( a language derived from Latin ) predominates : Spanish , Portuguese , French , and the creole languages based upon these . In this definition , Quebec would be classified as part of Latin America . The distinction between Latin America and Anglo - America is a convention based on the predominant languages in the Americas by which Romance - language and English - speaking cultures are distinguished . Neither area is culturally or linguistically homogeneous ; in substantial portions of Latin America ( e.g. , highland Peru , Bolivia , Mexico , Guatemala ) , Native American cultures and , to a lesser extent , Amerindian languages , are predominant , and in other areas , the influence of African cultures is strong ( e.g. , the Caribbean basin -- including parts of Colombia and Venezuela ) . The term is not without controversy . Historian Mauricio Tenorio - Trillo explores at length the `` allure and power '' of the idea of Latin America . He remarks at the outset , `` The idea of ' Latin America ' ought to have vanished with the obsolescence of racial theory ... But it is not easy to declare something dead when it can hardly be said to have existed , '' going on to say , `` The term is here to stay , and it is important . '' Following in the tradition of Chilean writer Francisco Bilbao , who excluded Brazil , Argentina and Paraguay from his early conceptualization of Latin America , Chilean historian Jaime Eyzaguirre has criticized the term Latin America for `` disguising '' and `` diluting '' the Spanish character of a region ( i.e. Hispanic America ) with the inclusion of nations that according to him do not share the same pattern of conquest and colonization . Subregions and countries ( edit ) Latin America can be subdivided into several subregions based on geography , politics , demographics and culture . If defined as all of the Americas south of the United States , the basic geographical subregions are North America , Central America , the Caribbean and South America ; the latter contains further politico - geographical subdivisions such as the Southern Cone , the Guianas and the Andean states . It may be subdivided on linguistic grounds into Hispanic America , Portuguese America and French America . Flag Arms Name Area ( km2 ) Population ( 2016 ) Population density ( per km2 ) Capital Name ( s ) in official language ( s ) Time ( s ) zone ( s ) Argentina 2,780,400 43,847,430 14.4 Buenos Aires Argentina UTC / GMT - 3 hours Bolivia 1,098,581 10,887,882 9 Sucre and La Paz Bolivia ; Buliwya ; Wuliwya ; Volívia UTC / GMT - 4 hours Brazil 8,515,767 207,652,865 23.6 Brasília Brasil UTC / GMT - 2 hours ( Fernando de Noronha ) UTC / GMT - 3 hours ( Brasília ) UTC / GMT - 4 hours ( Amazonas ) UTC / GMT - 5 hours ( Acre ) Chile 756,096 17,909,754 23 Santiago Chile UTC / GMT - 3 hours ( Magallanes and Chilean Antarctica ) UTC / GMT - 4 hours ( Continental Chile ) UTC / GMT - 5 hours ( Easter Island ) Colombia 1,141,748 48,653,419 41.5 Bogotá Colombia UTC / GMT - 5 hours Costa Rica 51,100 4,857,274 91.3 San José Costa Rica UTC / GMT - 6 hours Cuba 109,884 11,475,982 100.6 Havana Cuba UTC / GMT - 4 hours Dominican Republic 48,442 10,648,791 210.9 Santo Domingo República Dominicana UTC / GMT - 4 hours Ecuador 283,560 16,385,068 54.4 Quito Ecuador UTC / GMT - 5 hours El Salvador 21,040 6,344,722 290.3 San Salvador El Salvador UTC / GMT - 6 hours French Guiana * 83,534 275,713 Cayenne Guyane UTC / GMT - 3 hours Guadeloupe * 1,628 449,975 250 Basse - Terre Guadeloupe UTC / GMT - 4 hours Guatemala 108,889 16,582,469 129 Guatemala City Guatemala UTC / GMT - 6 hours Haiti 27,750 10,847,334 350 Port - au - Prince Haïti ; Ayiti UTC / GMT - 4 hours Honduras 112,492 9,112,867 76 Tegucigalpa Honduras UTC / GMT - 6 hours Martinique * 1,128 385,103 340 Fort - de-France Martinique UTC / GMT - 4 hours Mexico 1,964 375 127,540,423 57 Mexico City México UTC / GMT - 5 hours ( Zona Sureste ) UTC / GMT - 6 hours ( Zona Centro ) UTC / GMT - 7 hours ( Zona Pacífico ) UTC / GMT - 8 hours ( Zona Noroeste ) Nicaragua 130,375 6,149,928 44.3 Managua Nicaragua UTC / GMT - 6 hours Panama 75,517 4,034,119 54.2 Panama City Panamá UTC / GMT - 5 hours Paraguay 406,752 6,725,308 14.2 Asunción Paraguay ; Tetã Paraguái UTC / GMT - 4 hours Peru 1,285,216 31,773,839 23 Lima Perú ; Piruw UTC / GMT - 4 hours Puerto Rico * 9,104 3,667,903 397 San Juan Puerto Rico UTC / GMT - 4 hours Saint Barthélemy * 53.2 9,000 682 Gustavia Saint - Barthélemy UTC / GMT - 4 hours Saint Martin * 25 39,000 361 Marigot Saint - Martin UTC / GMT - 4 hours Uruguay 176,215 3,444,006 18.87 Montevideo Uruguay UTC / GMT - 3 hours Venezuela 916,445 31,568,179 31.59 Caracas Venezuela UTC / GMT -- 4 : 00 hours Total 20,111,457 626,741,000 * : Not a sovereign state History ( edit ) Main article : History of Latin America See also : History of North America , History of South America , History of Central America , and History of the Caribbean Pre-Columbian History ( edit ) Main articles : Settlement of the Americas , Population history of indigenous peoples of the Americas , and Pre-Columbian era A view of Machu Picchu , a pre-Columbian Inca site in Peru . Mayan archeological site Chichen Itza . The earliest known settlement was identified at Monte Verde , near Puerto Montt in Southern Chile . Its occupation dates to some 14,000 years ago and there is some disputed evidence of even earlier occupation . Over the course of millennia , people spread to all parts of the continents . By the first millennium CE , South America 's vast rainforests , mountains , plains and coasts were the home of tens of millions of people . The earliest settlements in the Americas are of the Las Vegas Culture from about 8000 BCE and 4600 BCE , a sedentary group from the coast of Ecuador , the forefathers of the more known Valdivia culture , of the same era . Some groups formed more permanent settlements such as the Chibcha ( or `` Muisca '' or `` Muysca '' ) and the Tairona groups . These groups are in the circum Caribbean region . The Chibchas of Colombia , the Quechuas and Aymaras of Bolivia and Perú were the three indigenous groups that settled most permanently . The region was home to many indigenous peoples and advanced civilizations , including the Aztecs , Toltecs , Maya , and Inca . The golden age of the Maya began about 250 , with the last two great civilizations , the Aztecs and Incas , emerging into prominence later on in the early fourteenth century and mid-fifteenth centuries , respectively . The Aztec empire was ultimately the most powerful civilization known throughout the Americas , until its downfall in part by the Spanish invasion . European colonization ( edit ) Main articles : European colonization of the Americas , Spanish colonization of the Americas , and Portuguese colonization of the Americas Romantic painting of Christopher Columbus arriving to the Americas ( Primer desembarco de Cristóbal Colón en América ) , by Dióscoro Puebla ( 1862 ) Cristóbal de Olid leads Spanish soldiers with Tlaxcalan allies against indigenous warriors during the European colonization of the Americas . With the arrival of the Europeans following Christopher Columbus ' voyages , the indigenous elites , such as the Incas and Aztecs , lost power to the heavy European invasion . Hernándo Cortés seized the Aztec elite 's power with the help of local groups who had favored the Aztec elite , and Francisco Pizarro eliminated the Incan rule in Western South America . The European powers of Spain and Portugal colonized the region , which along with the rest of the uncolonized world , was divided into areas of Spanish and Portuguese control by the line of demarcation in 1494 , which gave Spain all areas to the west , and Portugal all areas to the east ( the Portuguese lands in South America subsequently becoming Brazil ) . By the end of the sixteenth century Spain and Portugal had been joined by others , including France , in occupying large areas of North , Central and South America , ultimately extending from Alaska to the southern tips of the Patagonia . European culture , customs and government were introduced , with the Roman Catholic Church becoming the major economic and political power to overrule the traditional ways of the region , eventually becoming the only official religion of the Americas during this period . Epidemics of diseases brought by the Europeans , such as smallpox and measles , wiped out a large portion of the indigenous population . Historians can not determine the number of natives who died due to European diseases , but some put the figures as high as 85 % and as low as 25 % . Due to the lack of written records , specific numbers are hard to verify . Many of the survivors were forced to work in European plantations and mines . Intermixing between the indigenous peoples and the European colonists was very common , and , by the end of the colonial period , people of mixed ancestry ( mestizos ) formed majorities in several colonies . Slavery and forced labor in colonial Latin America ( edit ) See also : Slavery among the indigenous peoples of the Americas and Atlantic slave trade Indigenous peoples of the Americas in various European colonies were forced to work in European plantations and mines ; along with African slaves who were also introduced in the proceeding centuries . The Mita of Colonial Latin America was a system of forced labor imposed on the natives . First established by Viceroy Francisco de Toledo ( 1569 -- 1581 ) , the Mita was upheld by laws that designated how large draft levies were and how much money the workers would receive that was based on how many shifts each individual worker performed . Toledo established Mitas at Potosi and Huancavelica , where the Mitayos -- the workers -- would be reduced in number to a fraction of how many were originally assigned before the 1700s . While several villages managed to resist the Mita , others offered payment to colonial administrators as a way out . In exchange , free labor became available through volunteers , though the Mita was kept in place as workers like miners , for example , were paid low wages . The Spanish Crown had not made any ruling on the Mita or approved of it when Toledo first established it in spite of the uncertainty of the practice since the Crown could have gained benefits from it . However , the cortes of Spain later abolished it in 1812 once complaints of the Mita violating humanitarian rights were made . Yet complaints also came from : governors ; landowners ; native leaders known as Kurakas ; and even priests , each of whom preferred other methods of economic exploitation . Despite its fall , the Mita made it to the 1800s . Independence ( 1804 -- 25 ) ( edit ) Main articles : Latin American wars of independence and Spanish American wars of independence Simón Bolívar , Liberator of Venezuela , Colombia , Ecuador , Bolivia , Peru and Panama In 1804 , Haiti became the first Latin American nation to gain independence , following a violent slave revolt led by Toussaint L'ouverture on the French colony of Saint - Domingue . The victors abolished slavery . Haitian independence inspired independence movements in Spanish America . Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla was the first leader of the Mexican War of Independence . By the end of the eighteenth century , Spanish and Portuguese power waned on the global scene as other European powers took their place , notably Britain and France . Resentment grew among the majority of the population in Latin America over the restrictions imposed by the Spanish government , as well as the dominance of native Spaniards ( Iberian - born Peninsulares ) in the major social and political institutions . Napoleon 's invasion of Spain in 1808 marked a turning point , compelling Criollo elites to form juntas that advocated independence . Also , the newly independent Haiti , the second oldest nation in the New World after the United States , further fueled the independence movement by inspiring the leaders of the movement , such as Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla of Mexico , Simón Bolívar of Venezuela and José de San Martín of Argentina , and by providing them with considerable munitions and troops . Fighting soon broke out between juntas and the Spanish colonial authorities , with initial victories for the advocates of independence . Eventually , these early movements were crushed by the royalist troops by 1810 , including those of Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla in Mexico in the year 1810 . Later on Francisco de Miranda in Venezuela by 1812 . Under the leadership of a new generation of leaders , such as Simón Bolívar `` The Liberator '' , José de San Martín of Argentina , and other Libertadores in South America , the independence movement regained strength , and by 1825 , all Spanish America , except for Puerto Rico and Cuba , had gained independence from Spain . In the same year in Mexico , a military officer , Agustín de Iturbide , led a coalition of conservatives and liberals who created a constitutional monarchy , with Iturbide as emperor . This First Mexican Empire was short - lived , and was followed by the creation of a republic in 1823 . Independent Empire of Brazil ( edit ) Main articles : Independence of Brazil and Empire of Brazil Declaration of the Brazilian independence by the later Emperor Pedro I on September 7 , 1822 The Brazilian War of Independence , which had already began along other independent movements around the region , spread through northern , northeastern regions and in Cisplatina province . With the last Portuguese soldiers surrendering on 8 March 1824 , Portugal officially recognized Brazil on 29 August 1825 . On 7 April 1831 , worn down by years of administrative turmoil and political dissensions with both liberal and conservative sides of politics , including an attempt of republican secession , as well as unreconciled with the way that absolutists in Portugal had given to the succession of King John VI , Pedro I went to Portugal to reclaim his daughter 's crown , abdicating the Brazilian throne in favor of his five - year - old son and heir ( who thus became the Empire 's second monarch , with the regnal title of Dom Pedro II ) . Pedro II , Emperor of Brazil between 1831 and 1889 As the new Emperor could not exert his constitutional powers until he became of age , a regency was set up by the National Assembly . In the absence of a charismatic figure who could represent a moderate face of power , during this period a series of localized rebellions took place , as the Cabanagem , the Malê Revolt , the Balaiada , the Sabinada , and the Ragamuffin War , which emerged from the dissatisfaction of the provinces with the central power , coupled with old and latent social tensions peculiar of a vast , slaveholding and newly independent nation state . This period of internal political and social upheaval , which included the Praieira revolt , was overcome only at the end of the 1840s , years after the end of the regency , which occurred with the premature coronation of Pedro II in 1841 . During the last phase of the monarchy , an internal political debate was centered on the issue of slavery . The Atlantic slave trade was abandoned in 1850 , as a result of the British ' Aberdeen Act , but only in May 1888 after a long process of internal mobilization and debate for an ethical and legal dismantling of slavery in the country , was the institution formally abolished . On 15 November 1889 , worn out by years of economic stagnation , in attrition with the majority of Army officers , as well as with rural and financial elites ( for different reasons ) , the monarchy was overthrown by a military coup . Conservative - liberal conflicts in the 19th century ( edit ) Development of Spanish American Independence Government under traditional Spanish law Loyal to Supreme Central Junta or Cortes American junta or insurrection movement Independent state declared or established Height of French control of the Peninsula After the independence of many Latin American countries , there was a conflict between the people and the government , much of which can be reduced to the contrasting ideologies between liberalism and conservatism . Conservatism was the dominant system of government prior to the revolutions and it was founded on having social classes , including governing by kings . Liberalists wanted to see a change in the ruling systems , and to move away from monarchs and social classes in order to promote equality . When liberal Guadalupe Victoria became the first president of Mexico in 1824 , conservatists relied on their belief that the state had been better off before the new government came into power , so , by comparison , the old government was better in the eyes of the Conservatives . Following this sentiment , the conservatives pushed to take control of the government , and they succeeded . General Santa Anna was elected president in 1833 . The following decade , the Mexican -- American War ( 1846 -- 48 ) caused Mexico to lose a significant amount of territory to the United States . This loss led to a rebellion by the enraged liberal forces against the conservative government . In 1837 , conservative Rafael Carrera conquered Guatemala and separated from the Central American Union . The instability that followed the disintegration of the union led to the independence of the other Central American countries . In Brazil , rural aristocrats were in conflict with the urban conservatives . Portuguese control over Brazilian ports continued after Brazil 's independence . Following the conservative idea that the old government was better , urbanites tended to support conservatism because more opportunities were available to them as a result of the Portuguese presence . Simón Bolívar became president of Gran Colombia in 1819 after the region gained independence from Spain . He led a military - controlled state . Citizens did not like the government 's position under Bolívar : The people in the military were unhappy with their roles , and the civilians were of the opinion that the military had too much power . After the dissolution of Gran Colombia , New Grenada continued to have conflicts between conservatives and liberals . These conflicts were each concentrated in particular regions , with conservatives particularly in the southern mountains and the Valley of Cauca . In the mid-1840s some leaders in Caracas organized a liberal opposition . Antonio Leocadio Guzman was an active participant and journalist in this movement and gained much popularity among the people of Caracas . In Argentina , the conflict manifested itself as a prolonged civil war between unitarianas ( i.e. centralists ) and federalists , which were in some aspects respectively analogous to liberals and conservatives in other countries . Between 1832 and 1852 , the country existed as a confederation , without a head of state , although the federalist governor of Buenos Aires province , Juan Manuel de Rosas , was given the powers of debt payment and international relations and exerted a growing hegemony over the country . A national constitution was only enacted in 1853 , reformed in 1860 , and the country reorganized as a federal republic led by a liberal - conservative elite . After Uruguay achieved its independence , in 1828 , a similar polarization crystallized between blancos and colorados , where the agrarian conservative interests were pitted against the liberal commercial interests based in Montevideo , and which eventually resulted in the Guerra Grande civil war ( 1839 -- 1851 ) . British influence in Latin America during the 19th century ( edit ) British invasions of the Río de la Plata . Beresford surrenders to Santiago de Liniers ( 1806 ) . Losing most of its North American colonies at the end of the 18th century left Great Britain in need of new markets to supply resources in the early 19th century . In order to solve this problem , Great Britain turned to the Spanish colonies in South America for resources and markets . In 1806 a small British force surprise attacked the capitol of the viceroyalty in Río de la Plata . As a result , the local garrison protecting the capitol was destroyed in an attempt to defend against the British conquest . The British were able to capture large amounts of precious metals , before a French naval force intervened on behalf of the Spanish King and took down the invading force . However , this caused much turmoil in the area as militia took control of the area from the viceroy . The next year the British attacked once again with a much larger force attempting to reach and conquer Montevideo . They failed to reach Montevideo but succeeded in establishing an alliance with the locals . As a result , the British were able to take control of the Indian markets . This newly gained British dominance hindered the development of Latin American industries and strengthened the dependence on the world trade network . Britain now replaced Spain as the region 's largest trading partner . Great Britain invested significant capital in Latin America in order to develop the area as a market for processed goods . From the early 1820s to 1850 , the post-independence economies of Latin American countries were lagging and stagnant . Eventually , enhanced trade among Britain and Latin America led to state development such as infrastructure improvements . These improvements included roads and railroads which grew the trades between countries and outside nations such as Great Britain . By 1870 , exports dramatically increased , attracting capital from abroad ( including Europe and USA ) . French involvement in Latin America during the 19th century ( edit ) Maximilian receiving a Mexican delegation at Miramar Castle in Trieste , Italy Between 1821 and 1910 , Mexico battled through various civil wars between the established Conservative government and the Liberal reformists ( `` Mexico Timeline - Page 2 ) '' . On May 8 , 1827 Baron Damas , the French Minister of Foreign Affairs , and Sebastián Camacho , a Mexican diplomat , signed an agreement called `` The Declarations '' which contained provisions regarding commerce and navigation between France and Mexico . At this time the French government did not recognize Mexico as an independent entity . It was not until 1861 that the liberalist rebels , led by Benito Juárez , took control of Mexico City , consolidating liberal rule . However , the constant state of warfare left Mexico with a tremendous amount of debt owed to Spain , England , and France , all of whom funded the Mexican war effort ( Neeno ) . As newly appointed president , Benito Juárez suspended payment of debts for next two years , to focus on a rebuilding and stabilization initiative in Mexico under the new government . On December 8 , 1861 , Spain , England and France landed in Veracruz in order to seize unpaid debts from Mexico . However , Napoleon III , with intentions of establishing a French client state to further push his economic interests , pressured the other two powers to withdraw in 1862 ( Greenspan ; `` French Intervention in Mexico ... '' ) . Painting depicting the Battle of Puebla in 1862 France under Napoleon III remained and established Maximilian of Habsburg , Archduke of Austria , as Emperor of Mexico . The march by the French to Mexico City enticed heavy resistance by the Mexican government , it resulted in open warfare . The Battle of Puebla in 1862 in particular presented an important turning point in which Ignacio Zaragoza led the Mexican army to victory as they pushed back the French offensive ( `` Timeline of the Mexican Revolution '' ) . The victory came to symbolize Mexico 's power and national resolve against foreign occupancy and as a result delayed France 's later attack on Mexico City for an entire year ( Cinco de Mayo ( Mexican History ) ) . With heavy resistance by Mexican rebels and the fear of United States intervention against France , forced Napoleon III to withdraw from Mexico , leaving Maximilian to surrender , where he would be later executed by Mexican troops under the rule of Porfirio Díaz . Napoleon III 's desire to expand France 's economic empire influenced the decision to seize territorial domain over the Central American region . The port city of Veracruz , Mexico and France 's desire to construct a new canal were of particular interest . Bridging both New World and East Asian trade routes to the Atlantic were key to Napoleon III 's economic goals to the mining of precious rocks and the expansion of France 's textile industry . Napoleon 's fear of the United States ' economic influence over the Pacific trade region , and in turn all New World economic activity , pushed France to intervene in Mexico under the pretense of collecting on Mexico 's debt . Eventually France began plans to build the Panama Canal in 1881 until 1904 when the United States took over and proceeded with its construction and implementation ( `` Read Our Story '' ) . American involvement in Latin America during the 19th century ( edit ) Monroe doctrine ( edit ) The Monroe Doctrine was included in President James Monroe 's 1823 annual message to Congress . The doctrine warns European nations that the United States will no longer tolerate any new colonization of Latin American countries . It was originally drafted to meet the present major concerns , but eventually became the precept of U.S. foreign policy in the Western Hemisphere . The doctrine was put into effect in 1865 when the U.S. government supported Mexican president , Benito Juárez , diplomatically and militarily . Some Latin American countries viewed the U.S. interventions , allowed by the Monroe Doctrine when the U.S. deems necessary , with suspicion . Another important aspect of United States involvement in Latin America is the case of the filibuster William Walker . In 1855 , he traveled to Nicaragua hoping to overthrow the government and take the land for the United States . With only the aid of 56 followers , he was able to take over the city of Granada , declaring himself commander of the army and installing Patricio Rivas as a puppet president . However , Rivas 's presidency ended when he fled Nicaragua ; Walker rigged the following election to ensure that he became the next president . His presidency did not last long , however , as he was met with much opposition from political groups in Nicaragua and neighbouring countries . On May 1 , 1857 , Walker was forced by a coalition of Central American armies to surrender himself to a United States Navy officer who repatriated him and his followers . When Walker subsequently returned to Central America in 1860 , he was apprehended by the Honduran authorities and executed . Mexican -- American War ( 1846 -- 48 ) ( edit ) American occupation of Mexico City The Mexican -- American War , another instance of U.S. involvement in Latin America , was a war between the United States and Mexico that started in April 1846 and lasted until February 1848 . The main cause of the war was the United States ' annexation of Texas in 1845 and a dispute afterwards about whether the border between Mexico and the United States ended where Mexico claimed , at the Nueces River , or ended where the United States claimed , at the Rio Grande . Peace was negotiated between the United States and Mexico with the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo , which stated that Mexico was to cede land which would later become part of California and New Mexico as well as give up all claims to Texas , for which the United States would pay $15,000,000 . However , tensions between the two countries were still high and over the next six years things only got worse with raids along the border and attacks by Native Americans against Mexican citizens . To defuse the situation , the United States agreed to purchase 29,670 squares miles of land from Mexico for $10,000,000 so a southern railroad could be built to connect the Pacific and Atlantic coasts . This would become known as the Gadsden Purchase . A critical component of U.S. intervention in Latin American affairs took form in the Spanish -- American War , which drastically affected the futures of Cuba and Puerto Rico in the Americas , as well as Guam and the Philippines , by dismantling some of the last remaining Spanish colonial possessions throughout the world . World wars ( 1914 -- 45 ) ( edit ) United States involvement in the Mexican Revolution Mexican Revolution Tampico Affair Ypiranga incident Veracruz Border War 1st Agua Prieta 1st Ciudad Juarez Bandit War Norias Ranch Ojo de Agua 2nd Nogales Santa Isabel Columbus Mexican Expedition Guerrero Agua Caliente Parral Tomochic Ojos Azules Glenn Springs Rubio Ranch Castillon Las Varas Pass San Ygnacio Carrizal Zimmermann Affair Brite Ranch 1st Pilares Neville Ranch 2nd Pilares Porvenir 3rd Nogales 3rd Ciudad Juárez Ruby See also : Pan-Americanism World War I and the Zimmermann telegram ( edit ) The Zimmermann Telegram as it was sent from Washington to Ambassador Heinrich von Eckardt ( German ambassador to Mexico ) The Zimmermann Telegram was a 1917 diplomatic proposal from the German Empire for Mexico to join an alliance with Germany in the event of the United States entering World War I against Germany . The proposal was intercepted and decoded by British intelligence . The revelation of the contents outraged the American public and swayed public opinion . President Woodrow Wilson moved to arm American merchant ships in order to defend themselves against German submarines , which had started to attack them . The news helped generate support for the United States declaration of war on Germany in April of that year . The message came as a coded telegram dispatched by the Foreign Secretary of the German Empire , Arthur Zimmermann , on January 16 , 1917 . The message was sent to the German ambassador of Mexico , Heinrich von Eckardt . Zimmermann sent the telegram in anticipation of the resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare by Germany on 1 February , an act which Germany presumed would lead to war . The telegram instructed Ambassador Eckardt that if the U.S. appeared certain to enter the war , he was to approach the Mexican Government with a proposal for a military alliance , with funding from Germany . As part of the alliance , Germany would assist Mexico in reconquering Texas and the Southwest . Eckardt was instructed to urge Mexico to help broker an alliance between Germany and Japan . Mexico , in the middle of the Mexican Revolution , far weaker militarily , economically and politically than the U.S. , ignored the proposal ; after the U.S. entered the war , it officially rejected it . Brazil 's Participation in World War II ( edit ) After World War I , in which Brazil was an ally of the United States , Great Britain , and France , the country realized it needed a more capable army but did n't have the technology to create it . In 1919 , the French Military Mission was established by the French Commission in Brazil . Their main goal was to contain the inner rebellions in Brazil . They tried to assist the army by bringing them up to the European military standard but constant civil missions did not prepare them for World War II . Brazil 's President , Getúlio Vargas , wanted to industrialize Brazil , allowing it to be more competitive with other countries . He reached out to Germany , Italy , France , and the United States to act as trade allies . Many Italian and German people immigrated to Brazil many years before World War II began thus creating a Nazi influence . The immigrants held high positions in government and the armed forces . It was recently found that 9,000 war criminals escaped to South America , including Croats , Ukrainians , Russians and other western Europeans who aided the Nazi war machine . Most , perhaps as many as 5,000 , went to Argentina ; between 1,500 and 2,000 are thought to have made it to Brazil ; around 500 to 1,000 to Chile ; and the rest to Paraguay and Uruguay . It was not a secret that Vargas had an admiration for Hitler 's Nazi Germany and its Führer . He even let German Luftwaffe build secret air forces around Brazil . This alliance with Germany became Brazil 's second best trade alliance behind the United States . Brazilian soldiers greet Italian civilians in the city of Massarosa , September 1944 . Brazil was the only independent Latin American country to send ground troops to fight in WWII . Brazil continued to try to remain neutral to the United States and Germany because it was trying to make sure it could continue to be a place of interest for both opposing countries . Brazil attended continental meetings in Buenos Aires , Argentina ( 1936 ) ; Lima , Peru ( 1938 ) ; and Havana , Cuba ( 1940 ) that obligated them to agree to defend any part of the Americas if they were to be attacked . Eventually , Brazil decided to stop trading with Germany once Germany started attacking offshore trading ships resulting in Germany declaring a blockade against the Americas in the Atlantic Ocean . Furthermore , Germany also ensured that they would be attacking the Americas soon . Once the German submarines attacked unarmed Brazilian trading ships , President Vargas met with the United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt to discuss how they could retaliate . On January 22 , 1942 , Brazil officially ended all relations with Germany , Japan , and Italy , becoming a part of the Allies . The Brazilian Expeditionary Force was sent to Naples , Italy to fight for democracy . Brazil was the only Latin American country to send troops to Europe . Initially , Brazil wanted to only provide resources and shelter for the war to have a chance of gaining a high postwar status but ended up sending 25,000 men to fight . After World War II , the United States and Latin America continued to have a close relationship . For example , USAID created family planning programs in Latin America combining the NGOs already in place , providing the women in largely Catholic areas access to contraception . Involvement in World War II ( edit ) There was a Nazi influence in certain parts of the region , but Jewish migration from Europe during the war continued . Only a few people recognized or knew about the Holocaust . Furthermore , numerous military bases were built during the war by the United States , but some also by the Germans . Even now , unexploded bombs from the second world war that need to be made safe still remain . Cold War ( 1945 -- 92 ) ( edit ) See also : Operation Condor , Organization of American States , Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance , and Alliance for Progress Economy ( edit ) Burning forest in Brazil . The removal of forest to make way for cattle ranching was the leading cause of deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon rainforest from the mid-1960s . Soybeans have become one of the most important contributors to deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon . The Great Depression caused Latin America to grow at a slow rate , separating it from leading industrial democracies . The two world wars and U.S. Depression also made Latin American countries favor internal economic development , leading Latin America to adopt the policy of import substitution industrialization . Countries also renewed emphasis on exports . Brazil began selling automobiles to other countries , and some Latin American countries set up plants to assemble imported parts , letting other countries take advantage of Latin America 's low labor costs . Colombia began to export flowers , emeralds and coffee grains and gold , becoming the world 's second - leading flower exporter . Economic integration was called for , to attain economies that could compete with the economies of the United States or Europe . Starting in the 1960s with the Latin American Free Trade Association and Central American Common Market , Latin American countries worked toward economic integration . In efforts to help regain global economic strength , the U.S. began to heavily assist countries involved in World War II at the expense of Latin America . Markets that were previously unopposed as a result of the war in Latin America grew stagnant as the rest of the world no longer needed their goods . Reforms ( edit ) Large countries like Argentina called for reforms to lessen the disparity of wealth between the rich and the poor , which has been a long problem in Latin America that stunted economic growth . Advances in public health caused an explosion of population growth , making it difficult to provide social services . Education expanded , and social security systems introduced , but benefits usually went to the middle class , not the poor . As a result , the disparity of wealth increased . Increasing inflation and other factors caused countries to be unwilling to fund social development programs to help the poor . Bureaucratic authoritarianism ( edit ) Bureaucratic authoritarianism was practiced in Brazil after 1964 , in Argentina , and in Chile under Augusto Pinochet , in a response to harsh economic conditions . It rested on the conviction that no democracy could take the harsh measures to curb inflation , reassure investors , and quicken economic growth quickly and effectively . Though inflation fell sharply , industrial production dropped with the decline of official protection . U.S. relations ( edit ) See also : Latin America -- United States relations After World War II and the beginning of a Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union , US diplomats became interested in Asia , Africa , and Latin America , and frequently waged proxy wars against the Soviet Union in these countries . The US sought to stop the spread of communism . Latin American countries generally sided with the US in the Cold War period , even though they were neglected since the US 's concern with communism were focused in Europe and Asia , not Latin America . Between 1946 and 1959 Latin America received only 2 % of the United States foreign aid despite having poor conditions similar to the main recipients of The Marshall Plan . Some Latin American governments also complained of the US support in the overthrow of some nationalist governments , and intervention through the CIA . In 1947 , the US Congress passed the National Security Act , which created the National Security Council in response to the United States 's growing obsession with anti-communism . In 1954 , when Jacobo Arbenz of Guatemala accepted the support of communists and attacked holdings of the United Fruit Company , the US decided to assist Guatemalan counter-revolutionaries in overthrowing Arbenz . These interventionist tactics featured the use of the CIA rather than the military , which was used in Latin America for the majority of the Cold War in events including the overthrow of Salvador Allende . Latin America was more concerned with issues of economic development , while the United States focused on fighting communism , even though the presence of communism was small in Latin America . Cuban Revolution ( edit ) By 1959 , Cuba was afflicted with a corrupt dictatorship under Batista , and Fidel Castro ousted Batista that year and set up the first communist state in the hemisphere . The United States imposed a trade embargo on Cuba , and combined with Castro 's expropriation of private enterprises , this was detrimental to the Cuban economy . Around Latin America , rural guerrilla conflict and urban terrorism increased , inspired by the Cuban example . The United States put down these rebellions by supporting Latin American countries in their counter-guerrilla operations through the Alliance for Progress launched by President John F. Kennedy . This thrust appeared to be successful . A Marxist , Salvador Allende , became president of Chile in 1970 , but was overthrown three years later in a military coup backed by the United States . Despite civil war , high crime and political instability , most Latin American countries eventually adopted bourgeois liberal democracies while Cuba maintained its socialist system . Bay of Pigs invasion ( edit ) Main article : Bay of Pigs Invasion Che Guevara ( left ) and Castro , photographed by Alberto Korda in 1961 Encouraged by the success of Guatemala in the 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état , in 1960 , the U.S. decided to support an attack on Cuba by anti-Castro rebels . The Bay of Pigs invasion was an unsuccessful invasion of Cuba in 1961 , financed by the U.S. through the CIA , to overthrow Fidel Castro . The incident proved to be very embarrassing for the new Kennedy administration . Alliance for Progress ( edit ) President John F. Kennedy initiated the Alliance for Progress in 1961 , to establish economic cooperation between the U.S. and Latin America . The Alliance would provide $20 billion for reform in Latin America , and counterinsurgency measures . Instead , the reform failed because of the simplistic theory that guided it and the lack of experienced American experts who could understand Latin American customs . Nicaraguan Revolution ( edit ) Following the American occupation of Nicaragua in 1912 , as part of the Banana Wars , the Somoza family political dynasty came to power , and would rule Nicaragua until their ouster in 1979 during the Nicaraguan Revolution . The era of Somoza family rule was characterized by strong U.S. support for the government and its military ( 15 ) as well as a heavy reliance on U.S. - based multi-national corporations . The Nicaraguan Revolution ( Spanish : Revolución Nicaragüense or Revolución Popular Sandinista ) encompassed the rising opposition to the Somoza dictatorship in the 1960s and 1970s , the campaign led by the Sandinista National Liberation Front ( FSLN ) to violently oust the dictatorship in 1978 -- 79 , the subsequent efforts of the FSLN to govern Nicaragua from 1979 until 1990 and the Contra War which was waged between the FSLN and the Contras from 1981 -- 1990 . The Revolution marked a significant period in Nicaraguan history and revealed the country as one of the major proxy war battlegrounds of the Cold War with the events in the country rising to international attention . Although the initial overthrow of the Somoza regime in 1978 -- 79 was a bloody affair , the Contra War of the 1980s took the lives of tens of thousands of Nicaraguans and was the subject of fierce international debate . During the 1980s both the FSLN ( a Leftist collection of political parties ) and the Contras ( a rightist collection of counter-revolutionary groups ) received large amounts of aid from the Cold War super-powers ( respectively , the Soviet Union and the United States ) . Washington Consensus ( edit ) Main article : Washington Consensus See also : Free Trade Area of the Americas Roll - on / roll - off ships , such as this one pictured here at Miraflores locks , are among the largest ships to pass through the Panama Canal . The canal cuts across the Isthmus of Panama and is a key conduit for international maritime trade . The set of specific economic policy prescriptions that were considered the `` standard '' reform package were promoted for crisis - wracked developing countries by Washington , D.C. - based institutions such as the International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) , World Bank , and the US Department of the Treasury during the 1980s and 1990s . In recent years , several Latin American countries led by socialist or other left wing governments -- including Argentina and Venezuela -- have campaigned for ( and to some degree adopted ) policies contrary to the Washington Consensus set of policies . ( Other Latin countries with governments of the left , including Brazil , Chile and Peru , have in practice adopted the bulk of the policies . ) Also critical of the policies as actually promoted by the International Monetary Fund have been some US economists , such as Joseph Stiglitz and Dani Rodrik , who have challenged what are sometimes described as the `` fundamentalist '' policies of the International Monetary Fund and the US Treasury for what Stiglitz calls a `` one size fits all '' treatment of individual economies . The term has become associated with neoliberal policies in general and drawn into the broader debate over the expanding role of the free market , constraints upon the state , and US influence on other countries ' national sovereignty . This politico - economical initiative was institutionalized in North America by 1994 NAFTA , and elsewhere in the Americas through a series of like agreements . The comprehensive Free Trade Area of the Americas project , however , was rejected by most South American countries at the 2005 4th Summit of the Americas . Turn to the left ( edit ) See also : Pink tide UNASUR summit in the Palacio de la Moneda , Santiago de Chile In most countries , since the 2000s left - wing political parties have risen to power . The presidencies of Hugo Chávez in Venezuela , Ricardo Lagos and Michelle Bachelet in Chile , Lula da Silva and Dilma Rousseff in Brazil , Néstor Kirchner and his wife Cristina Fernández in Argentina , Tabaré Vázquez and José Mujica in Uruguay , Evo Morales in Bolivia , Daniel Ortega in Nicaragua , Rafael Correa in Ecuador , Fernando Lugo in Paraguay , Manuel Zelaya in Honduras ( removed from power by a coup d'état ) , Mauricio Funes and Salvador Sánchez Cerén in El Salvador are all part of this wave of left - wing politicians who often declare themselves socialists , Latin Americanists , or anti-imperialists ( often implying opposition to US policies towards the region ) . A development of this has been the creation of the eight - member ALBA alliance , or `` The Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of Our America '' ( Spanish : Alianza Bolivariana para los Pueblos de Nuestra América ) by some of the countries already mentioned . By June 2014 , Honduras ( Juan Orlando Hernández ) , Guatemala ( Otto Pérez Molina ) , and Panama ( Ricardo Martinelli ) had right - wing governments . Return of social movements ( edit ) A view on globalization , titled Somos cultura que camina en un mundo globalizado ( `` We are a culture walking in a globalized world '' ) . The mural is located in Humahuaca in the north of Argentina In 1982 , Mexico announced that it could not meet its foreign debt payment obligations , inaugurating a debt crisis that would `` discredit '' Latin American economies throughout the decade . This debt crisis would lead to neoliberal reforms that would instigate many social movements in the region . A `` reversal of development '' reigned over Latin America , seen through negative economic growth , declines in industrial production , and thus , falling living standards for the middle and lower classes . Governments made financial security their primary policy goal over social security , enacting new neoliberal economic policies that implemented privatization of previously national industries and informalization of labor . In an effort to bring more investors to these industries , these governments also embraced globalization through more open interactions with the international economy . Significantly , as democracy spread across much of Latin America , the realm of government became more inclusive ( a trend that proved conducive to social movements ) , the economic ventures remained exclusive to a few elite groups within society . Neoliberal restructuring consistently redistributed income upward while denying political responsibility to provide social welfare rights , and though development projects took place throughout the region , both inequality and poverty increased . Feeling excluded from these new projects , the lower classes took ownership of their own democracy through a revitalization of social movements in Latin America . Both urban and rural populations had serious grievances as a result of the above economic and global trends and have voiced them in mass demonstrations . Some of the largest and most violent of these have been protests against cuts in urban services , such as the Caracazo in Venezuela and the Argentinazo in Argentina . Children singing the Internationale , 20th anniversary of MST Rural movements have made diverse demands related to unequal land distribution , displacement at the hands of development projects and dams , environmental and indigenous concerns , neoliberal agricultural restructuring , and insufficient means of livelihood . These movements have benefited considerably from transnational support from conservationists and INGOs . The Movement of Rural Landless Workers ( MST ) is perhaps the largest contemporary Latin American social movement . As indigenous populations are primarily rural , indigenous movements account for a large portion of rural social movements , including the Zapatista rebellion in Mexico , the Confederation of Indigenous Nationalities of Ecuador ( CONAIE ) , indigenous organizations in the Amazon region of Ecuador and Bolivia , pan-Mayan communities in Guatemala , and mobilization by the indigenous groups of Yanomami peoples in the Amazon , Kuna peoples in Panama , and Altiplano Aymara and Quechua peoples in Bolivia . Other significant types of social movements include labor struggles and strikes , such as recovered factories in Argentina , as well as gender - based movements such as the Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo in Argentina and protests against maquila production , which is largely a women 's issue because of how it draws on women for cheap labor . Modern era ( edit ) The 2000s commodities boom caused positive effects for many Latin American economies . Another trend is the rapidly increasing importance of the relations with China . With the end of the commodity boom in the 2010s , economic stagnation or recession resulted in some countries . As a result , the left - wing governments of the Pink Tide lost support . The worst - hit was Venezuela , which is facing severe social and economic upheaval . The corruption scandal of Odebrecht , a Brazilian conglomerate , has raised allegations of corruption across the region 's governments ( see Operation Car Wash ) . The bribery ring has become the largest corruption scandal in Latin American history . As of July 2017 , the highest ranking politicians charged were former Brazilian President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva ( arrested ) and former Peruvian Presidents Ollanta Humala ( arrested ) and Alejandro Toledo ( fugitive , fled to the US ) . Demographics ( edit ) Mexico City , Mexico São Paulo , Brazil Historical populations Year Pop . ± % 1750 16,000,000 -- 1800 24,000,000 + 50.0 % 1850 38,000,000 + 58.3 % 1900 74,000,000 + 94.7 % 1950 167,000,000 + 125.7 % 1999 511,000,000 + 206.0 % 2013 603,191,486 + 18.0 % Source : `` UN report 2004 data '' ( PDF ) Main article : Latin Americans See also : Demographics of South America Largest cities ( edit ) The following is a list of the ten largest metropolitan areas in Latin America . City Country Metropolitan population ( 2017 ) Gross domestic product ( PPP , $ million ) ( USD , 2014 ) GDP per capita ( USD , 2014 ) 1 . Mexico City Mexico 23,655,355 $403,561 $19,239 2 . São Paulo Brazil 23,467,354 $430,510 $20,650 3 . Buenos Aires Argentina 15,564,354 $315,885 $23,606 4 . Rio de Janeiro Brazil 14,440,345 $176,630 $14,176 5 . Bogotá Colombia 9,900,800 $159,150 $17,497 6 . Lima Peru 9,752,000 $176,447 $16,530 7 . Santiago Chile 7,164,400 $171,436 $23,290 8 . Belo Horizonte Brazil 6,145,800 $95,686 $17,635 9 . Guadalajara Mexico 4,687,700 $80,656 $17,206 10 . Monterrey Mexico 4,344,200 $122,896 $28,290 Ethnic groups ( edit ) Main article : Ethnic groups in Latin America The Mexican mestizo population is the most diverse in Latin America , with people being either largely European or Amerindian rather than having a uniform admixture . The inhabitants of Latin America are of a variety of ancestries , ethnic groups , and races , making the region one of the most diverse in the world . The specific composition varies from country to country : some have a predominance of European - Amerindian or more commonly referred to as Mestizo or Castizo depending on the admixture , population ; in others , Amerindians are a majority ; some are dominated by inhabitants of European ancestry ; and some countries ' populations are primarily Mulatto . Various black , Asian and Zambo ( mixed black and Amerindian ) minorities are also identified regularly . People with European ancestry are the largest single group , and along with people of part - European ancestry , they combine to make up approximately 80 % of the population , or even more . According to Jon Aske : Before Hispanics became such a ' noticeable ' group in the U.S. , the distinction between black and white was the major racial division and according to the one - drop rule adhered to by the culture at large , one drop of African ancestry usually meant that the person was Black ... The notion of racial continuum and a separation of race ( or skin color ) and ethnicity , on the other hand , is the norm in most of Latin America . In the Spanish and Portuguese empires , racial mixing or miscegenation was the norm and something that the Spanish and Portuguese had grown rather accustomed to during the hundreds of years of contact with Arabs and North Africans in the Iberian peninsula . But , demographics may have made this inevitable as well . Thus , for example , of the approximately 13.5 million people who lived in the Spanish colonies in 1800 before independence only about one fifth were white . This contrasts with the U.S. , where more than four fifths were whites ( out of a population of 5.3 million in 1801 , 900,000 were slaves , plus approximately 60,000 free blacks ) ... The fact of the recognition of a racial continuum in Hispanic American ( sic ) does not mean that there was n't discrimination , which there was , or that there was n't an obsession with race , or ' castes ' , as they were sometimes called ... In areas with large indigenous Amerindian populations , a racial mixture resulted , which is known in Spanish as mestizos ... who are a majority in Mexico , Central America and most of South America . Similarly , when African slaves were brought to the Caribbean region and Brazil , where there was very little indigenous presence left , unions between them and Spanish produced a population of mixed mulatos ... who are a majority of the population in many of those Spanish - speaking Caribbean basin countries ( Cuba , Dominican Republic , Puerto Rico , Colombia , and Venezuela ) . Aske has also written that : Spanish colonization was rather different from later English , or British , colonization of North America . They had different systems of colonization and different methods of subjugation . While the English were primarily interested in grabbing land , the Spanish in addition had a mandate to incorporate the land 's inhabitants into their society , something which was achieved by religious conversion and sexual unions which produced a new ' race ' of mestizos , a mixture of Europeans and indigenous peoples . mestizos ( sic ) form the majority of the population in Mexico , Central America , and much of South America . Racial mixing or miscegenation , after all , was something that the Spanish and Portuguese had been accustomed to during the hundreds of years of contact with Arabs and North Africans . Similarly , later on , when African slaves were introduced into the Caribbean basin region , unions between them and Spaniards produced a population of mulatos , who are a majority of the population in the Caribbean islands ( the Antilles ) ( Cuba , Dominican Republic , Puerto Rico ) , as well as other areas of the Caribbean region ( Colombia , Venezuela and parts of the Central American Caribbean coast ) . mestizos ( sic ) and mulatos may not have always have been first class citizens in their countries , but they were never disowned in the way the outcomes of unions of Europeans and Native Americans were in the British colonies , where interracial marriages were taboo and one drop of Black or Amerindian blood was enough to make the person ' impure ' . In his famous 1962 book The Rise of the West , William Hardy McNeill wrote that : Racially mixed societies arose in most of Spanish and Portuguese America , compounded in varying proportions from European , Indian , and Negro strands . Fairly frequent resort to manumission mitigated the hardships of slavery in those areas ; and the Catholic church positively encouraged marriages between white immigrants and Indian women as a remedy for sexual immorality . However , in the southern English colonies and in most of the Caribbean islands , the importation of Negro slaves created a much more sharply polarized biracial society . Strong race feeling and the servile status of nearly all Negroes interdicted intermarriage , practically if not legally . Such discrimination did not prevent interbreeding ; but children of mixed parentage were assigned to the status of their mothers . Mulattoes and Indian half - breeds were thereby excluded from the white community . In Spanish ( and , with some differences , Portuguese ) territories a more elaborate and less oppressive principle of racial discrimination established itself . The handful of persons who had been born in the homelands claimed topmost social prestige ; next came those of purely European descent ; while beneath ranged the various racial blends to form a social pyramid whose numerous racial distinctions meant that no one barrier could become as ugly and inpenetrable as that dividing whites from Negroes in the English , Dutch , and French colonies . Language ( edit ) Linguistic map of Latin America . Spanish in green , Portuguese in orange , and French in blue . Spanish and Portuguese are the predominant languages of Latin America . Spanish is spoken as first language by about 60 % of the population , Portuguese is spoken by about 34 % of the population and about 6 % of the population speak other languages such as Quechua , Mayan languages , Guaraní , Aymara , Nahuatl , English , French , Dutch and Italian . Portuguese is spoken only in Brazil ( Brazilian Portuguese ) , the biggest and most populous country in the region . Spanish is the official language of most of the rest of the countries and territories on the Latin American mainland ( Spanish language in the Americas ) , as well as in Cuba , Puerto Rico ( where it is co-official with English ) , and the Dominican Republic . French is spoken in Haiti and in the French overseas departments of Guadeloupe , Martinique and Guiana , and the French overseas collectivity of Saint Pierre and Miquelon ; it is also spoken by some Panamanians of Afro - Antillean descent . Dutch is the official language in Suriname , Aruba , and the Netherlands Antilles . ( As Dutch is a Germanic language , these territories are not necessarily considered part of Latin America . ) Quechua , Guaraní , Aymara , Náhuatl , Lenguas Mayas , Mapudungun Amerindian languages are widely spoken in Peru , Guatemala , Bolivia , Paraguay and Mexico , and to a lesser degree , in Panama , Ecuador , Brazil , Colombia , Venezuela , Argentina , and Chile amongst other countries . In Latin American countries not named above , the population of speakers of indigenous languages tend to be very small or even non-existent ( e.g. Uruguay ) . Mexico is possibly the only country that contains a wider variety of indigenous languages than any Latin American country , but the most spoken language is Nahuatl . In Peru , Quechua is an official language , alongside Spanish and any other indigenous language in the areas where they predominate . In Ecuador , while holding no official status , the closely related Quichua is a recognized language of the indigenous people under the country 's constitution ; however , it is only spoken by a few groups in the country 's highlands . In Bolivia , Aymara , Quechua and Guaraní hold official status alongside Spanish . Guaraní , along with Spanish , is an official language of Paraguay , and is spoken by a majority of the population ( who are , for the most part , bilingual ) , and it is co-official with Spanish in the Argentine province of Corrientes . In Nicaragua , Spanish is the official language , but on the country 's Caribbean coast English and indigenous languages such as Miskito , Sumo , and Rama also hold official status . Colombia recognizes all indigenous languages spoken within its territory as official , though fewer than 1 % of its population are native speakers of these languages . Nahuatl is one of the 62 native languages spoken by indigenous people in Mexico , which are officially recognized by the government as `` national languages '' along with Spanish . Other European languages spoken in Latin America include : English , by some groups in Puerto Rico , as well as in nearby countries that may or may not be considered Latin American , like Belize and Guyana ; German , in southern Brazil , southern Chile , portions of Argentina , Venezuela and Paraguay ; Italian , in Brazil , Argentina , Venezuela , and Uruguay ; Ukrainian , Polish and Russian in southern Brazil , and Welsh , in southern Argentina . Yiddish and Hebrew are possible to be heard around Buenos Aires and São Paulo especially . Non-European or Asian languages include Japanese in Brazil and Peru , Korean in Brazil , Arabic in Argentina , Brazil , Colombia , Venezuela and Chile and Chinese throughout South America . In several nations , especially in the Caribbean region , creole languages are spoken . The most widely spoken creole language in Latin America and the Caribbean is Haitian Creole , the predominant language of Haiti ; it is derived primarily from French and certain West African tongues with Amerindian , English , Portuguese and Spanish influences as well . Creole languages of mainland Latin America , similarly , are derived from European languages and various African tongues . The Garifuna language is spoken along the Caribbean coast in Honduras , Guatemala , Nicaragua and Belize mostly by the Garifuna people a mixed race Zambo people who were the result of mixing between Indigenous Caribbeans and escaped Black slaves . Primarily an Arawakan language , it has influences from Caribbean and European languages . Archaeologists have deciphered over 15 pre-Columbian distinct writing systems from mesoamerican societies . the ancient Maya had the most sophisticated textually written language , but since texts were largely confined to the religious and administrative elite , traditions were passed down orally . oral traditions also prevailed in other major indigenous groups including , but not limited to the Aztecs and other Nahuatl speakers , Quechua and Aymara of the Andean regions , the Quiché of Central America , the Tupi - Guaraní in today 's Brazil , the Guaraní in Paraguay and the Mapuche in Chile . Religion ( edit ) Main article : Religion in Latin America Basilica of Our Lady of the Angels located in Cartago , Costa Rica The vast majority of Latin Americans are Christians ( 90 % ) , mostly Roman Catholics belonging to the Latin Church . About 70 % of the Latin American population consider themselves Catholic . According to the detailed Pew multi-country survey in 2014 , 69 % of the Latin American population is Catholic and 19 % is Protestant . Protestants are 26 % in Brazil and over 40 % in much of Central America . More than half of these are converts from Roman Catholicism . Migration ( edit ) Due to economic , social and security developments that are affecting the region in recent decades , the focus is now the change from net immigration to net emigration . About 10 million Mexicans live in the United States . 31.7 million Americans listed their ancestry as Mexican as of 2010 , or roughly 10 % of the population . According to the 2005 Colombian census or DANE , about 3,331,107 Colombians currently live abroad . The number of Brazilians living overseas is estimated at about 2 million people . An estimated 1.5 to two million Salvadorans reside in the United States . At least 1.5 million Ecuadorians have gone abroad , mainly to the United States and Spain . Approximately 1.5 million Dominicans live abroad , mostly in the United States . More than 1.3 million Cubans live abroad , most of them in the United States . It is estimated that over 800,000 Chileans live abroad , mainly in Argentina , the United States , Canada , Australia and Sweden . An estimated 700,000 Bolivians were living in Argentina as of 2006 and another 33,000 in the United States . Central Americans living abroad in 2005 were 3,314,300 , of which 1,128,701 were Salvadorans , 685,713 were Guatemalans , 683,520 were Nicaraguans , 414,955 were Hondurans , 215,240 were Panamanians and 127,061 were Costa Ricans . For the period 2000 -- 2005 , Chile , Costa Rica , Panama , and Venezuela were the only countries with global positive migration rates , in terms of their yearly averages . As a result of the 2010 Haiti Earthquake and its social and economic impact , there was a significant migration of Haitians to other Latin American countries . During the presidency of Hugo Chávez and his successor Nicolás Maduro , over 1.5 million people fled Venezuela in what was called the `` Bolivarian diaspora '' as socioeconomic conditions and the quality of life worsened . Education ( edit ) See also : Education in Latin America World map indicating literacy rate by country in 2015 ( 2015 CIA World Factbook ) . Grey = no data . Despite significant progress , education access and school completion remains unequal in Latin America . The region has made great progress in educational coverage ; almost all children attend primary school and access to secondary education has increased considerably . Quality issues such as poor teaching methods , lack of appropriate equipment and overcrowding exist throughout the region . These issues lead to adolescents dropping out of the educational system early . Most educational systems in the region have implemented various types of administrative and institutional reforms that have enabled reach for places and communities that had no access to education services in the early 1990s . Compared to prior generations , Latin American youth have seen an increase in their levels of education . On average , they have completed two years schooling more than their parents . However , there are still 23 million children in the region between the ages of 4 and 17 outside of the formal education system . Estimates indicate that 30 % of preschool age children ( ages 4 -- 5 ) do not attend school , and for the most vulnerable populations , the poor and rural , this calculation exceeds 40 percent . Among primary school age children ( ages 6 to 12 ) , coverage is almost universal ; however there is still a need to incorporate 5 million children in the primary education system . These children live mostly in remote areas , are indigenous or Afro - descendants and live in extreme poverty . Among people between the ages of 13 and 17 years , only 80 % are full - time students in the education system ; among them only 66 % advance to secondary school . These percentages are lower among vulnerable population groups : only 75 % of the poorest youth between the ages of 13 and 17 years attend school . Tertiary education has the lowest coverage , with only 70 % of people between the ages of 18 and 25 years outside of the education system . Currently , more than half of low income children or living in rural areas fail to complete nine years of education . Crime and violence ( edit ) Main article : Crime and violence in Latin America Latin America and the Caribbean have been cited by numerous sources to be the most dangerous regions in the world . Studies have shown that Latin America contains the majority of the world 's most dangerous cities . Many analysts attribute the reason to why the region has such an alarming crime rate and criminal culture is largely due to social and income inequality within the region , they say that growing social inequality is fueling crime in the region . Many agree that the prison crisis will not be resolved until the gap between the rich and the poor is addressed . 2012 map of countries by homicide rate . As of 2015 , the Latin American countries with the highest rates were El Salvador ( 108.64 per 100,000 people ) , Honduras ( 63.75 ) and Venezuela ( 57.15 ) . The countries with the lowest rates were Chile ( 3.59 ) , Cuba ( 4.72 ) and Argentina ( 6.53 ) . Crime and violence prevention and public security are now important issues for governments and citizens in Latin America and the Caribbean region . Homicide rates in Latin America are the highest in the world . From the early 1980s through the mid-1990s , homicide rates increased by 50 percent . The major victims of such homicides are young men , 69 percent of whom are between the ages of 15 and 19 years old . Countries with the highest homicide rate per year per 100,000 inhabitants as of 2015 were : El Salvador 109 , Honduras 64 , Venezuela 57 , Jamaica 43 , Belize 34.4 , St. Kitts and Nevis 34 , Guatemala 34 , Trinidad & Tobago 31 , the Bahamas 30 , Brazil 26.7 , Colombia 26.5 , the Dominican Republic 22 , St. Lucia 22 , Guyana 19 , Mexico 16 , Puerto Rico 16 , Ecuador 13 , Grenada 13 , Costa Rica 12 , Bolivia 12 , Nicaragua 12 , Panama 11 , Antigua and Barbuda 11 , and Haiti 10 . Most of the top countries with the highest homicide rates are in Africa and Latin America . Countries in Central America , like El Salvador and Honduras , top the list of homicides in the world . Brazil has more overall homicides than any country in the world , at 50,108 , accounting for one in 10 globally . Crime - related violence in Latin America represents the most threat to public health , striking more victims than HIV / AIDS or other infectious diseases . Countries with lowest homicide rate per year per 100,000 inhabitants as of 2015 were : Chile 3 , Peru 7 , Argentina 7 , Uruguay 8 and Paraguay 9 . Economy ( edit ) Main article : Latin American economy Size ( edit ) According to Goldman Sachs ' BRICS review of emerging economies , by 2050 the largest economies in the world will be as follows : China , United States , India , Japan , Germany , United Kingdom , Brazil and Mexico . Brazil , São Paulo Mexico , Mexico City Argentina , Buenos Aires Chile , Santiago Peru , Lima Population and economy size for Latin American countries Country Population ( 2016 , millions ) 2015 GDP ( nominal ) in billions US $ 2015 GDP ( PPP ) in billions US $ Argentina 43.8 601.7 972.3 Bolivia 10.9 33.5 73.9 Brazil 207.7 1,799.6 3,207.9 Chile 17.9 240.0 424.3 Colombia 48.7 300.98 724.16 Costa Rica 4.9 51.6 74.1 Cuba 11.5 N / A N / A Dominican Republic 10.6 66.6 147.6 Ecuador 16.4 98.9 181.8 El Salvador 6.3 25.7 52.9 Guatemala 16.6 63.2 125.6 Haiti 10.8 8.8 19.0 Honduras 9.1 19.9 41.0 Mexico 127.5 1,161.0 2,220.1 Nicaragua 6.1 12.3 31.2 Panama 47.5 82.2 Paraguay 6.7 29.1 60.8 Peru 31.8 179.9 385.4 Uruguay 3.4 55.0 74.2 Venezuela 31.6 131.9 491.6 Total 577.8 N / A N / A Development ( edit ) Over the past two centuries , Latin America 's GDP per capita has fluctuated around world average . However , there is a substantial gap between Latin America and the western economies . Between 1820 and 2008 , this gap widened from 0.8 to 2.7 times . Since 1980 , Latin America also lost growth versus the world average . Many nations such as Asia joined others on a rapid economic growth path , but Latin America has grown at slower pace and its share of world output declined from 9.5 % in 1980 to 7.8 % in 2008 . Standard of living ( edit ) Latin America is the region with the highest levels of income inequality in the world . The following table lists all the countries in Latin America indicating a valuation of the country 's Human Development Index , GDP at purchasing power parity per capita , measurement of inequality through the Gini index , measurement of poverty through the Human Poverty Index , measurement of extreme poverty based on people living under 1.25 dollars a day , life expectancy , murder rates and a measurement of safety through the Global Peace Index . Green cells indicate the best performance in each category while red indicates the lowest . Social and economic indicators for Latin American countries Country HDI 2015 estimates GDP ( PPP ) 2015 per capita in US $ Real GDP 2015 growth % Income inequality ( 2015 ) Gini Extreme poverty ( 2011 ) < 1.25 US $ % Youth literacy 2015 % 2016 life expectancy Murder ( 2014 ) rate per 100,000 Peace ( 2016 ) GPI Argentina 0.827 20,170 2.6 43.6 0.9 99.2 78 6 1.957 Bolivia 0.662 6,421 4.1 46.6 14.0 99.4 69 12 2.038 Brazil 0.755 15,690 − 3.0 52.7 0.3 97.5 74 25 2.176 Chile 0.847 25,564 2.3 50.8 0.8 98.9 79 1.635 Colombia 0.720 13,794 2.5 52.2 8.2 98.2 76 28 2.764 Costa Rica 0.766 15,318 3.0 48.6 0.7 98.3 79 10 1.699 Cuba 0.769 N / A N / A N / A N / A 100.0 79 2.057 Dominican Republic 0.702 15,777 5.5 45.7 4.3 97.0 78 17 2.143 Ecuador 0.732 11,168 − 0.6 46.6 5.1 98.7 77 8 2.020 El Salvador 0.666 8,293 2.3 41.8 15.1 96.0 75 64 2.237 Guatemala 0.627 7,721 3.8 52.4 16.9 87.4 72 31 2.270 Haiti 0.483 1,794 2.5 59.2 54.9 72.3 64 10 2.066 Honduras 0.606 4,861 3.5 57.4 23.3 95.9 71 75 2.237 Mexico 0.756 18,335 2.3 48.1 8.4 98.5 77 16 2.557 Nicaragua 0.631 4,972 4.0 45.7 15.8 87.0 73 12 1.975 Panama 0.780 20,512 6.0 51.9 9.5 97.6 79 18 1.837 Paraguay 0.679 8,671 3.0 48.0 5.1 98.6 77 9 2.037 Peru 0.734 12,077 2.4 45.3 5.9 97.4 74 7 2.057 Uruguay 0.793 21,719 2.5 41.3 0.0 98.8 77 8 1.726 Venezuela 0.762 15,892 − 10.0 44.8 3.5 98.5 75 62 2.651 Environment ( edit ) Sumidero Canyon , located in Chiapas , Mexico . Glaucous macaw ( behind hyacinth macaw ) and other macaws . Macaws are long - tailed , often colourful New World parrots . Environmental indicators for Latin American countries Country Environmental performance ( 2012 ) EPI CO2 emissions ( 2009 ) ( tons of CO2 per capita ) Argentina 56.48 4.14 Bolivia 54.57 1.31 Brazil 60.90 1.74 Chile 55.34 3.84 Colombia 62.33 1.33 Costa Rica 69.03 1.37 Cuba 56.48 2.40 Dominican Republic 52.44 1.79 Ecuador 60.55 2.09 El Salvador 52.08 1.10 Guatemala 51.88 1.03 Haiti 41.15 0.24 Honduras 52.54 0.96 Mexico 49.11 3.72 Nicaragua 59.23 0.73 Panama 57.94 2.10 Paraguay 52.40 0.64 Peru 50.29 1.32 Uruguay 57.06 2.31 Venezuela 55.62 5.45 Inequality ( edit ) Main article : Wealth inequality in Latin America Wealth inequality in Latin America and the Caribbean remains a serious issue despite strong economic growth and improved social indicators over the past decade . A report released in 2013 by the UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs entitled Inequality Matters . Report of the World Social Situation , observed that : ' Declines in the wage share have been attributed to the impact of labour - saving technological change and to a general weakening of labour market regulations and institutions . Such declines are likely to affect individuals in the middle and bottom of the income distribution disproportionately , since they rely mostly on labour income . ' In addition , the report noted that ' highly - unequal land distribution has created social and political tensions and is a source of economic inefficiency , as small landholders frequently lack access to credit and other resources to increase productivity , while big owners may not have had enough incentive to do so . Trade blocs ( edit ) Native New World crops exchanged globally : maize , tomato , potato , vanilla , rubber , cacao , tobacco Rafael Correa , Evo Morales , Néstor Kirchner , Cristina Fernández , Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva , Nicanor Duarte , and Hugo Chávez at the signing of the founding charter of the Bank of the South The major trade blocs ( or agreements ) in the region are the Pacific Alliance and Mercosur . Minor blocs or trade agreements are the G3 Free Trade Agreement , the Dominican Republic -- Central America Free Trade Agreement ( DR - CAFTA ) , the Caribbean Community ( CARICOM ) and the Andean Community of Nations ( CAN ) . However , major reconfigurations are taking place along opposing approaches to integration and trade ; Venezuela has officially withdrawn from both the CAN and G3 and it has been formally admitted into the Mercosur ( pending ratification from the Paraguayan legislature ) . The president - elect of Ecuador has manifested his intentions of following the same path . This bloc nominally opposes any Free Trade Agreement ( FTA ) with the United States , although Uruguay has manifested its intention otherwise . Chile , Peru , Colombia and Mexico are the only four Latin American nations that have an FTA with the United States and Canada , both members of the North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ) . Tourism ( edit ) Aerial view of Cancún . Mexico is the most visited country in Latin America . Income from tourism is key to the economy of several Latin American countries . Mexico is the only Latin American country to be ranked in the top 10 worldwide in the number of tourist visits . It received by far the largest number of international tourists , with 35.1 million visitors in 2016 , followed by Brazil , with 6.6 million ; the Dominican Republic , with 6 million ; Chile , with 5.6 million ; Argentina , with 5.5 million ; Cuba with 4 million ; Puerto Rico with 3.7 million ; Peru with 3.7 million ; and Colombia , with 3.3 million . The World Tourism Organization reports the following destinations as the top six tourism earners for the year 2016 : Mexico , with US $19,571 million ; the Dominican Republic , with US $6,723 million ; Brazil , with US $6,024 million ; Colombia , with US $4,773 million ; Argentina , with US $4,687 million ; and Panama , with US $4,258 million . Places such as Cancún , Riviera Maya , Galápagos Islands , Punta Cana , Chichen Itza , Cartagena de Indias , Cabo San Lucas , Mexico City , Machu Picchu , Margarita Island , Acapulco , San Ignacio Miní , Santo Domingo , Buenos Aires , Salar de Uyuni , Rio de Janeiro , Punta del Este , Labadee , San Juan , São Paulo , La Habana , Panama City , Iguazú Falls , Puerto Vallarta , Poás Volcano National Park , Viña del Mar , Guanajuato City , Bogotá , Santa Marta , San Andrés , San Miguel de Allende , Lima , Guadalajara , Cuzco , Ponce and Perito Moreno Glacier are popular among international visitors in the region . Performance indicators for international tourism in Latin America Country International tourist arrivals ( 2016 ) ( 1000s ) International tourism receipts ( 2016 ) ( Millions of US $ ) Tourism receipts ( 2011 ) ( US $ per arrival ) Tourism receipts ( 2011 ) ( US $ per capita ) Tourism receipts ( 2003 ) ( as % of exports ) Tourism receipts ( 2003 ) ( as % of GDP ) Direct and indirect employment in tourism ( 2005 ) ( % ) Tourism competitiveness ( 2011 ) ( TTCI ) Argentina 5,559 4,687 945 133 7.4 1.8 9.1 4.20 Bolivia 882 * 687 31 9.4 2.2 7.6 3.35 Brazil 6,578 6,024 1,207 34 3.2 0.5 7.0 4.36 Chile 5,641 2,737 596 107 5.3 1.9 6.8 4.27 Colombia 3,317 4,773 873 45 6.6 1.4 5.9 3.94 Costa Rica 2,925 3,879 982 459 17.5 8.1 13.3 4.43 Cuba 3,968 2,907 872 194 N / A N / A N / A N / A Dominican Republic 5,959 6,723 1,011 440 36.2 18.8 19.8 3.99 Ecuador 1,418 1,444 734 58 6.3 1.5 7.4 3.79 El Salvador 1,434 829 351 67 12.9 3.4 6.8 3.68 Guatemala 1,585 1,550 1,102 94 16.0 2.6 6.0 3.82 Haiti 516 * 504 655 17 19.4 3.2 4.7 N / A Honduras 908 686 753 92 13.5 5.0 8.5 3.79 Mexico 35,113 19,571 507 105 5.7 1.6 14.2 4.43 Nicaragua 1,504 642 356 65 15.5 3.7 5.6 3.56 Panama 2,007 4,258 1,308 550 10.6 6.3 12.9 4.30 Paraguay 1,206 481 460 37 4.2 1.3 6.4 3.26 Peru 3,744 3,501 908 81 9.0 1.6 7.6 4.04 Uruguay 3,037 1,835 765 643 14.2 3.6 10.7 4.24 Venezuela 789 * 575 * 1,449 25 1.3 0.4 8.1 3.46 ( * ) Data for 2015 rather than 2016 , as the newest data is currently unavailable . Culture ( edit ) Main article : Latin American culture Roman Catholic Easter procession in Comayagua , Honduras Nicaraguan women wearing the Mestizaje costume , which is a traditional costume worn to dance the Mestizaje dance . The costume demonstrates the Spanish influence upon Nicaraguan clothing . Latin American culture is a mixture of many cultural expressions worldwide . It is the product of many diverse influences : Indigenous cultures of the people who inhabited the continent prior to European Colonization . Ancient and very advanced civilizations developed their own political , social and religious systems . The Mayas , the Aztecs and the Incas are examples of these . Indigenous legacies in music , dance , foods , arts and crafts , clothing , folk culture and traditions are very strong in Latin America . Linguistic effects on Spanish and Portuguese are also marked , such as in terms like pampa , taco , tamale , cacique . Western civilization , in particular the culture of Europe , was brought mainly by the colonial powers -- the Spanish , Portuguese and French -- between the 16th and 19th centuries . The most enduring European colonial influence is language and Roman Catholicism . More recently , additional cultural influences came from the United States and Europe during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries , due to the growing influence of the former on the world stage and immigration from the latter . The influence of the United States is particularly strong in northern Latin America , especially Puerto Rico , which is an American territory . Prior to 1959 , Cuba , who fought for its independence along American soldiers in the Spanish -- American War , was also known to have a close socioeconomic relation with the United States . In addition , the United States also helped Panama become an independent state from Colombia and built the twenty - mile - long Panama Canal Zone in Panama which held from 1903 ( the Panama Canal opened to transoceanic freight traffic in 1914 ) to 1999 , when the Torrijos - Carter Treaties restored Panamanian control of the Canal Zone . South America experienced waves of immigration of Europeans , especially Italians , Spaniards , Portuguese , Germans , Austrians , Poles , Ukrainians , French , Dutch , Russians , Croatians , Lithuanians and Ashkenazi Jews . With the end of colonialism , French culture was also able to exert a direct influence in Latin America , especially in the realms of high culture , science and medicine . This can be seen in any expression of the region 's artistic traditions , including painting , literature and music , and in the realms of science and politics . Due to the impact of Enlightenment ideals after the French revolution , a certain number of Iberian - American countries decriminalized homosexuality after France and French territories in the Americas in 1791 . Some of the countries that abolished sodomy laws or banned any reference to state interference in consensual adult sexuality in the 19th century were Dominican Republic ( 1822 ) , Brazil ( 1824 ) , Peru ( 1836 ) , Mexico ( 1871 ) , Paraguay ( 1880 ) , Argentina ( 1887 ) , Honduras ( 1899 ) , Guatemala and El Salvador . Today gay marriage is legal in Argentina , Brazil , Colombia , Uruguay , and French overseas departments , as well as in some states of Mexico . Civil unions can be held in Ecuador , Chile and one administrative region of Venezuela . African cultures , whose presence derives from a long history of New World slavery . Peoples of African descent have influenced the ethno - scapes of Latin America and the Caribbean . This is manifested for instance in music , dance and religion , especially in countries like Brazil , Uruguay , Honduras , Puerto Rico , Venezuela , Colombia , Panama , Haiti , Costa Rica , Dominican Republic , and Cuba . Asian cultures , whose part of the presence derives from the long history of the Coolie trade mostly arriving during the 19th and 20th centuries , and most commonly Chinese workers in Peru and Venezuela . But also from Japanese and Korean immigration especially headed to Brazil . This has largely effected the cuisine , traditions including literature , art and lifestyles and politics . The effects of Asian influences have especially and mostly effected the nations of The Dominican Republic , Brazil , Cuba , Panama and Peru . Art ( edit ) Main article : Latin American art See also : List of Latin American artists Diego Rivera 's mural depicting Mexico 's history at the National Palace in Mexico City Beyond the rich tradition of indigenous art , the development of Latin American visual art owed much to the influence of Spanish , Portuguese and French Baroque painting , which in turn often followed the trends of the Italian Masters . In general , this artistic Eurocentrism began to fade in the early twentieth century , as Latin Americans began to acknowledge the uniqueness of their condition and started to follow their own path . Mural by Santiago Martinez Delgado in the Colombian Congress From the early twentieth century , the art of Latin America was greatly inspired by the Constructivist Movement . The Movement quickly spread from Russia to Europe and then into Latin America . Joaquín Torres García and Manuel Rendón have been credited with bringing the Constructivist Movement into Latin America from Europe . An important artistic movement generated in Latin America is muralism represented by Diego Rivera , David Alfaro Siqueiros , José Clemente Orozco and Rufino Tamayo in Mexico , Santiago Martinez Delgado and Pedro Nel Gómez in Colombia and Antonio Berni in Argentina . Some of the most impressive Muralista works can be found in Mexico , Colombia , New York City , San Francisco , Los Angeles and Philadelphia . Painter Frida Kahlo , one of the most famous Mexican artists , painted about her own life and the Mexican culture in a style combining Realism , Symbolism and Surrealism . Kahlo 's work commands the highest selling price of all Latin American paintings . The Venezuelan Armando Reverón , whose work begins to be recognized internationally , is one of the most important artists of the 20th century in South America ; he is a precursor of Arte Povera and Happening . From the 60s the kinetic art emerges in Venezuela , its main representatives are Jesús Soto , Carlos Cruz - Diez , Alejandro Otero and Gego . Colombian sculptor and painter Fernando Botero is also widely known by his works which , on first examination , are noted for their exaggerated proportions and the corpulence of the human and animal figures . Film ( edit ) Main article : Latin American cinema The Guadalajara International Film Festival is considered the most prestigious film festival in Latin America . In 2015 , Alejandro González Iñárritu became the second Mexican director in a row to win both the Academy Award and the Directors Guild of America Award for Best Director . He won his second Oscar in 2016 for The Revenant . Latin American film is both rich and diverse . Historically , the main centers of production have been Mexico , Argentina , Brazil , and Cuba . Latin American film flourished after sound was introduced in cinema , which added a linguistic barrier to the export of Hollywood film south of the border . Mexican cinema started out in the silent era from 1896 to 1929 and flourished in the Golden Era of the 1940s . It boasted a huge industry comparable to Hollywood at the time with stars such as María Félix , Dolores del Río , and Pedro Infante . In the 1970s , Mexico was the location for many cult horror and action movies . More recently , films such as Amores Perros ( 2000 ) and Y tu mamá también ( 2001 ) enjoyed box office and critical acclaim and propelled Alfonso Cuarón and Alejandro González Iñárritu to the front rank of Hollywood directors . Alejandro González Iñárritu directed in 2010 Biutiful and Birdman ( 2014 ) , Alfonso Cuarón directed Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban in 2004 and Gravity ( 2013 ) . Close friend of both , Guillermo del Toro , a top rank Hollywood director in Hollywood and Spain , directed Pan 's Labyrinth ( 2006 ) and produced El Orfanato ( 2007 ) . Carlos Carrera ( The Crime of Father Amaro ) , and screenwriter Guillermo Arriaga are also some of the most known present - day Mexican film makers . Rudo y Cursi released in December ( 2008 ) in Mexico was directed by Carlos Cuarón . President Cristina Fernández with the film director Juan José Campanella and the cast of The Secret in Their Eyes ( 2009 ) with the Oscar for Best Foreign Language Film Argentine cinema has also been prominenent since the first half of the 20th century and today averages over 60 full - length titles yearly . The industry suffered during the 1976 -- 1983 military dictatorship ; but re-emerged to produce the Academy Award winner The Official Story in 1985 . A wave of imported U.S. films again damaged the industry in the early 1990s , though it soon recovered , thriving even during the Argentine economic crisis around 2001 . Many Argentine movies produced during recent years have been internationally acclaimed , including Nueve reinas ( 2000 ) , Son of the Bride ( 2001 ) , El abrazo partido ( 2004 ) , El otro ( 2007 ) , the 2010 Foreign Language Academy Award winner El secreto de sus ojos and Wild Tales ( 2014 ) . In Brazil , the Cinema Novo movement created a particular way of making movies with critical and intellectual screenplays , a clearer photography related to the light of the outdoors in a tropical landscape , and a political message . The modern Brazilian film industry has become more profitable inside the country , and some of its productions have received prizes and recognition in Europe and the United States , with movies such as Central do Brasil ( 1999 ) , Cidade de Deus ( 2002 ) and Tropa de Elite ( 2007 ) . Puerto Rican cinema has produced some notable films , such as Una Aventura Llamada Menudo , Los Diaz de Doris and Casi Casi . An influx of Hollywood films affected the local film industry in Puerto Rico during the 1980s and 1990s , but several Puerto Rican films have been produced since and it has been recovering . Cuban cinema has enjoyed much official support since the Cuban revolution and important film - makers include Tomás Gutiérrez Alea . Literature ( edit ) Main article : Latin American literature See also : List of Latin American writers Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz in 1772 by Andrés de Islas Pre-Columbian cultures were primarily oral , though the Aztecs and Mayans , for instance , produced elaborate codices . Oral accounts of mythological and religious beliefs were also sometimes recorded after the arrival of European colonizers , as was the case with the Popol Vuh . Moreover , a tradition of oral narrative survives to this day , for instance among the Quechua - speaking population of Peru and the Quiché ( K'iche ' ) of Guatemala . From the very moment of Europe 's discovery of the continents , early explorers and conquistadores produced written accounts and crónicas of their experience -- such as Columbus 's letters or Bernal Díaz del Castillo 's description of the conquest of Mexico . During the colonial period , written culture was often in the hands of the church , within which context Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz wrote memorable poetry and philosophical essays . Towards the end of the 18th Century and the beginning of the 19th , a distinctive criollo literary tradition emerged , including the first novels such as Lizardi 's El Periquillo Sarniento ( 1816 ) . The 19th century was a period of `` foundational fictions '' ( in critic Doris Sommer 's words ) , novels in the Romantic or Naturalist traditions that attempted to establish a sense of national identity , and which often focussed on the indigenous question or the dichotomy of `` civilization or barbarism '' ( for which see , say , Domingo Sarmiento 's Facundo ( 1845 ) , Juan León Mera 's Cumandá ( 1879 ) , or Euclides da Cunha 's Os Sertões ( 1902 ) ) . The 19th century also witnessed the realist work of Machado de Assis , who made use of surreal devices of metaphor and playful narrative construction , much admired by critic Harold Bloom . At the turn of the 20th century , modernismo emerged , a poetic movement whose founding text was Nicaraguan poet Rubén Darío 's Azul ( 1888 ) . This was the first Latin American literary movement to influence literary culture outside of the region , and was also the first truly Latin American literature , in that national differences were no longer so much at issue . José Martí , for instance , though a Cuban patriot , also lived in Mexico and the United States and wrote for journals in Argentina and elsewhere . Chilean poet Gabriela Mistral , first Latin American to win a Nobel Prize in Literature , in 1945 Argentine Jorge Luis Borges in L'Hôtel , Paris in 1969 However , what really put Latin American literature on the global map was no doubt the literary boom of the 1960s and 1970s , distinguished by daring and experimental novels ( such as Julio Cortázar 's Rayuela ( 1963 ) ) that were frequently published in Spain and quickly translated into English . The Boom 's defining novel was Gabriel García Márquez 's Cien años de soledad ( 1967 ) , which led to the association of Latin American literature with magic realism , though other important writers of the period such as the Peruvian Mario Vargas Llosa and Carlos Fuentes do not fit so easily within this framework . Arguably , the Boom 's culmination was Augusto Roa Bastos 's monumental Yo , el supremo ( 1974 ) . In the wake of the Boom , influential precursors such as Juan Rulfo , Alejo Carpentier , and above all Jorge Luis Borges were also rediscovered . Contemporary literature in the region is vibrant and varied , ranging from the best - selling Paulo Coelho and Isabel Allende to the more avant - garde and critically acclaimed work of writers such as Diamela Eltit , Giannina Braschi , Ricardo Piglia , or Roberto Bolaño . There has also been considerable attention paid to the genre of testimonio , texts produced in collaboration with subaltern subjects such as Rigoberta Menchú . Finally , a new breed of chroniclers is represented by the more journalistic Carlos Monsiváis and Pedro Lemebel . The region boasts six Nobel Prize winners : in addition to the two Chilean poets Gabriela Mistral ( 1945 ) and Pablo Neruda ( 1971 ) , there is also the Guatemalan novelist Miguel Angel Asturias ( 1967 ) , the Colombian writer Gabriel García Márquez ( 1982 ) , the Mexican poet and essayist Octavio Paz ( 1990 ) , and the Peruvian novelist Mario Vargas Llosa ( 2010 ) . Music and dance ( edit ) See also : Music of Latin America , Latin pop , and Latin dance Salsa dancing in Cali , Colombia Latin America has produced many successful worldwide artists in terms of recorded global music sales . Among the most successful have been Juan Gabriel ( Mexico ) only Latin American musician to have sold over 200 million records worldwide , Gloria Estefan ( Cuba ) , Carlos Santana , Luis Miguel ( Mexico ) of whom have sold over 90 million records , Shakira ( Colombia ) and Vicente Fernández ( Mexico ) with over 50 million records sold worldwide . Enrique Iglesias , although not a Latin American , has also contributed for the success of Latin music . Other notable successful mainstream acts through the years , include RBD , Celia Cruz , Soda Stereo , Thalía , Ricky Martin , Maná , Marc Anthony , Ricardo Arjona , Selena , and Menudo . Caribbean Hispanic music , such as merengue , bachata , salsa , and more recently reggaeton , from such countries as the Dominican Republic , Puerto Rico , Trinidad and Tobago , Cuba , and Panama , has been strongly influenced by African rhythms and melodies . Haiti 's compas is a genre of music that is influenced by its Caribbean Hispanic counterparts , along with elements of jazz and modern sounds . Traditional Mexican dance Jarabe Tapatío Another well - known Latin American musical genre includes the Argentine and Uruguayan tango ( with Carlos Gardel as the greatest exponent ) , as well as the distinct nuevo tango , a fusion of tango , acoustic and electronic music popularized by bandoneón virtuoso Ástor Piazzolla . Samba , North American jazz , European classical music and choro combined to form bossa nova in Brazil , popularized by guitarist João Gilberto with singer Astrud Gilberto and pianist Antonio Carlos Jobim . Other influential Latin American sounds include the Antillean soca and calypso , the Honduras ( Garifuna ) punta , the Colombian cumbia and vallenato , the Chilean cueca , the Ecuadorian boleros , and rockoleras , the Mexican ranchera and the mariachi which is the epitome of Mexican soul , the Nicaraguan palo de Mayo , the Peruvian marinera and tondero , the Uruguayan candombe , the French Antillean zouk ( derived from Haitian compas ) and the various styles of music from pre-Columbian traditions that are widespread in the Andean region . Brazilian singer Carmen Miranda helped popularize samba internationally . The classical composer Heitor Villa - Lobos ( 1887 -- 1959 ) worked on the recording of native musical traditions within his homeland of Brazil . The traditions of his homeland heavily influenced his classical works . Also notable is the recent work of the Cuban Leo Brouwer and guitar work of the Venezuelan Antonio Lauro and the Paraguayan Agustín Barrios . Latin America has also produced world - class classical performers such as the Chilean pianist Claudio Arrau , Brazilian pianist Nelson Freire and the Argentine pianist and conductor Daniel Barenboim . Brazilian opera soprano Bidu Sayão , one of Brazil 's most famous musicians , was a leading artist of the Metropolitan Opera in New York City from 1937 to 1952 . A couple dances tango . Arguably , the main contribution to music entered through folklore , where the true soul of the Latin American and Caribbean countries is expressed . Musicians such as Yma Súmac , Chabuca Granda , Atahualpa Yupanqui , Violeta Parra , Víctor Jara , Jorge Cafrune , Facundo Cabral , Mercedes Sosa , Jorge Negrete , Luiz Gonzaga , Caetano Veloso , Susana Baca , Chavela Vargas , Simon Diaz , Julio Jaramillo , Toto la Momposina , Gilberto Gil , Maria Bethânia , Nana Caymmi , Nara Leão , Gal Costa , Ney Matogrosso as well as musical ensembles such as Inti Illimani and Los Kjarkas are magnificent examples of the heights that this soul can reach . Latin pop , including many forms of rock , is popular in Latin America today ( see Spanish language rock and roll ) . A few examples are Café Tacuba , Soda Stereo , Maná , Rita Lee , Mutantes , Secos e Molhados Legião Urbana , Titãs , Paralamas do Sucesso , Cazuza , Barão Vermelho , Skank , Miranda ! , Cansei de Ser Sexy or CSS , and Bajo Fondo . More recently , reggaeton , which blends Jamaican reggae and dancehall with Latin America genres such as bomba and plena , as well as hip hop , is becoming more popular , in spite of the controversy surrounding its lyrics , dance steps ( Perreo ) and music videos . It has become very popular among populations with a `` migrant culture '' influence -- both Latino populations in the United States , such as southern Florida and New York City , and parts of Latin America where migration to the United States is common , such as Trinidad and Tobago , Dominican Republic , Colombia , Ecuador , El Salvador , and Mexico . World Heritage Sites ( edit ) The following is a list of the ten countries with the most World Heritage Sites in Latin America . Country Natural sites Cultural sites Mixed sites Total sites 1 . Mexico 6 28 35 2 . Brazil 7 14 0 21 3 . Peru 8 12 4 . Argentina 5 6 0 11 5 . Cuba 7 0 9 6 . Colombia 6 0 8 7 . Bolivia 6 0 7 8 . Chile 0 6 0 6 9 . Panama 0 5 10 . Ecuador 0 5 See also ( edit ) Latin America portal North America portal Latin Americans ( Amerindians , Criollo , Afro - Latin American , Asian Latin American , Mestizos , Mulatto , White Latin American , Zambo ) Diaspora ( Latin American Australian , Latin American British , Latin American Canadian , Hispanic and Latino Americans , Hispanic , Latino ) List of Latin Americans Latin American studies Agroecology in Latin America Latin America and the League of Nations Romance - speaking world Latin Africa ( United States of Latin Africa ) Water supply and sanitation in Latin America Latin America and the Caribbean ( region ) Latin American integration Americas ( terminology ) -- Use of the word American Latin America -- United States relations Caribbean Association of Caribbean States Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States Central American Integration System Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : In the main Latin American languages : Spanish : América Latina Portuguese : América Latina French : Amérique Latine ^ Jump up to : Includes the population estimates for South American and Central American countries excluding Belize , Guyana , the United States , and Spanish and French speaking Caribbean countries and territories , as listed under `` Sub-regions and countries '' Jump up ^ Not including Anglophone or Dutch - speaking countries , such as Belize , Guyana , Jamaica , Suriname and Trinidad and Tobago ; see Contemporary definitions section References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` World Development Indicators : Rural environment and land use '' . World Development Indicators , The World Bank . World Bank . Retrieved September 12 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Population Prospects : The 2017 Revision '' . ESA.UN.org ( custom data acquired via website ) . United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs , Population Division . Retrieved 10 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Global Metro Monitor 2014 '' . Brookings Institution . Retrieved 22 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Geography Department at Loughborough University , The World According to GaWC 2012 , Table 4 ^ Jump up to : John A. Britton ( 2013 ) . Cables , Crises , and the Press : The Geopolitics of the New Information System in the Americas , 1866 - 1903 . pp. 16 -- 18 . Jump up ^ `` Miami : the Capital of Latin America '' . Time . December 2 , 1993 . ^ Jump up to : `` GDP Current and PPP estimates for 2014 '' . Imf.org. 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` GDP Current and PPP estimates for 2014 '' . Imf.org. 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Bilbao , Francisco . `` Francisco Bilbao , Iniciativa de la América . Idea de un Congreso Federal de las Repúblicas , París 22 junio 1856 '' . Retrieved 16 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Mignolo , Walter ( 2005 ) . The Idea of Latin America . Oxford : Wiley - Blackwell . pp. 77 -- 80 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4051 - 0086 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Michel Gobat , `` The Invention of Latin America : A Transnational History of Anti-Imperialism , Democracy , and Race , '' American Historical Review Vol. 118 , no . 3 ( December 2013 ) , pp. 1345 -- 1375 . Jump up ^ Leslie Bethell , `` Brazil and ' Latin America ' . '' Journal of Latin American Studies 42.3 ( 2010 ) : 457 - 485 . Jump up ^ Mauricio Tenorio - Trillo , Latin America : The Allure and Power of an Idea . Chicago : University of Chicago Press 2017 . Jump up ^ John Leddy Phelan , `` Pan-Latinism , French Intervention in Mexico ( 1861 -- 1867 ) and the Genesis of the Idea of Latin America , '' in Juan A. 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Further reading ( edit ) Ardao , Arturo . Génesis de la idea y nombre de América Latina . Caracas : Centro de Estudios Latinoamericanos Rómulo Gallegos , 1980 . Ayala Mora , Enrique . `` El origen del nombre América Latina y la tradición católica del siglo XIX . '' Anuario Colombiano de Historia Social y de la Cultura 40 , no . 1 ( 2013 ) , 213 -- 41 . Azevedo , Aroldo . O Brasil e suas regiões . São Paulo : Companhia Editora Nacional , 1971 . ( in Portuguese ) Enciclopédia Barsa . Volume 4 : Batráquio -- Camarão , Filipe . Rio de Janeiro : Encyclopædia Britannica do Brasil , 1987 . ( in Portuguese ) Bomfim , Manoel . A América latina : Males de origem . Rio de Janeiro : H. Garnier 1905 . Braudel , Fernand . `` Y a-t - il une Amérique latine ? '' Annales ESC 3 ( 1948 ) , 467 -- 71 . Castro - Gómez , Santiago . Crítica de la razón latinoamericana . Barcelona : Puvil Libros 1996 . Coatsworth , John H. , and Alan M. Taylor , eds . Latin America and the World Economy Since 1800 . Cambridge MA : Harvard University Press 1998 . Coelho , Marcos Amorim . Geografia do Brasil . 4th ed . São Paulo : Moderna , 1996 . ( in Portuguese ) Edwards , Sebastián . Left Behind : Latin America and the False Promise of Populism . University of Chicago Press , 2010 . Sebastian Edwards ; Gerardo Esquivel ; Graciela Márquez ( 15 February 2009 ) . The Decline of Latin American Economies : Growth , Institutions , and Crises . University of Chicago Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 18503 - 3 . Galeano , Eduardo . Open Veins of Latin America : Five Centuries of the Pillage of a Continent . 1973 Gobat , Michel , `` The Invention of Latin America : A Transnational History of Anti-Imperialism , Democracy , and Race , '' American Historical Review Vol. 118 , no . 3 ( December 2013 ) , pp. 1345 -- 1375 . Halperin Donghi , Tulio. ( 1970 ) . Historia contemporánea de América Latina ( 2 . ed . ) . Madrid : Alianza Editorial . Leonard , Thomas et al. ( 2010 ) . Encyclopedia of Latin America . Facts on File . ISBN 9780816073597 Mariátegui , José Carlos . Temas de nuestra América . Vol. 12 of Obras completas de Mariátegui . Lima : Biblioteca Amauta 1960 . Martínez Estrada , Ezequiel . Diferencias y semejanzas entre los países de América Latina . Mexico '' Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México 1962 . Maurer Queipo , Isabel ( ed . ) : `` Directory of World Cinema : Latin America '' , intellectbooks , Bristol 2013 , ISBN 9781841506180 McGinnes , Aims . `` Searching for ' Latin America ' : Race and Sovereignty in the Americas in the 1850s . '' In Race and Nation in Modern Latin America , edited by Nancy P. Appelbaum , Anne S. Macpherson , and Karin alejandra Rosemblatt . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press 2003 , pp , 87 -- 107 . Mignolo , Walter , The Idea of Latin America . Oxford : Wiley - Blackwell 2005 . Moraña , Mabel , Enrique Dussel , and Carlos A. Jáuregui , eds . Coloniality at Large : Latin America and the Postcolonial Debate . Durham : Duke University Press 2008 . Moreira , Igor A.G. O Espaço Geográfico , geografia geral e do Brasil. 18 . Ed . São Paulo : Ática , 1981 . ( in Portuguese ) Phelan , John Leddy. ( 1968 ) . Pan-latinisms , French Intervention in Mexico ( 1861 -- 1867 ) and the Genesis of the Idea of Latin America . Mexico City : Universidad Nacional Autonónoma de México 1968 . Vesentini , José William . Brasil , sociedade e espaço -- Geografia do Brasil . 7th Ed . São Paulo : Ática , 1988 . ( in Portuguese ) Tenenbaum , Barbara A. ed . Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture . 5 vols . New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons 1996 Tenorio - Trillo , Mauricio . Latin America : The Allure and Power of an Idea . Chicago : University of Chicago Press 2017 . Vasconcelos , José . Indología : Una interpretación de la cultura ibero - americana . Barcelona : Agencia Mundial de Librería 1927 . Werncek vianna , Luiz . A revolução passive : Iberismo e americanismo no Brasil . Rio de Janeiro : Editora Revan 1997 . Zea , Leopoldo . Filosofía de la historia americana . Mexico City : Fondo de Cultura Económico 1978 . Zea , Leopoldo , ed . Fuentes de la cultura latinoamericana. 2 vols . Mexico City : Fondo de Cultura Económica 1993 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to : Latin America ( category ) Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Latin America . IDB Education Initiative Latin American Network Information Center Latin America Data Base Washington Office on Latin America Council on Hemispheric Affairs Codigos De Barra Infolatam . 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who becomes badnaam for her darling according to the song in dabangg
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Malaika Arora as Munni in the item number `` Munni Badnaam Hui ''
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Malaika Arora
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Dabangg
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dabangg
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Dabangg ( English : Fearless ) is a 2010 Indian action film directed by Abhinav Kashyap , and produced by Arbaaz Khan under Arbaaz Khan Productions . Arbaaz 's elder brother Salman Khan stars in the lead role , with Sonakshi Sinha ( in her acting debut ) , Arbaaz Khan , Om Puri , Dimple Kapadia , Vinod Khanna , Anupam Kher , Mahesh Manjrekar and Mahie Gill featuring in supporting roles , while Sonu Sood plays the main antagonist . The film marks the debut of Arbaaz as a producer and Kashyap as a director . Malaika Arora appears in the item number `` Munni Badnaam Hui '' .
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Dabangg is set in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh , and tells the story of a corrupt but fearless police officer , Chulbul Pandey , and his troubled relationship with his stepfather and half - brother . Made with a budget of ₹ 300 million and marketed at ₹ 120 million , Dabangg was shot primarily in the town of Wai in Maharashtra , while other major scenes were shot in the United Arab Emirates . Dabangg was released during Eid on 10 September 2010 in nearly 2100 cinemas worldwide . It opened to generally positive reviews , and went on to gross ₹ 2.15 billion worldwide . It is the highest - grossing Bollywood film of 2010 and one among the highest grossing Bollywood film of all time . Dabangg has won several awards -- the National Film Award for Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment and six Filmfare Awards , including Best Film and Best Female Debut ( Sinha ) . It was later remade in Tamil as Osthe , and in Telugu as Gabbar Singh . A sequel , titled Dabangg 2 was released in 2012 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Casting 3.2 Filming 3.3 Pre-release 4 Soundtrack 5 Release 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Legal issues 5.3 Awards and nominations 6 Box office 6.1 Domestic 6.2 Overseas 7 Sequel and remakes 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) Chulbul Pandey , a young boy , lives with his younger half - brother , Makhanchan `` Makkhi '' Pandey , stepfather Prajapati Pandey ( Vinod Khanna ) and mother , Naina Devi ( Dimple Kapadia ) in Laalgunj , Uttar Pradesh . He has a troubled relationship with his stepfather and Makkhi . After 21 years , Chulbul ( Salman Khan ) becomes a policeman . Chulbul , who calls himself `` Robin Hood '' Pandey , lives with his family . Makkhi ( Arbaaz Khan ) is in love with Nirmala ( Mahi Gill ) , whose father Masterji ( Tinu Anand ) opposes the relationship . Chulbul falls in love with a girl named Rajjo ( Sonakshi Sinha ) , who he meets during a police encounter . A corrupt political leader named Chedi Singh ( Sonu Sood ) meets Chulbul and both quickly become enemies . Makkhi asks his father to arrange his marriage with Nirmala . His father refuses because he needs money to repay the loans he took to make his factory , and he believes that he can acquire money through his son marrying a rich girl . In desperate need of money , Makkhi steals from Chulbul 's cupboard and gives the stolen cash to Nirmala 's father , hoping that he will permit Makkhi to marry Nirmala . Meanwhile , Chulbul meets Rajjo and proposes marriage , which she rejects , as she has to take care of her father , Haria ( Mahesh Manjrekar ) -- a drunkard . Chulbul comes home to find his mother dead . He goes to his stepfather to make peace , as he is the only family left . His stepfather refuses and despises him as an outcast . Makkhi invites Chulbul to his marriage with Nirmala . Chulbul convinces Rajjo 's father to marry her . Rajjo 's father commits suicide , as he knows that his daughter will not marry anyone while he is alive . Chulbul takes Rajjo to Makkhi 's exuberant wedding . Realising that Makkhi has stolen his money to finance the wedding , Chulbul marries Rajjo in an impromptu ceremony . Nirmala 's father feels disgraced and cancels his daughter 's wedding . Makkhi beats up one of the workers in his factory due to a small mishap . The worker goes to the police station with his mother to file a complaint . Chulbul beats up Makkhi in public to disgrace him . Chedi takes advantage of the situation , and takes Makkhi along with his father to the police station . Makkhi 's father resolves the situation by accepting an apology from Chulbul . Chulbul meets Dayal Babu ( Anupam Kher ) , a local political leader , who also dislikes Chedi . With his help , Chulbul adulterates the breweries of Chedi , and wrongly frames him for it . To take revenge , Chedi burns Makkhi 's factory . Makkhi 's father suffers a heart attack due to shock and is hospitalised . Makkhi goes to Chedi seek help from him , without knowing that it was Chedi , who burnt his factory . Chedi agrees to finance his father 's treatment , if he delivers a crate of mangoes to Dayal Babu 's house . Unknown to Makkhi , there is a bomb inside the crate , which explodes after he leaves , killing Dayal Babu . Chedi gives Makkhi a task to kill Chulbul . Makkhi accepts , and confesses it to Chulbul . He reveals to Chulbul that Chedi made him plant the bomb unknowingly . Chulbul forgives him and reconciles with his stepfather . Makkhi then reveals to Chulbul that it was Chedi , who killed their mother . Enraged , Chulbul suffocates Chedi to death . Later , Chulbul gets Makkhi married to Nirmala in the presence of her father , while Rajjo reveals that she is pregnant . Cast ( edit ) Credits adapted from Bollywood Hungama . Salman Khan as Chulbul Pandey Sonakshi Sinha as Rajjo Arbaaz Khan as Makhanchand `` Makkhi '' Pandey Vinod Khanna as Prajapati Pandey , Chulbul 's step - father Dimple Kapadia as Naini Devi , Chulbul 's mother Sonu Sood as Chedi Singh Mahesh Manjrekar as Haria , Rajjo 's father Om Puri as Kasturilal Vishkarma , Chhedi Singh 's to be father - in - law Anupam Kher as Dayal Babu Mahi Gill as Nirmala Tinu Anand as Masterji , Nirmala 's father Malaika Arora as Munni in the item number `` Munni Badnaam Hui '' Murli Sharma as ACP Malik Ram Sujan Singh as Chaubeji Rajeev Sharma as Toluram Rastogi Amitosh Nagpal as Sumant Kumar Production ( edit ) Casting ( edit ) Salman Khan grew a moustache after consulting with his brother and prepared his hair to suit his role . For the former , he had to try out nearly fifty styles in a span of four months before commencement of the filming . Photo - shoots were held to finalise his look . Abhinav Kashyap , in an interview with Bollywood Hungama , revealed that initially he had considered a few others for the role of Chulbul Pandey , but eventually changed his mind and approached Salman . Kashyap had seen Arbaaz in Jaane Tu Ya Jaane Na , doing a cameo and approached him to be a part of the project . After reading it , he had instantly accepted to produce and star in it . Sonu Sood was selected for playing the lead antagonist . He revealed that his character was that of a `` youth leader with grey shades . '' Mahesh Manjrekar was later approached to play the father of Sinha 's character , although he had plans to quit acting . In April 2009 , Sonakshi Sinha signed for her debut role . Salman had seen her at a function engaging in dancing and offered her the role . Speaking about it , she said that she had lost a weight of 30 kg over two years to prepare for her character of a village girl by `` a combination of proper diet and vigorous exercise '' . She added that she had been `` observing people and trying to pick up nuances '' as a step of further preparation . Malaika Arora , who had performed a few item numbers in her career , most notably in Dil Se ... , was confirmed to do the same in the film . This was the first of its kind in her home production . Filming ( edit ) Dabangg 's shooting took place primarily in Wai and the United Arab Emirates . The shooting commenced in September 2009 . Production designer Wasiq Khan drew over 100 sketches detailing out every set in the film . The cinematography was performed by Mahesh Limaye . The first schedule began in the town of Wai and continued for 45 days , during which Sonu Sood , the main antagonist fractured his nose . A schedule , primarily involving a song shoot , was captured in the Khalid Bin Al Waheed station in Dubai , making Dabangg the first film to be shot there . Some scenes were also filmed at the Emirates Palace hotel in Abu Dhabi . The film , involving around five action sequences , was choreographed by S. Vijayan , who previously served as the stunt director of Wanted , and shot over 60 days . Later , special effects were incorporated into those scenes . The songs were choreographed by Raju Khan and Shabina Khan , while Farah Khan choreographed the item number , `` Munni Badnaam Hui '' . The shooting was completed in early June 2010 , and the film went into post-production . A party was held to commemorate the completion of the shooting and the success of the theatrical promo . It was attended by the main cast and crew . Pre-release ( edit ) Dabangg 's theatrical trailer , running for about two and a half minutes , was released on 23 July 2010 , alongside Priyadarshan 's Khatta Meetha . Dabangg was described as one of the most anticipated films of the year by The Indian Express . It was reported to have broken pre-release records for hype by Cinematix , a filming awareness product originated by Ormax Media . A special screening of the film took place at Film City on 6 September 2010 . The premiere of Dabangg was held in Mumbai on 9 September 2010 . Soundtrack ( edit ) Dabangg Soundtrack album by Sajid - Wajid Released 6 August 2010 ( 2010 - 08 - 06 ) Genre Film soundtrack Length 47 : 43 Label T - Series Sajid - Wajid chronology Veer ( 2010 ) Veer 2010 Dabangg ( 2010 ) No Problem ( 2010 ) No Problem 2010 The soundtrack album was composed by the music director duo Sajid - Wajid and Lalit Pandit , while the lyrics were penned by Faiz Anwar , Lalit Pandit and Jalees Sherwani . Lalit Pandit wrote the song `` Munni Badnaam Hui '' . The album was launched on 6 August 2010 in Delhi . The album contains five original songs , four remixes and one theme song . The audio rights of Dabangg were sold for about ₹ 90 million ( US $1.4 million ) to T - Series . The track `` Munni Badnaam Hui '' is said to be inspired by an old Bhojpuri folk song `` Launda Badnaam Hua Naseeban Tere Liye '' . Director Abhinav Kashyap accepted using the folk song saying that he , being from Uttar Pradesh , was familiar with the song since childhood so he suggested the very song to be improvised and rephrased to fit the film 's requirement . It was alleged that it was inspired from the Pakistani song `` Ladka Badnaam Hua '' from the film Mr. Charlie ( 1992 ) . Dabangg 's soundtrack received generally positive reviews from music critics . Joginder Tuteja of Bollywood Hungama gave the album 3 stars and said , `` ( it ) delivers what it promised . One expected a masala soundtrack and this is what one gets with a couple of item song sequences , a couple of theme tracks and two love songs which are actually the highlight of the film . A soundtrack that has something in store for mass as well as class . '' Atta Khan of Planet Bollywood gave it a rating of 6 out of 10 , and called the soundtrack `` simple , catchy , easy on the ears and fun '' . In a 3 - star rating , critic Devesh Sharma of Filmfare praised Sajid - Wajid 's composition , and the track `` Chori Kiya Re Jiya '' , calling it `` ( pleasure ) to the ears '' . The album performed well on the charts after its release . The tracks `` Tere Mast Mast Do Nain '' and `` Munni Badnaam '' were successful , and entered the list of top 20 most frequently played songs on radio in India . In August 2010 , the track `` Tere Mast Mast Do Nain '' reached number - one on the Official Asian Download Chart in the United Kingdom based on legal downloads in that country . Track list No . Title Lyrics Singer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Tere Mast Mast Do Nain '' Faiz Anwar Rahat Fateh Ali Khan 5 : 59 2 . `` Munni Badnaam Hui '' Lalit Pandit Mamta Sharma , Aishwarya Nigam , Master Saleem 5 : 07 3 . `` Chori Kiya Re Jiya '' Jalees Sherwani Sonu Nigam , Shreya Ghoshal 4 : 48 4 . `` Hud Hud Dabangg '' Jalees Sherwani Sukhwinder Singh , Wajid 4 : 13 5 . `` Humka Peeni Hai '' Jalees Sherwani Wajid , Master Saleem , Shabab Sabri 5 : 15 6 . `` Tere Mast Mast Do Nain -- Part 2 '' Faiz Anwar Rahat Fateh Ali Khan , Shreya Ghoshal 5 : 59 7 . `` Munni Badnaam Hui -- Remix '' Lalit Pandit Mamta Sharma , Aishwarya Nigam 4 : 05 8 . `` Tere Mast Mast Do Nain -- Remix '' Faiz Anwar Rahat Fateh Ali Khan 5 : 02 9 . `` Humka Peeni Hai -- Remix '' Jalees Sherwani Wajid , Master Saleem , Shabab Sabri 4 : 27 10 . `` Dabangg -- Theme '' Salman Khan 2 : 48 Total length : 47 : 43 Release ( edit ) Dabangg released worldwide on 10 September 2010 . It opened up across 1,800 screens in India and around 300 screens overseas . The film was released in 2300 theatres worldwide . It was also screened in Norway at an international film festival . The film 's DVDs and VCDs were launched by the Reliance Big Home Video on 12 October 2010 . It was released on YouTube on 28 January 2011 for free viewing to audiences in India . The satellite rights were pre-sold for ₹ 100 million ( US $1.6 million ) to Colors . Critical response ( edit ) `` For anybody who wants to know what is the on - screen definition of Bollywood , Dabangg is truly text book fare . It 's loud , crazy , zany , exaggerated , larger - than - life , almost nonsensical , totally make - believe , comic book like , complete kitsch , generously peppered with the mandatory desi tadka ( garnishing ) of songs and dances that keep popping out of nowhere and is literally oozing with star charisma . '' -- Nikhat Kazmi , while reviewing the film . The film generally received positive reviews from critics , most of whom praised the performance of Salman Khan . In a 4 - star review for Koimoi , Komal Nahta ensured that the film would be a commercial success . Kaveree Bamzai of India Today gave the film four stars while labelling it as `` one Zandu Balm of a movie . '' Film critic Aniruddha Guha of Daily News and Analysis called the film `` slightly mad , and terribly entertaining . '' Mathures Paul of The Statesman gave the film 3.5 stars and commented , `` Dabangg aligns itself with viewers frustrated by the nonexistence of uncomplicated heroism on screen . '' In a 3 - star review for Rediff.com , Abhishek Mande stated `` Dabangg is not a movie for non-Salman fans . But for those who worship him it 's a film you simply can not afford to miss . '' Anupama Chopra of NDTV and Sukanya Venkatgarhavan of Filmfare gave it 3 stars , and both praised Khan 's performance . Gaurav Malani of Indiatimes was critical towards the film 's story , remarking `` the film does n't care a damn for coming up with any innovative storyline . '' Rajeev Masand of CNN - IBN panned the film 's screenplay , but praised Khan 's performance . Shobhaa De of the Bangalore Times was critical , concluding `` Let 's hand it to Salman who has pulled off the stunts and pelvic thrusts . Nothing new there . But it is the naughty self - parodying , which is so camp , so out there , which delivers the biggest punch . What 's left for this guy now -- all he needs is a cape . And he can call himself Superman . '' Legal issues ( edit ) `` Munni Badnaam Hui '' included a brand name ' Zandu Balm ' in its lyrics , much to the displeasure of Emami -- the makers of the brand . A trademark case was settled by the producers and Emami out of court , and Malaika Arora was later chosen to an official advertising campaign promoting Zandu Balm . Activist Rajkumar Tak filed a case in the Bombay High Court , demanding that the deletion of the word `` Hindustan '' from the song , claiming that the censor board had not responded to his queries in regard to the `` defaming '' lyrics . He found them `` highly objectionable '' and `` unpardonable '' and labelled the song a `` mockery '' for the country , as a girl was `` indecently '' dancing in the presence of corrupted officers , which , according to him , threw bad light on the nation and `` hurt the patriotic sentiments of every Indian '' . Before release , critic and writer Shobhaa De called for a boycott of Dabangg , due to Salman 's comments on the 2008 Mumbai attacks . She criticised it as `` arrogance , ignorance and plain stupidity . '' This sparked off a fight with the producers via Twitter , and continued after her negative review of the film . Anurag Kashyap , brother of Abhinav Kashyap , tweeted `` Salman khan thinks he made my brother 's life ... Hope he can do the same for his brother Arbaaz with Dabangg 2 . '' This was taken as `` slamming '' Salman and resulted in Arbaaz retorting back by referring to the comment as `` attitude '' instead of `` gratitude '' . However , Anurag later apologised for his remarks , which Arbaaz accepted . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Main article : List of accolades received by Dabangg Dabangg received accolades in major film award functions in India . Among them , it won the National Film Award for Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment . It was given six awards at the 56th Filmfare Awards , including one for Best Film , seven Screen Awards , nine Zee Cine Awards , and ten IIFA Awards . Box Office ( edit ) Domestic ( edit ) Dabangg opened to ₹ 145 million ( US $2.3 million ) nett collections in its first day , and became the highest opener of all time across India . On the second day , it netted ₹ 165 million ( US $2.6 million ) . At the end of its weekend , the film collected the total of ₹ 495 million ( US $7.7 million ) . The film netted ₹ 106 million ( US $1.7 million ) on Monday , ₹ 86 million ( US $1.3 million ) on Tuesday , ₹ 70 million ( US $1.1 million ) on Wednesday , and ₹ 60 million ( US $940,000 ) on Thursday taking the total nett collections to around ₹ 815 million ( US $13 million ) in its first week of release . It subsequently became the highest opening week nett grosser . Dabangg netted ₹ 62 million ( US $970,000 ) on the second Friday , ₹ 75 million ( US $1.2 million ) on Saturday and ₹ 105 million ( US $1.6 million ) on Sunday , for a ₹ 238 million ( US $3.7 million ) second weekend , a drop of around 50 % from the opening weekend . In its second week , the film earned ₹ 360 million ( US $5.6 million ) , taking the total nett collections to ₹ 1.16 billion ( US $18 million ) in two weeks , thus becoming the second highest - grossing film of all time in two weeks . The distributor share of Dabangg was declared to be ₹ 770 million ( US $12 million ) -- the second highest in Bollywood . Dabangg collected ₹ 160 million ( US $2.5 million ) during the third week and ₹ 60 million ( US $940,000 ) in its fourth week , taking the domestic nett collections to ₹ 1.4 billion ( US $22 million ) . The domestic nett collections in eleven weeks was ₹ 1.4 billion ( US $22 million ) . It eventually progressed to ₹ 1.41 billion ( US $22 million ) . Overseas ( edit ) Dabangg opened to a positive response in the overseas markets as well . The film 's final overseas collections were US $ 6.10 million . It grossed a total of US $4.20 million in the international markets at the end of its second weekend . In the United States , Dabangg collected $628,137 from 62 screens in its opening weekend and $1,068,589 at the end of its second weekend . In the United Arab Emirates , it collected 3.2 million Dirhams in the opening weekend , and $1,550,000 at the end of the second weekend . Dabangg collected a total of $5.50 million , making it the fifth highest - grossing in United Arab Emirates with a $2 million gross . In the United Kingdom , it collected £ 332,673 from 41 screens in its opening weekend and £ 570,566 by the end of its second weekend . In Australia , the film collected $ 126,000 from 14 screens in the opening weekend , and A $272,909 at the end of its second weekend . In Mauritius and South Africa , it collected US $25,000 each in its opening weekend . In Fiji , the film collected US $20,000 the opening weekend . In other territories of Europe and Africa , the film collected $100,000 in its opening weekend . Sequel and remakes ( edit ) After the release of Dabangg , Arbaaz Khan announced that he was planning a sequel to it . After the commercial success of the film , Khan reported `` Dabangg 2 may take time to hit the floors , but it is definitely on the cards . '' He also announced that the main leads , Salman Khan and Sonakshi Sinha were already cast to reprise their parts in the sequel . Among the new cast members are Prakash Raj , who plays the main antagonist , while Kareena Kapoor performs an item number in the film . Director Abhinav Kashyap opted out of directing the sequel , and therefore Arbaaz took over as the film 's director . Dabangg 2 became one of the highest - grossing Bollywood film of all time in India . Dabangg was remade in Tamil as Osthe by Dharani with Silambarasan playing the lead role , and Sonu Sood reprising his original role . It was also remade in Telugu as Gabbar Singh , starring Pawan Kalyan . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Dabangg ( 12A ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . Archived from the original on 8 January 2014 . Retrieved 12 December 2012 . 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International Business Times . Archived from the original on 31 August 2015 . Retrieved 26 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Dabangg 2 Emerges Blockbuster '' . Box Office India . 29 December 2012 . Archived from the original on 5 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Srinivasan , Pavithra ( 8 December 2011 ) . `` Review : Osthe lacks the magic that made Dabangg work '' . Rediff.com . Archived from the original on 28 September 2015 . Retrieved 25 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Dabangg ' Telugu remake ' Gabbar Singh ' goes houseful '' . CNN - IBN. 16 May 2012 . Archived from the original on 24 September 2015 . Retrieved 25 August 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Dabangg Bollywood portal Dabangg on IMDb Dabangg at Box Office Mojo Dabangg at Rotten Tomatoes National Film Award for Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment 1974 -- 1980 Kora Kagaz ( 1974 ) Tapasya ( 1975 ) No Award ( 1976 ) Swami ( 1977 ) Ganadevata ( 1978 ) Sankarabharanam ( 1979 ) No Award ( 1980 ) 1981 -- 2000 No Award ( 1981 ) No Award ( 1982 ) No Award ( 1983 ) Kony ( 1984 ) No Award ( 1985 ) Samsaram Adhu Minsaram ( 1986 ) Pushpaka Vimana ( 1987 ) Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak ( 1988 ) Chandni and Geethanjali ( 1989 ) Ghayal ( 1990 ) No Award ( 1991 ) Sargam ( 1992 ) Darr and Manichitrathazhu ( 1993 ) Hum Aapke Hain Koun ... ! ( 1994 ) Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge ( 1995 ) Maachis ( 1996 ) Dil To Pagal Hai ( 1997 ) Kuch Kuch Hota Hai ( 1998 ) Sarfarosh ( 1999 ) Vaanathaippola ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Lagaan ( Once Upon a Time in India ) ( 2001 ) Devdas ( 2002 ) Munna Bhai M.B.B.S. ( 2003 ) Autograph and Veer - Zaara ( 2004 ) Rang De Basanti ( 2005 ) Lage Raho Munna Bhai ( 2006 ) Chak De ! India ( 2007 ) Oye Lucky ! Lucky Oye ! ( 2008 ) 3 Idiots ( 2009 ) Dabangg ( 2010 ) Azhagarsamiyin Kuthirai ( 2011 ) Vicky Donor and Ustad Hotel ( 2012 ) Bhaag Milkha Bhaag ( 2013 ) Mary Kom ( 2014 ) Bajrangi Bhaijaan ( 2015 ) Sathamanam Bhavati ( 2016 ) IIFA Award for Best Film Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam ( 2000 ) Kaho Naa ... Pyaar Hai ( 2001 ) Lagaan ( 2002 ) Devdas ( 2003 ) Kal Ho Naa Ho ( 2004 ) Veer - Zaara ( 2005 ) Black ( 2006 ) Rang De Basanti ( 2007 ) Chak De ! India ( 2008 ) Jodhaa Akbar ( 2009 ) 3 Idiots ( 2010 ) Dabangg ( 2011 ) Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara ( 2012 ) Barfi ! 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( 1995 ) Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge ( 1996 ) Raja Hindustani ( 1997 ) Dil To Pagal Hai ( 1998 ) Kuch Kuch Hota Hai ( 1999 ) Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Kaho Naa ... Pyaar Hai ( 2001 ) Lagaan ( 2002 ) Devdas ( 2003 ) Koi ... Mil Gaya ( 2004 ) Veer - Zaara ( 2005 ) Black ( 2006 ) Rang De Basanti ( 2007 ) Taare Zameen Par ( 2008 ) Jodhaa Akbar ( 2009 ) 3 Idiots ( 2010 ) Dabangg ( 2011 ) Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara ( 2012 ) Barfi ! ( 2013 ) Bhaag Milkha Bhaag ( 2014 ) Queen ( 2015 ) Bajirao Mastani ( 2016 ) Dangal ( 2017 ) Dabangg series Films Dabangg ( 2010 ) Dabangg 2 ( 2012 ) Remakes Osthe Gabbar Singh Others List of accolades received by Dabangg `` Tere Mast Mast Do Nain '' `` Munni Badnaam Hui '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dabangg&oldid=806639046 '' Categories : 2010 films 2010s action films Directorial debut films Films featuring an item number Films set in Uttar Pradesh Films shot in India Films shot in the United Arab Emirates Hindi films remade in other languages 2010s Hindi - language films Indian action films Indian films Fictional portrayals of police departments in India Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment National Film Award winners Hidden categories : Good articles Use dmy dates from July 2016 Use Indian English from July 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Track listings with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote বাংলা Español فارسی Français हिन्दी Italiano മലയാളം मराठी Norsk Русский Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 23 October 2017 , at 08 : 09 . 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what is the latest book in the diary of a wimpy kid series
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Diary of a Wimpy Kid ( book series )
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diary of a wimpy kid ( book series )
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Diary of a Wimpy Kid is a series of fiction books written by the American author and cartoonist Jeff Kinney . All the main books are the journals of the main character , Greg Heffley . Befitting a teen 's diary , the books are filled with hand - written notes and simple drawings of Greg 's daily adventures .
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Since the release of the online version in May 2004 , most of the books have garnered positive reviews and commercial success . As of February 2008 , it has been purchased one million times . The first , second , fourth , and ninth installments have been adapted into films by 20th Century Fox . The website Poptropica released islands in the theme of Diary of a Wimpy Kid called Wimpy Wonderland and Wimpy Boardwalk , both of which credit Kinney in an ambiguous contributor 's role . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Chronology 2.1 Supplementary books 2.2 Toys and games 2.3 Audiobooks 3 Characters 4 Achievements 4.1 Awards and honors 4.2 Commercial success 5 Films 6 Musical 7 References 8 External links Background ( edit ) In January 1998 , Diary of a Wimpy Kid officially began , when Kinney brought up an idea about a middle - school weakling named Greg Heffley , who wrote about his personal life . In May 2004 , FunBrain and Kinney released an online version of Diary of a Wimpy Kid . The website made daily entries until June 2005 . He worked on his book for almost eight years , before showing it to a publisher in New York . In February 2006 , during the New York Comic Con , Jeff signed a multi book deal with publisher Harry N. Abrams , Inc. , to turn Diary of a Wimpy Kid into a print series . The book became an instant hit , and the online version received about 20 million views as of 2009 ; many online readers requested a printed version . Kinney had agreed , and in April 2007 , Diary of a Wimpy Kid was published . To date , twelve Wimpy Kid books have been released , plus two do - it - yourself books and three movie diaries . In April 2009 , TIME named Kinney one of The World 's Most Influential People . Chronology ( edit ) # Title Date ISBN Diary of a Wimpy Kid April 1 , 2007 ISBN 978 - 0 - 8109 - 9313 - 6 The introduction to the series introduces the protagonist , Greg Heffley , his best friend Rowley , his middle school problems , Halloween , and the Cheese Touch . Rodrick Rules February 1 , 2008 ISBN 978 - 0 - 8109 - 9473 - 7 Greg must stop Rodrick from revealing the secrets that had happened last summer . The Last Straw January 13 , 2009 ISBN 978 - 0 - 8109 - 7068 - 7 When Greg 's father threatens to send Greg to a military academy , Greg must find a way to stop this from happening . Dog Days October 12 , 2009 ISBN 978 - 0 - 8109 - 8391 - 5 Summer is here , but when the family has not that much money to go to the beach ( money is tight at that time ) , it might not be the best summer ever . 5 The Ugly Truth November 9 , 2010 ISBN 978 - 0 - 8109 - 8491 - 2 Greg is growing up , and he will have to face the challenges of this period ( like changing dentists , and a school lock - in ) . 6 Cabin Fever November 15 , 2011 ISBN 978 - 1 - 4197 - 0223 - 5 The family is stranded in the house as snow begins to fall . 7 The Third Wheel November 13 , 2012 ISBN 978 - 1 - 4197 - 0584 - 7 The Valentine 's Day dance is coming up , and Greg has no one go with . But when Michael Sampson ( Abigail 's date . He actually lied to her ) will not be going , things turn around . 8 Hard Luck November 5 , 2013 ISBN 978 - 1 - 4197 - 1132 - 9 Greg 's friend count is dropping as Rowley now has a girlfriend , named Abigail ( continuing the last book ) . 9 The Long Haul November 4 , 2014 ISBN 978 - 1 - 4197 - 1189 - 3 This is the family 's second summer trip , but instead , it 's a road trip . But with the Heffleys , you know what to expect from this disaster . 10 Old School November 3 , 2015 ISBN 978 - 1 - 4197 - 1701 - 7 The neighborhood is going to cut electricity for the weekend , and as the family 's car has a fender bender , it forces Greg to go to the farm trip . Will Greg survive the electricity - free days ? 11 Double Down November 1 , 2016 ISBN 978 - 1 - 4197 - 2344 - 5 Greg 's mom wants him to do something else than video games , so he makes a movie in collaboration with Rowley and joins the music program . 12 The Getaway November 7 , 2017 ISBN 978 - 1 - 4197 - 2545 - 6 Instead of celebrating the holidays at home , Greg and his family head on an tropical vacation to a resort . But what first starts as an relaxing trip , later turns into a Christmas nightmare . Will Greg be able to turn this vacation around ? Supplementary books ( edit ) Diary of a Wimpy Kid Do - It - Yourself Book ( published between Rodrick Rules and The Last Straw ) is an activity book that features a blank section encouraging readers to keep their own journal in the style of the books . The Wimpy Kid Do - It - Yourself Book : Extended Edition ( published after Wimpy Kid Movie Diary 2 and before Cabin Fever ) is the same book as the first Do - It - Yourself Book , but with extra 60 pages and 16 more full - color comics . The Wimpy Kid Movie Diary is a book about the making of the first film , which features stills and brand - new illustrations . Jeff Kinney dedicated the book to the film 's main stars , Zachary Gordon and Robert Capron . The Wimpy Kid Movie Diary 2 : Rodrick Rules is the same informative book which has the features from the first film , but it also features stills from the second film Rodrick Rules , more new illustrations , and informs readers how the second film was made . The Wimpy Kid Movie Diary 3 : Dog Days is the same book that covers how the first film and second film were made , but also stills from the third film Dog Days , and how this film was made . The Wimpy Kid Movie Diary : The Next Chapter covers how the film The Long Haul was made . It is dedicated to Jason Drucker , the actor who played Greg in that movie . Toys and games ( edit ) Action figures included a minifigure pack ( with Greg , Rowley , and Fregley ) , a 6 - inch Greg Heffley figure , a 6 - inch holiday figure based on Cabin Fever , and a Greg and Rodrick plush doll . Audiobooks ( edit ) Eleven audiobooks have been released for the Diary of a Wimpy Kid series . The first six are read by Ramon de Ocampo and Dan Russell from number seven . They are presented by Recorded Books and distributed by Audible Inc . Diary of a Wimpy Kid ( April 1 , 2007 ) Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Rodrick Rules ( February 1 , 2008 ) Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Last Straw ( January 13 , 2009 ) Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Dog Days ( October 12 , 2009 ) Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Ugly Truth ( November 9 , 2010 ) Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Cabin Fever ( November 15 , 2011 ) Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Third Wheel ( November 13 , 2012 ) Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Hard Luck ( November 5 , 2013 ) Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Long Haul ( November 4 , 2014 ) Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Old School ( November 3 , 2015 ) Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Double Down ( November 1 , 2016 ) Characters ( edit ) Main article : List of Diary of a Wimpy Kid characters Greg Heffley is a wimpy student , who is the main character and narrator of the series . Rowley Jefferson is Greg 's childish best friend . Rodrick Heffley is Greg and Manny 's older brother , who is rude , and the drummer in his self - titled band , Löded Diper . He usually is noted for playing tricks on Greg . Manny Heffley is Greg and Rodrick 's spoiled younger brother , who is known to be a tattletale . Susan Heffley is Greg 's mother . She often embarrasses Greg . Frank Heffley is Greg 's father . He always wants Greg to do sports and `` to become a man , '' and does n't like giving up . Gramma is Greg 's grandmother on his mother 's side . Fregley is Greg 's weird neighbor and classmate . Chirag Gupta is one of Greg 's friends whom he once played a trick on , pretending Chirag to have been invisible , then later pretended he was going deaf . Holly Hills is Greg 's crush , who once thought he was `` Fregley . '' Heather Hills is Holly 's sister , and was Greg and Rodrick 's crush . Sweetheart otherwise known as Sweetie is the name given to the Heffleys ' dog who Greg 's dad buys in Dog Days . Later on , they give him to Greg 's grandmother who spoils him and when he appears in later books , he is said to be very overweight . The Heffleys ' Pig was won by Manny in The Long Haul . The pig displays high intelligence , and walks upright in a reference to Animal Farm . Abigail Brown is Rowley 's girlfriend in The Third Wheel and in Hard Luck for the majority of pages , however it is later revealed that Abigail only did it to make her previous boyfriend feel bad . Meemaw is Greg 's great - grandmother on his father 's side ( only in Hard Luck ) . Gammie is Greg 's great - grandmother on his father 's side . Vice Principal Roy The Vice Principal at Greg 's school . He conducts most of the disciplinary action at his school . Achievements ( edit ) Awards and honors ( edit ) Award Category Result # 1 New York Times Best Seller ( 114 weeks ) Won 2008 Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Book 2009 Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Awards Nominated ALA Notable Book Won 2010 Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Book 2010 Most Favorite Book Around the World 2011 Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Book 2012 Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Awards 2013 Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Awards Nominated 2014 Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Awards Won 2015 Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Awards 2016 Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Awards Commercial success ( edit ) Diary of a Wimpy Kid was well received from The Princeton Review , Gold Card Association , The Dallas News , The TRR Editors , The NW Press , and The JJ Printing Company . The New York Times , which ranks children 's serials collectively on a `` Series Books '' bestseller list , has included the Wimpy Kid series for 64 weeks as of August 10 , 2015 . USA Today , which ranks best sellers based on sales alone regardless of genre or intended audience , has listed Diary of a Wimpy Kid in its top 150 , peaking at number 8 , for 141 weeks as of April 4 , 2010 . As of the same date , Rodrick Rules has been on the list for 117 weeks ( peaking at number 4 ) , The Last Straw has been on the list for 65 weeks ( peaking at number 1 ) , Dog Days has been on the list for all 25 weeks of its publication ( peaking at number 1 ) , and The Wimpy Kid Movie Diary has been listed for all three weeks of its publication , peaking at number 2 . The series has sold over 194 million books in more than 30 countries . The series has also generated over $500 million in revenue . Films ( edit ) Main article : Diary of a Wimpy Kid ( film series ) This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( March 2017 ) Jeff Kinney announced that a film based on the first book would be produced by 20th Century Fox . The film was released on March 19 , 2010 , moved up from an April 2 release date . It was directed by Thor Freudenthal , who also directed Hotel for Dogs . The film starred Zachary Gordon as Greg , Robert Capron as Rowley ( Greg 's best friend ) , Steve Zahn as Frank ( Greg 's father ) , Rachael Harris as Susan ( Greg 's mother ) , Devon Bostick as Rodrick ( Greg 's older brother ) , Connor and Owen Fielding as Manny ( Greg 's younger brother ) , Chloë Grace Moretz as a new character named Angie , and Grayson Russell as Fregley . There is a second film in the Diary of a Wimpy Kid film series that was released on March 25 , 2011 , which was based on the second book Rodrick Rules , with Zachary Gordon returning as Greg Heffley . Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Rodrick Rules was also filmed in Vancouver , BC , Canada . The film also contains some scenes from The Last Straw . The third film combines the third and fourth books The Last Straw and Dog Days , taking stories from both , but mainly from Dog Days , from which it took its title . The decision to blend the two films was made to keep up with the ages of the actors . The film was released on August 3 , 2012 . The likelihood of a fourth live action film was slim . Kinney has announced the possibility for an animated film to be based on Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Cabin Fever as the next installment . In an interview for the latest book Hard Luck , Jeff Kinney stated he was working with Fox on a half - hour special of Cabin Fever , which was to be aired in late 2014 , but has since been delayed . In September 2016 , Jeff Kinney announced officially the production of a fourth film , Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Long Haul , on his Twitter account . Musical ( edit ) A musical titled Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Musical is being produced by the Children 's Theatre Company . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Browne , David ( March 20 , 2011 ) . `` All about Jeff Kinney '' . Parade . Retrieved December 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kinney , Jeff ( April 2007 ) . Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Greg Heffley 's journal . Diary of a Wimpy Kid . Amulet Books . ISBN 0 - 8109 - 9313 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : `` '' Diary of a Wimpy Kid ( 2010 ) '' on `` . Comingsoon.net . March 19 , 2010 . Retrieved May 7 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Diary of a Wimpy Kid '' . FunBrain . Family Education Network . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` WIMPY 2 LAST '' . 3 November 2015 . Retrieved 6 March 2016 . Jump up ^ The 2009 TIME 100 : Jeff Kinney Time magazine 's 2009 list of The World 's Most Influential People Jump up ^ `` Ten years ago , Jeff Kinney created a new kind of comic hero '' . The Washington Post . Associated Press . April 26 , 2017 . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Abrams Books said the 12th book , coming November 7 , will be called `` Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Getaway . '' Jump up ^ Kinney , Jeff . `` The Wimpy Kid Movie Diary : The Next Chapter '' . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Awards , Nick.com Jump up ^ Dixler , Elsa . `` The New York Times Best Sellers : Children 's Books '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` USA Today : Best - Selling Books Database '' . USA Today . April 21 , 2011 . Retrieved May 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Read the new Diary of a Wimpy Kid : The Getaway before anyone else '' . Jump up ^ `` Diary of a Wimpy Kid author Jeff Kinney is coming to Bath and tickets are on sale today '' . Jump up ^ Template : Cite = web Jump up ^ `` Release Date Revealed for Wimpy Kid No. 5 '' . Publishers Weekly . May 20 , 2010 . Retrieved May 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Andy ( June 27 , 2011 ) . `` Inside ' Diary of a Wimpy Kid 's ' $500 Million Franchise '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Rodrick Rules -- On Double DVD and Blu - ray Now '' . Diaryofawimpykidmovie.com . Retrieved May 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Diary of a Wimpy Kid ( 2010 ) '' on IMDb.com Jump up ^ ' Diary of a Wimpy Kid ' Sequel to Bow Next March . Moviefone . Retrieved January 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Dog Days '' . ComingSoon.net . CraveOnline . Retrieved August 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hard Luck and Big Dreams : SLJ Chats with `` Wimpy Kid '' Creator Jeff Kinney `` . School Library Journal . Retrieved 11 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Minzesheimer , Bob ( August 8 , 2013 ) . `` Narrator hits ' Hard Luck ' in eighth Wimpy Kid book '' . USA Today . Retrieved November 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kinney , Jeff ( September 13 , 2016 ) . `` OK , this is really happening ! Filming starts next week in Atlanta ! '' . Twitter . Retrieved October 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Wimpy Kid # 11 to Hit Shelves This November '' . Publishers Weekly . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 07 . External links ( edit ) Official website Online book on FunBrain Official blog Official movie site ( hide ) The Diary of a Wimpy Kid series by Jeff Kinney Novels Diary of a Wimpy Kid Rodrick Rules The Last Straw Dog Days The Ugly Truth Cabin Fever The Third Wheel Hard Luck The Long Haul Old School Double Down The Getaway Characters Greg Heffley Film series Diary of a Wimpy Kid Rodrick Rules Dog Days The Long Haul Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diary_of_a_Wimpy_Kid_(book_series)&oldid=815807736 '' Categories : Diary of a Wimpy Kid ( series ) Series of children 's books Abrams Books books Novels set in Massachusetts Hidden categories : Wikipedia pending changes protected pages ( level 1 ) Use mdy dates from December 2012 Articles containing potentially dated statements from February 2008 All articles containing potentially dated statements All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from March 2017 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from March 2017 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Magyar മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska اردو Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 17 December 2017 , at 07 : 53 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diary%20of%20a%20Wimpy%20Kid%20%28book%20series%29
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who played the kidnapped girl on grey's anatomy
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Jessica Stroup
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jessica stroup
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Jessica Leigh Stroup ( born October 23 , 1986 ) is an American actress , best known for her role as Erin Silver on 90210 , Max Hardy on The Following , and Joy Meachum in Iron Fist . She is regarded as a scream queen for starring in the horror films Prom Night , Vampire Bats , Left in Darkness , and The Hills Have Eyes 2 .
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Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 5 References 6 External links Early life ( edit ) Stroup was born in Anderson , South Carolina , the daughter of Judith and Don Stroup , a senior vice president at MUFG Union Bank . She spent her childhood in Charlotte , North Carolina . She graduated from Providence High School in 2004 . Stroup received a full scholarship to attend the University of Georgia , but declined in order to pursue an acting career . Career ( edit ) Stroup 's first acting role was a guest appearance on Unfabulous . Stroup has since appeared in a number of TV shows , such as Grey 's Anatomy , October Road , and True Blood . In 2007 , Stroup appeared in 4 episodes of Reaper , in which she played the protagonist 's ex-girlfriend . She appeared in a number of small independent movie productions , such as Left in Darkness , Pray for Morning , Vampire Bats , and Southern Comfort . In March 2007 , Stroup starred as the female lead in The Hills Have Eyes 2 . Stroup played the role of a national guard named Amber who fights for survival with her peers against a group of mutant people . The film was a fast - forward sequel to The Hills Have Eyes , a remake of the 1977 movie of the same name . Despite negative reviews from critics the film went on to gross over $67 million worldwide . That same year Jessica had a supporting role in This Christmas . In April 2008 , Stroup was cast as a series regular on 90210 , a reboot of the Golden Globe Award - nominated series Beverly Hills , 90210 . Stroup played the role of high school student Erin Silver , the younger sister of David Silver and Kelly Taylor from Beverly Hills , 90210 . The pilot premiered on September 2 , 2008 to a high 4.65 million viewers despite mixed reviews from critics . In 2010 Stroup was awarded the `` Sparkling Performance '' award at the Young Hollywood Awards . Also in April 2008 , Stroup played the role of Claire in Screen Gems remake Prom Night . In December 2007 , MTV.com announced that Stroup was cast in another horror film titled Homecoming , which follows a young woman being kidnapped by her boyfriend 's ex-girlfriend . Despite the film completing production in February 2008 , it was not released until July 2009 for a limited release in selected cinemas . In 2008 , Stroup played Rachel in the ensemble film The Informers . In 2011 , Stroup guest - appeared on Family Guy , in which she voiced a number of characters over the course of two episodes . Stroup reunited with Seth MacFarlane in his directorial debut Ted , in which she played Tracy , Lori 's ( played by Mila Kunis ) friend at work . On August 20 , 2013 it was announced that Stroup would join The Following in season 2 as a series regular . Her character , Max , is `` the niece of Ryan Hardy ( Kevin Bacon ) . She 's an NYPD cop , currently working in the Intel Division . Max reconnects with Ryan and she becomes a valuable ally . '' In April 2016 , Stroup was cast in Marvel 's Iron Fist as Joy Meachum -- the daughter of Harold and childhood acquaintance of Danny Rand 's , whose work building up Rand Enterprises with her brother Ward is threatened to be undone with Rand 's return . Personal life ( edit ) Stroup currently lives in Los Angeles , California . Filmography ( edit ) Film Year Title Role Notes 2005 Vampire Bats Eden Television film 2006 Pray for Morning Ashley 2006 Left in Darkness Justine Direct - to - video 2006 School for Scoundrels Eli 's wife 2006 Broken Sara 2007 Hills Have Eyes 2 , The The Hills Have Eyes 2 Amber 2007 This Christmas Sandi Whitfield 2007 Structure H Telepathic Allie Short film 2008 Prom Night Claire 2008 Informers , The The Informers Rachel 2009 Homecoming Elizabeth Mitchum 2012 Ted Tracy 2016 Jack Reacher : Never Go Back Lt. Sullivan Television Year Title Role Notes 2005 Unfabulous Fredericka Episode : `` The Road Trip '' 2006 Southern Comfort Lindy Unsold Fox pilot 2006 Girlfriends Riley Episode : `` Oh , Hell Yes : The Seminar '' 2006 Zoey 101 Girl Episode : `` Lola Likes Chase '' 2007 Grey 's Anatomy Jillian Miller Episode : `` Great Expectations '' 2007 -- 08 Reaper Cady Hansen 4 episodes 2007 October Road Taylor Episode : `` Once Around the Block '' 2008 -- 13 90210 Erin Silver Main cast ; 114 episodes 2008 True Blood Sorority girl Kelly Episode : `` Strange Love '' 2011 -- 13 Family Guy Crowd member ( voice ) Denise ( voice ) Episode : `` Friends of Peter G . '' 2 episodes 2014 -- 15 The Following Max Hardy Main cast ; 28 episodes 2017 -- present Iron Fist Joy Meachum Main cast References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Aarthun , Sarah ( 2008 - 09 - 08 ) . `` From Q.C. to ' 90210 ' CharlotteObserver.com & The Charlotte Observer Newspaper '' . Charlotteobserver.com . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ Matt Mitovich ( 17 July 2009 ) . `` 90210 's Jessica Stroup Braves One Hell of a Homecoming '' . TVGuide.com . Archived from the original on 20 July 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( August 20 , 2013 ) . `` ' The Following ' casts ' 90210 ' star as series regular -- EXCLUSIVE '' . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth . `` ' 90210 ' Alum Jessica Stroup , Tom Pelphrey Join Netflix 's ' Marvel 's Iron Fist ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Jessica Stroup Biography '' , TVGuide.com , retrieved 2011 - 03 - 04 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jessica Stroup . Jessica Stroup on IMDb Jessica Stroup on Twitter Jessica Stroup on Facebook VIAF : 300152059 LCCN : n2007091371 BIBSYS : 12000138 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jessica_Stroup&oldid=806737179 '' Categories : 1986 births 21st - century American actresses Actresses from North Carolina Actresses from South Carolina American film actresses American television actresses Living people People from Anderson , South Carolina Actresses from Charlotte , North Carolina Hidden categories : BLP articles lacking sources from February 2010 All BLP articles lacking sources Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 23 October 2017 , at 21 : 10 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessica%20Stroup
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who did the voice of andy in toy story
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Tom Hanks as Woody , a pull - string cowboy doll . Tim Allen as Buzz Lightyear , a space ranger action figure and Woody 's rival , who later becomes his best friend . Don Rickles as Mr. Potato Head , a cynical potato - shaped doll with put - together pieces on his body . Jim Varney as Slinky Dog , a dachshund slinky toy . Wallace Shawn as Rex , a nervous green Tyrannosaurus Rex figurine . John Ratzenberger as Hamm , a smart - talking piggy bank . Annie Potts as Bo Peep , a porcelain shepherdess doll and Woody 's love interest . John Morris as Andy , Woody and Buzz 's six - year - old owner . Erik von Detten as Sid , Andy 's next door neighbor and a ten - year - old bully , who tortures toys for his own amusement . Laurie Metcalf as Mrs. Davis , Andy 's mother . R. Lee Ermey as Sergeant , the leader of a large troop of plastic green army men . Sarah Freeman as Hannah , Sid 's younger sister . Penn Jillette as TV Announcer , Buzz Lightyear commercial announcer
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John Morris
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Toy Story
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toy story
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Toy Story is a 1995 American computer - animated buddy comedy adventure film produced by Pixar Animation Studios for Walt Disney Pictures . The directorial debut of John Lasseter , Toy Story was the first feature - length computer - animated film and the first feature film produced by Pixar . Taking place in a world where anthropomorphic toys pretend to be lifeless whenever humans are present , the film 's plot focuses on the relationship between Woody , an old - fashioned pullstring cowboy doll ( voiced by Tom Hanks ) , and Buzz Lightyear , an astronaut action figure ( voiced by Tim Allen ) , as they evolve from rivals competing for the affections of Andy , their owner , to friends who work together to be reunited with Andy as his family prepares to move to a new home . The screenplay was written by Joss Whedon , Andrew Stanton , Joel Cohen and Alec Sokolow , based on a story by Lasseter , Pete Docter , Stanton and Joe Ranft . The film features music by Randy Newman , and was executive - produced by Steve Jobs and Edwin Catmull .
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Pixar , which produced short animated films to promote their computers , was approached by Disney to produce a computer - animated feature after the success of their short film Tin Toy ( 1988 ) , which is told from a small toy 's perspective . Lasseter , Stanton and Docter wrote early story treatments which were thrown out by Disney , as they wanted the film to be edgier . After disastrous story reels , production was halted and the script was re-written , better reflecting the tone and theme Pixar desired : that `` toys deeply want children to play with them , and that this desire drives their hopes , fears , and actions '' . The studio , then consisting of a relatively small number of employees , produced the film under minor financial constraints . Toy Story was released in theaters on November 22 , 1995 , and was the highest - grossing film on its opening weekend , earning over $373 million at the worldwide box office . The film was positively reviewed by critics and audiences , who praised the animation 's technical innovation , the wit and thematic sophistication of the screenplay , and the vocal performances of Hanks and Allen . It is considered by many critics to be one of the best animated films ever made . The film received three Academy Award nominations , including Best Original Screenplay , Best Original Score , and Best Original Song for `` You 've Got a Friend in Me '' , as well as winning a Special Achievement Academy Award . It was inducted into the National Film Registry as being `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' in 2005 , its first year of eligibility . In addition to home media releases and theatrical re-releases , Toy Story - inspired material has run the gamut from toys , video games , theme park attractions , spin - offs , merchandise , and two sequels -- Toy Story 2 ( 1999 ) and Toy Story 3 ( 2010 ) -- both of which also garnered massive commercial success and critical acclaim , with a third sequel , Toy Story 4 , slated for a 2019 release . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Voice cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Writing 3.3 Casting 3.4 Production shutdown 3.5 Animation 3.6 Music 3.7 Editing and pre-release 4 Soundtrack 4.1 Track listing 4.2 Charts 5 Release 5.1 Marketing 5.2 3 - D re-release 5.3 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Critical response 6.2 Box office performance 6.3 Accolades 7 Impact and legacy 7.1 `` To Infinity and Beyond '' 8 Sequels , shows , and spin - offs 8.1 Software and merchandise 8.2 Theme park attractions 8.3 Other influences 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Plot In a world where toys are living things who pretend to be lifeless when humans are present , a group of toys , owned by six - year - old Andy Davis , are caught off - guard when Andy 's birthday party is moved up a week , as Andy , his mother , and infant sister Molly , are preparing to move the following week . The toys ' leader and Andy 's favorite toy , a pull - string cowboy doll named Sheriff Woody , organizes the other toys , including Bo Peep the shepherdess , Mr. Potato Head , Rex the Dinosaur , Hamm the Piggy Bank , and Slinky Dog , into a scouting mission . Green army men , led by Sarge , spy on the party , and report the results to the others via baby monitors . The toys are relieved when the party appears to end with none of them having been replaced , but then Andy receives a surprise gift -- an electronic toy space ranger action figure named Buzz Lightyear , who thinks he is an actual space ranger . Buzz impresses the other toys with his various features , and Andy begins to favor him , making Woody feel left out . As Andy prepares for a family outing at Pizza Planet , his mother allows him to bring one toy . Fearing Andy will choose Buzz , Woody attempts to trap Buzz behind a desk , but ends up accidentally knocking him out a window , and the other toys rebel against Woody by accusing him of knocking Buzz out of jealousy . Before they can exact revenge , Andy takes Woody instead and leaves for Pizza Planet . When the family stops for gas , Woody finds that Buzz has hitched a ride on the car as well , and fight , only to find the family has left without them . They manage to make their way to the restaurant by stowing away on a pizza delivery truck , where Buzz , still thinking he is a real space ranger , despite Woody 's attempts to convince him otherwise , gets them stuck in a crane game , where they are salvaged by Andy 's mischievous neighbor , Sid Phillips . Woody attempts to escape from Sid 's house , but Buzz , finally realizing he is a toy after watching a Buzz Lightyear TV ad , sinks into despondency . Sid plans to launch Buzz on a firework rocket , but his plans are delayed by a thunderstorm . Woody tells Buzz about the joy he can bring to Andy as a toy , restoring his confidence . The next day , Woody and Sid 's mutant toy creations rescue Buzz just as Sid is about to launch the rocket and scare Sid into no longer abusing toys by coming to life in front of him , and he runs into his house screaming in horror . Woody and Buzz then leave Sid 's house just as Andy and his family drive away toward their new home . The duo tries to make it to the moving truck , but Sid 's dog , Scud , sees them , and gives chase . Buzz gets left behind while saving Woody from Scud , and Woody tries rescuing him with Andy 's RC car , but the other toys , thinking Woody eliminated RC as well , attack and toss him off the truck . Having evaded Scud , Buzz and RC retrieve Woody , and continue after the truck . Upon seeing Woody and Buzz together on RC , the other toys realize their mistake , and try to help them get back aboard , but RC 's batteries become depleted , stranding them . Woody ignites the rocket on Buzz 's back and manages to throw RC into the truck before they soar into the air . Buzz opens his wings to free himself from the rocket before it explodes , gliding with Woody to land safely into a box in the car , right next to Andy . On Christmas Day , at their new house , Woody and Buzz stage another reconnaissance mission to prepare for the new toy arrivals . As Woody jokingly asks what might be worse than Buzz , they discover Andy 's new gift is a puppy , and the two share a worried smile . Voice cast Main article : List of Toy Story characters Tom Hanks as Woody , a pull - string cowboy doll . Tim Allen as Buzz Lightyear , a space ranger action figure and Woody 's rival , who later becomes his best friend . Don Rickles as Mr. Potato Head , a cynical potato - shaped doll with put - together pieces on his body . Jim Varney as Slinky Dog , a dachshund slinky toy . Wallace Shawn as Rex , a nervous green Tyrannosaurus Rex figurine . John Ratzenberger as Hamm , a smart - talking piggy bank . Annie Potts as Bo Peep , a porcelain shepherdess doll and Woody 's love interest . John Morris as Andy , Woody and Buzz 's six - year - old owner . Erik von Detten as Sid , Andy 's next door neighbor and a ten - year - old bully , who tortures toys for his own amusement . Laurie Metcalf as Mrs. Davis , Andy 's mother . R. Lee Ermey as Sergeant , the leader of a large troop of plastic green army men . Sarah Freeman as Hannah , Sid 's younger sister . Penn Jillette as TV Announcer , Buzz Lightyear commercial announcer Production Development The entrance to Pixar 's studio lot in Emeryville , California Director John Lasseter 's first experience with computer animation was during his work as an animator at Walt Disney Feature Animation , when two of his friends showed him the lightcycle scene from Tron . It was an eye - opening experience which awakened Lasseter to the possibilities offered by the new medium of computer - generated animation . Lasseter tried to pitch The Brave Little Toaster as a fully computer - animated film to Disney , but the idea was rejected and Lasseter was fired . He then went on to work at Lucasfilm and later as a founding member of Pixar , which was purchased by entrepreneur and Apple Inc. co-founder Steve Jobs in 1986 . At Pixar , Lasseter created short , computer - animated films to show off the Pixar Image Computer 's capabilities , and Tin Toy ( 1988 ) -- a short story told from the perspective of a toy , referencing Lasseter 's love of classic toys -- would go on to claim the 1988 Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film , the first computer - generated film to do so . Tin Toy gained Disney 's attention , and the new team at The Walt Disney Company -- CEO Michael Eisner and chairman Jeffrey Katzenberg in the film division -- began a quest to get Lasseter to come back . Lasseter , grateful for Jobs ' faith in him , felt compelled to stay with Pixar , telling co-founder Ed Catmull , `` I can go to Disney and be a director , or I can stay here and make history . '' Katzenberg realized he could not lure Lasseter back to Disney and therefore set plans into motion to ink a production deal with Pixar to produce a film . Disney had always made all their movies in - house and refused to change this . But when Tim Burton , who used to work at Disney , wanted to buy back the rights to The Nightmare Before Christmas , Disney struck a deal allowing him to make it as a Disney movie outside the studio . This opened the door for Pixar to make their movies outside Disney . Both sides were willing . Catmull and fellow Pixar co-founder Alvy Ray Smith had long wanted to produce a computer - animated feature . In addition , Disney had licensed Pixar 's Computer Animation Production System ( CAPS ) , and that made it the largest customer for Pixar 's computers . Jobs made it apparent to Katzenberg that although Disney was happy with Pixar , it was not the other way around : `` We want to do a film with you , '' said Jobs . `` That would make us happy . '' At this same time , Peter Schneider , president of Walt Disney Feature Animation , was potentially interested in making a feature film with Pixar . When Catmull , Smith and head of animation Ralph Guggenheim met with Schneider in the summer of 1990 , they found the atmosphere to be puzzling and contentious . They later learned that Katzenberg intended that if Disney were to make a film with Pixar , it would be outside Schneider 's purview , which aggravated Schneider . After that first meeting , the Pixar contingent went home with low expectations and was surprised when Katzenberg called for another conference . Catmull , Smith , and Guggenheim were joined by Bill Reeves ( head of animation research and development ) , Jobs , and Lasseter . They brought with them an idea for a half - hour television special called A Tin Toy Christmas . They reasoned that a television program would be a sensible way to gain experience before tackling a feature film . They met with Katzenberg at a conference table in the Team Disney building at the Walt Disney Studios in Burbank . Catmull and Smith considered it would be difficult to keep Katzenberg interested in working with the company over time . They considered it even more difficult to sell Lasseter and the junior animators on the idea of working with Disney , who had a bad reputation for how they treated their animators , and Katzenberg , who had built a reputation as a micromanaging tyrant . Katzenberg asserted this himself in the meeting : `` Everybody thinks I 'm a tyrant . I am a tyrant . But I 'm usually right . '' He threw out the idea of a half - hour special and eyed Lasseter as the key talent in the room : `` John , since you wo n't come work for me , I 'm going to make it work this way . '' He invited the six visitors to mingle with the animators -- `` ask them anything at all '' -- and the men did so , finding they all backed up Katzenberg 's statements . Lasseter felt he would be able to work with Disney and the two companies began negotiations . Pixar at this time was on the verge of bankruptcy and needed a deal with Disney . Katzenberg insisted that Disney be given the rights to Pixar 's proprietary technology for making 3 - D animation , but Jobs refused . In another case , Jobs demanded Pixar would have part ownership of the film and its characters , sharing control of both video rights and sequels , but Katzenberg refused . Disney and Pixar reached accord on contract terms in an agreement dated May 3 , 1991 , and signed on in early July . Eventually , the deal specified that Disney would own the picture and its characters outright , have creative control , and pay Pixar about 12.5 % of the ticket revenues . It had the option ( but not the obligation ) to do Pixar 's next two films and the right to make ( with or without Pixar ) sequels using the characters in the film . Disney could also kill the film at any time with only a small penalty . These early negotiations would become a point of contention between Jobs and Eisner for many years . An agreement to produce a feature film based on Tin Toy with a working title of Toy Story was finalized and production began soon thereafter . Writing The original treatment for Toy Story , drafted by Lasseter , Andrew Stanton , and Pete Docter , had little in common with the eventually finished film . It paired Tinny , the one - man band from Tin Toy with a ventriloquist 's dummy and sent them on a sprawling odyssey . Under studio head Jeffrey Katzenberg , Woody was the main villain , abusing the other toys until they rallied against him ; however , after Disney executives saw the storyboards they relinquished creative control to Pixar . The core idea of Toy Story was present from the treatment onward , however : that `` toys deeply want children to play with them , and that this desire drives their hopes , fears , and actions . '' Katzenberg felt the original treatment was problematic and told Lasseter to reshape Toy Story as more of an odd - couple buddy picture , and suggested they watch some classic buddy movies , such as The Defiant Ones and 48 Hrs. , in which two characters with different attitudes are thrown together and have to bond . Lasseter , Stanton , and Docter emerged in early September 1991 with the second treatment , and although the lead characters were still Tinny and the dummy , the outline of the final film was beginning to take shape . The script went through many changes before the final version . Lasseter decided Tinny was `` too antiquated '' , and the character was changed to a military action figure , and then given a space theme . Tinny 's name changed to Lunar Larry , then Tempus from Morph , and eventually Buzz Lightyear ( after astronaut Buzz Aldrin ) . Lightyear 's design was modeled on the suits worn by Apollo astronauts as well as G.I. Joe action figures . In addition , the green and purple color scheme on Lightyear 's suit was inspired by Lasseter and his wife , Nancy , whose favorite colors were green and purple respectively . Woody , the second character , was inspired by a Casper the Friendly Ghost doll that Lasseter had when he was a child . Originally , Woody was a ventriloquist 's dummy with a pull - string ( hence the name Woody ) . However , character designer Bud Luckey suggested that Woody could be changed to a cowboy ventriloquist dummy . John Lasseter liked the contrast between the Western and the science fiction genres and the character immediately changed . Eventually , all the ventriloquist dummy aspects of the character were deleted , because the dummy was designed to look `` sneaky and mean . '' However they kept the name Woody to pay homage to the Western actor Woody Strode . The story department drew inspiration from films such as Midnight Run and The Odd Couple , and Lasseter screened Hayao Miyazaki 's Castle in the Sky ( 1986 ) for further influence . Toy Story 's script was strongly influenced by the ideas of screenwriter Robert McKee . The members of Pixar 's story team -- Lasseter , Stanton , Docter and Joe Ranft -- were aware that most of them were beginners at writing for feature films . None of them had any feature story or writing credits to their name besides Ranft , who had taught a story class at CalArts and did some storyboard work prior . Seeking insight , Lasseter and Docter attended a three - day seminar in Los Angeles given by McKee . His principles , grounded in Aristotle 's Poetics , dictated that a character emerges most realistically and compellingly from the choices that the protagonist makes in reaction to his problems . Disney also appointed Joel Cohen , Alec Sokolow and , later , Joss Whedon to help develop the script . Whedon found that the script was n't working but had a great structure , and added the character of Rex and sought a pivotal role for Barbie . The story team continued to touch up the script as production was underway . Among the late additions was the encounter between Buzz and the alien squeaky toys at Pizza Planet , which emerged from a brainstorming session with a dozen directors , story artists , and animators from Disney . Casting Katzenberg gave approval for the script on January 19 , 1993 , at which point voice casting could begin . Lasseter always wanted Tom Hanks to play the character of Woody . Lasseter claimed Hanks `` has the ability to take emotions and make them appealing . Even if the character , like the one in A League of Their Own , is down - and - out and despicable . '' Paul Newman , who subsequently accepted the role of Doc Hudson in another Pixar success , Cars , was considered for the role of Woody . Billy Crystal was approached to play Buzz , but turned down the role , which he later regretted , and subsequently accepted the role of Mike Wazowski in another Pixar success , Monsters , Inc ... In addition to Crystal , Bill Murray , Chevy Chase and Jim Carrey were also considered for Buzz . Lasseter took the role to Tim Allen , who was appearing in Disney 's Home Improvement , and he accepted . To gauge how an actor 's voice would fit with a character , Lasseter borrowed a common Disney technique : animate a vocal monologue from a well - established actor to meld the actor 's voice with the appearance or actions of the animated character . This early test footage , using Hanks ' voice from Turner & Hooch , convinced Hanks to sign on to the film . Toy Story was both Hanks ' and Allen 's first animated film role . Production shutdown Every couple of weeks , Lasseter and his team would put together their latest set of storyboards or footage to show Disney . In early screen tests , Pixar impressed Disney with the technical innovation but convincing Disney of the plot was more difficult . At each presentation by Pixar , Katzenberg would tear much of it up , giving out detailed comments and notes . Katzenberg 's big push was to add more edginess to the two main characters . Disney wanted the film to appeal to both children and adults , and asked for adult references to be added to the film . After many rounds of notes from Katzenberg and other Disney executives , the general consensus was that Woody had been stripped of almost all charm . Tom Hanks , while recording the dialogue for the story reels , exclaimed at one point that the character was a jerk . Lasseter and his Pixar team had the first half of the movie ready to screen , so they brought it down to Burbank to show to Katzenberg and other Disney executives on November 19 , 1993 , an event they later dubbed `` The Black Friday Incident . '' The results were disastrous , and Schneider , who was never particularly enamored of Katzenberg 's idea of having outsiders make animation for Disney , declared it a mess and ordered that production be stopped immediately . Katzenberg asked colleague Thomas Schumacher why the reels were bad . Schumacher replied bluntly : `` Because it 's not their movie anymore , it 's completely not the movie that John set out to make . '' Lasseter was embarrassed with what was on the screen , later recalling , `` It was a story filled with the most unhappy , mean characters that I 've ever seen . '' He asked Disney for the chance to retreat back to Pixar and rework the script in two weeks , and Katzenberg was supportive . Lasseter , Stanton , Docter and Ranft delivered the news of the production shutdown to the production crew , many of whom had left other jobs to work on the project . In the meantime , the crew would shift to television commercials while the head writers worked out a new script . Although Lasseter kept morale high by remaining outwardly buoyant , the production shutdown was `` a very scary time , '' recalled story department manager BZ Petroff . Schneider had initially wanted to shut down production altogether and fire all recently hired animators . Katzenberg put the film under the wing of Walt Disney Feature Animation . The Pixar team was pleased that the move would give them an open door to counseling from Disney 's animation veterans . Schneider , however , continued to take a dim view of the project and would later go over Katzenberg 's head to urge Eisner to cancel it . Stanton retreated into a small , dark , windowless office , emerging periodically with new script pages . He and the other story artists would then draw the shots on storyboards . Whedon came back to Pixar for part of the shutdown to help with revising , and the script was revised in two weeks as promised . When Katzenberg and Schneider halted production on Toy Story , Steve Jobs kept the work going with his own personal funding . Jobs did not insert himself much into the creative process , respecting the artists at Pixar and instead managing the relationship with Disney . The Pixar team came back with a new script three months later , with the character of Woody morphed from being a tyrannical boss of Andy 's other toys to being their wise and caring leader . It also included a more adult - oriented staff meeting amongst the toys rather than a juvenile group discussion that had existed in earlier drafts . Buzz Lightyear 's character was also changed slightly `` to make it more clear to the audience that he really does n't realize he 's a toy . '' Katzenberg and Schneider approved the new approach , and by February 1994 the film was back in production . The voice actors returned in March 1994 to record their new lines . When production was greenlit , the crew quickly grew from its original size of 24 to 110 , including 27 animators , 22 technical directors , and 61 other artists and engineers . In comparison , The Lion King , released in 1994 , required a budget of $45 million and a staff of 800 . In the early budgeting process , Jobs was eager to produce the film as efficiently as possible , impressing Katzenberg with his focus on cost - cutting . Despite this , the $17 million production budget was proving inadequate , especially given the major revision that was necessary after Katzenberg had pushed them to make Woody too edgy . Jobs demanded more funds to complete the film right and insisted that Disney was liable for the cost overruns . Katzenberg was not willing , and Ed Catmull was able to reach a compromise . Animation We could n't have made this movie in traditional animation . This is a story that can only really be told with three - dimensional toy characters ... Some of the shots in this film are so beautiful . -- Tom Schumacher , Vice President of Walt Disney Feature Animation Recruiting animators for Toy Story was brisk ; the magnet for talent was not the pay , generally mediocre , but rather the allure of taking part in the first computer - animated feature . Lasseter said that on the challenges of the computer animation in the film `` We had to make things look more organic . Every leaf and blade of grass had to be created . We had to give the world a sense of history . So the doors are banged up , the floors have scuffs . '' The film began with animated storyboards to guide the animators in developing the characters . 27 animators worked on the film , using 400 computer models to animate the characters . Each character was either created out of clay or was first modeled off of a computer - drawn diagram before reaching the computer animated design . Once the animators had a model , articulation and motion controls were coded ; this would allow each character to move in a variety of ways , such as talking , walking , or jumping . Out of all the characters , Woody was the most complex , as he required 723 motion controls , including 212 for his face and 58 for his mouth . The first piece of animation , a 30 - second test , was delivered to Disney in June 1992 , when the company requested a sample of what the film would look like . Lasseter wanted to impress Disney with a number of things in the test that could not be done in traditional , hand - drawn animation , such as Woody 's yellow plaid shirt with red stripes , the reflections in Buzz 's helmet and the decals on his space suit , or Venetian blind shadows falling across Andy 's room . Every shot in the film passed through the hands of eight different teams . The art department gave each shot its color scheme and general lighting . Under Craig Good , the layout department then placed the models in the shot , framed it by setting the location of the virtual camera , and programmed any camera movement . To make the medium feel as familiar as possible , they sought to stay within the limits of what might be done in a live - action film with real cameras , dollies , tripods , and cranes . Headed by directing animators Rich Quade and Ash Brannon , each shot went to the animation department from the layout . Lasseter opted against Disney 's approach of assigning an animator to work on a character throughout a film , but made certain exceptions in scenes where he thought acting was particularly critical . The animators used the Menv program to set each character in the desired pose . Once a sequence of hand - built poses ( or `` keyframes '' ) was created , the software would build poses for the frames in - between . The animators studied videotapes of the actors for inspiration , and Lasseter rejected automatic lip - syncing . To sync the characters ' mouths and facial expressions to the actors ' recorded voices , animators spent a week per 8 seconds of animation . Afterward , the animators would compile the scenes , and develop a new storyboard with the computer - animated characters . They then added shading , lighting , visual effects , and finally used 300 computer processors to render the film to its final design . Under Tom Porter , the shading team used RenderMan 's shader language to create shader programs for each of a model 's surfaces . A few surfaces in Toy Story came from real objects : a shader for the curtain fabric in Andy 's room used a scan of actual cloth . Under Galyn Susman and Sharon Calahan , the lighting team orchestrated the final lighting of the shot after animation and shading . Each completed shot then went into rendering on a `` render farm '' of 117 Sun Microsystems computers that ran 24 hours a day . Finished animation emerged in a steady drip of around three minutes a week . Depending on its complexity , each frame took from 45 minutes up to 30 hours to render . The film required 800,000 machine hours and 114,240 frames of animation in total . There are over 77 minutes of animation spread across 1,561 shots . A camera team , aided by David DiFrancesco , recorded the frames onto film stock . Toy Story was rendered at a mere 1,536 by 922 pixels , with each of them corresponding to roughly a quarter - inch of screen area on a typical cinema screen . During post-production , the film was sent to Skywalker Sound , where the sound effects were mixed with the music score . Music Disney was concerned with Lasseter 's position on the use of music . Unlike other Disney films of the time , Lasseter did not want the film to be a musical , saying it was a buddy film featuring `` real toys . '' Joss Whedon agreed , saying , `` It would have been a really bad musical , because it 's a buddy movie . It 's about people who wo n't admit what they want , much less sing about it ... Buddy movies are about sublimating , punching an arm , ' I hate you . ' It 's not about open emotion . '' However , Disney favored the musical format , claiming `` Musicals are our orientation . Characters breaking into song is a great shorthand . It takes some of the onus off what they 're asking for . '' Disney and Pixar reached a compromise : the characters in Toy Story would not break into song , but the film would use non-diegetic songs over the action , as in The Graduate , to convey and amplify the emotions that Buzz and Woody were feeling . Disney and Lasseter tapped Randy Newman to compose the film . The edited Toy Story was due to Newman and Gary Rydstrom in late September 1995 for their final work on the score and sound design , respectively . Lasseter said , `` His songs are touching , witty , and satirical , and he would deliver the emotional underpinning for every scene . '' Newman wrote three original songs for the film ; developing the film 's signature song `` You 've Got a Friend in Me '' in one day . Editing and pre-release It was difficult for crew members to perceive the film 's quality during much of the production process when the finished footage was in scattered pieces and lacked elements like music and sound design . Some animators felt the film would be a significant disappointment commercially , but felt animators and animation fans would find it interesting . According to Lee Unkrich , one of the original editors of Toy Story , a scene was cut out of the original final edit . The scene features Sid , after Pizza Planet , torturing Buzz and Woody violently . Unkrich decided to cut right into the scene where Sid is interrogating the toys because the creators of the movie thought the audience would be loving Buzz and Woody at that point . Another scene , where Woody was trying to get Buzz 's attention when he was stuck in the box crate , was shortened because the creators felt it would lose the energy of the movie . Peter Schneider had grown optimistic about the film as it neared completion , and announced a United States release date of November , coinciding with Thanksgiving weekend and the start of the winter holiday season . Sources indicate that executive producer Steve Jobs lacked confidence in the film during its production , and he had been talking to various companies , ranging from Hallmark to Microsoft , about selling Pixar . However , as the film progressed , Jobs became ever more excited about it , feeling that he might be on the verge of transforming the movie industry . As scenes from the movie were finished , he watched them repeatedly and had friends come by his home to share his new passion . Jobs decided that the release of Toy Story that November would be the occasion to take Pixar public . A test audience near Anaheim in late July 1995 indicated the need for last - minute tweaks , which added further pressure to the already frenetic final weeks . Response cards from the audience were encouraging , but were not top of the scale , adding further question as to how audiences would respond . The film ended with a shot of Andy 's house and the sound of a new puppy . Michael Eisner , who attended the screening , told Lasseter afterward that the film needed to end with a shot of Woody and Buzz together , reacting to the news of the puppy . Soundtrack Toy Story ( An Original Walt Disney Records Soundtrack ) Soundtrack album by Randy Newman Released November 22 , 1995 Recorded 1994 -- 1995 Genre Film score Length 53 : 51 Label Walt Disney Records Producer Chris Montan , Don Davis , Jim Flamberg , Frank Wolf , Randy Newman Randy Newman chronology Maverick ( 1994 ) Toy Story ( An Original Walt Disney Records Soundtrack ) ( 1995 ) James and the Giant Peach ( 1996 ) Pixar soundtrack chronology Toy Story ( 1995 ) Toy Story1995 A Bug 's Life ( 1998 ) A Bug 's Life 1998 Singles from Toy Story `` You 've Got a Friend in Me '' Released : April 12 , 1996 Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating AllMusic Filmtracks Movie Wave The soundtrack for Toy Story was produced by Walt Disney Records and was released on November 22 , 1995 , the week of the film 's release . Scored and written by Randy Newman , the soundtrack has received praise for its `` sprightly , stirring score '' . Despite the album 's critical success , the soundtrack only peaked at number 94 on the Billboard 200 album chart . A cassette and CD single release of `` You 've Got a Friend in Me '' was released on April 12 , 1996 , to promote the soundtrack 's release . The soundtrack was remastered in 2006 . After it went out of print , the album was made available for purchase digitally in retailers such as iTunes . The soundtrack , along with Newman 's complete unreleased score for the film was reissued on July 17 , 2015 as part of the Walt Disney Records : The Legacy Collection series . Track listing All tracks written by Randy Newman . No . Title Length 1 . `` You 've Got a Friend in Me '' ( performed by Newman ) 2 : 04 2 . `` Strange Things '' ( performed by Newman ) 3 : 18 3 . `` I Will Go Sailing No More '' ( performed by Newman ) 2 : 57 4 . `` Andy 's Birthday '' 5 : 58 5 . `` Soldier 's Mission '' 1 : 29 6 . `` Presents '' 1 : 09 7 . `` Buzz '' 1 : 40 8 . `` Sid '' 1 : 21 9 . `` Woody and Buzz '' 4 : 29 10 . `` Mutants '' 6 : 05 11 . `` Woody 's Gone '' 2 : 13 12 . `` The Big One '' 2 : 51 13 . `` Hang Together '' 6 : 02 14 . `` On the Move '' 6 : 18 15 . `` Infinity and Beyond '' 3 : 09 16 . `` You 've Got a Friend in Me ( Duet Version ) '' ( performed by Newman , Lyle Lovett ) 2 : 42 Total length : 51 : 44 Charts Chart ( 1995 ) Peak position U.S. Billboard 200 94 Release There were two premieres of Toy Story in November 1995 . Disney organized one at the El Capitan Theatre in Los Angeles , and built a fun house , Totally Toy Story , next door featuring the characters . Jobs did not attend and instead rented the Regency , a similar theater in San Francisco , and held his own premiere the next night . Instead of Tom Hanks and Tim Allen , the guests were Silicon Valley celebrities , such as Larry Ellison and Andy Grove . The dueling premieres highlighted a festering issue between the companies : whether Toy Story was a Disney or a Pixar film . `` The audience appeared to be captivated by the film , '' wrote David Price in his 2008 book The Pixar Touch . `` Adult - voiced sobs could be heard during the quiet moments after Buzz Lightyear fell and lay broken on the stairway landing . '' Toy Story opened on 2,281 screens in the United States on November 22 , 1995 ( before later expanding to 2,574 screens ) . It was paired alongside a reissue of a Roger Rabbit short called Rollercoaster Rabbit , while select prints contained The Adventures of André and Wally B ... The film was also shown at the Berlin International Film Festival out of competition from February 15 to 26 , 1996 . Elsewhere , the film opened in March 1996 . Marketing Marketing for the film included $20 million spent by Disney for advertising as well as advertisers such as Burger King , PepsiCo , Coca - Cola , and Payless ShoeSource paying $125 million in tied promotions for the film . Marketing consultant Al Ries reflected on the promotion : `` This will be a killer deal . How can a kid , sitting through a one - and - a-half - hour movie with an army of recognizable toy characters , not want to own one ? '' Despite this , Disney Consumer Products was slow to see the potential of Toy Story early on . When the Thanksgiving release date was announced in January 1995 , many toy companies were accustomed to having eighteen months to two years of runway time and passed on the project . In February 1995 , Disney took the idea to Toy Fair , a toy industry trade show in New York . There , a Toronto - based company with a factory based in China , Thinkway Toys , became interested . Although Thinkway was a small player in the industry , mainly producing toy banks in the form of film characters , it was able to scoop up the worldwide master license for Toy Story toys simply because no one else wanted it . Walt Disney Home Video put a trailer for the film on seven million copies of the VHS re-release of Cinderella ; the Disney Channel ran a television special on the making of Toy Story ; Walt Disney World in Florida held a daily Toy Story parade at Disney - MGM Studios . It was screenwriter Joss Whedon 's idea to incorporate Barbie as a character who would rescue Woody and Buzz in the film 's final act . The idea was dropped after Mattel objected and refused to license the toy . Producer Ralph Guggenheim claimed that Mattel did not allow the use of the toy as `` They ( Mattel ) philosophically felt girls who play with Barbie dolls are projecting their personalities onto the doll . If you give the doll a voice and animate it , you 're creating a persona for it that might not be every little girl 's dream and desire . '' Hasbro likewise refused to license G.I. Joe ( mainly because Sid was going to blow one up ) , but they did license Mr. Potato Head . The only toy in the movie that was not in production was Slinky Dog , which was discontinued since the 1970s . When designs for Slinky were sent to Betty James ( Richard James 's wife ) she said that Pixar had improved the toy and that it was `` cuter '' than the original . 3 - D re-release On October 2 , 2009 , the film was re-released in Disney Digital 3 - D . The film was also released with Toy Story 2 as a double feature for a two - week run which was extended due to its success . In addition , the film 's second sequel , Toy Story 3 , was also released in the 3 - D format . Lasseter commented on the new 3 - D re-release : The Toy Story films and characters will always hold a very special place in our hearts and we 're so excited to be bringing this landmark film back for audiences to enjoy in a whole new way thanks to the latest in 3 - D technology . With Toy Story 3 shaping up to be another great adventure for Buzz , Woody and the gang from Andy 's room , we thought it would be great to let audiences experience the first two films all over again and in a brand new way . Translating the film into 3 - D involved revisiting the original computer data and virtually placing a second camera into each scene , creating left eye and right eye views needed to achieve the perception of depth . Unique to computer animation , Lasseter referred to this process as `` digital archaeology . '' The process took four months , as well as an additional six months for the two films to add the 3 - D . The lead stereographer Bob Whitehill oversaw this process and sought to achieve an effect that affected the emotional storytelling of the film : When I would look at the films as a whole , I would search for story reasons to use 3 - D in different ways . In Toy Story , for instance , when the toys were alone in their world , I wanted it to feel consistent to a safer world . And when they went out to the human world , that 's when I really blew out the 3 - D to make it feel dangerous and deep and overwhelming . Unlike other countries , the United Kingdom received the films in 3 - D as separate releases . Toy Story was released on October 2 , 2009 . Toy Story 2 was instead released January 22 , 2010 . The re-release performed well at the box office , opening with $12,500,000 in its opening weekend , placing at the third position after Zombieland and Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs . The double feature grossed $30,714,027 in its five - week release . Home Media Toy Story was released by Walt Disney Home Video on VHS and LaserDisc on October 29 , 1996 , with no bonus material . In the first week of this release , VHS rentals totaled $5.1 million , debuting Toy Story as the week 's No. 1 video . Over 21.5 million VHS copies were sold the first year . A deluxe edition widescreen LaserDisc 4 - disc box set was released on December 18 , 1996 . On January 11 , 2000 , the film was re-released on VHS , but this time as the first video to be part of the Walt Disney Gold Classic Collection with the bonus short film Tin Toy . This release sold two million copies . The film was released for the first time on DVD on October 17 , 2000 , in a two - pack with its first sequel Toy Story 2 . The same day , a 3 - disc `` Ultimate Toy Box '' set was released , featuring Toy Story , Toy Story 2 , and a third disc of bonus materials with Toy Story in a 35mm Widescreen print and Toy Story 2 only being in FullScreen . The twin - pack release was later released individually on March 20 , 2001 with the film available in both Widescreen and FullScreen . The DVD - pack , U.T.B. set and the original DVD use the 35mm print of the film to create the copies , rather than using the original files to encode the movie directly to video . The DVD two - pack , the Ultimate Toy Box set , the Gold Classic Collection VHS and DVD , and the original DVD were all put in the Disney Vault on May 1 , 2003 . On September 6 , 2005 , a 2 - disc `` 10th Anniversary Edition '' was released featuring much of the bonus material from the `` Ultimate Toy Box '' , including a retrospective special with John Lasseter , a home theater mix , as well as a new digital Widescreen picture with the 35mm Fullscreen version being retained . This DVD went back in the Disney Vault on January 31 , 2009 along with Toy Story 2 . The 10th Anniversary release was the last version of Toy Story to be released before taken out of the Disney Vault lineup along with Toy Story 2 . Also on September 6 , 2005 , a UMD of Toy Story featuring some deleted scenes , a filmmakers ' reflect and a new `` Legacy of Toy Story '' was released for the Sony PlayStation Portable . The film was available for the first time on Blu - ray in a Special Edition Combo Pack that included two discs , the Blu - ray , and the DVD versions of the film . This combo - edition was released by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment on March 23 , 2010 , along with its sequel . There was a DVD - only re-release on May 11 , 2010 . Another `` Ultimate Toy Box '' , packaging the Combo Pack with those of both sequels , became available on November 2 , 2010 . On November 1 , 2011 , the first three Toy Story films were re-released all together , each as a DVD / Blu - ray / Blu - ray 3D / Digital Copy combo pack ( four discs each for the first two films , and five for the third film ) . They were also released on Blu - ray 3D in a complete trilogy box set . Reception Yes , we worry about what the critics say . Yes , we worry about what the opening box office is going to be . Yes , we worry about what the final box office is going to be . But really , the whole point why we do what we do is to entertain our audiences . The greatest joy I get as a filmmaker is to slip into an audience for one of our movies anonymously , and watch people watch our film . Because people are 100 percent honest when they 're watching a movie . And to see the joy on people 's faces , to see people really get into our films ... to me is the greatest reward I could possibly get . -- John Lasseter , reflecting on the impact of the film Critical response Toy Story received critical acclaim . On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 100 % based on 78 reviews with an average rating of 9 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Entertaining as it is innovative , Toy Story reinvigorated animation while heralding the arrival of Pixar as a family - friendly force to be reckoned with . '' On Metacritic , the film has a score of 95 out of 100 , based on 26 reviews , indicating `` universal acclaim '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A '' on an A+ to F scale . Leonard Klady of Variety commended the animation 's `` ... razzle - dazzle technique and unusual look '' and that `` the camera loops and zooms in a dizzying fashion that fairly takes one 's breath away . '' Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun - Times compared the film 's innovative animation to Disney 's Who Framed Roger Rabbit , saying that `` both movies take apart the universe of cinematic visuals and put it back together again , allowing us to see in a new way . '' Due to the film 's creative animation , Richard Corliss of TIME claimed that it was `` ... the year 's most inventive comedy . '' The voice cast was also praised by various critics . Susan Wloszczyna of USA Today approved of the selection of Hanks and Allen for the lead roles . Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times stated that `` Starting with Tom Hanks , who brings an invaluable heft and believability to Woody , Toy Story is one of the best voiced animated features in memory , with all the actors ... making their presences strongly felt . '' Several critics also recognized the film 's ability to appeal to various age groups , specifically children and adults . Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly wrote `` It has the purity , the ecstatic freedom of imagination , that 's the hallmark of the greatest children 's films . It also has the kind of spring - loaded allusive prankishness that , at times , will tickle adults even more than it does kids . '' In 1995 , Toy Story was ranked eighth in TIME ' s list of the `` Best 10 films of 1995 '' . In 2011 , TIME named it one of the `` 25 All - TIME Best Animated Films '' . It also ranks at number 99 in Empire magazine 's list of the `` 500 Greatest Films of All Time '' and as the `` highest - ranked animated movie '' . In 2003 , the Online Film Critics Society ranked the film as the greatest animated film of all time . In 2007 , the Visual Effects Society named the film 22nd in its list of the `` Top 50 Most Influential Visual Effects Films of All Time '' . The film is ranked 99th on the AFI 's list of the `` 100 greatest American Films of All - Time '' . It was one of the only two animated films on that list , the other being Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) . It was also the sixth best in the animation genre on AFI 's 10 Top 10 . Director Terry Gilliam would praise the film as `` a work of genius . It got people to understand what toys are about . They 're true to their own character . And that 's just brilliant . It 's got a shot that 's always stuck with me , when Buzz Lightyear discovers he 's a toy . He 's sitting on this landing at the top of the staircase and the camera pulls back and he 's this tiny little figure . He was this guy with a massive ego two seconds before ... and it 's stunning . I 'd put that as one of my top ten films , period . '' Box office performance Before the film 's release , executive producer and Apple Inc. co-founder Steve Jobs stated `` If Toy Story is a modest hit -- say $75 million at the box office , we 'll ( Pixar and Disney ) both break even . If it gets $100 million , we 'll both make money . But if it 's a real blockbuster and earns $200 million or so at the box office , we 'll make good money , and Disney will make a lot of money . '' Upon its release on November 22 , 1995 , Toy Story managed to gross more than $350 million worldwide . Disney chairman Michael Eisner stated `` I do n't think either side thought Toy Story would turn out as well as it has . The technology is brilliant , the casting is inspired , and I think the story will touch a nerve . Believe me , when we first agreed to work together , we never thought their first movie would be our 1995 holiday feature , or that they could go public on the strength of it . '' The film 's first five days of domestic release ( on Thanksgiving weekend ) earned it $39,071,176 . The film placed first in the weekend 's box office with $29,140,617 and maintained the No. 1 position at the domestic box office for the next two weekends . Toy Story became the highest - grossing domestic film of 1995 , beating Batman Forever , Apollo 13 ( also starring Tom Hanks ) , Pocahontas , Casper , Waterworld , and GoldenEye . At the time of its release , it was the third highest - grossing animated film of all time , after The Lion King ( 1994 ) and Aladdin ( 1992 ) . When not considering inflation , Toy Story is No. 96 on the list of the highest - grossing domestic films of all time . The film had gross receipts of $191,796,233 in the U.S. and Canada and $181,757,800 in international markets for a total of $373,554,033 worldwide . At the time of its release , the film ranked as 17th highest - grossing film ( unadjusted ) domestically and it was the 21st highest - grossing film worldwide . Accolades Main article : List of Pixar awards and nominations : Toy Story Lasseter with the Special Achievement Oscar The film won and was nominated for various other awards including a Kids ' Choice Award , MTV Movie Award , and a British Academy Film Award , among others . John Lasseter received an Academy Special Achievement Award in 1996 `` for the development and inspired application of techniques that have made possible the first feature - length computer - animated film . '' Additionally , the film was nominated for three Academy Awards , two to Randy Newman for Best Music -- Original Song , for `` You 've Got a Friend in Me '' , and Best Music -- Original Musical or Comedy Score . It was also nominated for Best Original Screenplay for the work by Joel Cohen , Pete Docter , John Lasseter , Joe Ranft , Alec Sokolow , Andrew Stanton and Joss Whedon , making Toy Story the first animated film to be nominated for an Academy Award writing category . Toy Story won eight Annie Awards , including `` Best Animated Feature '' . Animator Pete Docter , director John Lasseter , musician Randy Newman , producers Bonnie Arnold and Ralph Guggenheim , production designer Ralph Eggleston , and writers Joel Cohen , Alec Sokolow , Andrew Stanton , and Joss Whedon all won awards for `` Best Individual Achievement '' in their respective fields for their work on the film . The film also won `` Best Individual Achievement '' in technical achievement . Toy Story was nominated for two Golden Globe Awards , one for Best Motion Picture -- Comedy or Musical , and one for Best Original Song -- Motion Picture for Newman 's `` You 've Got a Friend in Me '' . At both the Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards and the Kansas City Film Critics Circle Awards , the film won `` Best Animated Film '' . Toy Story is also among the top ten in the BFI list of the 50 films you should see by the age of 14 , and the highest - placed ( at No. 99 ) animated film in Empire magazine 's list of `` 500 Greatest Movie of All Time '' . In 2005 , Toy Story , along with Toy Story 2 was voted the 4th greatest cartoon in Channel 4 's 100 Greatest Cartoons poll , behind The Simpsons , Tom and Jerry and South Park . Impact and Legacy Toy Story had a large impact on the film industry with its innovative computer animation . After the film 's debut , various industries were interested in the technology used for the film . Graphics chip makers desired to compute imagery similar to the film 's animation for personal computers ; game developers wanted to learn how to replicate the animation for video games ; and robotics researchers were interested in building artificial intelligence into their machines that compared to the film 's lifelike characters . Various authors have also compared the film to an interpretation of Don Quixote as well as humanism . In addition , Toy Story left an impact with its catchphrase `` To Infinity and Beyond '' , sequels , and software , among others . In 2005 ( 10 years after its theatrical release ) , the film was selected for preservation in the National Film Registry by the United States Library of Congress , one of only six films to be selected in its first year of eligibility . `` To Infinity and Beyond '' Buzz Lightyear 's classic line `` To Infinity and Beyond '' has seen usage not only on themed merchandise , but among philosophers and mathematical theorists as well . In 2008 , during STS - 124 astronauts took an action figure of Buzz Lightyear into space on the Discovery Space Shuttle as part of an educational experience for students while stressing the catchphrase . The action figure was used for experiments in zero - g . It was reported in 2008 that a father and son had continually repeated the phrase to help them keep track of each other while treading water for 15 hours in the Atlantic Ocean . The phrase occurs in the lyrics of Beyoncé 's 2008 song `` Single Ladies ( Put a Ring on It ) '' , during the bridge . Sequels , shows , and Spin - offs Main article : Toy Story ( franchise ) Toy Story has spawned three sequels : Toy Story 2 ( 1999 ) , Toy Story 3 ( 2010 ) , and Toy Story 4 , to be released in 2019 . Initially , the first sequel to Toy Story was going to be a direct - to - video release , with development beginning in 1996 . However , after the cast from Toy Story returned and the story was considered to be better than that of a direct - to - video release , it was announced in 1998 that the sequel would see a theatrical release . Toy Story 's first sequel Toy Story 2 was released in theatres November 24 , 1999 and saw the return of the majority of the voice cast from Toy Story , and the film focuses on Buzz leading Andy 's toys on a mission to rescue Woody after he is stolen by a greedy toy collector voiced by Wayne Knight . The film was equally well received by critics , many of whom thought it was even better than the first installment , earning a rare 100 % approval rating at Rotten Tomatoes , based on 163 reviews . At Metacritic , the film earned a favorable rating of 88 / 100 based on 34 reviews . The film 's widest release was 3,257 theaters and it grossed $485,015,179 worldwide , becoming the second-most successful animated film after The Lion King at the time of its release . The second sequel Toy Story 3 was released in theatres June 18 , 2010 and centers on Andy 's mom accidentally donating the toys to a day - care center when Andy , now a teenager , is preparing to go to college . Once there , they must hurry home before Andy leaves . Again , the majority of the cast from the prior two films returned , with Slinky Dog voiced by Blake Clark due to Jim Varney 's death in 2000 . It was the first film in the franchise to be released in 3 - D for its first run , though the first two films , which were originally released in 2 - D , were re-released in 3 - D in 2009 as a double feature . Like its predecessors , Toy Story 3 received enormous critical acclaim , earning a 99 % approval rating from Rotten Tomatoes . It also grossed more than $1 billion worldwide , making it the highest - grossing animated film until the release of 2013 's Frozen . A third sequel , Toy Story 4 , will be released on June 21 , 2019 . It will be directed by John Lasseter , and will focus on the toys going to find Bo Peep , who was given away before the third film . Most of the cast of the previous will again reprise their character roles . However Mr. Potato Head will likely be recast for the film because of Don Rickles ' death in 2017 . In November 1996 , the Disney on Ice : Toy Story ice show opened which featured the cast 's voices as well as Randy Newman 's music . In April 2008 , the Disney Wonder cruise ship launched Toy Story : The Musical shows on its cruises . Toy Story also led to a spin - off direct - to - video animated film , Buzz Lightyear of Star Command : The Adventure Begins , as well as the animated television series Buzz Lightyear of Star Command . The film and series followed Buzz Lightyear and his friends at Star Command as they uphold justice across the galaxy . Although the film was criticized for not using the same animation as in Toy Story and Toy Story 2 , it sold three million VHS and DVDs in its first week of release . The television series brought further commercial and critical acclaim , winning a Daytime Emmy in 2001 for Outstanding Sound Editing . The series ran for a total of 65 episodes . Following the release of Toy Story 3 , a series of Toy Story short films have been shown in theaters in front of other Disney features : Hawaiian Vacation ( shown before Cars 2 ) , centering on Barbie and Ken on vacation in Bonnie 's room , Small Fry ( shown before The Muppets ) , centering on Buzz being left in a fast - food restaurant , and Partysaurus Rex ( shown before the 3D re-release of Finding Nemo ) , centering on Rex partying with bath toys . In January 2013 , a fan - made live - action version of the film was posted on YouTube that received more than 16 million views before being taken down by Disney for copyright of the audio . In February 2016 , the video returned to YouTube . In October 2013 , ABC aired Toy Story of Terror ! , promoting it as Pixar 's first television special . In the special , Mr. Potato Head disappears and the other toys have to find him . On December 2 , 2014 , ABC aired Toy Story That Time Forgot . In the story , the toys are trapped in room with a group of humanoid dinosaur warrior toys called Battlesaurs who do not know that they are toys and must escape . Software and merchandise Disney 's Animated Storybook : Toy Story and Disney 's Activity Center : Toy Story were released for Windows and Mac OS . Disney 's Animated Storybook : Toy Story was the best selling software title of 1996 , selling over 500,000 copies . Two console video games were released for the film : the Toy Story video game , for the Sega Genesis , Super Nintendo Entertainment System , Game Boy , and PC as well as Toy Story Racer , for the PlayStation ( which contains elements from Toy Story 2 ) . Pixar created original animations for all of the games , including fully animated sequences for the PC titles . Toy Story had a large promotion before its release , leading to numerous tie - ins with the film including images on food packaging . A variety of merchandise was released during the film 's theatrical run and its initial VHS release including toys , clothing , and shoes , among other things . When an action figure for Buzz Lightyear and Sheriff Woody was created it was initially ignored by retailers . However , after over 250,000 figures were sold for each character before the film 's release , demand continued to expand , eventually reaching over 25 million units sold by 2007 . Theme park attractions Toy Story and its sequels have inspired multiple attractions at the theme parks of Walt Disney World and Disneyland : Buzz Lightyear 's Space Ranger Spin at the Magic Kingdom casts theme park guests as cadets in Buzz 's Space Ranger Corps . Guests ride through various scenes featuring Emperor Zurg 's henchmen , firing `` laser cannons '' at their Z symbols , scoring points for each hit . Buzz Lightyear 's Astro Blasters at Disneyland , is similar to Space Ranger Spin , except that the laser cannons are hand - held rather than mounted to the ride vehicle . Buzz Lightyear 's Astroblasters at Walt Disney World 's DisneyQuest , despite the nearly identical name to the Disneyland attraction , is a bumper car style attraction in which guests compete against each other not only by ramming their ride vehicles into each other but also by firing `` asteroids '' ( playground balls ) at each other . Toy Story Mania at both Walt Disney World 's Disney 's Hollywood Studios and Disneyland 's Disney California Adventure features a series of interactive carnival - type games hosted by the Toy Story characters . Guests ride in vehicles while wearing 3 - D glasses , and using a pull - string cannon to launch virtual rings , darts , baseballs , etc . Disney announced an update to the attraction to add characters from Toy Story 3 several months before the film 's release date . World of Color at Disney California Adventure is a large nighttime water and light show . Some of the scenes projected on the water screens feature animation from the Toy Story films . Toy Story Playland at Disneyland Paris and Hong Kong Disneyland , opening in August 2010 and 2011 respectively . The area is designed to create the illusion of `` shrinking the guest '' down to the size of a toy , and to play in Andy 's backyard in several themed rides . Toy Story Character Greetings are located at almost all Disney Parks . Three of the main characters , Buzz Lightyear , Woody and Jessie are the most common . Sometimes Bullseye , the Green Army Men , and Mr. Potato Head are available to meet as well . Other influences Toy Story 's cast of characters forms the basis for the naming of the releases of the Debian computer operating system , from Debian 1.1 Buzz , the first release with a codename , in 1996 to Debian 11 Bullseye , the most - recently announced future release . In 2013 Pixar designed a `` Gromit Lightyear '' sculpture based on the Aardman Animations character Gromit for Gromit Unleashed which sold for £ 65,000 . Notes Jump up ^ `` Toy Story '' . British Board of Film Classification . Retrieved August 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Toy Story ( 1995 ) -- Financial Information '' . The Numbers . Retrieved December 7 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Toy Story ( 1995 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Toy Story '' . The Numbers . Retrieved March 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Sources that refer to Toy Story being referred to as one of the best animated films of all time include : `` Top 25 Animated Movies of All - Time -- Movies Feature at IGN '' . Movies.ign.com . June 18 , 2011 . Retrieved July 8 , 2011 . `` Best Animated Movies ( 5 -- 1 ) -- The Moviefone Blog '' . Blog.moviefone.com . June 2 , 2008 . Retrieved July 8 , 2011 . `` Best Animated Films -- Toy Story '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2011 . Retrieved July 8 , 2011 . `` 10 Top 10 '' . AFI . Retrieved July 8 , 2011 . `` Time Out 's Top 50 Animated Movies of All Time Curated by Terry Gilliam / Film '' . Slashfilm.com . October 7 , 2009 . Retrieved July 8 , 2011 . `` The Movie Blog 's 10 Best Animated Films of All Time '' . The Movie Blog . Retrieved July 8 , 2011 . Corliss , Richard ( June 23 , 2011 ) . `` Toy Story , 1995 -- The 25 All - TIME Best Animated Films '' . Time . Retrieved July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ King , Susan ( September 30 , 2015 ) . `` How ' Toy Story ' changed the face of animation , taking off ' like an explosion ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Librarian of Congress Adds 25 Films to National Film Registry -- News Releases ( Library of Congress ) '' . Loc.gov . Retrieved June 10 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : McClintock , Pamela ( October 8 , 2015 ) . `` ' Cars 3 ' and ' Incredibles 2 ' Get Release Dates ; ' Toy Story 4 ' Bumped a Year '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Lang , Brent ( October 26 , 2016 ) . `` ' Incredibles 2 ' Hitting Theaters a Year Early , ' Toy Story 4 ' Pushed Back to 2019 '' . Variety . Retrieved October 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Paik 2007 , p. 38 . Jump up ^ `` Waterman Gives ' Brave Little Toaster ' a New Lease of Life ( Exclusive ) '' . The Wrap . Retrieved July 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Paik 2007 , p. 41 . ^ Jump up to : Isaacson 2011 , p. 181 . Jump up ^ `` How Pixar became the world 's greatest animation company '' . www.telegraph.co.uk . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Price 2008 , p. 117 . ^ Jump up to : Isaacson 2011 , p. 206 . Jump up ^ Price 2008 , p. 118 . ^ Jump up to : Price 2008 , p. 119 . ^ Jump up to : Price 2008 , p. 120 . Jump up ^ Price 2008 , p. 122 . Jump up ^ Kanfer 2000 , p. 229 . ^ Jump up to : Burrows , Peter ; Grover , Ronald ( November 23 , 1998 ) . `` Steve Jobs , Movie Mogul '' . Bloomberg BusinessWeek . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2011 . Retrieved March 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Schlender , Brent ( May 17 , 2006 ) . `` Pixar 's magic man '' . CNNMoney.com . Retrieved March 11 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Price 2008 , p. 121 . Jump up ^ Cezary Jan Strusiewicz ( February 1 , 2011 ) . `` 5 Insane Early Drafts of Famous Films '' . ^ Jump up to : Price 2008 , p. 124 . ^ Jump up to : Isaacson 2011 , p. 207 . ^ Jump up to : Price 2008 , p. 125 . Jump up ^ `` Disney 's Buzz Lightyear and Wall - E explore space for NASA '' . Space.com . June 24 , 2008 . Retrieved March 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Paik 2007 , p. 103 . ^ Jump up to : Price 2008 , p. 126 . Jump up ^ Charlie Rose ( December 2 , 2011 ) . `` Charlie Rose Interview of John Lasseter '' . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2011 . Retrieved November 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Price 2008 , p. 127 . ^ Jump up to : Price 2008 , p. 128 . ^ Jump up to : Price 2008 , p. 137 . ^ Jump up to : `` Toy ' Wonder '' . Entertainment Weekly . December 8 , 1995 . Retrieved March 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Evans , Bradford ( March 17 , 2011 ) . `` The Lost Roles of Jim Carrey '' . Splitsider . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . Early in Toy Story 's development , producers wanted Paul Newman as Woody and Jim Carrey as Buzz Lightyear , with the two actors representing Old Hollywood and New Hollywood , respectively . Jump up ^ Fischer , Paul . `` Billy Crystal -- Cranky Critic StarTalk '' . Archived from the original on December 18 , 2001 . Retrieved March 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Pearlman , Cindy ( October 28 , 2001 ) . `` Crystal clear on ' Monsters ' '' ( Fee required ) . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved March 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Evans , Bradford ( February 17 , 2011 ) . `` The Lost Roles of Bill Murray '' . Retrieved May 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Farr , John ( September 19 , 2014 ) . `` Bill Murray and the Roles That Got Away '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved May 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Locke , Greg W. ( August 26 , 2011 ) . `` The Top 25 Roles Bill Murray Did n't Take '' . Retrieved May 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` THE FACES & FACTS BEHIND DISNEY CHARACTERS '' . E !. Retrieved April 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kozak , Jim ( August 2005 ) . `` Serenity Now ! '' . In Focus . National Association of Theatre Owners . Archived from the original on August 3 , 2005 . Retrieved August 10 , 2015 . Ironically , Disney put the kibosh on the person they wanted for Buzz Lightyear because he was n't famous enough , so we could n't use Jim Carrey . But they had Tom Hanks in place . Jump up ^ Evans , Bradford . `` The Lost Roles of Chevy Chase '' . Splitsider . Retrieved November 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Price 2008 , p. 129 . Jump up ^ Toy Story ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) -- ( Making Toy Story ) ( DVD ) . Walt Disney Home Entertainment . September 6 , 2005 . Event occurs at 6 : 43 . Jump up ^ Michael , Dennis ( November 25 , 1995 ) . `` ' Toy Story ' stars say being animated is hard work '' . CNN . Retrieved March 12 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Isaacson 2011 , p. 208 . 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Archived from the original on June 29 , 2013 . Retrieved March 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Toy Story 3 ( Rotten Tomatoes Review ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved April 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' Toy Story 3 ' Tops $1 Billion Mark '' . The Epoch Times . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2010 . Retrieved August 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( March 30 , 2014 ) . `` Box Office Milestone : ' Frozen ' Becomes No. 1 Animated Film of All Time '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( August 14 , 2015 ) . `` D23 : Pixar Previews ' Finding Dory ' and ' Toy Story 4 ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Putzer , Jerry ( November 8 , 1996 ) . `` ' Toy Story ' Takes the Ice to the Blue Line and Beyond ! '' . Daily News . New York . Retrieved March 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ BWW News Desk ( January 9 , 2008 ) . `` Disney Launches ' Toy Story ' Musical Aboard Cruise - Line '' . BroadwayWorld.com . 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Discount Store News . Archived from the original on December 10 , 2008 . Retrieved March 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Buzz Lightyear 's Space Ranger Spin '' . Retrieved June 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Buzz Lightyear 's Astro Blasters '' . Retrieved June 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Buzz Lightyear 's Astroblasters '' . Retrieved June 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Toy Story Mania ! ( WDW ) '' . Retrieved June 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Toy Story Mania ! ( DL ) '' . Retrieved June 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` World of Color '' . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2010 . Retrieved November 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A short visit to Disneyland Paris '' . The Press . August 21 , 2010 . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Debian GNU / Linux FAQ -- The Debian FTP archives '' . Debian. April 25 , 2015 . Retrieved April 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bits from the release team : Winter is Coming ( but not to South Africa ) '' . Debian . July 6 , 2016 . Retrieved April 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` GROMIT UNLEASHED 2013 : Cracking ! Auction of Gromits in Bristol tops the £ 2m mark '' . Bristol Post . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2014 . References Isaacson , Walter ( 2011 ) . Steve Jobs . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4516 - 4853 - 9 . Kanfer , Stefan ( 2000 ) ( 1997 ) . Serious Business : The Art and Commerce of Animation in America from Betty Boop to Toy Story . New York : Da Capo Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 80918 - 7 . Paik , Karen ( 2007 ) . To Infinity and Beyond ! : The Story of Pixar Animation Studios . San Francisco : Chronicle Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8118 - 5012 - 4 . Price , David ( 2008 ) . The Pixar Touch : The Making of a Company . New York : Alfred A. Knopf . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 26575 - 3 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Toy Story . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Toy Story Official Disney website Official Pixar website Toy Story on IMDb Toy Story at the TCM Movie Database Toy Story at The Big Cartoon DataBase Toy Story at AllMovie Toy Story at Rotten Tomatoes Toy Story at Metacritic Toy Story at Box Office Mojo ( hide ) Toy Story Films Toy Story ( 1995 ) Toy Story 2 ( 1999 ) Toy Story 3 ( 2010 ) Toy Story 4 ( 2019 ) Characters Sheriff Woody Buzz Lightyear Jessie Television Buzz Lightyear of Star Command The Adventure Begins Toy Story of Terror ! Toy Story That Time Forgot Video games Toy Story Disney 's Animated Storybook : Toy Story Toy Story 2 : Buzz Lightyear to the Rescue Toy Story Racer Buzz Lightyear of Star Command Toy Story Mania ! Toy Story 3 : The Video Game Toy Story : Smash It ! Disney Infinity Kingdom Hearts III Shorts Toy Story Treats Toy Story Toons Hawaiian Vacation Small Fry Partysaurus Rex Attractions Buzz Lightyear RC Racer Slinky Dog Zigzag Spin Toy Story Midway Mania ! Toy Soldiers Parachute Drop Toy Story Land Woody 's All - American Roundup & Big Thunder Ranch Barbecue Woody 's Roundup Village Music `` You 've Got a Friend in Me '' `` When She Loved Me '' `` We Belong Together '' Woody 's Roundup : A Rootin ' Tootin ' Collection of Woody 's Favorite Songs Miscellaneous Toy Story : The Musical Lego Toy Story Links to related articles Pixar Feature films Released Toy Story ( 1995 ) A Bug 's Life ( 1998 ) Toy Story 2 ( 1999 ) Monsters , Inc. ( 2001 ) Finding Nemo ( 2003 ) The Incredibles ( 2004 ) Cars ( 2006 ) Ratatouille ( 2007 ) WALL - E ( 2008 ) Up ( 2009 ) Toy Story 3 ( 2010 ) Cars 2 ( 2011 ) Brave ( 2012 ) Monsters University ( 2013 ) Inside Out ( 2015 ) The Good Dinosaur ( 2015 ) Finding Dory ( 2016 ) Cars 3 ( 2017 ) Coco ( 2017 ) Upcoming Incredibles 2 ( 2018 ) Toy Story 4 ( 2019 ) Short films Luxo Jr. ( 1986 ) Red 's Dream ( 1987 ) Tin Toy ( 1988 ) Knick Knack ( 1989 ) Geri 's Game ( 1997 ) For the Birds ( 2000 ) Mike 's New Car ( 2002 ) Boundin ' ( 2003 ) Jack - Jack Attack ( 2005 ) Mr. Incredible and Pals ( 2005 ) One Man Band ( 2005 ) Mater and the Ghostlight ( 2006 ) Lifted ( 2006 ) Your Friend the Rat ( 2007 ) Presto ( 2008 ) BURN - E ( 2008 ) Partly Cloudy ( 2009 ) Dug 's Special Mission ( 2009 ) George & A.J. ( 2009 ) Day & Night ( 2010 ) La Luna ( 2011 ) Hawaiian Vacation ( 2011 ) Small Fry ( 2011 ) Partysaurus Rex ( 2012 ) The Legend of Mor'du ( 2012 ) The Blue Umbrella ( 2013 ) Party Central ( 2013 ) Lava ( 2014 ) Sanjay 's Super Team ( 2015 ) Riley 's First Date ? ( 2015 ) Piper ( 2016 ) Lou ( 2017 ) Series Cars Toons ( 2008 -- 14 ) Toy Story Toons ( 2011 -- 12 ) Compilations Tiny Toy Stories ( 1996 ) Pixar Short Films Collection , Volume 1 ( 2007 ) Cars Toons : Mater 's Tall Tales ( 2010 ) Pixar Short Films Collection , Volume 2 ( 2012 ) Other work Beach Chair ( 1986 ) Light & Heavy ( 1990 ) Television specials Toy Story of Terror ! ( 2013 ) Toy Story That Time Forgot ( 2014 ) Franchises Toy Story ( 1995 -- present ) Monsters , Inc. ( 2001 -- 13 ) Finding Nemo ( 2003 -- present ) The Incredibles ( 2004 -- present ) Cars ( 2006 -- present ) Associated productions The Adventures of André & Wally B. ( 1984 ) It 's Tough to Be a Bug ! ( 1998 ) Buzz Lightyear of Star Command : The Adventure Begins ( 2000 ) Buzz Lightyear of Star Command ( 2000 -- 01 ) Exploring the Reef ( 2003 ) Turtle Talk with Crush ( 2004 ) John Carter ( 2012 ) Planes ( 2013 ) Planes : Fire & Rescue ( 2014 ) Borrowed Time ( 2016 ) Documentaries The Pixar Story ( 2007 ) Products Pixar Image Computer RenderMan Marionette People John Lasseter Edwin Catmull Steve Jobs Alvy Ray Smith Jim Morris See also List of Pixar characters List of Pixar awards and nominations feature films short films List of Pixar film references Computer Graphics Lab Industrial Light & Magic Lucasfilm Animation Circle 7 Animation Pixar Canada A Computer Animated Hand The Works The Shadow King Pixar universe theory Walt Disney Animation Studios The Walt Disney Studios Book John Lasseter Directed Feature films Toy Story ( 1995 ) A Bug 's Life ( 1998 ) Toy Story 2 ( 1999 ) Cars ( 2006 ) Cars 2 ( 2011 ) Short films Luxo Jr. ( 1986 ) Red 's Dream ( 1987 ) Tin Toy ( 1988 ) Knick Knack ( 1989 ) Mater and the Ghostlight ( 2006 ) Cars Toons ( 2008 ) Produced Short films The Adventures of André and Wally B. ( 1984 ) Luxo Jr. ( 1986 ) Written Feature films Toy Story ( 1995 ) A Bug 's Life ( 1998 ) Toy Story 2 ( 1999 ) Cars ( 2006 ) Toy Story 3 ( 2010 ) Cars 2 ( 2011 ) Planes ( 2013 ) The Pirate Fairy ( 2014 ) Short films Luxo Jr. ( 1986 ) Red 's Dream ( 1987 ) Tin Toy ( 1988 ) Knick Knack ( 1989 ) Mater and the Ghostlight ( 2006 ) Studios Walt Disney Animation Studios Pixar Animation Studios DisneyToon Studios Other businesses Lasseter Family Winery Joss Whedon Television Buffy the Vampire Slayer Angel Firefly Dollhouse Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Films Written Buffy the Vampire Slayer Toy Story Alien Resurrection Titan A.E. The Cabin in the Woods In Your Eyes Justice League Directed Serenity The Avengers Much Ado About Nothing Avengers : Age of Ultron Comics written Fray Tales of the Slayers Tales of the Vampires Serenity Those Left Behind Better Days Buffy the Vampire Slayer Season 8 Season 9 Season 10 Season 11 Angel After the Fall Astonishing X-Men Runaways Sugarshock ! Web Dr. Horrible 's Sing - Along Blog Family John Whedon Tom Whedon Jed Whedon Zack Whedon Maurissa Tancharoen Related articles Bellwether Pictures Mutant Enemy Productions Whedonesque.com Unrealized projects Films by Andrew Stanton Written and directed A Bug 's Life ( 1998 , co-directed ) Finding Nemo ( 2003 ) WALL - E ( 2008 ) John Carter ( 2012 ) Finding Dory ( 2016 ) Written only Toy Story ( 1995 ) Toy Story 2 ( 1999 ) Monsters , Inc. ( 2001 ) BURN - E ( 2008 , short ) Toy Story 3 ( 2010 ) Annie Award for Best Animated Feature Beauty and the Beast ( 1992 ) Aladdin ( 1993 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Pocahontas ( 1995 ) Toy Story ( 1996 ) Cats Do n't Dance ( 1997 ) Mulan ( 1998 ) The Iron Giant ( 1999 ) Toy Story 2 ( 2000 ) Shrek ( 2001 ) Spirited Away ( 2002 ) Finding Nemo ( 2003 ) The Incredibles ( 2004 ) Wallace & Gromit : The Curse of the Were - Rabbit ( 2005 ) Cars ( 2006 ) Ratatouille ( 2007 ) Kung Fu Panda ( 2008 ) Up ( 2009 ) How to Train Your Dragon ( 2010 ) Rango ( 2011 ) Wreck - It Ralph ( 2012 ) Frozen ( 2013 ) How to Train Your Dragon 2 ( 2014 ) Inside Out ( 2015 ) Zootopia ( 2016 ) Disney portal Cartoon portal Film in the United States portal Animation portal 1990s portal United States portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Toy_Story&oldid=821551213 '' Categories : 1995 films English - language films Toy Story 1995 animated films 1990s American animated films 1990s comedy films 1990s computer - animated films 1990s fantasy films 3D re-releases American 3D films American adventure comedy films American buddy films American children 's animated adventure films American children 's animated comedy films American children 's animated fantasy films American computer - animated films American films Animated duos Animated buddy films Animated comedy films Best Animated Feature Annie Award winners Directorial debut films Films scored by Randy Newman Films about toys Films adapted into television programs Films adapted into video games Films directed by John Lasseter Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Films produced by Bonnie Arnold Films using computer - generated imagery Pixar animated films Screenplays by Joel Cohen Screenplays by Pete Docter Screenplays by John Lasseter Screenplays by Joe Ranft Screenplays by Alec Sokolow Screenplays by Andrew Stanton Screenplays by Joss Whedon United States National Film Registry films Walt Disney Pictures films Hidden categories : Pages with login required references or sources Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Good articles Use mdy dates from July 2017 Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 21 January 2018 , at 05 : 07 . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toy%20Story
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who wrote if loving you is wrong i don't want to be right
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`` ( If Loving You Is Wrong ) I Do n't Want to Be Right '' is a song written by Stax Records songwriters Homer Banks , Carl Hampton and Raymond Jackson . Originally written for The Emotions , it has been performed by many singers , most notably by Luther Ingram , whose original recorded version topped the R&B chart for four weeks and rose to number three on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in 1972 . Billboard ranked it as the No. 16 song for 1972 .
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Homer Banks|Carl Hampton|Raymond Jackson
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( If Loving You is Wrong ) I Do n't Want to Be Right
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( if loving you is wrong ) i don't want to be right
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`` ( If Loving You Is Wrong ) I Do n't Want to Be Right '' is a song written by Stax Records songwriters Homer Banks , Carl Hampton and Raymond Jackson . Originally written for The Emotions , it has been performed by many singers , most notably by Luther Ingram , whose original recorded version topped the R&B chart for four weeks and rose to number three on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in 1972 . Billboard ranked it as the No. 16 song for 1972 .
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In 1972 / 73 , The Faces recorded the song as an outtake for Ooh La La , their final studio album . In 1974 , Millie Jackson released her version of the song which received two Grammy Award nominations . In 1978 , Barbara Mandrell 's version topped the U.S. country singles charts , reached number 31 on the Billboard Hot 100 , number 27 on Cashbox Pop Hits , and was nominated for Single of the Year at the 1979 CMA ( Country Music Association ) Awards . Rod Stewart re-recorded the song for Foot Loose & Fancy Free , his eighth album ; released as a single it peaked at # 23 in the UK singles chart in 1980 . Contents ( hide ) 1 The song 2 Notable performers 2.1 Chart recordings 2.1. 1 Luther Ingram 2.1. 2 Jackie Burns 2.1. 3 Millie Jackson 2.1. 4 Barbara Mandrell 2.1. 5 Rhonda Clark 3 References 4 External links The song ( edit ) The song is about an adulterous love affair , told from the point of view of either the mistress or the cheating spouse , depending on the gender of the performer . Regardless , both parties involved express their desire to maintain the affair , while at the same time acknowledging that the relationship is wrong according to conventional moral standards . Millie Jackson , however , took a somewhat different approach . On both studio and live recordings , her version is typically divided into three parts : `` ( If Loving You Is Wrong ) I Do n't Want to Be Right , '' `` The Rap , '' and `` ( If Loving You Is Wrong ) I Do n't Want to Be Right ( Reprise ) , '' which together have a running time of over 11 minutes . The first and third parts include the song more or less as originally written , while the second part was written by Jackson herself . Titled `` The Rap , '' the middle segment is a monologue in which an unrepentant Jackson discusses her status as the `` other woman '' and why she loves it . Notable performers ( edit ) Although it was first recorded by The Emotions and Veda Brown , those recordings were never released . Other notable singers to cover it include country singer Jackie Burns ( whose version made the Hot Country Songs chart in 1972 ) , Isaac Hayes , Millie Jackson , Rod Stewart , Percy Sledge , Bobby `` Blue '' Bland , David Ruffin , LeAnn Rimes , Renée Geyer , Ramsey Lewis , reggae singer Alton Ellis , Tom Jones , Cassandra Wilson , Nathan Cavaleri , Rania Zeriri and Johanne Desforges ( French cover : Si je ne peux t'aimer a quoi bon exister ) . Chart recordings ( edit ) Luther Ingram ( edit ) Chart ( 1972 ) Peak Position US Billboard Hot 100 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) Jackie Burns ( edit ) Chart ( 1972 ) Peak Position US Billboard Hot Country Singles 71 Millie Jackson ( edit ) Chart ( 1975 ) Peak Position US Billboard Hot 100 42 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) 42 Barbara Mandrell ( edit ) Chart ( 1979 ) Peak Position US Billboard Hot 100 31 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) US Billboard Adult Contemporary 6 Rhonda Clark ( edit ) Chart ( 1992 ) Peak Position US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) 26 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` If Loving You Is Wrong ( I Do n't Want to Be Right ) '' , SecondhandSongs.com . Retrieved 13 March 2017 Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Top R&B / Hip - Hop Singles : 1942 - 2004 . Record Research . p. 274 . Jump up ^ Billboard Year - End Hot 100 singles of 1972 Jump up ^ `` Millie Jackson '' . MTV Artists . Retrieved 16 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Patrick Mondout . `` Super 70s.com - Grammy Awards for 1974 '' . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : MILLIE JACKSON : Caught Up / Still Caught Up : Music '' . Retrieved 16 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Catching Up with Soul Icon Millie Jackson '' . NPR.org. 19 May 2006 . Retrieved 16 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Joel Whitburn , Top Country Singles 1944 - 1993 , p. 488 Jump up ^ `` Luther Ingram Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Luther Ingram Chart History ( Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Millie Jackson Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Millie Jackson Chart History ( Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Barbara Mandrell Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Barbara Mandrell Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1993 ) . Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 -- 1993 . Record Research . p. 148 . Jump up ^ `` Rhonda Clark Chart History ( Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ) '' . Billboard . External links ( edit ) Video : Luther Ingram on YouTube Video : Millie Jackson live performance on YouTube Lyrics : Millie Jackson version from MTV.com Preceded by `` Outa - Space '' by Billy Preston Billboard Best Selling Soul Singles number - one single ( Luther Ingram version ) July 8 -- 29 , 1972 Succeeded by `` Where Is the Love '' by Roberta Flack and Donny Hathaway Preceded by `` I Just Fall in Love Again '' by Anne Murray Billboard Hot Country Singles number - one single ( Barbara Mandrell version ) April 14 , 1979 Succeeded by `` All I Ever Need Is You '' by Dottie West and Kenny Rogers Preceded by `` Sweet Memories '' by Willie Nelson RPM Country Tracks number - one single ( Barbara Mandrell version ) April 28 , 1979 Succeeded by `` Where Do I Put Her Memory '' by Charley Pride Millie Jackson Albums Millie Jackson It Hurts So Good Caught Up Still Caught Up Feelin ' Bitchy Get It Out'cha System A Moment 's Pleasure Live & Uncensored E.S.P. ( Extra Sexual Persuasion ) An Imitation of Love Back to the S * * t ! Not for Church Folk ! Singles `` It Hurts So Good '' `` ( If Loving You Is Wrong ) I Do n't Want to Be Right '' `` Sweet Music Man '' `` Hot ! Wild ! Unrestricted ! Crazy Love '' Rod Stewart singles 1970s `` It 's All Over Now '' ( 1970 ) `` Reason to Believe '' / `` Maggie May '' ( 1971 ) `` Every Picture Tells a Story '' / `` Reason to Believe '' ( 1971 ) Spain only `` ( I Know ) I 'm Losing You '' / `` Mandolin Wind '' ( 1971 ) `` Handbags and Gladrags '' ( 1972 ) `` You Wear It Well '' ( 1972 ) `` Angel '' ( 1972 ) `` What 's Made Milwaukee Famous ( Has Made a Loser Out of Me ) '' ( 1972 ) `` Twistin ' the Night Away '' ( 1973 , 1987 ) `` Oh ! No Not My Baby '' ( 1973 ) `` Farewell '' / `` You Send Me '' ( 1973 ) `` Mine for Me '' ( 1974 ) `` You Can Make Me Dance , Sing or Anything '' ( 1974 ) Stewart / Faces `` Sailing '' ( 1975 ) `` This Old Heart of Mine '' ( 1975 ) `` Tonight 's the Night '' ( 1976 ) `` The Killing of Georgie '' ( 1976 ) `` Get Back '' ( 1976 ) `` The First Cut Is the Deepest '' ( 1977 ) `` I Do n't Want to Talk About It '' ( 1977 , 1990 ) `` You 're in My Heart ( The Final Acclaim ) '' ( 1978 ) `` Hot Legs '' ( 1978 ) `` I Was Only Joking '' ( 1978 ) `` Da Ya Think I 'm Sexy ? '' ( 1978 , 1997 ) `` Ai n't Love a Bitch '' ( 1979 ) `` Blondes ( Have More Fun ) '' ( 1979 ) 1980s `` ( If Loving You Is Wrong ) I Do n't Want to Be Right '' ( 1980 ) `` Passion '' ( 1980 ) `` Tonight , I 'm Yours ( Do n't Hurt Me ) '' ( 1981 ) `` Young Turks '' ( 1982 ) `` How Long ? '' ( 1982 ) `` Baby Jane '' ( 1983 ) `` That 's What Friends Are For '' ( 1983 ) `` Infatuation '' ( 1984 ) `` Some Guys Have All the Luck '' ( 1984 ) `` All Right Now '' ( 1984 ) `` People Get Ready '' ( 1985 , 1991 , 1993 ) Stewart / Beck `` Love Touch '' ( 1986 ) `` In My Life '' ( 1987 ) `` Forever Young '' ( 1988 ) `` My Heart Ca n't Tell You No '' ( 1988 ) `` This Old Heart of Mine ( Is Weak for You ) '' ( 1989 ) Stewart / Isley `` Downtown Train '' ( 1989 ) 1990s `` It Takes Two '' ( 1990 ) Stewart / Turner `` Rhythm of My Heart '' ( 1991 ) `` The Motown Song '' ( 1991 ) `` Your Song '' ( 1992 ) `` Ruby Tuesday '' ( 1993 ) `` Have I Told You Lately '' ( 1993 ) `` Reason to Believe '' ( unplugged , 1993 ) `` All for Love '' ( 1993 ) Stewart / Adams / Sting `` Leave Virginia Alone '' ( 1995 ) `` Lady Luck '' ( 1996 ) `` Ooh La La '' ( 1998 ) `` Rocks '' ( 1998 ) `` Cigarettes and Alcohol '' ( 1998 ) `` Faith of the Heart '' ( 1999 ) 2000s `` These Foolish Things '' ( 2002 ) `` They Ca n't Take That Away from Me '' ( 2003 ) `` Time After Time '' ( 2003 ) `` What a Wonderful World '' ( 2004 ) `` Blue Moon '' ( 2004 ) `` Baby , It 's Cold Outside '' ( 2005 ) `` I 've Got a Crush on You '' ( 2005 ) `` I 've Got My Love to Keep Me Warm '' ( 2006 ) `` Have You Ever Seen the Rain ? '' ( 2006 ) 2010s `` Let It Snow ! Let It Snow ! Let It Snow ! '' ( 2012 ) `` Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas '' ( 2012 ) `` Everyday '' ( 2015 ) Renée Geyer Discography Studio albums Renée Geyer ( 1973 ) It 's a Man 's Man 's World ( 1974 ) Ready to Deal ( 1975 ) Moving Along ( 1977 ) Winner ( 1978 ) Blues License ( 1979 ) So Lucky ( 1981 ) Sing to Me ( 1985 ) Difficult Woman ( 1994 ) Sweet Life ( 1999 ) Tenderland ( 2003 ) Tonight ( 2005 ) Dedicated ( 2007 ) Renéessance ( 2009 ) Swing ( 2013 ) Live albums Really Really Love You : Live at the Dallas Brooks Hall ( 1976 ) Renée Live ( 1983 ) Live at the Basement ( 1986 ) Live at the Athenaeum ( 2004 ) Soundtracks Seven Deadly Sins ( 1993 ) Compilation albums Renée Geyer at Her Very Best ( 1977 ) Faves ( 1983 ) The Best of Renee Geyer 1973 - 1998 ( 1998 ) The Ultimate Collection ( 2010 ) Singles `` Oh ! Boy '' `` It 's a Man 's Man 's World '' `` Heading in the Right Direction `` If Loving You is Wrong '' `` Shakey Ground '' `` Stares and Whispers '' `` Money ( That 's What I Want ) '' `` The Thrill is Gone '' `` Say I Love You '' `` Do You Know What I Mean '' `` I Can Feel the Fire '' `` Goin ' Back '' `` All My Love '' `` Crazy '' `` I 'm Gonna Make You Love Me '' `` I Wish It Would Rain '' Other songs `` Rock Around the Clock '' `` You 're Not Alone ( Australian Olympians song ) '' ( as part of Australian Olympians ) `` Yil Lull '' ( as part of Singers For The Red Black & Gold ) Related articles Sun 1972 Oz for Africa Mary and Max Barbara Mandrell Studio albums Treat Him Right The Midnight Oil This Time I Almost Made It This Is Barbara Mandrell Midnight Angel Lovers , Friends and Strangers Love 's Ups and Downs Moods Just for the Record Love Is Fair ... In Black and White He Set My Life to Music Spun Gold Clean Cut Get to the Heart Moments Sure Feels Good I 'll Be Your Jukebox Tonight Morning Sun No Nonsense Key 's in the Mailbox It Works for Me Christmas albums Christmas at Our House Live albums Barbara Mandrell Live Collaboration albums A Perfect Match ( with David Houston ) Meant for Each Other ( with Lee Greenwood ) Compilation albums The Best of Barbara Mandrell Greatest Hits Notable singles `` I 've Been Loving You Too Long ( To Stop Now ) '' `` Woman to Woman '' `` Sleeping Single in a Double Bed '' `` ( If Loving You Is Wrong ) I Do n't Want to Be Right '' `` Fooled by a Feeling '' `` Years '' `` Crackers '' `` The Best of Strangers '' `` Love Is Fair '' `` I Was Country When Country Was n't Cool '' `` Wish You Were Here '' `` ' Till You 're Gone '' `` Operator , Long Distance Please '' `` In Times Like These '' `` One of a Kind Pair of Fools '' `` Happy Birthday Dear Heartache '' `` Only a Lonely Heart Knows '' `` There 's No Love in Tennessee '' `` Angel in Your Arms '' `` Fast Lanes and Country Roads '' `` When You Get to the Heart '' ( with The Oak Ridge Boys ) `` No One Mends a Broken Heart Like You '' `` Child Support '' `` I Wish That I Could Fall in Love Today '' `` My Train of Thought '' Collaboration singles `` To Me '' ( with Lee Greenwood ) `` It Should Have Been Love by Now '' ( with Lee Greenwood ) Related articles Discography Louise Mandrell Irlene Mandrell Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=(If_Loving_You_Is_Wrong)_I_Don%27t_Want_to_Be_Right&oldid=846580787 '' Categories : 1972 singles 1976 singles 1979 singles Millie Jackson songs Rod Stewart songs Renée Geyer songs Barbara Mandrell songs Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs number - one singles Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one singles RPM Country Tracks number - one singles Songs written by Homer Banks Songs written by Raymond Jackson ( songwriter ) Song recordings produced by Tom Collins ( record producer ) Soul ballads ABC Records singles 1972 songs Songs about infidelity Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardrandbhiphop Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Norsk nynorsk Edit links This page was last edited on 19 June 2018 , at 17 : 04 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%28If%20Loving%20You%20Is%20Wrong%29%20I%20Don%2527t%20Want%20to%20Be%20Right
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is a computer the same as a laptop
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A laptop computer ( also called a notebook ) is similar to a desktop , but is designed for portability . Usually , all of the hardware and interfaces needed to operate a laptop , such as the graphics card , audio devices or USB ports ( previously parallel and serial ports ) , are built into a single unit . Laptops usually have `` clamshell '' design , in which the keyboard and computer components are on one panel and a flat display screen on a second panel , which is hinged to the first panel . The laptop is opened for use and closed for transport . Closing the laptop also protects the screen and keyboard during transportation . Laptops have both a power cable that can be plugged in and high - capacity batteries that can power the device , enhancing its portability . Once the battery charge is depleted , it will have to be recharged through a power outlet . In the interests of saving power , weight and space , laptop graphics cards are in many cases integrated into the CPU or chipset and use system RAM , resulting in reduced graphics performance when compared to an equivalent desktop machine . For this reason , desktop computers are usually preferred over laptops for gaming purposes .
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Personal computer
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personal computer
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A personal computer ( PC ) is a multi-purpose computer whose size , capabilities , and price make it feasible for individual use . PCs are intended to be operated directly by an end user , rather than by a computer expert or technician . Computer time - sharing models that were typically used with larger , more expensive minicomputer and mainframe systems , to enable them be used by many people at the same time , are not used with PCs .
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Early computer owners in the 1960s , invariably institutional or corporate , had to write their own programs to do any useful work with the machines . In the 2010s , personal computer users have access to a wide range of commercial software , free - of - charge software ( `` freeware '' ) and free and open - source software , which are provided in ready - to - run form . Software for personal computers is typically developed and distributed independently from the hardware or OS manufacturers . Many personal computer users no longer need to write their own programs to make any use of a personal computer , although end - user programming is still feasible . This contrasts with mobile systems , where software is often only available through a manufacturer - supported channel , and end - user program development may be discouraged by lack of support by the manufacturer . Since the early 1990s , Microsoft operating systems and Intel hardware have dominated much of the personal computer market , first with MS - DOS and then with Windows . Alternatives to Microsoft 's Windows operating systems occupy a minority share of the industry . These include Apple 's macOS and free and open - source Unix - like operating systems such as Linux . Advanced Micro Devices ( AMD ) provides the main alternative to Intel 's processors . Contents ( hide ) 1 Terminology 2 History 3 Types 3.1 Stationary 3.1. 1 Workstation 3.1. 2 Desktop computer 3.1. 2.1 Gaming computer 3.1. 2.2 All - in - one 3.1. 3 Nettop 3.1. 4 Home theater PC 3.2 Portable 3.2. 1 Laptop 3.3 Desktop replacement 3.4 Netbook 3.4. 1 Tablet 3.4. 2 Smartphone 3.4. 3 Ultra-mobile PC 3.4. 4 Pocket PC 4 Hardware 4.1 Computer case 4.2 Power supply unit 4.3 Processor 4.4 Motherboard 4.5 Main memory 4.6 Storage drive 4.7 Visual display unit 4.8 Video card 4.9 Keyboard 4.10 Mouse 4.11 Other components 5 Software 5.1 Operating system 5.1. 1 Microsoft Windows 5.1. 2 macOS 5.1. 3 Linux 5.2 Applications 5.3 Gaming 6 Sales 6.1 Market share 6.2 Average selling price 7 Environmental impact 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Terminology ( edit ) `` PC '' is an initialism for `` personal computer '' . The IBM Personal Computer incorporated the designation in its model name , but IBM has not used this brand for many years . It is sometimes useful , especially in a marketing context , to distinguish personal computers of the `` IBM Personal Computer '' family from personal computers made by other manufacturers . For example , `` PC '' is used in contrast with `` Mac '' , an Apple Macintosh computer . This sense of the word is used in the `` Get a Mac '' advertisement campaign that ran between 2006 and 2009 , as well as its rival , I 'm a PC campaign , that appeared in 2008 . Since none of these Apple products were mainframes or time - sharing systems , they were all `` personal computers '' and not `` PC '' ( brand ) computers History ( edit ) Main article : History of personal computers Commodore PET in 1983 ( at American Museum of Science and Energy ) , an early example of a personal computer The `` brain '' ( computer ) may one day come down to our level ( of the common people ) and help with our income - tax and book - keeping calculations . But this is speculation and there is no sign of it so far . -- British newspaper The Star in a June 1949 news article about the EDSAC computer , long before the era of the personal computers . In the history of computing there were many examples of computers designed to be used by one person , as opposed to terminals connected to mainframe computers . It took a while for computers to be developed that meet the modern definition of a `` personal computers '' , one that is designed for one person , is easy to use , and is cheap enough for an individual to buy . Using the narrow definition of `` operated by one person '' , the first personal computer was the ENIAC which became operational in 1946 . It did not meet further definitions of affordable or easy to use . The Bendix G15 of 1956 was intended for use without an operating staff , and several hundred were made ; it was too costly to be personally owned , however . An example of an early single - user computer was the LGP - 30 , created in 1956 by Stan Frankel and used for science and engineering as well as basic data processing . It came with a retail price of $46,000 -- equivalent to about $423,000 today . Introduced at the 1965 New York Worlds Fair , the Programma 101 was a printing programmable calculator described in advertisements as a `` desktop computer '' . It was manufactured by the Italian company Olivetti , and invented by the Italian engineer Pier Giorgio Perotto , inventor of the magnetic card system for program storage . The Soviet MIR series of computers was developed from 1965 to 1969 in a group headed by Victor Glushkov . It was designed as a relatively small - scale computer for use in engineering and scientific applications , and contained a hardware implementation of a high - level programming language . Another innovative feature for that time was the user interface combining a keyboard with a monitor and light pen for correcting texts and drawing on screen . In what was later to be called the Mother of All Demos , SRI researcher Douglas Engelbart in 1968 gave a preview of what would become the staples of daily working life in the 21st century : e-mail , hypertext , word processing , video conferencing , and the mouse . The demonstration required technical support staff and a mainframe time - sharing computer that were far too costly for individual business use at the time . By the early 1970s , people in academic or research institutions had the opportunity for single - person use of a computer system in interactive mode for extended durations , although these systems would still have been too expensive to be owned by a single person . Early personal computers -- generally called microcomputers -- were often sold in a kit form and in limited volumes , and were of interest mostly to hobbyists and technicians . Minimal programming was done with toggle switches to enter instructions , and output was provided by front panel lamps . Practical use required adding peripherals such as keyboards , computer displays , disk drives , and printers . Micral N was the earliest commercial , non-kit microcomputer based on a microprocessor , the Intel 8008 . It was built starting in 1972 , and few hundred units were sold . This had been preceded by the Datapoint 2200 in 1970 , for which the Intel 8008 had been commissioned , though not accepted for use . The CPU design implemented in the Datapoint 2200 became the basis for x86 architecture used in the original IBM PC and its descendants . In 1973 , the IBM Los Gatos Scientific Center developed a portable computer prototype called SCAMP ( Special Computer APL Machine Portable ) based on the IBM PALM processor with a Philips compact cassette drive , small CRT , and full function keyboard . SCAMP emulated an IBM 1130 minicomputer in order to run APL / 1130 . In 1973 , APL was generally available only on mainframe computers , and most desktop sized microcomputers such as the Wang 2200 or HP 9800 offered only BASIC . Because SCAMP was the first to emulate APL / 1130 performance on a portable , single user computer , PC Magazine in 1983 designated SCAMP a `` revolutionary concept '' and `` the world 's first personal computer '' . This seminal , single user portable computer now resides in the Smithsonian Institution , Washington , D.C. . Successful demonstrations of the 1973 SCAMP prototype led to the IBM 5100 portable microcomputer launched in 1975 with the ability to be programmed in both APL and BASIC for engineers , analysts , statisticians , and other business problem - solvers . In the late 1960s such a machine would have been nearly as large as two desks and would have weighed about half a ton . Another desktop portable APL machine , the MCM / 70 , was demonstrated in 1973 and shipped in 1974 . It used the Intel 8008 processor . A seminal step in personal computing was the 1973 Xerox Alto , developed at Xerox 's Palo Alto Research Center ( PARC ) . It had a graphical user interface ( GUI ) which later served as inspiration for Apple 's Macintosh , and Microsoft 's Windows operating system . The Alto was a demonstration project , not commercialized , as the parts were too expensive to be affordable . Also in 1973 Hewlett Packard introduced fully BASIC programmable microcomputers that fit entirely on top of a desk , including a keyboard , a small one - line display , and printer . The Wang 2200 microcomputer of 1973 had a full - size cathode ray tube ( CRT ) and cassette tape storage . These were generally expensive specialized computers sold for business or scientific uses . The introduction of the microprocessor , a single chip with all the circuitry that formerly occupied large cabinets , led to the proliferation of personal computers after 1975 . Altair 8800 computer 1974 saw the introduction of what is considered by many to be the first true `` personal computer '' , the Altair 8800 created by Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems ( MITS ) . Based on the 8 - bit Intel 8080 Microprocessor , the Altair is widely recognized as the spark that ignited the microcomputer revolution as the first commercially successful personal computer . The computer bus designed for the Altair was to become a de facto standard in the form of the S - 100 bus , and the first programming language for the machine was Microsoft 's founding product , Altair BASIC . In 1976 , Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak sold the Apple I computer circuit board , which was fully prepared and contained about 30 chips . The Apple I computer differed from the other kit - style hobby computers of era . At the request of Paul Terrell , owner of the Byte Shop , Jobs and Wozniak were given their first purchase order , for 50 Apple I computers , only if the computers were assembled and tested and not a kit computer . Terrell wanted to have computers to sell to a wide range of users , not just experienced electronics hobbyists who had the soldering skills to assemble a computer kit . The Apple I as delivered was still technically a kit computer , as it did not have a power supply , case , or keyboard when it was delivered to the Byte Shop . The first successfully mass marketed personal computer was the Commodore PET introduced in January 1977 . However , it was back - ordered and not available until later in the year . Five months later ( June ) , the Apple II ( usually referred to as the `` Apple '' ) was introduced , and the TRS - 80 from Tandy Corporation / Tandy Radio Shack in summer 1977 , delivered in September in a small number . Mass - market ready - assembled computers allowed a wider range of people to use computers , focusing more on software applications and less on development of the processor hardware . IBM 5150 , released in 1981 The 8 - bit PMD 85 personal computer produced in 1985 -- 1990 by the Tesla company in the former socialist Czechoslovakia . This computer was produced locally ( in Piešťany ) due to a lack of foreign currency with which to buy systems from the West . During the early 1980s , home computers were further developed for household use , with software for personal productivity , programming and games . They typically could be used with a television already in the home as the computer display , with low - detail blocky graphics and a limited color range , and text about 40 characters wide by 25 characters tall . Sinclair Research , a UK company , produced the ZX Series -- the ZX80 ( 1980 ) , ZX81 ( 1981 ) , and the ZX Spectrum ; the latter was introduced in 1982 , and totaled 8 million unit sold . Following came the Commodore 64 , totaled 17 million units sold . In the same year , the NEC PC - 98 was introduced , which was a very popular personal computer that sold in more than 18 million units . Another famous personal computer , the revolutionary Amiga 1000 , was unveiled by Commodore on July 23 , 1985 . The Amiga 1000 featured a multitasking , windowing operating system , color graphics with a 4096 - color palette , stereo sound , Motorola 68000 CPU , 256 KB RAM , and 880 KB 3.5 - inch disk drive , for US $1,295 . Somewhat larger and more expensive systems ( for example , running CP / M ) , or sometimes a home computer with additional interfaces and devices , although still low - cost compared with minicomputers and mainframes , were aimed at office and small business use , typically using `` high resolution '' monitors capable of at least 80 column text display , and often no graphical or color drawing capability . Workstations were characterized by high - performance processors and graphics displays , with large - capacity local disk storage , networking capability , and running under a multitasking operating system . Eventually , due to the influence of the IBM PC on the personal computer market , personal computers and home computers lost any technical distinction . Business computers acquired color graphics capability and sound , and home computers and game systems users used the same processors and operating systems as office workers . Mass - market computers had graphics capabilities and memory comparable to dedicated workstations of a few years before . Even local area networking , originally a way to allow business computers to share expensive mass storage and peripherals , became a standard feature of personal computers used at home . In 1982 `` The Computer '' was named Machine of the Year by Time magazine . In the 2010s , several companies such as Hewlett - Packard and Sony sold off their PC and laptop divisions . As a result , the personal computer was declared dead several times during this period . Types ( edit ) Stationary ( edit ) Workstation ( edit ) Sun SPARCstation 1 + from the early 1990s , with a 25 MHz RISC processor Main article : Workstation A workstation is a high - end personal computer designed for technical , mathematical , or scientific applications . Intended primarily to be used by one person at a time , they are commonly connected to a local area network and run multi-user operating systems . Workstations are used for tasks such as computer - aided design , drafting and modeling , computation - intensive scientific and engineering calculations , image processing , architectural modeling , and computer graphics for animation and motion picture visual effects . Desktop computer ( edit ) Main article : Desktop computer A Dell OptiPlex desktop computer Prior to the widespread usage of PCs , a computer that could fit on a desk was remarkably small , leading to the `` desktop '' nomenclature . More recently , the phrase usually indicates a particular style of computer case . Desktop computers come in a variety of styles ranging from large vertical tower cases to small models which can be tucked behind an LCD monitor . The term `` desktop '' typically refers to a computer with a vertically aligned computer case that holds the systems hardware components such as the motherboard , processor chip , other internal operating parts . Desktop computers have an external monitor with a display screen and an external keyboard , which are plugged into USB ports on the back of the computer case . Desktop computers are popular for home and business computing applications as they allow the user to have multiple monitors , allowing them to perform work on each one simultaneously . Gaming computer ( edit ) Main article : Gaming computer A gaming computer is a standard desktop computer that typically has high - performance hardware , such as a more powerful video card , processor and memory , in order to handle the requirements of demanding video games , which are often simply called `` PC games '' . A number of companies , such as Alienware , manufacture prebuilt gaming computers , and companies such as Razer and Logitech market mice , keyboards and headsets geared toward gamers . All - in - one ( edit ) Further information : All - in - one computer All - in - one PCs ( also known as single - unit PCs ) are a subtype of desktop computer that combines the monitor and processor within a single unit . A separate keyboard and mouse are standard input devices , with some monitors including touchscreen capability . The processor and other working components are typically reduced in size relative to standard desktops , located behind the monitor , and configured similarly to laptops . Nettop ( edit ) Main article : Nettop A subtype of desktops , called nettops , was introduced by Intel in February 2008 , characterized by low cost and lean functionality . A similar subtype of laptops ( or notebooks ) is the netbook , described below . The product line features the new Intel Atom processor , which specifically enables nettops to consume less power and fit into small enclosures . Home theater PC ( edit ) Main article : Home theater PC An Antec Fusion V2 home theater PC , with a keyboard placed on top of it A home theater PC ( HTPC ) is a convergence device that combines the functions of a personal computer and a digital video recorder . It is connected to a TV set or an appropriately sized computer display , and is often used as a digital photo viewer , music and video player , TV receiver , and digital video recorder . HTPCs are also referred to as media center systems or media servers . The general goal in a HTPC is usually to combine many or all components of a home theater setup into one box . More recently , HTPCs gained the ability to connect to services providing on - demand movies and TV shows . HTPCs can be purchased pre-configured with the required hardware and software needed to add television programming to the PC , or can be cobbled together out of discrete components , what is commonly done with software support from MythTV , Windows Media Center , GB - PVR , SageTV , Famulent or LinuxMCE . Portable ( edit ) Laptop ( edit ) Main article : Laptop A laptop computer A laptop computer ( also called a notebook ) is similar to a desktop , but is designed for portability . Usually , all of the hardware and interfaces needed to operate a laptop , such as the graphics card , audio devices or USB ports ( previously parallel and serial ports ) , are built into a single unit . Laptops usually have `` clamshell '' design , in which the keyboard and computer components are on one panel and a flat display screen on a second panel , which is hinged to the first panel . The laptop is opened for use and closed for transport . Closing the laptop also protects the screen and keyboard during transportation . Laptops have both a power cable that can be plugged in and high - capacity batteries that can power the device , enhancing its portability . Once the battery charge is depleted , it will have to be recharged through a power outlet . In the interests of saving power , weight and space , laptop graphics cards are in many cases integrated into the CPU or chipset and use system RAM , resulting in reduced graphics performance when compared to an equivalent desktop machine . For this reason , desktop computers are usually preferred over laptops for gaming purposes . One of the drawbacks of laptops is that , due to the size and configuration of components , usually relatively little can be done to upgrade the overall computer from its original design or add components . Internal upgrades are either not manufacturer - recommended , can damage the laptop if done with poor care or knowledge , or in some cases impossible , making the desktop PC more modular and upgradable . Desktop PCs typically have a case that has extra empty space inside , where users can install new components . Some internal upgrades to laptops , such as memory and hard disk drive upgrades are often easily performed , while a display or keyboard upgrade is usually difficult or impossible . Just like desktops , laptops also have the same input and output ports for connecting to a wide variety of devices , including external displays , mice , cameras , storage devices and keyboards , which may be attached externally through USB ports and other less common ports such as external video . Laptops are also a little more expensive compared to desktops , as the miniaturized components for laptops themselves are expensive . A subtype of notebooks , called subnotebook , has most of the features of a standard laptop computer , but with smaller physical dimensions . Subnotebooks are larger than hand - held computers , and usually run full versions of desktop or laptop operating systems . Ultra-mobile PCs ( UMPC ) are usually considered subnotebooks , or more specifically , subnotebook tablet PCs , which are described below . Netbooks are sometimes considered to belong to this category , though they are sometimes separated into a category of their own ( see below ) . Desktop replacement ( edit ) Main article : Desktop replacement computer An Acer Aspire desktop replacement laptop A desktop replacement computer ( DTR ) is a personal computer that provides the full capabilities of a desktop computer while remaining mobile . Such computers are often actually larger , bulkier laptops . Because of their increased size , this class of computers usually includes more powerful components and a larger display than generally found in smaller portable computers , and can have a relatively limited battery capacity or none at all in some cases . Some use a limited range of desktop components to provide better performance at the expense of battery life . Desktop replacement computers are sometimes called desknotes , as a portmanteau of words `` desktop '' and `` notebook '' , though the term is also applied to desktop replacement computers in general . Netbook ( edit ) Main article : Netbook An HP netbook Netbooks , also called mini notebooks or subnotebooks , are a subgroup of laptops acting as a category of small , lightweight and inexpensive laptop computers suited for general computing tasks and accessing web - based applications . They are often marketed as `` companion devices '' , with an intention to augment other ways in which a user can access computer resources . Walt Mossberg called them a `` relatively new category of small , light , minimalist and cheap laptops . '' By August 2009 , CNET called netbooks `` nothing more than smaller , cheaper notebooks . '' Initially , the primary defining characteristic of netbooks was the lack of an optical disc drive , requiring it to be a separate external device . This has become less important as flash memory devices have gradually increased in capacity , replacing the writable optical disc ( e.g. CD - RW , DVD - RW ) as a transportable storage medium . At their inception in late 2007 -- as smaller notebooks optimized for low weight and low cost -- netbooks omitted key features ( e.g. , the optical drive ) , featured smaller screens and keyboards , and offered reduced specifications and computing power . Over the course of their evolution , netbooks have ranged in their screen sizes from below five inches to over 13 inches , with weights around ~ 1 kg ( 2 -- 3 pounds ) . Often significantly less expensive than other laptops , by mid-2009 netbooks had been offered to users `` free of charge '' , with an extended service contract purchase of a cellular data plan . In the short period since their appearance , netbooks have grown in size and features , converging with new smaller and lighter notebooks . By mid-2009 , CNET noted that `` the specs are so similar that the average shopper would likely be confused as to why one is better than the other , '' noting `` the only conclusion is that there really is no distinction between the devices . '' Tablet ( edit ) Main article : Tablet computer HP Compaq tablet PC with rotating / removable keyboard A tablet is a type of portable PC that de-emphasizes the use of traditional input devices ( such as a mouse or keyboard ) by using a touchscreen display , which can be controlled using either a stylus pen or finger . Some tablets may use a `` hybrid '' or `` convertible '' design , offering a keyboard that can either be removed as an attachment , or a screen that can be rotated and folded directly over top the keyboard . Some tablets may run a traditional PC operating system such as Windows or Linux ; Microsoft attempted to enter the tablet market in 2002 with its Microsoft Tablet PC specifications , for tablets and convertible laptops running Windows XP . However , Microsoft 's early attempts were overshadowed by the release of Apple 's iPad ; following in its footsteps , most tablets now run mobile operating systems such as Android and iOS . In response , Microsoft built its Windows 8 operating system to better accommodate these new touch - oriented devices . Many tablet computers have USB ports , to which a keyboard or mouse can be connected . Smartphone ( edit ) Main article : Smartphone The LG G4 - 2 , a typical smartphone Smartphones are practically the same devices as tablet computers , the only differences between them being that smartphones are generally smaller than tablets , always have cellular integration , and ( while modern smartphones almost always do ) may not always have a slate form factor . Ultra-mobile PC ( edit ) Main article : Ultra-mobile PC A Samsung Q1 ultra-mobile PC The ultra-mobile PC ( UMP ) is a specification for small - configuration tablet PCs . It was developed as a joint development exercise by Microsoft , Intel and Samsung , among others . Current UMPCs typically feature the Windows XP , Windows Vista , Windows 7 , or Linux operating system , and low - voltage Intel Atom or VIA C7 - M processors . Pocket PC ( edit ) Main article : Pocket PC An O pocket PC A pocket PC is a hardware specification for a handheld - sized computer ( personal digital assistant , PDA ) that runs the Microsoft Windows Mobile operating system . It may have the capability to run an alternative operating system like NetBSD or Linux . Pocket PCs have many of the capabilities of desktop PCs . Numerous applications are available for handhelds adhering to the Microsoft Pocket PC specification , many of which are freeware . Some of these devices also include mobile phone features , actually representing a smartphone . Microsoft - compliant Pocket PCs can also be used with many other add - ons like GPS receivers , barcode readers , RFID readers and cameras . In 2007 , with the release of Windows Mobile 6 , Microsoft dropped the name Pocket PC in favor of a new naming scheme : devices without an integrated phone are called Windows Mobile Classic instead of Pocket PC , while devices with an integrated phone and a touch screen are called Windows Mobile Professional . Hardware ( edit ) An exploded view of a personal computer and peripherals ( some of which are optional ) : Scanner CPU ( microprocessor ) Memory ( RAM ) Expansion cards ( graphics cards , etc . ) Power supply Optical disc drive Storage ( hard disk or SSD ) Motherboard Speakers Monitor System software Application software Keyboard Mouse External hard disk Printer Main article : Personal computer hardware Computer hardware is a comprehensive term for all physical parts of a computer , as distinguished from the data it contains or operates on , and the software that provides instructions for the hardware to accomplish tasks . The boundary between hardware and software has become blurred , with the existence of firmware that is software `` built into '' the hardware . For example , a 2010 - era LCD display screen contains a small computer inside . Mass - market consumer computers use highly standardized components and so are simple for an end user to assemble into a working system . Most 2010s - era computers only require users to plug in the power supply , monitor , and other cables . A typical desktop computer consists of a computer case ( or `` tower '' ) , a metal chassis that holds the power supply , motherboard , hard disk drive , and often an optical disc drive . Most towers have empty space where users can add additional components . External devices such as a computer monitor or visual display unit , keyboard , and a pointing device ( mouse ) are usually found in a personal computer . The motherboard connects all processor , memory and peripheral devices together . The RAM , graphics card and processor are in most cases mounted directly onto the motherboard . The central processing unit ( microprocessor chip ) plugs into a CPU socket , while the memory modules plug into corresponding memory sockets . Some motherboards have the video display adapter , sound and other peripherals integrated onto the motherboard , while others use expansion slots for graphics cards , network cards , or other I / O devices . The graphics card or sound card may employ a break out box to keep the analog parts away from the electromagnetic radiation inside the computer case . Disk drives , which provide mass storage , are connected to the motherboard with one cable , and to the power supply through another cable . Usually , disk drives are mounted in the same case as the motherboard ; expansion chassis are also made for additional disk storage . For large amounts of data , a tape drive can be used or extra hard disks can be put together in an external case . The keyboard and the mouse are external devices plugged into the computer through connectors on an I / O panel on the back of the computer case . The monitor is also connected to the input / output ( I / O ) panel , either through an onboard port on the motherboard , or a port on the graphics card . Capabilities of the personal computers hardware can sometimes be extended by the addition of expansion cards connected via an expansion bus . Standard peripheral buses often used for adding expansion cards in personal computers include PCI , PCI Express ( PCIe ) , and AGP ( a high - speed PCI bus dedicated to graphics adapters , found in older computers ) . Most modern personal computers have multiple physical PCI Express expansion slots , with some of the having PCI slots as well . Computer case ( edit ) Main article : Computer case An empty ATX case lying on its side A computer case is an enclosure that contains the main components of a computer . They are usually constructed from steel or aluminum combined with plastic , although other materials such as wood and tempered glass have been used for specialized units . Cases are available in different sizes and shapes ; the size and shape of a computer case are usually determined by the configuration of the motherboard that it is designed to accommodate since this is the largest and most central component of most computers . The most popular style for desktop computers is ATX , although microATX and similar layouts became very popular for a variety of uses . Companies like Shuttle Inc. and AOpen have popularized small cases , for which FlexATX is the most common motherboard size . In the 1990s , desktop computer cases were larger and taller than 2010 - era computer cases . Power supply unit ( edit ) Main article : Power supply unit ( computer ) Computer power supply unit with top cover removed The power supply unit ( PSU ) converts general - purpose mains AC electricity to direct current ( DC ) for the other components of the computer . The rated output capacity of a PSU should usually be about 40 % greater than the calculated system power consumption needs to be obtained by adding up all the system components . This protects against overloading the supply , and guards against performance degradation . Power supply capacities range from 250 to 2000 watts for desktop computers . Processor ( edit ) Main article : Central processing unit AMD Athlon 64 X2 CPU The central processing unit ( CPU ) is a part of a computer that executes instructions of a software program . In newer PCs , the CPU contains over a million transistors in one integrated circuit chip called the microprocessor . In most cases , the processor plugs directly into the motherboard . The processor chip may have a heat sink and a fan attached for cooling . A large number of computers today are suited to run an x86 - compatible microprocessor manufactured by Intel , AMD , or VIA Technologies . Motherboard ( edit ) Main article : Motherboard A motherboard without processor , memory and expansion cards , cables The motherboard , also referred to as system board or main board , is the primary circuit board within a personal computer , and other major system components plug directly into it or via a cable . A motherboard contains a microprocessor , the CPU supporting circuitry ( mostly integrated circuits ) that provide the interface between memory and input / output peripheral circuits , main memory , and facilities for initial setup of the computer immediately after power - on ( often called boot firmware or , in IBM PC compatible computers , a BIOS or UEFI ) . In many portable and embedded personal computers , the motherboard houses nearly all of the PC 's core components . Often a motherboard will also contain one or more peripheral buses and physical connectors for expansion purposes . Sometimes a secondary daughter board is connected to the motherboard to provide further expandability or to satisfy space constraints . Main memory ( edit ) Main article : Primary storage 1 GB DDR SDRAM PC - 3200 module A PC 's main memory is a fast primary storage device that is directly accessible by the CPU , and is used to store the currently executing program and immediately needed data . PCs use semiconductor random - access memory ( RAM ) of various kinds such as DRAM , SDRAM or SRAM as their primary storage . Which exact kind is used depends on cost / performance issues at any particular time . Main memory is much faster than mass storage devices like hard disk drives or optical discs , but is usually volatile , meaning that it does not retain its contents ( instructions or data ) in the absence of power , and is much more expensive for a given capacity than is most mass storage . As a result , main memory is generally not suitable for long - term or archival data storage . Storage drive ( edit ) Main article : Hard disk drive See also : Solid state drive A 3.5 '' hard drive with the cover removed . Mass storage devices store programs and data even when the power is off ; they do require power to perform read and write functions during usage . Although flash memory has dropped in cost , the prevailing form of mass storage in personal computers is still the hard disk drive . If the mass storage controller provides additional ports for expandability , a PC may also be upgraded by the addition of extra hard disk or optical disc drives . For example , BD - ROMs , DVD - RWs , and various optical disc recorders may all be added by the user to certain PCs . Standard internal storage device connection interfaces are PATA , SATA and SCSI . Solid state drives ( SSDs ) are a much faster replacement for traditional mechanical hard disk drives but are also more expensive in terms of cost per gigabyte . Solid state drives connect using several connectors , including SATA , M. 2 , and U. 2 . Some models use the NVMe protocol , which have vastly improved performance over standard hard disk drives and older SSDs that use the older AHCI protocol . Visual display unit ( edit ) Main article : Visual display unit A visual display unit , computer monitor or just display , is a piece of electrical equipment , usually separate from the computer case , which displays visual images without producing a permanent computer record . A display device was usually either a CRT in the 1980s , but by the 2000s , flat panel displays such as a TFT LCD had largely replaced the bulkier , heavier CRT screens . Multi-monitor setups are quite common in the 2010s , as they enable a user to display multiple programs at the same time ( e.g. , an email inbox and a word processing program ) . The display unit houses an electronic circuitry that generates its picture from signals received from the computer . Within the computer , either integral to the motherboard or plugged into it as an expansion card , there is pre-processing circuitry to convert the microprocessor 's output data to a format compatible with the display unit 's circuitry . The images from computer monitors originally contained only text , but as graphical user interfaces emerged and became common , they began to display more images and multimedia content . The term `` monitor '' is also used , particularly by technicians in broadcasting television , where a picture of the broadcast data is displayed to a highly standardized reference monitor for confidence checking purposes . Video card ( edit ) Main article : Video card A GTX 1070 video card The video card -- otherwise called a graphics card , graphics adapter or video adapter -- processes the graphics output from the motherboard and transmits it to the display . It is an essential part of modern multimedia - enriched computing . Graphics circuitry may be integrated with the motherboard , or may be on cards istalled in PCI , AGP , or PCI Express slots . When the IBM PC was introduced , most existing business - oriented personal computers used text - only display adapters and had no graphics capability . Home computers at that time had graphics compatible with television signals , but with low resolution owing to the limited memory available to the eight - bit processors available at the time . Keyboard ( edit ) Main article : Computer keyboard A `` Model M '' IBM computer keyboard from the early 1980s . Commonly called the `` Clicky Keyboard '' due to its buckling spring key spring design , which gives the keyboard its iconic ' click ' sound with each keystroke . A keyboard is an arrangement of buttons that each correspond to a function , letter , or number . They are the primary devices used for inputting text . In most cases , they contain an array of keys specifically organized with the corresponding letters , numbers , and functions printed or engraved on the button . They are generally designed around an operators language , and many different versions for different languages exist . In English , the most common layout is the QWERTY layout , which was originally used in typewriters . They have evolved over time , and have been modified for use in computers with the addition of function keys , number keys , arrow keys , and keys specific to an operating system . Often , specific functions can be achieved by pressing multiple keys at once or in succession , such as inputting characters with accents or opening a task manager . Programs use keyboard shortcuts very differently and all use different keyboard shortcuts for different program specific operations , such as refreshing a web page in a web browser or selecting all text in a word processor . In addition to the alphabetic keys found on a typewriter , computer keyboards typically have a numeric keyboard and a row of function keys and special keys , such as CTRL , ALT , DEL and Esc Many keyboards include LED lights under the keys that increase the visibility of the letters or symbols in dark environments . Mouse ( edit ) Main article : Computer mouse A selection of computer mice built between 1986 and 2007 A computer mouse is a small handheld device that users hold and slide across a flat surface , pointing at various elements of a graphical user interface with an on - screen cursor , and selecting and moving objects using the mouse buttons . Mice may be plugged into a dedicated mouse socket , or a USB port , or , may be connected wirelessly . Mice include one or more buttons to allow a user to signal the computer to carry out some operation , such as selecting an item from a menu of choices on the screen . A mouse may have a scroll wheel , to allow users to move the displayed image . The scroll wheel can also be pressed down , and used as a third button . Some mouse wheels may be tilted from side to side to allow sideways scrolling . Different programs make use of these functions differently , and may scroll horizontally by default with the scroll wheel , open different menus with different buttons , etc . These functions may be also user - defined through software utilities . Mechanical mice used a ball , which drove pulse generators to detect movement along `` north - south '' or `` east - west '' axies . Optical mice use a special mouse pad with a printed grid to allow detection of motion , or else use an imaging chip that allows detection of motion on almost any opaque surface . Other components ( edit ) A proper ergonomic design of a personal computer workplace is necessary to prevent repetitive strain injuries , which can develop over time and can lead to long - term disability . All computers require either fixed or removable storage for their operating system , programs and user - generated material . Early home computers used compact audio cassettes for file storage ; these were at the time a very low cost storage solution , but were displaced by floppy disk drives when manufacturing costs dropped , by the mid-1980s . Initially , the 5.25 - inch and 3.5 - inch floppy drives were the principal forms of removable storage for backup of user files and distribution of software . As memory sizes increased , the capacity of the floppy did not keep pace ; the Zip drive and other higher - capacity removable media were introduced but never became as prevalent as the floppy drive . By the late 1990s , the optical drive , in CD and later DVD and Blu - ray Disc forms , became the main method for software distribution , and writeable media provided means for data backup and file interchange . As a result , floppy drives became uncommon in desktop personal computers since about 2000 , and were dropped from many laptop systems even earlier . A second generation of tape recorders was provided when videocassette recorders were pressed into service as backup media for larger disk drives . All these systems were less reliable and slower than purpose - built magnetic tape drives . Such tape drives were uncommon in consumer - type personal computers but were a necessity in business or industrial use . Interchange of data such as photographs from digital cameras is greatly expedited by installation of a card reader , which is often compatible with several forms of flash memory devices . It is usually faster and more convenient to move large amounts of data by removing the card from the mobile device , instead of communicating with the mobile device through a USB interface . A USB flash drive performs much of the data transfer and backup functions formerly done with floppy drives , Zip disks and other devices . Mainstream operating systems for personal computers provide built - in support for USB flash drives , allowing interchange even between computers with different processors and operating systems . The compact size and lack of moving parts or dirt - sensitive media , combined with low cost and high capacity , have made USB flash drives a popular and useful accessory for any personal computer user . The operating system can be located on any storage , but is typically installed on a hard disk or solid - state drive . A Live CD represents the concept of running an operating system directly from a CD . While this is slow compared to storing the operating system on a hard disk drive , it is typically used for installation of operating systems , demonstrations , system recovery , or other special purposes . Large flash memory is currently more expensive than hard disk drives of similar size ( as of mid-2014 ) but are starting to appear in laptop computers because of their low weight , small size and low power requirements . Computer communications involve internal modem cards , modems , network adapter cards , and routers . Common peripherals and adapter cards include headsets , joysticks , microphones , printers , scanners , sound adapter cards ( as a separate card rather than located on the motherboard ) , speakers and webcams . Software ( edit ) Main article : Computer software A screenshot of the OpenOffice.org Writer software Computer software is any kind of computer program , procedure , or documentation that performs some task on a computer system . The term includes application software such as word processors that perform productive tasks for users , system software such as operating systems that interface with computer hardware to provide the necessary services for application software , and middleware that controls and co-ordinates distributed systems . Software applications are common for word processing , Internet browsing , Internet faxing , e-mail and other digital messaging , multimedia playback , playing of computer game , and computer programming . The user may have significant knowledge of the operating environment and application programs , but is not necessarily interested in programming nor even able to write programs for the computer . Therefore , most software written primarily for personal computers tends to be designed with simplicity of use , or `` user - friendliness '' in mind . However , the software industry continuously provide a wide range of new products for use in personal computers , targeted at both the expert and the non-expert user . Operating system ( edit ) Main article : Operating system See also : Usage share of operating systems An operating system ( OS ) manages computer resources and provides programmers with an interface used to access those resources . An operating system processes system data and user input , and responds by allocating and managing tasks and internal system resources as a service to users and programs of the system . An operating system performs basic tasks such as controlling and allocating memory , prioritizing system requests , controlling input and output devices , facilitating computer networking , and managing files . Common contemporary desktop operating systems are Microsoft Windows , macOS , Linux , Solaris and FreeBSD . Windows , macOS , and Linux all have server and personal variants . With the exception of Microsoft Windows , the designs of each of them were inspired by or directly inherited from the Unix operating system , which was developed at Bell Labs beginning in the late 1960s and spawned the development of numerous free and proprietary operating systems . Microsoft Windows ( edit ) Main article : Microsoft Windows Microsoft Windows is the collective brand name of several operating systems made by Microsoft which , as of 2015 , are installed on PCs built by HP , Dell and Lenovo , the three remaining high volume manufacturers . Microsoft first introduced an operating environment named Windows in November 1985 , as an add - on to MS - DOS and in response to the growing interest in graphical user interfaces ( GUIs ) generated by Apple 's 1984 introduction of the Macintosh . As of January 2017 , the most recent client and server versions of Windows are Windows 10 and Windows Server 2016 . MacOS ( edit ) Main article : macOS macOS ( formerly OS X ) is a line of operating systems developed , marketed and sold by Apple Inc. macOS is the successor to the original Mac OS , which had been Apple 's primary operating system since 1984 . macOS is a Unix - based graphical operating system , and Snow Leopard , Leopard , Lion , Mountain Lion , Mavericks , Yosemite , El Capitan and Sierra are its version codenames . The most recent version of macOS is codenamed macOS High Sierra . Linux ( edit ) Main article : Linux A Linux distribution running KDE Plasma Workspaces 4 Linux is a family of Unix - like computer operating systems . Linux is one of the most prominent examples of free software and open source development : typically all underlying source code can be freely modified , used , and redistributed by anyone . The name `` Linux '' refers to the Linux kernel , started in 1991 by Linus Torvalds . The system 's utilities and libraries usually come from the GNU operating system , announced in 1983 by Richard Stallman . The GNU contribution is the basis for the alternative name GNU / Linux . Known for its use in servers , with the LAMP application stack as one of prominent examples , Linux is supported by corporations such as Dell , Hewlett - Packard , IBM , Novell , Oracle Corporation , Red Hat , Canonical Ltd. and Sun Microsystems . It is used as an operating system for a wide variety of computer hardware , including desktop computers , netbooks , supercomputers , video game systems such as the Steam Machine or PlayStation 3 ( until this option was removed remotely by Sony in 2010 ) , several arcade games , and embedded devices such as mobile phones , portable media players , routers , and stage lighting systems . Applications ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : Application software A screenshot of GIMP , which is a raster graphics editor . Generally , a computer user uses application software to carry out a specific task . System software supports applications and provides common services such as memory management , network connectivity and device drivers , all of which may be used by applications but are not directly of interest to the end user . A simplified analogy in the world of hardware would be the relationship of an electric light bulb ( an application ) to an electric power generation plant ( a system ) : the power plant merely generates electricity , not itself of any real use until harnessed to an application like the electric light that performs a service that benefits the user . Typical examples of software applications are word processors , spreadsheets , and media players . Multiple applications bundled together as a package are sometimes referred to as an application suite . Microsoft Office and LibreOffice , which bundle together a word processor , a spreadsheet , and several other discrete applications , are typical examples . The separate applications in a suite usually have a user interface that has some commonality making it easier for the user to learn and use each application . Often , they may have some capability to interact with each other in ways beneficial to the user ; for example , a spreadsheet might be able to be embedded in a word processor document even though it had been created in the separate spreadsheet application . End - user development tailors systems to meet the user 's specific needs . User - written software include spreadsheet templates , word processor macros , scientific simulations , graphics and animation scripts ; even email filters are a kind of user software . Users create this software themselves and often overlook how important it is . Gaming ( edit ) PC gaming is popular among the high - end PC market . According to an April 2014 market analysis , Gaming platforms like Steam ( software ) , Uplay , Origin , and GOG.com ( as well as competitive e Sports titles like League of Legends ) are largely responsible for PC systems overtaking console revenue in 2013 . Sales ( edit ) Market share ( edit ) See also : Market share of personal computer vendors Personal computers worldwide in million distinguished by developed and developing world In 2001 , 125 million personal computers were shipped in comparison to 48,000 in 1977 . More than 500 million personal computers were in use in 2002 and one billion personal computers had been sold worldwide from the mid-1970s up to this time . Of the latter figure , 75 % were professional or work related , while the rest were sold for personal or home use . About 81.5 % of personal computers shipped had been desktop computers , 16.4 % laptops and 2.1 % servers . The United States had received 38.8 % ( 394 million ) of the computers shipped , Europe 25 % and 11.7 % had gone to the Asia - Pacific region , the fastest - growing market as of 2002 . The second billion was expected to be sold by 2008 . Almost half of all households in Western Europe had a personal computer and a computer could be found in 40 % of homes in United Kingdom , compared with only 13 % in 1985 . The global personal computer shipments were 350.9 million units in 2010 , 308.3 million units in 2009 and 302.2 million units in 2008 . The shipments were 264 million units in the year 2007 , according to iSuppli , up 11.2 % from 239 million in 2006 . In 2004 , the global shipments were 183 million units , an 11.6 % increase over 2003 . In 2003 , 152.6 million computers were shipped , at an estimated value of $175 billion . In 2002 , 136.7 million PCs were shipped , at an estimated value of $175 billion . In 2000 , 140.2 million personal computers were shipped , at an estimated value of $226 billion . Worldwide shipments of personal computers surpassed the 100 - million mark in 1999 , growing to 113.5 million units from 93.3 million units in 1998 . In 1999 , Asia had 14.1 million units shipped . As of June 2008 , the number of personal computers in use worldwide hit one billion , while another billion is expected to be reached by 2014 . Mature markets like the United States , Western Europe and Japan accounted for 58 % of the worldwide installed PCs . The emerging markets were expected to double their installed PCs by 2012 and to take 70 % of the second billion PCs . About 180 million computers ( 16 % of the existing installed base ) were expected to be replaced and 35 million to be dumped into landfill in 2008 . The whole installed base grew 12 % annually . Based on International Data Corporation ( IDC ) data for Q2 2011 , for the first time China surpassed US in PC shipments by 18.5 million and 17.7 million respectively . This trend reflects the rising of emerging markets as well as the relative stagnation of mature regions . In the developed world , there has been a vendor tradition to keep adding functions to maintain high prices of personal computers . However , since the introduction of the One Laptop per Child foundation and its low - cost XO - 1 laptop , the computing industry started to pursue the price too . Although introduced only one year earlier , there were 14 million netbooks sold in 2008 . Besides the regular computer manufacturers , companies making especially rugged versions of computers have sprung up , offering alternatives for people operating their machines in extreme weather or environments . 2014 worldwide PC vendor unit shipment estimates Source Date Lenovo HP Dell Acer Inc . Asus Others IDC Q2 2014 19.6 % 18.3 % 14.0 % 8.2 % 6.2 % 33.6 % Gartner Q2 2014 19.2 % 17.7 % 13.3 % 7.9 % 6.9 % 35.0 % In 2011 , Deloitte consulting firm predicted that , smartphones and tablet computers as computing devices would surpass the PCs sales ( as has happened since 2012 ) . As of 2013 , worldwide sales of PCs had begun to fall as many consumers moved to tablets and smartphones for gifts and personal use . Sales of 90.3 million units in the 4th quarter of 2012 represented a 4.9 % decline from sales in the 4th quarter of 2011 . Global PC sales fell sharply in the first quarter of 2013 , according to IDC data . The 14 % year - over-year decline was the largest on record since the firm began tracking in 1994 , and double what analysts had been expecting . The decline of Q2 2013 PC shipments marked the fifth straight quarter of falling sales . `` This is horrific news for PCs , '' remarked an analyst . `` It 's all about mobile computing now . We have definitely reached the tipping point . '' Data from Gartner showed a similar decline for the same time period . China 's Lenovo Group bucked the general trend as strong sales to first time buyers in the developing world allowed the company 's sales to stay flat overall . Windows 8 , which was designed to look similar to tablet / smartphone software , was cited as a contributing factor in the decline of new PC sales . `` Unfortunately , it seems clear that the Windows 8 launch not only did n't provide a positive boost to the PC market , but appears to have slowed the market , '' said IDC Vice President Bob O'Donnell . In August 2013 , Credit Suisse published research findings that attributed around 75 % of the operating profit share of the PC industry to Microsoft ( operating system ) and Intel ( semiconductors ) . According to IDC , in 2013 PC shipments dropped by 9.8 % as the greatest drop - ever in line with consumers trends to use mobile devices . In the second quarter of 2018 , PC sales grew for the first time since the first quarter of 2012 . According to research firm Gartner , the growth mainly came from the business market while the consumer market experienced decline . Average selling price ( edit ) Selling prices of personal computers steadily declined due to lower costs of production and manufacture , while the capabilities of computers increased . In 1975 , an Altair kit sold for only around US $400 , but required customers to solder components into circuit boards ; peripherals required to interact with the system in alphanumeric form instead of blinking lights would add another $2,000 , and the resultant system was only of use to hobbyists . At their introduction in 1981 , the US $1,795 price of the Osborne 1 and its competitor Kaypro was considered an attractive price point ; these systems had text - only displays and only floppy disks for storage . By 1982 , Michael Dell observed that a personal computer system selling at retail for about $3,000 US was made of components that cost the dealer about $600 ; typical gross margin on a computer unit was around $1,000 . The total value of personal computer purchases in the US in 1983 was about $4 billion , comparable to total sales of pet food . By late 1998 , the average selling price of personal computer systems in the United States had dropped below $1,000 . For Microsoft Windows systems , the average selling price ( ASP ) showed a decline in 2008 / 2009 , possibly due to low - cost netbooks , drawing $569 for desktop computers and $689 for laptops at U.S. retail in August 2008 . In 2009 , ASP had further fallen to $533 for desktops and to $602 for notebooks by January and to $540 and $560 in February . According to research firm NPD , the average selling price of all Windows portable PCs has fallen from $659 in October 2008 to $519 in October 2009 . Environmental impact ( edit ) Main article : Computer recycling External costs of environmental impact are not fully included in the selling price of personal computers . This impact differs between desktop computers and laptops . Personal computers have become a large contributor to the 50 million tons of discarded electronic waste that is being generated annually , according to the United Nations Environment Programme . To address the electronic waste issue affecting developing countries and the environment , extended producer responsibility ( EPR ) acts have been implemented in various countries and states . Organizations , such as the Silicon Valley Toxics Coalition , Basel Action Network , Toxics Link India , SCOPE , and Greenpeace have contributed to these efforts . In the absence of comprehensive national legislation or regulation on the export and import of electronic waste , the Silicon Valley Toxics Coalition and BAN ( Basel Action Network ) teamed up with 32 electronic recyclers in the US and Canada to create an e-steward program for the orderly disposal of manufacturers ' and customers ' electronic waste . The Silicon Valley Toxics Coalition founded the Electronics TakeBack Coalition , a coalition that advocates for the production of environmentally friendly products . The TakeBack Coalition works with policy makers , recyclers , and smart businesses to get manufacturers to take full responsibility of their products . There are organizations opposing EPR regulation , such as the Reason Foundation . They see flaws in two principal tenets of EPR : First EPR relies on the idea that if the manufacturers have to pay for environmental harm , they will adapt their practices . Second EPR assumes the current design practices are environmentally inefficient . The Reason Foundation claims that manufacturers naturally move toward reduced material and energy use . See also ( edit ) Computer Science portal Electronics portal Computer virus Desktop replacement computer e-waste Information and communication technologies for development List of computer system manufacturers Market share of personal computer vendors Personal Computer Museum Pocket - sized palmtop handheld computing device Portable computer Public computer Quiet PC List of home computers Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The NeXT computer introduced in 1988 did not include a floppy drive , which at the time was unusual . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` the definition of personal computer '' . www.dictionary.com . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ Conlon , Tom ( January 29 , 2010 ) , The iPad 's Closed System : Sometimes I Hate Being Right , Popular Science , retrieved 2010 - 10 - 14 , The iPad is not a personal computer in the sense that we currently understand . Jump up ^ `` Overview of update channels for Office 365 ProPlus '' . Microsoft . 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Encyclopedia of Human - Computer Interaction , 2nd Ed . End - User Development '' . Interaction Design Foundation . 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mac * vs. PC Debate '' . intel.com . Intel . Retrieved 5 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Finnie , Scot ( 8 June 2007 ) . `` Mac vs. PC cost analysis : How does it all add up ? '' . Computerworld . Computerworld , Inc . Retrieved 5 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Ackerman , Dan ( 22 August 2013 ) . `` Do n't buy a new PC or Mac before you read this '' . CNET . CBS Interactive . Retrieved 5 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Haslam , Karen ( 11 December 2013 ) . `` Mac or PC ? Ten reasons why Macs are better than PCs '' . Macworld . IDG . Retrieved 5 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tutorial Guide to the EDSAC Simulator '' ( PDF ) . The EDSAC Replica Project . ^ Jump up to : Roy A. Allan , A Bibliography of the Personal Computer ( electronic resource ) : the Books and Periodical Articles , Allan Publishing - 2006 , p. 73 Jump up ^ Gene Carter , Wow ! What a Ride ! : A Quick Trip Through Early Semiconductor and Personal Computer Development , Lulu Press - 2016 , chapter 8 Jump up ^ Link text , It was considered a bargain , selling for about $50,000 . Jump up ^ Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Community Development Project . `` Consumer Price Index ( estimate ) 1800 -- '' . Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Computers - Timeline of Computer History - Computer History Museum '' . Retrieved 9 January 2017 . 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Retrieved November 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Roy A. Allan , A Bibliography of the Personal Computer ( electronic resource ) : the Books and Periodical Articles , Allan Publishing - 2006 , p. 80 Jump up ^ The New York Times Guide to Essential Knowledge , Second Edition : A Desk Reference for the Curious Mind ( 2007 ) . Macmillan , p. 448 . Jump up ^ Green , Wayne ( February 1976 ) . `` Believe Me - I 'm No Expert ! '' . 73 Magazine . No. 184 . Peterborough , NH : 73 , Inc. p. 89 . Wayne Green visited MITS in August 1975 and interviewed Ed Roberts . Article has several paragraphs on the design of the Altair 8800 . Jump up ^ Garland , Harry ( March 1977 ) . `` Design Innovations in Personal Computers '' . Computer . IEEE Computer Society . 10 ( 3 ) : 24 . doi : 10.1109 / c-m. 1977.217669 . There is little question that the current enthusiasm in personal computing was catalyzed by the introduction of the MITS Altair computer kit in January 1975 . Jump up ^ Dorf , Richard C. , ed . The engineering handbook . CRC Press , 2004 . Jump up ^ Ceruzzi , Paul E. ( 2003 ) . A History of Modern Computing . Cambridge , MA : MIT Press . p. 226 . ISBN 0 - 262 - 53203 - 4 . `` This announcement ( Altair 8800 ) ranks with IBM 's announcement of the System / 360 a decade earlier as one of the most significant in the history of computing . '' Jump up ^ Freiberger , Paul ; Swaine , Michael ( 2000 ) . Fire in the Valley : The Making of the Personal Computer . New York : McGraw - Hill . ISBN 0 - 07 - 135892 - 7 . Jump up ^ What 's New ( February 1978 ) , `` Commodore Ships First PET Computers '' , BYTE , Byte Publications , 3 ( 2 ) : 190 Commodore press release . `` The PET computer made its debut recently as the first 100 units were shipped to waiting customers in mid-October 1977 . '' Jump up ^ `` Apple II History '' . Apple II History . Retrieved May 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sinclair Research website '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 12 - 14 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 06 . 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Jump up ^ Global PC shipments grew 13.8 percent in 2010 -- Gartner study , Jan 13 , 2011 , retrieved at September 12 , 2011 Jump up ^ Laptop Sales Soaring Amid Wider PC Growth : Gartner , May 27 , 2010 , Andy Patrizio , earthweb.com , retrieved at September 12 , 2011 Jump up ^ Worldwide PC Shipments in 2008 , March 16 , 2009 , ZDNet , retrieved at September 12 , 2011 Jump up ^ PC Sales Up for 2008 , but Barely , January 14 , 2009 , Andy Patrizio , internetnews.com , retrieved at September 12 , 2011 Jump up ^ ISuppli Raises 2007 Computer Sales Forecast , pcworld.com , retrieved January 13 , 2009 Jump up ^ iSuppli raises 2007 computer sales forecast , Macworld UK , retrieved January 13 , 2009 Jump up ^ Global PC Sales Leveling Off , newsfactor.com , retrieved January 13 , 2009 ^ Jump up to : HP back on top of PC market , retrieved January 13 , 2009 Jump up ^ Yates , Nona ( January 24 , 2000 ) . `` Dell Passes Compaq as Top PC Seller in U.S '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Economic recovery bumps AP 1999 PC shipments to record high , zdnetasia.com , retrieved January 13 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` Worldwide PC use to reach 1 billion by 2008 : report '' . CBC News . Retrieved June 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Gartner Says More than 1 Billion PCs In Use Worldwide and Headed to 2 Billion Units by 2014 '' ( Press release ) . Gartner . June 23 , 2008 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ Tarmo Virki ( June 23 , 2008 ) . `` Computers in use pass 1 billion mark : Gartner '' . Reuters . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` China hits tech milestone : PC shipments pass US '' . August 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 4P Computing -- Negroponte 's 14 Million Laptop Impact '' . OLPC News . December 11 , 2008 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ Conrad H. Blickenstorfer . `` Rugged PC leaders '' . Ruggedpcreview.com . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 14 . 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Retrieved April 11 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Nick Wingfield ( April 10 , 2013 ) . `` PC Sales Still in a Slump , Despite New Offerings '' . New York Times . Retrieved April 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Steve Ballmer 's retirement leaves Microsoft in a replacement crisis '' . August 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Apple Vs. Samsung Title Fight for Mobile Supremacy '' . The Financialist . Credit Suisse . August 8 , 2013 . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2013 . Retrieved August 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ John Fingas ( March 4 , 2014 ) . `` PC shipments faced their steepest - ever drop in 2013 '' . Jump up ^ Warren , Tom ( 13 July 2018 ) . `` PC sales are growing for the first time in six years '' . The Verge . Retrieved 14 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Marvin B. Sussman Personal Computers and the Family Routledge , 1985 ISBN 0 - 86656 - 361 - X , p. 90 . Jump up ^ Kateri M. Drexler Icons of business : an encyclopedia of mavericks , movers , and shakers , Volume 1 , Greenwood Publishing Group , 2007 , ISBN 0 - 313 - 33863 - 9 , p. 102 Jump up ^ Nancy Weil , Average PC Price drops below $1000 , PC World December 1998 . Retrieved November 17 , 2010 . Archived October 11 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Joe Wilcox ( April 16 , 2009 ) . `` Netbooks Are Destroying the Laptop Market and Microsoft Needs to Act Now '' . eWeek . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ Shane O'Neill ( December 2 , 2009 ) . `` Falling PC Prices Pit Microsoft Against PC Makers '' . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ Mattison , Richard . `` The true cost of personal computers '' . GreenBiz . GreenBiz Group Inc . Retrieved 28 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Nash , Jennifer ; Bosso , Christopher ( 2013 ) . `` Extended Producer Responsibility in the United States : Full Speed Ahead ? '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Industrial Ecology. 17 ( 2 -- RPP - 2013 - 04 ) : 175 -- 185 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1530 - 9290.2012. 00572. x . Retrieved August 23 , 2014 . Further reading ( edit ) Accidental Empires : How the boys of Silicon Valley make their millions , battle foreign competition , and still ca n't get a date , Robert X . Cringely , Addison - Wesley Publishing , ( 1992 ) , ISBN 0 - 201 - 57032 - 7 PC Magazine , Vol. 2 , No. 6 , November 1983 , ' ' SCAMP : The Missing Link in the PC 's Past ? ' ' External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Personal computer . Wikiversity has learning resources about Introduction to Computers / Personal Look up personal computer in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . 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who was the most decorated soldier of wwii
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Audie Murphy
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audie murphy
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Audie Murphy Audie Murphy photographed in 1948 wearing the U.S. Army khaki `` Class A '' ( tropical service ) uniform with full - size medals . Birth name Audie Leon Murphy ( 1925 - 06 - 20 ) 20 June 1925 Kingston , Texas , U.S. 28 May 1971 ( 1971 - 05 - 28 ) ( aged 45 ) Brush Mountain , near Catawba , Craig County , Virginia , U.S. Buried Arlington National Cemetery Allegiance United States Service / branch United States Army United States Army National Guard United States Army Reserve Years of service 1942 -- 45 ( U.S. Army ) 1950 -- 66 ( Texas Army National Guard ) 1966 -- 69 ( U.S. Army Reserves ) Rank First Lieutenant ( U.S. ) Major ( Texas Army National Guard ) Service number 18083707 ( as enlisted man ) 01692509 ( as officer ) Unit 15th Infantry Regiment 3rd Infantry Division ( US ) 36th Infantry Division ( Texas Army National Guard ) Battles / wars World War II Tunisia Sicily Naples - Foggia Anzio Rome - Arno Southern France Ardennes - Alsace Rhineland Central Europe Awards Medal of Honor Distinguished Service Cross Silver Star Medal ( 2 ) Legion of Merit Bronze Star ( 2 , 1 `` V '' device ) Purple Heart ( 3 ) Army Good Conduct Medal Distinguished Unit Citation ( 2 ) American Campaign Medal European - African - Middle Eastern Campaign Medal ( 9 campaigns , arrowhead device ) World War II Victory Medal Army of Occupation Medal with Germany clasp French Legion of Honour ( grade of Chevalier ) French Croix de Guerre with silver star French Croix de Guerre with palm ( 3 ) Belgian Croix de Guerre with palm French fourragère in colors of the Croix de Guerre Combat Infantryman Badge Marksman Badge with Rifle Component Bar Expert Badge with Bayonet Component Bar Outstanding Civilian Service Medal Texas Legislative Medal of Honor Other work Actor , songwriter , rancher Signature Website Audie L. Murphy Audie Leon Murphy ( 20 June 1925 -- 28 May 1971 ) was one of the most decorated American combat soldiers of World War II . He received every military combat award for valor available from the U.S. Army , as well as French and Belgian awards for heroism . Murphy received the Medal of Honor for valor that he demonstrated at the age of 19 for single - handedly holding off an entire company of German soldiers for an hour at the Colmar Pocket in France in January 1945 , then leading a successful counterattack while wounded and out of ammunition . Murphy was born into a large family of sharecroppers in Hunt County , Texas . His father abandoned them , and his mother died when he was a teenager . Murphy left school in fifth grade to pick cotton and find other work to help support his family ; his skill with a hunting rifle helped feed his family . After the attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941 , Murphy 's older sister helped him to falsify documentation about his birthdate in order to meet the minimum - age requirement for enlisting in the military . Turned down by the Navy and the Marine Corps , he enlisted in the Army . He first saw action in the 1943 Allied invasion of Sicily ; then in 1944 he participated in the Battle of Anzio , the liberation of Rome , and the invasion of southern France . Murphy fought at Montélimar and led his men on a successful assault at the L'Omet quarry near Cleurie in northeastern France in October . After the war , Murphy embarked on a 21 - year acting career . He played himself in the 1955 autobiographical film To Hell and Back , based on his 1949 memoirs of the same name , but most of his roles were in westerns . He made guest appearances on celebrity television shows and starred in the series Whispering Smith . Murphy was a fairly accomplished songwriter . He bred quarter horses in California and Arizona , and became a regular participant in horse racing . Suffering from what would today be described as post traumatic stress disorder ( PTSD ) , Murphy slept with a loaded handgun under his pillow . He looked for solace in addictive sleeping pills . In his last few years , he was plagued by money problems but refused offers to appear in alcohol and cigarette commercials because he did not want to set a bad example . Murphy died in a plane crash in Virginia in 1971 , which was shortly before his 46th birthday . He was interred with full military honors at Arlington National Cemetery , where his grave is one of the most visited . Contents 1 Early life 2 World War II service 2.1 Mediterranean Theater 2.2 European Theater 2.3 Decorations 2.4 Postwar military service 2.5 Post-traumatic stress 3 Texas Army National Guard 4 Film career 5 Personal life 6 Death and commemorations 7 Song writing 8 Notes 8.1 Footnotes 8.2 Citations 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Early Life Murphy was the seventh of twelve children born to Emmett Berry Murphy and his wife Josie Bell Killian in Kingston , Texas . The Murphys were sharecroppers of Irish descent . As a child , Murphy was a loner with mood swings and an explosive temper . He grew up in Texas , around Farmersville , Greenville , and Celeste , where he attended elementary school . His father drifted in and out of the family 's life and eventually deserted them . Murphy dropped out of school in fifth grade and got a job picking cotton for a dollar a day ( equivalent to $18 in 2017 ) to help support his family ; he also became skilled with a rifle , hunting small game to help feed them . After his mother died of endocarditis and pneumonia in 1941 , he worked at a radio repair shop and at a combination general store , garage and gas station in Greenville . Hunt County authorities placed his three youngest siblings in Boles Children 's Home , a Christian orphanage in Quinlan . After the war , he bought a house in Farmersville for his eldest sister Corinne and her husband , Poland Burns . His other siblings briefly shared the home . The loss of his mother stayed with Murphy throughout his life . He later stated : She died when I was sixteen . She had the most beautiful hair I 've ever seen . It reached almost to the floor . She rarely talked ; and always seemed to be searching for something . What it was I do n't know . We did n't discuss our feelings . But when she passed away , she took something of me with her . It seems I 've been searching for it ever since . World War II service Main article : Military career of Audie Murphy Murphy had always wanted to be a soldier . After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941 , he tried to enlist , but the Army , Navy and Marine Corps all turned him down for being underweight and underage . After his sister provided an affidavit that falsified his birth date by a year , he was accepted by the U.S. Army on 30 June 1942 . After basic training at Camp Wolters , he was sent to Fort Meade for advanced infantry training . During basic training , he earned the Marksman Badge with Rifle Component Bar and Expert Badge with Bayonet Component Bar . Mediterranean theater Allied landing in Sicily , Licata Sector Joss Beach Mollarella Poliscia , Marker erected July 10 , 2011 Murphy was shipped to Casablanca in French Morocco on 20 February 1943 . He was assigned to Company B , 1st Battalion , 15th Infantry Regiment , 3rd Infantry Division , which trained under the command of Major General Lucian Truscott . He participated as a platoon messenger with his division at Arzew in Algeria in rigorous training for the Allied assault landings in Sicily . He was promoted to private first class on 7 May and corporal on 15 July . When the 3rd Infantry landed at Licata , Sicily , on 10 July , Murphy was a division runner . On a scouting patrol , he killed two fleeing Italian officers near Canicattì . Sidelined with illness for a week when Company B arrived in Palermo on 20 July , he rejoined them when they were assigned to a hillside location protecting a machine - gun emplacement , while the rest of the 3rd Infantry Division fought at San Fratello en route to the Allied capture of the transit port of Messina . Murphy participated in the September 1943 mainland Salerno landing at Battipaglia . While on a scouting party along the Volturno River , he and two other soldiers were ambushed ; German machine gun fire killed one soldier . Murphy and the other survivor responded by killing five Germans with hand grenades and machine gun fire . While taking part in the October Allied assault on the Volturno Line , near Mignano Monte Lungo Hill 193 , he and his company repelled an attack by seven German soldiers , killing three and taking four prisoner . Murphy was promoted to sergeant on 13 December . In January 1944 , Murphy was promoted to staff sergeant . He was hospitalized in Naples with malaria on 21 January and was unable to participate in the initial landing at the Anzio beachhead . He returned on 29 January and participated in the First Battle of Cisterna , and was made a platoon sergeant in Company B following the battle . He returned with the 3rd Division to Anzio , where they remained for months . Taking shelter from the weather in an abandoned farmhouse on 2 March , Murphy and his platoon killed the crew of a passing German tank . He then crawled out alone close enough to destroy the tank with rifle grenades , for which he received the Bronze Star with `` V '' device . Murphy continued to make scouting patrols to take German prisoners before being hospitalized for a week on 13 March with a second bout of malaria . Sixty - one infantry officers and enlisted men of Company B , 15th Infantry , including Murphy , were awarded the Combat Infantryman Badge on 8 May . Murphy was awarded a Bronze Oak Leaf Cluster for his Bronze Star . American forces liberated Rome on 4 June , and Murphy remained bivouacked in Rome with his platoon throughout July . European theater During the first wave of the Allied invasion of southern France , Murphy received the Distinguished Service Cross for action taken on 15 August 1944 . After landing on Yellow Beach near Ramatuelle , Murphy 's platoon was making its way through a vineyard when the men were attacked by German soldiers . He retrieved a machine gun that had been detached from the squad and returned fire at the German soldiers , killing two and wounding one . Two Germans exited a house about 100 yards ( 91 m ) away and appeared to surrender ; when Murphy 's best friend responded , they shot and killed him . Murphy advanced alone on the house under direct fire . He killed six , wounded two and took 11 prisoner . Murphy was with the 1st Battalion , 15th Infantry Regiment during the 27 -- 28 August offensive at Montélimar that secured the area from the Germans . Along with the other soldiers who took part in the action , he received the Presidential Unit Citation . Murphy 's first Purple Heart was for a heel wound received in a mortar shell blast on 15 September 1944 in northeastern France . His first Silver Star came after he killed four and wounded three at a German machine gun position on 2 October at L'Omet quarry in the Cleurie river valley . Three days later , Murphy crawled alone towards the Germans at L'Omet , carrying an SCR - 536 radio and directing his men for an hour while the Germans fired directly at him . When his men finally took the hill , 15 Germans had been killed and 35 wounded . Murphy 's actions earned him a Bronze Oak Leaf Cluster for his Silver Star . He was awarded a battlefield commission to second lieutenant on 14 October , which elevated him to platoon leader . While en route to Brouvelieures on 26 October , the 3rd Platoon of Company B was attacked by a German sniper group . Murphy captured two before being shot in the hip by a sniper ; he returned fire and shot the sniper between the eyes . At the 3rd General Hospital at Aix - en - Provence , the removal of gangrene from the wound caused partial loss of his hip muscle and kept him out of combat until January . Murphy received his first Bronze Oak Leaf Cluster for his Purple Heart for this injury . The Colmar Pocket , 850 square miles ( 2,200 km ) in the Vosges Mountains , had been held by German troops since November 1944 . On 14 January 1945 , Murphy rejoined his platoon , which had been moved to the Colmar area in December . He moved with the 3rd Division on 24 January to the town of Holtzwihr , where they faced a strong German counterattack . He was wounded in both legs , for which he received a second Bronze Oak Leaf Cluster for his Purple Heart . As the company awaited reinforcements on 26 January , he was made commander of Company B . The Germans scored a direct hit on an M10 tank destroyer , setting it alight , forcing the crew to abandon it . Murphy ordered his men to retreat to positions in the woods , remaining alone at his post , shooting his M1 carbine and directing artillery fire via his field radio while the Germans aimed fire directly at his position . Murphy mounted the abandoned , burning tank destroyer and began firing its . 50 caliber machine gun at the advancing Germans , killing a squad crawling through a ditch towards him . For an hour , Murphy stood on the flaming tank destroyer returning German fire from foot soldiers and advancing tanks , killing or wounding 50 Germans . He sustained a leg wound during his stand , and stopped only after he ran out of ammunition . Murphy rejoined his men , disregarding his own injury , and led them back to repel the Germans . He insisted on remaining with his men while his wounds were treated . For his actions that day , he was awarded the Medal of Honor . The 3rd Infantry Division was awarded the Presidential Unit Citation for its actions at the Colmar Pocket , giving Murphy a Bronze Oak Leaf Cluster for the emblem . On 16 February , Murphy was promoted to first lieutenant and was awarded the Legion of Merit for his service from 22 January 1944 to 18 February 1945 . He was moved from the front lines to Regimental Headquarters and made a liaison officer . Decorations Main article : Audie Murphy honors and awards Army version of the Medal of Honor The United States additionally honored Murphy 's war contributions with the American Campaign Medal , the European -- African -- Middle Eastern Campaign Medal with arrowhead device and 9 campaign stars , the World War II Victory Medal , and the Army of Occupation Medal with Germany Clasp . France recognized his service with the French Legion of Honor -- Grade of Chevalier , the French Croix de guerre with Silver Star , the French Croix de guerre with Palm , the French Liberation Medal and the French Fourragère in Colors of the Croix de guerre , which was authorized for all members of the 3rd Infantry Division who fought in France during World War II . Belgium awarded Murphy the Belgian Croix de guerre with 1940 Palm . Brigadier General Ralph B. Lovett and Lieutenant Colonel Hallet D. Edson recommended Murphy for the Medal of Honor . Near Salzburg , Austria on 2 June 1945 , Lieutenant General A.M. Patch presented Murphy with the Medal of Honor and Legion of Merit for his actions at Holtzwihr . When asked after the war why he had seized the machine gun and taken on an entire company of German infantry , he replied , `` They were killing my friends . '' Murphy received every U.S. military combat award for valor available from the U.S. Army for his World War II service . Postwar military service Inquiries were made through official channels about the prospect of Murphy attending West Point upon his return to the United States , but he never enrolled . According to author Don Graham , Murphy suggested the idea and then dropped it , possibly when he realized the extent of academic preparation needed to pass the entrance exam . Murphy was one of several military personnel who received orders on 8 June 1945 to report to Fort Sam Houston in San Antonio , Texas , for temporary duty and reassignment . Upon arrival on 13 June , he was one of four assigned to Fort Sam Houston Army Ground & Services Redistribution Station and sent home for 30 days of recuperation , with permission to travel anywhere within the United States during that period . While on leave , Murphy was feted with parades , banquets , and speeches . He received a belated Good Conduct Medal on 21 August . He was discharged with the rank of first lieutenant at a 50 percent disability classification on 21 September and transferred to the Officers ' Reserve Corps . Posttraumatic stress Audie L. Murphy Memorial VA Hospital in San Antonio , Texas Since his military service , Murphy had been plagued with insomnia and bouts of depression , and he slept with a loaded pistol under his pillow . A post-service medical examination on 17 June 1947 revealed symptoms of headaches , vomiting , and nightmares about the war . His medical records indicated that he took sleeping pills to help prevent nightmares . During the mid-1960s , he recognized his dependence on Placidyl , and locked himself alone in a hotel room for a week to successfully break the addiction . Post-traumatic stress levels exacerbated his innate moodiness , and surfaced in episodes that friends and professional colleagues found alarming . His first wife , Dixie Wanda Hendrix , claimed he once held her at gunpoint . She witnessed her husband being guilt - ridden and tearful over newsreel footage of German war orphans . Murphy briefly found a creative stress outlet in writing poetry after his Army discharge . His poem `` The Crosses Grow on Anzio '' appeared in his book To Hell and Back , but was attributed to the fictitious character Kerrigan . In an effort to draw attention to the problems of returning Korean War and Vietnam War veterans , Murphy spoke out candidly about his own problems with posttraumatic stress disorder . It was known during Murphy 's lifetime as `` battle fatigue '' and `` shell shock '' , terminology that dated back to World War I. He called on the government to give increased consideration and study to the emotional impact of combat experiences , and to extend health care benefits to war veterans . As a result of legislation introduced by U.S. Congressman Olin Teague five months after Murphy 's death in 1971 , the Audie L. Murphy Memorial VA Hospital in San Antonio , now a part of the South Texas Veterans Health Care System , was dedicated in 1973 . Texas Army National Guard See also : Military career of Audie Murphy At the end of World War II , the 36th Infantry Division reverted to state control as part of the Texas Army National Guard , and Murphy 's friends , Major General H. Miller Ainsworth and Brigadier General Carl L. Phinney , were the 36th 's commander and deputy commander respectively . After the 25 June 1950 commencement of the Korean War , Murphy began a second military career and was commissioned as a captain in the 36th Infantry Division of the Texas Army National Guard . He drilled new recruits in the summer training camps , and granted the Guard permission to use his name and image in recruiting materials . Although he wanted to join the fighting and juggled training activities with his film career , the 36th Infantry Division was never sent to Korea . At his request , he transferred to inactive status on 1 October 1951 because of his film commitments with MGM Studios , and returned to active status in 1955 . Murphy was promoted to the rank of major by the Texas Army National Guard in 1956 and returned to inactive status in 1957 . In 1969 , his official separation from the Guard transferred him to the United States Army Reserve . He remained with the USAR until his transfer to the Retired Reserve in 1969 . Film career Murphy in The Red Badge of Courage ( 1951 ) Main article : Film career of Audie Murphy Throughout an acting career spanning from 1948 to 1969 , Murphy made more than 40 feature films and one television series . When actor and producer James Cagney saw the 16 July 1945 issue of Life magazine depicting Murphy as the `` most decorated soldier '' , he brought him to Hollywood . Cagney and his brother William signed him as a contract player for their production company and gave him training in acting , voice and dance . They never cast Murphy in a movie and a personal disagreement ended the association in 1947 . Murphy later worked with acting coach Estelle Harman , and honed his diction by reciting dialogue from William Shakespeare and William Saroyan . Murphy moved into Terry Hunt 's Athletic Club in Hollywood where he lived until 1948 . Hollywood writer David `` Spec '' McClure befriended Murphy , collaborating with him on Murphy 's 1949 book To Hell and Back . McClure used his connections to get Murphy a $500 ( equivalent to $5,000 in 2017 ) bit part in Texas , Brooklyn and Heaven . The agent of Wanda Hendrix , whom he had been dating since 1946 , got him a bit part in the 1948 Alan Ladd film Beyond Glory directed by John Farrow . His 1949 film Bad Boy gave him his first leading role . The film 's financial backers refused to bankroll the project unless Murphy was given the lead ; thus , Allied Artists put aside their reservations about using an inexperienced actor and gave him the starring role . Murphy in The Red Badge of Courage Universal Studios signed Murphy to a seven - year studio contract at $2,500 a week ( equivalent to $25,400 in 2017 ) . His first film for them was as Billy the Kid in The Kid from Texas in 1950 . He wrapped up that year making Sierra starring Wanda Hendrix , who by that time had become his wife , and Kansas Raiders as outlaw Jesse James . Universal lent him to MGM in 1951 at a salary of $25,000 to play the lead of The Youth in The Red Badge of Courage , directed by John Huston . Murphy and Huston worked together again in the 1960 film The Unforgiven . The only film Murphy made in 1952 was The Duel at Silver Creek with director Don Siegel . Murphy worked with Siegel one more time in 1958 for The Gun Runners . In 1953 , he starred in Frederick de Cordova 's Column South , and played Jim Harvey in Nathan Juran 's Tumbleweed , an adaptation of the Kenneth Perkins novel Three Were Renegades . Director Nathan Juran also directed Gunsmoke and Drums Across the River . George Marshall directed Murphy in the 1954 Destry , a remake of Destry Rides Again , based on a character created by author Max Brand . Although Murphy was initially reluctant to appear as himself in To Hell and Back , the 1955 adaptation of his book directed by Jesse Hibbs , he eventually agreed ; it became the biggest hit in the history of Universal Studios at the time . To help publicize the release of the film , he made guest appearances on television shows such as What 's My Line ? , Toast of the Town , and Colgate Comedy Hour . The Hibbs - Murphy team proved so successful in To Hell and Back that the two worked together on five subsequent films . The partnership resulted in the 1956 western Walk the Proud Land , and the non-westerns Joe Butterfly and World in My Corner . They worked together for the last time in the 1958 western Ride a Crooked Trail . Joseph L. Mankiewicz hired Murphy to play the titular role in the 1958 film The Quiet American . Murphy formed a partnership with Harry Joe Brown to make three films , starting with The Guns of Fort Petticoat ( 1957 ) . The partnership fell into disagreement over the remaining two projects , and Brown filed suit against Murphy . Murphy was featured in three westerns in 1959 : he starred opposite Sandra Dee in The Wild and the Innocent , collaborated as an uncredited co-producer with Walter Mirisch on the black and white Cast a Long Shadow , and performed as a hired killer in No Name on the Bullet , a film that was well received by critics . Thelma Ritter was his costar in the 1960 Startime television episode `` The Man '' . During the early 1960s , Murphy donated his time and otherwise lent his name and image for three episodes of The Big Picture television series produced by the United States Army . He received the 1960 Outstanding Civilian Service Medal for his cooperation in the episode Broken Bridge , which featured his visits to military installations in Germany , Italy , Turkey and the U.S. state of New Mexico to showcase the military 's latest weaponry . Writer Clair Huffaker wrote the 1961 screenplays for Murphy 's films Seven Ways from Sundown and Posse from Hell . Willard W. Willingham and his wife Mary Willingham befriended Murphy in his early days in Hollywood and worked with him on a number of projects . Willard was a producer on Murphy 's 1961 television series Whispering Smith , and co-wrote the screenplay for Battle at Bloody Beach that year . He collaborated on Bullet for a Badman in 1964 and Arizona Raiders in 1965 . The Willinghams as a team wrote the screenplay for Gunpoint as well as the script for Murphy 's last starring lead in the western 40 Guns to Apache Pass in 1967 . Murphy made Trunk to Cairo in Israel in 1966 . He first met director Budd Boetticher when Murphy requested to be his boxing partner at Terry Hunt 's Athletic Club . He subsequently appeared in the 1951 title role of Boetticher 's first western The Cimarron Kid . Boetticher wrote the script in 1969 for Murphy 's last film , A Time for Dying . Two other projects that Murphy and Boetticher planned to collaborate on -- A Horse for Mr Barnum and When There 's Sumpthin ' to Do -- never came to fruition . Personal Life Murphy in 1961 Murphy married actress Wanda Hendrix in 1949 . Their divorce became final two years later in 1951 . Four days later , he married former airline stewardess Pamela Opal Lee Archer ( October 7 , 1923 - April 8 , 2010 ) , with whom he had two sons : Terry Michael ( born 14 March 1952 ) , and James Shannon ( born 1954 ) . Murphy bred quarter horses at the Audie Murphy Ranch in what is now Menifee , California , and the Murphy Ranch in Pima County , Arizona . His horses raced at the Del Mar Racetrack , and he invested large sums of money in the hobby . Murphy 's gambling left his finances in a poor state . In 1968 he stated that he lost $260,000 in an Algerian oil deal and was dealing with the Internal Revenue Service over unpaid taxes . In spite of his financial difficulties , Murphy refused to appear in commercials for alcohol and cigarettes , mindful of the influence he would have on the youth market . Death and commemorations Main article : 1971 Colorado Aviation Aero Commander 680 crash Murphy 's headstone at Arlington National Cemetery in Arlington County , Virginia On 28 May 1971 , Murphy was killed when the private plane in which he was a passenger crashed into Brush Mountain , near Catawba , Virginia , 20 miles ( 32 km ) west of Roanoke in conditions of rain , clouds , fog and zero visibility . The pilot and four other passengers were also killed . The aircraft was a twin - engine Aero Commander 680 flown by a pilot who had a private - pilot license and a reported 8,000 hours of flying time , but who held no instrument rating . The aircraft was recovered on 31 May . After her husband 's death , Pamela Murphy moved into a small apartment and got a clerk position at the Sepulveda Veterans Administration Hospital in Los Angeles , where she remained employed for 35 years . In 1975 , a court awarded Murphy 's widow and two children $2.5 million in damages because of the accident . Monument at the site of the Virginia plane crash in which Audie Murphy was killed On 7 June 1971 , Murphy was buried with full military honors at Arlington National Cemetery . In attendance were Ambassador to the U.N. George H.W. Bush , Army Chief of Staff William Westmoreland , and many of the 3rd Infantry Division . Murphy 's gravesite is in Section 46 , headstone number 46 - 366 - 11 , located across Memorial Drive from the Amphitheater . A special flagstone walkway was later constructed to accommodate the large number of people who visit to pay their respects . It is the cemetery 's second most - visited gravesite , after that of President John F. Kennedy . The headstones of Medal of Honor recipients buried at Arlington National Cemetery are normally decorated in gold leaf . Murphy previously requested that his stone remain plain and inconspicuous , like that of an ordinary soldier . The headstone contains the birth year 1924 , based upon purportedly falsified materials among his military records . In 1974 , a large granite marker was erected just off the Appalachian Trail at 37 ° 21 ′ 52 '' N 80 ° 13 ′ 33 '' W / 37.364554 ° N 80.225748 ° W / 37.364554 ; - 80.225748 ( Audie Murphy monument ) at 3,100 ′ elevation , near the crash site . Civilian honors were bestowed on Murphy during his lifetime and posthumously , including a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame . In 2013 , Murphy was honored by his home state with the Texas Legislative Medal of Honor . Swedish power metal band Sabaton wrote a song on their 2014 studio album , Heroes , also entitled `` To Hell and Back '' , commemorating and recognizing Audie Murphy as one of the most decorated American veterans of World War II . Song writing Main article : List of songs written by Audie Murphy David McClure , his collaborator on the book To Hell and Back , discovered Murphy 's talent for poetry during their work on the memoir when he found discarded verses in Murphy 's Hollywood apartment . One of those poems , `` The Crosses Grow on Anzio '' , appears in To Hell and Back attributed to a soldier named Kerrigan . Only two others survived , `` Alone and Far Removed '' and `` Freedom Flies in Your Heart Like an Eagle '' . The latter was part of a speech Murphy had written at a 1968 dedication of the Alabama War Memorial in Montgomery , and later set to music by Scott Turner under the title `` Dusty Old Helmet '' . Murphy was a fan of country music , in particular Bob Wills and Chet Atkins , but was not a singer or musician himself . Through his friend Guy Mitchell , Murphy was introduced to songwriter Scott Turner in 1961 . The two collaborated on numerous songs between 1962 and 1970 , the most successful of which was `` Shutters and Boards '' and `` When the Wind Blows in Chicago '' . Notes Footnotes ^ Jump up to : Murphy 's son Terry is the President of the Audie Murphy Research Foundation , which in both its biographical sketch and Murphy Family Tree list his year of birth as 1925 . Murphy 's date of birth has been given as both 1924 and 1925 by Murphy himself . He seemed to go back and forth on the dates for the rest of his life . His sister , Mrs. Corinne Burns , as his nearest living kin , had signed a notarized document attesting to the birth date of 20 June 1924 that Murphy put on his enlistment application , falsifying his year of birth so he could meet the U.S. Army age qualification for enlistment . Subsequently , all military records show the purportedly falsified date as his birth date . His California driver 's license showed a birth date of 1925 . Jump up ^ Conflicting information exists as to Murphy 's date and place of enlistment . The Audie L. Murphy Memorial website has scanned documents from the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration that include Corinne Burns ' statement and Murphy 's `` Induction Record '' , which shows him `` Enlisted at Dallas , Texas '' on 30 June 1942 , and the line above it says `` Accepted for service at Greenville , Texas '' . The National Register of Historic Places Listing added the Greenville post office as historic site number 74002081 in 1974 , citing it as Murphy 's place of enlistment , possibly referring to the act the military termed `` Accepted for service '' . The NRHP also shows his enlistment date as 20 June 1942 which might be the date he was accepted for service . Jump up ^ Murphy 's war service was combat - related . Therefore , he did not receive the non-combat Soldier 's Medal . Act of Congress ( Public Law 446 -- 69th Congress , 2 July 1926 ( 44 Stat. 780 ) established the Soldier 's Medal for heroism `` as defined in 10 USC 101 ( d ) , at the time of the heroic act who distinguished himself or herself by heroism not involving actual combat with the enemy . '' ) At the end of his World War II service , Murphy became known as America 's most decorated soldier . Jump up ^ The Officers ' Reserve Corps was originally one of several units of the United States Organized Reserve that also included the Enlisted Reserve Corps , Reserve Officers ' Training Corps and the Civilian Conservation Corps . The Organized Reserve was restructured during the Korean War and renamed the United States Army Reserve . The new structure was divided into the Ready Reserve , Standby Reserve and Retired Reserve . Jump up ^ The exact count on the number of feature films Murphy made varies by source . The Hollywood Walk of Fame and other sources put his total number of feature films at 44 . Jump up ^ Henry Fleming is the Youth in Stephen Crane 's novel . In the 1951 film , Fleming is played by Murphy as the unnamed character `` The Youth '' . However , Fleming is addressed by name when other characters are speaking to him . Jump up ^ YouTube has several uploaded versions of the 5 - minute What 's My Line segment that features Murphy as the mystery guest . Listed as Episode dated 3 July 1955 on IMDb Jump up ^ 56 - minute uploaded on YouTube as Audie Murphy Attends Beverly Hilton Grand Opening 1955 . He appears at 28 : 48 and briefly talks with Hedda Hopper about how he once gave his medals away but had them replaced by the U.S. Army . Jump up ^ Alden Pyle is the American in Graham Greene 's novel . In the 1958 film , Pyle is played by Murphy as the unnamed character `` The American '' . Jump up ^ The Audie L. Murphy Memorial Website has user - generated information on an Arizona quarter horse ranch Murphy purchased in 1956 and sold to Guy Mitchell in 1958 . While not stating that the use of Murphy 's name and image were authorized by his estate , the website of the Menifee , California residential development named `` Audie Murphy Ranch '' does claim it is the location of the ranch Murphy owned in California . Menifee was incorporated in 2008 and borders the community of Perris . Jump up ^ The actual award was presented by Governor Rick Perry to Murphy 's family on 29 October 2013 at a ceremony in Farmersville , Texas . Citations ^ Jump up to : Reyna , Charmaine ( 25 January 2013 ) . `` Lead From The Front : Sergeant Audie Murphy Study Guide '' ( PDF ) . Fort Lee . pp. 20 -- 21 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 22 December 2016 . Retrieved 20 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Audie Murphy 's Medal of Honor citation ( War Department GO 45 , 9 August 1945 ) Jump up ^ `` BIOGRAPHY A short biographical sketch '' . Audie L. Murphy Memorial Website . Retrieved 12 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Scan of original Application for Degrees , N. Hollywood Freemasons '' ( PDF ) . Audie L. Murphy Memorial Website . Retrieved 12 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Scan of charred California driver 's license for Audie Murphy , recovered from crash site after his death '' ( PDF ) . Audie L. Murphy Memorial Website . Retrieved 12 October 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Scan of service records 1942 -- 1971 '' ( PDF ) . Audie L. Murphy Memorial Website . Retrieved 27 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Graham 1989 , p. 5 . ^ Jump up to : Murphy 2002 , pp. 4 -- 7 . Jump up ^ `` Celeste , Texas '' . Texas Historical Commission . Retrieved 12 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Simpson 1975 , p. 28 . ^ Jump up to : Murphy 2002 , p. 7 . Jump up ^ Minor , David . `` Boles Home '' . Handbook of Texas Online . Texas State Historical Association . Retrieved 12 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Tate 2006 , pp. 152 -- 63 . Jump up ^ Murphy 2002 , p. 143 . ^ Jump up to : Tate 2006 , pp. 152 -- 163 . Jump up ^ `` Scan of Audie Murphy 's Service Record book '' ( PDF ) . Audie L. Murphy Memorial Website . Jump up ^ `` NRHP Greenville Post Office '' . Texas Historical Commission . Retrieved 12 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Old Greenville Post Office '' . Texas Historical Commission . Retrieved 12 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Graham 1989 , pp. 23 , 24 . Jump up ^ Graham 1989 , p. 29 . Jump up ^ Graham 1989 , pp. 33 -- 34 . Jump up ^ Simpson 1975 , p. 49 . Jump up ^ Graham 1989 , p. 36 . Jump up ^ Champagne 2008 , p. 41 . Jump up ^ Champagne 2008 , pp. 45 -- 47 . Jump up ^ Graham 1989 , p. 37 . Jump up ^ Graham 1989 , p. 39 . Jump up ^ Graham 1989 , pp. 38 , 39 . Jump up ^ `` Sicily 1943 '' . CMH Pub 72 - 16 . Center of Military History United States Army . Retrieved 12 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Graham 1989 , p. 40 . Jump up ^ Graham 1989 , p. 43 . Jump up ^ Graham 1989 , p. 44 . ^ Jump up to : Graham 1989 , p. 47 . Jump up ^ Graham 1989 , pp. 47 , 48 . Jump up ^ `` Naples - Foggia 1943 1944 '' . CMH Pub 72 - 17 . Center of Military History United States Army . Retrieved 12 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Graham 1989 , pp. 48 - 49 . ^ Jump up to : Champagne 2008 , p. 106 . Jump up ^ Graham 1989 , p. 50 . Jump up ^ `` The Allied Offensive ( 30 January - 1 February ) '' . Anzio Beachhead CMH Pub 100 - 10 . Center of Military History United States Army . pp. 28 -- 36 . Retrieved 12 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Graham 1989 , pp. 51 , 52 . Jump up ^ Champagne 2008 , pp. 111 -- 112 . Jump up ^ Graham 1989 , p. 54 . Jump up ^ Graham 1989 , pp. 58 , 59 . Jump up ^ Graham 1989 , p. 59 . ^ Jump up to : Tanber , George G. ( 5 May 2005 ) . `` Who Had More Medals ? Depends on Who 's Counting '' . Toledo Blade . p. 3 . Retrieved 8 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Simpson 1975 , p. 102 . Jump up ^ Simpson 1975 , p. 276 . Jump up ^ `` Hall of Valor '' . Military Times . Archived from the original on 4 October 2013 . Retrieved 12 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Graham 1989 , pp. 64 - 65 . ^ Jump up to : Brinkley 2004 , p. 191 . Jump up ^ Champagne 2008 , p. 161 . ^ Jump up to : `` Southern France '' . CMH Pub 72 - 31 . Center of Military History United States Army . Archived from the original on 12 March 2007 . Retrieved 12 October 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Hollen , Staff Sergeant Norman ( December 1944 ) . `` Statement describing Murphy 's August 15 , 1944 actions near Ramatuelle , France '' . U.S. National Archives and Records Administration ARC Identifier 299779 . Retrieved 12 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Clarke & Smith 1993 , p. 166 . Jump up ^ Simpson 1975 , p. 124 . Jump up ^ Graham 1989 , p. 72 . Jump up ^ Clarke & Smith 1993 , pp. 285 -- 296 . Jump up ^ Simpson 1975 , p. 128 . Jump up ^ Simpson 1975 , pp. 131 -- 35 . Jump up ^ Fredriksen 2010 , p. 279 . Jump up ^ Graham 1989 , pp. 81 -- 83 . Jump up ^ Graham 1989 , p. 82 . Jump up ^ Simpson 1975 , p. 137 . Jump up ^ Clarke & Smith 1993 , p. 533 . Jump up ^ Graham 1989 , p. 86 . Jump up ^ Clarke & Smith 1993 , pp. 543 -- 44 . Jump up ^ Simpson 1975 , p. 153 . Jump up ^ Graham 1989 , p. 88 . ^ Jump up to : Abramski , Pvt . First Class Anthony V. ( 27 February 1945 ) . `` Statement describing Murphy 's 26 January 1945 actions at Holtzwihr '' . U.S. National Archives and Records Administration ARC Identifier 299775 . Retrieved 12 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Weispfenning , First Lieutenant Walter W. ( 18 April 1945 ) . `` Statement describing Murphy 's January 26 , 1945 actions at Holtzwihr '' . U.S. National Archives and Records Administration ARC Identifier 299785 . Retrieved 12 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Ware , Kenneth L. ( 18 April 1945 ) . `` Statement describing Murphy 's January 26 , 1945 actions at Holtzwihr '' . U.S. National Archives and Records Administration ARC Identifier 299784 . Retrieved 12 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` World War II Medal of Honor Recipients M-S '' . Center of Military History United States Army . Retrieved 12 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Simpson 1975 , p. 164 . Jump up ^ Graham 1989 , p. 95 . Jump up ^ Simpson 1975 , pp. 175 -- 76 . Jump up ^ Graham 1989 , p. 96 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Price of Freedom : Americans at War '' . Smithsonian National Museum of American History . Retrieved 24 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Dept. of Defense . `` Award of the `` Au Grade De Chevalier '' for Murphy 's exceptional services rendered during operations to liberate France. , 07 / 19 / 1948 `` . U.S. National Archives and Records Administration ARC Identifier 299781 . Retrieved 12 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Dept. of Defense ( 16 April 1945 ) . `` De La Croix De Guerre Award for Murphy 's services rendered during operations to liberate France '' . U.S. National Archives and Records Administration ARC Identifier 299782 . Retrieved 12 October 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Simpson 1975 , p. 410 . Jump up ^ Edson , Lt. Colonel Hallet D. ( 17 February 1945 ) . `` Recommendation from Lt. Colonel Hallet D. Edson , 15th Infantry , to Award of Medal of Honor to Lieutenant Audie L. Murphy '' . U.S. National Archives and Records Administration ARC Identifier 299777 . Retrieved 12 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Lovett , Brigadier General R.B. ( 12 April 1945 ) . `` Recommendation from Brigadier General R.B. Lovett , to Lieutenant General A.M. Patch , for Audie L. Murphy to be awarded the Medal of Honor and General Patch 's approval '' . U.S. National Archives and Records Administration ARC Identifier 299783 . Retrieved 12 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Willbanks 2011 , p. 234 . Jump up ^ `` ' War ' excerpt about Staff Sgt . Salvatore Giunta 's actions '' . Stars and Stripes. 10 September 2010 . Archived from the original on 3 December 2010 . Retrieved 16 November 2010 . Oettinger , Callie ( 26 January 2011 ) . Focus On Audie Murphy . Command Posts . MacMillan . Jump up ^ `` Soldier 's Medal '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Army Regulation 600 - 8 - 22 : Military Awards . Department of the Army Administrative Publications . 23 June 2013 . chapter 2 , section II , 3 -- 14 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 17 October 2013 . Retrieved 12 October 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Life Visits Audie Murphy '' . Life : 94 -- 97 . 16 July 1945 . Retrieved 12 October 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Scan of service records 1953 -- 1971 '' ( PDF ) . Audie L. Murphy Memorial Website . Retrieved 27 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Graham 1989 , p. 127 . Jump up ^ Spiller & Dawson 2010 , pp. 137 -- 54 , chpt Man Against Fire : Audie Murphy and His War . Jump up ^ `` Scan of Audie L. Murphy signed request for his Good Conduct Medal , addressed to the Commanding Officer at Fort Sam Houston '' ( PDF ) . Audie L. Murphy Memorial Website. 21 August 1945 . Retrieved 12 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Army Reserve , a Concise History '' ( PDF ) . United States Army Reserve . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 16 April 2014 . Retrieved 16 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Murphy 2002 , pp. 122 -- 24 . Jump up ^ Whiting 2001 , p. 224 . Jump up ^ Redfern 2007 , pp. 67 , 68 . Jump up ^ Redfern 2007 , pp. 65 , 67 - 68 . Jump up ^ Curtis & Golenbock 2009 , p. 119 . Jump up ^ Graham 1989 , p. 183 . Jump up ^ Murphy 2002 , p. 125 . Jump up ^ Simpson 1975 , pp. 373 -- 76 . Jump up ^ Redfern 2007 , p. 60 . Jump up ^ Rosen 2012 , pp. 149 -- 51 . Jump up ^ O'Reilly 2010 , pp. 163 -- 65 . Jump up ^ `` Audie L. Murphy Memorial VA Hospital '' . U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs . Retrieved 11 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` About the South Texas Veterans Health Care System ( STVHCS ) '' . U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs . Retrieved 12 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Teague , Congressman Olin ( 13 October 1971 ) . `` Designating the Veteran 's Administration Hospital in San Antonio Texas As the Audie L. Murphy Veterans ' Memorial Hospital '' . Congressional Record . Washington , D.C. : Audie L. Murphy Memorial Website . Retrieved 27 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Dawson III , Joseph G. `` Thirty - Sixth Infantry Division '' . Handbook of Texas Online . Texas State Historical Association . Retrieved 14 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Simpson 1975 , pp. 340 -- 341 . Jump up ^ `` Audie Murphy 's Commissioning Oath of Office paperwork '' ( PDF ) . NARA service document . Jump up ^ Simpson 1975 , p. 342 . Jump up ^ Simpson , Harold B. `` Audie Leon Murphy '' . Handbook of Texas Online . Texas State Historical Association . Retrieved 12 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Graham 1989 , p. 194 . Jump up ^ Tate 2006 , pp. 157 -- 58 . Jump up ^ Simpson 1975 , p. 339 . Jump up ^ `` Scan of Retired Reserve request '' ( PDF ) . Audie L. Murphy Memorial Website. 18 April 1969 . Retrieved 14 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Audie Murphy profile '' . Hollywood Walk of Fame . Retrieved 30 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Graham 1989 , pp. 128 -- 47 . Jump up ^ Graham 1989 , pp. 222 -- 23 . Jump up ^ Graham 1989 , pp. 147 , 148 . Jump up ^ Nott 2005 , pp. 1 -- 3 , 42 -- 57 , 111 -- 12 . Jump up ^ Graham 1989 , p. 149 . Jump up ^ Graham 1989 , pp. 150 -- 151 . Jump up ^ Graham 1989 , pp. 142 , 174 . Jump up ^ Graham 1989 , pp. 145 -- 46 . Jump up ^ Movies of the Month ( April 1949 ) . `` Bad Boy '' . Boys ' Life : 50 . Retrieved 22 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Graham 1989 , pp. 161 -- 62 . Jump up ^ Tate 2006 , pp. 162 -- 63 . Jump up ^ Young & Young 2010 , pp. 493 -- 95 . Jump up ^ Graham 1989 , p. 177 . Jump up ^ Graham 1989 , p. 348 . Jump up ^ Ross 1997 , p. 100 . Jump up ^ Mauldin , Bill ( 11 June 1971 ) . `` Parting Shots '' . LIFE. 70 ( 22 ) : 77 . Retrieved 22 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Graham 1989 , pp. 196 -- 97 . Jump up ^ Nott 2005 , pp. 113 , 117 . Jump up ^ Roberts 2009 , pp. 125 -- 126 . Jump up ^ Lucas 2004 , pp. 175 -- 77 . Jump up ^ Nott 2005 , pp. 51 -- 22 . Jump up ^ Graham 1989 , pp. 231 -- 32 . Jump up ^ Yoggy 1998 , p. 101 . Jump up ^ Huebner 2007 , pp. 140 -- 43 . Jump up ^ Gossett 1996 , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Niemi 2006 , p. 90 . Jump up ^ `` Message to TAGO from H.D. Kight , Public Information Division , detailing an appearance on the Ed Sullivan Show by Audie L. Murphy '' . U.S. National Archives and Records Administration ARC Identifier 299780 . 24 September 1955 . Retrieved 10 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Graham 1989 , pp. 241 -- 46 , 261 . Jump up ^ Graham 1989 , p. 263 . Jump up ^ Graham 1989 , pp. 266 -- 67 . Jump up ^ Graham 1989 , pp. 263 , 268 . Jump up ^ DiLeo 2004 , p. 253 . Jump up ^ O'Connor & Rollins 2008 , pp. 407 , 414 -- 15 . Jump up ^ Graham 1989 , p. 264 . Jump up ^ Cozad 2006 , pp. 221 -- 22 . Jump up ^ Maltin 2008 , pp. 994 -- 95 . Jump up ^ `` Ford Startime . The Man LC control no . 96500439 '' . Library of Congress . Retrieved 10 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Broken Bridge '' . U.S. National Archives and Records Administration ARC Identifier 2569746 . 1974 . 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Jump up ^ Nielsen Business Media , Inc ( 22 March 1952 ) . `` Births '' . The Billboard : 55 . Retrieved 12 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Simpson 1975 , p. 269 . Jump up ^ Graham 1989 , p. 250 . Jump up ^ `` Homes Owned or Lived in By Audie Murphy '' . Audie L. Murphy Memorial Website . Retrieved 27 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Audie Murphy Ranch '' . Brookfield Residential . Retrieved 25 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Graham 1989 , pp. 256 -- 58 . Jump up ^ Graham 1989 , p. 307 . Jump up ^ Scott , Vernon ( 22 September 1968 ) . `` One - Time Hero Audie Murphy is Now Broke and In Debt '' . Sarasota Herald - Tribune . p. 8 . Retrieved 12 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Landon , Tom ( 9 June 2013 ) . `` Audie Murphy crash site now well marked '' . The Roanoke Times . Retrieved 12 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hero - Actor Audie Murphy Dies In Plane Crash '' . Philadelphia Daily News at Newspapers.com . June 1 , 1971 . Retrieved August 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Maslowski & Winslow 2005 , p. 420 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Dennis ( 14 April 2010 ) . `` Pam Murphy , widow of actor Audie Murphy , was veterans ' friend and advocate '' . Los Angeles Daily News . Retrieved 12 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Colorado Court of Appeals . `` Murphy v. Colorado Aviation Inc '' . Leagle . Retrieved 12 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Audie Murphy Buried With Military Rites at Arlington '' . The New York Times . 8 June 1971 . Jump up ^ Graham 1989 , p. 338 . Jump up ^ `` Audie Murphy Biography '' . U.S. Army Fort Lee , Virginia . Retrieved 28 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Biography of Audie Murphy '' . Arlington National Cemetery . Retrieved 12 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Richard L. Rodgers . `` Audie Murphy Research Foundation '' . audiemurphy.com . Jump up ^ Cavileer 2013 , p. 290 . Jump up ^ `` Inducted to the Walk of Fame on February 8 , 1960 with 1 star '' . Hollywood Walk of Fame . Retrieved 12 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Gov. Perry Awards Audie Murphy Texas Legislative Medal of Honor '' . Press Release . Office of Governor Rick Perry . Archived from the original on 2 November 2013 . Retrieved 29 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Texas Legislature . `` Bill HCR3 Legislative Medal of Honor '' . State of Texas . Retrieved 12 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Slinkard , Caleb ( 21 August 2013 ) . `` Murphy finally gets medal '' . Herald Banner . Retrieved 12 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Root , Jay ( 20 June 2013 ) . `` Audie Murphy , a Texas Hero Still Missing One Medal '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 12 October 2013 . Jump up ^ SABATON -- To Hell And Back ( OFFICIAL MUSIC VIDEO ) . YouTube . 15 May 2014 . Retrieved 26 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Simpson 1975 , pp. 374 -- 76 . Jump up ^ Simpson 1975 , pp. 371 - 73 . Jump up ^ Graham 1989 , p. 298 . Jump up ^ Beck , Ken ( 30 November 1989 ) . `` Remembering a Musical Audie '' . The Tennessean . p. 1E . Jump up ^ Simpson 1975 , p. 372 . References Basinger , Jeanine ; Arnold , Jeremy ( 2003 ) . The World War II Combat Film : Anatomy of a Genre . Wesleyan University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8195 - 6623 - 2 . Boggs , Johnny D ( 2011 ) . Jesse James and the Movies . McFarland & Company , Inc . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 4788 - 6 . Brinkley , Douglas ( 2004 ) . The World War II Desk Reference . Collins Reference . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 052651 - 1 . Cavileer , Sharon ( 2013 ) . Virginia Curiosities : Quirky Characters , Roadside Oddities & Other Offbeat Stuff . Globe Pequot Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7627 - 9520 - 8 . Champagne , Daniel R ( 2008 ) . Dogface Soldiers : The Story of B Company , 15th Regiment , 3rd Infantry Division : from Fedala to Salzburg , Audie Murphy and His Brothers in Arms . Merriam Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4357 - 5767 - 7 . Clarke , Jeffrey J ; Smith , Robert Ross ( 1993 ) . Riviera to the Rhine . United States Army in World War II . Center of Military History , United States Army . ISBN 978 - 0 - 16 - 025966 - 1 . Cozad , W. Lee ( 2006 ) . More Magnificent Mountain Movies . Sunstroke Media . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9723372 - 3 - 6 . Curtis , Tony ; Golenbock , Peter ( 2009 ) . American Prince : A Memoir . Three Rivers Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 40856 - 3 . DiLeo , John ( 2004 ) . 100 Great Film Performances You Should Remember -- But Probably Do n't . Limelight Editions . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87910 - 972 - 1 . Fredriksen , John C. ( 2010 ) . The United States Army : A Chronology , 1775 to the Present . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59884 - 344 - 6 . Gossett , Sue ( 1996 ) . The Films and Career of Audie Murphy . Empire Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 944019 - 22 - 1 . Graham , Don ( 1989 ) . No Name on the Bullet . Viking . ISBN 978 - 0 - 670 - 81511 - 1 . Herzberg , Bob ( 2005 ) . Shooting Scripts . McFarland & Company , Inc . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 2173 - 2 . Huebner , Andrew J ( 2007 ) . The Warrior Image : Soldiers in American Culture from the Second World War to the Vietnam Era . The University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 3144 - 1 . Lewis , C. Jack ( 2002 ) . White Horse , Black Hat : A Quarter Century on Hollywood 's Poverty Row . Scarecrow Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 4358 - 5 . Lucas , John Meredyth ( 2004 ) . Eighty Odd Years in Hollywood : Memoir of a Career in Film and Television . McFarland & Company , Inc . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 1838 - 1 . Maltin , Leonard ( 2008 ) . Leonard Maltin 's 2009 Movie Guide . Plume . ISBN 978 - 0 - 452 - 28978 - 9 . Maslowski , Peter ; Winslow , Don ( 2005 ) . Looking for a Hero : Staff Sergeant Joe Ronnie Hooper and the Vietnam War . University of Nebraska Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8032 - 3244 - 0 . Murphy , Audie ( 2002 ) ( First published 1949 ) . To Hell and Back . Henry Holt and Co . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8050 - 7086 - 6 . Niemi , Robert ( 2006 ) . History in the Media : Film And Television . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57607 - 952 - 2 . Nott , Robert ( 2005 ) . Last of the Cowboy Heroes : The Westerns of Randolph Scott , Joel McCrea , and Audie Murphy . McFarland & Company , Inc . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 2261 - 6 . O'Connor , John E. ; Rollins , Peter C ( 2008 ) . Why We Fought : America 's Wars in Film and History . The University Press of Kentucky . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8131 - 2493 - 3 . O'Reilly , Bill ( 2010 ) . Pinheads and Patriots : Where You Stand in the Age of Obama . William Morrow . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 195071 - 1 . Pitts , Michael R. ( 2012 ) . Western Movies : A Guide to 5,105 Feature Films . McFarland & Company , Inc . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 6372 - 5 . Rausch , Andrew J ; Dequina , Michael ( 2008 ) . Fifty Filmmakers : Conversations With Directors from Roger Avary to Steven Zaillian . McFarland & Company , Inc . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 3149 - 6 . Redfern , Nick ( 2007 ) . Celebrity Secrets Official Government Files on the Rich and Famous . Paraview Pocket Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4165 - 2866 - 1 . Roberts , Jerry ( 2009 ) . Encyclopedia of Television Film Directors . Scarecrow Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 6378 - 1 . Rosen , David M ( 2012 ) . Child Soldiers . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59884 - 526 - 6 . Ross , Lillian ( 1997 ) . Picture . Modern Library . ISBN 978 - 0 - 679 - 60254 - 5 . Simpson , Harold B. ( 1975 ) . Audie Murphy , American Soldier . Hill Jr . College Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 912172 - 20 - 0 . Spiller , Roger J ; Dawson , Joseph G ( 2010 ) . The Texas Military Experience : From the Texas Revolution Through World War II . Texas A&M University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60344 - 197 - 1 . Tate , J.R. ( 2006 ) . Walkin ' with the Ghost Whisperers . Stackpole Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8117 - 4544 - 4 . Whiting , Charles ( 2001 ) . America 's forgotten army : the story of the U.S. Seventh . St. Martin 's Paperbacks . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 97655 - 2 . Willbanks , James H ( 2011 ) . America 's heroes : Medal of Honor Recipients from the Civil War to Afghanistan . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59884 - 394 - 1 . Yoggy , Gary A. ( 1998 ) . Back in the Saddle : Essays on Western Film and Television Actors . McFarland & Company , Inc . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 0566 - 4 . Young , William H ; Young , Nancy K. ( 2010 ) . World War II and the Postwar Years in America : A Historical and Cultural Encyclopedia . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 35652 - 0 . Further reading Smith , David A. ( 2015 ) . The Price of Valor : The Life of Audie Murphy , America 's Most Decorated Hero of World War II . Regnery History . ISBN 978 - 1 - 62157 - 317 - 3 . External links Media related to Audie Murphy at Wikimedia Commons Audie Murphy on IMDb Audie Murphy Military service Recognitions Film , TV and radio Song writing Memorials Audie Murphy American Cotton Museum Audie L. Murphy Memorial VA Hospital Writing To Hell and Back Film Other 1971 Colorado Aviation Aero Commander 680 crash Book United States Army portal World War II portal Biography portal BNE : XX1558193 BNF : cb13750729g ( data ) GND : 118932853 ISNI : 0000 0000 6302 3817 LCCN : n85346844 SNAC : w6st8mcn SUDOC : 066975131 VIAF : 54327167 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Audie_Murphy&oldid=856911339 '' Categories : Audie Murphy 1925 births 1971 deaths 20th - century American male actors Age controversies Accidental deaths in Virginia American lyricists American male film actors American military personnel of World War II American people of Irish descent Burials at Arlington National Cemetery Chevaliers of the Légion d'honneur Male actors from Texas Male Western ( genre ) film actors National Guard of the United States officers People from Hunt County , Texas Recipients of the Croix de guerre ( Belgium ) Recipients of the Croix de Guerre 1939 -- 1945 ( France ) Recipients of the Distinguished Service Cross ( United States ) Recipients of the Legion of Merit Recipients of the Silver Star Songwriters from Texas United States Army Medal of Honor recipients United States Army officers Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in the United States Western ( genre ) television actors World War II recipients of the Medal of Honor Texas National Guard personnel Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use dmy dates from April 2014 Pages using infobox military person with unknown parameters Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Featured articles Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Български Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano עברית Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk پنجابی Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenščina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 20 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2018 , at 09 : 54 ( UTC ) . 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who sang relight my fire before take that
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`` Relight My Fire '' is a popular song which was written and released by Dan Hartman in 1979 , when it topped the US dance music charts for six weeks . It was also performed by Costa Anadiotis ' band Café Society in 1984 and British boy band Take That ( with Lulu in a featured role ) in 1993 .
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Dan Hartman
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Relight My Fire
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relight my fire
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`` Relight My Fire '' is a popular song which was written and released by Dan Hartman in 1979 , when it topped the US dance music charts for six weeks . It was also performed by Costa Anadiotis ' band Café Society in 1984 and British boy band Take That ( with Lulu in a featured role ) in 1993 .
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The song is from the 1979 Dan Hartman album Relight My Fire . Contents ( hide ) 1 Dan Hartman original version 1.1 Versions 1.2 In the media 1.3 Chart performance 2 Café Society version 3 Take That version 3.1 Music video 3.2 Personnel 3.2. 1 Track listings 3.3 Chart performance 3.4 Certifications 3.5 Official Take That versions 4 Ricky Martin version 4.1 Chart performance 4.2 Formats and track listings 4.3 Charts 5 José Galisteo version 6 Lulu version 7 References 8 External links Dan Hartman original version ( edit ) Originally released in 1979 as the follow - up to `` Instant Replay '' , `` Relight My Fire '' topped the United States dance charts for six weeks from December 12 , 1979 to February 16 , 1980 ; it was less successful in the UK , however , where it failed to chart . Loleatta Holloway is credited as a featured vocalist on some versions of the record , singing the `` strong enough to walk on through the night '' refrain . The song 's strings and horns were played by MFSB and conducted by longtime MFSB member Don Renaldo . The 12 '' version includes a 41⁄2 - minute intro called `` Vertigo '' , often used in discos as a floor - filler before the song begins ; this 11 : 22 version is available on Hartman 's 1994 hits package titled Keep the Fire Burnin ' . The title track from this album was a new recording between Hartman and Holloway , featuring some samples from `` Relight My Fire '' . Versions ( edit ) 7 '' vinyl single version , 3 : 42 , US release : Blue Sky , CBS ZS9 2784 , 1979 12 '' vinyl The Historical 1979 Re-Mix , 6 : 52 , UK release : Blue Sky , SKY 12 8104 , 1979 Vertigo / Relight My Fire , album version , 9 : 44 , US release : Blue Sky , JZ 36302 , 1979 12 '' vinyl Vertigo / Relight My Fire ( Progressive Instrumental Remix ) , 11 : 22 , US release : Blue Sky , 4Z8 - 2790 , 1979 Vertigo / Relight My Fire ( Full - length version ) , 11 : 55 , mixed By John Luongo , edited by Ben Liebrand ( appears on Cd compilation Grand 12 inches volume 2 , Sony Music Media 5198852000 , 2005 ) . This version features the full `` Vertigo '' intro of the `` progressive instrumental mix '' , the entire 4 - bar break and full vocal part of the album version and ends with the full outro of the `` progressive instrumental mix '' . In the Media ( edit ) This song is featured in Grand Theft Auto : The Ballad of Gay Tony on the in - game radio station K109 The Studio and at the end credits of the game as well . This song was the theme of a classic Mexican sitcom called `` Mis Huéspedes '' ( My Guests in English ) . Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 1979 ) Peak position Belgian Singles Chart ( Flanders ) 11 Dutch Singles Chart 7 US Billboard Bubbling Under the Hot 100 5 US Billboard Dance / Club Play Café Society version ( edit ) South African disco group Café Society recorded this song in 1984 . It was the third and last hit from the group . Take That version ( edit ) `` Relight My Fire '' Single by Take That featuring Lulu from the album Everything Changes Released October 4 , 1993 Format 12 '' vinyl , maxi single , CD single , cassette Recorded 1993 Genre House euro disco Length 4 : 11 Label Polydor Songwriter ( s ) Dan Hartman Producer ( s ) Joey Negro , Andrew Livingstone Take That singles chronology `` Pray '' ( 1993 ) `` Relight My Fire '' ( 1993 ) `` Babe '' ( 1993 ) `` Pray '' ( 1993 ) `` Relight My Fire '' ( 1993 ) `` Babe '' ( 1993 ) Music video `` Relight My Fire '' on YouTube `` Relight My Fire '' was covered in 1993 by English boy band Take That and featured guest vocals from Lulu , reprising the Holloway role . The second of the band 's eleven number - one hits , it topped the UK Singles Chart for two weeks in October 1993 . It was the first UK number - one single for Lulu and at the time broke the record between an act 's chart debut and their reaching number one on the UK Singles Chart , happening 29 years 148 days after her debut with `` Shout '' in 1964 . The band performed Dan Hartman 's `` Vertigo / Relight My Fire '' version as the intro and opening number of their Nobody Else Tour ( featuring Juliet Roberts in the female vocal role ) . In 1999 , Love to Infinity remixed Take That 's cover and issued it on a `` 12 '' vinyl '' pressing `` 3.0 Hitmixes '' . In 2005 , the track was remixed for their reunion compilation , known as the ' Element Remix ' . However , only a 3 track CD single featuring the new remix was issued to DJs while the commercial CD single pressing was withdrawn . The song has received a silver disc certification and sold over 360,000 copies in the UK . The band appeared on Mooi ! Weer de Leeuw in the Netherlands on March 14 , 2009 to perform `` The Garden '' . They also ended up performing `` Back For Good '' and `` Relight My Fire '' due to popular demand from the host and audience the next day . Music video ( edit ) The music video depicts the band and singer Lulu dancing and partying in a club atmosphere . Personnel ( edit ) Gary Barlow -- lead vocals Howard Donald -- backing vocals Jason Orange -- backing vocals Mark Owen -- backing vocals Robbie Williams -- backing vocals Lulu -- guest vocals , backing vocals Track listings ( edit ) UK CD single # 1 ( 74321 16772 2 ) `` Relight My Fire '' ( Radio Version ) -- 3 : 59 `` Relight My Fire '' ( Full Length Version ) -- 11 : 17 `` Relight My Fire '' ( Late Night Mix ) -- 6 : 47 `` Relight My Fire '' ( All Night Mix ) -- 6 : 58 `` Relight My Fire '' ( Night Beats ) -- 5 : 20 UK CD single # 2 ( 74321 16861 2 ) `` Relight My Fire '' ( album version ) -- 4 : 11 `` Why Ca n't I Wake Up with You ? '' ( live version ) -- 5 : 13 `` Motown Medley '' ( live version ) -- 10 : 14 `` Take That and Party '' ( live version ) -- 2 : 49 EU CD single # 1 ( 74321 17032 2 ) `` Relight My Fire '' ( radio version ) -- 3 : 59 `` Why Ca n't I Wake Up with You ? '' ( live version ) -- 5 : 13 EU CD single # 2 ( 74321 17033 2 ) `` Relight My Fire '' ( radio version ) -- 3 : 59 `` Why Ca n't I Wake Up with You ? '' ( live version ) -- 5 : 13 `` Relight My Fire '' ( Late Night Mix ) -- 6 : 47 Japanese 3 '' CD single ( BVDP - 94 ) `` Relight My Fire '' ( radio version ) -- 3 : 59 `` Why Ca n't I Wake Up with You ? '' ( live version ) -- 5 : 13 UK cassette ( 74321 16772 4 ) `` Relight My Fire '' ( radio version ) -- 3 : 59 `` Why Ca n't I Wake Up with You ? '' ( live version ) -- 5 : 13 UK 7 '' vinyl ( 74321 17032 7 ) `` Relight My Fire '' ( radio version ) -- 3 : 59 `` Why Ca n't I Wake Up with You ? '' ( live version ) -- 5 : 13 UK 12 '' vinyl ( 74321 16861 1 ) `` Relight My Fire '' ( Full Length Version ) -- 11 : 17 `` Relight My Fire '' ( All Night Mix ) -- 6 : 58 `` Relight My Fire '' ( Late Night Mix ) -- 6 : 47 `` Relight My Fire '' ( Percacapella ) -- 2 : 11 `` Relight My Fire '' ( Night Beats ) -- 5 : 20 UK 2005 withdrawn CD single ( 82876 76060 2 ) `` Relight My Fire '' ( Element Remix ) -- 3 : 46 `` Relight My Fire '' ( original version ) -- 4 : 11 `` Relight My Fire '' ( video ) -- 4 : 12 UK 2005 withdrawn 12 '' vinyl ( 82875 76061 5 ) `` Relight My Fire '' ( Element Remix ) -- 3 : 46 `` Relight My Fire '' ( Joey Negro Club Mix ) -- 6 : 43 `` Relight My Fire '' ( Joey Negro Vocal Mix ) -- 7 : 05 The medley contains versions of `` Just My Imagination '' , `` My Girl '' , `` Reach Out ( I 'll Be There ) '' , `` Get Ready '' , `` Treat Her Like a Lady '' and `` I Got You ( I Feel Good ) '' Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 1993 -- 94 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 33 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 75 ) 27 Belgium ( Ultratop Flanders ) 10 Belgium ( Ultratop Wallonia ) 12 Europe ( Eurochart Hot 100 ) 8 Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) Germany ( Media Control AG ) 18 Iceland ( Tonlist ) 24 Ireland ( IRMA ) Israel ( Media Forest ) Japan ( Oricon ) 33 Latvia ( EHR ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 10 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 32 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 18 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) Year - end chart ( 1993 ) Position Australian Singles Chart 109 Belgian ( Flanders ) Singles Chart 78 German Singles Chart 101 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 127 UK Singles Chart ( 1993 Year - End ) 28 Certifications ( edit ) Country Certification Sales certified United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver 360,000 Official Take That versions ( edit ) Album version ( 4 : 10 ) Radio version ( 3 : 59 ) Full - length version ( 11 : 17 ) Late Night Mix ( 6 : 47 ) All Night Mix ( 6 : 58 ) Night Beats ( 5 : 20 ) Percacapella ( 2 : 11 ) Live at Wembley Stadium ( 8 : 07 ) Love to Infinity Mix ( 8 : 00 ) Greed Mix ( 8 : 13 ) Element Remix ( 3 : 46 ) Ricky Martin version ( edit ) `` Relight My Fire '' Single by Ricky Martin featuring Loleatta Holloway Released March 18 , 2003 ( 2003 - 03 - 18 ) Format Promo single Recorded 2003 Genre EDM Length 4 : 17 Label Columbia Songwriter ( s ) Dan Hartman Producer ( s ) Hex Hector Ricky Martin singles chronology `` Come to Me '' ( 2002 ) Come to Me 2002 `` Relight My Fire '' ( 2003 ) Relight My Fire2003 `` Tal Vez '' ( 2003 ) Tal Vez 2003 Ricky Martin covered `` Relight My Fire '' in 2003 . In late January 2003 , Billboard reported that Grammy Award - winnig remixer Hex Hector recently spent time in the studio with Martin and Anastacia . The trio , with Hector in the producer 's seat , completed a cover of Dan Hartman 's disco classic `` Relight My Fire . '' Billboard added that Anastacia reprised Loleatta Holloway 's performance from the original , and the song should appear on Martin 's forthcoming album . However , the single released in March 2003 included Holloway 's original vocals , and the song did not appeared on any of Martin 's albums . `` Relight My Fire '' is credited to `` Martin featuring Loleatta Holloway . '' Chart performance ( edit ) On the Billboard issue dated April 19 , 2003 , `` Relight My Fire '' appeared on the Hot Dance Breakouts chart , and on May 3 , 2003 , it entered the Dance Club Songs at number thirty - eight . The song peaked at number five on June 21 , 2003 and spent twelve weeks on the Dance Club Songs chart . Formats and track listings ( edit ) US promotional CD single `` Relight My Fire '' ( Hex Hector / Mac Quayle Club Vocal Mix ) ( Edited ) -- 8 : 52 `` Relight My Fire '' ( Hex Hector / Mac Quayle Dub Mix ) -- 8 : 28 `` Relight My Fire '' ( Hex Hector / Mac Quayle Club Mix ) ( Full Version ) -- 9 : 08 `` Relight My Fire '' ( Hex Hector / Mac Quayle Radio Vocal Mix ) -- 4 : 17 `` Relight My Fire '' ( Hex Hector / Mac Quayle Club Instrumental ) -- 9 : 09 `` Relight My Fire '' ( Hex Hector / Mac Quayle Club A Cappella ) -- 4 : 17 Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2003 ) Peak position US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) 5 José Galisteo version ( edit ) In 2007 , José Galisteo , a contestant on Spain 's Operación Triunfo , recorded it on his debut disc , Remember . Lulu version ( edit ) On Friday June 5 , 2015 as part of BBC Music Day . Lulu did her own solo version of the Take That version from 1993 where she covered all of the vocals for the verses and her backing band stood in for Take That on the choruses . The whole song was performed live from The Quay in Glasgow on the BBC Red Button as part of The One Show Extra . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Relight My Fire '' . Ultrapop.be.nl . Jump up ^ `` Relight My Fire '' . Dutchcharts.nl . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel . Top Pop Singles 1955 - 2002 . Menomonee Falls , WI ; Record Research Books , 2003 , p. 304 Jump up ^ `` Dan Hartman '' . AllMusic . Jump up ^ Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . p. 558 . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Steffen Hung . `` Take That feat . Lulu - Relight My Fire '' . lescharts.com . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : Pennanen , Timo : Sisältää hitin - levyt ja esittäjät Suomen musiikkilistoilla vuodesta 1972 . Helsinki : Kustannusosakeyhtiö Otava , 2006 . ISBN 9789511210535 . page : 280 Jump up ^ `` Take That feat . Lulu - Relight My Fire '' . ultratop.be . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ http://swisscharts.com/song/Take-That-feat.-Lulu/Relight-My-Fire-2690 ( Retrieved September 17 , 2012 ) Jump up ^ `` Hits of the World - Eurochart Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . August 14 , 1993 . p. 40 . Retrieved July 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Take That singles , German Singles Chart '' ( in German ) . musicline . Retrieved April 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Tonlist Top 40 '' . DV . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 09 . Jump up ^ Irish Single Chart Irishcharts.ie IRMA Irish Chart Archive . Jump up ^ `` Take That '' . Swisscharts.com . Jump up ^ `` Take That '' . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` M - 1 TOP 40 '' . M-1.fm . Archived from the original on 2015 - 04 - 02 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ UK Singles Chart Chartstats.com ( Retrieved April 10 , 2008 ) Jump up ^ 1993 Australian Singles Chart Australian-charts.com ( Retrieved July 28 , 2016 ) Jump up ^ 1993 Belgian ( Flanders ) Singles Chart Ultratop.be ( Retrieved July 28 , 2008 ) Jump up ^ 1993 German Singles Chart Ki.informatik.uni-wuerzburg.de ( Retrieved July 18 , 2016 ) Jump up ^ `` Jaarlijsten 1993 '' ( in Dutch ) . Stichting Nederlandse Top 40 . Retrieved July 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ UK certifications BPI.co.uk ( Retrieved September 2 , 2008 ) Jump up ^ Official Charts Company - best selling Take That songs 24 March 2017 Jump up ^ `` How Loleatta Holloway Became Disco 's Most Sampled Artist '' . Electronic Beats . Retrieved February 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Beat Box '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved February 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ricky Martin '' . Hexhector.chez.com . Retrieved February 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hot Dance Breakouts '' ( PDF ) . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved February 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dance Club Songs '' ( PDF ) . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved February 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dance Songs '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved February 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ricky Martin Chart History ( Dance Club Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 1 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Preceded by `` The Second Time Around '' by Shalamar Billboard Hot Dance Club Play number - one single ( Dan Hartman version with `` Vertigo '' and `` Free Ride '' ) January 12 , 1980 Succeeded by `` And the Beat Goes On '' / `` Can You Do the Boogie '' / `` Out the Box '' by The Whispers Preceded by `` Cryin ' '' by Aerosmith Israel Singles Chart ( Take That version ) November 2 , 1993 -- November 16 , 1993 ( 2 weeks ) Succeeded by `` The Sign '' by Ace of Base Preceded by `` Boom ! Shake the Room '' by DJ Jazzy Jeff & the Fresh Prince UK Singles Chart number - one single ( Take That version ) October 3 , 1993 -- October 17 , 1993 ( 2 weeks ) Succeeded by `` I 'd Do Anything for Love ( But I Wo n't Do That ) '' by Meat Loaf Dan Hartman Studio albums Images ( 1976 ) Instant Replay ( 1978 ) Relight My Fire ( 1979 ) It Hurts to Be in Love ( 1981 ) I Can Dream About You ( 1984 ) White Boy ( 1986 ) New Green Clear Blue ( 1989 ) Keep the Fire Burnin ' ( 1994 ) Singles `` Instant Replay '' `` Relight My Fire '' `` Love Sensation '' `` Heaven in Your Arms '' `` All I Need '' `` I Can Dream About You '' `` We Are the Young '' `` Second Nature '' `` Get Outta Town '' `` Waiting to See You '' `` The Love You Take '' ( with Denise Lopez ) `` Keep the Fire Burnin ' ( starring Loleatta Holloway ) `` The Love in Your Eyes Record labels Blue Sky Records MCA Records Take That Gary Barlow Howard Donald Mark Owen Jason Orange Robbie Williams Studio albums Take That & Party ( 1992 ) Everything Changes ( 1993 ) Nobody Else ( 1995 ) Beautiful World ( 2006 ) The Circus ( 2008 ) Progress ( 2010 ) III ( 2014 ) Wonderland ( 2017 ) Other albums The Greatest Day -- Take That Present : The Circus Live ( 2009 ) Progressed ( 2011 ) Progress Live ( 2011 ) Compilation albums Take That : Greatest Hits ( 1996 ) The Best of Take That ( 2001 ) Forever ... Greatest Hits ( 2002 ) Never Forget -- The Ultimate Collection ( 2005 ) The Platinum Collection ( 2006 ) Singles `` Do What U Like '' `` Promises '' `` Once You 've Tasted Love '' `` It Only Takes a Minute '' `` I Found Heaven '' `` A Million Love Songs '' `` Could It Be Magic '' `` Why Ca n't I Wake Up with You '' `` Pray '' `` Relight My Fire '' `` Babe '' `` Everything Changes '' `` Love Ai n't Here Anymore '' `` Sure '' `` Back for Good '' `` Never Forget '' `` How Deep Is Your Love '' `` Patience '' `` Shine '' `` I 'd Wait for Life '' `` Reach Out '' `` Rule the World '' `` Greatest Day '' `` Up All Night '' `` The Garden '' `` Said It All '' `` Hold Up a Light '' `` The Flood '' `` Kidz '' `` Happy Now '' `` Love Love '' `` When We Were Young '' `` These Days '' `` Let in the Sun '' `` Higher Than Higher '' `` Hey Boy '' `` Cry '' `` Giants '' Tours Party Tour Everything Changes Tour Pops Tour Nobody Else Tour The Ultimate Tour Beautiful World Tour 2007 Take That Present : The Circus Live Progress Live Take That Live Wonderland Live Television Take That : For the Record Take That 's Countdown to Midnight Theatre Never Forget : The Musical The Band Related articles Discography Songs Nigel Martin - Smith John Shanks Stuart Price SingStar Take That Ricky Martin singles 1990s releases Ricky Martin ( 1991 ) `` Fuego Contra Fuego '' `` El Amor de Mi Vida '' `` Vuelo '' `` Dime Que Me Quieres '' `` Susana '' `` Juego de Ajedrez '' `` Ser Feliz '' Me Amarás ( 1993 ) `` Me Amarás '' `` Que Día Es Hoy '' `` Entre el Amor y los Halagos '' `` No Me Pidas Más '' A Medio Vivir ( 1995 ) `` Te Extraño , Te Olvido , Te Amo '' `` María '' `` A Medio Vivir '' `` Fuego de Noche , Nieve de Día '' `` Cómo Decirte Adiós '' `` Bombón de Azúcar '' `` Volverás '' `` Nada es Imposible '' `` Corazón '' `` Dónde Estarás '' Vuelve ( 1998 ) `` No Importa la Distancia '' `` Vuelve '' `` The Cup of Life '' `` La Bomba '' `` Perdido Sin Ti '' `` Por Arriba , Por Abajo '' `` Casi un Bolero '' `` Corazonado '' Ricky Martin ( 1999 ) `` Livin ' la Vida Loca '' `` She 's All I Ever Had '' `` Shake Your Bon - Bon '' `` Private Emotion '' 2000s releases Sound Loaded ( 2000 ) `` She Bangs '' `` Nobody Wants to Be Lonely '' `` Loaded '' `` Cambia la Piel '' The Best of Ricky Martin ( 2001 ) `` Amor '' `` Come to Me '' Almas del Silencio ( 2003 ) `` Tal Vez '' `` Jaleo '' `` Asignatura Pendiente '' `` Juramento '' `` Y Todo Queda en Nada '' Life ( 2005 ) `` I Do n't Care '' `` Drop It on Me '' `` It 's Alright '' MTV Unplugged ( 2006 ) `` Tu Recuerdo '' `` Pégate '' `` Gracias por Pensar en Mi '' `` Con Tu Nombre '' Ricky Martin ... Live Black & White Tour ( 2007 ) `` Somos la Semilla '' 2010s releases Música + Alma + Sexo ( 2011 ) `` The Best Thing About Me Is You / Lo Mejor de Mi Vida Eres Tú '' `` Shine '' `` Más '' `` Frío '' `` Samba '' A Quien Quiera Escuchar ( 2015 ) `` Adiós '' `` Disparo al Corazón '' `` La Mordidita '' `` Perdóname '' Other releases Other songs `` Relight My Fire ( 2003 ) `` Come with Me '' ( 2013 ) `` Vida '' ( 2014 ) `` Mr. Put It Down '' ( 2015 ) `` Vente Pa ' Ca '' Collaborations `` Puedes Llegar '' ( 1996 ) `` Ask for More '' ( 1999 ) `` Non siamo soli '' ( 2007 ) `` Más y Más '' ( 2013 ) `` Adrenalina '' ( 2014 ) `` Que Se Sienta El Deseo '' ( 2015 ) `` Escápate Conmigo '' ( 2017 ) Charity songs `` El Ultimo Adios ( The Last Goodbye ) '' ( 2001 ) `` What More Can I Give '' ( 2003 ) `` Somos El Mundo 25 Por Haiti '' ( 2010 ) Lulu Studio albums Something to Shout About Love Loves to Love Lulu Lulu 's Album New Routes Melody Fair Lulu Heaven and Earth and the Stars Do n't Take Love for Granted Lulu Take Me to Your Heart Again Independence Together Back on Track A Little Soul in Your Heart Making Life Rhyme Compilation albums The Most of Lulu The Greatest Hits Selected singles `` Shout '' `` Ca n't Hear You No More '' `` Here Comes the Night '' `` Call Me '' `` To Sir With Love '' `` Morning Dew '' `` Boom Bang - a-Bang '' `` Oh Me Oh My ( I 'm a Fool for You Baby ) '' `` Everybody Clap '' `` The Man Who Sold the World '' `` The Man with the Golden Gun '' `` I Could Never Miss You ( More Than I Do ) '' `` My Boy Lollipop '' `` Nellie the Elephant '' `` Relight My Fire '' ( with Take That ) `` How ' Bout Us '' `` Where the Poor Boys Dance '' `` We 've Got Tonight '' ( with Ronan Keating ) `` Put a Little Love in Your Heart '' `` Run Rudolph Run '' Related articles Discography Eurovision Song Contest 1969 UK Here Come the Girls Book : Lulu Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Relight_My_Fire&oldid=816895688 '' Categories : 1979 singles 1979 songs 1993 singles Dan Hartman songs Take That songs Lulu ( singer ) songs Loleatta Holloway songs Billboard Dance Club Songs number - one singles Disco songs UK Singles Chart number - one singles Song recordings produced by Dan Hartman Songs written by Dan Hartman Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) Use mdy dates from September 2017 Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceclubplay Singlechart called without song Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Italiano ქართული Nederlands 日本 語 Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 24 December 2017 , at 13 : 28 . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relight%20My%20Fire
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who played the broncos in the super bowl
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Denver Broncos
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denver broncos
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American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 )
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Western Division ( 1960 -- 1969 ) National Football League ( 1970 -- present ) American Football Conference ( 1970 -- present ) AFC West ( 1970 -- present ) Current uniform Team colors Orange , Navy Blue , White Mascot Thunder II ( live horse ) Miles ( costume suit ) Personnel Owner ( s ) Pat Bowlen trust Chairman Joe Ellis CEO Joe Ellis President Joe Ellis General manager John Elway Team history Denver Broncos ( 1960 -- present ) Team nicknames Orange Crush ( 1977 -- 1979 ; 2015 -- 2016 ) No Fly Zone ( 2015 -- 2016 ) Championships League championships ( 3 ) Super Bowl championships ( 3 ) 1997 ( XXXII ) , 1998 ( XXXIII ) , 2015 ( 50 ) Conference championships ( 8 ) AFC : 1977 , 1986 , 1987 , 1989 , 1997 , 1998 , 2013 , 2015 Division championships ( 15 ) AFC West : 1977 , 1978 , 1984 , 1986 , 1987 , 1989 , 1991 , 1996 , 1998 , 2005 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 Playoff appearances ( 22 ) NFL : 1977 , 1978 , 1979 , 1983 , 1984 , 1986 , 1987 , 1989 , 1991 , 1993 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 , 2000 , 2003 , 2004 , 2005 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 Home fields DU Stadium ( 1960 ) Mile High Stadium ( 1960 -- 2000 ) Sports Authority Field at Mile High ( 2001 -- present ) The Denver Broncos are an American football team based in Denver , Colorado . The Broncos compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member club of the league 's American Football Conference ( AFC ) West division . The team began play in 1960 as a charter member of the American Football League ( AFL ) and joined the NFL as part of the merger in 1970 . The Broncos are owned by the Pat Bowlen trust . The Broncos have played at Sports Authority Field at Mile High since 2001 , after previously playing at Mile High Stadium from 1960 to 2000 . The Broncos were barely competitive during their 10 - year run in the AFL and their first seven years in the NFL . They did not complete a winning season until 1973 . In 1977 , four years later , they qualified for the playoffs for the first time in franchise history and advanced to Super Bowl XII . Since 1975 , the Broncos have become one of the NFL 's more successful teams , having suffered only seven losing seasons . They have won eight AFC Championships ( 1977 , 1986 , 1987 , 1989 , 1997 , 1998 , 2013 , 2015 , and three Super Bowl championships ( 1997 ( XXXII ) , 1998 ( XXXIII ) , 2015 ( 50 ) . However , the Broncos share the NFL record for most Super Bowl losses ( 5 ) with the New England Patriots . They have five players in the Pro Football Hall of Fame : John Elway , Floyd Little , Gary Zimmerman , Shannon Sharpe , Terrell Davis and most recently elected member , John Lynch who played with Denver from 2004 - 2007 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Franchise history 1.1 1960 -- 1969 : AFL era 1.2 1970 -- 1982 1.3 1983 -- 1998 : John Elway era 1.3. 1 1997 - 1998 : Back - to - Back Super Bowl Champions 1.4 1999 -- 2011 : Post-Elway era 1.5 2012 -- 2015 : Peyton Manning era 1.5. 1 2015 : Super Bowl 50 Champions and Manning 's Final Season 1.6 2016 -- present : Defensive era 2 Championships 2.1 Super Bowls 2.2 AFC Championships 3 Rivalries 3.1 Divisional 3.1. 1 Kansas City Chiefs 3.1. 2 Oakland Raiders 3.1. 3 San Diego / Los Angeles Chargers 3.1. 4 Seattle Seahawks 3.2 Historical 3.2. 1 Cleveland Browns 3.2. 2 Pittsburgh Steelers 3.2. 3 New England Patriots 4 Logos and uniforms 4.1 1960 -- 1996 4.2 1997 -- 2011 4.3 2012 -- present 4.4 Super Bowl uniform colors 5 Home field 6 Statistics 6.1 Season - by - season records 7 Players of note 7.1 Current roster 7.2 Retired numbers 7.3 Pro Football Hall of Famers 7.4 Ring of Fame 7.5 Super Bowl MVPs 7.6 Colorado Sports Hall of Fame 8 Staff 8.1 Head coaches 8.2 Current staff 9 Radio and television 10 Notable fans and in the media 11 Notes and references 12 Further reading 13 External links Franchise history ( edit ) For more details on this topic , see History of the Denver Broncos . Further information : List of Denver Broncos seasons 1960 -- 1969 : AFL era ( edit ) The Denver Broncos were founded on August 14 , 1959 , when Minor League Baseball owner Bob Howsam was awarded an American Football League ( AFL ) charter franchise . The Broncos won the first - ever AFL game over the Boston Patriots 13 -- 10 , on September 9 , 1960 . On August 5 , 1967 , they became the first - ever AFL team to defeat an NFL team , with a 13 -- 7 win over the Detroit Lions in a preseason game . However , the Broncos were not successful in the 1960s , compiling a record of 39 -- 97 -- 4 in the league . Denver came close to losing its franchise in 1965 , until a local ownership group took control and rebuilt the team . The team 's first superstar , `` Franchise '' Floyd Little , was instrumental in keeping the team in Denver , due to his signing in 1967 as well as his Pro Bowl efforts on and off the field . The Broncos were the only original AFL team that never played in the title game , as well as the only original AFL team never to have a winning season while a member of the AFL during the upstart league 's 10 - year history . 1970 -- 1982 ( edit ) In 1972 , the Broncos hired former Stanford University coach John Ralston as their head coach . In 1973 , he was the UPI 's AFC Coach of the Year , after Denver achieved its first winning season at 7 -- 5 -- 2 . In five seasons with the Broncos , Ralston guided the team to winning seasons three times . Though Ralston finished the 1976 season with a 9 -- 5 record , the team , as was the case in Ralston 's previous winning seasons , still missed the playoffs . Following the season , several prominent players publicly voiced their discontent with Ralston , which soon led to his resignation . The Broncos defeated the Raiders in the 1977 -- 78 AFC Championship Game to earn their first trip to the Super Bowl . Red Miller , a long - time assistant coach was hired and along with the Orange Crush Defense ( a nickname originating in the early 1970s , also the brand of the popular orange - flavored soft drink ) and aging quarterback Craig Morton , took the Broncos to what was then a record - setting 12 -- 2 regular season record and their first playoff appearance in 1977 , and ultimately first Super Bowl , in which they were defeated by the Dallas Cowboys ( Morton 's former team ) , 27 -- 10 . In 1981 , Broncos ' owner Gerald Phipps , who had purchased the team in May 1961 from the original owner Bob Howsam , sold the team to Canadian financier Edgar Kaiser Jr. , grandson of shipbuilding industrialist Henry J. Kaiser . In 1984 , the team was purchased by Pat Bowlen , who placed team ownership into a family trust sometime before 2004 and remained in day - to - day control until his battle with Alzheimer 's disease forced him to cede the team to Joe Ellis in 2014 . 1983 -- 1998 : John Elway era ( edit ) Dan Reeves became the youngest head coach in the NFL when he joined the Broncos in 1981 as vice president and head coach . Quarterback John Elway , who played college football at Stanford , arrived in 1983 via a trade . Originally drafted by the Baltimore Colts as the first pick of the draft , Elway proclaimed that he would shun football in favor of baseball ( he was drafted by the New York Yankees to play center field and was also a pitching prospect ) , unless he was traded to a selected list of other teams , which included the Broncos . Prior to Elway , the Broncos had over 24 different starting quarterbacks in its 23 seasons to that point . A ticket for the 1987 - 88 AFC Championship Game between the Browns and the Broncos . Elway ( center ) getting tackled by the Atlanta Falcons in 1985 . Reeves and Elway guided the Broncos to six post-season appearances , five AFC West divisional titles , three AFC championships and three Super Bowl appearances ( Super Bowl XXI , XXII and XXIV ) during their 12 - year span together . The Broncos lost Super Bowl XXI to the New York Giants , 39 -- 20 ; Super Bowl XXII to the Washington Redskins , 42 -- 10 ; and Super Bowl XXIV to the San Francisco 49ers , 55 -- 10 ; the latter score remains the most lopsided scoring differential in Super Bowl history . The last year of the Reeves - Elway era were marked by feuding , due to Reeves taking on play - calling duties after ousting Elway 's favorite offensive coordinator Mike Shanahan after the 1991 season , as well as Reeves drafting quarterback Tommy Maddox out of UCLA instead of going with a wide receiver to help Elway . Reeves was fired after the 1992 season and replaced by his protégé and friend Wade Phillips , who had been serving as the Broncos ' defensive coordinator . Phillips was fired after a mediocre 1994 season , in which management felt he lost control of the team . In 1995 , Mike Shanahan , who had formerly served under Reeves as the Broncos ' offensive coordinator , returned as head coach . Shanahan drafted rookie running back Terrell Davis . In 1996 , the Broncos were the top seed in the AFC with a 13 -- 3 record , dominating most of the teams that year . The fifth - seeded Jacksonville Jaguars , however , upset the Broncos 30 -- 27 in the divisional round of the playoffs , ending the Broncos ' 1996 run . 1997 - 1998 : back - to - back Super Bowl champions ( edit ) During the 1997 season , Elway and Davis helped guide the Broncos to their first Super Bowl victory , a 31 -- 24 win over the defending champion Green Bay Packers in Super Bowl XXXII . Though Elway completed only 13 of 22 passes , throwing one interception and no touchdowns ( he did , however , have a rushing touchdown ) , Davis rushed for 157 yards and a Super Bowl -- record three touchdowns to earn the Super Bowl Most Valuable Player Award -- this while overcoming a severe migraine headache that caused him blurred vision . The Broncos repeated as Super Bowl champions the following season , defeating the Atlanta Falcons ( led by Elway 's longtime head coach Dan Reeves ) in Super Bowl XXXIII , 34 -- 19 . Elway was named Super Bowl MVP , completing 18 of 29 passes for 336 yards , with an 80 - yard touchdown to wide receiver Rod Smith and one interception . 1999 -- 2011 : post-elway era ( edit ) Broncos ' quarterback Jay Cutler in 2007 . John Elway retired following the 1998 season , and Brian Griese started at quarterback for the next four seasons . After a 6 -- 10 record in 1999 , the Broncos recovered in 2000 , earning a Wild Card playoff berth , but losing to the eventual Super Bowl champion Baltimore Ravens . After missing the playoffs the following two seasons , former Arizona Cardinals ' quarterback Jake Plummer replaced Griese in 2003 , and led the Broncos to two straight 10 -- 6 seasons , earning Wild Card playoff berths both years . However , the Broncos went on the road to face the Indianapolis Colts in back - to - back seasons and were blown out by more than 20 points in each game , allowing a combined 90 points . Plummer led the Broncos to a 13 -- 3 record in 2005 and their first AFC West division title since 1998 . After a first - round bye , the Broncos defeated the defending Super Bowl champion New England Patriots , 27 -- 13 , denying New England from becoming the first NFL team ever to win three consecutive Super Bowl championships . The Broncos ' playoff run came to an end next week , after losing at home to the Pittsburgh Steelers in the AFC Championship game , 34 -- 17 . The Steelers went on to win Super Bowl XL . The Broncos ' defense began the first five games of the 2006 season allowing only one touchdown -- an NFL record , but struggled down the season stretch . Plummer led the team to a 7 -- 2 record , only to struggle and be replaced by rookie quarterback Jay Cutler . Cutler went 2 -- 3 as a starter , and the Broncos finished with a 9 -- 7 record , losing the tiebreaker to the Kansas City Chiefs for the final playoff spot . Cutler 's first full season as a starter in 2007 became the Broncos ' first losing season since 1999 , with a 7 -- 9 record . The 2008 season ended in a 52 -- 21 loss at the San Diego Chargers , giving the Broncos an 8 -- 8 record and their third straight season out of the playoffs . Mike Shanahan , the longest - tenured and most successful head coach in Broncos ' franchise history , was fired after 14 seasons . On January 11 , 2009 , two weeks after Shanahan was fired , the Broncos hired former New England Patriots ' offensive coordinator Josh McDaniels as the team 's new head coach . Three months later , the team acquired quarterback Kyle Orton as part of a trade that sent Jay Cutler to the Chicago Bears . Tim Tebow playing against the Kansas City Chiefs in January 2012 . Under McDaniels and Orton , the Broncos jumped out to a surprising 6 -- 0 start in 2009 . However , the team lost eight of their next ten games , finishing 8 -- 8 for a second consecutive season and missing the playoffs . The next season ( 2010 ) , the Broncos set a new franchise record for losses in a single season , with a 4 -- 12 record . McDaniels was fired before the end of the 2010 season following a combination of the team 's poor record and the fallout from a highly publicized videotaping scandal . Running backs coach Eric Studesville was named interim coach for the final four games of the 2010 season . He chose to start rookie first - round draft choice Tim Tebow at quarterback for the final three games . Following the 2010 season , Joe Ellis was promoted from Chief Operating Officer to team president , while John Elway returned to the organization as the team 's Executive Vice President of Football Operations . In addition , the Broncos hired John Fox as the team 's 14th head coach . Fox previously served as the Carolina Panthers ' head coach from 2002 -- 10 . Following a 1 -- 4 start to the 2011 season , Tim Tebow replaced Kyle Orton as the Broncos ' starting quarterback , and led the Broncos to an 8 -- 8 record and the team 's first playoff berth and division title since 2005 . The Broncos defeated the Pittsburgh Steelers in the Wild Card round on a memorable 80 - yard touchdown pass from Tebow to wide receiver Demaryius Thomas on the first play of overtime , setting a record for the fastest overtime in NFL history . However , the Broncos were blown out by the New England Patriots in the Divisional round . 2012 -- 2015 : Peyton Manning era ( edit ) In March 2012 , the Broncos reached an agreement on a five - year , $ 96 million contract with former longtime Indianapolis Colts ' quarterback Peyton Manning , who had recently missed the entire 2011 season following multiple neck surgeries . This resulted in the Broncos subsequently trading incumbent quarterback Tim Tebow to the New York Jets . The Broncos finished with a 13 -- 3 record and the AFC 's No. 1 seed in the 2012 playoffs , but were defeated by the Baltimore Ravens in the Divisional round . Like 2012 , the Broncos finished with a 13 -- 3 record and the AFC 's No. 1 seed in 2013 . In the 2013 playoffs , the Broncos defeated the San Diego Chargers in the Divisional round and the New England Patriots in the AFC Championship . However , the Broncos were soundly defeated by the Seattle Seahawks in Super Bowl XLVIII by a score of 43 -- 8 , the Broncos ' first Super Bowl berth since winning back - to - back Super Bowls in 1997 and 1998 . Prior to the start of the 2014 season , the Broncos announced that Pat Bowlen , the team 's owner since 1984 , relinquished control of the team due to his battle with Alzheimer 's disease , resulting in team president Joe Ellis and general manager John Elway assuming control of the team . The Broncos finished the 2014 season with a 12 -- 4 record and the AFC 's No. 2 seed . However , the Broncos were defeated by the Indianapolis Colts in the Divisional round of the 2014 playoffs , marking the third time in four seasons that the Broncos lost in the Divisional round of the playoffs . Quarterback Peyton Manning had been playing with strained quadriceps for the final month of the 2014 season . 2015 : Super Bowl 50 champions and Manning 's final season ( edit ) On January 12 , 2015 , one day after the aforementioned Divisional playoff loss to the Colts , the Broncos and head coach John Fox mutually agreed to part ways . Fox left the Broncos with a . 719 winning percentage in his four seasons as the Broncos ' head coach -- the highest in franchise history . One week later , the Broncos hired Gary Kubiak as the team 's 15th head coach . Kubiak served as a backup quarterback to executive vice president / general manager John Elway from 1983 -- 1991 , as well as the Broncos ' offensive coordinator from 1995 -- 2005 . Shortly after Kubiak became head coach , the Broncos underwent numerous changes to their coaching staff , including the hiring of defensive coordinator Wade Phillips , under whom the Broncos ' defense ranked No. 1 in the NFL during the 2015 season . The Broncos finished with a 12 -- 4 record and the AFC 's No. 1 seed , despite Peyton Manning having his worst statistical season since his rookie year with the Indianapolis Colts in 1998 and backup quarterback Brock Osweiler filling in for Manning during the second half of the regular season due to Manning suffering from a foot injury . In the playoffs , the Broncos defeated the Pittsburgh Steelers 23 -- 16 in the Divisional Round , the New England Patriots 20 -- 18 in the AFC Championship , and defeated the Carolina Panthers 24 -- 10 in Super Bowl 50 -- the Broncos ' third Super Bowl title . 2016 -- present : defensive era ( edit ) Further information : 2016 Denver Broncos season On March 7 , 2016 , quarterback Peyton Manning retired after 18 NFL seasons during a press conference at the team 's Dove Valley headquarters . Following Manning 's retirement , the Broncos have undergone changes at the quarterback position , including the free agent departure of backup quarterback Brock Osweiler ( who is now back with team after stints with the Texans and Browns ) to the Houston Texans , the trade acquisition of Mark Sanchez from the Philadelphia Eagles and the selection of Paxton Lynch during the 2016 draft . Sanchez , Lynch and second - year quarterback Trevor Siemian competed for the starting quarterback spot during the off - season and preseason ; however , Sanchez was released and Siemian was named the starter prior to the start of the season . The Broncos finished the season 9 -- 7 and missed the playoffs for the first time since 2010 . On January 2 , 2017 , coach Gary Kubiak announced his retirement , citing health as the main reason for retiring . The Broncos would later hire Vance Joseph to be their new head coach on January 11 , 2017 . The Broncos have since entered the era of their dominant defense consisting of the Ground Control , and the No Fly Zone . Championships ( edit ) Super Bowls ( edit ) Year Coach Super Bowl Location Opponent Score Record 1997 Mike Shanahan XXXII San Diego , CA Green Bay Packers 31 -- 24 12 -- 4 1998 Mike Shanahan XXXIII Miami , FL Atlanta Falcons 34 -- 19 14 -- 2 2015 Gary Kubiak 50 Santa Clara , CA Carolina Panthers 24 -- 10 12 -- 4 Total Super Bowl championships won : 3 AFC Championships ( edit ) Year Coach Location Opponent Score Record 1977 Red Miller Denver , CO Oakland Raiders 20 -- 17 12 -- 2 1986 Dan Reeves Cleveland , OH Cleveland Browns 23 -- 20 ( OT ) 11 -- 5 Dan Reeves Denver , CO Cleveland Browns 38 -- 33 10 -- 4 -- 1 1989 Dan Reeves Denver , CO Cleveland Browns 37 -- 21 11 -- 5 1997 Mike Shanahan Pittsburgh , PA Pittsburgh Steelers 24 -- 21 12 -- 4 1998 Mike Shanahan Denver , CO New York Jets 23 -- 10 14 -- 2 2013 John Fox Denver , CO New England Patriots 26 -- 16 13 -- 3 2015 Gary Kubiak Denver , CO New England Patriots 20 -- 18 12 -- 4 Total AFC Championships won : 8 Rivalries ( edit ) Divisional ( edit ) See also : American Football League The Denver Broncos have three AFC West rivals -- the Kansas City Chiefs , Los Angeles Chargers and Oakland Raiders . All teams , along with the Broncos , were charter members of the American Football League ( AFL ) , with each team placed in the AFL Western Division . The Broncos were barely competitive during the AFL years ( 1960 -- 69 ) , going a combined 10 -- 49 -- 1 against the Chiefs , Chargers and Raiders . Kansas City Chiefs ( edit ) Further information : Broncos -- Chiefs rivalry The Broncos have had several memorable matchups with the Chiefs , particularly during the years in which John Elway was the Broncos ' starting quarterback ( 1983 -- 98 ) . The Broncos defeated the Chiefs at Arrowhead Stadium in the divisional round of the 1997 NFL playoffs , en route to their first Super Bowl victory . The Chiefs currently hold a 61 -- 55 series lead over the Broncos , including the aforementioned 1997 divisional playoff game . Oakland Raiders ( edit ) Further information : Broncos -- Raiders rivalry The rivalry with the Raiders was ignited in 1977 , when the Broncos advanced to their first Super Bowl by defeating the defending champion Raiders in the 1977 AFC Championship . The rivalry intensified in the mid-1990s , when Mike Shanahan was hired as the Broncos ' head coach in 1995 . Shanahan coached the Raiders in 1988 before being fired four games into the 1989 season . The Raiders currently hold a 63 -- 52 -- 2 series lead over the Broncos , including 1 -- 1 in the playoffs . San Diego / Los Angeles Chargers ( edit ) Further information : Broncos -- Chargers rivalry Unlike their records against the Chiefs and Raiders , the Broncos currently have a winning record against the Chargers , with a 65 -- 51 -- 1 series lead , including 1 -- 0 in the playoffs . The Broncos pulled off one of the largest comebacks in Monday Night Football history , when Peyton Manning led the Broncos from a 24 -- 0 halftime deficit to a 35 -- 24 win at San Diego 's Qualcomm Stadium during the 2012 season . The two teams met in the playoffs for the first time on January 12 , 2014 , at Denver 's Sports Authority Field at Mile High , with the Broncos winning 24 -- 17 . Seattle Seahawks ( edit ) The Broncos had an old rivalry with the Seattle Seahawks , who were members of the AFC West from 1977 -- 2001 , prior to the Seahawks ' move to the NFC West as part of the NFL 's 2002 re-alignment . During the 25 years in which the Seahawks resided in the AFC West , the Broncos went 32 -- 18 against the Seahawks , including a loss at Seattle in the 1983 NFL playoffs . Since 2002 , the two teams have split four interconference meetings , and the two teams met in Super Bowl XLVIII on February 2 , 2014 , with the Seahawks winning by a score of 43 -- 8 . Historical ( edit ) Aside from the aforementioned AFC West teams , the Broncos have had intra-conference rivalries over the years with the Cleveland Browns , Pittsburgh Steelers and New England Patriots . Cleveland Browns ( edit ) See also : The Drive and The Fumble The Broncos had a brief rivalry with the Browns that arose from three AFC championship matches from 1986 -- 89 . In the 1986 AFC Championship , quarterback John Elway led The Drive to secure a tie in the waning moments at Cleveland Municipal Stadium ; the Broncos went on to win in 23 -- 20 in overtime . One year later , the two teams met again in the 1987 AFC Championship at Mile High Stadium . Denver took a 21 -- 3 lead , but Browns ' quarterback Bernie Kosar threw four touchdown passes to tie the game at 31 -- 31 halfway through the 4th quarter . After a long drive , John Elway threw a 20 - yard touchdown pass to running back Sammy Winder to give Denver a 38 -- 31 lead . Cleveland advanced to Denver 's 8 - yard line with 1 : 12 left , but Broncos ' safety Jeremiah Castille stripped Browns ' running back Earnest Byner of the football at the 2 - yard line -- a play that has been called The Fumble by Browns ' fans . The Broncos recovered it , gave Cleveland an intentional safety , and went on to win 38 -- 33 . The two teams met yet again in the 1989 AFC Championship at Mile High Stadium , which the Broncos easily won by a score of 37 -- 21 . Interestingly , the Broncos would not win the Super Bowl after any of the championship games where they beat the Browns . Pittsburgh Steelers ( edit ) As of the end of the 2015 season , the Broncos have met the Steelers in postseason play eight times , more than any other NFL team , with the Broncos owning a 5 -- 3 playoff record vs. the Steelers . Perhaps the most memorable postseason matchup occurred in the 1997 AFC Championship , in which the Broncos defeated the Steelers 24 -- 21 at Three Rivers Stadium , en route to their first Super Bowl victory . Eight years later , the Steelers returned the favor at INVESCO Field at Mile High , defeating the Broncos 34 -- 17 in the 2005 AFC Championship , and subsequently won Super Bowl XL . In the Wild Card round of the 2011 playoffs , the Broncos stunned the Steelers 29 -- 23 on the first play of overtime , when quarterback Tim Tebow connected with wide receiver Demaryius Thomas on an 80 - yard game - winning touchdown pass . The teams met again in the Divisional round of the 2015 playoffs at Denver , where the Broncos defeated the Steelers 23 -- 16 on their way to a victory in Super Bowl 50 . New England Patriots ( edit ) See also : Broncos -- Patriots rivalry and Tom Brady -- Peyton Manning rivalry The Broncos and Patriots met twice annually during the American Football League ( AFL ) years from 1960 -- 69 , and played in the first - ever AFL game on September 9 , 1960 . Since 1995 , the two teams have met frequently during the regular season , including nine consecutive seasons from 1995 -- 2003 . As of the end of the 2015 season , the two teams have met in the playoffs five times , with the Broncos owning a 4 -- 1 record . The teams ' first playoff match on January 4 , 1987 was John Elway 's first career playoff win , while the teams ' second playoff match on January 14 , 2006 game was the Broncos ' first playoff win since Elway 's retirement after the 1998 season . The game was also notable for Champ Bailey 's 100 - yard interception that resulted in a touchdown - saving tackle by Benjamin Watson at the 1 - yard line . On October 11 , 2009 , the two teams met with former Patriots ' offensive coordinator , Josh McDaniels as the Broncos ' head coach . Both teams wore their AFL 50th anniversary jerseys . The game featured a 98 - yard drive in the fourth quarter , with a game - tying touchdown pass from Kyle Orton to Brandon Marshall , followed by an overtime drive led by Orton that resulted in a 41 - yard game - winning field goal by Matt Prater . The two teams met in the Divisional round of the 2011 playoffs , with the Patriots blowing out Tim Tebow and the Broncos by a score of 45 -- 10 . The Broncos ' rivalry with the Patriots later intensified when longtime Indianapolis Colts ' quarterback Peyton Manning became the Broncos ' starting quarterback from 2012 -- 15 . Manning and Patriots ' quarterback Tom Brady maintained a legendary rivalry from 2001 until Manning 's retirement after the 2015 season . Though Brady dominated Manning in regular season play , winning nine of twelve meetings , Manning won three of five playoff meetings , the last of which was a Broncos ' 20 -- 18 win in the 2015 AFC Championship . Logos and uniforms ( edit ) 1960 -- 1996 ( edit ) Denver Broncos uniform set from 1968 -- 96 . The logo was designed by Edwin Guy Taylor of Denver . A contest was held through Public Service of Denver to come up with a new logo for the team . Mr. Taylor 's submission was selected late in 1967 and adopted soon after . The team briefly wore orange pants with the away jerseys between 1969 -- 1971 and 1978 -- 1979 . When the Broncos debuted in 1960 , their original uniforms drew as much attention as their play on the field . They featured white and mustard yellow jerseys , with contrasting brown helmets , brown pants and vertically striped socks . Two years later , the team unveiled a new logo featuring a bucking horse , and changed their team colors to orange , royal blue and white . The 1962 uniform consisted of white pants , orange helmets , and either orange or white jerseys . In 1968 , the Broncos debuted a design that became known as the `` Orange Crush . '' Their logo was redesigned so that the horse was coming out of a `` D . '' Additionally , the helmets were changed to royal blue , with thin stripes placed onto the sleeves , and other minor modifications were added . From 1969 -- 1971 , and again from 1978 -- 79 , the team wore orange pants with their white jerseys . The Broncos wore their white jerseys at home throughout the 1971 season , as well as for 1980 home games vs. the San Diego Chargers and Dallas Cowboys , the latter in hopes to bring out the `` blue jersey jinx '' which has followed the Cowboys for decades ( it worked , the Broncos won 41 -- 20 ) . The Broncos wore their white jerseys for 1983 home games vs. the Philadelphia Eagles , Los Angeles Raiders and Cincinnati Bengals , but would not wear white at home again for two decades -- see next section . In 1994 , in honor of the 75th anniversary season of the NFL , the Broncos wore their 1965 throwback uniforms for two games -- a Week 3 home game against the Raiders , as well a road game at the Buffalo Bills the following week . 1997 -- 2011 ( edit ) The Broncos radically changed their logo and uniforms in 1997 , a design that the team continues to use to this day . The new logos and uniforms were unveiled on February 4 , 1997 . Navy blue replaced royal blue on the team 's color scheme . The current logo is a profile of a horse 's head , with an orange mane and navy blue outlines . The Broncos ' popular live animal mascot Thunder was the inspiration to incorporate a horse - head profile as part of the logo on the team 's helmets . During a February 4 , 1997 press conference introducing the new logo , the team president and the art director for Nike , who were the creators of the new design , described it as `` a powerful horse with a fiery eye and mane . '' The Broncos began wearing navy blue jerseys , replacing their longtime orange jerseys that had been the team 's predominant home jersey color since 1962 . This new uniform design features a new word mark , numbering font and a streak that runs up and down the sides of both the jerseys and the pants . On the navy blue jerseys , the streak is orange , with an orange collar and white numerals trimmed in orange , while on the road white jerseys , the streak is navy blue , with a thin orange accent strip on both sides , a navy collar and navy numerals trimmed in orange . When they debuted , these uniforms were vilified by the press and fans , until the Broncos won their first ever Super Bowl in the new design that same season . The navy blue jerseys served as the team 's primary home jersey until the end of the 2011 season -- see next section . In 2002 , the Broncos introduced an alternate orange jersey that is a mirror image of the aforementioned navy blue jerseys , but with orange and navy trading places . Like the road white jerseys , the white pants with the navy blue streaks running down the sides are worn with this uniform . This jersey was used only once in the 2002 and 2004 seasons , and were used twice per season from 2008 -- 2011 . Mike Shanahan , the team 's head coach from 1995 -- 2008 , was not a big fan of the alternate orange jerseys . The Broncos previously wore orange jerseys as a throwback uniform in a Thanksgiving Day game at the Dallas Cowboys in 2001 . The team also introduced navy blue pants in 2003 , with orange side streaks to match with the navy blue jerseys . Though they were part of the uniform change in 1997 ( in fact , they were worn for a couple of 1997 preseason games ) and most players wanted to wear them , the only player who vetoed wearing them was John Elway , thereby delaying their eventual introduction . From 2003 -- 2011 , these pants were primarily used for select prime - time and late - season home games ( excluding the 2008 season ) , and since 2012 , are used exclusively with the now - alternate navy blue jerseys -- see next section . On November 16 , 2003 , the Broncos wore their white jerseys at home for the first time since 1983 , in a game vs. the San Diego Chargers . This was compensation for a uniform mix - up , after the teams ' first meeting at San Diego 's Qualcomm Stadium in Week 2 earlier that season , when the Chargers were the team that was supposed to declare their uniform color . The Chargers were planning to wear their white jerseys , but the visiting Broncos came to the stadium in white , and were fined $ 25,000 by the NFL as a result . When the two teams met at INVESCO Field at Mile High later that season ( Week 11 ) , the NFL allowed the visiting Chargers to choose their uniform color in advance , and they chose navy blue , forcing the Broncos to wear their white jerseys at home . In 2009 , in honor of their 50th anniversary season as one of the eight original American Football League teams , the Broncos wore their 1960 throwback uniforms ( brown helmets , mustard yellow and brown jerseys ) for games against two fellow AFL rivals -- a Week 5 home game vs. the New England Patriots , as well as the following week at the San Diego Chargers . 2012 -- present ( edit ) Beginning in 2012 , the orange jerseys that served as the alternate colored jerseys from 2002 -- 2011 became the primary home jersey , while the navy blue jerseys that served as the primary home jersey from 1997 -- 2011 switched to alternate designation . The change was made due to overwhelming popularity with the fans , who pressured the Broncos to return to orange as the team 's primary home jersey color . Since the 2012 uniform change , the team has worn the alternate navy blue jerseys for at least one home game per season , with the exception of 2013 , in which the Broncos wore their alternate navy blue uniforms for an October 6 , 2013 road game at the Dallas Cowboys . The team will either wear the navy blue or the white pants -- with the orange side stripes -- to match with the alternate navy blue jerseys . The team initially did not wear the white pants with the orange side stripes , until a November 1 , 2015 game vs. the Green Bay Packers , in which the Broncos wore said design in order to match the uniform ensemble that was used during the team 's Super Bowl XXXII win over the Packers . As the designated home team in Super Bowl 50 , the Broncos -- who have an 0 -- 4 Super Bowl record when using their standard orange jerseys -- chose to wear their white jerseys as the designated `` home '' team . In 2016 , the Broncos ' unveiled a new Color Rush uniform , which the team wore for a Thursday Night game at the San Diego Chargers on October 13 , 2016 . The uniform kit contained the following features : orange pants , which the team wore for the first time since 1979 , orange socks and shoes , along with block - style numerals trimmed in navy blue that mirrored the team 's 1968 -- 1996 uniform style . Due to the NFL 's one - helmet rule implemented in 2013 , the helmets remained the same , with the team temporarily replacing the modern primary logo with the throwback `` D - horse '' logo . The same uniform was used for a Thursday Night game against the Indianapolis Colts during the 2017 season . Super Bowl uniform colors ( edit ) Super Bowl Opponent Favorite Jersey Color Result XII Dallas Cowboys Cowboys by 6 L 10 -- 27 XXI New York Giants Giants by 9.5 L 20 -- 39 XXII Washington Redskins Broncos by 3 L 10 -- 42 XXIV San Francisco 49ers 49ers by 12 L 10 -- 55 XXXII Green Bay Packers Packers by 11 W 31 -- 24 XXXIII Atlanta Falcons Broncos by 7.5 W 34 -- 19 XLVIII Seattle Seahawks Broncos by 2 L 8 -- 43 50 Carolina Panthers Panthers by 5.5 W 24 -- 10 Home Field ( edit ) Denver Mile High Stadium was the home of the Broncos from 1960 -- 2000 For most of their history , the Denver Broncos played in Mile High Stadium . The AFL Broncos played at the University of Denver 's Hilltop Stadium from time to time , including the first - ever victory of an AFL team over an NFL team : The Broncos beat the Detroit Lions on August 5 , 1967 , in a preseason game . The team has sold out every home game ( including post-season games ) since the AFL -- NFL merger in 1970 , with the exception of two replacement games during the 1987 strike ( but both were sold out before the strike ) . During home games , the attendance is announced to the crowd , along with the number of no - shows ( the fans subsequently boo the no - shows ) . The fans are also known to chant `` IN - COM - PLETE ! '' every time the visiting team throws an incomplete pass . The stadium 's legendary home - field advantage is regarded as one of the best in the NFL , especially during the playoffs . The Broncos had the best home record in pro football over a 32 - year span from 1974 -- 2006 ( 191 -- 65 -- 1 ) . Mile High Stadium was one of the NFL 's loudest stadiums , with steel flooring instead of concrete , which may have given the Broncos an advantage over opponents , plus the advantage of altitude conditioning for the Broncos . In 2001 , the team moved into Invesco Field at Mile High , built next to the former site of the since - demolished Mile High Stadium . Sportswriter Woody Paige , along with many of Denver 's fans , however , often refuse to call the new stadium by its full name , preferring to use `` Mile High Stadium '' because of its storied history and sentimental import . Additionally , The Denver Post had an official policy of referring to the stadium as simply `` Mile High Stadium '' in protest , but dropped this policy in 2004 . Sports Authority Field has been the Bronco 's home since 2001 Prior to the 2011 season , Englewood , Colorado - based sporting goods retailer Sports Authority claimed the naming rights of Invesco Field , which became known as Sports Authority Field at Mile High . However , in the summer of 2016 , Sports Authority went bankrupt , and the Broncos have been seeking a new corporate sponsor for their stadium ever since . The altitude has also been attributed as part of the team 's home success . The stadium displays multiple references to the stadium 's location of 5,280 feet ( 1.000 mi ) above sea level , including a prominent mural just outside the visiting team 's locker room . The team training facility , the UCHealth Training Center ( formerly known as the Paul D. Bowlen Memorial Broncos Centre ) , is a state - of - the - art facility located in Dove Valley , Colorado . With 13.5 acres of property , the facility hosts three full - size fields , a complete weight and training facility , and a cafeteria . In their more than half - century of existence , the Broncos have never been shut out at home , a streak of over 400 games as of the 2016 season . In late 2012 , the Broncos announced that the stadium will receive $30 million upgrades including a new video board in the south end zone that is planned to be three times larger than the previous display . The renovations were finished before kickoff of the 2013 season . Statistics ( edit ) Season - by - season records ( edit ) Main article : List of Denver Broncos seasons Players of note ( edit ) Current roster ( edit ) Denver Broncos roster view talk Quarterbacks 6 Chad Kelly 12 Paxton Lynch 13 Trevor Siemian Running backs 22 C.J. Anderson 23 Devontae Booker 33 De'Angelo Henderson 32 Andy Janovich FB Wide receivers 11 Carlos Henderson 84 Isaiah McKenzie 10 Emmanuel Sanders 88 Demaryius Thomas Tight ends 80 Jake Butt 82 Jeff Heuerman 83 Matt LaCosse 86 Austin Traylor Offensive linemen 72 Garett Bolles T 64 J.J. Dielman C 76 Max Garcia G 79 Cyrus Kouandjio T 65 Ronald Leary G 60 Connor McGovern G 75 Menelik Watson T Defensive linemen 99 Adam Gotsis DE 92 Zach Kerr DE 94 Domata Peko NT 95 Derek Wolfe DE Linebackers 54 Brandon Marshall ILB 58 Von Miller OLB 53 Deiontrez Mount OLB 56 Shane Ray OLB 57 DeMarcus Walker OLB Defensive backs 20 Jamal Carter SS 25 Chris Harris Jr . CB 39 Michael Hunter CB 27 Brendan Langley CB 34 Will Parks FS 38 Marcus Rios CB 29 Bradley Roby CB 31 Justin Simmons FS 26 Darian Stewart SS 21 Aqib Talib CB 35 Dymonte Thomas S Special teams 9 Riley Dixon P 8 Brandon McManus K Reserve lists -- Kenny Bell WR ( Future ) 91 Paul Boyette DE ( Future ) 15 River Cracraft WR ( Future ) -- Andreas Knappe OT ( Future ) 19 Jordan Leslie WR ( Future ) 59 Stansly Maponga OLB ( Future ) 30 Jordan Moore SS ( Future ) 89 Brian Parker TE ( Future ) 81 Tim Patrick WR ( Future ) 74 Jeremiah Poutasi G ( Future ) 49 Marcus Rush OLB ( Future ) 69 Jhaustin Thomas DE ( Future ) -- DeShawn Williams DE ( Future ) Unrestricted FAs 73 Allen Barbre G 28 Jamaal Charles RB 93 Jared Crick DE 51 Todd Davis ILB 85 Virgil Green TE 14 Cody Latimer WR 52 Corey Nelson ILB 17 Brock Osweiler QB 71 Donald Stephenson OT 77 Billy Turner G 97 Billy Winn DE Restricted FAs 48 Shaquil Barrett OLB 16 Bennie Fowler III WR 61 Matt Paradis C Exclusive - Rights FAs 50 Zaire Anderson ILB 41 Jerrol Garcia - Williams ILB 96 Shelby Harris DE 43 Joseph Jones ILB 42 Casey Kreiter LS 90 Kyle Peko NT 87 Jordan Taylor WR 68 Elijah Wilkinson OT Rookies in italics Roster updated January 17 , 2018 Depth chart Transactions 44 Active , 13 Inactive , 22 FAs → AFC rosters → NFC rosters AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA Retired numbers ( edit ) Denver Broncos retired numbers No . Player Position Career 7 John Elway QB 1983 -- 98 18 Frank Tripucka Peyton Manning QB 1960 -- 63 2012 -- 15 † 44 Floyd Little RB 1967 -- 75 † Note : No. 18 was re-issued for Peyton Manning after Tripucka gave his approval ; it was used by Manning from the 2012 season until his retirement after the 2015 season . Manning 's name was added to the retired number 's banner as an honorable mention . Pro Football Hall of Famers ( edit ) Denver Broncos Hall of Famers No . Name Position ( s ) Season ( s ) Inducted 24 Brown , Willie Willie Brown CB 1963 -- 66 1984 30 Davis , Terrell Terrell Davis RB 1995 -- 2001 2017 33 Dorsett , Tony Tony Dorsett RB 1988 1994 7 Elway , John John Elway QB General Manager 1983 -- 98 2011 -- present 65 Zimmerman , Gary Gary Zimmerman OT 1993 -- 97 2008 44 Little , Floyd Floyd Little RB 1967 -- 75 84 Sharpe , Shannon Shannon Sharpe TE 1990 -- 99 , 2002 -- 03 2011 Ring of Fame ( edit ) The Broncos have a Ring of Fame on the Level 5 façade of Sports Authority Field at Mile High , which honors the following : Denver Broncos Ring of Fame No . Name Position ( s ) Seasons Inducted 23 Goose Gonsoulin 1960 -- 66 1984 87 Rich Jackson DE 1967 -- 72 1984 44 Floyd Little RB 1967 -- 75 1984 87 Lionel Taylor WR 1960 -- 66 1984 -- Gerald Phipps Owner 1961 -- 81 1985 12 Charley Johnson QB 1972 -- 75 1986 70 Paul Smith DE 1968 -- 78 1986 18 Frank Tripucka QB 1960 -- 63 1986 36 Billy Thompson 1969 -- 81 7 Craig Morton QB 1977 -- 82 1988 25 Haven Moses WR 1972 -- 81 1988 15 Jim Turner PK 1971 -- 79 1988 53 Randy Gradishar LB 1974 -- 83 1989 57 Tom Jackson LB 1973 -- 86 1992 20 Louis Wright CB 1975 -- 86 1993 7 John Elway QB General manager 1983 -- 98 2011 -- present 1999 77 Karl Mecklenburg LB 1983 -- 95 2001 49 Dennis Smith 1981 -- 94 2001 65 Gary Zimmerman OT 1993 -- 97 2003 27 Steve Atwater 1989 -- 98 2005 30 Terrell Davis RB 1995 -- 2001 2007 84 Shannon Sharpe TE 1990 -- 99 , 2002 -- 03 2009 80 Rod Smith WR 1994 -- 2006 2012 66 Tom Nalen 1994 -- 2007 2013 21 Gene Mingo RB , K , RS 1960 -- 64 2014 -- Dan Reeves Head coach 1981 -- 92 2014 80 Rick Upchurch WR , RS 1975 -- 83 2014 -- Pat Bowlen Owner 1984 -- present 2015 Jason Elam PK 1993 -- 2007 2016 73 Simon Fletcher LB / DE 1985 -- 95 2016 47 John Lynch 2004 -- 07 2016 -- Red Miller Head coach 1977 -- 80 2017 Super Bowl MVPs ( edit ) Super Bowl MVP Winners SB Player Position XXXII Terrell Davis RB XXXIII John Elway QB 50 Von Miller LB Colorado Sports Hall of Fame ( edit ) Main article : Colorado Sports Hall of Fame Staff ( edit ) Head coaches ( edit ) Main article : List of Denver Broncos head coaches Current staff ( edit ) Denver Broncos staff Front Office Owner -- The Pat Bowlen Trust President / Chairman / CEO -- Joe Ellis President of Football Operations / General Manager -- John Elway Director of Football Administration -- Mike Sullivan Director of Team Administration - Mark Thewes Director of Player Personnel -- Matt Russell Senior Personnel Advisor -- Tom Heckert Jr . Senior Personnel Advisor -- Gary Kubiak Director of Pro Personnel -- A.J. Durso Director of College Scouting -- Brian Stark Director of Football Analytics -- Mitch Tanney Head Coaches Head Coach -- Vance Joseph Assistant to Head Coach -- Rob Grosso Offensive Coaches Offensive Coordinator -- Bill Musgrave Quarterbacks -- Mike Sullivan Running Backs -- Curtis Modkins Wide Receivers -- Zach Azzanni Tight Ends -- Geep Chryst Offensive Line ( Guards / Centers ) -- Sean Kugler Offensive Line ( Tackles ) -- Chris Strausser Offensive Assistant / Quarterbacks -- Klint Kubiak Offensive Quality Control -- Christopher Kragthorpe Defensive Coaches Defensive Coordinator -- Joe Woods Defensive Line -- Bill Kollar Linebackers -- Reggie Herring Defensive Backs ( Safeties ) -- Marcus Robertson Defensive Backs ( Cornerbacks ) -- Greg Williams Defensive Assistant / Defensive Line -- Chris Beake Defensive Quality Control -- Charles Gordon Special Teams Coaches Special Teams Coordinator -- Tom McMahon Assistant Special Teams -- Chris Gould Strength and Conditioning Strength and Conditioning -- Loren Landow Assistant Strength and Conditioning -- Mike Eubanks Assistant Strength and Conditioning -- Anthony Lomando Assistant Strength and Conditioning -- Cedric Smith → Coaching Staff → Management → More NFL staffs AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA Radio and television ( edit ) Main article : List of Denver Broncos broadcasters The Broncos ' flagship radio station is currently KOA , 850AM , a 50,000 - watt station owned by Clear Channel Communications . Dave Logan is the play - by - play announcer , with former Broncos ' wide receiver Ed McCaffrey serving as the color commentator beginning in 2012 , replacing Brian Griese . Until 2010 , preseason games not selected for airing on national television were shown on KCNC , channel 4 , which is a CBS owned - and - operated station , as well as other CBS affiliates around the Rocky Mountain region . On May 26 , 2011 , the Broncos announced that KUSA channel 9 , an NBC affiliate also known as 9NEWS in the Rocky Mountain region , will be the team 's new television partner for preseason games . In 2011 , the Broncos began a partnership with KJMN , 92.1 FM , a leading Spanish language radio station owned by Entravision Communications ( EVC ) . The partnership also includes broadcasting rights for a half - hour weekly TV show on KCEC , the local Univision affiliate operated by Entravision Communications . Notable fans and in the media ( edit ) Tim McKernan , a.k.a. Barrel Man , began wearing a barrel in 1977 after making a $10 bet with his brother , Scott , that by wearing one he could get on television . McKernan won the bet , and the barrel he had painted to look like an Orange Crush soda can became his signature costume , and resulted in him becoming one of the Broncos ' most recognized fans and a popular mascot . McKernan died on December 5 , 2009 . The animated television show South Park , set in Park County , Colorado , often mentions the Denver Broncos ; show creators Trey Parker and Matt Stone both grew up in Colorado as devout Broncos fans . In The Simpsons episode `` You Only Move Twice '' , Hank Scorpio gives Homer Simpson the Denver Broncos as a thank - you gift for helping him . Homer complains that he wanted to own the Dallas Cowboys , as the Broncos team that just arrived are playing very sloppy football on his front lawn ( a reference to the team losing four Super Bowl appearances , three by significant margins including Super Bowl XII against Dallas ) . Incidentally , the Broncos were 13 -- 3 in the 1996 season , and won the Super Bowl the next 2 seasons . In the episode , `` The Bonfire of the Manatees '' , Homer picks the Broncos to win the Super Bowl over the Seattle Seahawks . The two teams later did play against each other in Super Bowl XLVIII which aired on Fox , the U.S. home of The Simpsons . In the Mork & Mindy episode `` Hold That Mork '' , Mork 's character , played by Robin Williams , became the first male cheerleader in Broncos ' history . As a member of the `` Pony Express '' , he trotted out on the field at Mile High Stadium during an actual Broncos ' game vs. the New England Patriots on November 11 , 1979 . The episode aired exactly two weeks later . Many former Broncos are now in broadcasting , including Shannon Sharpe , Mark Schlereth , Alfred Williams , Tom Jackson , Ed McCaffrey , Brian Griese , David Diaz - Infante , Terrell Davis and John Lynch . Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Broncos Are Born '' . Denver Broncos . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ The postal designation of Englewood , a city eight ( 8 ) miles west , is used in the headquarters mailing address . `` Contact Us '' . Denver Broncos . Retrieved September 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Denver Broncos Team Capsule '' ( PDF ) . 2017 Official National Football League Record and Fact Book . National Football League . August 22 , 2017 . Retrieved October 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Broncos Directory '' ( PDF ) . 2014 Denver Broncos Media Guide . Denver Broncos . July 8 , 2014 . Retrieved December 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Wesseling , Chris ( July 23 , 2014 ) . `` Denver Broncos owner Pat Bowlen stepping back '' . National Football League . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Statements on Owner Pat Bowlen '' . DenverBroncos.com . Denver Broncos . July 23 , 2014 . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Denver Broncos Team Encyclopedia -- Pro-Football-Reference.com '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Team -- Pro Football Hall of Fame '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Retrieved November 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Denver Broncos : American Football League Charter Members '' . Conigliofamily.com . Retrieved November 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Denver Broncos Team History '' . NFLteamhistory.com . Archived from the original on 3 October 2008 . Retrieved November 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Denver Broncos Team Encyclopedia -- Pro Football Reference '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Sports E-Cyclopedia -- Denver Broncos '' . Jump up ^ `` 1977 Denver Broncos Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference . Jump up ^ Paton , James . `` Clock runs out for ex-Broncos owner '' . Rocky Mountain News . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2008 . Retrieved October 2 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Klis , Mike ( July 23 , 2014 ) . `` Pat Bowlen resigns control of Denver Broncos , acknowledges he is dealing with Alzheimer 's disease '' . The Denver Post . Retrieved July 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` John Elway Timeline '' . The Sporting News . Archived from the original on 20 September 2008 . Retrieved November 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Denver Broncos '' . Football.com . Archived from the original on 2008 - 06 - 05 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` RealClearSports -- Top 10 Coach Killers -- John Elway '' . Jump up ^ Reid Brooks . `` Mile High Feud : John Elway and Mike Shanahan Still Have a Beef , but Why ? '' . Bleacher Report . ^ Jump up to : `` Reeves ' comments rekindle feud with Elway , Shanahan '' . CNN / SI . January 24 , 1999 . Archived from the original on 22 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXII box score '' . NFL.com . Retrieved November 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Shanahan , Broncos Part Ways '' . Denver Broncos . December 30 , 2008 . Retrieved December 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Broncos Introduce McDaniels '' . Denver Broncos . January 11 , 2009 . Retrieved January 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Stapleton , Arnie ( January 3 , 2011 ) . `` Broncos lose franchise - record 12th game as Chargers win 33 -- 28 '' . Fox 31 Denver . Archived from the original on 6 October 2011 . Retrieved January 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Klis , Mike ( December 6 , 2010 ) . `` McDaniels fired as Broncos coach after controversy , losses pile up '' . The Denver Post . Retrieved December 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Klis , Mike ( January 5 , 2011 ) . `` Broncos officially announce Elway hire , promote Ellis to president '' . The Denver Post . Retrieved January 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , Gray ( January 13 , 2011 ) . `` Fox Takes the Reins '' . Denver Broncos . Retrieved January 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Legan , Kenny ( January 8 , 2012 ) . `` Thomas Shines in Overtime Victory '' . Denver Broncos . Retrieved January 8 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Klis , Mike ( January 14 , 2012 ) . `` Tom Brady leads Patriots ' 45 -- 10 rout of Broncos , Tim Tebow in NFL playoffs '' . The Denver Post . Retrieved January 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Peyton Manning , Broncos OK deal '' . ESPN . March 20 , 2012 . Retrieved March 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` How will Peyton Manning and the Denver Broncos fare next season ? '' . Los Angeles Times . March 20 , 2012 . Retrieved March 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jets acquire Tim Tebow for draft pick '' . ESPN . March 22 , 2012 . Retrieved March 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , Gray ; Zaas , Stuart ( January 12 , 2013 ) . `` Double - OT Heartbreaker Ends Denver 's Season '' . Denver Broncos . Retrieved January 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Klis , Mike ( February 2 , 2014 ) . `` Broncos , Peyton Manning struggle in Super Bowl blowout by Seahawks '' . The Denver Post . Retrieved February 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Schefter , Adam ( January 12 , 2015 ) . `` Peyton was injured for past month '' . ESPN . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wesseling , Chris ( January 12 , 2015 ) . `` John Fox , Denver Broncos part ways after four seasons '' . NFL.com . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Holden , Will ( January 16 , 2015 ) . `` Chicago Bears officially name John Fox new head coach '' . Fox 31 Denver . Retrieved January 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jhabvala , Nicki ( January 20 , 2015 ) . `` Gary Kubiak : Denver Broncos job was `` a game - changer '' `` . The Denver Post . Retrieved January 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NFL.com Statistics '' . NFL.com . January 4 , 2016 . Retrieved January 4 , 2016 . NOTE : Search for the 2015 regular season . Jump up ^ `` Peyton Manning Career Statistics '' . pro-football-reference.com . January 26 , 2016 . Retrieved January 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Renck , Troy ( February 7 , 2016 ) . `` Von Miller , defense carry Broncos to Super Bowl 50 victory '' . The Denver Post . Retrieved February 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Renck , Troy ( March 7 , 2016 ) . `` Peyton Manning retires from football : `` I love the game ... I will miss it . '' `` . The Denver Post . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2016 . Retrieved September 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Patra , Kevin . `` Broncos coach Gary Kubiak retires from coaching '' . NFL.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mason , Andrew ( January 11 , 2017 ) . `` Broncos appoint Vance Joseph , ' a leader of men , ' as new head coach '' . Denver Broncos . Retrieved October 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pelissero , Tom ( January 11 , 2017 ) . `` Vance Joseph hired as Broncos ' new head coach '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved October 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Banks , Don ( May 22 , 2001 ) . `` Seattle moved to NFC in approved realignment plan '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved September 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Boxscore finder : Denver Broncos vs Seattle Seahawks -- Pro-Football - Reference '' . Jump up ^ Rosenthal , Gregg ( February 2 , 2014 ) . `` Seattle Seahawks stomp Broncos for Super Bowl win '' . National Football League . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Carter , Bob ( July 5 , 2005 ) . `` Elway led Broncos on `` The Drive '' `` . ESPN . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Reilly , Rick ( September 21 , 2011 ) . `` Byner 's fumble spoils Browns shot at 1987 AFC Championship glory '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Heisler , Mark ( January 15 , 1990 ) . `` This Time , Just Call It Elway : AFC championship : Bronco quarterback is at his best in 37 -- 21 victory over Browns as Denver earns its third trip to the Super Bowl in four seasons '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Denver Broncos Playoff History -- Pro Football Reference '' . Jump up ^ Mason , Andrew ( January 17 , 2014 ) . `` Recalling the 2005 AFC Title Game '' . Denver Broncos . Retrieved January 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , Gray ( January 8 , 2012 ) . `` Broncos Advance with Postseason Thriller '' . Denver Broncos . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Renck , Troy ( January 17 , 2016 ) . `` Peyton Manning , Broncos beat Steelers , punch ticket to AFC championship game '' . The Denver Post . Retrieved January 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Team '' Denver Broncos `` . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on 20 July 2009 . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mason , Andrew ( November 2 , 2003 ) . `` Broncology : So We Meet Again '' . Denver Broncos . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Boxscore finder : Denver Broncos vs New England Patriots -- Pro-Football - Reference '' . Jump up ^ Lynch , Tim ( October 16 , 2008 ) . `` Denver Broncos @ New England Patriots ; Through The Years '' . Mile High Report . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Broncos take advantage of turnovers , eliminate Patriots '' . ESPN . January 14 , 2006 . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ sevenand7kc ( 2011 - 09 - 16 ) , Benjamin Watson tackle saving touchdown , retrieved 2016 - 06 - 05 Jump up ^ `` Denver doldrums continue for the Patriots -- The Boston Globe '' . archive.boston.com . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Patriots vs. Broncos - Game Recap - October 11 , 2009 - ESPN '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Gasper , Christopher ( October 7 , 2012 ) . `` Lucky to see Tom Brady vs. Peyton Manning again '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Renck , Troy ( March 7 , 2016 ) . `` Peyton Manning retires from football : `` I love the game ... I will miss it . '' `` . The Denver Post . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2016 . Retrieved March 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Renck , Troy ( January 24 , 2016 ) . `` Broncos hold off Tom Brady and Patriots , head to Super Bowl '' . The Denver Post . Retrieved January 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Saccomano , Jim ( February 20 , 2015 ) . `` Legend and Legacy : Orange 's origin '' . Denver Broncos . Retrieved February 20 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` White at Home in the NFL -- Uni Watch '' . Jump up ^ `` Endzone 's Denver Broncos Game - Used News & Price Guide Page '' . Jump up ^ `` New uniforms for a new era '' . Denver Broncos . February 4 , 1997 . Retrieved October 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Legan , Kenny ( October 3 , 2011 ) . `` Orange Crush '' . Denver Broncos . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2011 . Retrieved October 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Pomeroy , L.A. ( 2012 ) . `` Thunder : Denver 's Favorite Bronco '' ( PDF ) . Modern Arabian Horse . Arabian Horse Association . pp. 62 -- 67 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on November 14 , 2014 . Retrieved January 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Broncos unveil new uniform and logo '' ( Press release ) . National Football League . February 4 , 1997 . Archived from the original on April 19 , 1997 . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Broncos ' RBs turn in uneven performances '' . The Denver Post . August 4 , 2010 . Retrieved August 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ESC 's Denver Broncos Uniform History '' . ^ Jump up to : `` End Zone Sports Charities '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` NFL announces 2009 AFL ' Legacy Games ' '' . NFL.com . July 19 , 2009 . Retrieved July 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Klis , Mike ( October 10 , 2009 ) . `` Even if they win , the Broncos figure to look bad in their throwback uniforms Sunday '' . The Denver Post . Retrieved October 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Klis , Mike ( October 1 , 2013 ) . `` Broncos to wear alternate blue uniforms vs. Cowboys in Dallas '' . The Denver Post . Retrieved October 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mason , Andrew ( August 20 , 2015 ) . `` Blue thunder : Broncos to break out blue jerseys against Packers , Raiders '' . Denver Broncos . Retrieved August 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Swanson , Ben ( January 25 , 2016 ) . `` Broncos to wear white uniforms in Super Bowl 50 '' . Denver Broncos . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mason , Andrew ( September 13 , 2016 ) . `` NFL reveals Color Rush jersey for the Broncos '' . Denver Broncos . Retrieved September 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Boniface , Daniel ( December 13 , 2017 ) . `` What do you think about the Denver Broncos `` color rush '' uniforms ? `` . The Denver Post . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FAQ '' . Denver Broncos . Jump up ^ `` Guide To Sports Authority Field At Mile High '' . CBS Denver . October 25 , 2011 . Retrieved September 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , Gray ( August 16 , 2011 ) . `` A New Home '' . Denver Broncos . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Broncos stadium renamed Sports Authority Field at Mile High '' . The Denver Post . August 16 , 2011 . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Worthington , Danika ; Wolfe , Cameron ( July 27 , 2016 ) . `` Mile High Stadium will get a new naming sponsor after Sports Authority , Broncos chief says '' . The Denver Post . Retrieved July 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Training Facility '' . Denver Broncos . Jump up ^ `` Denver Broncos and UCHealth announce major health partnership '' . Denver Broncos . July 30 , 2015 . Retrieved July 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Denver Broncos Franchise Encyclopedia -- Pro Football Reference '' . November 12 , 2012 . Retrieved November 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , Gray ( December 21 , 2012 ) . `` Broncos Announce Stadium Upgrades '' . Denver Broncos . Retrieved December 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ex-Bronco Tripucka says Manning can wear familiar No. 18 '' . National Football League . March 20 , 2012 . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Broncos to unveil retired number signage Sunday '' . KUSA - TV . September 13 , 2016 . Retrieved September 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Denver Broncos to unveil retired number signage on Sunday '' . Mile High Report . September 18 , 2016 . Retrieved September 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Swanson , Ben ( September 18 , 2016 ) . `` Broncos unveil retired numbers tribute in pregame ceremony '' . Denver Broncos . Retrieved September 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jones , Lindsay ( July 31 , 2012 ) . `` Ed McCaffrey joins KOA Broncos broadcast team '' . The Denver Post . Retrieved July 31 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Broadcast Partners '' . Denver Broncos . Jump up ^ Espinoza , Annette ( December 5 , 2009 ) . `` Tim McKernan , `` Barrel Man '' to Broncos fans , dies at 69 `` . The Denver Post . Retrieved December 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Parker , Ryan ( January 24 , 2014 ) . `` Denver Broncos owe success to `` South Park '' hilariously claim creators Parker and Stone `` . The Denver Post . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jhabvala , Nicki ( August 11 , 2014 ) . `` Robin Williams , aka `` Mork '' , made Broncos history as first male cheerleader `` . The Denver Post . Retrieved August 11 , 2014 . Further reading ( edit ) Denver Broncos : The Complete Illustrated History ( 2009 ) , by Jim Saccomano & John Elway , MBI Publishing Company , ISBN 0 - 7603 - 3476 - 5 Then Morton Said to Elway ... : The Best Denver Broncos Stories Ever Told ( 2008 ) , by Craig Morton & Adrian Dater , Triumph Books , ISBN 1 - 60078 - 121 - 7 Game of My Life : Denver Broncos : Memorable Stories of Broncos Football ( 2007 ) , by Jim Saccomano , Sports Publishing LLC , ISBN 1 - 59670 - 091 - 2 The Good , the Bad , and the Ugly Denver Broncos : Heart - Pounding , Jaw - Dropping , and Gut - Wrenching Moments from Denver Broncos History ( 2007 ) , By Adrian Dater -- Triumph Books , ISBN 1 - 57243 - 975 - 0 John Elway and the Denver Broncos : Super Bowl XXXIII ( 2007 ) , by Michael Sandler , Bearport Pub Company , ISBN 1 - 59716 - 536 - 0 The Denver Broncos ( 2006 ) , by Mark Stewart -- Norwood House Press , ISBN 1 - 59953 - 066 - X Denver Broncos : Colorful Tales of the Orange and Blue ( 2004 ) , by Larry Zimmer , Globe Pequot Press , ISBN 0 - 7627 - 2766 - 7 Broncos Power Rankings Around the Web : ( 2017 ) , by Taylor Kothe , SB Nation : Mile High Report Bye Week https://www.milehighreport.com/2017/10/4/16409056/broncos-nfl-power-rankings External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Denver Broncos . Official website Denver Broncos Founded in 1960 Based in Denver , Colorado Headquartered in Englewood , Colorado Franchise History Players Starting quarterbacks Coaches Seasons First - round draft picks Broadcasters Stadiums Mile High Stadium Sports Authority Field at Mile High Key personnel Owner Pat Bowlen President / CEO Joe Ellis Executive Vice President / General Manager John Elway Head Coach Vance Joseph Culture Barrel Man Cheerleaders Miles Mork & Mindy No Fly Zone Orange Crush Defense `` Rocky Mountain Way '' South Park Thunder `` You Only Move Twice '' ( The Simpsons episode ) Lore Mile High Miracle Snowball Game The Drive The Fumble The Helicopter The 3 : 16 game Rivalries Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders New England Patriots Brady -- Manning rivalry Retired numbers 7 18 44 Ring of Fame Steve Atwater Pat Bowlen Terrell Davis Jason Elam John Elway Simon Fletcher Goose Gonsoulin Randy Gradishar Rich Jackson Tom Jackson Charley Johnson Floyd Little John Lynch Karl Mecklenburg Gene Mingo Craig Morton Haven Moses Tom Nalen Gerald Phipps Dan Reeves Shannon Sharpe Dennis Smith Paul Smith Rod Smith Lionel Taylor Billy Thompson Frank Tripucka Jim Turner Rick Upchurch Louis Wright Gary Zimmerman Division championships 1977 1978 1984 1986 1989 1991 1998 2005 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Conference championships 1977 1986 1989 1997 1998 2013 2015 League championships 1997 ( XXXII ) 1998 ( XXXIII ) 2015 ( 50 ) Media Broadcasters Dave Logan Brian Griese Scott Hastings Ed McCaffrey Alan Roach TV : KUSA 9News Radio : 850 KOA ( AM ) Current league affiliations League : National Football League ( 1970 -- present ) Conference : American Football Conference Division : West Division Former league affiliation League : American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Seasons ( 58 ) 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Championship seasons in bold Links to related articles National Football League ( 2018 ) AFC East North South West Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New England Patriots New York Jets Baltimore Ravens Cincinnati Bengals Cleveland Browns Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Texans Indianapolis Colts Jacksonville Jaguars Tennessee Titans Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders NFC East North South West Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings Atlanta Falcons Carolina Panthers New Orleans Saints Tampa Bay Buccaneers Arizona Cardinals Los Angeles Rams San Francisco 49ers Seattle Seahawks Seasons Seasons ( by team ) Preseason Hall of Fame Game American Bowl Regular season Kickoff game Monday Night Football International Series London Toronto Bills Series List of games played outside the U.S. Thanksgiving games Christmas games Playoffs Streaks Droughts AFC Championship NFC Championship Super Bowl champions quarterbacks Pro Bowl History League history Executive history Championship history Timeline Defunct franchises Franchise moves and mergers Los Angeles team history Proposed stadiums 1995 -- 2016 American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Playoffs Merger NFL Championship ( 1920 -- 1969 ) Playoff Bowl Records individual team Super Bowl All time win -- loss Last undefeated Tied games Canceled games Controversies Business Owners Properties Management Council Competition Committee Collective Bargaining Agreement National Football League Players Association Lockouts Media TV NFL Network Radio Other Officials Stadiums Chronology Awards All - 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what is the function of the capacitor in a circuit
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A capacitor is a passive two - terminal electrical component that stores potential energy in an electric field . The effect of a capacitor is known as capacitance . While some capacitance exists between any two electrical conductors in proximity in a circuit , a capacitor is a component designed to add capacitance to a circuit . The capacitor was originally known as a condenser .
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Capacitor
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capacitor
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A capacitor is a passive two - terminal electrical component that stores potential energy in an electric field . The effect of a capacitor is known as capacitance . While some capacitance exists between any two electrical conductors in proximity in a circuit , a capacitor is a component designed to add capacitance to a circuit . The capacitor was originally known as a condenser .
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The physical form and construction of practical capacitors vary widely and many capacitor types are in common use . Most capacitors contain at least two electrical conductors often in the form of metallic plates or surfaces separated by a dielectric medium . A conductor may be a foil , thin film , sintered bead of metal , or an electrolyte . The nonconducting dielectric acts to increase the capacitor 's charge capacity . Materials commonly used as dielectrics include glass , ceramic , plastic film , paper , mica , and oxide layers . Capacitors are widely used as parts of electrical circuits in many common electrical devices . Unlike a resistor , an ideal capacitor does not dissipate energy . When two conductors experience a potential difference , for example , when a capacitor is attached across a battery , an electric field develops across the dielectric , causing a net positive charge to collect on one plate and net negative charge to collect on the other plate . No current actually flows through the dielectric , however , there is a flow of charge through the source circuit . If the condition is maintained sufficiently long , the current through the source circuit ceases . However , if a time - varying voltage is applied across the leads of the capacitor , the source experiences an ongoing current due to the charging and discharging cycles of the capacitor . Capacitance is defined as the ratio of the electric charge on each conductor to the potential difference between them . The unit of capacitance in the International System of Units ( SI ) is the farad ( F ) , defined as one coulomb per volt ( 1 C / V ) . Capacitance values of typical capacitors for use in general electronics range from about 1 picofarad ( pF ) ( 10 F ) to about 1 millifarad ( mF ) ( 10 F ) . The capacitance of a capacitor is proportional to the surface area of the plates ( conductors ) and inversely related to the gap between them . In practice , the dielectric between the plates passes a small amount of leakage current . It has an electric field strength limit , known as the breakdown voltage . The conductors and leads introduce an undesired inductance and resistance . Capacitors are widely used in electronic circuits for blocking direct current while allowing alternating current to pass . In analog filter networks , they smooth the output of power supplies . In resonant circuits they tune radios to particular frequencies . In electric power transmission systems , they stabilize voltage and power flow . The property of energy storage in capacitors was exploited as dynamic memory in early digital computers . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Theory of operation 2.1 Overview 2.2 Hydraulic analogy 2.3 Parallel - plate model 2.4 Energy stored in a capacitor 2.5 Current -- voltage relation 2.6 DC circuits 2.7 AC circuits 2.8 Laplace circuit analysis ( s - domain ) 2.9 Circuit analysis 3 Non-ideal behavior 3.1 Breakdown voltage 3.2 Equivalent circuit 3.3 Q factor 3.4 Ripple current 3.5 Capacitance instability 3.6 Current and voltage reversal 3.7 Dielectric absorption 3.8 Leakage 3.9 Electrolytic failure from disuse 4 Capacitor types 4.1 Dielectric materials 4.2 Voltage - dependent capacitors 4.3 Frequency - dependent capacitors 4.4 Styles 5 Capacitor markings 5.1 Letter and digit code 5.2 Historical 6 Applications 6.1 Energy storage 6.2 Digital memory 6.3 Pulsed power and weapons 6.4 Power conditioning 6.4. 1 Power factor correction 6.5 Suppression and coupling 6.5. 1 Signal coupling 6.5. 2 Decoupling 6.5. 3 High - pass and low - pass filters 6.5. 4 Noise suppression , spikes , and snubbers 6.6 Motor starters 6.7 Signal processing 6.7. 1 Tuned circuits 6.8 Sensing 6.9 Oscillators 6.10 Producing light 7 Hazards and safety 8 See also 9 References 10 Bibliography 11 External links History ( edit ) Battery of four Leyden jars in Museum Boerhaave , Leiden , the Netherlands In October 1745 , Ewald Georg von Kleist of Pomerania , Germany , found that charge could be stored by connecting a high - voltage electrostatic generator by a wire to a volume of water in a hand - held glass jar . Von Kleist 's hand and the water acted as conductors , and the jar as a dielectric ( although details of the mechanism were incorrectly identified at the time ) . Von Kleist found that touching the wire resulted in a powerful spark , much more painful than that obtained from an electrostatic machine . The following year , the Dutch physicist Pieter van Musschenbroek invented a similar capacitor , which was named the Leyden jar , after the University of Leiden where he worked . He also was impressed by the power of the shock he received , writing , `` I would not take a second shock for the kingdom of France . '' Daniel Gralath was the first to combine several jars in parallel to increase the charge storage capacity . Benjamin Franklin investigated the Leyden jar and came to the conclusion that the charge was stored on the glass , not in the water as others had assumed . He also adopted the term `` battery '' , ( denoting the increasing of power with a row of similar units as in a battery of cannon ) , subsequently applied to clusters of electrochemical cells . Leyden jars were later made by coating the inside and outside of jars with metal foil , leaving a space at the mouth to prevent arcing between the foils . The earliest unit of capacitance was the jar , equivalent to about 1.11 nanofarads . Leyden jars or more powerful devices employing flat glass plates alternating with foil conductors were used exclusively up until about 1900 , when the invention of wireless ( radio ) created a demand for standard capacitors , and the steady move to higher frequencies required capacitors with lower inductance . More compact construction methods began to be used , such as a flexible dielectric sheet ( like oiled paper ) sandwiched between sheets of metal foil , rolled or folded into a small package . Early capacitors were known as condensers , a term that is still occasionally used today , particularly in high power applications , such as automotive systems . The term was first used for this purpose by Alessandro Volta in 1782 , with reference to the device 's ability to store a higher density of electric charge than was possible with an isolated conductor . The term became deprecated because of the ambiguous meaning of steam condenser , with capacitor becoming the recommended term from 1926 . Since the beginning of the study of electricity non conductive materials like glass , porcelain , paper and mica have been used as insulators . These materials some decades later were also well - suited for further use as the dielectric for the first capacitors . Paper capacitors made by sandwiching a strip of impregnated paper between strips of metal , and rolling the result into a cylinder were commonly used in the late 19th century ; their manufacture started in 1876 , and they were used from the early 20th century as decoupling capacitors in telecommunications ( telephony ) . Porcelain was used in the first ceramic capacitors . In the early years of Marconi 's wireless transmitting apparatus porcelain capacitors were used for high voltage and high frequency application in the transmitters . On the receiver side smaller mica capacitors were used for resonant circuits . Mica dielectric capacitors were invented in 1909 by William Dubilier . Prior to World War II , mica was the most common dielectric for capacitors in the United States . Charles Pollak ( born Karol Pollak ) , the inventor of the first electrolytic capacitors , found out that the oxide layer on an aluminum anode remained stable in a neutral or alkaline electrolyte , even when the power was switched off . In 1896 he was granted U.S. Patent No. 672,913 for an `` Electric liquid capacitor with aluminum electrodes . '' Solid electrolyte tantalum capacitors were invented by Bell Laboratories in the early 1950s as a miniaturized and more reliable low - voltage support capacitor to complement their newly invented transistor . With the development of plastic materials by organic chemists during the Second World War , the capacitor industry began to replace paper with thinner polymer films . One very early development in film capacitors was described in British Patent 587,953 in 1944 . Last but not least the electric double - layer capacitor ( now Supercapacitors ) were invented . In 1957 H. Becker developed a `` Low voltage electrolytic capacitor with porous carbon electrodes '' . He believed that the energy was stored as a charge in the carbon pores used in his capacitor as in the pores of the etched foils of electrolytic capacitors . Because the double layer mechanism was not known by him at the time , he wrote in the patent : `` It is not known exactly what is taking place in the component if it is used for energy storage , but it leads to an extremely high capacity . '' Theory of operation ( edit ) Main article : Capacitance Overview ( edit ) Charge separation in a parallel - plate capacitor causes an internal electric field . A dielectric ( orange ) reduces the field and increases the capacitance . A simple demonstration capacitor made of two parallel metal plates , using an air gap as the dielectric . A capacitor consists of two conductors separated by a non-conductive region . The non-conductive region can either be a vacuum or an electrical insulator material known as a dielectric . Examples of dielectric media are glass , air , paper , plastic , ceramic , and even a semiconductor depletion region chemically identical to the conductors . From Coulomb 's law a charge on one conductor will exert a force on the charge carriers within the other conductor , attracting opposite polarity charge and repelling like polarity charges , thus an opposite polarity charge will be induced on the surface of the other conductor . The conductors thus hold equal and opposite charges on their facing surfaces , and the dielectric develops an electric field . An ideal capacitor is characterized by a constant capacitance C , in farads in the SI system of units , defined as the ratio of the positive or negative charge Q on each conductor to the voltage V between them : C = Q V ( \ displaystyle C = ( \ frac ( Q ) ( V ) ) ) A capacitance of one farad ( F ) means that one coulomb of charge on each conductor causes a voltage of one volt across the device . Because the conductors ( or plates ) are close together , the opposite charges on the conductors attract one another due to their electric fields , allowing the capacitor to store more charge for a given voltage than when the conductors are separated , yielding a larger capacitance . In practical devices , charge build - up sometimes affects the capacitor mechanically , causing its capacitance to vary . In this case , capacitance is defined in terms of incremental changes : C = d Q d V ( \ displaystyle C = ( \ frac ( \ mathrm ( d ) Q ) ( \ mathrm ( d ) V ) ) ) Hydraulic analogy ( edit ) In the hydraulic analogy , a capacitor is analogous to a rubber membrane sealed inside a pipe -- this animation illustrates a membrane being repeatedly stretched and un-stretched by the flow of water , which is analogous to a capacitor being repeatedly charged and discharged by the flow of charge In the hydraulic analogy , charge carriers flowing through a wire are analogous to water flowing through a pipe . A capacitor is like a rubber membrane sealed inside a pipe . Water molecules can not pass through the membrane , but some water can move by stretching the membrane . The analogy clarifies a few aspects of capacitors : The current alters the charge on a capacitor , just as the flow of water changes the position of the membrane . More specifically , the effect of an electric current is to increase the charge of one plate of the capacitor , and decrease the charge of the other plate by an equal amount . This is just as when water flow moves the rubber membrane , it increases the amount of water on one side of the membrane , and decreases the amount of water on the other side . The more a capacitor is charged , the larger its voltage drop ; i.e. , the more it `` pushes back '' against the charging current . This is analogous to the more a membrane is stretched , the more it pushes back on the water . Charge can flow `` through '' a capacitor even though no individual electron can get from one side to the other . This is analogous to water flowing through the pipe even though no water molecule can pass through the rubber membrane . The flow can not continue in the same direction forever ; the capacitor experiences dielectric breakdown , and analogously the membrane will eventually break . The capacitance describes how much charge can be stored on one plate of a capacitor for a given `` push '' ( voltage drop ) . A very stretchy , flexible membrane corresponds to a higher capacitance than a stiff membrane . A charged - up capacitor is storing potential energy , analogously to a stretched membrane . Parallel - plate model ( edit ) Parallel plate capacitor model consists of two conducting plates , each of area A , separated by a gap of thickness d containing a dielectric . The simplest model capacitor consists of two thin parallel conductive plates each with an area of A ( \ displaystyle A ) separated by a uniform gap of thickness d ( \ displaystyle d ) filled with a dielectric with permittivity ε ( \ displaystyle \ epsilon ) . It is assumed the gap d ( \ displaystyle d ) is much smaller than the dimensions of the plates . This model applies well to many practical capacitors which are constructed of metal sheets separated by a thin layer of insulating dielectric , since manufacturers try to keep the dielectric very uniform in thickness to avoid thin spots which can cause failure of the capacitor . Since the separation between the plates is uniform over the plate area , the electric field between the plates E ( \ displaystyle E ) is constant , and directed perpendicularly to the plate surface , except for an area near the edges of the plates where the field decreases because the electric field lines `` bulge '' out of the sides of the capacitor . This `` fringing field '' area is approximately the same width as the plate separation , d ( \ displaystyle d ) , and assuming d ( \ displaystyle d ) is small compared to the plate dimensions , it is small enough to be ignored . Therefore if a charge of + Q ( \ displaystyle + Q ) is placed on one plate and − Q ( \ displaystyle - Q ) on the other plate , the charge on each plate will be spread evenly in a surface charge layer of constant charge density σ = ± Q / A ( \ displaystyle \ sigma = \ pm Q / A ) coulombs per square meter , on the inside surface of each plate . From Gauss 's law the magnitude of the electric field between the plates is E = σ / ε ( \ displaystyle E = \ sigma / \ epsilon ) . The voltage V ( \ displaystyle V ) between the plates is defined as the line integral of the electric field over a line from one plate to another V = ∫ 0 d E ( z ) d z = E d = σ ε d = Q d ε A ( \ displaystyle V = \ int _ ( 0 ) ^ ( d ) E ( z ) \ , \ mathrm ( d ) z = Ed = ( \ sigma \ over \ epsilon ) d = ( Qd \ over \ epsilon A ) ) The capacitance is defined as C = Q / V ( \ displaystyle C = Q / V ) . Substituting V ( \ displaystyle V ) above into this equation C = ε A d ( \ displaystyle C = ( \ epsilon A \ over d ) ) Therefore in a capacitor the highest capacitance is achieved with a high permittivity dielectric material , large plate area , and small separation between the plates . Since the area A ( \ displaystyle A ) of the plates increases with the square of the linear dimensions and the separation d ( \ displaystyle d ) increases linearly , the capacitance scales with the linear dimension of a capacitor ( C ∝ L ( \ displaystyle C \ varpropto L ) ) , or as the cube root of the volume . A parallel plate capacitor can only store a finite amount of energy before dielectric breakdown occurs . The capacitor 's dielectric material has a dielectric strength U which sets the capacitor 's breakdown voltage at V = V = U d . The maximum energy that the capacitor can store is therefore E = 1 2 C V 2 = 1 2 ε A d ( U d d ) 2 = 1 2 ε A d U d 2 ( \ displaystyle E = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) CV ^ ( 2 ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) ( \ frac ( \ epsilon A ) ( d ) ) ( U_ ( d ) d ) ^ ( 2 ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) \ epsilon AdU_ ( d ) ^ ( 2 ) ) The maximum energy is a function of dielectric volume , permittivity , and dielectric strength . Changing the plate area and the separation between the plates while maintaining the same volume causes no change of the maximum amount of energy that the capacitor can store , so long as the distance between plates remains much smaller than both the length and width of the plates . In addition , these equations assume that the electric field is entirely concentrated in the dielectric between the plates . In reality there are fringing fields outside the dielectric , for example between the sides of the capacitor plates , which increase the effective capacitance of the capacitor . This is sometimes called parasitic capacitance . For some simple capacitor geometries this additional capacitance term can be calculated analytically . It becomes negligibly small when the ratios of plate width to separation and length to separation are large . Energy stored in a capacitor ( edit ) To increase the charge and voltage on a capacitor , work must be done by an external power source to move charge from the negative to the positive plate against the opposing force of the electric field . If the voltage on the capacitor is V ( \ displaystyle V ) , the work d W ( \ displaystyle dW ) required to move a small increment of charge d q ( \ displaystyle dq ) from the negative to the positive plate is d W = V d q ( \ displaystyle dW = Vdq ) . The energy is stored in the increased electric field between the plates . The total energy stored in a capacitor is equal to the total work done in establishing the electric field from an uncharged state . W = ∫ 0 Q V ( q ) d q = ∫ 0 Q q C d q = 1 2 Q 2 C = 1 2 V Q = 1 2 C V 2 ( \ displaystyle W = \ int _ ( 0 ) ^ ( Q ) V ( q ) \ mathrm ( d ) q = \ int _ ( 0 ) ^ ( Q ) ( \ frac ( q ) ( C ) ) \ mathrm ( d ) q = ( 1 \ over 2 ) ( Q ^ ( 2 ) \ over C ) = ( 1 \ over 2 ) VQ = ( 1 \ over 2 ) CV ^ ( 2 ) ) where Q ( \ displaystyle Q ) is the charge stored in the capacitor , V ( \ displaystyle V ) is the voltage across the capacitor , and C ( \ displaystyle C ) is the capacitance . This potential energy will remain in the capacitor until the charge is removed . If charge is allowed to move back from the positive to the negative plate , for example by connecting a circuit with resistance between the plates , the charge moving under the influence of the electric field will do work on the external circuit . If the gap between the capacitor plates d ( \ displaystyle d ) is constant , as in the parallel plate model above , the electric field between the plates will be uniform ( neglecting fringing fields ) and will have a constant value E = V / d ( \ displaystyle E = V / d ) . In this case the stored energy can be calculated from the electric field strength W = 1 2 C V 2 = 1 2 ε A d ( E d ) 2 = 1 2 ε A d E 2 = 1 2 ε E 2 ( volume of electric field ) ( \ displaystyle W = ( 1 \ over 2 ) CV ^ ( 2 ) = ( 1 \ over 2 ) ( \ epsilon A \ over d ) ( Ed ) ^ ( 2 ) = ( 1 \ over 2 ) \ epsilon AdE ^ ( 2 ) = ( 1 \ over 2 ) \ epsilon E ^ ( 2 ) ( ( \ text ( volume of electric field ) ) ) ) The last formula above is equal to the energy density per unit volume in the electric field multiplied by the volume of field between the plates , confirming that the energy in the capacitor is stored in its electric field . Current -- voltage relation ( edit ) The current I ( t ) through any component in an electric circuit is defined as the rate of flow of a charge Q ( t ) passing through it , but actual charges -- electrons -- can not pass through the dielectric layer of a capacitor . Rather , one electron accumulates on the negative plate for each one that leaves the positive plate , resulting in an electron depletion and consequent positive charge on one electrode that is equal and opposite to the accumulated negative charge on the other . Thus the charge on the electrodes is equal to the integral of the current as well as proportional to the voltage , as discussed above . As with any antiderivative , a constant of integration is added to represent the initial voltage V ( t ) . This is the integral form of the capacitor equation : V ( t ) = Q ( t ) C = 1 C ∫ t 0 t I ( τ ) d τ + V ( t 0 ) ( \ displaystyle V ( t ) = ( \ frac ( Q ( t ) ) ( C ) ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( C ) ) \ int _ ( t_ ( 0 ) ) ^ ( t ) I ( \ tau ) \ mathrm ( d ) \ tau + V ( t_ ( 0 ) ) ) Taking the derivative of this and multiplying by C yields the derivative form : I ( t ) = d Q ( t ) d t = C d V ( t ) d t ( \ displaystyle I ( t ) = ( \ frac ( \ mathrm ( d ) Q ( t ) ) ( \ mathrm ( d ) t ) ) = C ( \ frac ( \ mathrm ( d ) V ( t ) ) ( \ mathrm ( d ) t ) ) ) The dual of the capacitor is the inductor , which stores energy in a magnetic field rather than an electric field . Its current - voltage relation is obtained by exchanging current and voltage in the capacitor equations and replacing C with the inductance L . DC circuits ( edit ) See also : RC circuit A simple resistor - capacitor circuit demonstrates charging of a capacitor . A series circuit containing only a resistor , a capacitor , a switch and a constant DC source of voltage V is known as a charging circuit . If the capacitor is initially uncharged while the switch is open , and the switch is closed at t , it follows from Kirchhoff 's voltage law that V 0 = v resistor ( t ) + v capacitor ( t ) = i ( t ) R + 1 C ∫ t 0 t i ( τ ) d τ ( \ displaystyle V_ ( 0 ) = v_ ( \ text ( resistor ) ) ( t ) + v_ ( \ text ( capacitor ) ) ( t ) = i ( t ) R+ ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( C ) ) \ int _ ( t_ ( 0 ) ) ^ ( t ) i ( \ tau ) \ mathrm ( d ) \ tau ) Taking the derivative and multiplying by C , gives a first - order differential equation : R C d i ( t ) d t + i ( t ) = 0 ( \ displaystyle RC ( \ frac ( \ mathrm ( d ) i ( t ) ) ( \ mathrm ( d ) t ) ) + i ( t ) = 0 ) At t = 0 , the voltage across the capacitor is zero and the voltage across the resistor is V . The initial current is then I ( 0 ) = V / R. With this assumption , solving the differential equation yields I ( t ) = V 0 R ⋅ e − t τ 0 V ( t ) = V 0 ( 1 − e − t τ 0 ) Q ( t ) = C ⋅ V 0 ( 1 − e − t τ 0 ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) I ( t ) & = ( \ frac ( V_ ( 0 ) ) ( R ) ) \ cdot e ^ ( \ frac ( - t ) ( \ tau _ ( 0 ) ) ) \ \ V ( t ) & = V_ ( 0 ) \ left ( 1 - e ^ ( \ frac ( - t ) ( \ tau _ ( 0 ) ) ) \ right ) \ \ Q ( t ) & = C \ cdot V_ ( 0 ) \ left ( 1 - e ^ ( \ frac ( - t ) ( \ tau _ ( 0 ) ) ) \ right ) \ end ( aligned ) ) ) where τ = RC , the time constant of the system . As the capacitor reaches equilibrium with the source voltage , the voltages across the resistor and the current through the entire circuit decay exponentially . In the case of a discharging capacitor , the capacitor 's initial voltage ( V ) replaces V . The equations become I ( t ) = V C i R ⋅ e − t τ 0 V ( t ) = V C i ⋅ e − t τ 0 Q ( t ) = C ⋅ V C i ⋅ e − t τ 0 ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) I ( t ) & = ( \ frac ( V_ ( Ci ) ) ( R ) ) \ cdot e ^ ( \ frac ( - t ) ( \ tau _ ( 0 ) ) ) \ \ V ( t ) & = V_ ( Ci ) \ cdot e ^ ( \ frac ( - t ) ( \ tau _ ( 0 ) ) ) \ \ Q ( t ) & = C \ cdot V_ ( Ci ) \ cdot e ^ ( \ frac ( - t ) ( \ tau _ ( 0 ) ) ) \ end ( aligned ) ) ) AC circuits ( edit ) See also : reactance ( electronics ) and electrical impedance § Deriving the device - specific impedances Impedance , the vector sum of reactance and resistance , describes the phase difference and the ratio of amplitudes between sinusoidally varying voltage and sinusoidally varying current at a given frequency . Fourier analysis allows any signal to be constructed from a spectrum of frequencies , whence the circuit 's reaction to the various frequencies may be found . The reactance and impedance of a capacitor are respectively X = − 1 ω C = − 1 2 π f C Z = 1 j ω C = − j ω C = − j 2 π f C ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) X& = - ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( \ omega C ) ) = - ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 \ pi fC ) ) \ \ Z& = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( j \ omega C ) ) = - ( \ frac ( j ) ( \ omega C ) ) = - ( \ frac ( j ) ( 2 \ pi fC ) ) \ end ( aligned ) ) ) where j is the imaginary unit and ω is the angular frequency of the sinusoidal signal . The − j phase indicates that the AC voltage V = ZI lags the AC current by 90 ° : the positive current phase corresponds to increasing voltage as the capacitor charges ; zero current corresponds to instantaneous constant voltage , etc . Impedance decreases with increasing capacitance and increasing frequency . This implies that a higher - frequency signal or a larger capacitor results in a lower voltage amplitude per current amplitude -- an AC `` short circuit '' or AC coupling . Conversely , for very low frequencies , the reactance is high , so that a capacitor is nearly an open circuit in AC analysis -- those frequencies have been `` filtered out '' . Capacitors are different from resistors and inductors in that the impedance is inversely proportional to the defining characteristic ; i.e. , capacitance . A capacitor connected to a sinusoidal voltage source causes a displacement current to flow through it . In the case that the voltage source is V cos ( ωt ) , the displacement current can be expressed as : I = C d V d t = − ω C V 0 sin ( ω t ) ( \ displaystyle I = C ( \ frac ( dV ) ( dt ) ) = - \ omega ( C ) ( V_ ( \ text ( 0 ) ) ) \ sin ( \ omega t ) ) At sin ( ωt ) = - 1 , the capacitor has a maximum ( or peak ) current whereby I = ωCV . The ratio of peak voltage to peak current is due to capacitive reactance ( denoted X ) . X C = V 0 I 0 = V 0 ω C V 0 = 1 ω C ( \ displaystyle X_ ( C ) = ( \ frac ( V_ ( \ text ( 0 ) ) ) ( I_ ( \ text ( 0 ) ) ) ) = ( \ frac ( V_ ( \ text ( 0 ) ) ) ( \ omega CV_ ( \ text ( 0 ) ) ) ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( \ omega C ) ) ) X approaches zero as ω approaches infinity . If X approaches 0 , the capacitor resembles a short wire that strongly passes current at high frequencies . X approaches infinity as ω approaches zero . If X approaches infinity , the capacitor resembles an open circuit that poorly passes low frequencies . The current of the capacitor may be expressed in the form of cosines to better compare with the voltage of the source : I = − I 0 sin ( ω t ) = I 0 cos ( ω t + 90 ∘ ) ( \ displaystyle I = - ( I_ ( \ text ( 0 ) ) ) ( \ sin ( ( \ omega t ) ) ) = ( I_ ( \ text ( 0 ) ) ) ( \ cos ( ( \ omega t ) + ( 90 ^ ( \ circ ) ) ) ) ) In this situation , the current is out of phase with the voltage by + π / 2 radians or + 90 degrees , i.e. the current leads the voltage by 90 ° . Laplace circuit analysis ( s - domain ) ( edit ) When using the Laplace transform in circuit analysis , the impedance of an ideal capacitor with no initial charge is represented in the s domain by : Z ( s ) = 1 s C ( \ displaystyle Z ( s ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( sC ) ) ) where C is the capacitance , and s is the complex frequency . Circuit analysis ( edit ) See also : Series and parallel circuits For capacitors in parallel Several capacitors in parallel Illustration of the parallel connection of two capacitors Capacitors in a parallel configuration each have the same applied voltage . Their capacitances add up . Charge is apportioned among them by size . Using the schematic diagram to visualize parallel plates , it is apparent that each capacitor contributes to the total surface area . C e q = ∑ i C i = C 1 + C 2 + ⋯ + C n ( \ displaystyle C_ ( \ mathrm ( eq ) ) = \ sum _ ( i ) C_ ( i ) = C_ ( 1 ) + C_ ( 2 ) + \ cdots + C_ ( n ) ) For capacitors in series Several capacitors in series Illustration of the serial connection of two capacitors Connected in series , the schematic diagram reveals that the separation distance , not the plate area , adds up . The capacitors each store instantaneous charge build - up equal to that of every other capacitor in the series . The total voltage difference from end to end is apportioned to each capacitor according to the inverse of its capacitance . The entire series acts as a capacitor smaller than any of its components . 1 C e q = ∑ i 1 C i = 1 C 1 + 1 C 2 + ⋯ + 1 C n ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( C_ ( \ mathrm ( eq ) ) ) ) = \ sum _ ( i ) ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( C_ ( i ) ) ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( C_ ( 1 ) ) ) + ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( C_ ( 2 ) ) ) + \ cdots + ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( C_ ( n ) ) ) ) Capacitors are combined in series to achieve a higher working voltage , for example for smoothing a high voltage power supply . The voltage ratings , which are based on plate separation , add up , if capacitance and leakage currents for each capacitor are identical . In such an application , on occasion , series strings are connected in parallel , forming a matrix . The goal is to maximize the energy storage of the network without overloading any capacitor . For high - energy storage with capacitors in series , some safety considerations must be applied to ensure one capacitor failing and leaking current does not apply too much voltage to the other series capacitors . Series connection is also sometimes used to adapt polarized electrolytic capacitors for bipolar AC use . See electrolytic capacitor # Designing for reverse bias . Voltage distribution in parallel - to - series networks . To model the distribution of voltages from a single charged capacitor ( A ) ( \ displaystyle \ left ( A \ right ) ) connected in parallel to a chain of capacitors in series ( B n ) ( \ displaystyle \ left ( B_ ( \ text ( n ) ) \ right ) ) : ( v o l t s ) A e q = A ( 1 − 1 n + 1 ) ( v o l t s ) B 1 ... n = A n ( 1 − 1 n + 1 ) A − B = 0 ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) ( volts ) A_ ( \ mathrm ( eq ) ) & = A \ left ( 1 - ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( n + 1 ) ) \ right ) \ \ ( volts ) B_ ( \ text ( 1 ... n ) ) & = ( \ frac ( A ) ( n ) ) \ left ( 1 - ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( n + 1 ) ) \ right ) \ \ A-B & = 0 \ end ( aligned ) ) ) Note : This is only correct if all capacitance values are equal . The power transferred in this arrangement is : P = 1 R ⋅ 1 n + 1 A volts ( A farads + B farads ) ( \ displaystyle P = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( R ) ) \ cdot ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( n + 1 ) ) A_ ( \ text ( volts ) ) \ left ( A_ ( \ text ( farads ) ) + B_ ( \ text ( farads ) ) \ right ) ) Nonideal behavior ( edit ) Capacitors deviate from the ideal capacitor equation in a number of ways . Some of these , such as leakage current and parasitic effects are linear , or can be analyzed as nearly linear , and can be dealt with by adding virtual components to the equivalent circuit of an ideal capacitor . The usual methods of network analysis can then be applied . In other cases , such as with breakdown voltage , the effect is non-linear and ordinary ( normal , e.g. , linear ) network analysis can not be used , the effect must be dealt with separately . There is yet another group , which may be linear but invalidate the assumption in the analysis that capacitance is a constant . Such an example is temperature dependence . Finally , combined parasitic effects such as inherent inductance , resistance , or dielectric losses can exhibit non-uniform behavior at variable frequencies of operation . Breakdown voltage ( edit ) Main article : Breakdown voltage Above a particular electric field , known as the dielectric strength E , the dielectric in a capacitor becomes conductive . The voltage at which this occurs is called the breakdown voltage of the device , and is given by the product of the dielectric strength and the separation between the conductors , V bd = E ds d ( \ displaystyle V_ ( \ text ( bd ) ) = E_ ( \ text ( ds ) ) d ) The maximum energy that can be stored safely in a capacitor is limited by the breakdown voltage . Due to the scaling of capacitance and breakdown voltage with dielectric thickness , all capacitors made with a particular dielectric have approximately equal maximum energy density , to the extent that the dielectric dominates their volume . For air dielectric capacitors the breakdown field strength is of the order 2 to 5 MV / m ; for mica the breakdown is 100 to 300 MV / m ; for oil , 15 to 25 MV / m ; it can be much less when other materials are used for the dielectric . The dielectric is used in very thin layers and so absolute breakdown voltage of capacitors is limited . Typical ratings for capacitors used for general electronics applications range from a few volts to 1 kV . As the voltage increases , the dielectric must be thicker , making high - voltage capacitors larger per capacitance than those rated for lower voltages . The breakdown voltage is critically affected by factors such as the geometry of the capacitor conductive parts ; sharp edges or points increase the electric field strength at that point and can lead to a local breakdown . Once this starts to happen , the breakdown quickly tracks through the dielectric until it reaches the opposite plate , leaving carbon behind and causing a short ( or relatively low resistance ) circuit . The results can be explosive as the short in the capacitor draws current from the surrounding circuitry and dissipates the energy . However , in capacitors with particular dielectrics and thin metal electrodes shorts are not formed after breakdown . It happens because a metal melts or evaporates in a breakdown vicinity , isolating it from the rest of the capacitor . The usual breakdown route is that the field strength becomes large enough to pull electrons in the dielectric from their atoms thus causing conduction . Other scenarios are possible , such as impurities in the dielectric , and , if the dielectric is of a crystalline nature , imperfections in the crystal structure can result in an avalanche breakdown as seen in semi-conductor devices . Breakdown voltage is also affected by pressure , humidity and temperature . Equivalent circuit ( edit ) Two different circuit models of a real capacitor An ideal capacitor only stores and releases electrical energy , without dissipating any . In reality , all capacitors have imperfections within the capacitor 's material that create resistance . This is specified as the equivalent series resistance or ESR of a component . This adds a real component to the impedance : Z C = Z + R ESR = 1 j ω C + R ESR ( \ displaystyle Z_ ( \ text ( C ) ) = Z + R_ ( \ text ( ESR ) ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( j \ omega C ) ) + R_ ( \ text ( ESR ) ) ) As frequency approaches infinity , the capacitive impedance ( or reactance ) approaches zero and the ESR becomes significant . As the reactance becomes negligible , power dissipation approaches P = V 2 / R . Similarly to ESR , the capacitor 's leads add equivalent series inductance or ESL to the component . This is usually significant only at relatively high frequencies . As inductive reactance is positive and increases with frequency , above a certain frequency capacitance is canceled by inductance . High - frequency engineering involves accounting for the inductance of all connections and components . If the conductors are separated by a material with a small conductivity rather than a perfect dielectric , then a small leakage current flows directly between them . The capacitor therefore has a finite parallel resistance , and slowly discharges over time ( time may vary greatly depending on the capacitor material and quality ) . Q factor ( edit ) The quality factor ( or Q ) of a capacitor is the ratio of its reactance to its resistance at a given frequency , and is a measure of its efficiency . The higher the Q factor of the capacitor , the closer it approaches the behavior of an ideal capacitor . The Q factor of a capacitor can be found through the following formula : Q = X C R = 1 ω C R ( \ displaystyle Q = ( \ frac ( X_ ( C ) ) ( R ) ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( \ omega CR ) ) ) where ω ( \ displaystyle \ omega ) is angular frequency , C ( \ displaystyle C ) is the capacitance , X C ( \ displaystyle X_ ( C ) ) is the capacitive reactance , and R ( \ displaystyle R ) is the equivalent series resistance ( ESR ) of the capacitor . Ripple current ( edit ) Ripple current is the AC component of an applied source ( often a switched - mode power supply ) whose frequency may be constant or varying . Ripple current causes heat to be generated within the capacitor due to the dielectric losses caused by the changing field strength together with the current flow across the slightly resistive supply lines or the electrolyte in the capacitor . The equivalent series resistance ( ESR ) is the amount of internal series resistance one would add to a perfect capacitor to model this . Some types of capacitors , primarily tantalum and aluminum electrolytic capacitors , as well as some film capacitors have a specified rating value for maximum ripple current . Tantalum electrolytic capacitors with solid manganese dioxide electrolyte are limited by ripple current and generally have the highest ESR ratings in the capacitor family . Exceeding their ripple limits can lead to shorts and burning parts . Aluminum electrolytic capacitors , the most common type of electrolytic , suffer a shortening of life expectancy at higher ripple currents . If ripple current exceeds the rated value of the capacitor , it tends to result in explosive failure . Ceramic capacitors generally have no ripple current limitation and have some of the lowest ESR ratings . Film capacitors have very low ESR ratings but exceeding rated ripple current may cause degradation failures . Capacitance instability ( edit ) The capacitance of certain capacitors decreases as the component ages . In ceramic capacitors , this is caused by degradation of the dielectric . The type of dielectric , ambient operating and storage temperatures are the most significant aging factors , while the operating voltage has a smaller effect . The aging process may be reversed by heating the component above the Curie point . Aging is fastest near the beginning of life of the component , and the device stabilizes over time . Electrolytic capacitors age as the electrolyte evaporates . In contrast with ceramic capacitors , this occurs towards the end of life of the component . Temperature dependence of capacitance is usually expressed in parts per million ( ppm ) per ° C. It can usually be taken as a broadly linear function but can be noticeably non-linear at the temperature extremes . The temperature coefficient can be either positive or negative , sometimes even amongst different samples of the same type . In other words , the spread in the range of temperature coefficients can encompass zero . Capacitors , especially ceramic capacitors , and older designs such as paper capacitors , can absorb sound waves resulting in a microphonic effect . Vibration moves the plates , causing the capacitance to vary , in turn inducing AC current . Some dielectrics also generate piezoelectricity . The resulting interference is especially problematic in audio applications , potentially causing feedback or unintended recording . In the reverse microphonic effect , the varying electric field between the capacitor plates exerts a physical force , moving them as a speaker . This can generate audible sound , but drains energy and stresses the dielectric and the electrolyte , if any . Current and voltage reversal ( edit ) Current reversal occurs when the current changes direction . Voltage reversal is the change of polarity in a circuit . Reversal is generally described as the percentage of the maximum rated voltage that reverses polarity . In DC circuits , this is usually less than 100 % , often in the range of 0 to 90 % , whereas AC circuits experience 100 % reversal . In DC circuits and pulsed circuits , current and voltage reversal are affected by the damping of the system . Voltage reversal is encountered in RLC circuits that are underdamped . The current and voltage reverse direction , forming a harmonic oscillator between the inductance and capacitance . The current and voltage tends to oscillate and may reverse direction several times , with each peak being lower than the previous , until the system reaches an equilibrium . This is often referred to as ringing . In comparison , critically damped or overdamped systems usually do not experience a voltage reversal . Reversal is also encountered in AC circuits , where the peak current is equal in each direction . For maximum life , capacitors usually need to be able to handle the maximum amount of reversal that a system may experience . An AC circuit experiences 100 % voltage reversal , while underdamped DC circuits experience less than 100 % . Reversal creates excess electric fields in the dielectric , causes excess heating of both the dielectric and the conductors , and can dramatically shorten the life expectancy of the capacitor . Reversal ratings often affect the design considerations for the capacitor , from the choice of dielectric materials and voltage ratings to the types of internal connections used . Dielectric absorption ( edit ) Capacitors made with any type of dielectric material show some level of `` dielectric absorption '' or `` soakage '' . On discharging a capacitor and disconnecting it , after a short time it may develop a voltage due to hysteresis in the dielectric . This effect is objectionable in applications such as precision sample and hold circuits or timing circuits . The level of absorption depends on many factors , from design considerations to charging time , since the absorption is a time - dependent process . However , the primary factor is the type of dielectric material . Capacitors such as tantalum electrolytic or polysulfone film exhibit relatively high absorption , while polystyrene or Teflon allow very small levels of absorption . In some capacitors where dangerous voltages and energies exist , such as in flashtubes , television sets , and defibrillators , the dielectric absorption can recharge the capacitor to hazardous voltages after it has been shorted or discharged . Any capacitor containing over 10 joules of energy is generally considered hazardous , while 50 joules or higher is potentially lethal . A capacitor may regain anywhere from 0.01 to 20 % of its original charge over a period of several minutes , allowing a seemingly safe capacitor to become surprisingly dangerous . Leakage ( edit ) Leakage is equivalent to a resistor in parallel with the capacitor . Constant exposure to heat can cause dielectric breakdown and excessive leakage , a problem often seen in older vacuum tube circuits , particularly where oiled paper and foil capacitors were used . In many vacuum tube circuits , interstage coupling capacitors are used to conduct a varying signal from the plate of one tube to the grid circuit of the next stage . A leaky capacitor can cause the grid circuit voltage to be raised from its normal bias setting , causing excessive current or signal distortion in the downstream tube . In power amplifiers this can cause the plates to glow red , or current limiting resistors to overheat , even fail . Similar considerations apply to component fabricated solid - state ( transistor ) amplifiers , but owing to lower heat production and the use of modern polyester dielectric barriers this once - common problem has become relatively rare . Electrolytic failure from disuse ( edit ) Aluminum electrolytic capacitors are conditioned when manufactured by applying a voltage sufficient to initiate the proper internal chemical state . This state is maintained by regular use of the equipment . If a system using electrolytic capacitors is unused for a long period of time it can lose its conditioning . Sometimes they fail with a short circuit when next operated . Capacitor types ( edit ) Main article : Types of capacitor Practical capacitors are available commercially in many different forms . The type of internal dielectric , the structure of the plates and the device packaging all strongly affect the characteristics of the capacitor , and its applications . Values available range from very low ( picofarad range ; while arbitrarily low values are in principle possible , stray ( parasitic ) capacitance in any circuit is the limiting factor ) to about 5 kF supercapacitors . Above approximately 1 microfarad electrolytic capacitors are usually used because of their small size and low cost compared with other types , unless their relatively poor stability , life and polarised nature make them unsuitable . Very high capacity supercapacitors use a porous carbon - based electrode material . Dielectric materials ( edit ) Capacitor materials . From left : multilayer ceramic , ceramic disc , multilayer polyester film , tubular ceramic , polystyrene , metalized polyester film , aluminum electrolytic . Major scale divisions are in centimetres . Most capacitors have a dielectric spacer , which increases their capacitance compared to air or a vacuum . In order to maximise the charge that a capacitor can hold , the dielectric material needs to have as high a permittivity as possible , while also having as high a breakdown voltage as possible . The dielectric also needs to have as low a loss with frequency as possible . However , low value capacitors are available with a vacuum between their plates to allow extremely high voltage operation and low losses . Variable capacitors with their plates open to the atmosphere were commonly used in radio tuning circuits . Later designs use polymer foil dielectric between the moving and stationary plates , with no significant air space between the plates . Several solid dielectrics are available , including paper , plastic , glass , mica and ceramic . Paper was used extensively in older capacitors and offers relatively high voltage performance . However , paper absorbs moisture , and has been largely replaced by plastic film capacitors . Most of the plastic films now used offer better stability and ageing performance than such older dielectrics such as oiled paper , which makes them useful in timer circuits , although they may be limited to relatively low operating temperatures and frequencies , because of the limitations of the plastic film being used . Large plastic film capacitors are used extensively in suppression circuits , motor start circuits , and power factor correction circuits . Ceramic capacitors are generally small , cheap and useful for high frequency applications , although their capacitance varies strongly with voltage and temperature and they age poorly . They can also suffer from the piezoelectric effect . Ceramic capacitors are broadly categorized as class 1 dielectrics , which have predictable variation of capacitance with temperature or class 2 dielectrics , which can operate at higher voltage . Modern multilayer ceramics are usually quite small , but some types have inherently wide value tolerances , microphonic issues , and are usually physically brittle . Glass and mica capacitors are extremely reliable , stable and tolerant to high temperatures and voltages , but are too expensive for most mainstream applications . Electrolytic capacitors and supercapacitors are used to store small and larger amounts of energy , respectively , ceramic capacitors are often used in resonators , and parasitic capacitance occurs in circuits wherever the simple conductor - insulator - conductor structure is formed unintentionally by the configuration of the circuit layout . Electrolytic capacitors use an aluminum or tantalum plate with an oxide dielectric layer . The second electrode is a liquid electrolyte , connected to the circuit by another foil plate . Electrolytic capacitors offer very high capacitance but suffer from poor tolerances , high instability , gradual loss of capacitance especially when subjected to heat , and high leakage current . Poor quality capacitors may leak electrolyte , which is harmful to printed circuit boards . The conductivity of the electrolyte drops at low temperatures , which increases equivalent series resistance . While widely used for power - supply conditioning , poor high - frequency characteristics make them unsuitable for many applications . Electrolytic capacitors suffer from self - degradation if unused for a period ( around a year ) , and when full power is applied may short circuit , permanently damaging the capacitor and usually blowing a fuse or causing failure of rectifier diodes . For example , in older equipment , this may cause arcing in rectifier tubes . They can be restored before use by gradually applying the operating voltage , often performed on antique vacuum tube equipment over a period of thirty minutes by using a variable transformer to supply AC power . The use of this technique may be less satisfactory for some solid state equipment , which may be damaged by operation below its normal power range , requiring that the power supply first be isolated from the consuming circuits . Such remedies may not be applicable to modern high - frequency power supplies as these produce full output voltage even with reduced input . Tantalum capacitors offer better frequency and temperature characteristics than aluminum , but higher dielectric absorption and leakage . Solid electrolyte , resin - dipped 10 μF 35 V tantalum capacitors . The + sign indicates the positive lead . Polymer capacitors ( OS - CON , OC - CON , KO , AO ) use solid conductive polymer ( or polymerized organic semiconductor ) as electrolyte and offer longer life and lower ESR at higher cost than standard electrolytic capacitors . A feedthrough capacitor is a component that , while not serving as its main use , has capacitance and is used to conduct signals through a conductive sheet . Several other types of capacitor are available for specialist applications . Supercapacitors store large amounts of energy . Supercapacitors made from carbon aerogel , carbon nanotubes , or highly porous electrode materials , offer extremely high capacitance ( up to 5 kF as of 2010 ) and can be used in some applications instead of rechargeable batteries . Alternating current capacitors are specifically designed to work on line ( mains ) voltage AC power circuits . They are commonly used in electric motor circuits and are often designed to handle large currents , so they tend to be physically large . They are usually ruggedly packaged , often in metal cases that can be easily grounded / earthed . They also are designed with direct current breakdown voltages of at least five times the maximum AC voltage . Voltage - dependent capacitors ( edit ) The dielectric constant for a number of very useful dielectrics changes as a function of the applied electrical field , for example ferroelectric materials , so the capacitance for these devices is more complex . For example , in charging such a capacitor the differential increase in voltage with charge is governed by : d Q = C ( V ) d V ( \ displaystyle \ dQ = C ( V ) \ , dV ) where the voltage dependence of capacitance , C ( V ) , suggests that the capacitance is a function of the electric field strength , which in a large area parallel plate device is given by ε = V / d . This field polarizes the dielectric , which polarization , in the case of a ferroelectric , is a nonlinear S - shaped function of the electric field , which , in the case of a large area parallel plate device , translates into a capacitance that is a nonlinear function of the voltage . Corresponding to the voltage - dependent capacitance , to charge the capacitor to voltage V an integral relation is found : Q = ∫ 0 V C ( V ) d V ( \ displaystyle Q = \ int _ ( 0 ) ^ ( V ) C ( V ) \ , dV \ ) which agrees with Q = CV only when C does not depend on voltage V . By the same token , the energy stored in the capacitor now is given by d W = Q d V = ( ∫ 0 V d V ′ C ( V ′ ) ) d V . ( \ displaystyle dW = Q \ , dV = \ left ( \ int _ ( 0 ) ^ ( V ) \ dV ' \ C ( V ' ) \ right ) \ dV \ . ) Integrating : W = ∫ 0 V d V ∫ 0 V d V ′ C ( V ′ ) = ∫ 0 V d V ′ ∫ V ′ V d V C ( V ′ ) = ∫ 0 V d V ′ ( V − V ′ ) C ( V ′ ) , ( \ displaystyle W = \ int _ ( 0 ) ^ ( V ) \ dV \ \ int _ ( 0 ) ^ ( V ) \ dV ' \ C ( V ' ) = \ int _ ( 0 ) ^ ( V ) \ dV ' \ \ int _ ( V ' ) ^ ( V ) \ dV \ C ( V ' ) = \ int _ ( 0 ) ^ ( V ) \ dV ' \ left ( V-V ' \ right ) C ( V ' ) \ , ) where interchange of the order of integration is used . The nonlinear capacitance of a microscope probe scanned along a ferroelectric surface is used to study the domain structure of ferroelectric materials . Another example of voltage dependent capacitance occurs in semiconductor devices such as semiconductor diodes , where the voltage dependence stems not from a change in dielectric constant but in a voltage dependence of the spacing between the charges on the two sides of the capacitor. Template : Sze This effect is intentionally exploited in diode - like devices known as varicaps . Frequency - dependent capacitors ( edit ) If a capacitor is driven with a time - varying voltage that changes rapidly enough , at some frequency the polarization of the dielectric can not follow the voltage . As an example of the origin of this mechanism , the internal microscopic dipoles contributing to the dielectric constant can not move instantly , and so as frequency of an applied alternating voltage increases , the dipole response is limited and the dielectric constant diminishes . A changing dielectric constant with frequency is referred to as dielectric dispersion , and is governed by dielectric relaxation processes , such as Debye relaxation . Under transient conditions , the displacement field can be expressed as ( see electric susceptibility ) : D ( t ) = ε 0 ∫ − ∞ t ε r ( t − t ′ ) E ( t ′ ) d t ′ , ( \ displaystyle ( \ boldsymbol ( D ( t ) ) ) = \ varepsilon _ ( 0 ) \ int _ ( - \ infty ) ^ ( t ) \ \ varepsilon _ ( r ) ( t-t ' ) ( \ boldsymbol ( E ) ) ( t ' ) \ dt ' , ) indicating the lag in response by the time dependence of ε , calculated in principle from an underlying microscopic analysis , for example , of the dipole behavior in the dielectric . See , for example , linear response function . The integral extends over the entire past history up to the present time . A Fourier transform in time then results in : D ( ω ) = ε 0 ε r ( ω ) E ( ω ) , ( \ displaystyle ( \ boldsymbol ( D ) ) ( \ omega ) = \ varepsilon _ ( 0 ) \ varepsilon _ ( r ) ( \ omega ) ( \ boldsymbol ( E ) ) ( \ omega ) \ , ) where ε ( ω ) is now a complex function , with an imaginary part related to absorption of energy from the field by the medium . See permittivity . The capacitance , being proportional to the dielectric constant , also exhibits this frequency behavior . Fourier transforming Gauss 's law with this form for displacement field : I ( ω ) = j ω Q ( ω ) = j ω ∮ Σ D ( r , ω ) ⋅ d Σ ( \ displaystyle I ( \ omega ) = j \ omega Q ( \ omega ) = j \ omega \ oint _ ( \ Sigma ) ( \ boldsymbol ( D ) ) ( ( \ boldsymbol ( r ) ) , \ \ omega ) \ cdot d ( \ boldsymbol ( \ Sigma ) ) \ ) = ( G ( ω ) + j ω C ( ω ) ) V ( ω ) = V ( ω ) Z ( ω ) , ( \ displaystyle = \ left ( G ( \ omega ) + j \ omega C ( \ omega ) \ right ) V ( \ omega ) = ( \ frac ( V ( \ omega ) ) ( Z ( \ omega ) ) ) \ , ) where j is the imaginary unit , V ( ω ) is the voltage component at angular frequency ω , G ( ω ) is the real part of the current , called the conductance , and C ( ω ) determines the imaginary part of the current and is the capacitance . Z ( ω ) is the complex impedance . When a parallel - plate capacitor is filled with a dielectric , the measurement of dielectric properties of the medium is based upon the relation : ε r ( ω ) = ε r ′ ( ω ) − j ε r '' ( ω ) = 1 j ω Z ( ω ) C 0 = C cmplx ( ω ) C 0 , ( \ displaystyle \ varepsilon _ ( r ) ( \ omega ) = \ varepsilon ' _ ( r ) ( \ omega ) - j \ varepsilon ' ' _ ( r ) ( \ omega ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( j \ omega Z ( \ omega ) C_ ( 0 ) ) ) = ( \ frac ( C_ ( \ text ( cmplx ) ) ( \ omega ) ) ( C_ ( 0 ) ) ) \ , ) where a single prime denotes the real part and a double prime the imaginary part , Z ( ω ) is the complex impedance with the dielectric present , C ( ω ) is the so - called complex capacitance with the dielectric present , and C is the capacitance without the dielectric . ( Measurement `` without the dielectric '' in principle means measurement in free space , an unattainable goal inasmuch as even the quantum vacuum is predicted to exhibit nonideal behavior , such as dichroism . For practical purposes , when measurement errors are taken into account , often a measurement in terrestrial vacuum , or simply a calculation of C , is sufficiently accurate . ) Using this measurement method , the dielectric constant may exhibit a resonance at certain frequencies corresponding to characteristic response frequencies ( excitation energies ) of contributors to the dielectric constant . These resonances are the basis for a number of experimental techniques for detecting defects . The conductance method measures absorption as a function of frequency . Alternatively , the time response of the capacitance can be used directly , as in deep - level transient spectroscopy . Another example of frequency dependent capacitance occurs with MOS capacitors , where the slow generation of minority carriers means that at high frequencies the capacitance measures only the majority carrier response , while at low frequencies both types of carrier respond . At optical frequencies , in semiconductors the dielectric constant exhibits structure related to the band structure of the solid . Sophisticated modulation spectroscopy measurement methods based upon modulating the crystal structure by pressure or by other stresses and observing the related changes in absorption or reflection of light have advanced our knowledge of these materials . Styles ( edit ) Capacitor packages : SMD ceramic at top left ; SMD tantalum at bottom left ; through - hole tantalum at top right ; through - hole electrolytic at bottom right . Major scale divisions are cm . The arrangement of plates and dielectric has many variations in different styles depending on the desired ratings of the capacitor . For small values of capacitance ( microfarads and less ) , ceramic disks use metallic coatings , with wire leads bonded to the coating . Larger values can be made by multiple stacks of plates and disks . Larger value capacitors usually use a metal foil or metal film layer deposited on the surface of a dielectric film to make the plates , and a dielectric film of impregnated paper or plastic -- these are rolled up to save space . To reduce the series resistance and inductance for long plates , the plates and dielectric are staggered so that connection is made at the common edge of the rolled - up plates , not at the ends of the foil or metalized film strips that comprise the plates . The assembly is encased to prevent moisture entering the dielectric -- early radio equipment used a cardboard tube sealed with wax . Modern paper or film dielectric capacitors are dipped in a hard thermoplastic . Large capacitors for high - voltage use may have the roll form compressed to fit into a rectangular metal case , with bolted terminals and bushings for connections . The dielectric in larger capacitors is often impregnated with a liquid to improve its properties . Several axial - lead electrolytic capacitors Capacitors may have their connecting leads arranged in many configurations , for example axially or radially . `` Axial '' means that the leads are on a common axis , typically the axis of the capacitor 's cylindrical body -- the leads extend from opposite ends . Radial leads are rarely aligned along radii of the body 's circle , so the term is conventional . The leads ( until bent ) are usually in planes parallel to that of the flat body of the capacitor , and extend in the same direction ; they are often parallel as manufactured . Small , cheap discoidal ceramic capacitors have existed from the 1930s onward , and remain in widespread use . After the 1980s , surface mount packages for capacitors have been widely used . These packages are extremely small and lack connecting leads , allowing them to be soldered directly onto the surface of printed circuit boards . Surface mount components avoid undesirable high - frequency effects due to the leads and simplify automated assembly , although manual handling is made difficult due to their small size . Mechanically controlled variable capacitors allow the plate spacing to be adjusted , for example by rotating or sliding a set of movable plates into alignment with a set of stationary plates . Low cost variable capacitors squeeze together alternating layers of aluminum and plastic with a screw . Electrical control of capacitance is achievable with varactors ( or varicaps ) , which are reverse - biased semiconductor diodes whose depletion region width varies with applied voltage . They are used in phase - locked loops , amongst other applications . Capacitor markings ( edit ) See also : E-series of preferred numbers Most capacitors have numbers printed on their bodies to indicate their electrical characteristics . Larger capacitors like electrolytics usually display the actual capacitance together with the unit , for example , 220 μF . Smaller capacitors like ceramics , however , use a shorthand - notation consisting of three digits and a letter , where the digits indicate the capacitance in pF , calculated as XY × 10 for digits XYZ , and the letter indicates the tolerance . Common tolerance indications are J , K , and M for ± 5 % , ± 10 % , and ± 20 % , respectively . Additionally , the capacitor may be labeled with its working voltage , temperature and other relevant characteristics . For typographical reasons , some manufacturers print MF on capacitors to indicate microfarads ( μF ) . Example A capacitor labeled or designated as 473K 330V has a capacitance of 47 × 10 pF = 47 nF ( ± 10 % ) with a maximum working voltage of 330 V . The working voltage of a capacitor is nominally the highest voltage that may be applied across it without undue risk of breaking down the dielectric layer . Letter and digit code ( edit ) The notation to state a capacitor 's value in a circuit diagram varies . The letter and digit code for capacitance values following IEC 60062 and BS 1852 avoids using a decimal separator and replaces the decimal separator with the SI prefix symbol for the particular value ( and the letter F for weight 1 ) . Example : 4n7 for 4.7 nF or 2F2 for 2.2 F . Historical ( edit ) See also : Farad § Informal and deprecated terminology In the past , alternate capacitance subunits were used in historical electronic books and old electronics catalogs ; `` mfd '' and `` mf '' for microfarad ( μF ) ; `` mmfd '' , `` mmf '' , `` μμF '' for picofarad ( pF ) ; but are rarely used any more . Applications ( edit ) Main article : Applications of capacitors This mylar - film , oil - filled capacitor has very low inductance and low resistance , to provide the high - power ( 70 megawatt ) and high speed ( 1.2 microsecond ) discharge needed to operate a dye laser . Energy storage ( edit ) A capacitor can store electric energy when disconnected from its charging circuit , so it can be used like a temporary battery , or like other types of rechargeable energy storage system . Capacitors are commonly used in electronic devices to maintain power supply while batteries are being changed . ( This prevents loss of information in volatile memory . ) A capacitor can facilitate conversion of kinetic energy of charged particles into electric energy and store it . Conventional capacitors provide less than 360 joules per kilogram of specific energy , whereas a conventional alkaline battery has a density of 590 kJ / kg . There is an intermediate solution : Supercapacitors , which can accept and deliver charge much faster than batteries , and tolerate many more charge and discharge cycles than rechargeable batteries . They are however 10 times larger than conventional batteries for a given charge . On the other hand , it has been shown that the amount of charge stored in the dielectric layer of the thin film capacitor can be equal or can even exceed the amount of charge stored on its plates . In car audio systems , large capacitors store energy for the amplifier to use on demand . Also for a flash tube a capacitor is used to hold the high voltage . Digital memory ( edit ) In the 1930s , John Atanasoff applied the principle of energy storage in capacitors to construct dynamic digital memories for the first binary computers that used electron tubes for logic . Pulsed power and weapons ( edit ) Groups of large , specially constructed , low - inductance high - voltage capacitors ( capacitor banks ) are used to supply huge pulses of current for many pulsed power applications . These include electromagnetic forming , Marx generators , pulsed lasers ( especially TEA lasers ) , pulse forming networks , radar , fusion research , and particle accelerators . Large capacitor banks ( reservoir ) are used as energy sources for the exploding - bridgewire detonators or slapper detonators in nuclear weapons and other specialty weapons . Experimental work is under way using banks of capacitors as power sources for electromagnetic armour and electromagnetic railguns and coilguns . Power conditioning ( edit ) A 10,000 microfarad capacitor in an amplifier power supply Reservoir capacitors are used in power supplies where they smooth the output of a full or half wave rectifier . They can also be used in charge pump circuits as the energy storage element in the generation of higher voltages than the input voltage . Capacitors are connected in parallel with the power circuits of most electronic devices and larger systems ( such as factories ) to shunt away and conceal current fluctuations from the primary power source to provide a `` clean '' power supply for signal or control circuits . Audio equipment , for example , uses several capacitors in this way , to shunt away power line hum before it gets into the signal circuitry . The capacitors act as a local reserve for the DC power source , and bypass AC currents from the power supply . This is used in car audio applications , when a stiffening capacitor compensates for the inductance and resistance of the leads to the lead - acid car battery . Power factor correction ( edit ) A high - voltage capacitor bank used for power factor correction on a power transmission system In electric power distribution , capacitors are used for power factor correction . Such capacitors often come as three capacitors connected as a three phase load . Usually , the values of these capacitors are given not in farads but rather as a reactive power in volt - amperes reactive ( var ) . The purpose is to counteract inductive loading from devices like electric motors and transmission lines to make the load appear to be mostly resistive . Individual motor or lamp loads may have capacitors for power factor correction , or larger sets of capacitors ( usually with automatic switching devices ) may be installed at a load center within a building or in a large utility substation . Suppression and coupling ( edit ) Signal coupling ( edit ) Main article : capacitive coupling Polyester film capacitors are frequently used as coupling capacitors . Because capacitors pass AC but block DC signals ( when charged up to the applied dc voltage ) , they are often used to separate the AC and DC components of a signal . This method is known as AC coupling or `` capacitive coupling '' . Here , a large value of capacitance , whose value need not be accurately controlled , but whose reactance is small at the signal frequency , is employed . Decoupling ( edit ) Main article : decoupling capacitor A decoupling capacitor is a capacitor used to protect one part of a circuit from the effect of another , for instance to suppress noise or transients . Noise caused by other circuit elements is shunted through the capacitor , reducing the effect they have on the rest of the circuit . It is most commonly used between the power supply and ground . An alternative name is bypass capacitor as it is used to bypass the power supply or other high impedance component of a circuit . Decoupling capacitors need not always be discrete components . Capacitors used in these applications may be built into a printed circuit board , between the various layers . These are often referred to as embedded capacitors . The layers in the board contributing to the capacitive properties also function as power and ground planes , and have a dielectric in between them , enabling them to operate as a parallel plate capacitor . High - pass and low - pass filters ( edit ) Further information : High - pass filter and Low - pass filter Noise suppression , spikes , and snubbers ( edit ) Further information : High - pass filter and Low - pass filter When an inductive circuit is opened , the current through the inductance collapses quickly , creating a large voltage across the open circuit of the switch or relay . If the inductance is large enough , the energy may generate a spark , causing the contact points to oxidize , deteriorate , or sometimes weld together , or destroying a solid - state switch . A snubber capacitor across the newly opened circuit creates a path for this impulse to bypass the contact points , thereby preserving their life ; these were commonly found in contact breaker ignition systems , for instance . Similarly , in smaller scale circuits , the spark may not be enough to damage the switch but may still radiate undesirable radio frequency interference ( RFI ) , which a filter capacitor absorbs . Snubber capacitors are usually employed with a low - value resistor in series , to dissipate energy and minimize RFI . Such resistor - capacitor combinations are available in a single package . Capacitors are also used in parallel with interrupting units of a high - voltage circuit breaker to equally distribute the voltage between these units . These are called `` grading capacitors '' . In schematic diagrams , a capacitor used primarily for DC charge storage is often drawn vertically in circuit diagrams with the lower , more negative , plate drawn as an arc . The straight plate indicates the positive terminal of the device , if it is polarized ( see electrolytic capacitor ) . Motor starters ( edit ) Main article : motor capacitor In single phase squirrel cage motors , the primary winding within the motor housing is not capable of starting a rotational motion on the rotor , but is capable of sustaining one . To start the motor , a secondary `` start '' winding has a series non-polarized starting capacitor to introduce a lead in the sinusoidal current . When the secondary ( start ) winding is placed at an angle with respect to the primary ( run ) winding , a rotating electric field is created . The force of the rotational field is not constant , but is sufficient to start the rotor spinning . When the rotor comes close to operating speed , a centrifugal switch ( or current - sensitive relay in series with the main winding ) disconnects the capacitor . The start capacitor is typically mounted to the side of the motor housing . These are called capacitor - start motors , that have relatively high starting torque . Typically they can have up - to four times as much starting torque than a split - phase motor and are used on applications such as compressors , pressure washers and any small device requiring high starting torques . Capacitor - run induction motors have a permanently connected phase - shifting capacitor in series with a second winding . The motor is much like a two - phase induction motor . Motor - starting capacitors are typically non-polarized electrolytic types , while running capacitors are conventional paper or plastic film dielectric types . Signal processing ( edit ) The energy stored in a capacitor can be used to represent information , either in binary form , as in DRAMs , or in analogue form , as in analog sampled filters and CCDs . Capacitors can be used in analog circuits as components of integrators or more complex filters and in negative feedback loop stabilization . Signal processing circuits also use capacitors to integrate a current signal . Tuned circuits ( edit ) Capacitors and inductors are applied together in tuned circuits to select information in particular frequency bands . For example , radio receivers rely on variable capacitors to tune the station frequency . Speakers use passive analog crossovers , and analog equalizers use capacitors to select different audio bands . The resonant frequency f of a tuned circuit is a function of the inductance ( L ) and capacitance ( C ) in series , and is given by : f = 1 2 π L C ( \ displaystyle f = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 \ pi ( \ sqrt ( LC ) ) ) ) ) where L is in henries and C is in farads . Sensing ( edit ) Main article : capacitive sensing Main article : Capacitive displacement sensor Most capacitors are designed to maintain a fixed physical structure . However , various factors can change the structure of the capacitor , and the resulting change in capacitance can be used to sense those factors . Changing the dielectric : The effects of varying the characteristics of the dielectric can be used for sensing purposes . Capacitors with an exposed and porous dielectric can be used to measure humidity in air . Capacitors are used to accurately measure the fuel level in airplanes ; as the fuel covers more of a pair of plates , the circuit capacitance increases . Squeezing the dielectric can change a capacitor at a few tens of bar pressure sufficiently that it can be used as a pressure sensor . A selected , but otherwise standard , polymer dielectric capacitor , when immersed in a compatible gas or liquid , can work usefully as a very low cost pressure sensor up to many hundreds of bar . Changing the distance between the plates : Capacitors with a flexible plate can be used to measure strain or pressure . Industrial pressure transmitters used for process control use pressure - sensing diaphragms , which form a capacitor plate of an oscillator circuit . Capacitors are used as the sensor in condenser microphones , where one plate is moved by air pressure , relative to the fixed position of the other plate . Some accelerometers use MEMS capacitors etched on a chip to measure the magnitude and direction of the acceleration vector . They are used to detect changes in acceleration , in tilt sensors , or to detect free fall , as sensors triggering airbag deployment , and in many other applications . Some fingerprint sensors use capacitors . Additionally , a user can adjust the pitch of a theremin musical instrument by moving their hand since this changes the effective capacitance between the user 's hand and the antenna . Changing the effective area of the plates : Capacitive touch switches are now used on many consumer electronic products . Oscillators ( edit ) Further information : Hartley oscillator Example of a simple oscillator incorporating a capacitor A capacitor can possess spring - like qualities in an oscillator circuit . In the image example , a capacitor acts to influence the biasing voltage at the npn transistor 's base . The resistance values of the voltage - divider resistors and the capacitance value of the capacitor together control the oscillatory frequency . Producing light ( edit ) Main article : light emitting capacitor A light - emitting capacitor is made from a dielectric that uses phosphorescence to produce light . If one of the conductive plates is made with a transparent material , the light is visible . Light - emitting capacitors are used in the construction of electroluminescent panels , for applications such as backlighting for laptop computers . In this case , the entire panel is a capacitor used for the purpose of generating light . Hazards and safety ( edit ) The hazards posed by a capacitor are usually determined , foremost , by the amount of energy stored , which is the cause of things like electrical burns or heart fibrillation . Factors such as voltage and chassis material are of secondary consideration , which are more related to how easily a shock can be initiated rather than how much damage can occur . Capacitors may retain a charge long after power is removed from a circuit ; this charge can cause dangerous or even potentially fatal shocks or damage connected equipment . For example , even a seemingly innocuous device such as a disposable - camera flash unit , powered by a 1.5 volt AA battery , has a capacitor which may contain over 15 joules of energy and be charged to over 300 volts . This is easily capable of delivering a shock . Service procedures for electronic devices usually include instructions to discharge large or high - voltage capacitors , for instance using a Brinkley stick . Capacitors may also have built - in discharge resistors to dissipate stored energy to a safe level within a few seconds after power is removed . High - voltage capacitors are stored with the terminals shorted , as protection from potentially dangerous voltages due to dielectric absorption or from transient voltages the capacitor may pick up from static charges or passing weather events . Some old , large oil - filled paper or plastic film capacitors contain polychlorinated biphenyls ( PCBs ) . It is known that waste PCBs can leak into groundwater under landfills . Capacitors containing PCB were labelled as containing `` Askarel '' and several other trade names . PCB - filled paper capacitors are found in very old ( pre-1975 ) fluorescent lamp ballasts , and other applications . Capacitors may catastrophically fail when subjected to voltages or currents beyond their rating , or as they reach their normal end of life . Dielectric or metal interconnection failures may create arcing that vaporizes the dielectric fluid , resulting in case bulging , rupture , or even an explosion . Capacitors used in RF or sustained high - current applications can overheat , especially in the center of the capacitor rolls . Capacitors used within high - energy capacitor banks can violently explode when a short in one capacitor causes sudden dumping of energy stored in the rest of the bank into the failing unit . High voltage vacuum capacitors can generate soft X-rays even during normal operation . Proper containment , fusing , and preventive maintenance can help to minimize these hazards . High - voltage capacitors may benefit from a pre-charge to limit in - rush currents at power - up of high voltage direct current ( HVDC ) circuits . This extends the life of the component and may mitigate high - voltage hazards . Swollen electrolytic capacitors -- the special design of the capacitor tops allows them to vent instead of bursting violently This high - energy capacitor from a defibrillator has a resistor connected between the terminals for safety , to dissipate stored energy . 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Sorrento Electronics . November 2003 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2014 - 07 - 14 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ Kaiser , Cletus J. ( 6 December 2012 ) . The Capacitor Handbook . Springer Science & Business Media . ISBN 978 - 94 - 011 - 8090 - 0 . Jump up ^ Electronics . McGraw - Hill 1960 p. 90 Jump up ^ Xenon Strobe and Flash Safety Hints . donklipstein.com . May 29 , 2006 Jump up ^ Prutchi , David ( 28 February 2012 ) . Exploring Quantum Physics through Hands - on Projects . John Wiley & Sons . p. 10 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 118 - 17070 - 0 . Jump up ^ Dixit , J.B. ; Yadav , Amit ( 2010 ) . Electrical Power Quality . Laxmi Publications , Ltd. p. 63 . ISBN 978 - 93 - 80386 - 74 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Winburn ( 13 November 1989 ) . Practical Laser Safety , Second Edition , . CRC Press . p. 189 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8247 - 8240 - 5 . Jump up ^ Guinta , Steve . `` Ask The Applications Engineer -- 21 '' . Analog Devices . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ Carlos Paz de Araujo ; Ramamoorthy Ramesh ; George W Taylor , eds. ( 2001 ) . Science and Technology of Integrated Ferroelectrics : Selected Papers from Eleven Years of the Proceedings of the International Symposium on Integrated Ferroelectrics . CRC Press . Figure 2 , p. 504 . ISBN 90 - 5699 - 704 - 1 . Jump up ^ Solomon Musikant ( 1991 ) . What Every Engineer Should Know about Ceramics . CRC Press . Figure 3.9 , p. 43 . ISBN 0 - 8247 - 8498 - 7 . Jump up ^ Yasuo Cho ( 2005 ) . Scanning Nonlinear Dielectric Microscope ( in Polar Oxides ; R Waser , U Böttger & S Tiedke , editors ed . ) . Wiley - VCH . Chapter 16 . ISBN 3 - 527 - 40532 - 1 . Jump up ^ Gabriele Giuliani ; Giovanni Vignale ( 2005 ) . Quantum Theory of the Electron Liquid . Cambridge University Press . p. 111 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 82112 - 6 . Jump up ^ Jørgen Rammer ( 2007 ) . Quantum Field Theory of Non-equilibrium States . Cambridge University Press . p. 158 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 87499 - 8 . Jump up ^ Horst Czichos ; Tetsuya Saito ; Leslie Smith ( 2006 ) . Springer Handbook of Materials Measurement Methods . Springer . p. 475 . ISBN 3 - 540 - 20785 - 6 . Jump up ^ William Coffey ; Yu . P. Kalmykov ( 2006 ) . Fractals , diffusion and relaxation in disordered complex systems ... Part A. Wiley . p. 17 . ISBN 0 - 470 - 04607 - 4 . Jump up ^ 2005 IEEE Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference ( IMTC ) : Ottawa , Ontario Canada , 16 - 19 May 2005 . IEEE. 2005 . pp. 1350 -- 1353 . doi : 10.1109 / IMTC. 2005.1604368 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7803 - 8879 - 6 . Jump up ^ Schroder 2006 , p. 347 . Jump up ^ Schroder 2006 , p. 305 . Jump up ^ Sze & Ng 2006 , p. 217 . Jump up ^ Safa O. Kasap ; Peter Capper ( 2006 ) . Springer Handbook of Electronic and Photonic Materials . Springer . Figure 20.22 , p. 425 . Jump up ^ PY Yu ; Cardona , Manuel ( 2001 ) . Fundamentals of Semiconductors ( 3rd ed . ) . Springer . § 6.6 `` Modulation Spectroscopy '' . ISBN 3 - 540 - 25470 - 6 . Jump up ^ Kaplan , Daniel M. ; White , Christopher G. ( 15 May 2003 ) . Hands - On Electronics : A Practical Introduction to Analog and Digital Circuits . Cambridge University Press . p. 19 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 89351 - 0 . Jump up ^ Fundamentals of Electronics -- Volume 1b -- Basic Electricity -- Alternating Current ; Bureau of Naval Personnel ; 1965 ; page 197 . Jump up ^ `` 1930 Catalog - Page 139 - Capacitors ( Condensers ) '' . Allied Radio . Archived from the original on 11 July 2017 . Retrieved 11 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Capacitor MF - MMFD Conversion Chart ; Just Radios . Jump up ^ Miller , Charles ( 2011 ) . Illustrated Guide to the National Electrical Code . Cengage Learning . p. 445 . Jump up ^ Shinn , Eric ; et. , al. ( 2012 ) . `` Nuclear energy conversion with stacks of graphene nanocapacitors '' . Complexity . Bibcode : 2013Cmplx ... 18c ... 24S . doi : 10.1002 / cplx. 21427 . Jump up ^ Bezryadin , A. ; Belkin , A. ; et. , al. ( 2017 ) . `` Large energy storage efficiency of the dielectric layer of graphene nanocapacitors '' . Nanotechnology. 28 . Bibcode : 2017Nanot ... 28W5401B . doi : 10.1088 / 1361 - 6528 / aa935c . Jump up ^ Floyd , Thomas L. ( 5 January 2017 ) . Electronic Devices . Pearson . p. 10 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 13 - 441444 - 7 . Jump up ^ Alam , Mohammed ; Michael H. Azarian ; Michael Osterman ; Michael Pecht ( 2010 ) . `` Effectiveness of embedded capacitors in reducing the number of surface mount capacitors for decoupling applications '' . Circuit World . 36 ( 1 ) : 22 . doi : 10.1108 / 03056121011015068 . Jump up ^ Downie , Neil A and Mathilde Pradier , ' Method and apparatus for monitoring fluid pressure `` , US Patent 7526961 ( 2009 ) Bibliography ( edit ) Dorf , Richard C. ; Svoboda , James A. ( 2001 ) . Introduction to Electric Circuits ( 5th ed . ) . New York : John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 9780471386896 . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society LXXII , Appendix 8 , 1782 ( Volta coins the word condenser ) Ulaby , Fawwaz Tayssir ( 1999 ) . Fundamentals of Applied Electromagnetics . Upper Saddle River , New Jersey : Prentice Hall . ISBN 9780130115546 . Zorpette , Glenn ( 2005 ) . `` Super Charged : A Tiny South Korean Company is Out to Make Capacitors Powerful enough to Propel the Next Generation of Hybrid - Electric Cars '' . IEEE Spectrum ( North American ed . ) . 42 ( 1 ) : 32 . doi : 10.1109 / MSPEC. 2005.1377872 . Deshpande , R.P. ( 5 November 2014 ) . Capacitors . McGraw - Hill Education . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 184856 - 5 . Schroder , Dieter K ( 2006 ) . Semiconductor Material and Device Characterization ( 3rd ed . ) . Wiley . p. 270 ff . ISBN 0 - 471 - 73906 - 5 . Sze , Simon M. ; Ng , Kwok K. ( 2006 ) . Physics of Semiconductor Devices ( 3rd ed . ) . Wiley . ISBN 0 - 470 - 06830 - 2 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Capacitors and Capacitors ( SMD ) . The Wikibook Electronics has a page on the topic of : Capacitors Look up capacitor in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . The First Condenser -- A Beer Glass -- SparkMuseum How Capacitors Work -- Howstuffworks Introduction to Capacitors -- CapSite Capacitor Tutorial Low ESR Capacitor Manufacturers ( hide ) Electronic components Semiconductor devices Avalanche diode Transistor Tetrode transistor Pentode transistor Memistor Memristor Bipolar junction transistor ( BJT ) FinFET CMOS MOSFET JFET Field - effect transistor ( FET ) Quantum circuit Constant - current diode ( CLD , CRD ) Darlington transistor DIAC Diode Heterostructure barrier varactor Insulated-gate bipolar transistor ( IGBT ) Integrated circuit ( IC ) Light - emitting diode ( LED ) Photodetector Photodiode PIN diode Schottky diode Silicon controlled rectifier ( SCR ) Thyristor TRIAC Unijunction transistor ( UJT ) Varicap Zener diode Voltage regulators Linear regulator Low - dropout regulator Switching regulator Buck Boost Buck -- boost Split - pi Ćuk SEPIC Charge pump Switched capacitor Vacuum tubes Acorn tube Audion Beam tetrode Barretter Compactron Diode Fleming valve Nonode Nuvistor Pentagrid ( Hexode , Heptode , Octode ) Pentode Photomultiplier Phototube Tetrode Triode Vacuum tubes ( RF ) Backward - wave oscillator ( BWO ) Cavity magnetron Crossed - field amplifier ( CFA ) Gyrotron Inductive output tube ( IOT ) Klystron Maser Sutton tube Traveling - wave tube ( TWT ) Cathode ray tubes Beam deflection tube Charactron Iconoscope Magic eye tube Monoscope Selectron tube Storage tube Trochotron Video camera tube Williams tube Gas - filled tubes Cold cathode Crossatron Dekatron Ignitron Krytron Mercury - arc valve Neon lamp Nixie tube Thyratron Trigatron Voltage - regulator tube Adjustable Potentiometer digital Variable capacitor Varicap Passive Connector audio and video electrical power RF Electrolytic detector Ferrite Fuse resettable Resistor Switch Thermistor Transformer Varistor Wire Wollaston wire Reactive Capacitor types Ceramic resonator Crystal oscillator Inductor Parametron Relay reed relay mercury switch LCCN : sh85019859 GND : 4128311 - 9 BNF : cb119811121 ( data ) NDL : 00573017 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Capacitor&oldid=836099995 '' Categories : Electrical components Energy storage Capacitors Science and technology in the Dutch Republic Dutch inventions 18th - century introductions Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Webarchive template wayback links Pages using deprecated image syntax All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2008 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2016 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2010 All articles containing potentially dated statements Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiversity Afrikaans Alemannisch Aragonés অসমীয়া Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Boarisch Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 贛 語 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Нохчийн Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oromoo Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی پښتو Patois Piemontèis Polski Português Română Русиньскый Русский Scots Seeltersk Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Tiếng Việt Winaray Wolof 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語 中文 99 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 April 2018 , at 17 : 43 . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacitor
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what document is the first instance of self-government in the english colonies
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Self - governing colony
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self - governing colony
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In the British Empire , a self - governing colony was a colony with an elected government in which elected rulers were able to make most decisions without referring to the colonial power with nominal control of the colony . Most self - governing colonies had responsible government .
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Self - governing colonies for the most part have no formal authority over constitutional matters such the monarchy and the constitutional relationship with Britain . The Judicial Committee of the Privy Council , in London , serves as the ultimate avenue of appeal in matters of law and justice . Colonies have sometimes been referred to as `` self - governing '' in situations where the executive has been under the control of neither the imperial government nor a local legislature elected by universal suffrage , but by a local oligarchy state . In most cases such control has been exercised by an elite class from a settler community . Contents 1 History 1.1 North America ( 1619 -- 1949 ) 1.2 Australasia ( 1852 -- 1907 ) 1.3 Southern Africa ( 1852 -- 1980 ) 1.4 Europe ( 1921 -- 1964 ) 1.5 Dominions / Commonwealth realms 1.6 Modern times ( 1981 -- present ) 2 See also 3 References History ( edit ) North America ( 1619 -- 1949 ) ( edit ) The term `` self - governing colony '' has sometimes been used in relation to the direct rule of a Crown colony by an executive governor , elected under a limited franchise , such as in Massachusetts between 1630 and 1684 . The first local legislatures raised in England 's colonies were the House of Burgesses of Virginia ( 1619 ) and the House of Assembly of Bermuda ( 1620 ) , originally part of Virginia . The Parliament of Bermuda , which now also includes a Senate , is the third - oldest in the Commonwealth of Nations , after the Tynwald and Westminster ( currently the Parliament of the United Kingdom ) . Of the three , only Bermuda 's has legislated continuously , with the Royalist camp maintaining control of the archipelago during the Commonwealth of England and the Protectorate . However , in the modern sense of the term , the first self - governing colony is generally considered to have been the Province of Canada , in 1841 ; the colony gained responsible government in 1849 . All the colonies of British North America became self - governing between 1848 and 1855 , except the Colony of Vancouver Island . Nova Scotia was the first colony to achieve responsible government in January -- February 1848 through the efforts of Joseph Howe , followed by the Province of Canada later that year . They were followed by Prince Edward Island in 1851 , New Brunswick , and Newfoundland in 1855 under Philip Francis Little . The Canadian colonies were federated as a Dominion in 1867 , except for Newfoundland , which remained a separate self - governing colony , was a separate Dominion in 1907 - 1934 , reverted to being a crown colony in 1934 , and joined Canada in 1949 . However , the term `` self - governing colony '' is not widely used by Canadian constitutional experts . Australasia ( 1852 -- 1907 ) ( edit ) In Australasia , the term self - governing colony is widely used by historians and constitutional lawyers in relation to the political arrangements in the seven British settler colonies of Australasia -- New South Wales , New Zealand , Queensland , South Australia , Tasmania , Victoria and Western Australia -- between 1852 and 1901 , when the six Australian colonies agreed to Federation and became a Dominion . New Zealand remained a separate colony until 1907 , when it too became a Dominion . Southern Africa ( 1852 -- 1980 ) ( edit ) In southern Africa , the Cape Colony was granted representative government in 1852 , followed by responsible government in 1872 . Natal became self - governing in 1893 , Transvaal in 1906 and Orange Free State in 1908 . These four colonies were united as a unitary Dominion , the Union of South Africa , in 1910 ) . Southern Rhodesia ( later Zimbabwe ) , became a self - governing colony in 1923 . Europe ( 1921 -- 1964 ) ( edit ) Malta was also a self - governing colony between 1921 and 1933 , 1947 and 1958 , and 1962 until independence two years later . Dominions / Commonwealth realms ( edit ) The best - known examples of self - governing colonies are the Dominions , during the mid-to - late - 19th century and early 20th century . In the Dominions , prior to the Statute of Westminster in 1931 , a Governor General , officially the monarch 's representative , was a de facto arm of the British government . After the passing of the Statute of Westminster , the Dominions ceased to be considered colonies , although many colonies which did not have Dominion status were self - governing . However , after that time , the Dominions were largely free to act in matters of defence and foreign affairs , if they so chose and `` Dominion '' gradually acquired a new meaning : a state which was independent of Britain , but which shared the British monarch as the official head of state . The term Dominion has since largely fallen out of use and been replaced with the term Realm . Modern times ( 1981 -- present ) ( edit ) In 1981 , under the British Nationality Act 1981 and reflecting the change in status toward devolved self - government ( and depriving colonials of the rights of abode and work in the United Kingdom ) , self - governing and Crown colonies were renamed `` British Dependent Territories '' . This terminology caused offence to both loyalists and nationalists in the territories and was changed in 2002 , by the means of the British Overseas Territories Act 2002 , to British Overseas Territories . See also ( edit ) Autonomy Crown colony Territorial autonomy References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Brownlie , Ian ; Burns , Ian R. ( 1979 ) . African Boundaries : A Legal and Diplomatic Encyclopaedia. C. Hurst & Co . Publishers . p. 1306 . ISBN 9780903983877 . Retrieved 28 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` British Nationality Act 1981 '' . The UK Statute Law Database . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` British Overseas Territories Act 2002 '' . Office of Public Sector Information . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 15 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Self-governing_colony&oldid=832466614 '' Categories : Self - governance Dependent territories Governance of the British Empire States by power status Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from January 2010 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Edit links This page was last edited on 26 March 2018 , at 05 : 20 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-governing%20colony
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how far do honey bees travel from their hive
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As a rule of thumb the foraging area around a beehive extends for two miles ( 3 km ) , although bees have been observed foraging twice and three times this distance from the hive . Experiments have shown that beehives within 4 miles of a food source will gain weight , but beyond that the energy expended is greater than that gained during the foraging flight . Foraging at extreme distances wears out the wings of individual bees , reduces the life expectancy of foraging bees and therefore the efficiency of the colony . The minimum temperature for active honeybee foraging is approximately 55 ° F ( 13 ° C ) . Full foraging activity is not achieved until the temperature rises to 66 ° F ( 19 ° C ) . There are small differences in the races of the Western honey bees at what temperature they will start foraging .
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4 miles
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Forage ( honey bee )
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forage ( honey bee )
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For bees , their forage or food supply consists of nectar and pollen from blooming plants within flight range . The forage sources for honey bees are an important consideration for beekeepers . In order to determine where to locate hives for maximum honey production and brood one must consider the off - season . If there are no honey flows the bees may have to be fed . Bees that are used for pollination are usually fed in the holding yards . Forage is also significant for pollination management with other bee species . Nectar contains sugars that are the primary source of energy for the bees ' wing muscles and for heat for honey bee colonies for winter . Pollen provides the protein and trace minerals that are mostly fed to the brood in order to replace bees lost in the normal course of life cycle and colony activity .
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As a rule of thumb the foraging area around a beehive extends for two miles ( 3 km ) , although bees have been observed foraging twice and three times this distance from the hive . Experiments have shown that beehives within 4 miles of a food source will gain weight , but beyond that the energy expended is greater than that gained during the foraging flight . Foraging at extreme distances wears out the wings of individual bees , reduces the life expectancy of foraging bees and therefore the efficiency of the colony . The minimum temperature for active honeybee foraging is approximately 55 ° F ( 13 ° C ) . Full foraging activity is not achieved until the temperature rises to 66 ° F ( 19 ° C ) . There are small differences in the races of the Western honey bees at what temperature they will start foraging . The main nectar source and main pollen source differ widely with the latitude , region , season and type of vegetation . Bees are able to communicate direction and distance of a food source by means of the round dance , waggle dance and shaking signals . In addition to nectar and pollen , honey bees may forage for a honeydew source in certain coniferous trees and on oaks . One Queen bee is essential to every hive as the only individual who can lay fertilized eggs necessary to rear workers and new queens and therefore continuation of the species . See also ( edit ) Northern Nectar Sources for Honey Bees Nectar source Pollen source Honeydew source List of honey plants Melliferous flower Regional honeys June Gap References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Eckert , JE , The flight range of the honeybee , J. of Agricultural Research , v. 47 , no . 8 , p 257 - 285 ( 1933 ) This bee - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Forage_(honey_bee)&oldid=717383760 '' Categories : Western honey bee behavior Flowers Plants and pollinators Pollination Sustainable gardening Bee stubs Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from May 2013 All articles needing additional references All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 27 April 2016 , at 10 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forage%20%28honey%20bee%29
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when was the last time the east all stars won
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Year Result Host arena Host city Game MVP 1951 East 111 , West 94 Boston Garden Boston , Massachusetts Ed Macauley , Boston Celtics 1952 East 108 , West 91 Boston Garden ( 2 ) Boston , Massachusetts ( 2 ) Paul Arizin , Philadelphia Warriors 1953 West 79 , East 75 Allen County War Memorial Coliseum Fort Wayne , Indiana George Mikan , Minneapolis Lakers 1954 East 98 , West 93 ( OT ) Madison Square Garden ( 1925 ) * * New York City , New York Bob Cousy , Boston Celtics 1955 East 100 , West 91 Madison Square Garden ( 1925 ) * * ( 2 ) New York City , New York ( 2 ) Bill Sharman , Boston Celtics 1956 West 108 , East 94 Rochester War Memorial Coliseum Rochester , New York Bob Pettit , St. Louis Hawks 1957 East 109 , West 97 Boston Garden ( 3 ) Boston , Massachusetts ( 3 ) Bob Cousy ( 2 ) , Boston Celtics 1958 East 130 , West 118 St. Louis Arena St. Louis , Missouri Bob Pettit ( 2 ) , St. Louis Hawks 1959 West 124 , East 108 Olympia Stadium Detroit , Michigan Elgin Baylor , Minneapolis Lakers Bob Pettit ( 3 ) , St. Louis Hawks 1960 East 125 , West 115 Convention Hall Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors 1961 West 153 , East 131 Onondaga County War Memorial Coliseum Syracuse , New York Oscar Robertson , Cincinnati Royals 1962 West 150 , East 130 St. Louis Arena ( 2 ) St. Louis , Missouri ( 2 ) Bob Pettit ( 4 ) , St. Louis Hawks 1963 East 115 , West 108 LA Sports Arena Los Angeles , California Bill Russell , Boston Celtics 1964 East 111 , West 107 Boston Garden ( 4 ) Boston , Massachusetts ( 4 ) Oscar Robertson ( 2 ) , Cincinnati Royals 1965 East 124 , West 123 St. Louis Arena ( 3 ) St. Louis , Missouri ( 3 ) Jerry Lucas , Cincinnati Royals 1966 East 137 , West 94 Cincinnati Gardens Cincinnati , Ohio Adrian Smith , Cincinnati Royals 1967 West 135 , East 120 Cow Palace Daly City , California Rick Barry , San Francisco Warriors 1968 East 144 , West 124 Madison Square Garden ( 1925 ) * * ( 3 ) New York City , New York ( 3 ) Hal Greer , Philadelphia 76ers 1969 East 123 , West 112 Baltimore Civic Center Baltimore , Maryland Oscar Robertson ( 3 ) , Cincinnati Royals 1970 East 142 , West 135 The Spectrum Philadelphia , Pennsylvania ( 2 ) Willis Reed , New York Knicks 1971 West 108 , East 107 San Diego Sports Arena San Diego , California Lenny Wilkens , Seattle SuperSonics 1972 West 112 , East 110 The Forum Inglewood , California Jerry West , Los Angeles Lakers 1973 East 104 , West 84 Chicago Stadium Chicago , Illinois Dave Cowens , Boston Celtics West 134 , East 123 Seattle Center Coliseum Seattle , Washington Bob Lanier , Detroit Pistons East 108 , West 102 Arizona Veterans Memorial Coliseum Phoenix , Arizona Walt Frazier , New York Knicks 1976 East 123 , West 109 The Spectrum ( 2 ) Philadelphia , Pennsylvania ( 3 ) Dave Bing , Washington Bullets 1977 West 125 , East 124 Milwaukee Arena Milwaukee , Wisconsin Julius Erving , Philadelphia 76ers 1978 East 133 , West 125 Omni Coliseum Atlanta , Georgia Randy Smith , Buffalo Braves 1979 West 134 , East 129 Pontiac Silverdome Pontiac , Michigan † David Thompson , Denver Nuggets 1980 East 144 , West 136 ( OT ) Capital Centre Landover , Maryland George Gervin , San Antonio Spurs 1981 East 123 , West 120 Coliseum at Richfield Richfield , Ohio Nate Archibald , Boston Celtics 1982 East 120 , West 118 Brendan Byrne Arena East Rutherford , New Jersey Larry Bird , Boston Celtics East 132 , West 123 The Forum ( 2 ) Inglewood , California ( 2 ) Julius Erving ( 2 ) , Philadelphia 76ers 1984 East 154 , West 145 ( OT ) McNichols Sports Arena Denver , Colorado Isiah Thomas , Detroit Pistons 1985 West 140 , East 129 Hoosier Dome Indianapolis , Indiana † Ralph Sampson , Houston Rockets 1986 East 139 , West 132 Reunion Arena Dallas , Texas Isiah Thomas ( 2 ) , Detroit Pistons West 154 , East 149 ( OT ) Kingdome Seattle , Washington † ( 2 ) Tom Chambers , Seattle SuperSonics 1988 East 138 , West 133 Chicago Stadium ( 2 ) Chicago , Illinois ( 2 ) Michael Jordan , Chicago Bulls 1989 West 143 , East 134 Astrodome Houston , Texas † Karl Malone , Utah Jazz 1990 East 130 , West 113 Miami Arena Miami , Florida Magic Johnson , Los Angeles Lakers 1991 East 116 , West 114 Charlotte Coliseum Charlotte , North Carolina Charles Barkley , Philadelphia 76ers 1992 West 153 , East 113 Orlando Arena Orlando , Florida Magic Johnson ( 2 ) , Los Angeles Lakers 1993 West 135 , East 132 ( OT ) Delta Center Salt Lake City , Utah Karl Malone ( 2 ) , Utah Jazz John Stockton , Utah Jazz 1994 East 127 , West 118 Target Center Minneapolis , Minnesota Scottie Pippen , Chicago Bulls 1995 West 139 , East 112 America West Arena § Phoenix , Arizona ( 2 ) Mitch Richmond , Sacramento Kings East 129 , West 118 Alamodome San Antonio , Texas Michael Jordan ( 2 ) , Chicago Bulls 1997 East 132 , West 120 Gund Arena Cleveland , Ohio Glen Rice , Charlotte Hornets 1998 East 135 , West 114 Madison Square Garden * * * New York City , New York ( 4 ) Michael Jordan ( 3 ) , Chicago Bulls 1999 Canceled due to the league 's lockout . The game was originally set to play at the First Union Center in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . 2000 West 137 , East 126 The Arena in Oakland Oakland , California Tim Duncan , San Antonio Spurs Shaquille O'Neal , Los Angeles Lakers 2001 East 111 , West 110 MCI Center Washington , D.C. Allen Iverson , Philadelphia 76ers 2002 West 135 , East 120 First Union Center Philadelphia , Pennsylvania ( 4 ) Kobe Bryant , Los Angeles Lakers 2003 West 155 , East 145 ( 2 OT ) Philips Arena Atlanta , Georgia ( 2 ) Kevin Garnett , Minnesota Timberwolves West 136 , East 132 Staples Center Los Angeles , California ( 2 ) Shaquille O'Neal ( 2 ) , Los Angeles Lakers 2005 East 125 , West 115 Pepsi Center Denver , Colorado ( 2 ) Allen Iverson ( 2 ) , Philadelphia 76ers 2006 East 122 , West 120 Toyota Center Houston , Texas ( 2 ) LeBron James , Cleveland Cavaliers 2007 West 153 , East 132 Thomas & Mack Center Las Vegas , Nevada * Kobe Bryant ( 2 ) , Los Angeles Lakers 2008 East 134 , West 128 New Orleans Arena § New Orleans , Louisiana LeBron James ( 2 ) , Cleveland Cavaliers 2009 West 146 , East 119 US Airways Center ( 2 ) Phoenix , Arizona ( 3 ) Kobe Bryant ( 3 ) , Los Angeles Lakers Shaquille O'Neal ( 3 ) , Phoenix Suns East 141 , West 139 Cowboys Stadium Arlington , Texas # † Dwyane Wade , Miami Heat 2011 West 148 , East 143 Staples Center ( 2 ) Los Angeles , California ( 3 ) Kobe Bryant ( 4 ) , Los Angeles Lakers 2012 West 152 , East 149 Amway Center Orlando , Florida ( 2 ) Kevin Durant , Oklahoma City Thunder 2013 West 143 , East 138 Toyota Center ( 2 ) Houston , Texas ( 3 ) Chris Paul , Los Angeles Clippers 2014 East 163 , West 155 Smoothie King Center ( 2 ) New Orleans , Louisiana ( 2 ) Kyrie Irving , Cleveland Cavaliers 2015 West 163 , East 158 Madison Square Garden ( 2 ) * * * / Barclays Center New York City , New York ( 5 ) Russell Westbrook , Oklahoma City Thunder 2016 West 196 , East 173 Air Canada Centre Toronto , Ontario Russell Westbrook ( 2 ) , Oklahoma City Thunder 2017 West 192 , East 182 Smoothie King Center ( 3 ) New Orleans , Louisiana ( 3 ) Anthony Davis , New Orleans Pelicans 2018 TBA vs. TBA Staples Center ( 3 ) Los Angeles , California ( 4 ) 2019 TBA vs. TBA Spectrum Center Charlotte , North Carolina ( 2 )
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2014
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National Basketball Association All - Star game
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national basketball association all - star game
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The National Basketball Association All - Star Game is a basketball exhibition game hosted every February by the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) , matching a mix of the league 's star players from the Eastern Conference and the Western Conference . Each team consists of 12 players , making it 24 in total . It is the featured event of NBA All - Star Weekend . NBA All - Star Weekend is a three - day event which goes from Friday to Sunday . The All - Star game was first staged at the Boston Garden on March 2 , 1951 .
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The starting lineup for each squad is selected by a combination of fan , player , and media voting , while the reserves are chosen by a vote among the head coaches from each squad 's respective conference . Coaches are not allowed to vote for their own players . If a selected player is injured and can not participate , the NBA commissioner selects a replacement . The vote leaders for each conferences are assigned as captains and can choose from a pool of players named as all - stars to form their teams . The newly formed teams will also play for a charity of choice to help the games remain competitive . The head coach of the team with the best record in each conference is chosen to lead their respective conference in the All - Star Game , with a prohibition against repeat appearances . Known as the `` Riley Rule '' , it was created after perennially successful Los Angeles Lakers head coach Pat Riley earned the right to coach the Western Conference team eight times in nine seasons between 1982 and 1990 . The coach of the team with the next best record serves instead . The 2017 All - Star weekend was originally awarded to Charlotte , North Carolina . On March 23 , 2016 , North Carolina passed House Bill 2 as a remedy to Charlotte Ordinance 7056 . This led to the NBA threatening to pull the game from Charlotte if the bill was not repealed or revised so as to not discriminate against the LGBT community . The NBA announced on July 21 , 2016 that the game would be moved from Charlotte to New Orleans . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Features of the All - Star Game 3 All - Star Game records 4 All - Star Game results 5 Other All - Star events 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) The idea of holding an All - Star Game was conceived during a meeting between NBA President Maurice Podoloff , NBA publicity director Haskell Cohen and Boston Celtics owner Walter A. Brown . At that time , the basketball world had just been stunned by the college basketball point - shaving scandal . In order to regain public attention to the league , Cohen suggested the league to host an exhibition game featuring the league 's best players , similar to Major League Baseball 's All - Star Game . Although most people , including Podoloff , were pessimistic about the idea , Brown remained confident that it would be a success , and he even offered to host the game and to cover all the expenses or potential losses incurred from the game . In the first All - Star Game , the Eastern All - Stars team defeated the Western All - Stars team 111 -- 94 . Boston Celtics ' Ed Macauley was named as the first NBA All - Star Game Most Valuable Player , and the All - Star Game became a success , drawing an attendance of 10,094 , much higher than that season 's average attendance of 3,500 . In 2010 , the NBA All Star Game attendance record was set when 108,713 fans jammed Cowboys Stadium in Arlington , Texas . This shattered the existing attendance record previously held at Ford Field on Dec. 13 , 2003 when 78,129 attendees watched Michigan State play Duke . On October 3 , 2017 , the NBA and NBPA announced the changes to the NBA All - Star Game format starting with the 2018 NBA All - Star Game . The vote leaders for each conferences will be assigned as team captains and will be able to select players from the rest of the starters and the reserves , regardless of the conference they play in , to form their own teams . This marks the first time , the conferences will not play against each other since the inaugural All - Star game . Features of the All - Star game ( edit ) The starting five from each conference consists of three frontcourt players and two guards , selected by a combination of fan , player , and media voting . In 2017 , the NBA moved from a pure fan vote to a weighted process wherein fan voting accounts for 50 % of the total and player and media voting account for 25 % each . The league made the change in response to social media campaigns that resulted in mediocre players such as journeyman Zaza Pachulia nearly being voted as All - Star starters over more deserving players. , Prior to 2013 , fans selected two forwards and one center instead of generic frontcourt players . The NBA in 2003 began offering All - Star ballots in three languages -- English , Spanish and Chinese -- for fan voting of the starters . NBA coaches vote for the reserves for their respective conferences , none of which can be players on their own team . Each coach selects two guards , three frontcourt players and two wild cards , with each selected player ranked in order of preference within each category . If a multi-position player is to be selected , coaches are encouraged to vote for the player at the position that is `` most advantageous for the All - Star team '' , regardless of where the player is listed on the All - Star ballot or the position he is listed in box scores . If a player is unavailable for the game due to injury , the NBA commissioner selects a replacement for the roster . If the replacement is for a fan - selected starter , the all - star coach chooses the replacement in the starting lineup , and is not limited to the commissioner 's addition to the roster . It is also possible for more than one All - Star to be selected from one team , but there has never been more than 4 All - Stars represent a team in the game . Most recently was the 2017 Golden State Warriors who had 4 players represent that team ( Stephen Curry , Kevin Durant , Draymond Green , and Klay Thompson . ) This has only occurred 8 times dating back to 1962 Boston Celtics and the 1962 Los Angeles Lakers . The Game is played under normal NBA rules , but there are notable differences from an average game . Since the starting All - Stars are selected by fan vote , players sometimes start the game at atypical positions . For instance , in 2007 Kobe Bryant and Tracy McGrady had the two highest fan vote totals among Western Conference guards . As both players normally play shooting guard , Bryant , who is 6'6 '' ( 198 cm ) , started the game as a point guard , despite him also manning the shooting guard position on his team . The player introductions are usually accompanied by a significant amount of fanfare , including lighting effects , dance music , and pyrotechnics . Special uniforms are designed for the game each year , usually red for the Western Conference and blue for the Eastern Conference , but the 1997 -- 2002 games allowed players the opportunity to wear their respective team uniforms , and until 2009 and from 2015 to the present , the host conference wore light uniforms . Originally players from the same team who share a number have the option to either keep or change numbers ( e.g. Patrick Ewing trading his familiar # 33 for # 3 because of Larry Bird wearing the same number ) , but since 1997 players from the same team can keep their customary uniform numbers even if they share them . A major recording artist typically sings `` O Canada '' and `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' prior to tipoff . One of the more memorable performances was given by Marvin Gaye during the 1983 game ; Gaye was accompanied by Gordon Banks , who played a tape from an all night session that used numerous elements of soul music and funk , and Banks still has that historic tape of the music to which Gaye sang his soulful version . Gameplay usually involves players attempting spectacular slam dunks and alley oops . Defensive effort is usually limited and the final score of the game is generally much higher than an average NBA game . The coaches also try to give most of the reserve players some time on the court instead of using a limited rotation as they would in a normal game , but giving the starters more minutes because that 's who the fans want to see most . The fourth quarter of the game is often played in a more competitive fashion , if the game is close . Halftime is also longer than a typical NBA game due to musical performances by popular artists . Recent guests have included Michael Jackson , Snoop Dogg , Ariana Grande , Elton John , Beyoncé , Mariah Carey , OutKast , Alicia Keys , Shakira , Rihanna , Nicki Minaj , Kendrick Lamar , Christina Aguilera , and John Legend . All - Star Game records ( edit ) Main article : NBA All - Star Game records All - Star game results ( edit ) This is a list of each All - Star Game , the venue at which it was played , and the Game MVP . Parenthesized numbers indicate multiple times that venue , city , or player has occurred as of that instance ( e.g. `` Michael Jordan ( 2 ) '' in 1996 indicates that was his second All - Star MVP award ) . As of the 2017 All - Star Game ( the 2016 -- 17 NBA season ) , the Eastern Conference leads with a record of 37 wins and 29 losses . The Western Conference has won the last 3 games . Eastern Conference ( 37 wins ) Western Conference ( 29 wins ) Note : Stadium names are named based on the name at the day of the All - Star Game . Year Result Host arena Host city Game MVP 1951 East 111 , West 94 Boston Garden Boston , Massachusetts Ed Macauley , Boston Celtics 1952 East 108 , West 91 Boston Garden ( 2 ) Boston , Massachusetts ( 2 ) Paul Arizin , Philadelphia Warriors 1953 West 79 , East 75 Allen County War Memorial Coliseum Fort Wayne , Indiana George Mikan , Minneapolis Lakers 1954 East 98 , West 93 ( OT ) Madison Square Garden ( 1925 ) * * New York City , New York Bob Cousy , Boston Celtics 1955 East 100 , West 91 Madison Square Garden ( 1925 ) * * ( 2 ) New York City , New York ( 2 ) Bill Sharman , Boston Celtics 1956 West 108 , East 94 Rochester War Memorial Coliseum Rochester , New York Bob Pettit , St. Louis Hawks 1957 East 109 , West 97 Boston Garden ( 3 ) Boston , Massachusetts ( 3 ) Bob Cousy ( 2 ) , Boston Celtics 1958 East 130 , West 118 St. Louis Arena St. Louis , Missouri Bob Pettit ( 2 ) , St. Louis Hawks 1959 West 124 , East 108 Olympia Stadium Detroit , Michigan Elgin Baylor , Minneapolis Lakers Bob Pettit ( 3 ) , St. Louis Hawks 1960 East 125 , West 115 Convention Hall Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Wilt Chamberlain , Philadelphia Warriors 1961 West 153 , East 131 Onondaga County War Memorial Coliseum Syracuse , New York Oscar Robertson , Cincinnati Royals 1962 West 150 , East 130 St. Louis Arena ( 2 ) St. Louis , Missouri ( 2 ) Bob Pettit ( 4 ) , St. Louis Hawks 1963 East 115 , West 108 LA Sports Arena Los Angeles , California Bill Russell , Boston Celtics 1964 East 111 , West 107 Boston Garden ( 4 ) Boston , Massachusetts ( 4 ) Oscar Robertson ( 2 ) , Cincinnati Royals 1965 East 124 , West 123 St. Louis Arena ( 3 ) St. Louis , Missouri ( 3 ) Jerry Lucas , Cincinnati Royals 1966 East 137 , West 94 Cincinnati Gardens Cincinnati , Ohio Adrian Smith , Cincinnati Royals 1967 West 135 , East 120 Cow Palace Daly City , California Rick Barry , San Francisco Warriors 1968 East 144 , West 124 Madison Square Garden ( 1925 ) * * ( 3 ) New York City , New York ( 3 ) Hal Greer , Philadelphia 76ers 1969 East 123 , West 112 Baltimore Civic Center Baltimore , Maryland Oscar Robertson ( 3 ) , Cincinnati Royals 1970 East 142 , West 135 The Spectrum Philadelphia , Pennsylvania ( 2 ) Willis Reed , New York Knicks 1971 West 108 , East 107 San Diego Sports Arena San Diego , California Lenny Wilkens , Seattle SuperSonics 1972 West 112 , East 110 The Forum Inglewood , California Jerry West , Los Angeles Lakers 1973 East 104 , West 84 Chicago Stadium Chicago , Illinois Dave Cowens , Boston Celtics West 134 , East 123 Seattle Center Coliseum Seattle , Washington Bob Lanier , Detroit Pistons East 108 , West 102 Arizona Veterans Memorial Coliseum Phoenix , Arizona Walt Frazier , New York Knicks 1976 East 123 , West 109 The Spectrum ( 2 ) Philadelphia , Pennsylvania ( 3 ) Dave Bing , Washington Bullets 1977 West 125 , East 124 Milwaukee Arena Milwaukee , Wisconsin Julius Erving , Philadelphia 76ers 1978 East 133 , West 125 Omni Coliseum Atlanta , Georgia Randy Smith , Buffalo Braves 1979 West 134 , East 129 Pontiac Silverdome Pontiac , Michigan † David Thompson , Denver Nuggets 1980 East 144 , West 136 ( OT ) Capital Centre Landover , Maryland George Gervin , San Antonio Spurs 1981 East 123 , West 120 Coliseum at Richfield Richfield , Ohio Nate Archibald , Boston Celtics 1982 East 120 , West 118 Brendan Byrne Arena East Rutherford , New Jersey Larry Bird , Boston Celtics East 132 , West 123 The Forum ( 2 ) Inglewood , California ( 2 ) Julius Erving ( 2 ) , Philadelphia 76ers 1984 East 154 , West 145 ( OT ) McNichols Sports Arena Denver , Colorado Isiah Thomas , Detroit Pistons 1985 West 140 , East 129 Hoosier Dome Indianapolis , Indiana † Ralph Sampson , Houston Rockets 1986 East 139 , West 132 Reunion Arena Dallas , Texas Isiah Thomas ( 2 ) , Detroit Pistons West 154 , East 149 ( OT ) Kingdome Seattle , Washington † ( 2 ) Tom Chambers , Seattle SuperSonics 1988 East 138 , West 133 Chicago Stadium ( 2 ) Chicago , Illinois ( 2 ) Michael Jordan , Chicago Bulls 1989 West 143 , East 134 Astrodome Houston , Texas † Karl Malone , Utah Jazz 1990 East 130 , West 113 Miami Arena Miami , Florida Magic Johnson , Los Angeles Lakers 1991 East 116 , West 114 Charlotte Coliseum Charlotte , North Carolina Charles Barkley , Philadelphia 76ers 1992 West 153 , East 113 Orlando Arena Orlando , Florida Magic Johnson ( 2 ) , Los Angeles Lakers 1993 West 135 , East 132 ( OT ) Delta Center Salt Lake City , Utah Karl Malone ( 2 ) , Utah Jazz John Stockton , Utah Jazz 1994 East 127 , West 118 Target Center Minneapolis , Minnesota Scottie Pippen , Chicago Bulls 1995 West 139 , East 112 America West Arena § Phoenix , Arizona ( 2 ) Mitch Richmond , Sacramento Kings East 129 , West 118 Alamodome San Antonio , Texas Michael Jordan ( 2 ) , Chicago Bulls 1997 East 132 , West 120 Gund Arena Cleveland , Ohio Glen Rice , Charlotte Hornets 1998 East 135 , West 114 Madison Square Garden * * * New York City , New York ( 4 ) Michael Jordan ( 3 ) , Chicago Bulls 1999 Canceled due to the league 's lockout . The game was originally set to play at the First Union Center in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . 2000 West 137 , East 126 The Arena in Oakland Oakland , California Tim Duncan , San Antonio Spurs Shaquille O'Neal , Los Angeles Lakers 2001 East 111 , West 110 MCI Center Washington , D.C. Allen Iverson , Philadelphia 76ers 2002 West 135 , East 120 First Union Center Philadelphia , Pennsylvania ( 4 ) Kobe Bryant , Los Angeles Lakers 2003 West 155 , East 145 ( 2 OT ) Philips Arena Atlanta , Georgia ( 2 ) Kevin Garnett , Minnesota Timberwolves West 136 , East 132 Staples Center Los Angeles , California ( 2 ) Shaquille O'Neal ( 2 ) , Los Angeles Lakers 2005 East 125 , West 115 Pepsi Center Denver , Colorado ( 2 ) Allen Iverson ( 2 ) , Philadelphia 76ers 2006 East 122 , West 120 Toyota Center Houston , Texas ( 2 ) LeBron James , Cleveland Cavaliers 2007 West 153 , East 132 Thomas & Mack Center Las Vegas , Nevada * Kobe Bryant ( 2 ) , Los Angeles Lakers 2008 East 134 , West 128 New Orleans Arena § New Orleans , Louisiana LeBron James ( 2 ) , Cleveland Cavaliers 2009 West 146 , East 119 US Airways Center ( 2 ) Phoenix , Arizona ( 3 ) Kobe Bryant ( 3 ) , Los Angeles Lakers Shaquille O'Neal ( 3 ) , Phoenix Suns East 141 , West 139 Cowboys Stadium Arlington , Texas # † Dwyane Wade , Miami Heat 2011 West 148 , East 143 Staples Center ( 2 ) Los Angeles , California ( 3 ) Kobe Bryant ( 4 ) , Los Angeles Lakers 2012 West 152 , East 149 Amway Center Orlando , Florida ( 2 ) Kevin Durant , Oklahoma City Thunder 2013 West 143 , East 138 Toyota Center ( 2 ) Houston , Texas ( 3 ) Chris Paul , Los Angeles Clippers 2014 East 163 , West 155 Smoothie King Center ( 2 ) New Orleans , Louisiana ( 2 ) Kyrie Irving , Cleveland Cavaliers 2015 West 163 , East 158 Madison Square Garden ( 2 ) * * * / Barclays Center New York City , New York ( 5 ) Russell Westbrook , Oklahoma City Thunder 2016 West 196 , East 173 Air Canada Centre Toronto , Ontario Russell Westbrook ( 2 ) , Oklahoma City Thunder 2017 West 192 , East 182 Smoothie King Center ( 3 ) New Orleans , Louisiana ( 3 ) Anthony Davis , New Orleans Pelicans 2018 TBA vs. TBA Staples Center ( 3 ) Los Angeles , California ( 4 ) 2019 TBA vs. TBA Spectrum Center Charlotte , North Carolina ( 2 ) Notes * denotes a city without an NBA team in play during that calendar year . * * denotes game played at the `` third '' Madison Square Garden on 8th Avenue between 49th and 50th Streets , which the first three NBA All - Star Games played in Madison Square Garden ( 1954 , ' 55 and ' 68 ) were . * * * denotes game played at the `` fourth '' ( or current as of 2017 ) Madison Square Garden that runs from 31st to 33rd Streets from 8th to west of 7th Avenues above the western half of Penn Station in Manhattan that opened in February 1968 , approximately one month after the 1968 game was played in the `` old '' MSG . † denotes an NBA All - Star game that is held at an NFL or MLB stadium . § denotes a stadium or arena whose venue name has since changed AND the venue has hosted a subsequent NBA All - Star game under the alternate name . Portland , Sacramento , Memphis , and Oklahoma City are the only current NBA cities that have not yet hosted an NBA All - Star Game . New arenas that have not hosted the All - Star Game in markets that have hosted it previously are BMO Harris Bradley Center in Milwaukee , United Center in Chicago , TD Garden in Boston , American Airlines Arena in Miami , Bankers Life Fieldhouse in Indianapolis , American Airlines Center in Dallas , Spectrum Center in Charlotte , AT&T Center in San Antonio , and Little Caesars Arena ( opening for 2017 -- 18 ) in Detroit . # Arlington , Texas does not have an NBA team within its city limits , but it is a part of the Dallas -- Fort Worth metroplex that has an NBA team ( the Dallas Mavericks ) . Other All - Star events ( edit ) Main article : NBA All - Star Weekend The All - Star Game is the featured event of All - Star Weekend , and it is held on a Sunday night . All - Star Weekend also includes a number of popular exhibition games and competitions featuring NBA players and alumni as well as players from the Women 's National Basketball Association ( WNBA ) and NBA G League ( G League ) . See also ( edit ) National Basketball Association portal List of NBA All - Stars WNBA All - Star Game Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Although Brooklyn has not hosted an All - Star Game , New York City has hosted at the third and current Madison Square Gardens , both home to the New York Knicks . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` How NBA 's new voting format determined All - Star starters , snubs '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : `` Anthony snubbed when All - Star reserves announced '' . espn.com . Associated Press . February 1 , 2007 . Retrieved February 2 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` No more East vs. West as NBA revamps All - Star Game format '' . NBA.com . October 3 , 2017 . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldstein , Richard ( July 3 , 2000 ) . `` Haskell Cohen , 86 , Publicist ; Created N.B.A. All - Star Game '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Forrester , Paul ( February 16 , 2007 ) . `` That 's entertainment ; Counting down the top 15 All - Star Weekend moments '' . Sports Illustrated . Time Warner Company . Retrieved June 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Penikis , Andrejs. `` 57 Memorable All - Star Moments -- 1950s '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2009 . Retrieved June 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ MacMahon , Tim . `` Jones , Cuban hoping to break 100,000 '' . ESPNDallas.com . Jump up ^ `` How NBA 's new voting format determined All - Star starters , snubs '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` How NBA 's new voting format determined All - Star starters , snubs '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Players and media can now vote on NBA All - Star starters '' . SBNation.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ Beck , Howard ( October 24 , 2012 ) . `` The All - Star Center is Officially Extinct '' . New York Times . Retrieved October 24 , 2012 . The N.B.A. , bowing to new realities in a multi-positional era , has eliminated `` center '' from its All - Star ballots for the 2012 -- 13 season . Instead , fans will vote for three frontcourt players and two guards . Jump up ^ Vecsey , George ( January 12 , 2003 ) . `` Fans in Shanghai Are Voting in the Mainstream '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Stein , Marc ( January 18 , 2013 ) . `` 1 . Reserve Judgment : Stein 's All - Star Benches '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` DeMarcus Cousins to replace Kobe Bryant in 2015 NBA All - Star Game '' ( Press release ) . NBA . January 30 , 2015 . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Trivia : NBA Teams with 4 All - Stars '' . Jump up ^ Steele , David ( December 9 , 1998 ) . `` NBA Drops All - Stars -- What 's Left ? February game in Philly latest casualty of lockout '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved December 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Charlotte to host NBA All - Star 2019 '' . NBA.com . May 24 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) NBA All - Star Game at NBA.com NBA All - Star Game at Basketball-Reference.com NBA All - Star Game at ESPN.com NBA All - Star Games All - Star Weekend Rising Stars Challenge Shooting Stars Competition Skills Challenge Three - Point Contest Slam Dunk Contest H-O-R-S-E Competition Celebrity Game Legends Classic All - Star Game MVP Award Records List of NBA All - Stars Vote leaders Head coaches Broadcasters TV ratings D - League All - Star Game WNBA All - Star Game 1950s 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990s 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 NBA All - Star Game Most Valuable Player Award 1951 : Macauley 1952 : Arizin 1953 : Mikan 1954 : Cousy 1955 : Sharman 1956 : Pettit 1957 : Cousy 1958 : Pettit 1959 : Baylor & Pettit 1960 : Chamberlain 1961 : Robertson 1962 : Pettit 1963 : Russell 1964 : Robertson 1965 : Lucas 1966 : A. Smith 1967 : Barry 1968 : Greer 1969 : Robertson 1970 : Reed 1971 : Wilkens 1972 : West 1973 : Cowens 1974 : Lanier 1975 : Frazier 1976 : Bing 1977 : Erving 1978 : R. Smith 1979 : Thompson 1980 : Gervin 1981 : Archibald 1982 : Bird 1983 : Erving 1984 : Thomas 1985 : Sampson 1986 : Thomas 1987 : Chambers 1988 : Jordan 1989 : Malone 1990 : Johnson 1991 : Barkley 1992 : Johnson 1993 : Stockton & Malone 1994 : Pippen 1995 : Richmond 1996 : Jordan 1997 : Rice 1998 : Jordan 1999 : No game played 2000 : O'Neal & Duncan 2001 : Iverson 2002 : Bryant 2003 : Garnett 2004 : O'Neal 2005 : Iverson 2006 : James 2007 : Bryant 2008 : James 2009 : Bryant & O'Neal 2010 : Wade 2011 : Bryant 2012 : Durant 2013 : Paul 2014 : Irving 2015 : Westbrook 2016 : Westbrook 2017 : Davis National Basketball Association Eastern Conference Atlantic Boston Celtics Brooklyn Nets New York Knicks Philadelphia 76ers Toronto Raptors Central Chicago Bulls Cleveland Cavaliers Detroit Pistons Indiana Pacers Milwaukee Bucks Southeast Atlanta Hawks Charlotte Hornets Miami Heat Orlando Magic Washington Wizards Western Conference Northwest Denver Nuggets Minnesota Timberwolves Oklahoma City Thunder Portland Trail Blazers Utah Jazz Pacific Golden State Warriors Los Angeles Clippers Los Angeles Lakers Phoenix Suns Sacramento Kings Southwest Dallas Mavericks Houston Rockets Memphis Grizzlies New Orleans Pelicans San Antonio Spurs Annual events Draft Summer League Christmas Day All - Star Weekend Game MVP Playoffs List Finals Champions MVP Others NBA Silver Anniversary Team NBA 35th Anniversary Team 50 Greatest Players ABA Merger Arenas Awards BAA Cheerleading Collective bargaining agreement Criticisms and controversies 2007 Tim Donaghy betting scandal G League Dress code Draft eligibility Global Games Africa 2015 , Africa 2017 First overall draft picks Hall of Fame Members Head coaches Current Player - coaches Champions Foreign coaches Lockouts Larry O'Brien Trophy Mascots Midwest Division NBA champions NBA Store Media TV NBA TV NBL NBPA Owners Players Current rosters Foreign players Race and ethnicity Retired numbers Banned or suspended Highest paid Records regular season post-season All - Star Game Win - loss records Rivalries Salary cap Seasons Teams Defunct Expansion Relocated Timeline WNBA Basketball in the United States Portal 2017 -- 18 season Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Basketball_Association_All-Star_Game&oldid=804985832 '' Categories : Recurring sporting events established in 1951 National Basketball Association All - Star Game Basketball All - Star Games Annual sporting events in the United States 1951 establishments in the United States Hidden categories : Articles containing potentially dated statements from February 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Български Català Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Latviešu Lietuvių Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 October 2017 , at 10 : 02 . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Basketball%20Association%20All-Star%20Game
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is the lead in crystal wine glasses safe
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The California Department of Public Health lead advisory states , `` children should never eat or drink out of leaded crystalware '' . Leaded crystal wineglasses and decanters are generally not considered to pose a significant health risk , provided that these items are washed thoroughly before use , that beverages are not stored in these containers for more than a few hours , and provided that they are not used by children .
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Lead glass
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lead glass
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Lead glass , commonly called crystal , is a variety of glass in which lead replaces the calcium content of a typical potash glass . Lead glass contains typically 18 -- 40 % ( by weight ) lead ( II ) oxide ( PbO ) , while modern lead crystal , historically also known as flint glass due to the original silica source , contains a minimum of 24 % PbO . Lead glass is desirable owing to its decorative properties .
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Originally discovered by Englishman George Ravenscroft in 1674 , the technique of adding lead oxide ( in quantities of between 10 and 30 % ) improved the appearance of the glass and made it easier to melt using sea - coal as a furnace fuel . This technique also increased the `` working period '' making the glass easier to manipulate . The term lead crystal is , by technicality , not an accurate term to describe lead glass , as glass , an amorphous solid , lacks a crystalline structure . The use of the term lead crystal remains popular for historical and commercial reasons . It is retained from the Venetian word cristallo to describe the rock crystal imitated by Murano glassmakers . This naming convention has been maintained to the present day to describe decorative hollow - ware . Lead crystal glassware was formerly used to store and serve drinks , but due to the potential health risks of lead , this has become rare . One alternative material is crystal glass , in which barium oxide , zinc oxide , or potassium oxide are employed instead of lead oxide . Lead - free crystal has a similar refractive index to lead crystal , but it is lighter and it has less dispersive power . In the European Union , labeling of `` crystal '' products is regulated by Council Directive 69 / 493 / EEC , which defines four categories , depending on the chemical composition and properties of the material . Only glass products containing at least 24 % of lead oxide may be referred to as `` lead crystal '' . Products with less lead oxide , or glass products with other metal oxides used in place of lead oxide , must be labeled `` crystallin '' or `` crystal glass '' . A `` crystal '' glass object . Contents ( hide ) 1 Properties 2 History 3 Lead glazes 4 Lead crystal 5 Safety 6 See also 7 References Properties ( edit ) The addition of lead oxide to glass raises its refractive index and lowers its working temperature and viscosity . The attractive optical properties of lead glass result from the high content of the heavy metal lead . The high atomic number of lead also raises the density of the material , since lead has a very high atomic weight of 207.2 , versus 40.08 for calcium . The density of soda glass is 2.4 g / cm ( 0.087 lb / cu in ) or below , while typical lead crystal has a density of around 3.1 g / cm and high - lead glass can be over 4.0 g / cm or even up to 5.9 g / cm . The brilliance of lead crystal relies on the high refractive index caused by the lead content . Ordinary glass has a refractive index of n = 1.5 , while the addition of lead produces a range up to 1.7 or 1.8 . This heightened refractive index also correlates with increased dispersion , which measures the degree to which a medium separates light into its component spectra , as in a prism . Crystal cutting techniques exploit these properties to create a brilliant , sparkling effect as each cut facet reflects and transmits light through the object . The high refractive index is useful for lens making , since a given focal length can be achieved with a thinner lens . However , the dispersion must be corrected by other components of the lens system if it is to be achromatic . The addition of lead oxide to potash glass also reduces its viscosity , rendering it more fluid than ordinary soda glass above softening temperature ( about 600 ° C or 1,112 ° F ) , with a working point of 800 ° C ( 1,470 ° F ) . The viscosity of glass varies radically with temperature , but that of lead glass is roughly 100 times less than that of ordinary soda glasses across working temperature ranges ( up to 1,100 ° C or 2,010 ° F ) . From the glassmaker 's perspective , this results in two practical developments . First , lead glass may be worked at a lower temperature , leading to its use in enamelling , and second , clear vessels may be made free from trapped air bubbles with considerably less difficulty than with ordinary glasses , allowing the manufacture of perfectly clear , flawless objects . When tapped , lead crystal makes a ringing sound , unlike ordinary glasses . Consumers still rely on this property to distinguish it from cheaper glasses . Since the potassium ions are bound more tightly in a lead - silica matrix than in a soda - lime glass , the former when struck absorbs more energy . This causes the lead crystal to oscillate , thereby producing its characteristic sound . Lead also increases the solubility of tin , copper , and antimony , leading to its use in colored enamels and glazes . The low viscosity of lead glass melt is the reason for typically high lead oxide content in the glass solders . The presence of lead is used in glasses absorbing gamma radiation and X-rays , used in radiation shielding ( e.g. in cathode ray tubes , where lowering the exposure of the viewer to soft X-rays is of concern ) . The high ionic radius of the Pb ion renders it highly immobile in the matrix and hinders the movement of other ions ; lead glasses therefore have high electrical resistance , about two orders of magnitude higher than soda - lime glass ( 10 vs 10 Ohm cm , DC at 250 ° C or 482 ° F ) . Lead - containing glass is therefore frequently used in light fixtures . use PbO ( wt. % ) Household `` crystal '' leaded glass 18 -- 38 Ceramic glazes and vitreous enamels 16 -- 35 High refractive index optical glasses 4 -- 65 Radiation shielding 2 -- 28 High electrical resistance 20 -- 22 Glass solders and sealants 56 -- 77 History ( edit ) Lead may be introduced into glass either as an ingredient of the primary melt or added to preformed leadless glass or frit . The lead oxide used in lead glass could be obtained from a variety of sources . In Europe , galena , lead sulfide , was widely available , which could be smelted to produce metallic lead . The lead metal would be calcined to form lead oxide by roasting it and scraping off the litharge . In the medieval period lead metal could be obtained through recycling from abandoned Roman sites and plumbing , even from church roofs . Metallic lead was demanded in quantity for silver cupellation , and the resulting litharge could be used directly by glassmakers . Lead was also used for ceramic lead glazes . This material interdependence suggests a close working relationship between potters , glassmakers , and metalworkers . Glasses with lead oxide content first appeared in Mesopotamia , the birthplace of the glass industry . The earliest known example is a blue glass fragment from Nippur dated to 1400 BC containing 3.66 % PbO . Glass is mentioned in clay tablets from the reign of Assurbanipal ( 668 -- 631 BC ) , and a recipe for lead glaze appears in a Babylonian tablet of 1700 BC . A red sealing - wax cake found in the Burnt Palace at Nimrud , from the early 6th century BC , contains 10 % PbO . These low values suggest that lead oxide may not have been consciously added , and was certainly not used as the primary fluxing agent in ancient glasses . Lead glass also occurs in Han - period China ( 206 BC -- 220 AD ) . There , it was cast to imitate jade , both for ritual objects such as big and small figures , as well as jewellery and a limited range of vessels . Since glass first occurs at such a late date in China , it is thought that the technology was brought along the Silk Road by glassworkers from the Middle East . The fundamental compositional difference between Western silica - natron glass and the unique Chinese lead glass , however , may indicate an autonomous development . In medieval and early modern Europe , lead glass was used as a base in coloured glasses , specifically in mosaic tesserae , enamels , stained - glass painting , and bijouterie , where it was used to imitate precious stones . Several textual sources describing lead glass survive . In the late 11th - early 12th century , Schedula Diversarum Artium ( List of Sundry Crafts ) , the author known as `` Theophilus Presbyter '' describes its use as imitation gemstone , and the title of a lost chapter of the work mentions the use of lead in glass . The 12 -- 13th century pseudonymus `` Heraclius '' details the manufacture of lead enamel and its use for window painting in his De Coloribus et artibus Romanorum ( Of Hues and Crafts of the Romans ) . This refers to lead glass as `` Jewish glass '' , perhaps indicating its transmission to Europe . A manuscript preserved in the Biblioteca Marciana , Venice , describes the use of lead oxide in enamels and includes recipes for calcining lead to form the oxide . Lead glass was ideally suited for enamelling vessels and windows owing to its lower working temperature than the forest glass of the body . Antonio Neri devoted book four of his L'Arte Vetraria ( `` The Art of Glass - making '' , 1612 ) to lead glass . In this first systematic treatise on glass , he again refers to the use of lead glass in enamels , glassware , and for the imitation of precious stones . Christopher Merrett translated this into English in 1662 ( The Art of Glass ) , paving the way for the production of English lead crystal glass by George Ravenscroft . George Ravenscroft ( 1618 -- 1681 ) was the first to produce clear lead crystal glassware on an industrial scale . The son of a merchant with close ties to Venice , Ravenscroft had the cultural and financial resources necessary to revolutionise the glass trade , setting the basis from which England overtook Venice and Bohemia as the centre of the glass industry in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries . With the aid of Venetian glassmakers , especially da Costa , and under the auspices of the Worshipful Company of Glass Sellers of London , Ravenscroft sought to find an alternative to Venetian cristallo . His use of flint as the silica source has led to the term flint glass to describe these crystal glasses , despite his later switch to sand . At first , his glasses tended to crizzle , developing a network of small cracks destroying its transparency , which was eventually overcome by replacing some of the potash flux with lead oxide to the melt , up to 30 % . Crizzling results from the destruction of the glass network by an excess of alkali , and may be caused by excess humidity as well as inherent defects in glass composition . He was granted a protective patent in 1673 , where production moved from his glasshouse in the precinct of the Savoy , London , to the seclusion of Henley - on - Thames . In 1676 , having apparently overcome the crizzling problem , Ravenscroft was granted the use of a raven 's head seal as a guaranty of quality . In 1681 , the year of his death , the patent expired and operations quickly developed among several firms , where by 1696 twenty - seven of the eighty - eight glasshouses in England , especially at London and Bristol , were producing flint glass containing 30 -- 35 % PbO . At this period , glass was sold by weight , and the typical forms were rather heavy and solid with minimal decoration . Such was its success on the international market , however , that in 1746 , the British Government imposed a lucrative tax by weight . Rather than drastically reduce the lead content of their glass , manufacturers responded by creating highly decorated , smaller , more delicate forms , often with hollow stems , known to collectors today as Excise glasses . In 1780 , the Government granted Ireland free trade in glass without taxation . English labour and capital then shifted to Dublin and Belfast , and new glassworks specialising in cut glass were installed in Cork and Waterford . In 1825 , the tax was renewed , and gradually the industry declined until the mid-nineteenth century , when the tax was finally repealed . From the 18th century , English lead glass became popular throughout Europe , and was ideally suited to the new taste for wheel - cut glass decoration perfected on the Continent owing to its relatively soft properties . In Holland , local engraving masters such as David Wolff and Frans Greenwood stippled imported English glassware , a style that remained popular through the eighteenth century . Such was its popularity in Holland that the first Continental production of lead - crystal glass began there , probably as the result of imported English workers . Imitating lead - crystal à la façon d'Angleterre presented technical difficulties , as the best results were obtained with covered pots in a coal - fired furnace , a particularly English process requiring specialised cone - furnaces . Towards the end of the eighteenth century , lead - crystal glass was being produced in France , Hungary , Germany , and Norway . By 1800 , Irish lead crystal had overtaken lime - potash glasses on the Continent , and traditional glassmaking centres in Bohemia began to focus on colored glasses rather than compete directly against it . The development of lead glass continued through the twentieth century , when in 1932 scientists at the Corning Glassworks , New York State , developed a new lead glass of high optical clarity . This became the focus of Steuben Glass Works , a division of Corning , which produced decorative vases , bowls , and glasses in Art Deco style . Lead - crystal continues to be used in industrial and decorative applications . Lead glazes ( edit ) The fluxing and refractive properties valued for lead glass also make it attractive as a pottery or ceramic glaze . Lead glazes first appear in first century BC to first century AD Roman wares , and occur nearly simultaneously in China . They were very high in lead , 45 -- 60 % PbO , with a very low alkali content , less than 2 % . From the Roman period , they remained popular through the Byzantine and Islamic periods in the Near East , on pottery vessels and tiles throughout medieval Europe , and up to the present day . In China , similar glazes were used from the twelfth century for colored enamels on stoneware , and on porcelain from the fourteenth century . These could be applied in three different ways . Lead could be added directly to a ceramic body in the form of a lead compound in suspension , either from galena ( PbS ) , red lead ( Pb O ) , white lead ( 2PbCO Pb ( OH ) ) , or lead oxide ( PbO ) . The second method involves mixing the lead compound with silica , which is then placed in suspension and applied directly . The third method involves fritting the lead compound with silica , powdering the mixture , and suspending and applying it . The method used on a particular vessel may be deduced by analysing the interaction layer between the glaze and the ceramic body microscopically . Tin - opacified glazes appear in Iraq in the eighth century AD . Originally containing 1 -- 2 % PbO ; by the eleventh century high - lead glazes had developed , typically containing 20 -- 40 % PbO and 5 -- 12 % alkali . These were used throughout Europe and the Near East , especially in Iznik ware , and continue to be used today . Glazes with even - higher lead content occur in Spanish and Italian maiolica , with up to 55 % PbO and as low as 3 % alkali . Adding lead to the melt allows the formation of tin oxide more readily than in an alkali glaze : tin oxide precipitates into crystals in the glaze as it cools , creating its opacity . The use of lead glaze has several advantages over alkali glazes in addition to their greater optical refractivity . Lead compounds in suspension may be added directly to the ceramic body . Alkali glazes must first be mixed with silica and fritted prior to use , since they are soluble in water , requiring additional labor . A successful glaze must not crawl , or peel away from the pottery surface upon cooling , leaving areas of unglazed ceramic . Lead reduces this risk by reducing the surface tension of the glaze . It must not craze , forming a network of cracks , caused when the thermal contraction of the glaze and the ceramic body do not match properly . Ideally , the glaze contraction should be 5 -- 15 % less than the body contraction , as glazes are stronger under compression than under tension . A high - lead glaze has a linear expansion coefficient of between 5 and 7 × 10 / ° C , compared to 9 to 10 × 10 / ° C for alkali glazes . Those of earthenware ceramics vary between 3 and 5 × 10 / ° C for non-calcareous bodies and 5 to 7 × 10 / ° C for calcareous clays , or those containing 15 -- 25 % CaO . Therefore , the thermal contraction of lead glaze matches that of the ceramic more closely than an alkali glaze , rendering it less prone to crazing . A glaze should also have a low enough viscosity to prevent the formation of pinholes as trapped gasses escape during firing , typically between 900 -- 1100 ° C , but not so low as to run off . The relatively low viscosity of lead glaze mitigates this issue . It may also have been cheaper to produce than alkali glazes . Lead glass and glazes have a long and complex history , and continue to play new roles in industry and technology today . Lead crystal ( edit ) Lead crystal beads Lead oxide added to the molten glass gives lead crystal a much higher index of refraction than normal glass , and consequently much greater `` sparkle '' by increasing specular reflection and the range of angles of total internal reflection . Ordinary glass has a refractive index of n = 1.5 ; the addition of lead produces an index of refraction of up to 1.7 . This heightened refractive index also raises the correlating index of dispersion , which measures the degree to which a medium separates light into its component spectra , as in a prism . This increase in refractive index from 1.5 to 1.7 significantly increases the amount of light reflected ( by a factor of 1.68 for light reflecting in the normal direction ; see Fresnel equations ) . In cut glass , which has been hand - or machine - cut with facets , the presence of lead also makes the glass softer and easier to cut . Crystal can consist of up to 35 % lead , at which point it has the most sparkle . Makers of lead crystal objects include Name Polity Production began Current status Gus Crystal Russia 1756 Production continued Baccarat France 1764 Part of the Starwood Capital Group since 2005 Saint - Louis France 1781 Part of Hermes since 1989 Lalique France 1920s Part of the Art & Fragrance since 2011 Daum France 1878 Part of Financiere Saint - Germain since 2009 after bankruptcy in 2003 Arc International France 1968 Production of Crystal D'Arque ended in 2009 ; restarted in 2010 as lead - free Diamax . Dartington Crystal England 1967 Management buy out in 2006 . Only crystal manufacturer in the UK Royal Brierley England 1776 Trademark of the Dartington Crystal since 2006 Waterford Crystal Ireland 1783 WWRD Holdings of KPS Capital Partners after bankruptcy in 2009 . Only crystal manufacturer in Ireland Edinburgh Crystal Scotland 1867 Trademark of the WWRD Holdings after bankruptcy in 2006 Hadeland Glassverk Norway 1765 Production continued Magnor Glassverk Norway 1830 Production continued Orrefors glassworks Sweden 1913 Part of the Swedish glassworks group Orrefors Kosta Boda AB since 2005 Kosta Boda Sweden 1742 Part of the Swedish glassworks group Orrefors Kosta Boda AB since 2005 Holmegaard Glass Factory Denmark 1825 Production ceased in 2009 Val Saint Lambert Belgium 1826 Sold to Onclin winemaker family for $5 M in 2008 Royal Leerdam Crystal Netherlands 1765 Merged with porcelain factory De Koninklijke Porceleyne Fles in 2008 Zwiesel Kristallglas Germany 1872 Management buy out at Schott AG in 2001 . Only crystal manufacturer in Germany Nachtmann Germany 1834 Trademark of the Riedel wine glass company since 2004 Riedel wine glass company Austria 1756 World leading wine glass manufacturer Swarovski Austria 1895 Production continued Ajka crystal Hungary 1878 In 1991 opened porcelain studio Moser Czech Republic 1857 Production continued Preciosa Czech Republic 1948 Production continued Steuben Glass United States 1903 Sold by Corning Incorporated to the Schottenstein Stores Corp. in 2008 . In 2008 Schottenstein closed factory Hoya Japan 1945 Closed in 2009 Mikasa Japan 1970s Sold by the Arc International to Lifetime Brands in 2008 Liuligongfang Taiwan Production continued Asfour crystal Egypt 1961 Production continued Safety ( edit ) The California Department of Public Health lead advisory states , `` children should never eat or drink out of leaded crystalware '' . Leaded crystal wineglasses and decanters are generally not considered to pose a significant health risk , provided that these items are washed thoroughly before use , that beverages are not stored in these containers for more than a few hours , and provided that they are not used by children . It has been proposed that the historic association of gout with the upper classes in Europe and America was , in part , caused by their extensive use of lead crystal decanters to store fortified wines and whisky . Lin et al. have statistical evidence linking gout to lead poisoning . Items made of lead glass may leach lead into the food and beverages contained . In a study performed at North Carolina State University , the amount of lead migration was measured for port wine stored in lead crystal decanters . After two days , lead levels were 89 μg / L ( micrograms per liter ) . After four months , lead levels were between 2,000 and 5,000 μg / L. White wine doubled its lead content within an hour of storage and tripled it within four hours . Some brandy stored in lead crystal for over five years had lead levels around 20,000 μg / L. To put this into perspective , the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 's lead standard for drinking water is 15 μg / L = 0.015 parts per million . Citrus juices and other acidic drinks leach lead from crystal as effectively as alcoholic beverages . Under conditions of repeated use of the decanter , the lead leaching steeply decreases with increasing use . This finding is `` consistent with ceramic chemistry theory , which predicts that leaching of lead from crystal is self - limiting exponentially as a function of increasing distance from the crystal - liquid interface . '' Lead leaching still occurs , but the quantity that leaches into a glass of wine or other beverage left standing for a few hours is much smaller than the quantity of lead consumed daily in ordinary diet . An ordinary diet contains about 70 μg of lead per day . See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Crystal glass . Steuben Crystal Waterford Crystal Edinburgh Crystal Swarovski Ajka Crystal List of indices of refraction Lead Hot cell Val Saint Lambert References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Newton , Roy G. ; Sandra Davison ( 1989 ) . Conservation of Glass . Butterworth -- Heinemann Series in Conservation and Museology . London : Butterworths . ISBN 0 - 408 - 10623 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Hurst - Vose , Ruth ( 1980 ) . Glass . Collins Archaeology . London : Collins . ISBN 0 - 00 - 211379 - 1 . Jump up ^ Benvenuto , Mark Anthony ( 2015 - 02 - 24 ) . Industrial Chemistry : For Advanced Students . Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG . ISBN 9783110351705 . ^ Jump up to : Tait , Hugh , ed. ( 2004 ) . Five Thousand Years of Glass . University of Pennsylvania Press ( orig . British Museum Press ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8122 - 1888 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` About Lead - free Crystal '' . Jump up ^ `` Council Directive 69 / 493 / EEC of 15 December 1969 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to crystal glass '' . Jump up ^ Refraction of media tutorial . physics.info Jump up ^ James F. Shackelford , Robert H. Doremus ( 2008 ) . Ceramic and Glass Materials : Structure , Properties and Processing . Springer . p. 158 . ISBN 0 - 387 - 73361 - 2 . Jump up ^ Fiori , Cesare ; Mariangela Vandini ( 2004 ) . `` Chemical Composition of Glass and its Raw Materials '' . In Marco Beretta . When Glass Matters : Studies in the History of Science and Art from Graeco - Roman Antiquity to Early Modern Era . Florence : Olschki . ISBN 88 - 222 - 5318 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Charleston , R.J. ( 1960 ) . `` Lead in Glass '' . Archaeometry. 3 : 1 -- 4 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1475 - 4754.1960. tb00508. x . Jump up ^ MacLeod , Christine ( 1987 ) . `` Accident or Design ? George Ravenscroft 's Patent and the Invention of Lead - Crystal Glass '' . Technology and Culture . 28 ( 4 ) : 776 -- 803 . doi : 10.2307 / 3105182 . JSTOR 3105182 . Jump up ^ `` About us -- Ajka Kristály '' . Ajka , Hungary : Ajka Kristály . Retrieved 16 August 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Tite , M.S. ; Freestone , I. ; Mason , R. ; Molera , J. ; Vendrell - Saz , M. ; Wood , N. ( 1998 ) . `` Lead Glazes in Antiquity -- methods of Production and Reasons for Use '' . Archaeometry. 40 ( 2 ) : 241 -- 60 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1475 - 4754.1998. tb00836. x . Jump up ^ `` FOTEX - group '' Ajka Crystal LLC `` . Luxembourg , Belgium : Fotex Holding SE Plc . Archived from the original on 2 January 2012 . Retrieved 16 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ASFOUR crystal '' about us `` . Cairo , Egypt : ASFOUR Crystal international . Archived from the original on 1 May 2013 . Retrieved 9 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Questions and Answers About Lead in Tableware . California Department of Public Health Jump up ^ S. 3128 : the National Uniformity for Food Act : hearing . DIANE Publishing . p. 6 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4223 - 2370 - 0 . Retrieved 21 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Duyff ; Roberta Larson ( 15 February 2011 ) . American Dietetic Association Complete Food and Nutrition Guide . John Wiley & Sons . p. 359 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 118 - 03890 - 1 . Retrieved 21 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Emsley , John ( 2005 ) . Elements of murder . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 280599 - 1 . Jump up ^ Lin , Ja - Liang ; Tan , Dan - Tzu ; Ho , Huei - Hong ; Yu , Chun - Chen ( 2002 ) . `` Environmental lead exposure and urate excretion in the general population '' . The American Journal of Medicine . 113 ( 7 ) : 563 -- 8 . doi : 10.1016 / S0002 - 9343 ( 02 ) 01296 - 2 . PMID 12459402 . Jump up ^ Farley , Dixie ( January -- February 1998 ) . `` Dangers of Lead Still Linger '' . FDA Consumer Magazine . U.S. Food and Drug Administration . Jump up ^ `` Lead Crystalware and Your Health '' . It 's Your Health . Health Canada . Jump up ^ Angela M. Fraser , Ph. D. , Associate Professor / Food Safety Specialist , and Carolyn J. Lackey , Ph. D. , R.D. , L.D.N. , Professor / Food and Nutrition Specialist , North Carolina State University ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ Storing Wine in Crystal Decanters May Pose Lead Hazard . Lawrence K. Altman . New York Times . 19 February 1991 Jump up ^ Graziano , P ( 1991 ) . `` Lead exposure from lead crystal '' . The Lancet . 337 ( 8734 ) : 141 -- 2 . doi : 10.1016 / 0140 - 6736 ( 91 ) 90803 - W . Jump up ^ Commonly Asked Questions : Section 1417 of the Safe Drinking Water Act and the NSF Standard ^ Jump up to : Guadagnino , E ; Gambaro , M ; Gramiccioni , L ; Denaro , M ; Feliciani , R ; Baldini , M ; Stacchini , P ; Giovannangeli , S ; et al. ( 2000 ) . `` Estimation of lead intake from crystalware under conditions of consumer use '' . Food Additives and Contaminants. 17 ( 3 ) : 205 -- 18 . doi : 10.1080 / 026520300283469 . PMID 10827902 . ^ Jump up to : Barbee , SJ ; Constantine , LA ( 1994 ) . `` Release of lead from crystal decanters under conditions of normal use '' . Food and Chemical Toxicology. 32 ( 3 ) : 285 -- 8 . doi : 10.1016 / 0278 - 6915 ( 94 ) 90202 - X . PMID 8157224 . Glass science topics Basics Glass Glass transition Supercooling Formulation AgInSbTe Bioglass Borophosphosilicate glass Borosilicate glass Ceramic glaze Chalcogenide glass Cobalt glass Cranberry glass Crown glass Flint glass Fluorosilicate glass Fused quartz GeSbTe Gold ruby glass Lead glass Milk glass Phosphosilicate glass Photochromic lens glass Silicate glass Soda - lime glass Sodium hexametaphosphate Soluble glass Tellurite glass Thoriated glass Ultra low expansion glass Uranium glass Vitreous enamel Wood 's glass ZBLAN Glass - ceramics Bioactive glass CorningWare Glass - ceramic - to - metal seals Macor Zerodur Preparation Annealing Chemical vapor deposition Glass batch calculation Glass forming Glass melting Glass modeling Ion implantation Liquidus temperature Sol - gel technique Viscosity Vitrification Optics Achromat Dispersion Gradient - index optics Hydrogen darkening Optical amplifier Optical fiber Optical lens design Photochromic lens Photosensitive glass Refraction Transparent materials Surface modification Anti-reflective coating Chemically strengthened glass Corrosion Dealkalization DNA microarray Hydrogen darkening Insulated glazing Porous glass Self - cleaning glass Sol - gel technique Toughened glass Diverse topics Glass - coated wire Safety glass Glass databases Glass electrode Glass fiber reinforced concrete Glass ionomer cement Glass microspheres Glass - reinforced plastic Glass - to - metal seal Porous glass Prince Rupert 's Drops Radioactive waste vitrification Windshield Glass fiber Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lead_glass&oldid=831900229 '' Categories : Glass compositions Lead compounds Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from May 2013 All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from September 2012 Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Català Чӑвашла Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն עברית Қазақша Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Нохчийн Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Тоҷикӣ Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 23 more Edit links This page was last edited on 22 March 2018 , at 18 : 54 . 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The San Francisco Giants are an American professional baseball team based in San Francisco , California . Founded in 1883 as the New York Gothams , and renamed three years later the New York Giants , the team eventually moved to San Francisco in 1958 . The Giants compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the National League ( NL ) West division .
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San Francisco Giants 2018 San Francisco Giants season Established in 1883 Based in San Francisco since 1958 Team logo Cap insignia Major league affiliations National League ( 1883 -- present ) West Division ( 1969 -- present ) Current uniform Retired numbers NY NY 11 20 24 25 27 30 36 44 42 Colors Orange , black , gold , cream Name San Francisco Giants ( 1958 -- present ) New York Giants ( 1886 -- 1957 ) New York Gothams ( 1883 -- 1884 ) Other nicknames The Orange and Black , Los Gigantes , The G - Men , The Boys from the Bay Ballpark AT&T Park ( 2000 -- present ) Candlestick Park ( 1960 -- 1999 ) Seals Stadium ( 1958 -- 1959 ) Hilltop Park ( 1911 ) Polo Grounds III ( 1891 -- 1957 ) Polo Grounds II ( 1889 -- 1890 ) St. George Cricket Grounds ( 1889 ) Oakland Park ( 1889 ) Polo Grounds I ( 1883 -- 1888 ) Major league titles World Series titles ( 8 ) 1905 1921 1922 1933 1954 2012 2014 NL Pennants ( 23 ) 1888 1889 1904 1905 1911 1912 1913 1917 1921 1922 1923 1924 1933 1936 1937 1951 1954 1962 1989 2002 2012 2014 West Division titles ( 8 ) 1971 1989 1997 2000 2003 2012 Wild card berths ( 3 ) 2002 2014 2016 Front office Owner ( s ) San Francisco Baseball Associates LLC Manager Bruce Bochy General Manager Bobby Evans President of Baseball Operations Brian Sabean The San Francisco Giants are an American professional baseball team based in San Francisco , California . Founded in 1883 as the New York Gothams , and renamed three years later the New York Giants , the team eventually moved to San Francisco in 1958 . The Giants compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the National League ( NL ) West division . As one of the longest - established and most successful professional baseball teams , the franchise has won the most games of any team in the history of American baseball . The team was the first major league team based in New York City , most memorably playing at the legendary Polo Grounds . They have won 23 NL pennants and have played in 20 World Series competitions -- both NL records . The Giants ' eight World Series championships rank second in the National League and are tied for fourth overall ( New York Yankees are first with 27 , then the St. Louis Cardinals ( the National League record - holders ) with 11 , the Oakland Athletics with 9 , and the Boston Red Sox also with 8 ) . The Giants have played in the World Series 20 times -- 14 times in New York , six in San Francisco -- but boycotted the event in 1904 . Playing as the New York Giants , they won 14 pennants and five World Series championships behind managers such as John McGraw and Bill Terry and players such as Christy Mathewson , Carl Hubbell , Mel Ott , Bobby Thomson , and Willie Mays . The Giants ' franchise has the most Hall of Fame players in all of professional baseball . The Giants ' rivalry with the Dodgers is one of the longest - standing and biggest rivalries in American sports . The teams began their rivalry as the New York Giants and Brooklyn Dodgers , respectively , before both franchises moved west for the 1958 season . The Giants have won six pennants and three World Series championships since arriving in San Francisco . Those three championships have come in 2010 , 2012 , and most recently in 2014 , having defeated the Kansas City Royals four games to three during the 2014 World Series . The Giants are the only major professional sports team based in the City and County of San Francisco , following the San Francisco 49ers ' relocation to Santa Clara , California in 2014 . They will be joined by the Golden State Warriors once they move to the Chase Center in 2019 . Contents 1 Franchise history in New York City 1.1 Early days and the John McGraw era 1.2 1930 -- 57 : Five pennants in 28 seasons 1.2. 1 1951 : The `` Shot Heard ' Round the World '' 1.2. 2 Mays ' catch and the 1954 Series 1.2. 3 New York Giants of the 1950s 1.2. 4 1957 : Move to California 2 1958 -- 2009 : San Francisco Giants - decades of struggle 2.1 1958 -- 61 : Seals Stadium and Candlestick Park 2.2 1962 World Series 2.3 1963 -- 84 2.4 1985 -- 89 2.5 1989 : Will the `` Thrill '' , World Series and the earthquake 2.6 1992 : Farewell San Francisco ? 2.7 1993 : `` The last pure pennant race '' 2.8 1994 -- 96 seasons 2.9 1997 -- 99 : Rebuilding 2.9. 1 1997 2.9. 2 1998 2.9. 3 1999 : Final season at Candlestick Park 2.9. 4 2000 -- present : AT&T Park 2.9. 4.1 2002 : National League Championship season and World Series 2.9. 4.2 2003 : Wire to wire 2.9. 4.3 2004 -- 06 : Playoff drought 2.9. 4.4 2007 -- 09 : Losing ways and milestones 2.9. 4.4. 1 2007 : End of the Bonds era 2.9. 4.4. 2 2008 : Without Bonds and golden anniversary 2.9. 4.4. 3 2009 : A mix of old & new and a no - hitter 3 2010 -- 2016 : A dynasty emerges 3.1 2010 : First Championship in San Francisco 3.2 2011 : Back to square one 3.3 2012 : Champions again 3.4 2013 : Inconsistent struggles 3.5 2014 : Third World Series Championship in San Francisco 3.6 2015 : Odd year curse 3.7 2016 : End of the even year dynasty 4 Recent seasons : 2017 to present 4.1 2017 : Hitting bottom 4.2 2018 5 Rivalries 5.1 Los Angeles Dodgers 5.2 Oakland Athletics 5.3 Historical rivalry 5.3. 1 New York Yankees 6 Baseball Hall of Famers 6.1 Ford C. Frick Award recipients 6.2 Other 6.3 Giants in the Bay Area Sports Hall of Fame 7 San Francisco Giants Wall of Famers 8 Retired numbers 8.1 Also honored 9 Team captains 10 Season records 11 Current roster 12 Minor league affiliations 13 Radio and television 13.1 Home run call glitch 14 See also 15 References 15.1 General reference 16 External links Franchise history in New York City ( edit ) Early days and the John McGraw ERA ( edit ) Main article : History of the New York Giants ( baseball ) 1888 New York Giants The Giants began as the second baseball club founded by millionaire tobacconist John B. Day and veteran amateur baseball player Jim Mutrie . The Gothams , as the Giants were originally known , entered the National League in 1883 , while their other club , the Metropolitans played in the American Association . Nearly half of the original Gotham players were members of the disbanded Troy Trojans , whose place in the National League the Gothams inherited . While the Metropolitans were initially the more successful club , Day and Mutrie began moving star players to the Gothams , and in 1888 the team won its first National League pennant , as well as a victory over the St. Louis Browns in a pre-modern - era World Series . They repeated as champions the next year with a pennant and Championship victory over the Brooklyn `` Bridegrooms '' . A contemporaneous account claims that after one particularly satisfying victory over the Philadelphia Phillies , Mutrie , who was also the team 's manager , strode into the dressing room and exclaimed , `` My big fellows ! My giants ! '' From then on , the club was known as the Giants . The Giants ' original home stadium , the Polo Grounds , dates from this early era . It was originally located north of Central Park adjacent to 5th and 6th Avenues and 110th and 112th Streets , in Harlem in upper Manhattan . After their eviction from that first incarnation of the Polo Grounds after the 1888 season , they moved further uptown to various fields they also named the Polo Grounds located between 155th and 159th Streets in Harlem and Washington Heights , playing in the Washington Heights Polo Grounds until the end of the 1957 season , when they moved to San Francisco . 1904 - 07 1908 -- 16 , 1919 -- 22 , 1928 -- 29 1923 -- 27 , 1930 -- 31 , 1947 -- 54 1954 -- 57 . This version was later adopted by the New York Mets . The Giants were a powerhouse in the late 1880s , winning their first two National League Pennants and World Championships in 1888 and 1889 . But nearly all of the Giants ' stars jumped to the upstart Players ' League , whose New York franchise was also named the Giants , in 1890 . The new team even built a stadium next door to the Polo Grounds . With a decimated roster , the National League Giants finished a distant sixth . Attendance took a nosedive , and the financial strain affected Day 's tobacco business as well . The Players ' League dissolved after the season , and Day sold a minority interest in his NL Giants to the defunct PL Giants ' principal backer , Edward Talcott . As a condition of the sale , Day had to fire Mutrie as manager . Although the Giants rebounded to third in 1891 , Day was forced to sell a controlling interest to Talcott at the end of the season . Four years later , Talcott sold the Giants to Andrew Freedman , a real estate developer with ties to the Tammany Hall political machine running New York City . Freedman was one of the most detested owners in baseball history , getting into heated disputes with other owners , writers , and his own players , most famously with star pitcher Amos Rusie , author of the first Giants no - hitter . When Freedman offered Rusie only $2,500 to play in 1896 , the disgruntled hurler sat out the entire season . Attendance fell off throughout the league without Rusie , prompting the other owners to chip in $50,000 to get him to return for 1897 . Freedman hired former owner Day as manager for part of 1899 . In 1902 , after a series of disastrous moves that left the Giants 531⁄2 games behind , Freedman signed John McGraw as player - manager , convincing him to jump in mid-season from the Baltimore Orioles of the fledgling American League and bring with him several of his teammates . McGraw went on to manage the Giants for three decades until 1932 , one of the longest and most successful tenures in professional sports . Hiring `` Mr. McGraw '' , as his players referred to him , was one of Freedman 's last significant moves as owner of the Giants , since after the 1902 season he was forced to sell his interest in the club to John T. Brush . McGraw went on to manage the Giants to nine National League pennants ( in 1904 - 05 , 1911 -- 13 , 1917 , and 1921 - 24 ) and three World Series championships ( in 1905 and 1921 -- 22 ) , with a tenth pennant and fourth world championship as owner in 1933 under his handpicked player - manager successor , Bill Terry . The Giants already had their share of stars in the 1880s and 1890s , such as `` Smiling '' Mickey Welch , Roger Connor , Tim Keefe , Jim O'Rourke , and John Montgomery Ward , the player - lawyer who formed the renegade Players ' League in 1890 to protest unfair player contracts . McGraw , in his three decades managing the Giants , cultivated a new crop of baseball heroes with names like Christy Mathewson , `` Iron Man '' Joe McGinnity , Jim Thorpe , Red Ames , Casey Stengel , Art Nehf , Edd Roush , Rogers Hornsby , Bill Terry , and Mel Ott . The Giants under McGraw famously snubbed their first modern World Series chance in 1904 , refusing the invitation to play the reigning world champion Boston Americans , by then known as the `` Red Sox '' , because McGraw considered the new American League as little more than a minor league and disliked its president , Ban Johnson . He also resented his Giants ' new intra-city rival New York Highlanders , who lost the pennant to Boston on the last day of the season , and stuck by his refusal to play whoever won the 1904 AL pennant . Of note , McGraw had managed the franchise in their first two seasons , 1901 and 1902 , when they were the Baltimore Orioles . The ensuing criticism resulted in Brush 's taking the lead to formalize the rules and format of the World Series . The Giants won the 1905 World Series over Connie Mack 's Philadelphia Athletics , with Christy Mathewson nearly winning the series single - handedly with a still - standing record three complete - game shutouts and 27 consecutive scoreless innings in that one World Series , a feat unlikely ever to be duplicated . The Giants then had several frustrating years . In 1908 , they finished in a tie with the Chicago Cubs due to a late - season tie game with the Cubs resulting from the Fred Merkle baserunning `` boner '' . Harry Pulliam , the National League President , had ordered the game replayed if the teams otherwise ended the season in a tie , and after disgruntled Giants fans had set fire to the Polo Grounds stands the morning of the game , the Giants lost to the Cubs , who went on to win their second consecutive World Series ; it would be their last World Series title until 2016 . That post-season game was further darkened by a story that someone on the Giants had attempted to bribe umpire Bill Klem . This could have been a disastrous scandal for baseball , but because Klem was honest and the Giants lost the duel between Christy Mathewson and Mordecai `` Three - Fingered '' Brown 4 - 2 , it faded over time . The Giants experienced a mixture of success and hard luck in the early 1910s , losing three straight World Series in 1911 -- 13 to the A 's , Red Sox and A 's again . Two seasons later , both the Giants and the A 's , decimated by the short - lived Federal League signings of many of their stars , finished in eighth ( last ) place . After losing the 1917 Series to the Chicago White Sox ( the last White Sox World Series win until 2005 ) , the Giants played in four straight World Series in the early 1920s , winning the first two over their Polo Grounds tenants , the Yankees who won the first two of their many pennants and were led by young slugger Babe Ruth , then losing to the Yankees in 1923 after Yankee Stadium had opened that May . They also lost in 1924 , when the Washington Senators won their only World Series in D.C. 1930 -- 57 : five pennants in 28 seasons ( edit ) McGraw handed over the team to Bill Terry after the 1932 season , and Terry played for and managed the Giants for ten years , winning three pennants , defeating the Senators in the 1933 World Series but swept by the Yankees in consecutive fall classics , 1936 and 1937 . Aside from Terry himself , the other stars of the era were slugger Mel Ott and southpaw hurler Carl Hubbell . Known as `` King Carl '' and `` The Meal Ticket '' , Hubbell gained fame in the first two innings of the 1934 All - Star Game , coincidentally played at the Polo Grounds , by striking out five future AL Hall of Famers in a row : Babe Ruth , Lou Gehrig , Jimmie Foxx , Al Simmons , and Joe Cronin . Ott succeeded Terry as manager in 1942 , but the war years proved to be difficult for the Giants . Midway during the 1948 season Leo Durocher left as Dodgers skipper to manage the Giants , not without controversy . Not only was such a midseason managerial switch unprecedented , but Durocher had been accused of gambling in 1947 and subsequently suspended for that whole season by Commissioner Happy Chandler . Durocher 's ensuing eight full seasons managing the Giants proved some of the most memorable for their fans , particularly because of the arrival of five - tool superstar Willie Mays , their two pennants in 1951 and 1954 , their unexpected sweep of the powerful ( 111 - 43 ) Cleveland Indians in the 1954 World Series , and arguably the two most famous plays in Giants history . 1951 : the `` Shot heard ' round the World '' ( edit ) Main article : Shot Heard ' Round the World ( baseball ) The `` Shot Heard ' Round the World '' , or Bobby Thomson 's come - from - behind ninth - inning walk - off home run that won the National League pennant for the Giants over their bitter rivals , the Brooklyn Dodgers , in the deciding game of a three - game playoff series ending one of baseball 's most memorable pennant races . The Giants had been 13 1 / 2 games behind the league - leading Dodgers in August , but under Durocher 's guidance and with a 16 - game winning streak , got hot and caught the Dodgers to tie for the lead on the next - to - last day of the season . Mays ' catch and the 1954 Series ( edit ) Main article : The Catch ( baseball ) In Game 1 of the 1954 World Series at the Polo Grounds against the Cleveland Indians Willie Mays made `` The Catch '' , a dramatic over-the - shoulder catch of a fly ball by Vic Wertz after sprinting with his back to the plate on a dead run to deepest center field . At the time the game was tied 2 -- 2 in the eighth inning with runners on first and second and nobody out . Mays caught the ball 450 ft ( 140 m ) from the plate , spun around and threw the ball to the infield keeping the lead runner , Larry Doby , from scoring . Although Doby took third after the catch , he was stranded there and the Giants won 5 - 2 on Dusty Rhodes ' tenth - inning pinch - hit walk - off home run , bringing in 2 other runners . The underdog Giants went on to sweep the series in four straight games despite the Indians ' American League 111 - 43 regular season . The 1954 World Series title was their last appearance in the World Series as the New York Giants , with the team moving to San Francisco to start the 1958 season . New York Giants of the 1950s ( edit ) In addition to Bobby Thomson and Willie Mays , other memorable New York Giants of the 1950s include Hall of Fame manager Leo Durocher , coach Herman Franks , Hall of Fame outfielder Monte Irvin , outfielder and runner - up for the 1954 NL batting championship ( won by Willie Mays ) Don Mueller , Hall of Fame knuckleball relief pitcher Hoyt Wilhelm , starting pitchers Larry Jansen , Sal Maglie , Jim Hearn , Marv Grissom , Dave Koslo , Don Liddle , Max Lanier , Rubén Gómez , Al Worthington , and Johnny Antonelli , catcher Wes Westrum , catchers Ray Katt and Sal Yvars , shortstop Alvin Dark , third baseman Hank Thompson , first baseman Whitey Lockman , second basemen Davey Williams and Eddie Stanky , outfielder - pitcher Clint Hartung and utility men Johnny Mize , Bill Rigney , Daryl Spencer , Bobby Hofman , Joey Amalfitano , Tookie Gilbert , and 1954 Series hero Dusty Rhodes , among others . In the late 1950s and after the move to San Francisco two Hall of Fame first basemen , Orlando Cepeda and Willie McCovey , joined the team . 1957 : move to California ( edit ) The Giants ' final three years in New York City were unmemorable . They reached third place the year after the World Series win in 1954 after which attendance fell off precipitously . While seeking a new stadium to replace the crumbling Polo Grounds the owners began to contemplate a move from New York , initially considering Metropolitan Stadium in Bloomington , Minnesota , which was home to their top farm team , the Minneapolis Millers . Under the rules of the time the Giants ' ownership of the Millers gave them priority rights to a major league team in the area . The Washington Senators wound up there as the Minnesota Twins in 1961 . At that time , the Giants were approached by San Francisco mayor George Christopher . Despite objections from shareholders such as Joan Whitney Payson , majority owner Horace Stoneham entered into negotiations with San Francisco officials around the same time the Dodgers ' owner Walter O'Malley was courting the city of Los Angeles . O'Malley had been told by the other National League team owners that the Dodgers could not move to Los Angeles unless a second team moved to California , out of concern regarding travel costs . He pushed Stoneham toward relocation , and so in the summer of 1957 both the New York Giants and Brooklyn Dodgers announced their moves to California , ending the three - team golden age of baseball in New York City . New York remained a one - team town with the New York Yankees until 1962 , when Payson founded the New York Mets and brought National League baseball back to the city . Owners Payson and M. Donald Grant , who became the Mets ' chairman , had been the only Giants board members to vote against the Giants ' move to California . The `` NY '' script on the Giants ' caps and the orange trim on their uniforms , along with the blue background used by the Dodgers , was adopted by the Mets , honoring their New York National League forebears with a blend of Giants orange and Dodgers blue . 1958 -- 2009 : San Francisco Giants - decades of struggle ( edit ) This article appears to contradict the article History of the San Francisco Giants . Please see discussion on the linked talk page . ( October 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : History of the San Francisco Giants As with the New York years , the Giants ' fortune in San Francisco has been mixed . Though recently the club has enjoyed sustained success there have also been prolonged stretches of mediocrity along with two instances when the club 's ownership threatened to move the team away from San Francisco . Giants Hat / Helmet Logo 1958 -- 82 Giants Logo 1958 -- 76 Giants Logo 1977 -- 82 Giants Hat / Helmet Logo 1983 -- 93 Giants Logo 1983 -- 93 Giants Hat / Helmet Logo 1994 -- present Giants Logo 1994 -- 99 Giants Logo 2000 -- present 1958 -- 61 : Seals stadium and Candlestick Park ( edit ) When the Giants moved to San Francisco , they played in Seals Stadium for their first two seasons . The stadium , located at 16th & Bryant Streets across from Stempel 's Bakery , had been the home of the Pacific Coast League San Francisco Seals in their last years the AAA minor league affiliate of the Boston Red Sox , 1931 -- 1957 . In 1958 , first - baseman Orlando Cepeda won Rookie of the Year honors . In 1959 , Willie McCovey won the same award . In 1960 , the Giants moved to Candlestick Park , nicknamed `` The ' Stick '' , a stadium built on Candlestick Point in San Francisco 's southeast corner overlooking San Francisco Bay . The new stadium quickly became known for its strong , swirling winds , cold temperatures and thick evening fog that made for a formidable experience for brave fans and players , as well as its built - in radiant heating system which did not work . Candlestick 's reputation was sealed in the ninth inning of the first 1961 All - Star Game ( two All - Star Games per season were played from 1959 to 1962 ) when after a day of calm conditions the winds picked up and a strong gust caused Giants relief pitcher Stu Miller to slip off the pitching rubber during his delivery , resulting in a balk , and a baseball legend that Miller was `` blown off the mound '' . Despite the event , the National League won the game . 1962 World Series ( edit ) Main article : 1962 World Series In 1962 after another memorable pennant chase with the Dodgers which resulted in a second three - game playoff series with the Dodgers , which the Giants again won by coming from behind with four runs in the ninth inning of Game 3 , the Giants brought a World Series to San Francisco only to lose it four games to three to the New York Yankees . The seventh game went to the bottom of the ninth inning , with the Yankees ahead 1 -- 0 . With Matty Alou on first base and two out , Willie Mays sliced a double down the right field line . Right fielder Roger Maris quickly got to the ball and rifled a throw to the infield preventing Alou from scoring the tying run and keeping him at third base . With Mays on second , well known for his speed , any base hit by the next batter Willie McCovey would likely have won the series for the Giants . McCovey hit a line drive right at second baseman Bobby Richardson who caught it after taking one step , bringing the game and series to a sudden end . Earlier in the inning , a failed sacrifice bunt by Felipe Alou with nobody out had ultimately kept his brother Matty -- who could n't advance to second -- from scoring on Mays ' two - out double . Finally , Richardson was not originally well - positioned to catch the drive until he moved three steps to his left in reaction to a McCovey 's foul smash on the preceding pitch . Giants fan ( and resident of nearby Santa Rosa ) Charles Schulz made a reference to the real world in one of his Peanuts comic strips soon afterward . In the first three panels of his 12 / 22 / 62 strip , Charlie Brown and Linus are sitting on a porch step , looking glum . In the last panel , Charlie Brown cried to the heavens , `` Why could n't McCovey have hit the ball just three feet higher ? '' Some weeks later , the same scene reappeared in the strip with Charlie Brown exclaiming , `` Or why could n't McCovey have hit the ball just TWO feet higher ? '' 1963 -- 84 ( edit ) Giants pitcher Ron Herbel in a 1963 issue of Baseball Digest . Although the Giants did not play in another World Series until 1989 , the teams of the 1960s continued to be pennant contenders thanks to several future Hall - of - Famers . These included Gaylord Perry , who pitched a no - hitter with the Giants in 1968 ; Juan Marichal , a pitcher with a memorable high - kicking delivery ; McCovey , who won the National League MVP award in 1969 , and Mays , who hit his 600th career home run in 1969 . A Giants highlight came in 1963 when Jesús Alou joined the team , and along with Felipe and Matty , for one late inning of one game , formed the first all - brother outfield in major league history . In 1967 , pitcher Mike McCormick became the first Giants Cy Young Award winner . In 1970 , the field at Candlestick Park was converted from natural grass to AstroTurf ; at the same time , the stadium became enclosed to accommodate the 49ers , who moved in the following year . The Giants ' next appearance in the postseason came in 1971 . After winning their division , they were defeated in the League Championship Series by the Pittsburgh Pirates and Roberto Clemente , who then went on to beat the Baltimore Orioles in the World Series four games to three . During this decade , the Giants gave up many players who became successful elsewhere , including Garry Maddox , George Foster , Dave Kingman and Gaylord Perry . Two Giants became Rookies of the Year -- outfielder Gary Matthews Sr. in 1973 and no - hit pitcher John Montefusco in 1975 . In 1976 , in an eleventh - hour deal , Bob Lurie bought the team , saving it from being moved to Toronto . Toronto was awarded an expansion team called the Blue Jays which began play the next year , but San Francisco baseball fans ' worries about losing their beloved Giants had not completely gone away just yet . The rest of the 1970s was a generally disappointing time for the Giants , as they finished no higher than third place in any season . This was in 1978 , thanks to young star slugger Jack Clark , veteran slugging first baseman Willie McCovey , star hitter second baseman Bill Madlock who was acquired from the Chicago Cubs , shortstops Johnnie LeMaster and Roger Metzger , and slugging third baseman Darrell Evans . Veteran pitchers Vida Blue , John Montefusco , Ed Halicki and Bob Knepper rounded out the starting rotation with Vida Blue leading the way with eighteen victories . The most memorable moment of that 1978 season occurred on May 28 , 1978 . With the Giants trailing 3 - 1 in the sixth inning , pinch hitter Mike Ivie , acquired from the San Diego Padres during the offseason for Derrel Thomas , hit a towering grand slam off of Dodgers pitching ace Don Sutton before Candlestick Park 's highest paid attendance of 58,545 . They led the National League West for most of the season until slugger Dusty Baker , rookie pitcher Bob Welch and the rest of the Dodgers got hot late , winning the West and then beating the Philadelphia Phillies in the National League Championship Series for their second straight NL pennant . The field at Candlestick was converted back to natural grass for the 1979 season . In 1981 , the Giants became the first National League team to hire a black manager , Frank Robinson , although he lasted less than four years and was generally unsuccessful . The Giants finished a game over . 500 in the strike - shortened 1981 season . The next season , the Giants acquired veterans Joe Morgan and Reggie Smith , got hot late and ended up in a three - team pennant race with the Dodgers and Braves . The day after the Dodgers eliminated them , Morgan hit a homer against the Dodgers on the last day of the season , giving the NL West to Atlanta . In 1984 , the Giants hosted the All - Star Game for the second and last time at Candlestick Park , which the NL won as it did at Candlestick in 1961 when Stu Miller was blown off the mound by a gust of wind . 1985 -- 89 ( edit ) The 1987 Giants , pictured above at Candlestick , led the club to its first postseason appearance since 1971 . In 1985 , owner Bob Lurie threatened to move the team out of the city of San Francisco to another location in the San Francisco Bay Area . Locations under consideration were Redwood City , San Jose , and Milpitas . The 1985 Giants lost 100 games , the most in franchise history , under unsuccessful rookie manager Jim Davenport , and Lurie responded by hiring Al Rosen as general manager and Roger Craig as field manager . Rosen began in 1986 by bringing up promising rookies such as Will Clark and Robby Thompson , which inspired the promotional radio jingle `` Ya got ta watch these Giants ! You got ta like these kids ! ! '' and followed up in 1987 with canny trades for stars like Kevin Mitchell , Dave Dravecky , Candy Maldonado , and Rick Reuschel . Craig , renowned as the `` Humm Baby '' because he often said it , managed the Giants from late 1985 to 1992 . In his first five full seasons with the Giants , the team had winning records . The Giants won 83 games in 1986 and won the National League Western Division title in 1987 , losing the 1987 National League Championship Series to the St. Louis Cardinals in seven games . The one bright spot in that defeat was their slugging outfielder Jeffrey Leonard , who was named the Most Valuable Player for the series in a losing effort . In Leonard 's own faltering words , the prize money ( $50,000 ) meant nothing to him , but only the win that eluded him and his team . He would have given anything to be going up north to play the Minnesota Twins , and his former teammate outfielder Dan Gladden , traded to the Twins at the start of the season , in the 1987 World Series . 1989 : Will the `` thrill '' , World Series and the earthquake ( edit ) Main article : 1989 San Francisco Giants season Although the team used fifteen different starting pitchers in the regular season , the 1989 Giants won the National League pennant . They were led by 1989 National League All - Star Game starting pitcher Rick Reuschel , closer and 1989 National League ERA leader Scott Garrelts , 1989 National League Most Valuable Player Kevin Mitchell , and Will Clark . The Giants beat the Chicago Cubs in the National League Championship Series , four games to one . In Game 1 , first baseman Will Clark hit a grand slam off Greg Maddux in the fourth inning after reading Maddux 's lips telling his catcher which pitch he was going to throw . In Game 5 , Clark , who was the Most Valuable Player in the series for batting . 650 with eight RBIs , came through in the clutch with a bases - loaded , two - out single off hard - throwing lefty closer Mitch Williams to break a 1 -- 1 tie in the bottom of the eighth inning . With two outs in the top of the 9th inning , Giants closer Steve Bedrosian gave up three straight singles and a run before getting the dangerous Ryne Sandberg on a harmless first - pitch groundout straight to Robby Thompson at second , who threw easily to Clark for the final out , stranding the tying run at second , as longtime Giants radio voice Hank Greenwald proclaimed , `` 27 years of waiting have come to an end . The Giants have won the pennant ! '' After dispatching the Cubs four games to one , the Giants faced the Oakland Athletics in the unforgettable `` Bay Bridge Series '' , best remembered by the October 17 , 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake which struck at 5 : 04 p.m. just before the scheduled Game 3 at Candlestick Park . After a ten - day delay , Oakland finished its sweep of the Giants , winning Games 3 & 4 at San Francisco . The Giants never led in any of the games , and never even managed to send the tying run to the plate against A 's closer Dennis Eckersley in their last at - bat of Game 4 . The Giants and A 's had played three World Series before when John McGraw 's Giants were in New York and Connie Mack 's A 's were in Philadelphia , the Giants winning in 1905 on Christy Mathewson 's record three complete - game shutouts and the A 's in 1911 & 1913 behind Home Run Baker and Eddie Collins . 1992 : farewell San Francisco ? ( edit ) Will Clark preparing to bat for the Giants at Candlestick Park in 1992 . That year , the Giants came close to relocation , with an empty stadium ready to be filled in Tampa . A `` Save Our Giants '' banner hanging from San Francisco City Hall In the wake of that disappointing 1989 World Series sweep , a local ballot initiative to fund a new stadium in San Francisco failed , threatening the franchise 's future in the city . After the 1992 season , owner Bob Lurie , who had previously saved the franchise from moving to Toronto in 1976 , put the team up for sale . A group of investors from St. Petersburg led by Vince Naimoli reached an agreement to purchase the team and move them to the Tampa Bay area , but the National League owners voted against the acquisition . San Francisco mayor Frank Jordan made it a top priority to retain the team , and recruited local real estate billionaire Walter Shorenstein to help organize a local team of investors . Wally Haas , the owner of the Oakland Athletics at the time , agreed to grant the Giants exclusive rights to the South Bay so the Giants could explore all potential local sites for a new stadium and at least help to keep the team in the Bay Area . The team was instead sold in another last - minute deal to an ownership group including managing general partner Peter Magowan , former CEO of supermarket chain Safeway , and Harmon and Sue Burns . In addition to the anticipated move to downtown San Francisco , the Giants ' ownership also made a major personnel move to solidify fan support . Before even hiring a new general manager or officially being approved as the new managing general partner , Magowan signed superstar slugger free agent Barry Bonds away from the Pittsburgh Pirates , a move which was initially blocked by Major League Baseball until terms were negotiated to protect Lurie and Bonds in case the sale failed . 1993 : `` the last pure pennant race '' ( edit ) The Barry Bonds era began auspiciously as Bonds put up the numbers for the third MVP of his career : 46 home runs , 129 runs , 123 runs batted in , . 336 batting average , . 458 on - base percentage , . 677 slugging percentage , 1.135 on base plus slugging . All exceeded his numbers from previous years . Matt Williams excelled as well ( 38 home runs , 110 runs batted in , . 294 batting average ) , with veterans Robby Thompson and Will Clark , the latter in his last season with the Giants , providing additional offensive support . John Burkett and Bill Swift won more than twenty games apiece , and closer Rod Beck was dominant with 48 saves and a 2.16 ERA . All this led the Giants to a 103 -- 59 record in Dusty Baker 's first year as manager , which earned him the Manager of the Year award . But despite the Giants ' great record , the Atlanta Braves -- fueled by solid seasons from David Justice , Ron Gant , Deion Sanders and their key midseason acquisition of Fred McGriff from the San Diego Padres -- came back from a ten - game deficit to pass the Giants win the NL West by a single game . The Braves also had two 20 + - game winners , Tom Glavine and Cy Young Award - winning Greg Maddux . Desperately needing a win against the Dodgers in the final game of the year to force a one - game playoff with the Braves in San Francisco , the controversial choice of rookie pitcher Salomón Torres proved disastrous for the Giants as he gave up three runs in the first four innings of a 12 -- 1 rout . The only other rested Giants starter , Scott Sanderson , was not chosen because he was considered a fly - ball pitcher and the Dodgers were a fly - ball - hitting team . After the major leagues ' establishment of the three - division playoff format with a fourth wild card entry after the 1993 season , New York Times sports columnist Dave Anderson captured the feeling of many baseball purists regarding the thrilling -- and for Giants fans , heartbreaking -- winner - take - all outcome of the last two - division National League West when he characterized the 1993 National League regular season as `` the last pure pennant race . '' 1994 -- 96 seasons ( edit ) The 1994 to 1996 seasons were not good for the Giants , punctuated by the strike that canceled the rest of the 1994 baseball season and the World Series . The strike denied Matt Williams a chance to beat Roger Maris 's single season home run record : He had 43 home runs in the Giants ' first 115 games , and was thus on pace for 60 when the strike hit with 47 games left to play . But the rest of the team was n't as good as their two sluggers , with no other player having even 10 home runs or even 40 RBI that late into the season although they were still in contention , not far from the division lead , when the strike ended play in mid-August . When Commissioner Bud Selig refused to budge in negotiations with the owners , a radio sports talk - show host quipped , `` Hitler , Mussolini and Tojo could n't cancel the World Series ( in World War II ) , but Selig did ! '' The Giants finished a dismal last in both 1995 and 1996 , crippled by key injuries and slumps. 1995 had a strange feeling about it , with many fans not coming back after the strike - shortened 1994 season , something that kept attendances notably lower until the McGwire - Sosa record - breaking home run chase of 1998 . Bonds continued as the Giants ' driving force , posting fantastic numbers , with the highest WAR among position players in the National League ( 33 HR , 104 RBI , 109 R and 120 BB in 144 games ) . Matt Williams and Glenallen Hill were the only other Giants with at least 20 home runs , and the rest of the team had mediocre offensive numbers . The pitching staff was poor , with Mark Leiter leading the way with ten wins , going 10 -- 12 with a 3.82 earned run average . Closer Rod Beck had 33 saves but nine blown saves and a 4.45 earned run average . Candlestick Park 1996 was highlighted by Bonds ' joining the 40 -- 40 club as only the second member , after the A 's José Canseco in 1988 , with 42 home runs and 40 stolen bases , along with 129 runs batted in , 151 walks , and a . 308 batting average . Rookie Bill Mueller also provided hope for the future of the club with a . 330 average , with 66 hits in 200 at bats over 55 games . The pitching was scarcely better than in 1995 . Only Mark Gardner had more than 10 wins , going 12 -- 7 with a 4.42 earned run average , and Rod Beck had 35 saves and a 3.34 ERA but nine losses and the rest of the bullpen was woeful . The low point came in late June when the Giants , after surging to three games over . 500 and second place in the National League West , lost 10 straight games en route to a 68 -- 94 record . Their long - time radio voice , Hank Greenwald , retired after the season . 1997 -- 99 : rebuilding ( edit ) 1997 ( edit ) Main article : 1997 San Francisco Giants season After three consecutive losing seasons , the Giants named Brian Sabean as their new general manager for 1997 , replacing Bob Quinn . Sabean may have been acting as GM even before the announcement , and was rumored to have engineered the deal to get southpaw starter Kirk Rueter from the Montreal Expos . His tenure began with controversy . In his first official trade , he shocked Giants fans by trading Matt Williams to Cleveland for what newspapers referred to as a ' bunch of spare parts ' , with a negative reaction great enough for him to explain publicly , `` I did n't get to this point by being an idiot ... I 'm sitting here telling you there is a plan . '' Sabean was proven right : The Giants acquired for Williams -- slugging second baseman Jeff Kent , shortstop José Vizcaíno and bullpen setup man Julián Tavárez , along with Joe Roa and the $1 million in cash that enabled them to sign center fielder and leadoff hitter Darryl Hamilton -- and a subsequent trade with Anaheim for clutch - hitting , slick - fielding first baseman J.T. Snow -- turned out to be major contributors , leading the Giants to their first National League West title of the decade in 1997 . Snow , Kent , and Bonds each had over 100 runs batted in , and pitcher Shawn Estes ' 19 wins against only 5 losses led the team . Rod Beck had his usual fine season with 37 saves . 1997 also saw the introduction of interleague play to major league baseball , with the division - winning Giants going 10 - 6 against the four American League West teams : Seattle Mariners , Texas Rangers , Anaheim Angels and Oakland A 's . On June 12 the Giants beat the Rangers 4 - 3 in the first regular season interleague game in major league history . But the wild - card Florida Marlins ended the Giants ' season with a 3 -- 0 sweep in the first round of the playoffs . 1998 ( edit ) Main article : 1998 San Francisco Giants season In 1998 , the Giants were fueled by good seasons from sluggers Jeff Kent and Barry Bonds , both with 30 + HR and 100 + RBI , and from starters Kirk Rueter ( 16 -- 9 W-L record , 4.36 ERA ) , Mark Gardner ( 13 -- 6 , 4.33 ) and newly acquired Orel Hershiser ( 11 -- 10 , 4.41 ) . New closer Robb Nen had 40 saves . A hot September stretch tied them for the NL wild card , but they lost a one - game playoff at Chicago 's Wrigley Field . 1999 : final season at Candlestick Park ( edit ) Main article : 1999 San Francisco Giants season 1999 saw the Giants finish second in the NL West with an 86 -- 76 record . Barry Bonds 's production dropped as he hit . 262 , his lowest average in a decade . He did , however , hit 34 home runs even though he missed more than a third of the season due to injury , and other team regulars put up very good supporting numbers including Snow , Kent , shortstop Rich Aurilia and outfielder Ellis Burks , all with 20 + HR and 80 + RBI . Marvin Benard also had a career year in center field with 16 home runs , 64 RBIs and a career - and team - high 27 stolen bases . The pitching staff was paced by Russ Ortiz ( 18 -- 9 , 3.81 ) and Kirk Rueter ( 15 -- 10 , 5.41 ) . With the knowledge that their days in Candlestick Park were numbered , the 1999 season ended with a series of promotions and tributes . After the final game of the season , a loss to the Dodgers , home plate was ceremoniously removed and taken by CHP helicopter to the new grounds where the downtown stadium was being built . ( Candlestick Park remained the home of the San Francisco 49ers football team through the 2013 season . ) 2000 -- present : AT&T Park ( edit ) In 2000 , after 40 years , the Giants left Candlestick Park and , as long advocated , moved into a privately financed downtown stadium ( AT&T Park , originally Pacific or `` Pac '' Bell Park and later renamed SBC Park ) on that part of the shoreline of China Basin known as McCovey Cove , at the corner of 3rd and King Streets ( with an official address of 24 Willie Mays Plaza in honor of the longtime Giants superstar ) , ushering in a new era for the Giants and their fans . AT&T Park The Giants routinely sell out the newer 43,000 - seat 21st century stadium , whereas smaller attendances of less than 10,000 were not uncommon in Candlestick despite its nearly 60,000 seating capacity , although by the 1999 season the Giants did manage to draw about 25,000 fans per game . The new location annually vies for highest MLB season attendance , in contrast to often having had the lowest attendance in the NL ( or close to it ) previously . Still quite breezy in summer compared to other MLB parks , AT&T Park has been a consensus success despite its reputation as a `` pitcher 's park '' stingy for power hitters . Its design minimizes wind - chill , and it is served by mass transit and has views of the bay and the city skyline ; traits all lacking at Candlestick especially after it was redesigned in the early 1970s to accommodate the NFL 49ers . AT&T Park is the centerpiece of a `` renaissance '' in San Francisco 's South Beach and Mission Bay neighborhoods , known for what has been called sustainable design . Despite inaugural game festivities at the new ballpark , the Dodgers spoiled the 2000 season opener with an unexpected three - HR outburst by little - known , light - hitting shortstop Kevin Elster . But the Giants rebounded after losing their first six games in their new home with a solid effort all season long , culminating with not only the NL West Division title but the best record in the major leagues . Kent paced the attack with clutch hits ( 33 HR , 125 RBI ) en route to being elected MVP over runner - up Bonds with 49 HR & 106 RBI . The pitching staff was not great but certainly decent , five starters earning at least ten wins : Liván Hernández ( 17 -- 11 , 3.75 ) , Russ Ortíz ( 14 -- 12 , 5.01 ) , Kirk Rueter ( 11 -- 9 , 3.96 ) , Shawn Estes ( 15 -- 6 , 4.26 ) and Mark Gardner ( 11 -- 7 , 4.05 ) . Closer Robb Nen was nearly perfect , with 41 saves and a minute 1.50 ERA . The Giants lost the 2000 division series to the New York Mets three games to one after a solid win in Game 1 on the postseason clutch pitching of Liván Hernández . But the Mets won the next three games despite decent starts by Estes , Ortíz and Mark Gardner . Game 2 in particular ended tumultuously but disappointingly . Down 4 -- 1 in the ninth , Snow smacked a three - run home run to tie the game ; but the Mets won in the tenth with a run off Félix Rodríguez , Bonds making the last out , stranding two runners , on a controversial called third strike . In 2001 , the Giants were eliminated from playoff contention on the next - to - last day of the season . Slugging shortstop Rich Aurilia put up stellar numbers ( 37 HR , 97 RBI , . 324 BA ) in support of Bonds , who once again gave fans something to cheer about with his single - season record 73 home runs , surpassing Mark McGwire 's 70 in 1998 . The pitching staff was good but not great , with Russ Ortíz ( 17 -- 9 , 3.29 ) leading a staff that also had Liván Hernández ( 13 -- 15 , 5.24 ) and Kirk Rueter ( 14 -- 12 , 4.42 ) . Shawn Estes and Mark Gardner had subpar years , but a notable late - season acquisition from the Pirates was superstar starter Jason Schmidt ( 7 -- 1 , 3.39 ) . Robb Nen continued as a dominant closer ( 45 saves , 3.01 ERA ) . 2002 : National League championship season and World Series ( edit ) Main articles : 2002 National League Division Series , 2002 National League Championship Series , and 2002 World Series In 2002 , the Giants finished second in the NL West behind the Arizona Diamondbacks , bolstered by another MVP season for Bonds ( 46 HR , 110 RBI , . 370 BA , a then - record 198 walks and a . 582 OBP ) and Kent ( 37 HR , 108 RBI and . 313 BA ) . Additional roster support was provided by decent seasons from veteran catcher Benito Santiago and Aurilia , aided by new acquisitions third baseman David Bell , slugging outfielder Reggie Sanders and fleet - footed outfielder Tsuyoshi Shinjo , ( generally known by last name only ) , who spent only one season with the Giants before returning to Japan . The pitching staff again proved solid , with five starters winning 12 or more including Jason Schmidt in his first full season in San Francisco . Closer Robb Nen had 43 saves and a 2.20 ERA , and setup men Felix Rodríguez and Tim Worrell were solid out of the bullpen . The Giants made the playoffs as the NL wild card in the last weekend of the season . They began by defeating the Atlanta Braves in the NLDS three games to two , with Ortíz winning Games 1 and 5 in Atlanta . With the tying runs on base in the bottom of the 9th inning , Snow ending the deciding game with a spectacular double play ending in a rundown between first and second . In the NLCS , they defeated the St. Louis Cardinals four games to one with wins by Rueter , Schmidt and two by Worrell in relief . Santiago , particularly for his late clutch game - turning and - winning home run in Game 4 , was elected MVP of the NLCS . The Giants then faced the American League champion Anaheim Angels ( now known as the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim ) in the World Series , marking the first World Series between two wild - card teams . The Giants split the first two ( one - run ) games in Anaheim , were beaten 10 - 4 by the visiting Angels in Game 3 , then won Games 4 & 5 in Pac Bell Park , 4 - 3 and 16 - 4 . The Series shifted back to Anaheim for Game 6 . With the Giants leading the Series three - games - to - two and leading 5 - 0 with one out in the bottom of the 7th inning , manager Dusty Baker removed starter Russ Ortíz after he gave up two straight singles and handed him what Baker hoped would be the `` game ball '' as he walked off the mound . Moments later , after fouling off numerous fastballs , the Angels ' Scott Spiezio hit a three - run home run off reliever Félix Rodríguez . The Giants ' closer Robb Nen , pitching `` on fumes and guts '' with an injured right shoulder , gave up an eighth - inning two - run double to Troy Glaus , who was the Most Valuable Player for the series , and the Angels won the game 6 -- 5 and capture the momentum in the Series . The following night , Anaheim cruised to a 4 -- 1 victory behind an early three - run double by Garret Anderson off Hernández to claim the Series . After 2002 , the Giants went through many personnel changes . Baker 's managerial contract was not renewed after ten seasons . Closer Nen 's damaged shoulder ended his career , forcing him into early retirement ; and Kent , moving on to the Houston Astros in his native Texas , was not re-signed . He had aroused front - office ire earlier in the season with an off - field injury when he fell off the roof of his vehicle while shining it , and by getting into a public scrap with Bonds in the dugout in the middle of a game . Position players David Bell , Reggie Sanders , Tsuyoshi Shinjo and Kenny Lofton , as well as pitchers Liván Hernández , Russ Ortiz and southpaw reliever Aaron Fultz ( winner of 2002 World Series Game 4 ) , all went to other teams in 2003 as well . 2003 : wire to wire ( edit ) In the 2003 season the Giants , under new manager Felipe Alou , won 100 games for the seventh time in franchise history and the third time in San Francisco , winning their division for the third time in seven seasons and spending every day of the season in first place , the ninth team to accomplish that feat in baseball history . Their offense was paced by yet another MVP season from Bonds ( 45 HR , 90 RBI , . 341 BA , 148 BB and an OBP of . 529 ) . Decent offensive support was provided by Rich Aurilia , Marquis Grissom , José Cruz Jr. , Edgardo Alfonzo , Benito Santiago , Pedro Felíz and Andrés Galarrága . The pitching staff was led by Jason Schmidt ( 17 -- 5 , 2.34 ERA ) and Kirk Rueter ( 10 -- 5 , 4.53 ) , but dropped off after that , no other starter earning ten wins . Once again in the playoffs , and just like in 1997 , the Giants faced the eventual - world - champion Florida Marlins in the NLDS . Schmidt won Game 1 in San Francisco with a low - scoring complete game outdueling Josh Beckett ; but the Marlins won the next three games , and the series three games to one , as the Giants bullpen faltered after Game 2 starter Sidney Ponson imploded , blowing a big early Giants lead . As usually reliable outfielder Fred Snodgrass blew the deciding game of the 1912 World Series on the road with the Giants one run ahead going into the last of the tenth with a notorious `` muff '' of a fly ball by the leadoff hitter ending with the home team Boston Red Sox scoring two runs for a come - from - behind walk - off win , exactly the same scenario happened in the last of the tenth in Florida in Game 3 of the 2003 NLDS with a muff of another easy leadoff fly ball by otherwise slick - fielding José Cruz , Jr , ending with Iván Rodríguez 's two - out , two - run , come - from - behind bases - loaded walk - off win for the Marlins off closer Tim Worrell . 2004 -- 06 : playoff drought ( edit ) In 2004 , Bonds broke his own records with 232 walks and a . 609 OBP en route to his 7th and last NL MVP award ( 45 HR , 101 RBI , . 362 BA ) . The team also had a solid but not stellar supporting cast including Marquís Grissom ( 22 , 90 , . 279 ) and Pedro Felíz ( 22 , 84 , . 276 ) , along with decent hitting by Ray Durham , Edgárdo Alfónzo , Michael Tucker and AJ Pierzynski . Jason Schmidt was the star of the staff ( 18 -- 7 , 3.20 ERA , 251 SO ) , but the team was constantly looking for a new closer ( Matt Herges and Dustin Hermanson sharing the role during the season ) . After sitting out most of the first half of the season with an injury , Snow led the league in hitting after the All - Star Break . The Giants ' 2005 season was the least successful of the decade in their new stadium . Bonds missed almost the entire season with a knee injury , erratic closer Armando Benítez was injured for four months , and ace Jason Schmidt struggled after numerous injuries . But management took advantage of the off - year to give playing time to numerous young players , including pitchers Noah Lowry , Brad Hennessey , Kevin Correia , Scott Munter , Matt Cain and Jeremy Accardo , as well as first baseman Lance Niekro and outfielders Jason Ellison and Todd Linden . The acquisition of veteran outfield contact hitter Randy Winn from the Seattle Mariners was invaluable in the stretch run . On May 25 , the Giants held a celebration for Baseball Hall of Famer Juan Marichal . A statue of Marichál was dedicated on the plaza outside the stadium . Leonel Fernández , the President of the Dominican Republic , attended . In the two games following the ceremonies , the Giants wore uniforms with the word GIGANTES ( Spanish for `` Giants '' ) on the front of their jerseys . On July 14 , 2005 , the franchise won its 10,000 th game , defeating their longtime rival Dodgers , 4 -- 3 and thereby becoming the first professional sports franchise to have a five - figure win total . On September 28 , the Giants were officially eliminated from the NL West race after losing to the division champion San Diego Padres , finishing a distant third at 75 -- 87 , their worst , and first losing , season since 1996 . Despite the disappointing finish , the Giants extended manager Felipe Alou 's contract for another year . The Giants were expected to contend in 2006 with a strong starting staff . Despite a losing streak in May , and the worst batting performance by Barry Bonds in about 15 years the Giants did contend in the less - than - stellar Western Division and by July 23 were in first place . A 3 -- 16 stretch ensued , with nine one - run losses , and combined with a season - ending eight losses in nine games , the team finished in third place with a 76 -- 85 record . On October 2 , 2006 , the day after the end of the regular season , the Giants announced that they would not renew manager Felipe Alou 's contract but still offer him the opportunity to stay with them in an advisory role to the general manager and to baseball operations . 2007 -- 09 : losing ways and milestones ( edit ) 2007 : end of the Bonds ERA ( edit ) Main article : 2007 San Francisco Giants season With eleven free agents ( excluding Jason Schmidt ) who signed with the Dodgers for roughly $15 million a year , a new manager on board ( Bruce Bochy , division rival San Diego manager since the mid-1990s who left the Padres to manage the Giants ) , and the loss of veteran catcher Mike Matheny due to complications ( cumulative trauma ) resulting from concussions sustained during his career , the Giants ' prospects for the 2007 season were less than favorable as 2006 came to an end . They then made several deals , re-signing infielders Pedro Feliz , Ray Durham and longtime fan favorite Rich Aurilia , and picking up catcher Bengie Molina , slugger Ryan Klesko and outfielder Dave Roberts . They also signed free - agent pitcher Barry Zito to a lucrative seven - year contract worth $126 million with an $18 million option for an eighth year , the richest pitcher 's contract in baseball history at the time . On January 9 , 2007 , they re-signed pitcher Russ Ortiz to compete for the fifth starting position in spring training , which he won by late March due to his outstanding spring . The 2007 team during spring training They got off to a slow start in the regular season , with spurts of promise but more often stretches of mediocre play at best . Pitching was often inconsistent or the offense nonexistent ( such as in a pair of 1 -- 0 losses for young star starter Matt Cain , for whom lack of run support was a frequent problem ) . The season was memorable in some regards , such as the Giants -- Red Sox series in Fenway Park , their first appearance there since they lost the deciding game of the 1912 World Series with two errors in the last of the tenth after scoring a go - ahead run in the top of the tenth , and their hosting of the 2007 MLB All - Star Game . Much more notable , however , was Bonds ' march toward Hank Aaron 's 755 career home run record that brought heavy media attention to the San Francisco Giants . Leading off in the top of the second before a sellout crowd at Petco Park in San Diego in Game 2 of that series , Bonds hit a high fastball off the facing of the upper deck in left field for an off - field jack , tying the score at 1 - 1 and Aaron at 755 , although they lost 3 - 2 in extra innings . In the bottom of the fifth at home against the Washington Nationals on the night of August 7 , he smashed number 756 into the deep center field bleachers , causing a melee in the crowd scrambling for the ball , which later earned six figures at auction for the young man who came up with it . Aaron , appearing on the big screen , congratulated him personally , but the luckless Giants lost the game , 8 - 6 . On August 9 , 2007 , left - handed pinch - hitter Mark Sweeney was traded to the Los Angeles Dodgers for AA second baseman Travis Denker , marking the first trade between the Giants and the Dodgers since 1985 . The 2007 season continued discouraging for the Giants , with solid pitching but often without run support . Rookie starter Tim Lincecum , for instance , held the Chicago Cubs to two hits through eight innings on August 21 , but the team scored only one run in a 5 - 1 loss . On September 22 , 2007 , the Giants officially announced they would not re-sign Barry Bonds for the 2008 season . After much speculation and debate , owner Peter Magowan announced Bonds ' departure at a press conference , stressing the need for youth and offense throughout the lineup . Bonds played the last game of his career on September 26 , 2007 . He went 0 for 3 , driving a ball that was caught at the warning track in left - center field in his final at - bat and then leaving on his own although he had another at - bat coming had he stayed in the game . 2008 : without Bonds and golden anniversary ( edit ) Main article : 2008 San Francisco Giants season Tim Lincecum 2008 Cy Young Award Winner . 2008 , the 51st season for the Giants in San Francisco , was their first without Barry Bonds since 1992 . Their first big move was to sign gutsy Philadelphia Phillies center fielder Aaron Rowand to a 5 - year , $60 million contract . Barry Zito , in his second year as a Giant , once again got off to a poor start , losing his first eight decisions ; but the team found hope with Tim Lincecum in his first full season . After going 7 -- 5 as a rookie in 2007 , he exploded as a sophomore starter , winning four straight before his first loss on April 29 , 2008 , to the Colorado Rockies . Lincecum was selected to the 2008 MLB All - Star Game at Yankee Stadium , but was hospitalized with flulike symptoms and could n't pitch in the midsummer classic . He soon recovered , however , and even went on to win the 2008 NL Cy Young Award , finishing at 18 -- 5 and becoming the first Giant to win that prestigious trophy since Mike McCormick won it in 1967 . The Giants finished the season in fourth place in the NL West with a record of 72 -- 90 . 2009 : a mix of old & New and a no - hitter ( edit ) During the 2008 - 09 off - season , the Giants strengthened their pitching staff with veteran starting pitcher Randy Johnson and relievers Bob Howry and Jeremy Affeldt . They also signed infielders Édgar Rentería and Juan Uribe . Bill Neukom also became the new managing partner . Despite lingering questions about their struggling offense , they were a surprising 49 -- 39 by the 2009 Major League Baseball All - Star Game , good enough for second place in the NL West . In addition to the Giants ' overall performance as a team , the first half of 2009 was memorable for several individuals : Johnson became the 24th major league pitcher to win 300 games , and phenomally gifted but perpetually struggling young southpaw starter Jonathan Sánchez tossed a nearly perfect no - hitter against the San Diego Padres on July 10 ( the only Padre baserunner reached on Juan Uribe 's late infield error , following the distant footsteps of Giants immortal Christy Mathewson , whose 1905 no - no was blemished by only two errors ) , the first Giants no - hitter since 1976 . Incredibly , Sánchez accomplished his feat spot - starting in place of injured Randy Johnson and returning to the rotation after a brief demotion to the bullpen , striking out a career - high eleven hitters to boot . It was his first major league complete game and shutout , on only 110 pitches for an 8 - 0 Giants romp , and the first no - hitter ever thrown at AT&T Park . In fact , 2009 's starting rotation was one of the strongest in Giants history , two of whom went to the All - Star Game including successfully defending Cy Young champ Tim Lincecum , who started the game . He won his second straight NL Cy Young Award even though he won only 15 games in 2009 , finishing at 15 - 7 , becoming the only pitcher to capture the Cy Young Award in each of his first two full major league seasons . But tragically on July 19 , Sue Burns , the team 's senior general partner who was a virtual fixture in her seat adjacent to the Giants ' dugout , died early that Sunday morning of cancer . She was the widow of Harmon Burns , a Bay area financier who was a key member of the investor group that had saved the team from moving to Tampa at the end of the 1992 season . The Giants honored her with a pregame ceremony with Barry Bonds in attendance . On July 20 , the Giants traded one of their top prospects , AA pitcher Tim Alderson , for Pittsburgh Pirates second baseman Freddy Sánchez . Alderson was the first round pick in the 2007 draft and was ranked prospect number four in the Giants ' organization by Baseball America , but Sánchez provided a much needed jump for their offense , batting . 293 with 41 RBI and 22 walks for the season . On September 11 , the Giants added another key player when they brought up their first - round draft pick , young catcher Buster Posey , from their AAA affiliate the Fresno Grizzlies . Although the 2009 Giants finished only 14 games above . 500 , they won 16 more games than in 2008 . With the emergence of star slugger Pablo Sandoval to provide solid offensive support for their dominant pitching staff , they looked forward to making the playoffs next year for the first time since 2003 . 2010 -- 2016 : a dynasty emerges ( edit ) 2010 : first championship in San Francisco ( edit ) Main articles : 2010 San Francisco Giants season , 2010 National League Division Series , 2010 National League Championship Series , and 2010 World Series Pat Burrell in the Giants ' 2010 World Series victory parade . At the start of the 2010 season , Jim Caple of ESPN.com was the only baseball writer or pundit to pick the Giants to reach the World Series , although he later recanted his pick before the National League Championship Series , saying the Philadelphia Phillies would beat the Giants and advance to the World Series . Most did not expect San Francisco even to make the playoffs . The Giants won the National League Western Division for the first time since 2003 , after trailing the San Diego Padres for most of the season . In the 2010 National League Division Series , the Giants defeated the Atlanta Braves three games to one . In the 2010 National League Championship Series , the Giants defeated the Philadelphia Phillies 4 -- 2 , and advanced to face the Texas Rangers in the 2010 World Series . Behind Tim Lincecum , the Giants wrapped up the World Series with a 3 - 1 Game 5 win for their first world championship in San Francisco and the first for the Giants franchise since 1954 . Édgar Rentería was named World Series Most Valuable Player . The championship firsts were : Giants : First world championship since 1954 , while still in New York . First world championship since the move to San Francisco in 1958 . City of San Francisco : First World Series championship . First major sports championship since the 49ers won Super Bowl XXIX in January 1995 . San Francisco Bay Area : First World Series championship since the Oakland Athletics swept the Giants in 1989 . First major sports world championship since the 49ers won Super Bowl XXIX . With their victory in the 2010 World Series , the Giants also became the second Major League Baseball team ( after the St. Louis Cardinals ) to win a world championship in three different centuries : 1800s , 1900s , and 2000s . On November 15 , 2010 , Giants ' catcher Buster Posey was named NL Rookie of the Year . 2011 : back to square one ( edit ) Main article : 2011 San Francisco Giants season 2011 began on a dark note when Giants fan paramedic Bryan Stow suffered a life - threatening head injury and was permanently disabled in an attack by two Dodgers fans in the Dodgers Stadium parking lot on Opening Day after they had insulted and threatened him in the stands during the game . Further tragedy ensued on May 25 in extra innings when Florida utility man Scott Cousins crashed into the Giants ' Rookie of the Year catcher Buster Posey as he slid home with the eventual Marlin winning run , fracturing Posey 's ankle and ending his season . The Giants fought on without Posey and through a morass of injuries to position players largely on the strength of their pitching both starting and in relief . Four starters , Tim Lincecum ( ERA 2.74 ) , Matt Cain ( ERA 2.88 ) , Ryan Vogelsong ( ERA 2.71 ) and Madison Bumgarner ( ERA 3.21 ) and a lights out bullpen kept the Giants in first place until the second week of August . San Francisco finished the 2011 season with an 86 -- 76 record , winding up in second place in the NL West eight games behind the division - winning Arizona Diamondbacks for lack of hitting and other key injuries ( such as to second baseman Freddy Sánchez in late May shortly before Posey 's injury , and to closer Brian Wilson in August ) . 2012 : Champions again ( edit ) Main article : 2012 San Francisco Giants season The Giants started the season playing barely above . 500 , trailing the Dodgers in second place for most of the first half of the season and falling to 7.5 games back near the end of May . But a June 17 -- 10 record by the Giants ( including a home sweep of the Dodgers ) while the Dodgers slumped to 11 -- 17 put the Giants as division leaders ahead by one game at the end of the month . On June 13 , Matt Cain pitched the first perfect game in the 130 - year history of the franchise , against the Houston Astros , at AT&T Park . The Giants and Dodgers continued to trade places at the top until August 20 , at which point another sweep of the Dodgers gave the Giants the lead for good . Melky Cabrera was named the Most Valuable Player of the All - Star Game , while Matt Cain was the starting and winning pitcher and Sandoval became the first player in All - Star Game history to hit a bases - loaded triple . At the trade deadline , the Giants acquired right fielder Hunter Pence from the Philadelphia Phillies and second baseman Marco Scutaro from the Colorado Rockies . On August 15 , Cabrera was suspended by Major League Baseball for 50 games for testing positive for a performance - enhancing drug . Despite the loss of Cabrera and the Dodgers making several blockbuster trades , the Giants still won the 2012 NL West Division , led by Scútaro 's 20 - game hit streak in the last twenty games of the regular season for a . 306 average and NL MVP - to - be Buster Posey 's league - leading . 336 . In the 2012 NLDS , the Giants became the first NL team to come back from a 2 - 0 deficit to beat the Cincinnati Reds in three straight games , and were also the first major league team to take a best - of - five postseason series by winning the last three on the road . The St. Louis Cardinals won three out of the first four games in the 2012 NLCS . The Giants won the next three games to advance to the 2012 World Series , and Scútaro was chosen MVP of the NLCS with his . 500 average . The Giants finished a 4 - 0 sweep over the Tigers for their seventh all - time World Series title , and their second in the previous three years . Pablo Sandoval , who hit home runs in his first three at - bats in Game 1 , and had a . 500 average in the World Series , was named the World Series MVP . 2013 : inconsistent struggles ( edit ) Early in the 2013 season , the Giants were in first place in the National League West . However , in May , during a road trip to Toronto , the Giants began a slide into last place . They struggled both offensively and defensively due to several players being injured throughout the season , most notably Ángel Pagán , who suffered a hamstring injury mid-season and was out for 12 weeks , and were no - hit against the Cincinnati Reds . Buster Posey , who had won the previous year 's National League batting title , experienced a significant drop - off , hitting just 15 home runs ( and just two in the second half of the season ) and slumping to a . 294 average . Although the Giants won the season series over every team in their own division , including going 11 - 8 over the rival Dodgers , who won the division , they went only 32 - 54 outside of their division , including an MLB second worst 6 - 14 record in inter-league play , with their only season series victory outside of the National League West being over the Atlanta Braves . In several series , the Giants scored 5 runs or fewer , such as against the Red Sox ( outscored 21 - 4 , lost series 2 - 1 ) , against the Yankees ( outscored 12 - 3 , lost series 2 - 1 ) , against the Cardinals in St. Louis ( outscored 17 - 5 , lost series 2 - 1 ) , against the Blue Jays in San Francisco ( outscored 5 - 2 , split series 1 - 1 ) , and against the Cubs in San Francisco ( outscored 6 - 3 , swept ) . This slide lasted until mid-August when the Giants began to play efficiently again ( highlighted by a 19 - 3 romp over the rival Dodgers in Los Angeles ) and ended the season in a tie for 3rd place with the San Diego Padres after a brief resurgence . At the conclusion of the season the Giants also signed right fielder Hunter Pence to a five - year , $90 million contract . The Giants finished the 2013 season with a 76 - 86 record . The Giants ' . 469 record marked their first losing record since 2008 and one of the worst records ever for a team that had won the World Series the previous year , behind only the 1998 Florida Marlins . One notable highlight was Tim Lincecum throwing his first no - hitter against the San Diego Padres at Petco Park in a 9 - 0 victory . A notable oddity happened during a doubleheader with the Cincinnati Reds on July 23 in which the Reds were the designated home team for Game 2 even though the Giants were playing at home . The Reds won Game 1 , 9 - 3 , and the Giants prevailed in Game 2 , 5 - 3 . 2014 : third World Series championship in San Francisco ( edit ) Main article : 2014 San Francisco Giants season The Giants acquired outfielder Michael Morse and starting pitcher Tim Hudson in the offseason . At one point , the Giants had twice as many wins as they had losses , sporting a 42 - 21 record . However , their 9.5 game lead over the Dodgers dissipated . Lincecum pitched his second no - hitter , also against the Padres . With a won - loss record of 12 - 9 , Lincecum achieved more wins than his previous 2 seasons , though second - half struggles put Lincecum out of the starting rotation . The Giants finished the season with an 88 - 74 record , the first time in baseball 's modern era that they had reached the postseason with under 90 wins . The Giants defeated the Pirates in the 2014 National League Wild Card Game , 8 - 0 , with Madison Bumgarner pitching a complete game and Brandon Crawford hitting a grand slam off of Pirates starter Edinson Vólquez , the first in MLB postseason history by a shortstop . The Giants won the 2014 NLDS , defeating the Nationals and passing the Cincinnati Reds ' Big Red Machine for a new National League record in consecutive postseason victories . The Giants played the Cardinals in the 2014 NLCS rematch , winning in five games . Travis Ishikawa hit a game winning walk - off 3 run homer in game 5 . Madison Bumgarner was named MVP of the series . The Giants faced the Kansas City Royals in the 2014 World Series , defeating the AL Champions in 7 games , winning 4 games to 3 . Madison Bumgarner was also named the World Series MVP . The championship was the Giants ' third in a five - year span , spurring debate over whether the Giants could be considered a modern - day baseball dynasty . 2015 : odd year curse ( edit ) During the 2015 offseason , the Giants lost two key contributors , Pablo Sandoval and Michael Morse , who both became free agents and signed with the Boston Red Sox and the Miami Marlins respectively . After Sandoval 's departure , there was talk of moving Buster Posey to third base , Sandoval 's position . Marco Scutaro , the Giants injury - plagued second baseman , was also released , with Joe Panik taking his position . Over the offseason , Giants dealt for Casey McGehee and Nori Aoki to replace Sandoval and Morse respectively , avoided arbitration with Brandon Belt and Brandon Crawford , re-signed Sergio Romo and Jake Peavy , had free - agent Ryan Vogelsong come back , and looked forward to the returns of Matt Cain and Ángel Pagán . Despite the team remaining mostly the same , some concerns existed . The rotation was one of the oldest in the major leagues , and except for Madison Bumgarner , no starting pitcher ended with a winning record in 2014 . Many believed McGehee and Aoki could n't make up for the power lost from the departures Sandoval and Morse . However , the Giants remained in high hopes entering 2015 , looking to break the odd - year `` curse '' established in 2011 and 2013 . Indeed , the season began poorly for the team , and included an eight - game losing streak . However , a home sweep of the archrival Dodgers lifted the Giants ' outlook , and an additional sweep of the Los Angeles Angels in the opening days of May , with Lincecum winning the final game of the series , further improved their prospects . By mid-May the team welcomed Hunter Pence , who had broken his arm in spring training , back to the lineup , with a fine debut performance in a lopsided win in Cincinnati . The victory gave the Giants a winning record and another boost to their morale . On June 9 , 2015 , Chris Heston pitched the 17th no - hitter in Giants history against the New York Mets , making 110 pitches , striking out 11 including three called strikeouts in the 9th inning , with the only baserunners being 3 hit batsmen . Heston also had two hits and drove in two runs in the game . The no - hitter was the third by a Giants rookie and the first by a visiting pitcher at Citi Field . On June 15 , 2015 the Giants set a record for most consecutive home losses at AT&T Park at nine straight games with a 5 - 1 loss to the Seattle Mariners . This losing streak was the Giants ' longest since an 11 - game home loss streak at the Polo Grounds in New York in 1940 . Despite injuries to Aoki , Pagan , Pence , Panik , and Leake , the Giants remained deep in the playoff hunt , due to contributions by rookies Chris Heston and Matt Duffy , as well as Buster Posey 's MVP - like season . However , with Hunter Pence out again with an oblique strain in the middle of a brutal stretch in the schedule , the Giants faced a major uphill battle . They acquired outfielder Marlon Byrd to deal with Pagan and Pence 's absences ; he made an immediate impact , almost hitting for the cycle in a 6 - 4 win against the Wild Card - leading Pirates . However , the Giants still finished 84 - 78 and missed the playoffs . 2016 : end of the even year dynasty ( edit ) In 2016 , the Giants started off strong , ending their first half at the All - Star break with the best record in the majors at 57 - 33 . However , due to a struggling bullpen in the second half , they just barely qualified for the 2016 postseason in the 2nd NL Wild Card spot . In the process they blew an 8 - game lead to the rival Los Angeles Dodgers , who were missing star pitcher Clayton Kershaw for 2 1 / 2 months . The Giants ' run at even - year championships ended with a game 4 loss to the eventual World Series champion Chicago Cubs in the 2016 NLDS . In Game 4 , the Giants led 5 -- 2 before they were eliminated after allowing four runs to the Cubs in the 9th . They previously held an MLB - record 10 - game winning streak when facing elimination in the postseason . Brandon Crawford , Joe Panik and Buster Posey all received Gold Glove awards at the close of the season . Recent seasons : 2017 to present ( edit ) 2017 : hitting bottom ( edit ) On December 6 , 2016 , the Giants signed closer Mark Melancon to a 4 - year , $62 million contract . The deal was briefly the largest in MLB history for a relief pitcher , until the signing of Aroldis Chapman to the New York Yankees for 5 years , $86 million later that offseason . On April 2 , 2017 , Madison Bumgarner became the first pitcher in MLB history to hit two home runs in an Opening Day matchup , in what would be a 6 -- 5 loss on the road to the Arizona Diamondbacks . Despite the Giants ' recent post-season successes and posting the 7th highest payroll in the league in 2017 , they finished 64 - 98 and 5th in the NL west in a season that was rife with injuries to several key players in the bullpen , lineup , and rotation . This , combined with the failure of the front office to address glaring defensive issues in the outfield , as well as the lowest power - hitting performance in the league at a time when home runs are on the rise , resulted in one of the poorest seasons in Giants history . 2018 ( edit ) Before the 2018 season , the Giants acquired Evan Longoria and Andrew McCutchen in trades , that saw Denard Span and the organization 's top prospect Christian Arroyo sent to the Tampa Bay Rays in return , along with an additional prospect ; the Pittsburgh Pirates received Giants prospects Kyle Crick and Bryan Reynolds as compensation for the final year of McCutchen 's contract . The team followed these trades by signing free - agent outfielder Austin Jackson to a two - year contract . Rivalries ( edit ) The Giants ' rivalry with the Los Angeles Dodgers dates back to when the two teams were based in New York , as does their rivalry with the New York Yankees . Their rivalry with the Oakland Athletics dates back to when the Giants were in New York and the A 's were in Philadelphia and played each other in the 1905 , 1911 , & 1913 World Series , and was renewed in 1968 when the Athletics moved from Kansas City and the teams again played each other in the earthquake - interrupted 1989 Bay Bridge World Series . The 2010 NLCS inaugurated a Giants rivalry with the Philadelphia Phillies after confrontations between Jonathan Sánchez and Chase Utley , and between Ramón Ramírez and Shane Victorino . However , with the Philadelphia Phillies dropping off as one of the premier teams of the National League , this rivalry has died down since 2010 and 2011 . Another rivalry that has intensified recently is with the St. Louis Cardinals , whom the team has faced 4 times in the NLCS . The rivalry between the New York Giants and Chicago Cubs in the early twentieth century was once regarded as one of the most heated in baseball , with Merkle 's Boner leading to a 1908 season - ending matchup in New York of particular note . That historical rivalry was revisited when the Giants beat the Cubs in the 1989 NL playoffs , in their one - game playoff in Chicago at the end of the 1998 season , and on June 6 , 2012 in a `` Turn Back The Century '' game in which both teams wore replica 1912 uniforms . Los Angeles Dodgers ( edit ) Main article : Dodgers -- Giants rivalry The Giants - Dodgers rivalry is one of the greatest and longest - standing rivalries in team sports , and has been regarded as the most intense in American baseball . The Giants - Dodgers feud began in the late 19th century when both clubs were based in New York City , with the Dodgers based in Brooklyn and the Giants playing at the Polo Grounds in upper Manhattan . After the 1957 season , Dodgers owner Walter O'Malley decided to move the team to Los Angeles primarily for financial reasons . Along the way , he managed to convince Giants owner Horace Stoneham ( who was considering moving his team to Minnesota ) to preserve the rivalry by taking his team to San Francisco as well . New York baseball fans were stunned and heartbroken by the move . Given that the cities of Los Angeles and San Francisco have long been competitors in economic , cultural and political arenas , their new California venues became fertile ground for transplantation of the ancient rivalry . Both teams ' having endured for over a century while leaping across an entire continent , as well as the rivalry 's growth from cross-city to cross-state , have led to its being considered one of the greatest in sports history . The Giants - Dodgers rivalry has been marked by the Giants ' slightly better success . While the Giants have more total wins , head - to - head wins , National League pennants and World Series titles in their franchise histories , the Dodgers have won the National League West 5 more times than the Giants since the start of division play in 1969 . Both teams have made the postseason as a National League wild card twice . The Giants won their first world championship in California in 2010 , while the Dodgers won their last world title in 1988 . As of the end of the 2014 baseball season , the Los Angeles Dodgers lead the San Francisco Giants in California World Series triumphs , 5 - 3 , whereas in 20th century New York , the Giants led the Dodgers in World Series championships , 5 - 1 . The combined franchise histories give the Giants an 8 - 6 edge in MLB championships , overall . Oakland Athletics ( edit ) Main article : Bay Bridge Series A geographic rivalry with the cross-Bay American League Athletics greatly increased with the 1989 World Series , nicknamed the `` Battle of the Bay '' , which Oakland swept ( and which was interrupted by the Loma Prieta earthquake moments before the scheduled start of Game 3 in San Francisco ) . In addition , the introduction of interleague play in 1997 has pitted the two teams against each other for usually six games every season since 1997 , three in each city ( but only four in 2013 , two in each city ) . Before 1997 , they played each other only in Cactus League spring training . Their interleague play wins and losses ( 53 - 50 in favor of the A 's after a Giants sweep of an interleague series from July 24 -- 26 , 2015 ) have been fairly evenly divided despite differences in league , style of play , stadium , payroll , fan base stereotypes , media coverage and World Series records , all of which have heightened the rivalry in recent years . The intensity of the rivalry and how it is understood varies among Bay Area fans . A 's fans generally view the Giants as a hated rival , while Giants fans generally view the A 's as a friendly rival much lower on the scale . This is most likely due to the A 's lack of a historical rival , while the Giants have their heated rivalry with the Dodgers . Some Bay Area fans are fans of both teams . The `` split hats '' that feature the logos of both teams best embodies the shared fan base . Other Bay Area fans view the competition between the two teams as a `` friendly rivalry '' , with little actual hatred compared to similar ones such as the Subway Series ( New York Mets vs. New York Yankees ) , the Red Line Series ( Chicago Cubs vs. Chicago White Sox ) and the Freeway Series ( Los Angeles Dodgers vs. Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim ) . The Giants and A 's enjoyed a limited rivalry at the start of the 20th century before the Yankees began to dominate after the acquisition of Babe Ruth in 1920 , when the Giants were in New York and the A 's were in Philadelphia . The teams were managed by legendary leaders John McGraw and Connie Mack , who were considered not only friendly rivals but the premier managers during that era , especially in view of their longevity ( Mack for 50 years , McGraw for 30 ) since both were majority owners . Each team played in five of the first 15 World Series ( tying them with the Red Sox and Cubs for most World Series appearances during that time period ) . As the New York Giants and the Philadelphia A 's , they met in three World Series , with the Giants winning in 1905 and the A 's in 1911 & 1913 . After becoming the San Francisco Giants and Oakland A 's , they met in a fourth Series in 1989 resulting in the A 's last world championship ( as of 2017 ) . Historical rivalry ( edit ) New York Yankees ( edit ) Main articles : Giants -- Yankees rivalry and Subway Series Though in different leagues , the Giants have also been historical rivals of the Yankees , starting in New York before the Giants moved to the West Coast . Before the institution of interleague play in 1997 , the two teams had little opportunity to play each other except in seven World Series : 1921 , 1922 , 1923 , 1936 , 1937 , 1951 and 1962 , the Yankees winning last five of the seven Series . The teams have met four times in regular season interleague play as of the end of the 2016 season : in 2002 at old Yankee Stadium , in 2007 at AT&T Park , in 2013 at new Yankee Stadium , and in 2016 also at new Yankee Stadium . In game two of the teams ' September 2013 meeting , Alex Rodriguez hit a Grand Slam , breaking Lou Gehrig 's grand slam record . In his July 4 , 1939 farewell speech ending with the renowned `` Today , I consider myself the luckiest man on the face of the earth '' , Yankee slugger Lou Gehrig , who played in 2,130 consecutive games , declared that the Giants were a team he `` would give his right arm to beat , and vice versa . '' Baseball Hall of Famers ( edit ) As of 2012 , the Major League Baseball Hall of Fame has inducted 66 representatives of the Giants ( 55 players and 11 managers ) into the Hall of Fame , more than any other team in the history of baseball . San Francisco Giants Hall of Famers Affiliation according to the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum New York Gothams / Giants Dave Bancroft Jake Beckley Roger Bresnahan Dan Brouthers Jesse Burkett Roger Connor George Davis Leo Durocher Buck Ewing Frankie Frisch Burleigh Grimes Gabby Hartnett Rogers Hornsby Waite Hoyt Carl Hubbell Monte Irvin Travis Jackson Tim Keefe Willie Keeler George Kelly King Kelly Tony Lazzeri Freddie Lindstrom Ernie Lombardi Rube Marquard Christy Mathewson Joe McGinnity John McGraw Joe Medwick Johnny Mize Hank O'Day Jim O'Rourke Mel Ott Edd Roush Amos Rusie Ray Schalk Red Schoendienst Bill Terry John Montgomery Ward Mickey Welch Hoyt Wilhelm Hack Wilson Ross Youngs San Francisco Giants Steve Carlton Gary Carter Orlando Cepeda Rich Gossage Randy Johnson Juan Marichal Willie Mays Willie McCovey Joe Morgan Gaylord Perry Frank Robinson Duke Snider Warren Spahn Players and managers listed in bold are depicted on their Hall of Fame plaques wearing a Giants or Gothams cap insignia . -- depicted on Hall of Fame plaque without a cap or cap insignia due to not wearing a cap or playing when caps had no insignia -- depicted without a cap or cap insignia , but Hall of Fame recognizes New York Gothams / Giants as `` Primary Team '' -- inducted as player , also managed Giants or was player - manager -- inducted as manager , also played for Giants or was player - manager -- inducted as umpire , also played for Giants or was player - manager Ford C. Frick Award recipients ( edit ) San Francisco Giants Ford C. Frick Award recipients Affiliation according to the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum Ernie Harwell Russ Hodges Tim McCarver Jon Miller Lindsey Nelson Lon Simmons Names in bold received the award based primarily on their work as broadcasters for the Giants . * Played as Giants Other ( edit ) The following inducted members of the Hall of Fame played or managed for the Giants , but either played for the Giants and were inducted as a manager having never managed the Giants , or managed the Giants and were inducted as a player having never played for the Giants : Cap Anson -- inducted as player , managed Giants in 1898 . Hughie Jennings -- inducted as player , managed Giants from 1924 to 1925 . Bill McKechnie -- inducted as manager , played for Giants in 1916 . Frank Robinson -- inducted as player , managed Giants from 1981 to 1984 . Casey Stengel -- inducted as manager , played for Giants from 1921 to 1923 . Broadcasters Russ Hodges , Lon Simmons , and Jon Miller are permanently honored in the Hall 's `` Scribes & Mikemen '' exhibit as a result of winning the Ford C. Frick Award in 1980 , 2004 , and 2010 respectively . As with all Frick Award winners , none are officially recognized as an inducted member of the Hall of Fame . Giants in the Bay Area Sports Hall of Fame ( edit ) Main article : Bay Area Sports Hall of Fame Giants in the Bay Area Sports Hall of Fame No . Name Position Tenure Notes -- Bob Lurie Owner 1976 -- 1993 Born in San Francisco -- Peter Magowan Owner / President 1993 -- 2008 Attended Stanford University 1 , 18 Bill Rigney IF Manager 1946 -- 1953 1956 -- 1960 , 1976 Born and raised in Alameda Dick Bartell SS 1935 -- 1938 1941 -- 1943 , 1946 Grew up in Alameda Ernie Lombardi 1943 -- 1947 Elected mainly on his performance with Cincinnati Reds , grew up in Oakland 6 Tony Lazzeri 2B 1939 Elected mainly on his performance with New York Yankees , born and raised in San Francisco 8 Joe Morgan 2B 1981 -- 1982 Elected mainly on his performance with Cincinnati Reds , raised in Oakland 9 , 10 , 60 Matt Williams 3B 1987 -- 1996 12 Dusty Baker OF Manager 1984 1993 -- 2002 14 Vida Blue 1978 -- 1981 1985 -- 1986 Elected mainly on his performance with Oakland A 's 16 Lefty O'Doul LF 1928 1933 -- 1934 Born in San Francisco 18 , 43 Matt Cain 2005 -- 2017 19 , 33 Dave Righetti Coach 1991 -- 1993 2000 -- 2017 Born and raised in San Jose 20 Frank Robinson Manager 1981 -- 1984 Elected mainly on his performance with Cincinnati Reds and Baltimore Orioles 21 Jeff Kent 2B 1997 -- 2002 Attended UC Berkeley 22 Will Clark 1B 1986 -- 1993 24 Willie Mays CF 1951 -- 1952 1954 -- 1972 25 Barry Bonds LF 1993 -- 2007 Grew up in San Carlos 27 Juan Marichal 1960 -- 1973 30 Orlando Cepeda 1B 1958 -- 1966 36 Gaylord Perry 1962 -- 1971 44 Willie McCovey 1B 1959 -- 1973 1977 -- 1980 San Francisco Giants Wall of Famers ( edit ) Further information : San Francisco Giants Wall of Fame The Giants Wall of Fame recognizes retired players whose records stand highest among their teammates on the basis of longevity and achievements . Those honored have played a minimum of nine seasons for the San Francisco Giants , or five seasons with at least one All - Star selection as a Giant . Key Year Year inducted Bold Member of the Baseball Hall of Fame Member of the Baseball Hall of Fame as a Giant San Francisco Giants Wall of Fame Year No . Name Position ( s ) Tenure 2008 23 , 49 Felipe Alou OF / 1B Manager 1958 -- 1963 2003 -- 2006 46 Gary Lavelle 1974 -- 1984 33 Jim Barr 1971 -- 1978 1982 -- 1983 10 Johnnie LeMaster SS 1975 -- 1985 14 , 24 Willie Mays CF 1951 -- 1952 , 1954 -- 1972 47 Rod Beck 1991 -- 1997 00 , 20 , 26 Jeffrey Leonard LF 1981 -- 1988 14 Vida Blue 1978 -- 1981 1985 -- 1986 8 , 17 , 19 Kirt Manwaring 1987 -- 1996 44 Willie McCovey 1B 1959 -- 1973 1977 -- 1980 42 Bobby Bolin 1961 -- 1969 27 Juan Marichal 1960 -- 1973 49 Jeff Brantley 1988 -- 1993 15 , 22 Jack Clark RF / 1B 1975 -- 1984 29 , 40 Mike McCormick 1956 -- 1962 1967 -- 1970 15 , 19 Bob Brenly 1981 - 1988 1989 32 , 33 , 40 , 51 John Burkett 1990 -- 1994 23 , 37 Stu Miller 1957 -- 1962 25 Bobby Bonds RF 1968 -- 1974 30 Orlando Cepeda 1B 1958 -- 1966 17 , 39 Randy Moffitt 1972 -- 1981 38 , 41 Greg Minton 1975 -- 1987 7 , 9 Kevin Mitchell LF 1987 -- 1991 22 Will Clark 1B 1986 -- 1993 34 , 39 Mike Krukow 1983 -- 1989 12 Jim Davenport 3B Manager 1958 -- 1970 1985 26 , 50 John Montefusco 1974 -- 1980 30 , 33 Chili Davis OF 1981 -- 1987 9 , 10 , 60 Matt Williams 3B 1987 -- 1996 31 Robb Nen 1998 -- 2002 Dick Dietz 1966 -- 1971 22 , 28 , 35 , 36 Gaylord Perry 1962 -- 1971 41 Darrell Evans 3B / 1B 1976 -- 1983 16 Jim Ray Hart 3B / LF 1963 -- 1973 48 Rick Reuschel 1987 -- 1991 6 J.T. Snow 1B 1997 -- 2005 2008 23 , 26 , 29 Tito Fuentes 2B 1965 -- 1974 42 , 45 , 46 Kirk Rueter 1996 -- 2005 31 , 43 , 50 , 52 , 54 Scott Garrelts 1982 -- 1991 6 Robby Thompson 2B 1986 -- 1996 5 , 51 Tom Haller 1961 -- 1967 2 , 35 Chris Speier SS 1971 -- 1977 1987 -- 1989 7 , 14 , 17 Atlee Hammaker 1982 -- 1985 1987 -- 1990 2009 21 Jeff Kent 2B 1997 -- 2002 33 , 35 , 57 Rich Aurilia SS 1995 -- 2003 2007 -- 2009 36 , 55 Shawn Estes 1995 -- 2001 2011 7 , 56 Marvin Benard OF 1995 -- 2003 29 Jason Schmidt 2001 -- 2006 2017 25 Barry Bonds LF 1993 -- 2007 2018 18 , 43 Matt Cain 2005 -- 2017 33 , 38 Brian Wilson 2006 -- 2012 14 , 32 , 51 Ryan Vogelsong 2000 -- 2001 2011 -- 2015 Retired numbers ( edit ) See also : List of Major League Baseball retired numbers The Giants have retired 11 numbers in the history of the franchise , most recently Barry Bonds ' number 25 in 2018 . Christy Mathewson Honored 1988 McGraw 3B Mgr Honored 1988 Bill Terry 1B Mgr , GM Retired 1984 Mel Ott RF Mgr Retired 1949 Carl Hubbell Retired 1944 Monte Irvin LF Retired June 26 , 2010 Willie Mays CF Retired May 12 , 1972 Barry Bonds LF Retired August 11 , 2018 Juan Marichal Retired Orlando Cepeda 1B Retired July 11 , 1999 Gaylord Perry Retired July 23 , 2005 Willie McCovey 1B Retired September 21 , 1980 Jackie Robinson * -- All MLB Honored April 15 , 1997 * Retired throughout the major leagues ; Robinson actually was traded to the Giants , but retired before playing a game for them . Of the Giants whose numbers have been retired , all but Bonds have been elected to the National Baseball Hall of Fame . In 1944 , Carl Hubbell ( # 11 ) became the first National Leaguer to have his number retired by his team . Bill Terry ( # 3 ) , Mel Ott ( # 4 ) , and Hubbell played and / or managed their entire careers for the New York Giants . Willie Mays ( # 24 ) began his career in New York , moving with the Giants to San Francisco in 1958 ; he did not play in most of 1952 and all of 1953 due to his service in the Korean War . Also honored ( edit ) John McGraw ( 3B , 1902 -- 06 ; Manager , 1902 -- 32 ) and Christy Mathewson ( P , 1900 -- 16 ) , who were members of the New York Giants before the introduction of uniform numbers , have the letters `` NY '' displayed in place of a number . Broadcasters Lon Simmons ( 1958 -- 73 , 1976 -- 78 , 1996 -- 2002 & 2006 ) , Russ Hodges ( 1949 -- 70 ) , and Jon Miller ( 1997 -- current ) are each represented by an old - style radio microphone displayed in place of a number . The Giants present the Willie Mac Award annually to the player that best exemplifies the spirit and leadership shown by Willie McCovey throughout his career . Team captains ( edit ) Jack Doyle 1902 Larry Doyle 1908 -- 1916 Gus Mancuso 1937 -- 1938 Mel Ott 1939 -- 1947 Alvin Dark 1950 -- 1956 Willie Mays 1961 -- 1972 Willie McCovey 1977 -- 1980 Darrell Evans 1980 -- 1983 Jack Clark 1984 Season records ( edit ) Further information : List of San Francisco Giants seasons All - time regular season record : 11,015 -- 9,513 (. 537 ) ( through 2017 season ) Current roster ( edit ) San Francisco Giants roster Active roster Inactive roster Coaches / Other Pitchers Starting rotation 40 Madison Bumgarner 45 Derek Holland 57 Dereck Rodríguez 59 Andrew Suarez Bullpen 50 Ty Blach 49 Sam Dyson 41 Mark Melancon 54 Reyes Moronta 34 Chris Stratton 60 Hunter Strickland 56 Tony Watson Closer 13 Will Smith Catchers 16 Aramis Garcia 5 Nick Hundley Infielders 9 Brandon Belt 35 Brandon Crawford 2 Chase d'Arnaud 19 Alen Hanson 10 Evan Longoria 12 Joe Panik Outfielders 6 Steven Duggar 7 Gorkys Hernández 22 Andrew McCutchen 8 Hunter Pence 53 Austin Slater Pitchers 38 Tyler Beede 62 Ray Black 73 Tyler Herb 86 Chase Johnson 58 Pierce Johnson 68 Casey Kelly 64 Derek Law 32 Steven Okert 61 Josh Osich 29 Jeff Samardzija Catchers 28 Buster Posey Infielders 52 Miguel Gómez 14 Ryder Jones 37 Kelby Tomlinson Outfielders 51 Mac Williamson Manager 15 Bruce Bochy Coaches 17 José Alguacil ( first base ) 91 Chad Chop ( special assistant ) 21 Shawon Dunston ( special assistant ) 77 Matt Herges ( bullpen ) 31 Hensley Meulens ( bench ) 33 Alonzo Powell ( hitting ) 39 Rick Schu ( assistant hitting ) 99 Taira Uematsu ( bullpen catcher ) 88 Eli Whiteside ( bullpen catcher ) 23 Ron Wotus ( third base ) 43 Curt Young ( pitching ) 60 - day disabled list 47 Johnny Cueto 70 Julián Fernández 48 Pablo Sandoval 25 active , 15 inactive 7 - or 10 - day disabled list Suspended list Personal leave Roster and coaches updated August 26 , 2018 Transactions Depth chart → All MLB rosters Minor league affiliations ( edit ) Main article : List of San Francisco Giants minor league affiliates Level Team League Location AAA Sacramento River Cats Pacific Coast League West Sacramento , California AA Richmond Flying Squirrels Eastern League Richmond , Virginia Advanced A San Jose Giants California League San Jose , California Augusta GreenJackets South Atlantic League North Augusta , South Carolina Short Season A Salem - Keizer Volcanoes Northwest League Keizer , Oregon Rookie AZL Giants Arizona League Scottsdale , Arizona DSL Giants Dominican Summer League Boca Chica , Dominican Republic Radio and television ( edit ) Giants ' television telecasts are split between NBC - owned KNTV ( broadcast ) and NBC Sports Bay Area ( cable ) . KNTV 's broadcast contract with the Giants began in 2008 , one year after the team and KTVU mutually ended a relationship that dated to 1961 . Jon Miller regularly calls the action on KNTV , while the announcing team for NBCSBA telecasts is Mike Krukow and Duane Kuiper , affectionately known as `` Kruk and Kuip '' ( pronounced `` Kruke '' and `` Kype '' ) . During the 2016 season , the Giants had an average 4.71 rating and 117,000 viewers on primetime TV broadcasts . The Giants ' flagship radio station is KNBR ( 680 AM ) . KNBR 's owner , Cumulus Media , is a limited partner in San Francisco Baseball Associates LP , the owner of the team . Jon Miller and Dave Flemming are the regular play - by - play announcers . In addition to KNBR , the Giants can be heard throughout Northern California and parts of Nevada , Oregon , and Hawaii on the Giants Radio Network . When games are televised on KNTV , Kuiper replaces Miller on the radio , and Miller goes to television . Erwin Higueros and Tito Fuentes handle Spanish - language radio broadcasts on KXZM ( 93.7 FM ) . Home run call glitch ( edit ) On May 28 , 2006 , Flemming called the 715th career home run of Barry Bonds , which moved Bonds into second on the all - time home run list . Unfortunately , the power from Flemming 's microphone to the transmitter cut off while the ball was in flight , so the radio audience heard only crowd noise . Greg Papa took over the broadcast and apologized to listeners . Kuiper 's TV call was submitted to the Baseball Hall of Fame as an artifact , instead of the usual radio call . See also ( edit ) List of San Francisco Giants team records List of San Francisco Giants broadcasters San Francisco Giants general managers and managers History of the New York Giants ( NL ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Giants Uniforms and Logos '' . MLB Advanced Media . Retrieved October 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 San Francisco Giants Style Guide '' . Major League Baseball Properties . January 25 , 2018 . Retrieved July 25 , 2018 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` 2014 San Francisco Giants Media Guide '' ( PDF ) . San Francisco Giants . March 28 , 2014 . Retrieved July 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Shea , Bill ( October 28 , 2012 ) . `` Low - key ownership style suits SanFranciso Giants ' Johnson '' . Crains Detroit Business . Retrieved July 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Haft , Chris ( April 3 , 2015 ) . `` Bochy , Sabean extend contracts ; GM moves up '' . MLB.com . Retrieved July 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Shea , John ( April 4 , 2015 ) . `` Giants change titles , but it 's the same old front - office team '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved May 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Games Won by Teams Records '' . baseball-almanac.com. 2014 . Retrieved December 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Giants Hall of Famers '' . Mlb.mlb.com . June 19 , 2012 . 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Jump up ^ Schulman , Henry ( May 3 , 2015 ) . `` Tim Lincecum pitches Giants to another sweep of L.A. '' The San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved August 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Shea , John ( May 17 , 2015 ) . `` Big night for Pence as Giants rout Reds 11 - 2 '' . The San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved August 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Collier , Jamal . `` Giants rookie Heston twirls no - hitter vs. Mets '' . mlb.com . Retrieved June 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Giants ' home skid nearly a franchise record . Sports Xchange June 16 , 2015 `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2015 . Retrieved June 17 , 2015 . Retrieved June 17 , 2015 Jump up ^ Berg , Ted ( September 6 , 2016 ) . `` The slumping Giants have MLB 's worst second - half record '' . ftw.usatoday.com . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schulman , Henry ( November 8 , 2016 ) . `` 3 Giants -- Posey , Panik , Crawford -- win Gold Glove awards '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved February 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Giants sign free agent closer Mark Melancon '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Yankees sign Aroldis Chapman to 5 - year deal '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Bumgarner sets record with 2 Opening Day HRs '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 4 April 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.nbcbayarea.com/news/local/Giants-Acquire-Evan-Longoria-From-Rays-Reports-465464573.html Jump up ^ https://www.nbcbayarea.com/news/local/Report-Giants-Trade-Pirates-Outfielder-Andrew-McCutchen-469409813.html Jump up ^ https://www.mercurynews.com/2018/01/16/what-andrew-mccutchen-says-about-giants-moving-him-to-right-field/ Jump up ^ http://www.nbcsports.com/bayarea/giants/giants-agree-multi-year-deal-austin-jackson Jump up ^ A Cunning Kind of Play : The Cubs - Giants Rivalry , 1876 -- 1932 by Warren N. Wilbert Jump up ^ `` Giants , Cubs commemorate 1912 SFGiants.com : News '' . Sanfrancisco.giants.mlb.com . Retrieved October 31 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Murphy , Robert ( 2009 ) . After many a summer : the passing of the Giants and Dodgers and a golden age in New York baseball . New York : Sterling . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4027 - 6068 - 6 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Neil J. ( 1987 ) . The Dodgers move west : the transfer of the Brooklyn baseball franchise to Los Angeles . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 504366 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` The 10 greatest rivalries '' . ESPN . January 3 , 2000 . Jump up ^ Caple , Jim ( September 16 , 2002 ) . `` Giants - Dodgers best rivalry in baseball '' . ESPN . Jump up ^ Beard , Donald ( March 30 , 2005 ) . `` Giants - Dodgers Covers a Lot of Ground '' . The Washington Post . p . H05 . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Head - to - Head record for Oakland Athletics against the listed opponents from 1997 to 2014 '' . Jump up ^ Stout , Glenn ( 2002 ) . Yankees Century : 100 Years of New York Yankees Baseball . Houghton Mifflin . p. 290 . ISBN 0 - 618 - 08527 - 0 . Jump up ^ Neft , David ( 2006 ) . The Sports Encyclopedia : Baseball 2006 . St. Martin 's Press . p. 351 . ISBN 0 - 312 - 35001 - 5 . Jump up ^ Wynne , Brian ( 1984 ) . The Book of Sports Trophies . Cornwall Books . p. 37 . Jump up ^ `` Lou Gehrig 's Farewell Speech '' . LouGehrig.com . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2009 . Retrieved September 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ https://www.mlb.com/giants/ballpark/wall-of-fame Jump up ^ Ott , Tim ( June 18 , 2003 ) . `` Gehrig 's No. 4 was first retired number '' . MLB . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` List of Major League Baseball retired numbers '' . Wikipedia . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` San Francisco Giants Team History & Encyclopedia '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Jump up ^ Kroner , Steve ( November 2 , 2007 ) . `` Giants are moving to KNTV '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved September 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Here Are The 2016 MLB Prime Time Television Ratings For Each Team - Maury Brown , Forbes SportsMoney , 28 September 2016 Jump up ^ Cumulus Media , Inc . ( December 31 , 2012 ) . `` Notes to consolidated financial statements '' . Annual report to the Securities and Exchange Commission on Form 10 - K. p. F - 14 . General Reference ( edit ) Hynd , Noel ( 1988 ) . The Giants of the Polo Grounds : The Glorious Times of Baseball 's New York Giants . New York : Doubleday . ISBN 0 - 385 - 23790 - 1 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to San Francisco Giants . San Francisco Giants official website San Francisco Giants Team History & Encyclopedia Baseball Reference Sports E-Cyclopedia San Francisco Giants Page History and Pictures Robert Lurie talks at the Commonwealth Club in 1976 about the process of keeping the Giants in San Francisco ( from the Commonwealth Club records at the Hoover Institution ) hide Achievements Preceded by Pittsburgh Pirates 1901 and 1902 and 1903 National League champions New York Giants 1905 Succeeded by Chicago Cubs 1906 and 1907 and 1908 Preceded by Boston Red Sox 1903 World Series champions New York Giants 1905 Succeeded by Chicago White Sox 1906 Preceded by Chicago Cubs 1910 National League champions New York Giants 1911 and 1912 and 1913 Succeeded by Boston Braves 1914 Preceded by Brooklyn Dodgers 1916 National League champions New York Giants 1917 Succeeded by Chicago Cubs 1918 Preceded by Brooklyn Dodgers 1916 National League champions New York Giants 1917 Succeeded by Chicago Cubs 1918 Preceded by Brooklyn Dodgers 1920 National League champions New York Giants 1921 and 1922 and 1923 and 1924 Succeeded by Pittsburgh Pirates 1925 Preceded by Cleveland Indians 1920 World Series champions New York Giants 1921 & 1922 Succeeded by New York Yankees 1923 Preceded by Chicago Cubs 1932 National League champions New York Giants 1933 Succeeded by St. Louis Cardinals 1934 Preceded by New York Yankees 1932 World Series champions New York Giants 1933 Succeeded by St. Louis Cardinals 1934 Preceded by Chicago Cubs 1935 National League champions New York Giants 1936 and 1937 Succeeded by Chicago Cubs 1938 Preceded by Philadelphia Phillies 1950 National League champions New York Giants 1951 Succeeded by Brooklyn Dodgers 1952 and 1953 Preceded by Brooklyn Dodgers 1952 and 1953 National League champions New York Giants 1954 Succeeded by Brooklyn Dodgers 1955 and 1956 Preceded by New York Yankees 1949 -- 1953 World Series champions New York Giants 1954 Succeeded by Brooklyn Dodgers 1955 Preceded by Cincinnati Reds 1961 National League champions San Francisco Giants 1962 Succeeded by Los Angeles Dodgers 1963 Preceded by Los Angeles Dodgers 1988 National League champions San Francisco Giants 1989 Succeeded by Cincinnati Reds 1990 Preceded by Arizona Diamondbacks 2001 National League champions San Francisco Giants 2002 Succeeded by Florida Marlins 2003 Preceded by Philadelphia Phillies 2009 National League champions San Francisco Giants Succeeded by St. Louis Cardinals 2011 Preceded by New York Yankees 2009 World Series champions San Francisco Giants Succeeded by St. Louis Cardinals 2011 Preceded by St. Louis Cardinals 2011 National League champions San Francisco Giants 2012 Succeeded by St. Louis Cardinals 2013 Preceded by St. Louis Cardinals 2011 World Series champions San Francisco Giants 2012 Succeeded by Boston Red Sox 2013 Preceded by St. Louis Cardinals 2013 National League champions San Francisco Giants 2014 Succeeded by New York Mets 2015 Preceded by Boston Red Sox 2013 World Series champions San Francisco Giants 2014 Succeeded by Kansas City Royals 2015 San Francisco Giants Established in 1883 Formerly the New York Gothams and the New York Giants Based in San Francisco , California ( Bay Area ) Franchise History in New York History in San Francisco Seasons Records No - hitters Players Managers Owners and executives Opening Day starting pitchers First - round draft picks Broadcasters Ballparks Polo Grounds Oakland Park St. George Grounds Hilltop Park Seals Stadium Candlestick Park AT&T Park Spring training : Payne Park Flamingo Field LSU Varsity Baseball Field Al Lang Stadium Phoenix Municipal Stadium Scottsdale Stadium Culture 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake Curse of Coogan 's Bluff `` Do n't Stop Believin ' '' `` Lights '' ( Journey song ) McCovey Cove New York Brickley Giants The Fan The Franchise ( Showtime TV series ) White Flag Trade Willie Mac Award `` You Dropped a Bomb on Me '' Lore 1894 Temple Cup Matt Cain 's perfect game Merkle 's Boner NL tie - breakers 1951 tie - breaker series 1962 tie - breaker series 1998 Wild Card tie - breaker game NL Wild Card Games 2014 2016 `` Shot Heard ' Round the World '' The Catch Rivalries Los Angeles Dodgers Oakland Athletics Subway Series / New York Yankees Retired numbers NY NY 11 20 24 27 30 36 44 42 Pre-World Series Champions ( 2 ) 1888 1889 Temple Cup Champions ( 1 ) 1894 World Series Champions ( 8 ) 1905 1921 1922 1933 1954 2012 2014 National League Championships ( 23 ) 1888 1889 1904 1905 1911 1912 1913 1917 1921 1922 1923 1924 1933 1936 1937 1951 1954 1962 1989 2002 2012 2014 Division titles ( 8 ) 1971 1989 1997 2000 2003 2012 Wild card ( 3 ) 2002 2014 2016 Minor league affiliates AAA Sacramento River Cats AA Richmond Flying Squirrels A Adv . San Jose Giants Augusta GreenJackets Short A Salem - Keizer Volcanoes Rookie AZL Giants Black AZL Giants Orange DSL Giants Seasons ( 136 ) 1880s 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890s 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900s 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910s 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920s 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930s 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940s 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950s 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990s 1990 1991 1993 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Links to related articles Principal owners of the San Francisco Giants franchise New York Gothams / Giants ( 1883 -- 1957 ) John B. Day Cornelius Van Cott Andrew Freedman John T. Brush Harry Hempstead Charles Stoneham Horace Stoneham San Francisco Giants ( 1958 -- present ) Horace Stoneham Bob Lurie Peter Magowan Bill Neukom Larry Baer New York / San Francisco Giants retired numbers NY Christy Mathewson NY John McGraw 3 Bill Terry 4 Mel Ott 11 Carl Hubbell 20 Monte Irvin 24 Willie Mays 25 Barry Bonds 27 Juan Marichal 30 Orlando Cepeda 36 Gaylord Perry 42 Jackie Robinson 44 Willie McCovey San Francisco Giants managers John Clapp ( 1883 ) Jim Price ( 1884 ) John Montgomery Ward ( 1884 ) Jim Mutrie ( 1885 -- 1891 ) Pat Powers ( 1892 ) John Montgomery Ward ( 1893 -- 1894 ) George Davis ( 1895 ) Jack Doyle ( 1895 ) Harvey Watkins ( 1895 ) Arthur Irwin ( 1896 ) Bill Joyce ( 1896 -- 1898 ) Cap Anson ( 1898 ) John B. Day ( 1899 ) Fred Hoey ( 1899 ) Buck Ewing ( 1900 ) George Davis ( 1900 -- 1901 ) Horace Fogel ( 1902 ) Heinie Smith ( 1902 ) John McGraw ( 1902 -- 1932 ) Bill Terry ( 1932 -- 1941 ) Mel Ott ( 1942 -- 1948 ) Leo Durocher ( 1948 -- 1955 ) Bill Rigney ( 1956 -- 1960 ) Tom Sheehan ( 1960 ) Alvin Dark ( 1961 -- 1964 ) Herman Franks ( 1965 -- 1968 ) Clyde King ( 1969 -- 1970 ) Charlie Fox ( 1970 -- 1974 ) Wes Westrum ( 1974 -- 1975 ) Bill Rigney ( 1976 ) Joe Altobelli ( 1977 -- 1979 ) Dave Bristol ( 1979 -- 1980 ) Frank Robinson ( 1981 -- 1984 ) Danny Ozark ( 1984 ) Jim Davenport ( 1985 ) Roger Craig ( 1985 -- 1992 ) Dusty Baker ( 1993 -- 2002 ) Felipe Alou ( 2003 -- 2006 ) Bruce Bochy ( 2007 -- ) Championship navigation boxes New York Giants 1888 National League Champions Roger Connor Ed Crane Buck Ewing Elmer Foster George Gore Gil Hatfield Tim Keefe Pat Murphy Jim O'Rourke Danny Richardson Mike Slattery Mike Tiernan Cannonball Titcomb John Montgomery Ward Mickey Welch Art Whitney Manager : Jim Mutrie New York Giants 1889 National League Champions William Brown Roger Connor Ed Crane Buck Ewing George Gore Gil Hatfield Tim Keefe Hank O'Day Jim O'Rourke Danny Richardson Mike Tiernan John Montgomery Ward Mickey Welch Art Whitney Manager : Jim Mutrie New York Giants 1904 National League Champions Red Ames Frank Bowerman Roger Bresnahan George Browne Bill Dahlen Art Devlin Mike Donlin Jack Dunn Billy Gilbert Christy Mathewson Moose McCormick Dan McGann Joe McGinnity Sam Mertes Dummy Taylor Jack Warner Hooks Wiltse Manager : John McGraw Trainer : Harry Tuthill New York Giants 1905 World Series champions Red Ames Frank Bowerman Roger Bresnahan George Browne Boileryard Clarke Bill Dahlen Art Devlin Mike Donlin Claude Elliott Billy Gilbert Moonlight Graham Bob Hall Christy Mathewson Dan McGann Joe McGinnity Sam Mertes Offa Neal Sammy Strang Dummy Taylor Hooks Wiltse Manager : John McGraw Trainer : Harry Tuthill Regular season Athletics -- Giants rivalry New York Giants 1921 World Series champions Dave Bancroft Jesse Barnes George Burns Phil Douglas Frankie Frisch George Kelly Irish Meusel Art Nehf Johnny Rawlings Earl Smith Frank Snyder Fred Toney Ross Youngs Manager John McGraw Coaches Jesse Burkett Hughie Jennings Christy Mathewson Regular season Giants -- Yankees rivalry Subway Series New York Giants 1922 World Series champions Dave Bancroft Jesse Barnes Bill Cunningham Frankie Frisch Heinie Groh George Kelly Lee King Hugh McQuillan Irish Meusel Art Nehf Rosy Ryan Jack Scott Earl Smith Frank Snyder Casey Stengel Ross Youngs Manager John McGraw Coach Hughie Jennings Regular season Giants -- Yankees rivalry Subway Series New York Giants 1933 World Series champions 1 Jo - Jo Moore 2 Kiddo Davis 3 Bill Terry 4 Mel Ott 5 Travis Jackson 6 Hughie Critz 8 Gus Mancuso 11 Carl Hubbell ( NL MVP ) 12 Freddie Fitzsimmons 15 Hi Bell 16 Lefty O'Doul 17 Hal Schumacher 20 Dolf Luque 23 Blondy Ryan 26 Homer Peel Manager 3 Bill Terry Coaches 21 Al Smith 31 Tommy Clarke 32 Frank Snyder Clarence Mitchell New York Giants 1954 World Series champions 8 Ray Katt 9 Wes Westrum 10 Davey Williams 14 Bobby Hofman 15 Billy Gardner 16 Hank Thompson 18 Foster Castleman 19 Alvin Dark 20 Monte Irvin 21 Jim Hearn 22 Don Mueller 24 Willie Mays ( NL MVP ) 25 Whitey Lockman 26 Dusty Rhodes 27 Bill Taylor 28 Rubén Gómez 35 Sal Maglie 37 Don Liddle 40 Windy McCall 41 Al Corwin 42 Marv Grissom 43 Johnny Antonelli 49 Hoyt Wilhelm Manager 2 Leo Durocher Coaches 1 Frank Shellenback 3 Herman Franks 6 Freddie Fitzsimmons 46 Larry Jansen Regular season San Francisco Giants 2010 World Series champions 5 Juan Uribe 9 Pat Burrell 10 Travis Ishikawa 12 Nate Schierholtz 13 Cody Ross ( NLCS MVP ) 14 Mike Fontenot 16 Édgar Rentería ( World Series MVP ) 17 Aubrey Huff 18 Matt Cain 21 Freddy Sanchez 22 Eli Whiteside 28 Buster Posey 33 Aaron Rowand 38 Brian Wilson 40 Madison Bumgarner 41 Jeremy Affeldt 46 Santiago Casilla 48 Pablo Sandoval 49 Javier López 52 Ramón Ramírez 54 Sergio Romo 55 Tim Lincecum 56 Andrés Torres 57 Jonathan Sánchez 59 Guillermo Mota Manager 15 Bruce Bochy Third Base Coach 1 Tim Flannery Pitching Coach 19 Dave Righetti Bench Coach 23 Ron Wotus Bullpen Coach 26 Mark Gardner Hitting Coach 31 Hensley Meulens First Base Coach 39 Roberto Kelly Regular season National League Division Series National League Championship Series San Francisco Giants 2012 World Series champions 5 Ryan Theriot 7 Gregor Blanco 8 Hunter Pence 9 Brandon Belt 12 Xavier Nady 13 Joaquín Árias 16 Ángel Pagán 17 Aubrey Huff 18 Matt Cain 19 Marco Scutaro ( NLCS MVP ) 28 Buster Posey ( NL MVP ) 29 Héctor Sánchez 32 Ryan Vogelsong 35 Brandon Crawford 40 Madison Bumgarner 41 Jeremy Affeldt 46 Santiago Casilla 48 Pablo Sandoval ( World Series MVP ) 49 Javier López 50 José Mijares 54 Sergio Romo 55 Tim Lincecum 59 Guillermo Mota 70 George Kontos 75 Barry Zito Manager 15 Bruce Bochy Third Base Coach 1 Tim Flannery Bench Coach 23 Ron Wotus Bullpen Coach 26 Mark Gardner Hitting Coach 31 Hensley Meulens Pitching Coach 33 Dave Righetti First Base Coach 39 Roberto Kelly Bullpen Catcher 58 Bill Hayes Regular season National League Division Series National League Championship Series San Francisco Giants 2014 World Series champions 2 Juan Pérez 7 Gregor Blanco 8 Hunter Pence 9 Brandon Belt 12 Joe Panik 13 Joaquín Árias 17 Tim Hudson 22 Jake Peavy 28 Buster Posey 32 Ryan Vogelsong 34 Andrew Susac 35 Brandon Crawford 38 Michael Morse 40 Madison Bumgarner ( NLCS and World Series MVP ) 41 Jeremy Affeldt 45 Travis Ishikawa 46 Santiago Casilla 48 Pablo Sandoval 49 Javier López 50 Matt Duffy 52 Yusmeiro Petit 54 Sergio Romo 55 Tim Lincecum 60 Hunter Strickland 63 Jean Machi Manager 15 Bruce Bochy Third Base Coach 1 Tim Flannery Assistant Hitting Coach 5 Joe Lefebvre Bench Coach 23 Ron Wotus Bullpen Coach 26 Mark Gardner Hitting Coach 31 Hensley Meulens Pitching Coach 33 Dave Righetti First Base Coach 39 Roberto Kelly Bullpen Catcher 58 Bill Hayes Regular season National League Wild Card Game National League Division Series National League Championship Series Major League Baseball ( 2018 ) American League East Baltimore Orioles Boston Red Sox New York Yankees Tampa Bay Rays Toronto Blue Jays Central Chicago White Sox Cleveland Indians Detroit Tigers Kansas City Royals Minnesota Twins West Houston Astros Los Angeles Angels Oakland Athletics Seattle Mariners Texas Rangers National League East Atlanta Braves Miami Marlins New York Mets Philadelphia Phillies Washington Nationals Central Chicago Cubs Cincinnati Reds Milwaukee Brewers Pittsburgh Pirates St. Louis Cardinals West Arizona Diamondbacks Colorado Rockies Los Angeles Dodgers San Diego Padres San Francisco Giants Schedule Spring training Opening Day Jackie Robinson Day Civil Rights Game All - 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San%20Francisco%20Giants
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which of the following is the standard of proof necessary for issuing a search warrant
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Search warrant
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search warrant
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A search warrant is a court order that a magistrate or judge issues to authorize law enforcement officers to conduct a search of a person , location , or vehicle for evidence of a crime and to confiscate any evidence they find . In most countries a search warrant can not be issued in aid of civil process .
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Jurisdictions that respect the rule of law and a right to privacy constrain police powers , and typically require search warrants or an equivalent procedure for searches police conducted in the course of a criminal investigation . The laws usually make an exception for hot pursuit : a police officer following a criminal who has fled the scene of a crime has the right to enter a property where the criminal has sought shelter . This contrasts with authoritarian regimes , where police typically can search property and people without having to provide justification or secure court permission . Contents 1 United Kingdom 2 Canada 3 United States 3.1 Exceptions 3.1. 1 Protective sweep 3.1. 2 Rental properties and hotel rooms 3.1. 3 Motor vehicle exception 3.1. 4 Border search exception 3.2 Delayed notice 3.3 Gag orders 4 See also 5 Notes and references United kingdom ( edit ) In England and Wales , a local magistrate issues search warrants , which require that a constable provide evidence that supports the warrant application . In the majority of cases where police already hold someone in custody , police can search premises without a search warrant under Section 18 of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act ( PACE ) , which requires only the authority of an inspector . Under Section 18 ( 5 ) a of PACE , a constable can conduct a search immediately without an inspector 's authorisation . This subsection allows a constable to search the home of a suspect ( s ) under arrest in their presence before they take the suspect to a police station ( or other custody location ) . Under Section 32 of PACE , a constable who arrests a person who is on their own property or has just left their premises , may immediately search both the suspect and the immediate area . In Scotland , a country operating on the distinct legal system of Scots law compared to England and Wales - the restrictions governing the use and execution of search warrants are set out under Part XIII under the Criminal Procedure ( Scotland ) Act 1995 . Search warrants must be signed by a Sheriff after a petition from police . Gas company officials may enter a home to inspect , repair , or replace gas meters and gas appliances by obtaining a warrant . Canada ( edit ) To get a warrant , police must present a judge with an ITO ( information to obtain ) form that contains reasonable and probable grounds to believe that an offence has been or is being committed , and that the authorization sought will afford evidence of that offence . This hearing is ' ex parte ' meaning only the crown is present . This fact obliges the police to include any known facts that hurt their application . After a search the occupants have a copy of the warrant and may get hold of the ITO through crown disclosure if the occupant ( s ) are charged . There are numerous different warrant procedures in the Criminal Code , some have specific requirements such as being served during daytime or having a named supervising officer present in the case of a home search . If these ( see link ) requirements are not met by the police the evidence found may become admissible against the accused at trial . United States ( edit ) Request for a search warrant dated December 11 , 1905 Under the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution , most police searches require a search warrant based on probable cause , although there are exceptions . In the absence of valid consent or an exception to the warrant requirement , whether for purposes of effecting a search or an arrest , police entry in an individual 's home always requires a warrant . The probable cause standard for obtaining a search warrant is lower than the quantum of proof required for a later conviction , proof beyond a reasonable doubt . Under the Fourth Amendment , search warrants must be reasonable and specific . This means that a search warrant must reasonably identify the items to be searched for and the place where law enforcement officials are authorized to search for those items . Unless an exception to the warrant requirement applies , the search of other buildings or areas of a building , persons or vehicles , or the search for additional items that do not reasonably fall under the original warrant , will normally require additional search warrants . To obtain a search warrant , an officer must prove to a magistrate or judge that probable cause exists for the proposed search , based upon direct information ( i.e. , the officer 's personal observation ) or other reliable information . An application for a search warrant will often rely upon hearsay information , such as information obtained from a confidential informant , as long as probable cause exists based on the totality of the circumstances . Police can seize both property and persons under a search warrant . The rationale is that evidence police collect without a search warrant may not be sufficient to convict , but may be sufficient to suggest that a warrant would allow police to find enough evidence to convict . The issue of federal warrants is determined under Title 18 of the United States Code . The law has been restated and extended under Rule 41 of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure . Federal search warrants may be prepared on Form AO 93 , Search and Seizure Warrant . Although the laws are broadly similar , each state has its own laws and rules of procedure governing the issuance of warrants . Search warrants are normally available to the public . On the other hand , they may be sealed if they contain sensitive information . Exceptions ( edit ) Main article : Warrantless searches in the United States Certain searches do n't require a search warrant . For example , Consent : a warrant is not required when a person in control of the object or property gives consent for the search . Hot pursuit of a felon ( to prevent a felon 's escape or ability to harm others ) ; Imminent destruction of evidence : where evidence might be destroyed before a warrant can be properly obtained ; Emergency searches : such as where someone is heard screaming for help inside a dwelling ; or Search incident to arrest ( to mitigate the risk of harm to the arresting officers specifically ) . Public safety : a warrantless search may be permissible in an emergency situation where the public is in danger . Plain view : evidence is in the plain view of law enforcement officers , from a lawful vantage point ( with similar exceptions that include plain smell , where the officer detects an odor that clearly indicates the presence of contraband or criminal activity ) . In a plain view case , the officer is legitimately on the premises , his observation is from a legitimate vantage point , and it is immediately obvious that the evidence is contraband . The plain view rule applies , for example , when the officer has pulled the suspect over for a seat belt violation and sees a syringe on the passenger seat . Protective sweep ( edit ) If the subject is arrested in a home or vehicle , police may perform a protective search to make sure that there are no weapons within the vicinity . For example , they may search for weapons the room where they arrested the subject of a warrant , and conduct a `` protective sweep '' of the premises if they reasonably suspect that other individuals may be hiding . Rental properties and hotel rooms ( edit ) With rented property , a landlord may refuse to allow law enforcement to search a tenant 's apartment without a search warrant , and police must obtain a warrant under the same guidelines as if the tenant were the owner of the property . People who are occupying rooms at hotels or motels have a reasonable expectation of privacy in their rooms . However , a warrantless search may be possible if the hotel guest has property in their room a considerable period of time after the scheduled check - out time . Motor vehicle exception ( edit ) As first established by Carroll v. United States , police are allowed to search a vehicle without a search warrant when they have probable cause to believe that evidence or contraband is located in a vehicle . When police arrest an individual shortly after the individual has exited a vehicle , the police may conduct a full search of the suspect 's person , any area within that person 's immediate reach , and the passenger compartment of the recently occupied vehicle for weapons or any other contraband . However , Arizona v. Gant limits such searches to circumstances where the arrested person could have accessed the vehicle , or when the vehicle could contain evidence of the crime the person is arrested for . As per Collins v. Virginia , the exception does not apply when the vehicle is on the private property of its owner . Border search exception ( edit ) Main article : Border search exception Under The Border Search Exception custom and immigration officers are not required to have a warrant or probable cause to conduct searches and seizures at international borders and their functional equivalents . This doctrine is not actually an exception to the Fourth Amendment , but rather to the Amendment 's requirement for a warrant or probable cause . Balanced against the sovereign 's interests at the border are the Fourth Amendment rights of entrants . Not only is the expectation of privacy less at the border than in the interior , the Fourth Amendment balance between the interests of the Government and the privacy right of the individual is also struck much more favorably to the Government at the border . This balance at international borders means that routine searches are `` reasonable '' there , and therefore do not violate the Fourth Amendment 's proscription against `` unreasonable searches and seizures '' . Delayed notice ( edit ) A sneak and peek search warrant ( officially called a delayed notice warrant and also a covert entry search warrant or a surreptitious entry search warrant ) is a search warrant authorizing the law enforcement officers executing it to effect physical entry into private premises without the owner 's or the occupant 's permission or knowledge and to clandestinely search the premises . Gag orders ( edit ) In California , the California Electronic Communications Privacy Act mandates that in certain cases concerning electronic search warrants that the court issue gag orders `` ( ... ) prohibiting any party providing information from notifying any other party that information has been sought ( ... ) '' . See also ( edit ) Arrest warrant National Security Letter No - knock warrant , to enter a property without occupant notification Sneak and peek warrant , to clandestinely look inside a property Search and seizure Sugar bowl ( legal maxim ) Writ of Assistance Police Parallel construction - the untruthful description of the origins of evidence , to avoid laws about search or otherwise Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Criminal Procedure ( Scotland ) Act 1995 '' . legislation.gov.uk . National Archives . Jump up ^ Farin ( 29 April 2010 ) . `` Breaking and metering '' . BBC Watchdog . Retrieved 27 October 2012 . British Gas are legally entitled to enter anyone 's home if the householder has n't paid the bill and wo n't let them in , but they need a warrant from a magistrate , who must be satisfied the information British Gas shows them is correct . In most cases , British Gas also must have issued a prior warning . Jump up ^ Faloney , Bernard . `` Rules of Evidence '' . freelegalhelp.ca . Retrieved 11 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Faloney , Bernard . `` Criminal Procedure '' . freelegalhelp.ca . Retrieved 11 September 2017 . Jump up ^ R. v. Genest 1 SCR 59 ( 1989 ) canlii Jump up ^ Canada search warrant & ITO requirements Jump up ^ `` Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure , Rule 41 . Search and Seizure '' . Legal Information Institute . Cornell Law School . Retrieved 11 September 2017 . Jump up ^ AO 93 ( Rev. 12 / 09 ) Search and Seizure Warrant . Uscourts.gov . Jump up ^ Paul Grabowicz , `` Tutorial : Police Records '' UC Berkely Graduate School of Journalism -- Advanced Media Institute , 2014 Jump up ^ Larson , Aaron ( 2 February 2017 ) . `` What Are Your Fourth Amendment Rights '' . ExpertLaw . Retrieved 11 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Groh v. Ramirez , 540 U.S. 551 , 564 - 65 ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ `` Fourth Amendment : Annotation Four '' . Annotations to the Fourth Amendment . FindLaw . Retrieved 29 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Joseph , Paul R. ( 1983 ) . `` The Protective Sweep Doctrine : Protecting Arresting Officers from Attack by Persons Other Than the Arrestee '' . Catholic University Law Review . 33 : 95 . Retrieved 11 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Landlords , Tenants , and Police Civil Liability '' ( PDF ) . AELE Monthly Law Journal . 101 ( 6 ) : 101 . June 2009 . Retrieved 11 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Miller , Jason C. ( 2010 ) . `` Do Not Disturb : Fourth Amendment Expectations of Privacy in Hotel Rooms '' . Seton Hall Circuit Review . 7 : 269 . Retrieved 11 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Regini , L.A. ( July 1999 ) . `` The Motor Vehicle Exception : When and Where to Search . '' FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin . 68 , 27 - 33 . Jump up ^ Hendrie , E. ( August 2005 ) . `` The Motor Vehicle Exception . '' FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin , 74 . Jump up ^ `` Arizona v. Gant , 556 US 332 , 129 S. Ct. 1710 , 173 L. Ed . 2d 485 ( 2009 ) '' . Google Scholar . Google . Retrieved 11 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Coletta , Christine A. ( 2007 ) . `` Laptop searches at the United States borders and the border search exception to the fourth amendment '' . Boston College Law Review . 48 : 971 . Jump up ^ See the California Electronic Communications Privacy Act , Sec. 1 , codified at `` California Penal Code , Sec . 1546.2 '' . California Legislative Information . California State Legislature . Retrieved 11 September 2017 . ( `` ( b ) ( 1 ) When a warrant is sought or electronic information is obtained in an emergency under Section 1546.1 , the government entity may submit a request supported by a sworn affidavit for an order delaying notification and prohibiting any party providing information from notifying any other party that information has been sought . The court shall issue the order ( ... ) '' ) Criminal procedure ( investigation ) Criminal investigation Arguido Arrest Arrest warrant Consent search Exigent circumstance Knock - and - announce Miranda warning Pretextual stop Probable cause Search and seizure Search of persons Search warrant Suspect Terry stop Reasonable suspicion Detention Right to silence Criminal prosecution Adversarial system Bail Bill of attainder Criminal jurisdiction Deferred prosecution agreement Ex post facto law Extradition Grand jury Habeas corpus Indictment Inquisitorial system Nolle prosequi Precognition Statute of limitations Charges and pleas Alford plea Arraignment Information Indictment Nolo contendere Plea Plea bargain Peremptory plea Presentence investigation Related areas Criminal defenses Criminal law Evidence Legal abuse Criminal justice portal Law portal Wiktionary Wikibooks Wikiquote WikiSource Wikimedia Commons Wikinews Wikiversity Privacy Principles Expectation of privacy Right to privacy Right to be forgotten Post-mortem privacy Privacy laws Australia Canada Denmark England European Union ( former directive ) Germany Ghana New Zealand Singapore Switzerland United States Data protection authorities Australia Denmark European Union ( working group ) France Germany Ireland Isle of Man Norway Philippines Spain Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom Areas Consumer Medical Workplace Information privacy Law Financial Internet Political Personally identifiable information ( Personal identifiers ) Privacy - enhancing technologies Social networking services Privacy engineering Advocacy organizations American Civil Liberties Union Center for Democracy and Technology Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility Future of Privacy Forum Electronic Privacy Information Center Electronic Frontier Foundation European Digital Rights Global Network Initiative noyb.eu Privacy International Privacy Rights Clearinghouse See also Anonymity Cellphone surveillance Cyberstalking Data security Privacy engineering Human rights Identity theft Panopticon Personality rights Search warrant Surveillance en masse state global Law portal Intelligence portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Search_warrant&oldid=864931544 '' Categories : Warrants Law enforcement terminology Searches and seizures Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from November 2008 All articles needing additional references Articles with limited geographic scope from January 2015 Articles with multiple maintenance issues Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2012 Talk Search Contents About Wikipedia Wikimedia Commons Español Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Português Edit links This page was last edited on 20 October 2018 , at 14 : 48 ( UTC ) . 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where is tyler texas located on the map
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Tyler City City of Tyler , Texas Clockwise : Tyler skyline with Plaza Tower at right and People 's National Bank office building in center , Cotton Belt Depot , Caldwell Zoo , Chamblee Rose Garden , Smith County Courthouse , Goodman Home . Seal Nickname ( s ) : Rose City , Rose Capital , Rose Capital of America Motto ( s ) : A Natural Beauty Location in Smith County and the state of Texas Coordinates : 32 ° 21 ′ N 95 ° 18 ′ W / 32.350 ° N 95.300 ° W / 32.350 ; - 95.300 Coordinates : 32 ° 21 ′ N 95 ° 18 ′ W / 32.350 ° N 95.300 ° W / 32.350 ; - 95.300 Country United States State Texas County Smith Founded 1846 Government Type Council - Manager City Council Mayor Martin Heines Darryl Bowdre Don Warren Same Mezayek Ed Moore John Nix Mark Whatley City Manager Edward Broussard Area City 54.376 sq mi ( 140.833 km ) Land 54.2 sq mi ( 140.5 km ) Water 0.1 sq mi ( 0.3 km ) Elevation 544 ft ( 165 m ) Population ( 2010 ) City 96,900 Estimate ( 2015 ) 103,700 Rank US : 287th Density 1,800 / sq mi ( 690 / km ) Urban 130,247 ( US : 247th ) Metro 216,080 ( US : 200th ) Demonym Tylerite Time zone Central ( UTC - 6 ) Summer ( DST ) Central ( UTC - 5 ) ZIP codes 757xx Area code ( s ) 430 / 903 FIPS code 48 - 74144 GNIS feature ID 1348998 Website www.cityoftyler.org
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32 ° 21 ′ N 95 ° 18 ′ W
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Tyler , Texas
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tyler, texas
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Tyler is a city located in central Smith County , Texas , United States . In terms of both population and land area , Tyler is by far the largest city in Smith County , of which it is the county seat , and has long been the region 's major economic , educational , financial , medical , and cultural hub . The city is named for John Tyler , the tenth President of the United States . Tyler had a population of 96,900 in 2010 , according to the United States Census Bureau , and Tyler 's 2014 estimated population was 107,405 . It is 100 miles ( 160 km ) east - southeast of Dallas . Tyler is the principal city of the Tyler Metropolitan Statistical Area , which had a population of 209,714 in 2010 , and is the regional center of the Tyler - Jacksonville combined statistical area , which had a population of 260,559 in 2010 .
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Tyler is known as the `` Rose Capital of America '' ( also the `` Rose City '' and , less commonly , the `` Rose Capital of the World '' ) , a nickname it gained from a long history of rose production , rose cultivation , and the large quantity of roses processed through the area . Tyler is home to the largest rose garden in the United States , a 14 - acre public garden complex that boasts over 38,000 rose bushes of at least 500 different varieties . The Tyler Rose Garden is also home to the annual Texas Rose Festival , attracting tourists by the thousands each year in mid-October . In 1985 , the international Adopt - a-Highway movement originated in Tyler when , after appeals by local TexDOT officials , the local Civitan chapter adopted a two - mile ( 3 - km ) stretch of U.S. Highway 69 . Drivers and other motorists traveling on this segment of US - 69 ( between Tyler and nearby Lindale ) will notice brown roadsigns that read , `` First Adopt - A-Highway in the World . '' Tyler is also home to the Caldwell Zoo and Broadway Square Mall . As a regional educational and technology center , Tyler is the host for more than 20,000 higher education students , a College of Engineering , and a University Health Science Center , two regional , billion - dollar hospital systems , and a variety of technology startups . Contents ( hide ) 1 Geography 1.1 Climate 2 Demographics 3 History 4 Government 4.1 Local government 4.2 State government 4.3 Federal government 5 Education 5.1 Colleges and universities 5.2 Primary and secondary schools 5.3 Private schools 6 Economy 7 Recreation and tourism 7.1 Historical 8 Transportation 8.1 Public transportation 8.2 Via air 8.3 Via train 8.4 Walkability 9 Healthcare 10 Places of worship 11 Media 11.1 Newspaper 11.2 Television 11.3 Radio 11.3. 1 AM stations 11.3. 2 FM stations 12 Sports 12.1 College and university teams 12.2 Baseball teams 12.3 Football 12.4 Road races 12.5 Soccer 13 High school sports teams 14 Notable events 15 Notable people 15.1 Entertainment 15.2 Athletes 15.3 Musicians 15.4 Others 16 Sister cities 17 See also 18 References 19 Further reading 20 External links Geography ( edit ) Tyler skyline Tyler is located at 32 ° 20 ′ 03 '' N 95 ° 18 ′ 00 '' W / 32.334249 ° N 95.299927 ° W / 32.334249 ; - 95.299927 at 544 feet ( 166 m ) above sea level . Tyler is surrounded by many smaller cities , including Whitehouse , Lindale , New Chapel Hill , Bullard , Edom , Brownsboro , Kilgore , Flint and Chandler . According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 54.4 square miles ( 140.8 km ) , of which 54.2 mi ( 140.5 km ) is land and 0.1 mi ( 0.3 km 2 ) is water . Climate ( edit ) Tyler Climate chart ( explanation ) J J J O 3.3 57 38 3.7 64 41 72 49 3.7 78 55 4.5 84 63 3.7 90 70 93 73 2.6 94 72 3.3 88 67 5.1 78 56 4.5 67 48 4.8 58 40 Average max. and min . temperatures in ° F Precipitation totals in inches Source : Weather.com / NWS ( show ) Metric conversion J J J O 85 14 95 18 5 101 22 9 94 26 13 113 29 17 93 32 21 55 34 23 66 34 22 83 31 19 131 26 13 113 19 9 121 14 Average max. and min . temperatures in ° C Precipitation totals in mm Tyler experiences weather typical of East Texas , which is unpredictable , especially in the spring . All of East Texas has the humid subtropical climate typical of the American South . The record high for Tyler is 115 ° F ( 46 ° C ) , which occurred in 2011 . The record low for Tyler is − 3 ° F ( − 19 ° C ) , which occurred on January 18 , 1930 . Demographics ( edit ) Historical population Census Pop . % ± 1880 2,423 -- 1890 6,908 185.1 % 1900 8,069 16.8 % 1910 10,400 28.9 % 1920 12,085 16.2 % 1930 17,113 41.6 % 1940 28,279 65.2 % 1950 38,968 37.8 % 1960 51,230 31.5 % 1970 57,770 12.8 % 1980 70,508 22.0 % 75,450 7.0 % 2000 83,650 10.9 % 96,900 15.8 % Est. 2016 104,798 8.2 % U.S. Decennial Census 2015 Estimate Tyler welcome sign on U.S. Highway 69 Tyler City Hall As of the 2010 census , 96,900 people resided in the city of Tyler , Texas . The population density was 1,782.0 people per square mile ( 688.0 / km2 ) . The 41,742 housing units averaged a density of 716.7 per mi ( 276.7 / km2 ) . The racial makeup of the city was : 60.5 % White , 24.8 % Black , 0.5 % Native American , 1.9 % Asian , 0.03 % Pacific Islander , 10.3 % from other races , and 2.0 % from two or more races . About 21.2 % of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race . The median income for the city was $42,752 and the poverty rate was 19.5 % . History ( edit ) See also : Timeline of Tyler , Texas This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( April 2017 ) Government ( edit ) Local government ( edit ) According to the city 's most recent Comprehensive Annual Financial Report , the city 's various funds had $87.7 million in revenues , $101.7 million in expenditures , $49.2 million in total assets , $12.3 million in total liabilities , and $17.6 million in cash in investments . List of mayors of Tyler , Texas ( show ) McDonald Lorance , 1846 William Bartlett , circa 1848 ? Oscar Burton , circa 1937 Zeb J. Spruiell , circa 1955 ? Murph Wilson , 1967 ? Jack H. Halbert , 1970 - 1976 ? Norman Shtofman , 1982 - 1984 ? Kevin Eltife , circa 1996 - 2002 ( 1 ) Joey Seeber , 2002 - 2008 Barbara Bass , 2008 - 2014 Martin Heines , 2014 -- present The structure of the management and coordination of city services is : City Manager Edward Broussard Managing Director of Development and Social Services Heather Nick Managing Director of Culture , Recreation and Tourism Services Stephanie Franklin Managing Director for Administration ( & HR Director ) ReNissa Wade Managing Director of Public Works Vacant CFO / Finance Director Keidric Trimble City Engineer Carter Delleney , P.E. Chief of Police Jimmy Toler Fire Chief David Coble Director of Solid Waste Russ Jackson Chief Information Officer Benny Yazdanpanahi City Attorney Deborah Pullum Communications Manager Julie Goodgame Vehicle Services Manager Leroy Sparrow City Librarian Mary Vernau Internal Auditor Vacant Neighborhood Services Manager Vacant Housing Manager Candace Porter Airport Manager Davis Dickson Human Resources Manager Rose Ray Water Utilities Financial Manager James Yanker Water Utilities Manager Joan Roberson Development Services Engineer Michael Wilson , P.E. Traffic Engineer Peter Eng , P.E. The Northeast Texas Public Health District is a political subdivision under the State of Texas established by the City of Tyler and Smith County . In place for nearly 70 years , the Health District became a separate entity in 1994 , with an administrative Public Health Board . With a stated vision `` To be the Healthiest Community in Texas '' , the district has a full - time staff of over 130 employees . The Health District has a broad range of services and responsibilities dedicated to their mission : `` To Protect , Promote , and Provide for the Health of Our Community . '' In June 2015 , Tyler City Manager Edward Broussard canceled a scheduled appearance of Lou Ann Smoot , a local LGBT activist , at the Tyler Public Library , citing the possibility that children might attend her book talk . State government ( edit ) Tyler is represented in the Texas Senate by Republican Bryan Hughes , District 1 , and in the Texas House of Representatives by Republican Matt Schaefer , District 6 . The Texas Twelfth Court of Appeals is located in Tyler . The Texas Department of Criminal Justice operates the Region I Parole Division Office and the Tyler District Parole Office in Tyler . Federal government ( edit ) The two U.S. Senators from Texas are Republicans John Cornyn and Ted Cruz ; Tyler is part of Texas ' US Congressional 1st District , which is currently represented by Republican Louie Gohmert . The United States Postal Service operates several post offices in Tyler , including Tyler , Azalea , Southeast Crossing , and the South Tyler Annex . Education ( edit ) Colleges and universities ( edit ) The Riter Tower at University of Texas at Tyler Tyler 's higher education institutions include the University of Texas at Tyler and the University of Texas Health Center at Tyler , both part of the University of Texas System , as well as Tyler Junior College and Texas College . Primary and secondary schools ( edit ) John Tyler High School Public primary and secondary education for much of the city is provided by the Tyler Independent School District , which includes two high schools , John Tyler and Robert E. Lee ; Premier High School of Tyler , a public charter school ( Cumberland Academy ) . Several Tyler schools offer international baccalaureate and advanced placement programs . Portions of incorporated Tyler are served by surrounding school districts . These include sections of southeast Tyler by the Whitehouse Independent School District , and some sections in the east which are served by the Chapel Hill Independent School District . Private schools ( edit ) There are a few private schools in Tyler , including Grace Community School ( Texas ) , All Saints Episcopal School , Seventh - day Adventist Church School , King 's Academy Christian School , Kingdom Life Academy ( Located in the same building but , not affiliated with King 's Academy ) Christian Heritage School , East Texas Christian Academy , and Good Shepherd Reformed Episcopal School , and the Brook Hill School in nearby Bullard , TX . The Tyler Catholic School System of the Catholic Diocese of Tyler consists of St. Gregory Cathedral School and Bishop Thomas K. Gorman Regional Catholic Middle and High School . Economy ( edit ) People 's National Bank office building in downtown Tyler Chamber of Commerce office in downtown Tyler In addition to its role in the rose - growing industry , Tyler is the headquarters for Brookshire Grocery Company , which operates Brookshire 's , Fresh , Super 1 Foods , and Spring Market supermarkets in three states ( Texas , Louisiana , and Arkansas ) . The company 's main distribution center is located in south Tyler , while SouthWest Foods , a subsidiary that processes dairy products , is located just northeast of the city . Adams Engineering has also made its headquarters in Tyler . The manufacturing sector includes : Tyler Pipe , a subsidiary of McWane Inc. that produces soil and utility pipe products Trane , a business of Ingersoll - Rand , formerly a unit of American Standard Companies , which manufactures air conditioners and heat pumps ( this plant was originally built in 1955 by General Electric ) Delek Refining , an Israeli - owned oil refinery formerly La Gloria Oil and Gas Co ( a Crown Central Petroleum subsidiary ) PCSFerguson , an operating company of Dover Corporation that specializes in equipment for the measurement and production of natural gas using the plunger lift method DYNAenergetics Tyler Distribution Center , part of DYNAenergetics USA , which manufactures perforating equipment and explosives for the oil and gas industry Vesuvius USA , manufacturer of refractory ceramics used in the steel industry Cavender 's , a large regional western wear retailer and manufacturer According to the City 's 2012 - 2013 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report , the top ten employers in the city are : # Employer # of Employees Trinity Mother Frances Health System 3,775 East Texas Medical Center 3,153 Brookshire Grocery Company 2,599 Tyler Independent School District 2,468 5 Trane 1,500 6 SuddenLink 1,500 7 Walmart 1,311 8 The University of Texas at Tyler 1,121 9 University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler 925 10 Tyler Junior College 862 Recreation and tourism ( edit ) Annually , the Texas Rose Festival draws thousands of tourists to Tyler . The festival , which celebrates the role of the rose - growing industry in the local economy , is held in October and features a parade , the coronation of the Rose Queen , and other civic events . The Rose Museum features the history of the Festival . Tyler is home to Caldwell Zoo , several local museums , Lake Palestine , Lake Tyler , and numerous golf courses and country clubs . A few miles away in Flint , TX is The WaterPark @ The Villages , a year - round , indoor water park . There is also an `` Azalea Trail '' in Tyler , which are two officially designated routes within the city that showcase homes or other landscaped venues adorned with azalea shrubs . The Azalea Trail also is home to the long - standing tradition of the Azalea Belles . The official greeters of the Azalea Trail are known as the Azalea Belles , young women from the Tyler area who dress in antebellum gowns . The belles are chosen each year from area high schools or home school families , and it is an honor to be chosen . Tyler State Park , a few miles North of Town is where visitors can camp , canoe , and paddle boat on the lake . Other activities include picnicking , camping , boating ( motors allowed -- 5 mph speed limit ) , boat rentals , fishing , birding , hiking , mountain biking , hiking trails , lake swimming ( in unsupervised swimming area ) , and nature study . The Smith County Historical Society operates a museum and archives in the old Carnegie Library . The East Texas State Fair is held annually in Tyler . Lake Tyler was the location of the HGTV Dream Home contest in 2005 . The 6,500 square feet ( 600 m2 ) house briefly boosted tourism and interest in the community . It subsequently was sold at public auction in January 2008 , for 1.325 million dollars . Historical ( edit ) The Smith County Historical Society building is located across the street from the Tyler Public Library . Tyler has a Cotton Belt Railroad Depot Museum located near the Chamber of Commerce office . The Smith County Historical Society , a 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) non-profit organization , was founded in 1959 by individuals and business firms dedicated to discovering , collecting , and preserving data , records , and other items relating to the history of Smith County , Texas . The Society operates a museum and archives , which is located in the former Carnegie Public Library building in downtown Tyler . Permanent museum exhibits include life - size dioramas with Smith County history topics ranging from Caddo Indians to the 20th century . Other items from the society 's collections are showcased in revolving , temporary exhibits . The society 's archival library contains historical artifacts of Smith County , including newspapers , city directories , school records , photographs , maps , historical papers , rare books , and much more . The archives are open to the public for research on a limited schedule with volunteer staff on duty . The society is also the official caretaker of Camp Ford Historic Park . Camp Ford was the largest Confederate Prisoner of War camp west of the Mississippi River during the American Civil War . The original site of the camp stockade is a public historic park managed by the Smith County Historical Society . The park contains a kiosk , paved trail , interpretive signage , a cabin reconstruction , and a picnic area . It is located on Highway 271 , 0.8 miles ( 1.3 km ) north of Loop 323 . Transportation ( edit ) Aerial photo of Tyler Pounds Regional Airport in Tyler , Texas , shot by Butler Planning Services on 9 / 9 / 2005 . The most common form of transportation is the motor vehicle . Tyler is a nexus of several major highways . Interstate 20 runs along the north edge of the city going east and west , U.S. Highway 69 runs north -- south through the center of town and State Highway 64 runs east -- west through the city . Tyler also has access to U.S. Highway 271 , State Highway 31 , State Highway 155 , and State Highway 110 . Loop 323 was established in 1957 and encircles the city , which has continued to grow outside of this loop . Loop 49 is a limited access `` outer loop '' around the city and currently runs from State Highway 110 south of Tyler to Interstate 20 northwest of Tyler . Future segments of this tollway will extend Loop 49 out to Interstate 20 on the eastern side of the city and to other East Texas destinations . Public transportation ( edit ) Tyler Transit provides customers with public transportation service within the City of Tyler . The buses run daily , excluding Sundays and holidays . Tyler Transit offers customers the option to purchase tickets , tokens , or passes at the Tyler Transit office , located at 210 E. Oakwood Street inside the Cotton Belt Railroad Depot at the main transfer point . The City of Tyler paratransit service is a shared - ride , public transportation service . Requests for service must be made the day before the service is needed . Trips can be scheduled up to 14 days in advance . ADA complimentary paratransit service is provided to all origins and destinations within the service area defined as the city limits of Tyler . Greyhound Lines bus service is available through a downtown terminal . Via air ( edit ) Tyler Pounds Regional Airport offers service to Dallas - Fort Worth International Airport via American Eagle . General Aviation services are provided by two fixed - base operators , Johnson Aviation and the Jet Center of Tyler . Via train ( edit ) Tyler was the hub for a series of short - line railroads which later evolved into the St. Louis Southwestern Railway , better known as `` The Cotton Belt Route '' . This line later became part of the Southern Pacific Railroad , which itself merged with the Union Pacific Railroad , which continues to serve the city today . No passenger train service to Tyler has occurred since April 1956 , but Amtrak runs through the city of Mineola , a short distance north of Tyler . Walkability ( edit ) A 2014 study by Walk Score ranked Tyler with a walkability score of 32 ( out of 100 ) with some amenities within walking distance . Healthcare ( edit ) Hospitals located in Tyler include East Texas Medical Center , Trinity Mother Frances Health System , University of Texas Health Center at Tyler , and Texas Spine & Joint Hospital . There are also many clinics including the Direct Care Clinic . First Baptist Church in downtown Tyler Marvin United Methodist Church in Tyler Family Life Center of West Erwin Church of Christ in Tyler Places of worship ( edit ) Tyler is the home of many churches , including five large congregations in downtown , the Marvin United Methodist Church , Dayspring United Methodist Church , West Erwin Church of Christ , First Baptist Church , and the Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception. Tyler is also the seat of Catholic Diocese of Tyler , which is particularly noteworthy for its St. Joseph the Worker Parish , one of the few churches in America dedicated to the exclusive use of the Traditional Latin Mass . The parish is staffed by the Priestly Fraternity of St. Peter . The city also is the home of the Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception and the Sanctuary of Our Lady of Mount Carmel , a 100 plus year sanctuary recently renovated and declared a historic and heritage site by the Catholic Diocese of Tyler . The Saint Peter Claver Parish located in central Tyler , is the second largest Catholic Church in Tyler and was dedicated to St. Peter Claver , a Franciscan Priest that assisted the black slaves in Brasil during the slave trade to South America . There is also a Nazarene church on Old Bullard Rd called Tyler First Church Of The Nazarene . The city also has a Chapel of The Church of Jesus Christ Of Latter Day Saints . Tyler has three United Pentecostal Churches the largest of them is Tyler Tabernacle located just outside of Loop 323 . The Our Lady of Guadalupe Catholic church in East Tyler is also a major center of gathering . The St Peter and Paul Chapel , a Catholic church , is located next to the Bishop Thomas K. Gorman Regional Catholic School was constructed and dedicated in 2011 and holds masses in English and Spanish with a significant number of other services offered to all Tyler and neighboring residents . The city 's largest church , Green Acres Baptist Church , is located on Troup Highway in southeast Tyler . Tyler is also home to two reformed Baptist churches , Sylvania Church and Living Acts Church , both of which are located in the south Tyler area . Additionally , Tyler has two Jewish houses of prayer , Ahavath Achim , which associates itself with Conservative Judaism and Beth El which adheres to Reform Judaism. Tyler is also home to East Texas Islamic Society , established in 1988 , which includes an Islamic house of worship and an Islamic school for children . There is also a Unitarian , Universalist Fellowship on Old Omen Road and Cross Brand Cowboy Church at 11915 FM - 2015 Tyler , Texas . Two Tyler churches were destroyed during the 2010 East Texas church burnings . Media ( edit ) Currently , 18 media outlets and one newspaper are located in Tyler , as well as many more in the surrounding areas . Newspaper ( edit ) Tyler Morning Telegraph Television ( edit ) VHF / UHF Channel Call Letters Network 7 KLTV ABC 19 KYTX CBS 51 KFXK - TV FOX 56 KETK NBC Radio ( edit ) AM stations ( edit ) Frequency Call Letters Format Name 600 KTBB News / Talk 1330 KGLD Gospel The Light 1490 KYZS Sports ESPN Deportes FM stations ( edit ) Frequency Call Letters Format Name 88.7 KLOVE Christian Contemporary KLOVE 89.5 KVNE Christian Contemporary Encouragement FM 91.3 KGLY Religious 92.1 KRWR Sports Fox Sports East Texas 93.1 KTYL Hot Adult Contemporary Mix 93.1 96.1 KKTX Classic Rock Classic Rock 96.1 96.7 KOYE Spanish La Invasora 97.5 KTBB - FM News / Talk KTBB 99.3 KAPW Spanish Pop Mega 99.3 101.5 KNUE Country 102.3 KLJT Top 40 Fun Radio 102.7 KBLZ Urban Contemporary The Blaze 104.1 KKUS Classic Country The Ranch 106.5 KOOI Varitey Hits Jack 106.5 107.3 KISX Urban Adult Contemporary Hot1073Jamz Sports ( edit ) UT Tyler Women 's Basketball Team College and university teams ( edit ) University of Texas at Tyler Patriots ( NCAA Division III ) Tyler Junior College Apaches ( NJCAA ) Texas College Steers Baseball teams ( edit ) Tyler Elbertas ( 1912 ) Tyler Trojans ( 1924 -- 1929 , 1931 , 1935 -- 1940 , 1946 -- 1950 ) Tyler Sports ( 1932 ) Tyler Governors ( 1933 -- 1934 ) Tyler East Texans ( 1950 -- 1953 ) Tyler Tigers ( 1954 -- 1955 ) Tyler Wildcatters ( 1994 -- 1997 ) Tyler Roughnecks ( 2001 ) Football ( edit ) East Texas Twisters ( 2004 ) Road races ( edit ) Fresh 15 Road Race ( Annual ) Soccer ( edit ) Tyler FC ( 2016 -- Present ) High School sports teams ( edit ) All Saints Trojans ( Private ) Bishop T.K. Gorman Crusaders ( Private ) Grace Community Cougars ( Private ) Cumberland Academy Knights ( Charter ) EXEL Lions ( Home School / 6 Man ) John Tyler Lions ( Public ) Kings Academy Knights ( Private ) Robert E. Lee Red Raiders ( Public ) Tyler Heat ( Home School / 6 Man ) Nearby : The Brook Hill School Guard ( Private ) Chapel Hill Bulldogs ( Public ) Lindale Eagles ( Public ) Whitehouse Wildcats ( Public ) Notable events ( edit ) Fragments of the Space Shuttle Columbia landed near Tyler on February 1 , 2003 . ( See Space Shuttle Columbia disaster ) On the evening of February 2 , 2009 , a fire engulfed a number of historic buildings located in downtown Tyler . Eight different fire departments responded to the fire . The Supreme Court case Plyler v. Doe , which prohibited denying schooling to immigrant children , originated in the Tyler Independent School District . Robert E. Mead founded what later became known as Silverleaf Resorts in Tyler in 1977 . On February 24 , 2005 , David Arroyo fatally shot his ex-wife and a man in the Tyler Square on the Smith County Courthouse . In February 2017 , police arrested and charged Gustavo Zavalla - Garcia relating to the murder of his niece . Notable people ( edit ) Main category : People from Tyler , Texas Entertainment ( edit ) Josh Carpenter -- film , television , theater , internet and commercial actor Sandy Duncan -- actress , raised in Tyler ( 1946 - ) Alex Finlayson -- playwright ( 1951 - ) Kiki Shepard -- television host ( 1951 - ) Arthur `` Dooley '' Wilson -- musician and actor ( Casablanca ) ( 1886 - 1953 ) Athletes ( edit ) George Cumby -- NFL linebacker ( 1956 - ) Gary Baxter -- NFL defensive back ( 1978 - ) Ciron Black -- college football right tackle ( 1986 - ) Jeb Blount -- NFL quarterback ( 1954 - ) Earl Campbell -- NFL running back ( 1955 - ) Chris Carter -- NFL defensive back ( 1977 - ) Travis Chick -- MLB Pitcher ( 2006 ) Ricky Collins -- CFL wide receiver for the Saskatchewan Roughriders ( 2016 - ) Tim Crowder -- NFL defensive end ( 1985 - ) Jeremy Lane -- NFL cornerback ( 1990 - ) Matt Flynn -- NFL quarterback ( 1985 - ) Hunter Freeman -- Major League Soccer defender / midfielder ( 1985 - ) Randy Grimes -- NFL center ( 1960 ) Daniel Hernández -- Major League Soccer defender / midfielder ( 1976 - ) Clarence Huber -- MLB third baseman Kendall Hunter -- NFL running back ( 1988 - ) Larry Johnson -- NBA forward ( 1969 - ) Billie Wayne Lemons -- NFL player ( 1955 - 2008 ) Tremain Mack -- NFL kick returner ( 1974 - ) Benny Malone -- NFL running back ( 1952 - ) Johnny Manziel -- NFL quarterback ( 1992 - ) , Born in Tyler , but raised in Kerrville. - Cleveland Browns LaDouphyous McCalla -- CFL defensive back ( 1976 - ) Jerry Mumphrey -- MLB outfielder ( 1952 - ) Terrence Murphy -- NFL wide receiver Brandon Pettigrew -- NFL tight end ( 1985 - ) -- Detroit Lions Archie Reynolds -- MLB pitcher , raised in Tyler ( 1946 - ) Derrell Robertson -- Canadian Football League player ( 1967 - 1994 ) Aaron Ross -- NFL cornerback , schooled in Tyler ( 1982 ) Louis Santop -- Negro League catcher Robert Taylor -- Olympic runner ( 1948 - 2007 ) Josh Tomlin -- MLB pitcher ( 1984 - ) Lee Tunnell -- MLB pitcher ( 1960 - ) Morgan Wade -- BMX professional ( 1983 - ) Branch Warren -- bodybuilder Doug Wyatt -- NFL defensive back ( 1946 - ) Quincy Acy -- NBA power forward -- Sacramento Kings Greg Ward , Jr . -- University of Houston Quarterback Patrick Mahomes -- Texas Tech University & Kansas City Chiefs Quarterback Musicians ( edit ) Paul Baloche -- contemporary worship music singer - songwriter Max Bemis -- lead singer of rock band Say Anything , who is also married to Sherri DuPree of Eisley Richard Dobson -- singer - songwriter Eisley -- indie band comprising Chauntelle , Sherri , Stacy , Weston , and Garron DuPree Teron Beal -- Songwriter Michael Jackson . Bonnie Raitt , Mya Element Eighty -- alternative metal band comprising Zack Bates , Ryan Carroll , David Galloway , and Matt Woods Johnny Gimble -- award - winning fiddle player associated with Western Swing and Bob Wills Brandon Beal -- singer - songwriter and producer Shaun Groves -- Christian - rock singer - songwriter Johnny Horton -- country singer Will Jennings -- songwriter Ralph Kirshbaum -- world - famous classical celllist Adrian Taylor -- bassist , guitarist Mouse and the Traps -- 1960s Garage Rock band comprising Buggs Henderson , Ken Murray , David S. Stanley , and Ronnie `` Mouse '' Weiss Ivoryline -- alternative band Fit for a King -- Christian metalcore band Jim Bob Floyd , pianist , composer and university professor . Listed in the Distinguished Musicians of Texas website . Eddie Wasserman , jazz saxophonist , well known in the New York jazz scene of the 1940s and ' 50s . Others ( edit ) Jere Locke Beasley -- born December 12 , 1935 , in Tyler , he was the 22nd Lieutenant Governor of Alabama when Governor George Corley Wallace was shot and severely injured in an assassination attempt in Laurel , Maryland , on May 15 , 1972 . Since Wallace was out - of - state for more than 20 days , recovering in a Maryland hospital , the Alabama Constitution required the lieutenant governor to take over gubernatorial duties in the interim . Beasley , a Democrat , hence served as the acting governor of Alabama from June 5 to July 7 , 1972 . Leo Berman -- Republican former member of the Texas House of Representatives from District 6 David Brown - geneticist best known for working with microRNA Josh Byerly -- NASA spokesman and one of the `` voices of Mission Control '' Jo - Carroll Dennison -- Miss America 1942 , the first Miss Texas to win the national title James T. Draper , Jr. -- president of the Southern Baptist Convention from 1982 to 1984 , was a pastor in Tyler in the early 1960s . David O. Dykes -- pastor of Green Acres Baptist Church in Tyler Kevin Eltife -- Republican member of the Texas Senate from Tyler Jonna Fitzgerald -- former Miss Texas , runner - up in Miss America pageant , television news anchor , noted musician Brady P. Gentry -- former Chairman Texas State Highway Commission ; former US Congressman ; the gymnasium at Tyler Junior College named after him Louie Gohmert -- Republican U.S. representative and former Smith County judge Winston C. Hackett - A native of Tyler who became the first African - American physician in Arizona . William Wayne Justice -- Democrat U.S. District Court Judge in Tyler for 30 years -- made countless key decisions on environment and civil rights Matt Krause -- Republican member of the Texas House of Representatives from Fort Worth ; born in Tyler in 1980 Sarah McClendon -- Democrat journalist and White House correspondent for over half a century , longest tenure ever in the White House press corps Frank Melton ( 1949 - 2009 ) -- born in Houston , he became general manager in 1977 of KLTV in Tyler , where he climbed the ranks before becoming president of Buford Television , Inc . He served as mayor of Jackson , Mississippi , from July 4 , 2005 , until his death on May 7 , 2009 . Allen R. Morris -- born in Dallas , he is an Emmy Award - winning producer / director / writer . For a period , he worked for Buford Television at KLTV in Tyler , as Operations Manager and Director of Creative Services , during which time he was also a frequent actor at the Tyler Civic Theatre ( 1979 to 1990 ) . Albert Parsons ( 1848 - 1887 ) -- born in Alabama , he at one point resided in Tyler , where he was reared by his eldest brother , William Henry Parsons . William moved the family moved from Tyler in the mid-1850s . Albert is best remembered as one of four Chicago radical leaders convicted of conspiracy and hanged following a bomb attack on police remembered as the Haymarket Affair . Matt Schaefer ( born 1976 ) -- Republican member of the Texas House of Representatives from Tyler since 2013 ; lawyer and United States Navy officer Dan Smoot ( 1913 - 2003 ) -- figure in the anti-communist movement ; spent later years at Holly Lake Ranch in Smith County , where he died at the age of eighty - nine William Steger ( 1920 - 2006 ) -- Republican U.S. District Court judge for the Eastern District of Texas , based in Tyler , from 1970 until his death . The William M. Steger Federal Building and United States Courthouse in Tyler was named in his honor in 2006 . Kelley Thompson - born December 8 , 1987 in Tyler , Playboy Playmate for November 2009 Ned Touchstone ( 1926 -- 1988 ) -- born in Florien , Louisiana , he was a figure in the Radical Right of the 1960s and 1970s . At the time of death , he resided on Lake Palestine near Tyler . Brian Werner -- born in Norwood , Ohio , co-founder of Tiger Creek Wildlife Refuge , located near Tyler . Sister cities ( edit ) Anna , Texas Lo Barnechea , Chile San Miguel de Allende , Mexico Yachiyo , Japan Jelenia Góra , Poland Liberia , Costa Rica See also ( edit ) Texas portal Cotton Belt Depot Train Museum List of museums in East Texas Tyler Museum of Art Whitaker - McClendon House References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` American FactFinder '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Retrieved October 24 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Population Estimates '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` American FactFinder '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` US Board on Geographic Names '' . United States Geological Survey . 2007 - 10 - 25 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Find a County '' . National Association of Counties . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ http://www.cityoftyler.org/Departments/PlanningDepartment/CityDemographics.aspx Jump up ^ Tyler Convention & Visitors Bureau . `` Welcome to Tyler , Texas '' . Retrieved April 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Template : Citeq web Jump up ^ `` US Gazetteer files : 2010 , 2000 , and 1990 '' . United States Census Bureau . 2011 - 02 - 12 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Population and Housing Unit Estimates '' . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ United States Census Bureau . `` Census of Population and Housing '' . Retrieved October 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ City of Tyler CAFR . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : `` Former Tyler Mayors '' . Cityoftyler.org . City of Tyler . Retrieved April 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Robert W. Glover ; Linda Brown Cross , eds. ( 1976 ) . Tyler & Smith County , Texas : An Historical Survey . American Bicentennial Committee of Tyler - Smith County -- via University of North Texas Libraries . ^ Jump up to : Lawrence Kestenbaum ( ed . ) . `` Mayors of Tyler , Texas '' . Political Graveyard . Retrieved April 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` In Memory of Murph Wilson '' ( PDF ) , Congressional Record , Washington DC , August 7 , 1998 Jump up ^ `` Jack H. Halbert Obituary '' , Tyler Morning Telegraph , May 31 , 2006 Jump up ^ `` Former Tyler Mayor Dies '' , KITV Jump up ^ `` City of Tyler Mayor '' . Tylertexas.com . Archived from the original on February 27 , 1997 -- via Internet Archive , Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Mayor '' . Cityoftyler.org . City of Tyler . Retrieved April 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://cityoftyler.org/DesktopDefault.aspx?tabid=76 Jump up ^ Northeast Texas Public Health District website . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/08/25/opinion/sunday/worst-and-best-places-to-be-gay.html Jump up ^ http://www.dallasvoice.com/speaker-pflag-display-banished-tyler-library-10197445.html Jump up ^ `` Contact Information . '' Twelfth Eleventh Court of Appeals . Retrieved on March 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Parole Division Region I . '' Texas Department of Criminal Justice . Retrieved on May 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Post Office Location -- TYLER . '' United States Postal Service . Retrieved on May 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Post Office Location -- AZALEA . '' United States Postal Service . Retrieved on May 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Post Office Location -- SOUTHEAST CROSSING . '' United States Postal Service . Retrieved on May 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Post Office Location -- SOUTH TYLER ANNEX . '' United States Postal Service . Retrieved on May 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ City of Tyler 2012 - 2013 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report , p. 136 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ Until Now Archived March 21 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Navarro , Edward ( 2006 ) . `` It 's Tee Time in Tyler '' . Images of Tyler . Journal Communications , Inc. 1 : 57 . Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions '' . Tyler Azalea Trail . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Smith County Historical Society '' . Smith County Historical Society . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` East Texas State Fair '' . Etstatefair.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` HGTV Dream Home Sold , $1.325 Million '' . Kltv.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Tyler Transit '' . Cityoftyler.org . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` City and Neighborhood Rankings '' . Walk Score . 2014 . Retrieved April 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tyler , Texas '' , found in the Encyclopedia of Southern Jewish Communities , Jump up ^ `` East Texas Islamic Society '' . Tylermuslims.com. 1988 - 05 - 29 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ http://www.tylerfootballclub.com/ Jump up ^ Palestine Herald Press . February 3 , 2009 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Ramirez , Marc ( February 17 , 2017 ) . `` Suspect in Tyler girl 's slaying climbs onto jail 's basketball pole , wo n't come down FILED UNDERTEXAS AT FEB 17 '' . dallasnews.com . Dallas , Texas ( US ) : Dallas Morning News . Retrieved May 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` An Update From Max '' . blogs.myspace.com/sayanything. 2009 - 05 - 20 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : `` Interactive City Directory '' . Sister Cities International . Further reading ( edit ) Austin , Gladys Peters , Along the Century Trail : Early History of Tyler , Texas ( Dallas : Avalon Press , 1946 ) Burton , Morris Tyler as an Early Railroad Center , Chronicles of Smith County , Spring 1963 Betts , Vicki , Smith County , Texas , in the Civil War ( Tyler , Texas : Smith County Historical Society , 1978 ) Everett , Dianna , The Texas Cherokees : A People between Two Fires , 1819 -- 1840 ( Norman : University of Oklahoma Press , 1990 ) Glover , ed. , Robert W. , Tyler and Smith County , Texas ( n.p. : Walsworth , 1976 ) Henderson , Adele , Smith County , Texas : Its Background and History in Ante - Bellum Days ( M.A. thesis , University of Texas , 1926 ) McDonald , Archie P. Historic Smith County ( Historical Publishing Network , 2006 ) . Reed , Robert E. Jr . Images of America : Tyler ( Arcadia Publishing , 2008 ) . Reed , Robert E. Jr . Postcard History : Tyler ( Arcadia Publishing , 2009 ) . Smith County Historical Society , Historical Atlas of Smith County ( Tyler , Texas : Tyler Print Shop , 1965 ) Wardlaw , Trevor P. `` Sires and Sons : The Story of Hubbard 's Regiment . '' CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform , 2015 . ISBN 978 - 1511963732 Whisenhunt , Donald W. comp. , Chronological History of Smith County ( Tyler , Texas : Smith County Historical Society , 1983 ) Woldert , Albert , A History of Tyler and Smith County ( San Antonio : Naylor , 1948 ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tyler , Texas . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Tyler . Wikisource has the text of The New Student 's Reference Work article about Tyler , Texas . City Of Tyler Website Official City Website KWJB RADIO the official website of the only broadcasting station in Van Zandt County Municipalities and communities of Smith County , Texas , United States County seat : Tyler Cities Arp Hideaway Lindale New Chapel Hill Noonday Overton ‡ Troup ‡ Tyler Whitehouse Towns Bullard ‡ Winona CDP Emerald Bay Other unincorporated communities Antioch Bascom Blackjack Bostick Browning Carroll Copeland Dogwood City Elberta Flint Garden Valley Gresham Jamestown Lee Spring Midway Mount Sylvan New Harmony New Hope Omen Owentown Pine Springs Pine Trail Estates Red Springs Salem Sand Flat Shady Grove Sinclair City Starrville Swan Teaselville Thedford Walnut Grove Waters Bluff Wood Springs Wright City Ghost towns Belzora Burning Bush Douglas Utica Footnotes ‡ This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties State of Texas Austin ( capital ) Topics Architecture Climate Cuisine Geography Government Healthcare History Languages Law Literature Media Newspapers Radio TV National Historic Landmarks Recorded Texas Historic Landmarks National Register of Historic Places Sites Sports Symbols Texans Tourist attractions Transportation Seal of Texas Society Culture Crime Demographics Economy Education Gambling Politics Regions Ark ‐ La ‐ Tex Big Bend Blackland Prairies Brazos Valley Central Texas Coastal Bend Concho Valley Cross Timbers Deep East Texas East Texas Edwards Plateau Golden Triangle Hill Country Llano Estacado Northeast Texas North Texas Osage Plains Panhandle Permian Basin Piney Woods Rio Grande Valley Southeast Texas South Plains South Texas Texoma Trans - Pecos West Texas Metropolitan areas Abilene Amarillo Austin -- Round Rock Beaumont -- Port Arthur Brownsville -- Harlingen College Station -- Bryan Corpus Christi Dallas -- Fort Worth -- Arlington El Paso Houston -- The Woodlands -- Sugar Land Killeen -- Temple Laredo Longview Lubbock McAllen -- Edinburg -- Mission Midland Odessa San Angelo San Antonio -- New Braunfels Sherman -- Denison Texarkana Tyler Victoria Waco Wichita Falls Counties See : List of counties in Texas County seats of Texas Abilene Albany Alice Alpine Amarillo Anahuac Anderson Andrews Angleton Anson Archer City Aspermont Athens Austin Baird Ballinger Bandera Bastrop Bay City Beaumont Beeville Bellville Belton Benjamin Big Lake Big Spring Boerne Bonham Boston Brackettville Brady Breckenridge Brenham Brownfield Brownsville Brownwood Bryan Burnet Caldwell Cameron Canadian Canton Canyon Carrizo Springs Carthage Center Centerville Channing Childress Clarendon Clarksville Claude Cleburne Coldspring Coleman Colorado City Columbus Comanche Conroe Cooper Corpus Christi Corsicana Cotulla Crane Crockett Crosbyton Crowell Crystal City Cuero Daingerfield Dalhart Dallas Decatur Del Rio Denton Dickens Dimmitt Dumas Eagle Pass Eastland Edinburg El Paso Eldorado Emory Fairfield Falfurrias Farwell Floresville Floydada Fort Davis Fort Stockton Fort Worth Franklin Fredericksburg Gail Gainesville Galveston Garden City Gatesville George West Georgetown Giddings Gilmer Glen Rose Goldthwaite Goliad Gonzales Graham Granbury Greenville Groesbeck Groveton Guthrie Hallettsville Hamilton Haskell Hebbronville Hemphill Hempstead Henderson Henrietta Hereford Hillsboro Hondo Houston Huntsville J Jacksboro Jasper Jayton Jefferson Johnson City Jourdanton Junction Karnes City Kaufman Kermit Kerrville Kingsville Kountze La Grange Lamesa Lampasas Laredo Leakey Levelland Liberty Linden Lipscomb Littlefield Livingston Llano Lockhart Longview Lubbock Lufkin Madisonville Marfa Marlin Marshall Mason Matador McKinney Memphis Menard Mentone Meridian Mertzon Miami Midland Monahans Montague Morton Mount Pleasant Mount Vernon Muleshoe Nacogdoches New Braunfels Newton O Odessa Orange Ozona Paducah Paint Rock Palestine Palo Pinto Pampa Panhandle Paris Pearsall Pecos Perryton Pittsburg Plains Plainview Port Lavaca Post Q Quanah Quitman Rankin Raymondville Refugio Richmond Rio Grande City Robert Lee Roby Rockport Rocksprings Rockwall Rusk San Angelo San Antonio San Augustine San Diego San Marcos San Saba Sanderson Sarita Seguin Seminole Seymour Sherman Sierra Blanca Silverton Sinton Snyder Sonora Spearman Stanton Stephenville Sterling City Stinnett Stratford Sulphur Springs Sweetwater Tahoka Throckmorton Tilden Tulia Tyler U Uvalde V Van Horn Vega Vernon Victoria Waco Waxahachie Weatherford Wellington Wharton Wheeler Wichita Falls Woodville Z Zapata VIAF : 144886350 GND : 4315246 - 6 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tyler,_Texas&oldid=814536357 '' Categories : Cities in Texas County seats in Texas Cities in Smith County , Texas Tyler , Texas Cities in the Ark - La - Tex County seats in the Ark - La - Tex Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages with citations lacking titles Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 Articles to be expanded from April 2017 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles prone to spam from December 2014 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Languages تۆرکجه Bân - lâm - gú Català Cebuano Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Hrvatski Italiano Kreyòl ayisyen Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Ślůnski Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Volapük Winaray 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 December 2017 , at 11 : 26 . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyler%2C%20Texas
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who was known as the ace of aces
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List of aces of aces
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list of aces of aces
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Ace of aces is a title accorded to the top active ace within a branch of service in a nation 's military in time of war . The title is most closely associated with fighter aces , though there are other types , such as tank aces and submarine aces .
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Contents ( hide ) 1 Fighter aces 2 Submarine aces 3 Submarine hunters 4 References 5 Bibliography Fighter aces ( edit ) Ace of aces is a title accorded to the top flying ace / fighter ace of a nation 's air force during time of war . Persons accorded the title Ace of aces Person Country of service War Time Adolphe Pégoud Third Republic ( France ) World War I 28 April 1915 -- 31 August 1915 The first flying ace in aerial warfare history . Georges Flachaire Third Republic ( France ) World War I Jean Navarre Third Republic ( France ) World War I -- 17 June 1916 On 17 June 1916 , Navarre is shot down and then grounded for the rest of the war due to injury . Georges Guynemer Third Republic ( France ) World War I -- 11 September 1917 Charles Nungesser Third Republic ( France ) World War I 11 September 1917 -- Succeeded Guynemer on his death . René Fonck Third Republic ( France ) World War I -- end of World War I All - time Allied Ace of Aces , with 75 confirmed aerial victories . Max Immelmann Imperial Germany World War I -- 18 June 1916 Before his death , Boelcke and Immelmann swapped the title several times . Oswald Boelcke Imperial Germany World War I 18 June 1916 -- 28 October 1916 Before the death of Immelmann , Boelcke and Immelmann swapped the title several times . Succeeded Immelmann on his death . Manfred von Richthofen Imperial Germany World War I -- 21 April 1918 Known as the Red Baron , his 80 victories made him the highest scoring ace of the First World War . Erich Loewenhardt Imperial Germany World War I -- 10 August 1918 Ernst Udet Imperial Germany World War I -- end of World War I Albert Ball United Kingdom World War I -- 7 May 1917 Was also the ace of aces and highest scoring ace for the Western allies . Keith Park New Zealand ( No. 48 Squadron RAF ) World War I 1917 Keith Park 's ability as a fighter ace was overshadowed by his later successes as the commander of No. 11 Group RAF during the Battle of Britain and commander of the air defence of Malta . The Luftwaffe nicknamed him the `` Defender of London '' . Billy Bishop Canada ( No. 85 Squadron RAF ) World War I 8 April 1917 -- 19 June 1918 Billy Bishop was officially credited with 72 victories , making him Canada 's all - time top ace , and according to some sources , the top ace of the British Empire . Raymond Collishaw Canada ( No. 203 Squadron RAF ) World War I 1916 -- 1918 Raymond Collishaw was the highest scoring Royal Naval Air Service flying ace and the second highest scoring Canadian pilot of the First World War . First pilot of the British Empire to claim six victories in one day ( 6 July 1917 ) . Edward Mannock United Kingdom World War I 12 August 1917 -- 26 July 1918 Edward Mannock may have been the highest - scoring ace within the British Empire of all time and is regarded as one of the greatest fighter pilots of the war . Raoul Lufbery United States ( Escadrille Lafayette ) World War I October 1916 -- 15 May 1918 Paul Frank Baer United States ( Escadrille Lafayette ) World War I 15 May 1918 -- 18 May 1918 Succeeded Lufbery on his death . Frank Bayliss United States ( L'armee de l'air de France ) World War I 18 May 1918 -- 12 June 1918 Succeeded Baer on his death . David E. Putnam United States ( Escadrille Lafayette ) World War I 12 June 1918 -- 12 September 1918 Succeeded Bayliss on his capture . Frank Luke United States World War I -- 29 September 1918 Eddie Rickenbacker United States World War I 29 September 1918 -- end of World War I Succeeded Luke on his death . Was the US ace of aces for overall aerial victories Francesco Baracca Italy World War I 25 August 1915 -- 19 June 1918 The most successful Italian ace of World War I , with 34 confirmed victories ; decorated with the Gold Medal of Military Valour . Indra Lal Roy India World War I 1917 -- 1918 India 's most successful fighter pilot , with 12 kills ( 2 shared ) . He remains the only Indian fighter ace to this day . Ivan Kozhedub Soviet Union World War II 26 March 1943 -- 16 April 1945 Credited with 64 victories , Kozhedub is the top scoring Allied ace of World War II . One of the few pilots to shoot down Messerschmitt Me 262 . Alexander Pokryshkin Soviet Union World War II 21 June 1941 -- 14 January 1945 Second top scoring Allied ace of World War II . Grigoriy Rechkalov Soviet Union World War II 21 June 1941 -- April 1945 Allied ace of World War II . Edgar James `` Cobber '' Kain New Zealand ( No. 53 Squadron RAF ) World War II October 1939 -- May 1940 First RAF air ace of World War II during the Battle of France . Josef Frantisek Czechoslovakia ( 303 Squadron ) World War II September 1940 ; Credited as the top scoring RAF ace during the Battle of Britain . He refused to fly in formation but was allowed to fly as a `` guest '' of RAF 303 ( Polish ) squadron . In the air he would break off and patrol areas by himself where he knew enemy aircraft would be . Eric Lock ( No. 41 Squadron RAF ) World War II September 1940 ; The top British ace during the Battle of Britain and along with Brian Carbury credited with the highest number of Bf 109 kills during this period . Brian Carbury New Zealand ( No. 603 Squadron RAF ) World War II September 1940 ; One of the Ace Of Aces during the Battle of Britain , scored the most kills ( along with Eric Lock ) against Bf 109s and shot down 5 aircraft in one day to become an Ace in a Day . Witold Urbanowicz Poland ( No. 303 Squadron RAF ) World War II September 1940 ; The top Polish ace during the Battle of Britain . 303 ( Polish ) Sqn entered the Battle of Britain later due to language barriers but went on to become one of the top scoring squadrons due to the Polish pilots ' previous experience and determination . Antoni Głowacki Poland ( No. 501 Squadron RAF ) World War II September 1940 ; One of only three RAF pilots ( along with Brain Carbury and Archie McKellar ) during the Battle of Britain to become an Ace in a Day by shooting down 5 aircraft in one day . James E. `` Johnnie '' Johnson United Kingdom World War II September 1941 -- 1945 -- Top RAF ace of World War II . William R. Dunn United States ( Eagle Squadron ) World War II August 1941 -- First American ace , First American to have a shot down another plane . Joe Foss United States World War II 1942 -- 1944 The U.S. Marine Corps ' `` other '' top ace , credited with 26 confirmed downed Japanese aircraft . Awarded Congressional Medal of Honor . Gregory Boyington United States World War II Aug 1942 -- Jan 1943 The U.S. Marine Corps ' top ace , credited with 28 Japanese aircraft during combat with the Flying Tigers ( P40 Warhawk ) , and later in command of Marine Squadron VMF - 214 ( F4U Corsair ) . Awarded Congressional Medal of Honor . Richard Bong United States World War II 1942 -- 1944 aka `` Ace of Aces . '' U.S. pilot credited with at least 40 confirmed downed Japanese aircraft . Awarded Congressional Medal of Honor . Hiroyoshi Nishizawa Imperial Japan World War II 1942 -- 1944 Japan 's top navy fighter pilot ace , credited with at approximately 80 downed aircraft in the Pacific war . Ilmari Juutilainen Finland World War II 1939 -- 1944 94 confirmed aerial combat victories . Hans Wind Finland World War II 1939 -- 1944 Finnish fighter pilot and flying ace in World War II with 75 confirmed air combat victories . Helmut Wick Third Reich ( Germany ) World War II 28 November 1940 Credited with 56 aerial victories . Was the leading German fighter pilot for few hours until he was shot down and went missing in action . Werner Mölders Third Reich ( Germany ) World War II -- 22 November 1941 First pilot to achieve 100 aerial victories on 15 July 1941 Gordon Gollob Third Reich ( Germany ) World War II First pilot to achieve 150 aerial victories Hermann Graf Third Reich ( Germany ) World War II First pilot to achieve 200 aerial victories Hans Philipp Third Reich ( Germany ) World War II 17 March 1943 With 203 aerial victories surpassed Hermann Graf as the leading German fighter pilot . Walter Nowotny Third Reich ( Germany ) World War II First pilot to achieve 250 aerial victories Commanded one of the first Me 262 jet fighter squadrons . Erich Hartmann Third Reich ( Germany ) World War II -- end of World War II Hartmann is the highest scoring ace , with 352 aerial victories , the first pilot to achieve 300 aerial victories ( on 24 August 1944 ) and first to achieve 350 aerial victories ( on 17 April 1945 ) Alfred Schreiber Third Reich ( Germany ) World War II 28 October 1944 First jet ace in aviation history Kurt Welter Third Reich ( Germany ) World War II -- end of World War II Highest scoring jet ace the Second World War Lydia Litvyak Soviet Union World War II Highest scoring female ace in aviation history Marmaduke Pattle South Africa ( No. 80 Squadron RAF ) World War II 1914 -- 1941 Pattle was a fighter ace with a high score of > 50 , and is sometimes noted as being the highest - scoring British and Commonwealth pilot of the Second World War . Franco Lucchini Italy World War II 1940 -- 1945 Lucchini is reputed the highest scoring Italian ace of World War II with 26 confirmed victories and several unconfirmed kills ; he served both in the Regia Aeronautica and in the Aeronautica Nazionale Repubblicana . James Jabara United States Korean War 20 May 1951 -- First American Jet ace for Jet - vs - Jet combat . George A. Davis United States Korean War -- Friday 13 March 1953 Was the ace of aces for Jet - vs - Jet combat . Royal N. Baker United States Korean War Friday 13 March 1953 -- Was the ace of aces for Jet - vs - Jet combat . Succeeded Davis on his death . Joseph C. McConnell United States Korean War -- end of Korean War Was the ace of aces for Jet - vs - Jet combat . Sergei Kramarenko Soviet Union ( Democratic People 's Republic of Korea ) Korean War 29 July 1951 -- First Jet - vs - Jet ace of the Korean War . Giora Epstein Israel Six Day War , War of Attrition , Yom Kippur War 1956 -- 1998 History 's second scoring jet ace , with 17 confirmed kills . Saiful Azam Bangladesh Indo - Pakistani War of 1965 , Six - Day War 1958 -- 1980 Saiful Azam remains the only fighter pilot who has flown for four Air forces ( Jordan , Iraq , Pakistan and Bangladesh ) and three air forces at war ( Jordan , Iraq , Pakistan ) along with honor of having kills against two different air forces ( India and Israel ) . Minimum 5 claimed aerial victories in two different wars . MM Alam Pakistan Indo - Pakistani War of 1965 1960 -- 1982 MM Alam , also known as the Little Dragon , claimed and is credited to have downed 9 Indian aircraft . In one combat he is credit to have shot down 5 Indian aircraft in 55 seconds first four within 30 seconds - establishing a world record , and thus becoming an ' ace ' pilot in the 1965 war against India in the shortest possible time . Randy H. Duke Cunningham United States Vietnam War 1968 -- 1972 First American ace of the Vietnam War . Nguyen Van Coc Democratic Republic of Vietnam Vietnam War 1967 - 1969 A MiG - 21 pilot of the North Vietnamese Air Force during the Vietnam War , he was shot down during Operation Bolo , and over the next year shot down 2 F - 4 's , 4 F - 105 's and an F - 102 . Shahram Rostami Iran Iran -- Iraq War 1980 -- 1988 Shahram Rostami was an Iranian flying ace in the Iran - Iraq War . He was an F - 14 Tomcat pilot . He shot down 6 Iraqi fighters : 1 MiG - 21 , 3 Mirage F1s and 2 MiG - 25s . He was the first fighter pilot in the world , who shot down a MiG - 25 . Jalil Zandi Iran Iran -- Iraq War 1980 -- 1988 Iran 's most successful fighter pilot ever , with 11 aerial victories ( 8 confirmed and 3 probable ) . The most successful F - 14 Tomcat pilot . Mohommed `` Sky Falcon '' Rayyan Iraq Iran -- Iraq War 1980 -- 1986 Iraq 's most successful fighter pilot ever , with 10 ( 5 confirmed kills and 5 claimed kills ) aerial victories . The most successful MiG - 25 pilot . Yevgeny Pepelyaev Soviet Union Korean War 1950 -- 1953 World 's most successful jet fighter ace , with 23 ( 19 confirmed victories , 3 given to wingman and 1 claimed kills ) aerial victories . The most successful MiG - 15 pilot . This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . Submarine aces ( edit ) Ace of the Deep is a title accorded to the top subsea ace / undersea ace / submarine ace of a nation 's submarine force during time of war . Persons accorded the title ace of aces Person Country of service War Time Lothar von Arnauld de la Periere Imperial Germany World War I 1915 -- 18 The commander of U-35 , de la Periere sank a total of 194 merchant vessels and gunboats totaling 453,716 gross metric tons . Dudley W. Morton United States World War II -- September 1943 Dick O'Kane United States World War II -- 25 October 1944 Was captured and made Prisoner of war . Eugene Fluckey United States World War II Malcolm David Wanklyn United Kingdom World War II -- 14 April 1942 Wanklyn was the British Ace of Aces in terms of tonnage , and he was the most successful British U-class submarine commander , with 17 ships sunk , 1 destroyed with charges and another 6 damaged , totaling 132,680 tons during a career of 26 patrols . Benjamin Bryant United Kingdom World War II -- end of World War II Bryant was the British Ace of Aces in terms of the number of ships sunk , and he was the most successful British S - class submarine commander , with 27 ships sunk and another 8 damaged , totaling 41,521 tons during a career of 29 patrols . Takakazu Kinashi Imperial Japan World War II Otto Kretschmer Third Reich ( Germany ) World War II -- March 1941 Kretschmer was responsible for the sinking of 47 merchant ships totaling 272,043 tons as commander of U-35 , German submarine U-23 and U-99 . He was captured in March 1941 and spent the rest of the war in the Bowmanville POW camp , Canada . Reinhard Suhren Third Reich ( Germany ) World War II A U-boat ace . Gianfranco Gazzana - Priaroggia Italy World War II The highest scoring Italian submarine commander , with 11 ships sunk for a total of 90,601 tons . Carlo Fecia di Cossato Italy World War II With 16 sinkings , he is credited with the most kills in the Regia Marina , as well as the second most successful Italian submarine commander with 86,545 tons . This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . Submarine hunters ( edit ) Persons accorded the title ace of aces Person Country of service War Time John Walker United Kingdom World War II Walker sank more U-boats ( 12 Confirmed ) during the Battle of the Atlantic than any other British or Allied commander . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Aviation History , `` World 's First Ace '' , Jon Guttman , Volume 20 , Number 3 , January 2010 , pp. 19 ^ Jump up to : New York Times , `` Saw 40 Air Foes After Guynemer '' , Thursday 27 September 1917 ^ Jump up to : Wright - Martin Aircraft Corporation , `` Hispano - Suiza Aeronautical Engines '' , Wright - Martin Aircraft Corporation , 1918 Jump up ^ Taylor & Francis , `` The European Powers in the First World War '' , Spencer Tucker , Laura Matysek Wood , Justin D. Murphy , ISBN 0 - 8153 - 0399 - 8 Jump up ^ The Lowell Sun , `` Record by French `` Ace Of Aces '' Never Equalled `` , Associated Press , Friday 21 June 1918 Jump up ^ Doubleday , `` Ace of Aces '' , René Fonck , 1967 Jump up ^ New York Times , `` Immelmann Fell 6,000 Feet To Death '' , 25 June 1916 Jump up ^ New York Times , `` A Talk With Boelcke On The Day Of His Death '' , Sunday 28 January 1917 Jump up ^ Osprey Publishing , `` Richthofen 's Circus '' , Greg VanWyngarden , 2005 Jump up ^ University of Nebraska Press , `` Impossible missions ? : German economic , military , and humanitarian efforts in Africa '' , Nina Berman , 2004 Jump up ^ National Geographic Society , `` Volume XXXIII '' , National Geographic Magazine , 1918 ^ Jump up to : Stokes , `` Fighting the Flying Circus '' , Eddie Rickenbacker , 1919 , ( accessed 18 April 2009 ) Jump up ^ Osprey Publishing , `` American Aces of World War I '' , Norman Franks , 2001 , ISBN 1 - 84176 - 375 - 6 Jump up ^ New York Times , `` ALLIES ON SOMME TAKE 1,500 GERMANS ; French Alone Captured 1,100 in Saturday 's Fighting South of the River . BRITISH IMPROVE LINES Continue to Push Forward North of Thiepval and In the Region of Gucudecourt . '' , 15 October 1916 Jump up ^ New York Times , `` Putnam , American Ace , Killed Near St. Mihiel '' , Associated Press , 20 September 1918 Jump up ^ http://www.theaerodrome.com/aces/india/roy.php Jump up ^ Polak , Tomas with Christopher Shores . Stalin 's Falcon -- The Aces of the Red Star . Brub Street , London , 1999 . ISBN 1 - 902304 - 01 - 2 , p. 189 Jump up ^ Николай Бодрихин . Советские асы . Очерки о советских летчиках Jump up ^ `` Fighter Pilot : The First American Ace of World War II '' , William R. Dunn Jump up ^ The Telegraph ( London ) , `` Joe Foss '' , 2 January 2003 , ( accessed 17 April 2009 ) Jump up ^ TIME , No. 1 Ace , 21 December 1942 , ( accessed 17 April 2009 ) ^ Jump up to : Toliver & Constable 1998 , p. 385 . Jump up ^ Toliver & Constable 1998 , pp. 385 , 386 . He later served in West Germany 's air force , but resigned in protest of the adoption of a `` dangerous plane . '' Jump up ^ Foreman & Harvey 1995 , p. 81 . Jump up ^ National Museum of the USAF , `` LT . COL . JAMES JABARA '' Archived 2012 - 10 - 10 at the Wayback Machine. , ( accessed 17 April 2009 ) ^ Jump up to : TIME , `` Ace of Aces '' , Monday 23 March 1953 , ( accessed 17 April 2009 ) Jump up ^ TIME , `` Fallen Ace '' , Monday 18 February 1952 , ( accessed 17 April 2009 ) Jump up ^ The Canberra Times , `` Air Ace Ends Task '' , 16 March 1953 , ( accessed 17 April 2009 ) Jump up ^ TIME , `` Ace 's End '' , 6 September 1954 , ( accessed 17 April 2009 ) Jump up ^ Muhammad , Asif ( March 20 , 2013 ) . `` M.M Alam : world record holder '' . Dawn News . Retrieved 17 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Texas A&M University Press , `` Striving for air superiority : the Tactical Air Command in Vietnam '' , Craig C. Hannah , 2002 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 58544 - 146 - 4 Jump up ^ http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_245.shtml Jump up ^ http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_246.shtml Jump up ^ simple : Shahram Rostami Jump up ^ http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_210.shtml Jump up ^ http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_211.shtml Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 10 - 17 . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ Iranian F - 14 Tomcat Units in Combat by Tom Cooper & Farzad Bishop , 2004 , Osprey Publishing , pp. 23 -- 24 Jump up ^ Imperial Iranian Air Force : Samurai in the skies Jump up ^ Fire in the Hills : Iranian and Iraqi Battles of Autumn 1982 , by Tom Cooper & Farzad Bishop , Sept. 9 , 2003 Jump up ^ http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_404.shtml Jump up ^ Arab MiG - 19 and MiG - 21 Units in Combat , by David Nicolle and Tom Cooper , ( 2004 ) Osprey Publishing , p. 82 Jump up ^ Yevgeny Pepelyaev Jump up ^ Challenge Publications , `` The U-Boat ACE of ACES '' , William H Langenberg , 2004 Jump up ^ Sutton Publishing , `` The Bravest Man '' , William Tuohy , 2001 ^ Jump up to : The Times ( London ) , `` Rear - Admiral Eugene Fluckey '' , 20 July 2007 ( accessed 2009 April 20 ) Jump up ^ Helgason , Guðmundur . `` Malcolm David Wanklyn VC , DSO , RN '' . German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net . Jump up ^ Naval Institute Press , `` Soldiers Lost at Sea '' , James E. Wise , Scott Baron , 2003 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 59114 - 966 - 8 Jump up ^ Helgason , Guðmundur . `` Benjamin Bryant DSO , DSC , RN '' . German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net . Jump up ^ Bantam , `` Submarine Commander '' , Rear Admiral Ben Bryant , 1960 Jump up ^ US Naval Institute Press , `` Teddy Suhren : Ace of Aces : Memoirs of a U-boat Rebel '' , Teddy Suhren , ISBN 978 - 1 - 59114 - 851 - 7 ^ Jump up to : Giorgerini , Giorgio ( 2002 ) . Uomini sul fondo : storia del sommergibilismo italiano dalle origini a oggi . Milano : Mondadori . p. 691 . ISBN 8804505370 . Jump up ^ http://www.unithistories.com/officers/RN_officersW.html#Walker_FJ Bibliography ( edit ) http://www.acesofww2.com/ Foreman , John ; Harvey , S.E. ( 1995 ) , Messerschmitt Combat Diary Me. 262 , Crecy Publishing Ltd , ISBN 1 - 871187 - 30 - 3 . Toliver , Raymond F. and Trevor J. Constable ( 1998 ) . Die deutschen Jagdflieger - Asse 1939 -- 1945 . Stuttgart , Germany : Motorbuch Verlag . ISBN 3 - 87943 - 193 - 0 . Samuel , Wolfgang W.E. ( 2004 ) . American Raiders -- The Race to Capture the Luftwaffe 's Secrets . University Press of Mississippi . ISBN 1 - 57806 - 649 - 2 . ( hide ) Flying aces World War I Argentina Australia Austrian aces Austro - Hungary Belgium British Empire Canada Czech aces Croatian aces Ecuador Estonian aces Fiji German Empire Hungary Italy India Latvia Lithuanian aces New Zealand Polish aces Russian Empire Serbia Slovakian aces Swaziland Switzerland United States World War II By country Australia Austria Belgium Bulgaria Canada China Croatia Czechoslovakia Denmark Finland France ( Vichy France ) Germany ( Jet aces , night fighter ) Hungary Italy Ireland Japan New Zealand Norway Poland Romania Slovakia South Africa Southern Rhodesia Soviet Union United Kingdom Spain United States Other wars Spanish Civil War Korean War Vietnam War General Canada Egypt Greece Israel Russia Syria Aces of aces Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_aces_of_aces&oldid=808462033 '' Categories : Aces Lists of military personnel Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia articles in need of updating from November 2014 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Articles needing additional references from November 2014 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2010 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from November 2017 Incomplete lists from April 2009 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from July 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bahasa Melayu Português Edit links This page was last edited on 3 November 2017 , at 00 : 33 . 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when does tekken 7 come out in america
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Tekken 7 ( 鉄拳 7 ) is a fighting game developed and published by Bandai Namco Entertainment . The game is the ninth installment in the Tekken series , and the first to make use of the Unreal Engine . Tekken 7 had a limited arcade release in Japan in March 2015 . An updated arcade version , Tekken 7 : Fated Retribution , was released in Japan in July 2016 , and features expanded content including new stages , costumes , items and characters . The same version was released for Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 4 and Xbox One in June 2017 .
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Tekken 7
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tekken 7
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Tekken 7 ( 鉄拳 7 ) is a fighting game developed and published by Bandai Namco Entertainment . The game is the ninth installment in the Tekken series , and the first to make use of the Unreal Engine . Tekken 7 had a limited arcade release in Japan in March 2015 . An updated arcade version , Tekken 7 : Fated Retribution , was released in Japan in July 2016 , and features expanded content including new stages , costumes , items and characters . The same version was released for Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 4 and Xbox One in June 2017 .
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Set shortly after the events of Tekken 6 , the plot focuses on the fights between martial artist Heihachi Mishima and his son , Kazuya . Across the series it is revealed the reasons why Heihachi tried to kill Kazuya when he was only a child as well as what happened to Kazuya 's mother . Besides the main story , Tekken 7 introduces new elements for the fighting system such as the Rage and the Power Crush to increase the characters ' powers . The game was well received by critics for its fighting system and graphics . However , some expressed issues to the story mode due to a lack of focus of the supporting characters . By August 2017 , the game had sold over one and a half million copies worldwide . Contents ( hide ) 1 Gameplay 2 Plot 3 Characters 3.1 New fighters 3.2 Returning fighters 4 Development 4.1 Fated Retribution 4.2 Console version 5 Reception 5.1 Sales 6 References 7 External links Gameplay ( edit ) Play media An example of Nina Williams ' moves Tekken 7 focuses on 1 - on - 1 battles . Two new mechanisms are introduced in the game . The first , Rage Art , allows the player to execute critical attacks that deal roughly 30 % damage depending on the character once their health bar is critical , in exchange for inactivating the normal attack power increase . The second , Power Crush , lets the player continue their attacks even while being hit by the enemy , although they would still receive the damage dealt by the enemy 's attacks . The mechanic also works only for absorbing high or mid attacks . The bound system , which staggers a character to increase opportunity for additional hits , is replaced by Screw Attack , which makes the enemy spin sideways when they are hit airborne , allowing the player to inflict additional hits after they reach the ground . Unlike bound , however , Screw Attack can not be used to do wall combos . With a new display system , the game 's multiplayer allows players to choose which side of the screen to play on . Movement has undergone some changes and now is similar to the movement mechanics found in Tekken Revolution , most notably when characters walk backwards . The arcade version features the traditional stage - based playthrough , in which the player progresses by beating five different opponents one by one , ending with a fixed penultimate and final stage . Matches may be interrupted if another player joins the game . Online mode is available for both local and international play . Character customization is featured , allowing the player to modify characters ' appearances . For the first time in the arcade series , the game features a practice mode , which allows players to train moves against an opponent for a limited amount of time , as well as an option to collect in - game rewards , mainly customization items , through `` Treasure Box '' by winning enough matches . Fated Retribution features several gameplay changes to the game . The new `` Rage Drive '' allows the player to empower certain attacks by sacrificing their Rage Mode . Rage Art is also adjusted so that the amount of damage dealt to the enemy is inversely proportional to the player 's current health bar . The update also introduces meter - type characters , who utilize jump - in attacks and special cancels , and use an EX / Super meter as a limiter for some special attacks in place of Rage Drive . This type is reserved for two characters : Eliza , and the guest characters Akuma from Street Fighter and Geese Howard from three SNK 's fighting game series . Exclusive to the console version is the Tekken Bowl bowling minigame , first introduced to the series in the console version of Tekken Tag Tournament . It is available as part of the DLC Pack # 1 released on August 31 , 2017 . Plot ( edit ) Play media Trailer of the story After the events of Tekken 6 , though Azazel was destroyed by Jin Kazama , the war between the Mishima Zaibatsu and G Corporation continues to ravage the world . The game 's story is told from the perspective of a reporter whose wife and son are killed in the crossfire , leading him to begin writing an exposé on the Mishima Zaibatsu and G Corporation . Nina Williams leads the Zaibatsu in Jin 's absence , attempting to locate him , but Heihachi Mishima takes advantage of the vacuum of power and forces Nina into submission , regaining control of the Zaibatsu . Heihachi makes a deal with Claudio Serafino , head of the powerful Sirius Marksmen organization , to help him expose his son , G Corporation head Kazuya Mishima , believing public opinion will shift in the Zaibatsu 's favor if Kazuya 's Devil Gene is revealed . Claudio senses a powerful force in the Far East that is unconnected to either Jin or Kazuya . The reporter researches the Mishima family history , learning that Heihachi 's coup against his father Jinpachi and the disappearance of his wife Kazumi both occurred in the same year he threw his son Kazuya off a ravine . Meanwhile , the United Nations intelligence group has located Jin , but he evades capture long enough to be rescued by Lars Alexandersson . Lars takes Jin to recuperate at Violet Systems , where Lee Chaolan has repaired Alisa Bosconovitch following her destruction in the previous game . The Zaibatsu attacks the compound , but the trio are able to secure Jin . The reporter , having rendezvoused with Lee and Lars , tries to kill Jin in his sleep , but is discouraged by Lars , who says Jin is the only person capable of stopping the conflict . According to Lee , the reason behind Heihachi fathering Lars was to confirm that he did n't possess the Devil Gene , proving it originated from the Hachijos , Kazumi 's family . The force sensed by Claudio is eventually revealed to be Akuma , who made a promise to Kazumi that he would kill Heihachi and Kazuya if she fails to , as she predicted both of them would engulf the world in war and destruction . He defeats Heihachi after fending off an attack by an army of Jack - 6 's at the Mishima Dojo , and proceeds to G Corporation 's Millennium Tower . Heihachi survives , but declares himself dead to the public to continue his plans in secret . He then captures and spreads images of a transformed Kazuya worldwide before using a satellite to obliterate Millennium Tower . Kazuya survives the attack and destroys the satellite , with the wreckage destroying a town and once again slandering the Zaibatsu . The reporter uses this opportunity to inform the Zaibatsu about his exposé , but to his surprise , Heihachi offers to meet him in person . Heihachi recounts his love of Kazumi and the night he learned that she possessed the Devil Gene and was sent by her family to kill him , regretfully being forced to kill her in self - defense . Suspecting that Kazuya had inherited the Devil Gene , Heihachi threw him off a cliff , believing the boy 's survival would confirm his fears . Heihachi has the reporter escorted out before traveling to a volcano for a final battle with Kazuya . Vengeful over his mother 's death , Kazuya kills Heihachi in battle and throws his body into the volcano . Akuma appears and attacks Kazuya ; the result of their battle is unknown . In the aftermath , Jin awakens and meets with Lee , Lars , and Alisa , promising to put an end to the war once and for all by killing Kazuya . The reporter , reflecting on all he has learned , completes and publishes his exposé . Characters ( edit ) See also : List of Tekken characters The game has 39 playable fighters ( including palette swaps ) , 20 of whom make up the default cast on launch ; other characters are to be added over time . Eight make their debut in this version , along with a new form of Jack , and two guest characters from Capcom 's Street Fighter and SNK 's fighting game franchises . Bandai Namco has also announced that an additional guest character will be added as post-launch downloadable content . New fighters ( edit ) Akuma : The dark master of the Satsui no Hado from Capcom 's Street Fighter , added in Fated Retribution . Within the story , Kazumi asks him to repay a debt to her by killing Heihachi and Kazuya . The player can fight him in place of Kazumi as the final boss if a certain condition is met . Claudio Serafino : A white - clad man from Italy who 's a member of an Anti-Devil organization combating the Devil Gene 's threat . Empowered with a Sirius magic . Geese Howard : The crime boss of South Town from SNK 's fighting game series Fatal Fury , The King of Fighters and Art of Fighting , added to the console version as post-launch downloadable content . Gigas : A hulking , red - skinned humanoid who appears to have cybernetics attached to his otherwise nude body . He practices `` Destructive Impulse '' . Like Josie , he was first discovered in a leaked arcade data before his official reveal in a CAPCOM TV Chokaigi stream in Niconico . Jack - 7 : A new model of the Jack series , he has a slightly modified design with red hair and green glowing arms . As with the previous Jack series , he uses brute force to pummel his opponents . Josie Rizal : A young Filipino woman who wears a yellow top , a blue miniskirt , and a red bow . She practices Eskrima and Kickboxing . She was first discovered in a leaked arcade data before being officially revealed during a Tekken 7 broadcast in Niconico on March 29 , 2015 . Katarina Alves : A sassy woman who practices the art of Savate . She was designed to be a beginner - friendly character . Kazumi Mishima / Devil Kazumi : Heihachi 's wife and Kazuya 's mother , who possesses the Devil Gene . Kazumi 's fighting style is Hachijo Style Karate , which is similar to the Mishima Style Fighting Karate as used by her husband and son , but with additional abilities such as summoning a tiger and levitating . She originally served as the game 's unplayable final boss prior to becoming the seventh time release character added after launch . Kazumi also has a devil form , which remains unplayable outside of the final stage in which she is fought . Lucky Chloe : An otaku who wears a kitten - themed costume and has a `` Freestyle Dance '' fighting style . Master Raven : A female ninja with a fighting style very similar to Raven . She is in charge of the organization that the original Raven works for . Shaheen : A keffiyah - wearing Saudi Arabian man who uses a `` Military Self - defense '' fighting style . He was also designed to be a beginner - friendly character . Returning fighters ( edit ) Alisa Bosconovitch Asuka Kazama Bob Bryan Fury Devil Jin Eddy Gordo Eliza Feng Wei Heihachi Mishima Hwoarang Jin Kazama Kazuya Mishima / Devil Kazuya King Kuma Lars Alexandersson Lee Chaolan / Violet Leo Lili Ling Xiaoyu Marshall Law Miguel Caballero Rojo Nina Williams Panda Paul Phoenix Sergei Dragunov Steve Fox Yoshimitsu ^ a Post-release addition ( original arcade version ) ^ b Unplayable character ^ c Added in Fated Retribution ^ d Guest character ^ e In - battle transformation ^ f Skin / palette swap ^ g Downloadable content Continuing the trend from Tekken Tag Tournament 2 , in addition to Chinese , English , Japanese and Korean , several characters now speak with their native languages , including the new characters mentioned above ; thus Eddy , Leo , Lili , and Miguel now speak Portuguese , German , French , and Spanish respectively , for the first time in a canonical sequel , while newcomers Claudio , and Shaheen speak with their native Italian , and Arabic , respectively . This still does not include certain characters with differing nationalities , such as Xiaoyu , Alisa and Lars , who continue to speak Japanese due to their character backgrounds , along with newcomer Josie , who speaks in English instead of her native Philippine language . Development ( edit ) Executive producer Katsuhiro Harada had expressed interest in developing a new Tekken title for PlayStation 4 since early 2014 In January 2014 , Tekken series director and producer Katsuhiro Harada expressed interest in continuing the series on PlayStation 4 , and later said that PlayStation was the primary platform of development for the new installment . Tekken 7 was officially announced by Harada on July 13 , 2014 during EVO 2014 . The announcement was not initially planned , but was done as a last minute response to a leak of the game 's announcement trailer that morning . The game was developed using the Unreal Engine 4 , which allows for it to be developed for multiple platforms . While Tekken games historically have been PlayStation - based in arcades , Harada stated that Tekken 7 runs on an arcade board based on PC architecture . Location tests of the game were held in Tokyo and Osaka from October 3 to 5 , 2014 . Trailers released in late 2014 showed the game running in 1080p and 60 frames per second . On January 27 , 2015 , a live - televised tournament based off the same game build was held in the Nexon Arena in Seoul , South Korea known as `` Tekken 7 Crash '' . During the Japan Amusement Expo ( JAEPO ) 2015 , a newer build of the game was showcased , offering Lucky Chloe and Shaheen as part of the character roster for the first time as well as the traditional stage - based gameplay progression . A Bandai Namco - sponsored tournament , `` The King of Iron Fist Tournament 2015 , took place in November -- December 2015 as well , with a prize of ¥ 10,000,000 ( ~ $81,000 ) awarded to the finalists . Two top placers from EVO 2015 were also reserved seats , as were select players from South Korea , North America , and other places . In July 2015 , Bandai - Namco announced a crossover with The Idolmaster , another property owned by the company , involving Idolmaster costumes for the female characters of Tekken 7 . The male characters , meanwhile , were all given the option to fight barechested . Negative reactions to the character Lucky Chloe from several message boards has led to Harada tweeting that he may consider removing her from the North American version of the game , making her exclusive to the East Asian and European versions , and instead replace her with a new well - muscled skinhead for the North American market . It was later revealed that Harada did not intend for the tweets to be taken seriously . Although reaction to the revelation of new character Shaheen was largely positive , the reveal eventually led to Harada making a statement on his Twitter in response to those criticizing the inclusion of an Arab character in the game . While the announcement and reveal of the Filipina Josie Rizal character was also met with mostly positive feedback , her revelation was also met with a mix of excitement and derision among Filipino netizens . Among the criticisms around the net were the lack of respect towards the martyred Philippine national hero José Rizal , who practiced wrestling and Eskrima from Calamba , Laguna , Jujutsu from Japan , fencing and marksmanship from Europe and weightlifting as well as misrepresentation of Filipino Martial Arts . According to Tekken chief producer Katsuhiro Harada , Mad Catz community manager Mark Julio , and Josie 's character designer Mari Shimazaki , Josie Rizal practiced kickboxing and Eskrima , but the move set in her reveal video consisted of mostly generic and recycled moves from earlier existing characters in the Tekken series . Someone claiming to be an official of the National Commission for Culture and the Arts was not quite happy with the way the character of Josie was depicted and stated that they would try to look at steps to remedy how she might affect the image of José Rizal and the Philippines by possibly submitting additional materials for the Tekken Team to use . However NCCA legal counsel Trixie Cruz - Angeles clarified that the agency had yet to issue any position on the matter in a post she made on her personal Facebook page : `` The NCCA has not asked for the deletion of Tekken character Josie Rizal . In fact , the NCCA has not taken cognizance of the issue nor issued an opinion . '' Fated Retribution ( edit ) An arcade update title in the same vein as Tekken Tag Tournament 2 Unlimited and Tekken 6 Bloodline Rebellion , titled Tekken 7 : Fated Retribution was announced in a trailer released during the grand final of The King of Iron Fist Tournament 2015 tournament , which was held on December 12 , 2015 , and was released in Japan on July 5 , 2016 . The location test was held on February 12 -- 14 , 2016 in three arcades of Tokyo , Osaka , and Fukuoka . Several gameplay mechanics were introduced in the game , including Rage Drive and an adjusted Rage Art . It features an expanded content , including new customization and stages . Returning characters who have not received newer default costumes are accorded one . Additionally , new characters are featured , including the series ' second guest character : Akuma from the Street Fighter series , who has a dedicated EX meter designed to limit some of his special moves . The console and PC versions were based on this update . After The Idolmaster series , a collaboration with another Bandai Namco property , this time the Taiko no Tatsujin rhythm game series on August 31 , 2016 added player icons , customization , and other aesthetic features . A collaboration with New Japan Pro-Wrestling was announced during the `` an presents Dai Pro-Wres Matsuri 2017 '' event on January 2 , 2017 . An attire inspired by IWGP Heavyweight champion Kazuchika `` Rainmaker '' Okada was added as an outfit for King . A new Rage Art for King inspired by Rainmaker would accompany the outfit . Additionally , New Japan Pro-Wrestling - themed T - shirts were added for other characters . The collaboration event ran from January 23 to February 22 , 2017 . Characters then exclusive for the console version : Eddy Gordo , Eliza , Kuma , Lee Chaolan , Miguel Caballero Rojo , and Panda , were announced on July 12 , 2017 to be added for arcades on July 27 , 2017 . Console version ( edit ) The PlayStation 4 version was confirmed at Paris Games Week 2015 on October 27 , 2015 . Bandai Namco also announced that the PlayStation 4 version would feature exclusive content , as well as PlayStation VR support . In addition to previous graphical upgrades in the arcade version , the console versions also received one . Exclusive content on the PlayStation 4 version were released in the form of classic costumes for Jin , Xiaoyu and King , as well as a Tekken jukebox with classic musical tracks . At E3 2016 , Tekken 7 was announced to be released for the Xbox One and Windows platforms in 2017 , in addition to the PlayStation 4 version . An official trailer , revealed during same event , showcased some of new features that was included in Fated Retribution , such as graphical updates and stages , as well as a story mode , which adds cutscenes and dialogue during battles . The game is supported by downloadable content . Players who pre-ordered the game received a code that downloads the character Eliza . She is otherwise available as paid DLC starting on July 28 , 2017 . Taiko no Tatsujin collaboration items were also made available as free DLC on the same date . The first major batch of DLC , containing the Tekken Bowl minigame , The Idolmaster collaboration outfits , Tekken : Blood Vengeance uniforms for Xiaoyu and Alisa , swimsuits for female characters , fundoshi for male characters , and Vintage 1920 's bathing suits was made available on August 31 , 2017 . Reception ( edit ) Reception Aggregate score Aggregator Score Metacritic ( PC ) 83 / 100 ( PS4 ) 81 / 100 ( XONE ) 81 / 100 Review scores Publication Score Destructoid 8 / 10 EGM 7.5 / 10 Eurogamer 80 % Famitsu 36 / 40 Game Informer 8 / 10 GamePro 84 % Game Revolution GamesMaster 86 % GameSpot 8 / 10 GamesRadar IGN 9.5 / 10 PC Gamer ( US ) 79 / 100 Polygon 80 % Metro 8 / 10 4Players 85 % Tekken 7 received `` generally favorable '' reviews , according to review aggregator Metacritic . Chris Carter said on Destructoid `` Impressive effort with a few noticeable problems holding it back . Wo n't astound everyone , but is worth your time and cash . '' and awarded it a score of 8 / 10 . Electronic Gaming Monthly 's Evan Slead scored the game a 7.5 / 10 with the consensus `` Tekken 7 , the latest entry in the long - running franchise , delivers what fighting genre fans love about multiplayer battles , but there is n't enough new material to make it truly stand out from the increasingly competitive options in the fighting genre . '' The game was rated 36 out of 40 for both the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One versions by Famitsu . Eurogamer said `` Tekken 7 is what the fighting game community was waiting for . Awesome gameplay , new mechanics , great characters and a good amount of contents . '' Metro summarised it as `` Tekken with better graphics - the gameplay and characters are still a huge amount of fun . '' 4Players said that players would be `` rewarded with one of the deepest combo - filled fighters out there that will give Injustice 2 's superheroes a run for their money . '' James Kozanitis from Game Revolution gave the game a score of 4 out of 5 stars saying that `` Tekken will always have a place among today 's fighting games , but it will always be its own place , and Tekken 7 is the best embodiment of that mentality . They 've made very little effort to conform to what other fighting games have taken for granted , even down to Tekken 7 's use of 3D arenas where most fighters conformed to a 2D battlefield years ago . Rather than getting hit by typical fighting game tropes , Tekken 7 was able to sidestep them . But it 's the ways in which Tekken 7 can still feel fresh despite its classic formula that set it apart from the pack . Even in the few concessions Tekken 7 did make to become more traditional , it did so with its own flair . Its smooth release on PC only goes to bolster the fact that the Tekken series will be around for quite some time , doing its own thing and doing it well . Matt Elliott of GamesRadar awarded it 4 out of 5 stars stating that `` Despite some narrative missteps , Tekken 7 is still a compelling , exhilarating experience . Find the right sparring partner and it will entertain you indefinitely . '' Polygon stated that the `` unforgettable characters and fluid fights are worth the work . '' Darry Huskey 's score of 9.5 / 10 on IGN said that `` Tekken 7 is a hallmark fighting game that 's both accessible and highly technical , with great customization options . '' Gamesmaster agreed , saying it was a `` gratifying fighting game '' . `` A smart , blisteringly fun experience at its core , Tekken 7 's limited singleplayer campaign and poor tutorials marr an otherwise resounding win . '' was Dave Houghton 's conclusion on PC Gamer with a score of 79 / 100 Sales ( edit ) In the U.K , Tekken 7 was the best selling software in the week of release ; this is a first for the series in 19 years , since the debut of Tekken 3 on the original PlayStation . It remained at number 1 in the second week . The game also topped the Japanese charts in its first week , selling 58,736 copies . The release of the game also boosted PlayStation 4 sales . It fell to number 2 in the second week , behind Mario Kart 8 Deluxe . It was number 1 in both Australia and New Zealand . Tekken 7 was also the best selling physical software in North America in the month of June 2017 , as well as the 8th best selling download on the US PlayStation Store . It was the 5th most downloaded game on the EU PlayStation Store . As of August 2017 , the game has sold 1.66 million copies worldwide . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Parlock , Joe ( December 12 , 2015 ) . `` Tekken 7 : Fated Retribution announced , the first new character is Street Fighter 's Akuma '' . Destructoid . Retrieved December 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Yin - Poole , Wesley . `` Tekken 7 delayed to June '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved 23 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` First Tekken 7 details revealed at Comic - Con '' . Polygon . July 25 , 2014 . Retrieved July 25 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tekken 7 Details Emerging from Location Tests ; New Character Claudio , Power Crush Moves , and More '' . Ian Walker . October 3 , 2014 . Retrieved October 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` New Opposite Camera System - Tekken 7 '' . YouTube . Retrieved October 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Push Square . `` Yes , You Can Extend Paul Phoenix 's Hair in Tekken 7 on PS4 '' . Push Square . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tekken 7 DLC Pack # 1 Launch Trailer - Tekken Bowl & New Costumes Coming Aug 31st '' . Avoiding The Puddle . Retrieved August 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Evo 2014 Harada Announcement and Tekken 7 Reveal Trailer '' . YouTube . July 13 , 2014 . Retrieved July 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Romano , Sal . `` Tekken 7 DLC to add two guest characters from other games '' . Gematsu . Retrieved 21 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Harada on Twitter '' . Twitter . Retrieved 6 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tekken 7 FR Bryan Gameplay . Last boss Akuma / Gouki '' . Youtube . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tekken 7 - New Character Gigas Officially Revealed , Available in Arcades on April 28th ! '' . avoidingthepuddle.com . Avoiding The Puddle . Retrieved April 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tekken 7 - Jin Kazama , Devil Jin and Josie Rizal Officially Revealed '' . Avoiding The Puddle . Jump up ^ `` New Tekken 7 Characters Leaked '' . tekkenzaibatsu.com . Tekken Zaibatsu . Retrieved March 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tekken 7 News From Tokyo Game Show 2014 '' . Tekken Zaibatsu . September 20 , 2014 . Retrieved September 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tekken 7 cab bug '' . twitter.com . Twitteraccessdate = May 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tekken 7 : Fated Retribution brings back Bob , adds Master Raven '' . Retrieved July 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Katsuhiro Harada on Twitter : `` Katarina and Shaheen is good for beginners . Lucky Chloe is bit difficult . RT @ _Nair_Al_Saif Shaheen is also for beginners like me right ? : ) '' `` . Twitter.com . March 3 , 2015 . Retrieved October 23 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kuma and Panda unveiled for Tekken 7 : Fated Retribution , online tournament mode to be included in console release '' . www.eventhubs.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Kell ( January 6 , 2014 ) . `` The Producer of Tekken Wants to Continue the Series on PS4 '' . Push Square . Retrieved October 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Harada , Katsuhiro . `` Do n't rush me . Tekken is not development by PC base . It 's Develop by Playstation Native . also we do n't have Tekken community on PC now . '' . Twitter . Retrieved January 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` unreal engine , Tekken 7 announced at EVO 2014 '' . Dana Cowley . July 17 , 2014 . Retrieved July 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tekken 7 officially announced '' . Gematsu . July 31 , 2014 . Retrieved October 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tekken 7 Announced , Will Use Unreal Engine 4 ( UPDATE ) '' . GameSpot . July 13 , 2014 . Retrieved July 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Cowley , Dana ( July 14 , 2014 ) . `` UE4 - Powered Tekken 7 Announced at EVO 2014 '' . Unreal Engine Blog . Epic Games . Retrieved October 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Katsuhiro Harada on Twitter : `` Our original arcade board , based on PC architecture . RT @ ZeroXZ03 What hardware is the arcade version of T7 running on ? '' `` . Twitter.com . December 9 , 2014 . Retrieved October 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tekken 7 location test announced - Gematsu '' . September 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Second Tekken 7 Gameplay Trailer Released in Blistering 1080p / 60fps - Hardcore Gamer '' . Jump up ^ `` Tekken Crash Returns : First Tekken 7 3on3 Tournament Livestream Commencing Soon - Hardcore Gamer '' . Jump up ^ `` 『 鉄拳 7 』 `` ラッキー クロエ '' & `` シャヒーン '' の プレイ リポート を お 届け ( JAEPO 2015 ) `` . Famitsu . February 13 , 2015 . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tekken 's First Actual `` King of Iron Fist Tournament '' Has A Cash Prize `` . July 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tekken 7 gets Idolmaster costumes , but not for the men '' . Jump up ^ `` ( TEKKEN - NET ) 夏 の キャンペーン 開催 ! ! '' . Tekken Official . July 29 , 2015 . Retrieved July 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ LeJaq , Yannick ( December 10 , 2014 ) . `` Why Some People Are Freaking Out Over A New Tekken Character '' . Kotaku . Retrieved January 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ matulef , jeffrey . `` Tekken 7 reveals Saudi Arabian character Shaheen '' . Eurogamer.net . Eurogamer . Retrieved September 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tekken 7 : Harada twittert über Lucky Chloe und Shaheen '' . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Harada on Twitter '' . Twitter . Retrieved March 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Katsuhiro Harada on Twitter : `` Yeah . This moment , We receive over 90 % positive feedback from fan community and Philippines gamer community. ... '' `` . Twitter.com. April 1 , 2015 . Retrieved October 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Katsuhiro Harada on Twitter : `` Yep only 4 ~ 6 % . I know . RT@darren_rigor07 im darren from philippines . I like Josie Rizal pls dont delete her . because of 1 % negative comment . '' `` . Twitter.com. April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved October 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Meet Josie Rizal , the new Filipino character in ' Tekken 7 ' '' . Rappler.com . Mar 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Edwin P. Sallan ( March 30 , 2015 ) . `` New Pinay character Josie Rizal in ' Tekken 7 ' videogame stirs controversy '' . InterAksyon.com . Jump up ^ Sixto Y . Orosa ( 1963 ) . José Rizal : Man and Hero . Vibal Publishing . Jump up ^ Alixandra Caole Vila ( March 30 , 2015 ) . `` Netizens : What should be Josie Rizal 's finishing move ? '' . Philippine Star . Jump up ^ Mark Julio ( March 29 , 2015 ) . `` Mark Julio 's public post about Josie Rizal on Facebook '' . Jump up ^ Mark Julio . `` Hoy ! Psssst ! In case you missed it , Josie Rizal is the newest challenger in TEKKEN 7 ! Designed by @ MariShimazaki ! '' . Twitter . Jump up ^ `` NCCA official unhappy with Tekken character ' Josie Rizal ' '' . GMA News Online . March 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Balita Pilipinas , GMA News TV , March 31 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` Tekken developer says Josie Rizal wo n't be deleted following ' NCCA ' row '' . MSN . April 3 , 2015 . Retrieved April 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tekken 7 Fated Retribution Location Tests Being Held on Feb 12 - 14 ! '' . Avoiding The Puddle . Retrieved January 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bandai Namco Announces Tekken 7 Fated Retribution , Starring Street Fighter 's Akuma '' . Shoryuken . Retrieved December 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 『 鉄拳 7FR 』 × 『 太鼓 の 達人 レッド Ver. 』 コラボ キャンペーン 開催 中 ! '' . Tekken Official . August 24 , 2016 . Retrieved August 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tekken 7 : FR 's New Japan Pro-Wrestling Crossover Shown in Video '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved January 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Arcade Tekken 7 Fated Retribution Console Characters Update Coming July 27th '' . Avoiding The Puddle . Retrieved August 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sliva , Marty . `` Tekken 7 coming to PS4 along with exclusive content . '' . ign.com . Ziff Davis . Retrieved October 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Seeto , Damian . `` Tekken 7 will have improved graphics for console Versions '' . Attack of the Fanboy . Attack of the Fanboy . Retrieved November 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Romano , Sal . `` Tekken 7 launches June 2 '' . Gematsu . Retrieved 22 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Roney , Austyn . `` Tekken 7 Coming to Xbox One , PlayStation 4 , and PC in Early 2017 '' . Shoryuken . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Tekken 7 -- E3 Trailer XB1 , PS4 , PC '' . YouTube . June 13 , 2015 . Retrieved June 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tekken 7 for PC Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tekken 7 for PlayStation 4 Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tekken 7 for Xbox One Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Carter , Chris ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` Review : Tekken 7 '' . Destructoid . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : http://www.eurogamer.it/articles/2017-05-31-tekken-7-recensione ^ Jump up to : Slead , Evan ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` Tekken 7 review '' . Electronic Gaming Monthly . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Famitsu Review Scores : Issue 1486 '' . Gematsu . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vazquez , Suriel ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` Ruling With An Iron Fist - Tekken 7 - PlayStation 4 '' . Game Informer . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Tekken 7 review , July 2017 , p. 70 Jump up ^ http://www.gamepro.de/artikel/tekken-7-im-test-die-legende-lebt-wieder,3314911.html ^ Jump up to : Kozanitis , James ( June 5 , 2017 ) . `` Tekken 7 Review -- Daddy Issues Have Never Been So Fun '' . Game Revolution . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brown , Peter ( June 5 , 2017 ) . `` Tekken 7 Review '' . GameSpot . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Elliott , Matt ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` Tekken 7 review : ' A powerful , gratifying , deeply cinematic fighting game ' '' . GamesRadar . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Huskey , Darry ( June 2 , 2017 ) . `` Tekken 7 Review '' . IGN . Retrieved June 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Houghton , Dave ( June 5 , 2017 ) . `` Tekken 7 review '' . PC Gamer . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : https://www.polygon.com/2017/6/20/15834002/tekken-7-review-pc-ps4-xbox-one ^ Jump up to : http://metro.co.uk/2017/05/31/tekken-7-review-an-unreal-fighter-6673716/ ^ Jump up to : http://www.4players.de/4players.php/dispbericht/PlayStation4/Test/35929/82569/0/Tekken_7.html Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie . `` Top 10 UK Sales Chart - Tekken 7 Is No. 1 , Overwatch Surges After Price Drop '' . Gamespot . Retrieved 7 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Arif , Shabana . `` Tekken 7 is the first UK No. 1 for the series in almost 20 years '' . VG247 . Retrieved 7 June 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.chart-track.co.uk/index.jsp?c=p%2Fsoftware%2Fuk%2Farchive%2Findex_test.jsp&ct=110033&arch=t&lyr=2017&year=2017&week=23 Jump up ^ `` Japan 's Video Game Rankings , May 29 - June 4 '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved 8 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Dunning , Jason . `` Japanese Sales Chart : Tekken 7 Debuts in 1st , Sells Nearly 59,000 Copies '' . PlayStation Lifestyle . Retrieved 17 June 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2017-06-14/japan-video-game-rankings-june-5-11/.117478 Jump up ^ https://www.gamespot.com/articles/top-10-aunz-sales-chart-tekken-7-lands-on-top/1100-6450674/ Jump up ^ Grubb , Jeff . `` June 2017 NPD : Tekken and Injustice roundhouse kick the sales chart '' . Venturebeat . Retrieved 26 July 2017 . Jump up ^ https://blog.us.playstation.com/2017/07/07/playstation-store-junes-top-downloads-2/ Jump up ^ http://www.thesixthaxis.com/2017/07/09/eu-ps-store-chart-june-crash-bandicoot-n-sane-trilogy-smashes-its-way-to-the-top/ Jump up ^ Gordon , Justin ( 11 August 2017 ) . `` Tekken 7 's console sales have already exceeded 1.66 million '' . eventhubs.com . Retrieved 12 August 2017 . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekken%207
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where does the term eye for an eye come from
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Eye for an eye
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eye for an eye
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`` Only one eye for one eye '' , also known as `` An eye for an eye '' , or the law of retaliation , is the principle that a person who has injured another person is to be penalized to a similar degree , or in softer interpretations , the victim receives the ( estimated ) value of the injury in compensation . The intent behind the principle was to restrict compensation to the value of the loss .
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The principle is sometimes referred using the Latin term lex talionis or the law of talion . The English word talion ( from the Latin talio ) means a retaliation authorized by law , in which the punishment corresponds in kind and degree to the injury . Contents ( hide ) 1 Definition and methods 2 Antecedents 3 In religion 3.1 Judaism 3.1. 1 Talmud 3.1. 2 Objective of reciprocal justice in Judaism 3.1. 3 Social hierarchy and reciprocal justice 3.2 Christianity 3.3 Islam 4 Notable dissenters 5 See also 6 References 7 Bibliography 8 External links Definition and methods ( edit ) An interactive piece at the Viktor Frankl Museum ... `` As a Human Being ... Aug ' um Aug ' ? '' The term lex talionis does not always and only refer to literal eye - for - an - eye codes of justice ( see rather mirror punishment ) but applies to the broader class of legal systems that specify formulate penalties for specific crimes , which are thought to be fitting in their severity . Some propose that this was at least in part intended to prevent excessive punishment at the hands of either an avenging private party or the state . The most common expression of lex talionis is `` an eye for an eye '' , but other interpretations have been given as well . Legal codes following the principle of lex talionis have one thing in common : prescribed ' fitting ' counter punishment for a felony . In the famous legal code written by Hammurabi , the principle of exact reciprocity is very clearly used . For example , if a person caused the death of another person , the killer would be put to death . Under the right conditions , such as the ability for all actors to participate in an iterative fashion , the `` eye for an eye '' punishment system has a mathematical basis in the tit for tat game theory strategy . The simplest example is the `` eye for an eye '' principle . In that case , the rule was that punishment must be exactly equal to the crime . Conversely , the twelve tables of Rome merely prescribed particular penalties for particular crimes . The Anglo - Saxon legal code substituted payment of wergild for direct retribution : a particular person 's life had a fixed value , derived from his social position ; any homicide was compensated by paying the appropriate wergild , regardless of intent . Under the British Common Law , successful plaintiffs were entitled to repayment equal to their loss ( in monetary terms ) . In the modern tort law system , this has been extended to translate non-economic losses into money as well . The meaning of the principle Eye for an Eye is that a person who has been injured by another person returns the offending action to the originator in compensation , or that an authority does so on behalf of the injured person . The exact Latin ( lex talionis ) to English translation of this phrase is actually `` The law of retaliation . '' The root principle of this law is to provide equitable retribution . Antecedents ( edit ) Various ideas regarding the origins of lex talionis exist , but a common one is that it developed as early civilizations grew and a less well - established system for retribution of wrongs , feuds and vendettas , threatened the social fabric . Despite having been replaced with newer modes of legal theory , lex talionis systems served a critical purpose in the development of social systems -- the establishment of a body whose purpose was to enact the retaliation and ensure that this was the only punishment . This body was the state in one of its earliest forms . The principle is found in Babylonian Law . If it is surmised that in societies not bound by the rule of law , if a person was hurt , then the injured person ( or their relative ) would take vengeful retribution on the person who caused the injury . The retribution might be worse than the crime , perhaps even death . Babylonian law put a limit on such actions , restricting the retribution to be no worse than the crime , as long as victim and offender occupied the same status in society . As with blasphemy or lèse - majesté ( crimes against a god or a monarch ) , crimes against one 's social betters were punished more severely . Roman law moved toward monetary compensation as a substitute for vengeance . In cases of assault , fixed penalties were set for various injuries , although talio was still permitted if one person broke another 's limb . In religion ( edit ) In the Code of Hammurabi and Hebrew Law , the `` eye for eye '' was to restrict compensation to the value of the loss . Thus , it might be better read ' only one eye for one eye ' . The biblical phrase `` an eye for an eye '' in Exodus and Leviticus ( עין תחת עין , ayin tachat ayin ) literally means ' an eye in place of an eye ' while a slightly different phrase ( עַיִן בְּעַיִן שֵׁן בְּשֵׁן , literally `` eye for an eye ; tooth for a tooth '' ) is used another passage ( in Deuteronomy ) of the Hebrew Bible , specifically , in the first of its three subdivisions , the Torah . For example , a passage in Leviticus states , `` And a man who injures his countryman -- as he has done , so it shall be done to him ( namely , ) fracture for fracture , eye for eye , tooth for tooth . Just as he has injured a person , so it shall be done to him . '' But it also means that you do not take anything more than the eye for an eye . It sets a limit on , as much as determine , the exchange value . ( Lev. 24 : 19 -- 21 ) Judaism ( edit ) Isaac Kalimi explains that the `` lex talionis was humanized by the Rabbis who interpreted `` an eye for an eye '' to mean reasonable pecuniary compensation . As in the case of the Babylonian ' lex talionis ' , ethical Judaism and humane Jewish jurisprudence replaces the peshat ( literal meaning ) of the written Torah . Pasachoff and Littman point to the reinterpretation of the lex talionis as an example of the ability of Pharisaic Judaism to `` adapt to changing social and intellectual ideas . '' Talmud ( edit ) The Talmud interprets the verses referring to `` an eye for an eye '' and similar expressions as mandating monetary compensation in tort cases and argues against the interpretations by Sadducees that the Bible verses refer to physical retaliation in kind , using the argument that such an interpretation would be inapplicable to blind or eyeless offenders . Since the Torah requires that penalties be universally applicable , the phrase can not be interpreted in this manner . The Oral Law explains , based upon the biblical verses , that the Bible mandates a sophisticated five - part monetary form of compensation , consisting of payment for `` Damages , Pain , Medical Expenses , Incapacitation , and Mental Anguish '' -- which underlies many modern legal codes . Some rabbinic literature explains , moreover , that the expression , `` An eye for an eye , etc . '' suggests that the perpetrator deserves to lose his own eye , but that biblical law treats him leniently . − Paraphrased from the Union of Orthodox Congregations . However , the Torah also discusses a form of direct reciprocal justice , where the phrase ayin tachat ayin makes another appearance . Here , the Torah discusses false witnesses who conspire to testify against another person . The Torah requires the court to `` do to him as he had conspired to do to his brother '' . Assuming the fulfillment of certain technical criteria ( such as the sentencing of the accused whose punishment was not yet executed ) , wherever it is possible to punish the conspirators with exactly the same punishment through which they had planned to harm their fellow , the court carries out this direct reciprocal justice ( including when the punishment constitutes the death penalty ) . Otherwise , the offenders receive lashes . Since there is no form of punishment in the Torah that calls for the maiming of an offender ( punitary amputation ) there is no case where a conspiratorial false witness could possibly be punished by the court injuring to his eye , tooth , hand , or foot . There is one case where the Torah states `` ... and you shall cut off her hand ... '' The sages of the Talmud understood the literal meaning of this verse as referring to a case where the woman is attacking a man in potentially lethal manner . This verse teaches that , although one must intervene to save the victim , one may not kill a lethal attacker if it is possible to neutralize that attacker through non-lethal injury . Regardless , there is no verse that even appears to mandate injury to the eye , tooth , or foot . Numbers 35 : 9 -- 30 discusses the only form of remotely reciprocal justice not carried out directly by the court , where , under very limited circumstances , someone found guilty of negligent manslaughter may be killed by a relative of the deceased who takes on the role of `` redeemer of blood '' . In such cases , the court requires the guilty party to flee to a designated city of refuge . While the guilty party is there , the `` redeemer of blood '' may not kill him . If , however , the guilty party illegally forgoes his exile , the `` redeemer of blood '' , as an accessory of the court , may kill the guilty party . Nevertheless , the provision of the `` redeemer of blood '' does not serve as true reciprocal justice , because the redeemer only acts to penalize a negligent killer who forgoes his exile . Furthermore , intentional killing does not parallel negligent killing and thus can not serve directly as a reciprocal punishment for manslaughter , but as a penalty for escaping punishment . According to traditional Jewish Law , application of these laws requires the presence and maintenance of the biblically designated cities of refuge , as well as a conviction in an eligible court of 23 judges as delineated by the Torah and Talmud . The latter condition is also applicable for any capital punishment . These circumstances have not existed for approximately 2,000 years . Objective of reciprocal justice in Judaism ( edit ) The Talmud discusses the concept of justice as measure - for - measure retribution ( middah k'neged middah ) in the context of divinely implemented justice . Regarding reciprocal justice by court , however , the Torah states that punishments serve to remove dangerous elements from society ( `` ... and you shall eliminate the evil from your midst '' ) and to deter potential criminals from violating the law ( `` And the rest shall hear and be daunted , and they shall no longer commit anything like this evil deed in your midst '' ) . Additionally , reciprocal justice in tort cases serves to compensate the victim ( see above ) . The ideal of vengeance for the sake of assuaging the distress of the victim plays no role in the Torah 's conception of court justice , as victims are cautioned against even hating or bearing a grudge against those who have harmed them . The Torah makes no distinction between whether the potential object of hatred or a grudge has been brought to justice , and all people are taught to love their fellow Israelites . Social hierarchy and reciprocal justice ( edit ) In Exodus 21 , as in the Code of Hammurabi , the concept of reciprocal justice seemingly applies to social equals ; the statement of reciprocal justice `` life for life , eye for eye , tooth for tooth , hand for hand , foot for foot , burn for burn , wound for wound , stripe for stripe '' is followed by an example of a different law : if a slave - owner blinds the eye or knocks out the tooth of a slave , the slave is freed but the owner pays no other consequence . On the other hand , the slave would probably be put to death for the injury of the eye of the slave - owner . However the reciprocal justice applies across social boundaries : the `` eye for eye '' principle is directly followed by the proclamation `` You are to have one law for the alien and the citizen . '' This shows a much more meaningful principle for social justice , in that the marginalized in society were given the same rights under the social structure . In this context , the reciprocal justice in an ideal functioning setting , according to Michael Coogan , `` to prevent people from taking the law into their own hands and exacting disproportionate vengeance for offenses committed against them . '' Christianity ( edit ) See also : Christian views on the old covenant When talking about an `` eye for an eye '' , Jesus taught to turn the other cheek during the Sermon on the Mount . In the Sermon on the Mount , Jesus urges his followers to turn the other cheek : You have heard that it was said , `` An eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth '' . But I say to you , do not resist an evildoer . If anyone strikes you on the right cheek , turn to him the other also . ( Mt 5 : 38 -- 39 , NRSV ) Some interpret this as an admonition not to seek legal steps for any compensation that corresponds in kind and degree to the injury : . Others interpret it as Jesus simply teaching his followers not to take personal vengeance , rather than commenting on any legal practice . Christian interpretation of the Biblical passage has been heavily influenced by the Church father Augustine of Hippo . He already discussed in his Contra Faustum , Book XIX , the points of ' fulfilment or destruction ' of the Jewish law . George Robinson characterizes the passage of Exodus ( `` an eye for an eye '' ) as one of the `` most controversial in the Bible '' . According to Robinson , some have pointed to this passage as evidence of the vengeful nature of justice in the Hebrew Bible . Similarly , Abraham Bloch speculates that the `` lex talionis has been singled out as a classical example of biblical harshness . '' Harry S. Lewis points to Lamech , Gideon and Samson as Biblical heroes who were renowned for `` their prowess in executing blood revenge upon their public and private enemies . '' Lewis asserts that this `` right of ' wild ' justice was gradually limited . '' Stephen Wylen asserts that the lex talionis is `` proof of the unique value of each individual '' and that it teaches `` equality of all human beings for law . '' Islam ( edit ) Main article : Qisas The Qur'an mentions the `` eye for an eye '' concept as being ordained for the Children of Israel . The principle of Lex talionis in Islam is Qiṣāṣ ( Arabic : قصاص ) as mentioned in Qur'an , 2 : 178 : `` O you who have believed , prescribed for you is legal retribution ( Qisas ) for those murdered -- the free for the free , the slave for the slave , and the female for the female . But whoever overlooks from his brother anything , then there should be a suitable follow - up and payment to him with good conduct . This is an alleviation from your Lord and a mercy . But whoever transgresses after that will have a painful punishment . '' Shi'ite countries that use Islamic Sharia law , such as Iran , apply the `` eye for an eye '' rule literally . In the Torah We prescribed for them a life for a life , an eye for an eye , a nose for a nose , an ear for an ear , a tooth for a tooth , an equal wound for a wound : if anyone forgoes this out of charity , it will serve as atonement for his bad deeds . Those who do not judge according to what God has revealed are doing grave wrong . ( Qurʾān , 5 : 45 ) Notable dissenters ( edit ) Martin Luther King , Jr. later used this phrase in the context of racial violence : `` The old law of an eye for an eye leaves everyone blind . '' See also ( edit ) Aggression Bubuti system Capital punishment Deterrence theory Divine retribution Forgiveness Golden Rule Moral hazard Mutual assured destruction Non-aggression principle Norm of reciprocity Pacifism Punitive Revenge Retorsion Silver Rule Two wrongs make a right Tit for tat Vigilante An Eye for an Eye , novel References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Plaut 1981 , pp. 571ff . ^ Jump up to : Plaut 1981 , p. 572 . Jump up ^ Knight , Douglas A ; Levine , Amy - Jill ( 2011 ) . The Meaning of the Bible . New York : Harper Collins . p. 124 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 112175 - 3 . Jump up ^ Hammurabi & 1780 BC , § 230 . Jump up ^ Hammurabi & 1780 BC . Jump up ^ Bond , Kenneth ( 1998 ) , Religious Beliefs as a Basis for Ethical Decision Making in the Workplace , Humboldt State University , archived from the original on 3 July 2007 , retrieved 10 July 2010 , ... Code of Hammurabi ( 1780 BC ) . I used a translation by LW King with Commentary by Charles F. Horne ( 1915 ) . My version was a 1996 electronically enhanced version of the 1910 Encyclopædia Britannica . Jump up ^ `` Roman law : Delict and contract '' , Encyclopædia Britannica . ^ Jump up to : Lv 24 : 19 -- 21 Jump up ^ Ex 21 : 22 -- 25 Jump up ^ Dt 19 : 16 - 21 Jump up ^ Kalimi , Isaac ; Haas , Peter J ( 2006 ) . Biblical interpretation in Judaism and Christianity . Continuum . p. 2 . Jump up ^ Pasachoff , Naomi E ; Littman , Robert J ( 2005 ) . A concise history of the Jewish people . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 64 . Jump up ^ Bava Kamma , 83b -- 84a . Jump up ^ `` Torah '' , About Judaism , ou.org . Jump up ^ Dt 19 : 16 -- 21 . ^ Jump up to : Dt 19 : 19 . Jump up ^ Makot , 1 : 1 . Jump up ^ Bab . Talmud , 2a , based on critical exegesis of Dt 25 : 1 -- 3 Jump up ^ Dt 25 : 11 -- 12 . Jump up ^ Sifrei . Jump up ^ Maimonides , Yad . Jump up ^ Hillel , `` Rotze'ach u'Sh'mirat Nefesh '' , Nezikin , 1 : 7 . Jump up ^ Makot , 7a -- 13a . Jump up ^ Dt 19 : 20 . Jump up ^ Lv 19 : 17 -- 18 . Jump up ^ Ex 21 : 23 -- 25 . ^ Jump up to : Coogan , Michael D ( 2009 ) . A Brief Introduction to the Old Testament : The Hebrew Bible in Its Context . New York : Oxford University Press . p. 112 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 533272 - 8 . Jump up ^ Lv 24 : 19 -- 22 . Jump up ^ `` Righteous Personal Conduct Interpretation of Turning the Other Cheek '' . Wikepedia . Retrieved 21 September 2017 . Jump up ^ of Hippo , Augustine , `` Contra Faustum '' , Fathers , NewAdvent . Jump up ^ Robinson , George ( 2000 ) . Essential Judaism : a complete guide to beliefs , customs and rituals . Simon & Schuster . p. 242 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 671 - 03481 - 8 . Jump up ^ Bloch , Abraham P ( 1984 ) . A book of Jewish ethical concepts : Biblical and postbiblical . KTAV . Jump up ^ Lewis , Harry Samuel ( 1915 ) . Liberal Judaism and social service . Bloch . p. 37 . Jump up ^ Wylen , Stephen M ( 2005 ) . The seventy faces of Torah : the Jewish way of reading the Sacred Scriptures . Paulist Press . p. 20 . Jump up ^ Qur'an , V : 45 . Jump up ^ Court orders Iranian man blinded , BBC , 28 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Acid blinding sentence postponed by Iran after international outcry '' , The Guardian , UK , 14 May 2011 . Jump up ^ King , Martin Luther jr , King , Coretta Scott , ed. , The Words , Violence as a way of achieving racial justice is both impractical and immoral . It is impractical because it is a descending spiral ending in destruction for all . The old law of an eye for an eye leaves everyone blind . It is immoral because it seeks to humiliate the opponent rather than win his understanding ... Bibliography ( edit ) Hammurabi , Code of 1780 BC . Plaut ( 1981 ) , The Torah -- A Modern Commentary , New York : Union of American Hebrew Congregations . External links ( edit ) Aquinas , Thomas , `` Matthew 5 : 38 -- 42 '' , Catena ( collation of commentaries ) . Calvin , Jean , `` 21 : 22 -- 26 '' , Commentary on Exodus , Christian classics ethereal library . -- -- -- , `` 5 : 38 '' , Commentary on Matthew Miller , Professor William Ian , `` The fine art of revenge '' , Salon ( interview ) : the author of `` Eye for an Eye '' , about the Lex talionis . Shubow , Justin ( December 2006 ) , `` Blind Justice '' , First Things ( review of William Ian Miller 's Eye for an Eye ) , archived from the original on 23 February 2008 . `` Part 1 '' , Tolstoy 's Legacy for Mankind : A Manifesto for Nonviolence , DK : Freds akademiet & Part 2 `` The Torah and Lex Talionis '' , About Judaism ( explanation ) , Union of Orthodox Jewish Congregations . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eye_for_an_eye&oldid=801726425 '' Categories : Criminal law English - language idioms Codes of conduct Legal history Law and morality Biblical phrases Islamic terminology Christian terminology Revenge Hidden categories : Pages with Bible version errors Use dmy dates from May 2011 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from February 2015 Pages with numeric Bible version references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Italiano עברית Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Українська 文言 ייִדיש 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 21 September 2017 , at 13 : 16 . 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how do sweet potatoes reproduce through their roots
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Tuber
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tuber
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Tubers are enlarged structures in some plant species used as storage organs for nutrients . They are used for the plant 's perennation ( survival of the winter or dry months ) , to provide energy and nutrients for regrowth during the next growing season , and as a means of asexual reproduction . Stem tubers form from thickened rhizomes ( underground stems ) or stolons ( horizontal connections between organisms ) . Common plant species with stem tubers include potato and yam . Some sources also treat modified lateral roots ( root tubers ) under the definition ; these are encountered in sweet potato , cassava , and dahlia .
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Contents ( hide ) 1 Terminology 2 Stem tubers 2.1 Potatoes 3 Root tubers 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Terminology ( edit ) The term originates from Latin tuber , meaning `` lump , bump , swelling '' . Some sources define the term `` tuber '' to mean only structures derived from stems ; others use the term for structures derived from stems or roots . Stem tubers ( edit ) A stem tuber forms from thickened rhizomes or stolons . The top sides of the tuber produce shoots that grow into typical stems and leaves and the under sides produce roots . They tend to form at the sides of the parent plant and are most often located near the soil surface . The underground stem tuber is normally a short - lived storage and regenerative organ developing from a shoot that branches off a mature plant . The offsprings or new tubers are attached to a parent tuber or form at the end of a hypogeogenous ( initiated below ground ) rhizome . In the autumn the plant dies , except for the new offspring stem tubers which have one dominant bud , which in spring regrows a new shoot producing stems and leaves , in summer the tubers decay and new tubers begin to grow . Some plants also form smaller tubers and / or tubercules which act like seeds , producing small plants that resemble ( in morphology and size ) seedlings . Some stem tubers are long - lived , such as those of tuberous begonia , but many plants have tubers that survive only until the plants have fully leafed out , at which point the tuber is reduced to a shriveled - up husk . Flowers and tuber of Anredera cordifolia Stem tubers generally start off as enlargements of the hypocotyl section of a seedling but also sometimes include the first node or two of the epicotyl and the upper section of the root . The stem tuber has a vertical orientation with one or a few vegetative buds on the top and fibrous roots produced on the bottom from a basal section , typically the stem tuber has an oblong rounded shape . Tuberous begonia , yams , and Cyclamen are commonly grown stem tubers . Mignonette vine ( Anredera cordifolia ) produces aerial stem tubers on 12 - to - 25 - foot - tall ( 3.7 to 7.6 m ) vines , the tubers fall to the ground and grow . Plectranthus esculentus of the mint family Lamiaceae , produces tuberous under ground organs from the base of the stem , weighing up to 1.8 kg per tuber , forming from axillary buds producing short stolons that grow into tubers . Potatoes ( edit ) Main article : Potato Potato plant with revealed tubers Potatoes are stem tubers . Enlarged stolons thicken to develop into storage organs . The tuber has all the parts of a normal stem , including nodes and internodes . The nodes are the eyes and each has a leaf scar . The nodes or eyes are arranged around the tuber in a spiral fashion beginning on the end opposite the attachment point to the stolon . The terminal bud is produced at the farthest point away from the stolon attachment and tubers thus show the same apical dominance as a normal stem . Internally , a tuber is filled with starch stored in enlarged parenchyma like cells . The inside of a tuber has the typical cell structures of any stem , including a pith , vascular zones , and a cortex . The tuber is produced in one growing season and used to perennate the plant and as a means of propagation . When fall comes , the above - ground structure of the plant dies , but the tubers survive over winter underground until spring , when they regenerate new shoots that use the stored food in the tuber to grow . As the main shoot develops from the tuber , the base of the shoot close to the tuber produces adventitious roots and lateral buds on the shoot . The shoot also produces stolons that are long etiolated stems . The stolon elongates during long days with the presence of high auxins levels that prevent root growth off of the stolon . Before new tuber formation begins , the stolon must be a certain age . The enzyme lipoxygenase makes a hormone , jasmonic acid , which is involved in the control of potato tuber development . The stolons are easily recognized when potato plants are grown from seeds . As the plants grow , stolons are produced around the soil surface from the nodes . The tubers form close to the soil surface and sometimes even on top of the ground . When potatoes are cultivated , the tubers are cut into pieces and planted much deeper into the soil . Planting the pieces deeper creates more area for the plants to generate the tubers and their size increases . The pieces sprout shoots that grow to the surface . These shoots are rhizome - like and generate short stolons from the nodes while in the ground . When the shoots reach the soil surface , they produce roots and shoots that grow into the green plant . Root tubers ( edit ) Freshly dug sweet potato plants with tubers . A tuberous root or storage root , is a modified lateral root , enlarged to function as a storage organ . The enlarged area of the root - tuber , or storage root , can be produced at the end or middle of a root or involve the entire root . It is thus different in origin but similar in function and appearance to a stem tuber . Examples of plants with notable tuberous roots include the sweet potato , cassava , and dahlia . Root tubers are perennating organs , thickened roots that store nutrients over periods when the plant can not actively grow , thus permitting survival from one year to the next . The massive enlargement of secondary roots typically represented by sweet potato ( Ipomoea batatas ) , have the internal and external cell and tissue structures of a normal root , they produce adventitious roots and stems which again produce adventitious roots . In root - tubers , there are no nodes and internodes or reduced leaves . Root tubers have one end called the proximal end , which is the end that was attached to the old plant ; this end has crown tissue that produces buds which grow into new stems and foliage . The other end of the root tuber is called the distal end , and it normally produces unmodified roots . In stem tubers the order is reversed , with the distal end producing stems . Tuberous roots are biennial in duration : the first year the plant produces root - tubers , and at the end of the growing season , the plant shoots often die , leaving the newly generated tubers . The next growing season , the root - tubers produce new shoots . As the shoots of the new plant grow , the stored reserves of the root - tuber are consumed in the production of new roots , stems , and reproductive organs ; any remaining root tissue dies concurrently to the plant 's regeneration of next generation of root - tubers . Hemerocallis fulva plus a number of Daylily hybrids have large root - tubers , H. fulva spreads by underground stolons that end with a new fan that grows roots that produce thick root tubers and then send out more stolons . Root tubers , along with other storage tissues that plants produce , are consumed by animals as a rich source of nutrients . The root - tubers of Arrowhead plants of the genus Sagittaria are eaten by ducks . Plants with root tubers are propagated in late summer to late winter by digging up the tubers and separating them , making sure that each piece has some crown tissue for replanting . See also ( edit ) Amorphophallus , a tuber - bound tropical plant genus known for Amorphophallus titanum among others . Bulb , modified stems with a short fleshy vertical stem , covered by thick fleshy modified leaves that enclose a bud for the next season 's growth Caudex , a form of stem modification similar in appearance with tuber Corm , modified stems covered by dry scale - like leaves called a tunic , differing from true bulbs by having distinct nodes and internodes Taproot , the largest , most central , and most dominant root of some plants References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Rooting cuttings of tropical trees , London : Commonwealth Science Council , 1994 , p. 11 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 85092 - 394 - 0 Jump up ^ `` Tuber '' . Online Etymology Dictionary . Archived from the original on 2016 - 02 - 15 . Jump up ^ Mauseth , James D. ( 2012 ) , Botany : An Introduction to Plant Biology ( 5th ed . ) , Sudbury , MA : Jones and Bartlett Learning , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4496 - 6580 - 7 , p. 672 Jump up ^ Beentje , Henk ( 2010 ) , The Kew Plant Glossary , Richmond , Surrey : Royal Botanic Gardens , Kew , ISBN 978 - 1 - 84246 - 422 - 9 , p. 124 Jump up ^ Raz , Lauren ( 2002 ) . Dioscoreaceae . Flora of North America North of Mexico . p . Vol 26 , 479 . Archived from the original on 2006 - 04 - 19 . Jump up ^ Martin , FW ; Ortiz , Sonia ( 1963 ) . `` Origin and Anatomy of Tubers of Dioscorea Floribunda and D. Spiculiflora '' . Botanical Gazette. 124 ( 6 ) : 416 -- 421 . doi : 10.1086 / 336228 . Retrieved 20 September 2014 . Jump up ^ J. Allemann ; P.J. Robbertse ; P.S. Hammes ( 20 June 2003 ) . `` Organographic and anatomical evidence that the edible storage organs of Plectranthus esculentus N.E. Br . ( Lamiaceae ) are stem tubers '' . Field Crops Research . 83 ( 1 ) : 35 -- 39 . doi : 10.1016 / S0378 - 4290 ( 03 ) 00054 - 6 . Retrieved 20 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Potato Genome Project '' . potatogenome.org . Archived from the original on 8 May 2016 . Retrieved 27 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Interrelationships of the number of initial sprouts , stems , stolons `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2005 - 04 - 13 . Retrieved 2005 - 05 - 10 . and tubers per potato plant Journal Potato Research . Springer Netherlands ISSN 0014 - 3065 ( Print ) ISSN 1871 - 4528 ( Online ) Issue Volume 33 , Number 2 / June , 1990 Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2005 - 04 - 13 . Retrieved 2005 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ Davis , Edited by Tim D. ; Haissig , Bruce E. ( 1994 ) , Biology of adventitious root formation , New York : Plenum Press , p. 17 , ISBN 0 - 306 - 44627 - 8 CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Kyte , Lydiane ; Kleyn , John ( 1996 ) , Plants from test tubes : an introduction to micropropagation , Portland , Or. : Timber Press , pp. 23 -- 24 , ISBN 0 - 88192 - 361 - 3 Jump up ^ `` Hemerocallis fulva in Flora of China @ efloras.org '' . www.efloras.org . Archived from the original on 14 November 2016 . Retrieved 27 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Mansfeld , Rudolf ( 2001 ) , Mansfeld 's Encyclopedia of agricultural and horticultural crops , Berlin : Springe , p. 2231 , ISBN 3 - 540 - 41017 - 1 Jump up ^ http://sain.utk.edu/invasives/species32.shtml Jump up ^ Hammerson , Geoffrey A. ( 2004 ) , Connecticut wildlife : biodiversity , natural history , and conservation , Hanover : University Press of New England , p. 89 , ISBN 1 - 58465 - 369 - 8 Jump up ^ Davis , P.H. ; Cullen , J. ( 1979 ) , The identification of flowering plant families , including a key to those native and cultivated in north temperate regions , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , p. 102 , ISBN 0 - 521 - 29359 - 6 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tubers . Cook 's Thesaurus has a good inventory of tuber varieties . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tuber&oldid=839438297 '' Categories : Plant morphology Plant reproduction Plant anatomy Tubers Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Talk Contents About Wikipedia Aragonés Asturianu Беларуская Boarisch Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Nederlands नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Runa Simi Русский Scots Seeltersk සිංහල Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ᏣᎳᎩ Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 55 more Edit links This page was last edited on 3 May 2018 , at 12 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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can i travel to bahamas with a jamaican passport
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Mauritius Visa not required 90 days Mexico Visa not required 180 days Micronesia Visa not required 30 days Moldova Visa required Monaco Visa required Mongolia Visa required Montenegro Visa required Morocco Visa required Mozambique Visa on arrival 30 days Myanmar eVisa 28 days eVisa holders must arrive via Yangon , Nay Pyi Taw or Mandalay airports or via land border crossings with Thailand -- Tachileik , Myawaddy and Kawthaung or India -- Rih Khaw Dar and Tamu . eVisa is available for tourism only . Namibia Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 1 year period Nauru Visa required Nepal Visa on arrival 30 days Netherlands Visa required New Zealand Visa required Nicaragua Visa on arrival 90 days Niger Visa not required Nigeria Visa required Norway Visa required Oman Visa required Pakistan Visa required Palau Visa on arrival 30 days Panama Visa not required Papua New Guinea Visa required Paraguay Visa required Peru Visa not required 180 days Philippines Visa not required 30 days Poland Visa required Portugal Visa required Qatar eVisa Romania Visa required Russia Visa required Visa free for 90 days within any year period from 27 November 2018 . Rwanda eVisa / Visa on arrival 30 days Saint Kitts and Nevis Visa not required 6 months Freedom of Movement for CARICOM Skilled Nationals Saint Lucia Visa not required 6 months Freedom of Movement for CARICOM Skilled Nationals Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Visa not required 6 months Freedom of Movement for CARICOM Skilled Nationals Samoa Entry Permit on arrival 60 days San Marino Visa required São Tomé and Príncipe eVisa Saudi Arabia Visa required Senegal Visa on arrival 90 days Serbia Visa not required 30 days 30 days within any year period Seychelles Visitor 's Permit on arrival 3 month > Sierra Leone Visa not required Singapore Visa not required 30 days Slovakia Visa required Slovenia Visa required Solomon Islands Visa required Somalia Visa on arrival 30 days Available at Bosaso Airport , Galcaio Airport and Mogadishu Airport . South Africa Visa not required 90 days South Sudan Visa required Spain Visa required Sri Lanka eVisa / Visa on arrival 30 days Must hold return or onward ticket Sudan Visa required Suriname Visa not required 6 months Freedom of Movement for CARICOM Skilled Nationals Swaziland Visa not required 30 days Sweden Visa required Switzerland Visa required Syria Visa required Tajikistan eVisa 45 days Tanzania Visa not required 3 months Thailand Visa required Timor - Leste Visa on arrival 30 days Togo Visa on arrival 7 days Tonga Visa required Trinidad and Tobago Visa not required 6 months Freedom of Movement for CARICOM Skilled Nationals Tunisia Visa required Turkey eVisa 1 month Turkmenistan Visa required Tuvalu Visa on arrival 1 month Uganda Visa not required May apply online . Ukraine eVisa United Arab Emirates Visa required United Kingdom Visa required United States Visa required Uruguay Visa not required 90 days Uzbekistan Visa required Vanuatu Visa not required 30 days Vatican City Visa required Venezuela Visa not required 90 days Vietnam Visa required Yemen Visa required Zambia Visa not required 90 days Zimbabwe Visa not required 3 months
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Visa requirements for Jamaican citizens
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visa requirements for jamaican citizens
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A Jamaican passport Visa requirements for Jamaican citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of Jamaica . As of 10 July 2018 , Jamaican citizens had visa - free or visa on arrival access to 85 countries and territories , ranking the Jamaican passport 59th in terms of travel freedom according to Henley Passport Index . Contents 1 Visa requirements map 2 Visa requirements 3 Dependent , Disputed , or Restricted territories 4 Foreign travel statistics 5 Diplomatic Missions of Jamaica 6 Non-visa restrictions 6.1 Passport validity length 6.2 Blank passport pages 6.3 Vaccination 6.4 Israeli stamps 6.5 Armenian ethnicity 6.6 Criminal record 6.7 Persona non grata 6.8 Fingerprinting 7 Future changes 8 See also 9 References and Notes Visa requirements map ( edit ) Visa requirements for Jamaican citizens Jamaica Visa free access Visa on arrival eVisa Visa available both on arrival or online Visa required Visa requirements ( edit ) Country Visa requirement Allowed stay Notes ( excluding departure fees ) Afghanistan Visa required Albania Visa required Algeria Visa required Andorra Visa required Angola Visa required Antigua and Barbuda Visa not required 6 months Freedom of Movement for CARICOM Skilled Nationals Argentina Visa not required 90 days Armenia eVisa / Visa on arrival 120 days Australia Visa required May apply online ( Online Visitor e600 visa ) . Austria Visa required Azerbaijan eVisa 30 days Bahamas Visa not required 3 months Bahrain eVisa Bangladesh Visa not required Barbados Visa not required 6 months Freedom of Movement for CARICOM Skilled Nationals Belarus Visa required Belgium Visa required Belize Visa not required 6 months Freedom of Movement for CARICOM Skilled Nationals Benin eVisa / Visa on arrival 30 days / 8 days Must have an international vaccination certificate . Bhutan Visa required Bolivia Visa on arrival 90 days Bosnia and Herzegovina Visa required Botswana Visa not required 90 days Brazil Visa not required 90 days Brunei Visa required Bulgaria Visa required Burkina Faso Visa required Burundi Visa required Cambodia eVisa / Visa on arrival 30 days Cameroon Visa required Canada Visa required Cape Verde Visa on arrival Central African Republic Visa required Chad Visa required Chile Visa not required 90 days China Visa required Colombia Visa not required 180 days 90 days - extendable up to 180 - days stay within a one year period Comoros Visa on arrival Republic of the Congo Visa required Democratic Republic of the Congo Visa required Costa Rica Visa required Côte d'Ivoire eVisa Croatia Visa required Cuba Visa required Cyprus Visa required Czech Republic Visa required Denmark Visa required Djibouti eVisa 31 days Dominica Visa not required 6 months Freedom of Movement for CARICOM Skilled Nationals Dominican Republic Visa not required Ecuador Visa not required 90 days Egypt Visa required El Salvador Visa required Equatorial Guinea Visa required Eritrea Visa required Estonia Visa required Ethiopia eVisa Fiji Visa not required 4 months Finland Visa required France Visa required Gabon eVisa Electronic visa holders must arrive via Libreville International Airport . Gambia Visa not required 90 days Must obtain an entry clearance from the Gambian Immigration prior to travel Georgia eVisa 30 days Germany Visa required Ghana Visa required Greece Visa required Grenada Visa not required 6 months Freedom of Movement for CARICOM Skilled Nationals Guatemala Visa required Guinea Visa required Guinea - Bissau Visa on arrival Guyana Visa not required 6 months Freedom of Movement for CARICOM Skilled Nationals Haiti Visa not required 3 months Honduras Visa required Hungary Visa required Iceland Visa required India e-Visa 60 days e-Visa holders must arrive via 26 designated airports or 3 designated seaports . An Indian e-Tourist Visa can only be obtained twice in one calendar year . eVisa issued free of charge Indonesia Visa not required 30 days Iran Visa on arrival 15 days Iraq Visa required Ireland Visa required Visa Issued free of charge Israel Visa not required 90 days Italy Visa required Japan Visa required Jordan Visa on arrival 30 days Kazakhstan Visa required Kenya Visa not required 90 days Kiribati Visa not required 30 days North Korea Visa required South Korea Visa not required 90 days Kuwait Visa required Kyrgyzstan eVisa Electronic visa holders must arrive via Manas International Airport or Osh Airport or through land crossings with China ( at Irkeshtam and Torugart ) , Kazakhstan ( at Ak - jol , Ak - Tilek , Chaldybar , Chon - Kapka ) , Tajikistan ( at Bor - Dobo , Kulundu , Kyzyl - Bel ) and Uzbekistan ( at Dostuk ) . Laos Visa on arrival 30 days Conditions apply . Available at international airports Luangphabang , Pakse , Savannakhet and Vientiane , and at 4 land borders Friendship Bridge , and at 13 border crossings as well as Tanalaeng train station in Vientiane , which connects to the train station in Nongkai , Thailand . Entry points Lalai , Lantui , Meuang mom , Pakxan , and Phoudou are open only to visa holders . Extendable up to 60 days . Latvia Visa required Lebanon Visa required Lesotho Visa not required 90 days Liberia Visa required Libya Visa required Liechtenstein Visa required Lithuania Visa required Luxembourg Visa required Macedonia Visa required Madagascar Visa on arrival 90 days Malawi Visa not required 90 days Malaysia Visa not required 30 days Maldives Visa on arrival 30 days Mali Visa required Malta Visa required Marshall Islands Visa required Mauritania Visa on arrival Available at Nouakchott -- Oumtounsy International Airport . Mauritius Visa not required 90 days Mexico Visa not required 180 days Micronesia Visa not required 30 days Moldova Visa required Monaco Visa required Mongolia Visa required Montenegro Visa required Morocco Visa required Mozambique Visa on arrival 30 days Myanmar eVisa 28 days eVisa holders must arrive via Yangon , Nay Pyi Taw or Mandalay airports or via land border crossings with Thailand -- Tachileik , Myawaddy and Kawthaung or India -- Rih Khaw Dar and Tamu . eVisa is available for tourism only . Namibia Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 1 year period Nauru Visa required Nepal Visa on arrival 30 days Netherlands Visa required New Zealand Visa required Nicaragua Visa on arrival 90 days Niger Visa not required Nigeria Visa required Norway Visa required Oman Visa required Pakistan Visa required Palau Visa on arrival 30 days Panama Visa not required Papua New Guinea Visa required Paraguay Visa required Peru Visa not required 180 days Philippines Visa not required 30 days Poland Visa required Portugal Visa required Qatar eVisa Romania Visa required Russia Visa required Visa free for 90 days within any year period from 27 November 2018 . Rwanda eVisa / Visa on arrival 30 days Saint Kitts and Nevis Visa not required 6 months Freedom of Movement for CARICOM Skilled Nationals Saint Lucia Visa not required 6 months Freedom of Movement for CARICOM Skilled Nationals Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Visa not required 6 months Freedom of Movement for CARICOM Skilled Nationals Samoa Entry Permit on arrival 60 days San Marino Visa required São Tomé and Príncipe eVisa Saudi Arabia Visa required Senegal Visa on arrival 90 days Serbia Visa not required 30 days 30 days within any year period Seychelles Visitor 's Permit on arrival 3 month > Sierra Leone Visa not required Singapore Visa not required 30 days Slovakia Visa required Slovenia Visa required Solomon Islands Visa required Somalia Visa on arrival 30 days Available at Bosaso Airport , Galcaio Airport and Mogadishu Airport . South Africa Visa not required 90 days South Sudan Visa required Spain Visa required Sri Lanka eVisa / Visa on arrival 30 days Must hold return or onward ticket Sudan Visa required Suriname Visa not required 6 months Freedom of Movement for CARICOM Skilled Nationals Swaziland Visa not required 30 days Sweden Visa required Switzerland Visa required Syria Visa required Tajikistan eVisa 45 days Tanzania Visa not required 3 months Thailand Visa required Timor - Leste Visa on arrival 30 days Togo Visa on arrival 7 days Tonga Visa required Trinidad and Tobago Visa not required 6 months Freedom of Movement for CARICOM Skilled Nationals Tunisia Visa required Turkey eVisa 1 month Turkmenistan Visa required Tuvalu Visa on arrival 1 month Uganda Visa not required May apply online . Ukraine eVisa United Arab Emirates Visa required United Kingdom Visa required United States Visa required Uruguay Visa not required 90 days Uzbekistan Visa required Vanuatu Visa not required 30 days Vatican City Visa required Venezuela Visa not required 90 days Vietnam Visa required Yemen Visa required Zambia Visa not required 90 days Zimbabwe Visa not required 3 months Dependent , disputed , or restricted territories ( edit ) Unrecognized or partially recognized countries Territory Conditions of access Notes Abkhazia Visa required Kosovo Visa required Northern Cyprus Visa not required Nagorno - Karabakh Visa required Travellers with Nagorno - Karabakh visa ( expired or valid ) or evidence of travel to Nagorno - Karabakh ( stamps ) will be permanently denied entry to Azerbaijan . Palestine Visa not required Arrival by sea to Gaza Strip not allowed . Somaliland Visa on arrival 30 days for 30 US dollars , payable on arrival . South Ossetia Visa not required Multiple entry visa to Russia and three day prior notification are required to enter South Ossetia . Taiwan Visa required Transnistria Visa not required Registration required after 24h . Dependent and autonomous territories Territory Conditions of access Notes China Hong Kong Visa not required 90 days Macau Visa on arrival Denmark Faroe Islands Visa required Greenland Visa required France French Guiana Visa required French Polynesia Visa required French West Indies Visa required French West Indies refers to Martinique , Guadeloupe , Saint Martin and Saint Barthélemy . Mayotte Visa required New Caledonia Visa required Réunion Visa required Saint Pierre and Miquelon Visa required Wallis and Futuna Visa required Netherlands Aruba Visa required Caribbean Netherlands Visa required Caribbean Netherlands refers to Bonaire , Sint Eustatius and Saba . Curaçao Visa not required 90 days Sint Maarten Visa required New Zealand Cook Islands Visa not required 31 days Niue Visa not required 30 days Tokelau Visa required United Kingdom Akrotiri and Dhekelia Visa required Anguilla Visa required Holders of a valid visa issued by the United Kingdom do not require a visa . Bermuda Visa required British Indian Ocean Territory Special permit required Special permit required . British Virgin Islands Visa required Holders of a valid visa issued by Canada , United Kingdom or the USA do not required a visa for a maximum stay of 90 days . Cayman Islands Visa required Holders of a valid visa issued by the USA , UK , or Canada do not require a visa if travelling from that country . This is valid for a maximum stay of 30 days . Visa free for nationals of Jamaica who under 15 or over 70 years of age . Falkland Islands Visa required Gibraltar Visa required Montserrat Visa not required Pitcairn Islands Visa not required 14 days visa free and landing fee 35 USD or tax of 5 USD if not going ashore . Ascension Island Entry Permit required Entry Permit must be obtained minimum 28 days in advance ( 3 months for 20 / 30 pounds sterling , single / double entry ) . Saint Helena eVisa Tristan da Cunha Permission required Permission to land required for 15 / 30 pounds sterling ( yacht / ship passenger ) for Tristan da Cunha Island or 20 pounds sterling for Gough Island , Inaccessible Island or Nightingale Islands . South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Permit required Pre-arrival permit from the Commissioner required ( 72 hours / 1 month for 110 / 160 pounds sterling ) . Turks and Caicos Islands Visa required Holders of a valid visa issued by Canada , United Kingdom or the USA do not required a visa for a maximum stay of 90 days . United States American Samoa Visa required Guam Visa required Northern Mariana Islands Visa required Puerto Rico Visa required U.S. Virgin Islands Visa required Antarctica and adjacent islands Special permits required for Bouvet Island , British Antarctic Territory , French Southern and Antarctic Lands , Argentine Antarctica , Australian Antarctic Territory , Chilean Antarctic Territory , Heard Island and McDonald Islands , Peter I Island , Queen Maud Land , Ross Dependency . Other territories Territory Conditions of access Notes Brest and Grodno Visa not required Visa - free for 10 days China Hainan Visa on arrival 15 days . Available at Haikou Meilan International Airport and Sanya Phoenix International Airport . Visa not required for 15 days for traveling as part of a tourist group ( 5 or more people ) China Tibet Autonomous Region TTP required Tibet Travel Permit required ( 10 US Dollars ) . Crimea Visa required Visa issued by Russia is required . Ecuador Galápagos Pre-registration required Online pre-registration is required . Transit Control Card must also be obtained at the airport prior to departure . Eritrea outside Asmara Travel permit required To travel in the rest of the country , a Travel Permit for Foreigners is required ( 20 Eritrean nakfa ) . Greece Mount Athos Special permit required Special permit required ( 4 days : 25 euro for Orthodox visitors , 35 euro for non-Orthodox visitors , 18 euro for students ) . There is a visitors ' quota : maximum 100 Orthodox and 10 non-Orthodox per day and women are not allowed . India PAP / RAP PAP / RAP required Protected Area Permit ( PAP ) required for whole states of Nagaland and Sikkim and parts of states Manipur , Arunachal Pradesh , Uttaranchal , Jammu and Kashmir , Rajasthan , Himachal Pradesh . Restricted Area Permit ( RAP ) required for all of Andaman and Nicobar Islands and parts of Sikkim . Some of these requirements are occasionally lifted for a year . Iran Kish Island Visa not required Visitors to Kish Island do not require a visa . Iraqi Kurdistan Visa on arrival Visa on arrival for 15 days is available at Erbil and Sulaymaniyah airports . Fiji Lau Province Special permission required Special permission required . France Clipperton Island Special permit required Special permit required . Kazakhstan Special permission required Special permission required for the town of Baikonur and surrounding areas in Kyzylorda Oblast , and the town of Gvardeyskiy near Almaty . North Korea outside Pyongyang Special permit required People are not allowed to leave the capital city , tourists can only leave the capital with a governmental tourist guide ( no independent moving ) Malaysia Sabah and Sarawak Visa not required These states have their own immigration authorities and passport is required to travel to them , however the same visa applies . Maldives outside Malé Permission required With the exception of the capital Malé , tourists are generally prohibited from visiting non-resort islands without the express permission of the Government of Maldives . Norway Jan Mayen Permit required Permit issued by the local police required for staying for less than 24 hours and permit issued by the Norwegian police for staying for more than 24 hours . Svalbard of Norway Visa not Required Unlimited Stay ( Idefinite Stay ) . Novorossiya Restricted area Crossing from Ukraine requires visit purpose to be explained to Ukrainian passport control on exit and those who entered from Russia are not allowed to proceed further into Ukraine . Russia Special authorization required Several closed cities and regions in Russia require special authorization . Sudan outside Khartoum Travel permit required All foreigners traveling more than 25 kilometers outside of Khartoum must obtain a travel permit . Sudan Darfur Travel permit required Separate travel permit is required . Tajikistan Gorno - Badakhshan Autonomous Province OIVR permit required OIVR permit required ( 15 + 5 Tajikistani Somoni ) and another special permit ( free of charge ) is required for Lake Sarez . UN Buffer Zone in Cyprus Access Permit required Access Permit is required for travelling inside the zone , except Civil Use Areas . Korean Demilitarized Zone Restricted zone . UNDOF Zone and Ghajar Restricted zone . United States Minor Outlying Islands Special permits required Special permits required for Baker Island , Howland Island , Jarvis Island , Johnston Atoll , Kingman Reef , Midway Atoll , Palmyra Atoll and Wake Island . Venezuela Margarita Island Visa not required All visitors are fingerprinted . Vietnam Phú Quốc Visa not required 30 days Yemen outside Sana'a or Aden Special permission required Special permission needed for travel outside Sana'a or Aden . Foreign travel statistics ( edit ) Overseas trips made by Jamaican citizens Country Number Year United States 351,417 2016 Canada 32,915 2016 Curacao 18,282 2016 Trinidad and Tobago 11,617 2016 United Kingdom 14,000 2015 Cayman Islands 9,393 2017 Barbados 7,855 2015 The Bahamas 6,291 2013 Antigua and Barbuda 3,876 2017 Dominican Republic 2,792 2017 Russia 442 2016 Diplomatic missions of Jamaica ( edit ) Diplomatic missions of Jamaica ( 11 ) Jamaica has a modest number of diplomatic missions and consulates in the world they are maintained under the umbrella of the Jamaican Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Foreign Trade . They are official representative of the government of one state in the territory of another , normally acting to assist and protect the citizens of the consul 's own country , and to facilitate trade and friendship between the people of the two countries . Non-visa restrictions ( edit ) This section is transcluded from Non-visa travel restrictions . ( edit history ) Many countries have entry restrictions on foreigners that go beyond the common requirement of having either a valid visa or a visa exemption . Such restrictions may be health related or impose additional documentation requirements on certain classes of people for diplomatic or political purposes . Passport validity length ( edit ) In the absence of specific bilateral agreements , countries requiring passports to be valid at least 6 months on arrival include Afghanistan , Algeria , Anguilla , Bahrain , Bhutan , Botswana , British Virgin Islands , Brunei , Cambodia , Cameroon , Cape Verde , Cayman Islands , Central African Republic , Chad , Comoros , Costa Rica , Côte d'Ivoire , Curaçao , Ecuador , Egypt , El Salvador , Equatorial Guinea , Fiji , Gabon , Guinea Bissau , Guyana , Haiti , Indonesia , Iran , Iraq , Israel , Jordan , Kenya , Kiribati , Kuwait , Laos , Madagascar , Malaysia , Maldives , Marshall Islands , Mongolia , Myanmar , Namibia , Nepal , Nicaragua , Nigeria , Oman , Palau , Papua New Guinea , Philippines , Rwanda , Samoa , Saudi Arabia , Singapore , Solomon Islands , Somalia , Sri Lanka , Sudan , Suriname , Tanzania , Thailand , Timor - Leste , Tokelau , Tonga , Tuvalu , Uganda , United Arab Emirates , Vanuatu , Venezuela and Vietnam . Turkey requires passports to be valid for at least 150 days upon entry . Countries requiring passports valid for at least 4 months on arrival include Micronesia and Zambia . Countries requiring passports valid for at least 3 months beyond the period of intended stay include European Union countries ( except the Republic of Ireland and the United Kingdom ) , Iceland , Liechtenstein , Norway and Switzerland ( and always excepting EU / EEA / Swiss nationals ) , Azerbaijan , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Montenegro , Nauru , Moldova , New Zealand and 3 months validity on arrival in Albania , Honduras , Macedonia , Panama , Qatar and Senegal . Bermuda requires passports to be valid for at least 45 days upon entry . Countries that require a passport validity of at least one month beyond the period of intended stay include Eritrea , Hong Kong , Lebanon , Macau and South Africa . Other countries require either a passport valid on arrival or a passport valid throughout the period of the intended stay . Some countries have bilateral agreements with other countries to shorten the period of passport validity required for each other 's citizens or even accept passports that have already expired ( but not been cancelled ) . Blank passport pages ( edit ) Many countries require a minimum number of blank pages in the passport being presented , generally one or two pages . Endorsement pages , which often appear after the visa pages , are not counted as being available . Vaccination ( edit ) An International Certificate of Vaccination required to prove that someone has been vaccinated against yellow fever Main article : Carte Jaune Many African countries , including Angola , Benin , Burkina Faso , Cameroon , Central African Republic , Chad , Democratic Republic of the Congo , Republic of the Congo , Côte d'Ivoire , Equatorial Guinea , Gabon , Ghana , Guinea , Liberia , Mali , Mauritania , Niger , Rwanda , São Tomé and Príncipe , Senegal , Sierra Leone , Uganda , and Zambia , require all incoming passengers to have a current International Certificate of Vaccination . Some other countries require vaccination only if the passenger is coming from an infected area or has recently visited one . Israeli stamps ( edit ) Israeli border control Entry Permit ( issued as a stand - alone document rather than a stamp affixed in a passport ) Kuwait , Lebanon , Libya , Saudi Arabia , Sudan , Syria and Yemen do not allow entry to people with passport stamps from Israel or whose passports have either a used or an unused Israeli visa , or where there is evidence of previous travel to Israel such as entry or exit stamps from neighbouring border posts in transit countries such as Jordan and Egypt . To circumvent this Arab League boycott of Israel , the Israeli immigration services have now mostly ceased to stamp foreign nationals ' passports on either entry to or exit from Israel . Since 15 January 2013 , Israel no longer stamps foreign passports at Ben Gurion Airport , giving passengers a card instead that reads : `` Since January 2013 a pilot scheme has been introduced whereby visitors are given an entry card instead of an entry stamp on arrival . You should keep this card with your passport until you leave . This is evidence of your legal entry into Israel and may be required , particularly at any crossing points into the Occupied Palestinian Territories . '' Passports are still ( as of 22 June 2017 ) stamped at Erez when travelling into and out of Gaza . Also , passports are still stamped ( as of 22 June 2017 ) at the Jordan Valley / Sheikh Hussein and Yitzhak Rabin / Arava land borders with Jordan . Iran refuses admission to holders of passports containing an Israeli visa or stamp that is less than 12 months old . Armenian ethnicity ( edit ) Main article : Armenia -- Azerbaijan relations Due to a state of war existing between Armenia and Azerbaijan , the government of Azerbaijan not only bans entry of citizens from Armenia , but also all citizens and nationals of any other country who are of Armenian descent , to the Republic of Azerbaijan ( although there have been exceptions , notably for Armenia 's participation at the 2015 European Games held in Azerbaijan ) . Azerbaijan also strictly bans any visit by foreign citizens to the separatist region of Nagorno - Karabakh ( the de facto independent Republic of Artsakh ) , its surrounding territories and the Azerbaijani exclaves of Karki , Yuxarı Əskipara , Barxudarlı and Sofulu which are de jure part of Azerbaijan but under control of Armenia , without the prior consent of the government of Azerbaijan . Foreign citizens who enter these occupied territories will be permanently banned from entering the Republic of Azerbaijan and will be included in their `` list of personae non gratae '' . As of April 2018 the list contains 710 persons . Upon request , the authorities of the largely unrecognized Republic of Artsakh may attach their visa and / or stamps to a separate piece of paper in order to avoid detection of travel to their country . Criminal record ( edit ) Some countries ( for example : Australia , Canada , Fiji , New Zealand and the United States ) routinely deny entry to non-citizens who have a criminal record . Persona non grata ( edit ) The government of a country can declare a diplomat persona non grata , banning their entry into that country . In non-diplomatic use , the authorities of a country may also declare a foreigner persona non grata permanently or temporarily , usually because of unlawful activity . Attempts to enter the Gaza strip by sea may attract a 10 - year ban on entering Israel . Fingerprinting ( edit ) Main article : Countries applying biometrics Iris recognition biometric systems apply mathematical pattern - recognition techniques to images of the irises of an individual 's eyes . Several countries mandate that all travellers , or all foreign travellers , be fingerprinted on arrival and will refuse admission to or even arrest those travellers that refuse to comply . In some countries , such as the United States , this may apply even to transit passengers who merely wish to quickly change planes rather than go landside . Fingerprinting countries include Afghanistan , Argentina , Brunei , Cambodia , China when entering through Shenzhen airport , Ethiopia , Ghana , India , Japan , Malaysia upon entry and departure , Paraguay , Saudi Arabia , Singapore , South Korea , and Taiwan . Additionally , the United Arab Emirates conducts iris scanning on visitors who need to apply for a visa . Future changes ( edit ) Russia -- The Russian Government has instructed the Ministry of Foreign Affairs to sign an agreement on visa waiver with Jamaica for 90 days within any year period for ordinary passports . Visa waiver will be in effect starting November 27 , 2018 Guatemala -- Visa free agreement was signed with in June 2017 and is yet to be ratified . See also ( edit ) Jamaica portal Visa policy of Jamaica Jamaican passport Foreign relations of Jamaica References and notes ( edit ) References ^ `` The Henley Passport Index '' ( PDF ) . Henley & Partners Holdings Ltd. 10 July 2018 . Retrieved 13 July 2018 . This graph shows the full Global Ranking of the 2018 Henley Passport Index . In certain cases , a rank is shared by multiple countries because these countries all have the same level of visa - free or visa - on - arrival access . ^ Visa information , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Afghanistan . ^ Visa regime for foreign citizens , Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs of Albania . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel to Andorra , Ministry of External Affairs of Andorra . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Countries exempt from visa , Department of Immigration of Antigua and Barbuda . ^ Visa regime , National Directorate of Migrations of Argentina ( in Spanish ) . ^ Visa , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Armenia . ^ Visitor visa options , Department of Home Affairs of Australia . ^ `` Visitor e600 Visa Online Applications '' . Department of Immigration and Border Protection . ^ Schengen visa , Federal Ministry for Europe , Integration and Foreign Affairs of Austria . ^ Countries with visa - free travel regime , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Azerbaijan ( in Azerbaijani ) . ^ Electronic Visa System of Azerbaijan Republic ^ Visa requirements for foreigners travelling to the Bahamas , Government of the Bahamas , 18 February 2014 . ^ Bahrain eVisas , Ministry of Interior of Bahrain . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Visa requirements for foreign nationals entering Barbados , Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Foreign Trade of Barbados , 3 June 2009 . ^ Visa - free travel , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Belarus . ^ Visa for Belgium , Federal Public Service Foreign Affairs of Belgium . ^ Countries not requiring an entry visa , Department of Immigration and Nationality Services of Belize , September 2016 . ^ Visa , Emigration and Immigration Directorate of Benin . ^ eVisa Benin ^ Visa , Tourism Council of Bhutan . ^ Requirements to enter Bolivia , General Directorate of Migration of Bolivia ( in Spanish ) . ^ Visas , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bosnia and Herzegovina . ^ Requirements for visa application , Government of Botswana . ^ Visas to travel to Brazil , Ministry of External Relations of Brazil ( in Portuguese and English ) . ^ Country category for visa application , Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade of Brunei . ^ Visa for Bulgaria , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bulgaria . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ ( 1 ) ^ Visa requirements overview , Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs of Croatia . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Visa policy , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Cyprus . ^ List of states whose citizens are exempt from visa requirement , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Czech Republic , 13 July 2017 . ^ Countries with a visa requirement and visa - free countries , Danish Immigration Service , 8 December 2017 . ^ eVisa ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Extendable length of stay . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Who does not need a visa to visit Estonia ? , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Estonia , 2 November 2017 . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Visa requirement and travel documents accepted by Finland , Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland . ^ Foreign nationals holding ordinary passports exempt from visa requirements , Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs of France , January 2016 . ^ Gabon e-Visa ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Entry clearance is not required if traveling as tourists on a charter flight . ^ ( 2 ) ^ Overview of visa requirements / exemptions for entry into the Federal Republic of Germany , Federal Foreign Office of Germany . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Countries requiring or not requiring a visa , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Greece , 13 June 2017 . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Countries that do not need a visa , Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade of Hungary . ^ Who does not need a visa , Directorate of Immigration of Iceland . ^ `` Indian e-Visa '' . Ministry of Home Affairs , Government of India . ^ e-Visa ^ http://setkab.go.id/tidak-untuk-jurnalistik-wisatawan-dari-169-negara-ini-bebas-visa-kunjungan-ke-indonesia/ ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Countries that need a visa for Ireland , Irish Naturalisation and Immigration Service . ^ Tourist visa table , Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs , 23 May 2017 . ^ Visa for Italy , Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation of Italy . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` e-VISA '' . evisa.e-gov.kg . Retrieved 29 September 2018 . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` The Department Of Immigration . Checkpoints '' . The Department Of Immigration Of Lao People 's Democratic Republic . 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Unlike almost every other country in the world , the US insists on a full immigration check even for travellers who simply intend to re-board their plane to continue onwards to a foreign destination . Air New Zealand , which flies daily from Heathrow via Los Angeles to Auckland , says there are currently `` strict requirements for travellers '' in transit at LAX . Through passengers to Auckland on flight NZ1 or Heathrow on NZ2 must apply in advance for an ESTA ( online visa ) even though they have no intention of staying in the US . They also have to undergo screening by the Transportation Security Administration . ^ `` How to enter Afghanistan . The Entry Requirements for Afghanistan - CountryReports '' . Countryreports.org . ^ Nordland , Rod ( 19 November 2011 ) . `` In Afghanistan , Big Plans to Gather Biometric Data '' . Nytimes.com . ^ `` Argentina strengthens migratory control '' . Archived from the original on 2 December 2013 . ^ `` Cambodia Foreign Entry Requirements '' . 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Notes Ahmedabad Amritsar Bagdogra Bengaluru Chandigarh Chennai Coimbatore Delhi Gaya Goa Guwahati Hyderabad Jaipur Kochi Kolkata Kozhikode Lucknow Madurai Mangaluru Mumbai Nagpur Pune Thiruvananthapuram Tiruchirappalli Varanasi Visakhapatnam Cochin Goa Mangalore Vientiane Savannakhet Khammuan Bokeo Panghok - Taichang ( Vietnam ) Samliemkham - ( Thailand and Myanmar ) Nonghaed - Nam kanh ( Vietnam ) Nam phao - Cau treo ( Vietnam ) Na pao - Cha lo ( Vietnam ) Daensavan - Lao bao ( Vietnam ) Veunkham - Nong nok khian ( Cambodia ) Vang tao - Chongmek ( Thailand ) Boten - Bo han ( China ) Nam ngeun - Huay konl ( Thailand ) Namheuang - Nakaseng ( Thailand ) Nam soy - Na meo ( Vietnam ) Phoukeua - Kontoum ( Vietnam ) Visa policy by country Visa Passport Travel document Africa Central Angola Cameroon Central African Republic Chad DR Congo R Congo Equatorial Guinea Gabon São Tomé and Príncipe Eastern Burundi Comoros Djibouti Eritrea Ethiopia Kenya Madagascar Malawi Mauritius Mozambique Rwanda Seychelles Somalia ( Somaliland ) South Sudan Tanzania Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Northern Algeria Egypt Libya Morocco Sudan Tunisia Southern Botswana eSwatini Lesotho Namibia Saint Helena , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha South Africa Western Benin Burkina Faso Cape Verde Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea - Bissau Ivory Coast Liberia Mali Mauritania Niger Nigeria Senegal Sierra Leone Togo Americas Caribbean Dutch Caribbean ( Aruba , Caribbean Netherlands , Curaçao , Sint Maarten ) Anguilla Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic Grenada Haiti Jamaica Montserrat Puerto Rico St. Kitts and Nevis St. Lucia St. Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago Turks and Caicos Islands United States Virgin Islands Central Belize Costa Rica El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Nicaragua Panama North Bermuda Canada Greenland Mexico United States South Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Falkland Islands Guyana Paraguay Peru South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Suriname Uruguay Venezuela Asia Central & North Afghanistan Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Russia Tajikistan Turkmenistan Uzbekistan East China Hong Kong Macau Japan North Korea South Korea Mongolia Taiwan ( Republic of China ) South Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka Southeast Brunei Cambodia East Timor Indonesia Laos Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand Vietnam Western Abkhazia Akrotiri and Dhekelia Armenia Artsakh Azerbaijan Bahrain Cyprus Egypt Georgia Iran Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Northern Cyprus Oman Palestine Qatar Saudi Arabia South Ossetia Syria Turkey United Arab Emirates Yemen Europe European Union / EFTA Austria Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Cyprus Denmark Faroe Islands , Greenland Estonia Finland France Overseas Germany Gibraltar Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Overseas Norway Svalbard Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom Overseas Other Europe Abkhazia Akrotiri and Dhekelia Albania Andorra Armenia Artsakh Azerbaijan Belarus Bosnia and Herzegovina Georgia Kazakhstan Kosovo Macedonia Moldova Monaco Montenegro Northern Cyprus Russia San Marino Serbia South Ossetia Transnistria Turkey Ukraine Vatican City Oceania American Samoa Australia Cook Islands Fiji Guam Kiribati Marshall Islands Micronesia Nauru New Zealand Niue Northern Mariana Islands Palau Papua New Guinea Pitcairn Islands Samoa Solomon Islands Tokelau Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu British Overseas Territories . Open border with Schengen Area . Russia is a transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and Northern Asia . The majority of its population ( 80 % ) lives in European Russia , therefore Russia as a whole is included as a European country here . Turkey is a transcontinental country in the Middle East and Southeast Europe . Has part of its territory ( 3 % ) in Southeast Europe called Turkish Thrace . Azerbaijan ( Artsakh ) and Georgia ( Abkhazia ; South Ossetia ) are transcontinental countries . Both have part of their territories in the European part of the Caucasus . Kazakhstan is a transcontinental country . Has part of its territories located west of the Ural River in Eastern Europe . Armenia and Cyprus ( Northern Cyprus ; Akrotiri and Dhekelia ) are entirely in Southwest Asia but having socio - political connections with Europe . Egypt is a transcontinental country in North Africa and the Middle East . Has part of its territory in the Middle East called Sinai Peninsula . Part of the Realm of New Zealand . Partially recognized . Unincorporated territory of the United States . Part of Norway , not part of the Schengen Area , special open - border status under Svalbard Treaty . Part of the Kingdom of Denmark , not part of the Schengen Area . 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what is the stolen valor act of 2005
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The Stolen Valor Act of 2005 , signed into law by President George W. Bush on December 20 , 2006 , was a U.S. law that broadened the provisions of previous U.S. law addressing the unauthorized wear , manufacture , or sale of any military decorations and medals . The law made it a federal misdemeanor to falsely represent oneself as having received any U.S. military decoration or medal . If convicted , defendants might have been imprisoned for up to six months , unless the decoration lied about is the Medal of Honor , in which case imprisonment could have been up to one year . In United States v. Alvarez the U.S. Supreme Court ruled on June 28 , 2012 , that the Stolen Valor Act was an unconstitutional abridgment of the freedom of speech under the First Amendment , striking down the law in a 6 to 3 decision .
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Stolen Valor Act of 2005
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stolen valor act of 2005
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The Stolen Valor Act of 2005 , signed into law by President George W. Bush on December 20 , 2006 , was a U.S. law that broadened the provisions of previous U.S. law addressing the unauthorized wear , manufacture , or sale of any military decorations and medals . The law made it a federal misdemeanor to falsely represent oneself as having received any U.S. military decoration or medal . If convicted , defendants might have been imprisoned for up to six months , unless the decoration lied about is the Medal of Honor , in which case imprisonment could have been up to one year . In United States v. Alvarez the U.S. Supreme Court ruled on June 28 , 2012 , that the Stolen Valor Act was an unconstitutional abridgment of the freedom of speech under the First Amendment , striking down the law in a 6 to 3 decision .
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Contents ( hide ) 1 Description 2 Legal challenges 2.1 United States v. Strandlof 2.2 United States v. Alvarez 3 Legacy 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Description ( edit ) The Act was first introduced in the U.S. House of Representatives on July 19 , 2005 , by Representative John Salazar , a Democrat from Colorado , as H.R. 3352 . It was introduced in the Senate by Senator Kent Conrad , a Democrat from North Dakota , on November 10 , 2005 , as S. 1998 . The Senate version was passed unanimously on September 7 , 2006 . The House passed the Senate version , S. 1998 , on December 6 , 2006 . The purpose of the Act was to strengthen the provisions of federal law ( 18 U.S.C. § 704 ) by broadening its scope and strengthening penalties . Specific new provisions in the Act included : granting more authority to federal law enforcement officers ; broadening the law to cover false claims whereas previously an overt act had to be committed ; covering the mailing and shipping of medals ; and protecting the reputation and meaning of military heroism medals . The Act made it illegal for unauthorized persons to wear , buy , sell , barter , trade , or manufacture `` any decoration or medal authorized by Congress for the armed forces of the United States , or any of the service medals or badges awarded to the members of such forces . '' In the 18 months after the act was enacted , the Chicago Tribune estimated there were twenty prosecutions . The number increased as awareness of the law spread . The Act was passed to address the issue of persons claiming to have been awarded military awards to which they were not entitled and exploiting their deception for personal gain . For example , as of June 2 , 2006 , there were only 120 living Medal of Honor recipients , but there were far more known imposters . There were also large numbers of people fraudulently claiming to be Navy SEALS and Army Special Forces , among others . The Orders and Medals Society of America ( OMSA ) , an organization of collectors , opposed the version of the bill that passed . OMSA was concerned about the changes to 18 USC that in its judgment implied that any movement or exchange of medals was illegal . Legal challenges ( edit ) United States v. Strandlof ( edit ) Rick Strandlof , founder of Colorado Veterans Alliance , was accused of seeking to raise funds for that organization by posing as Marine Captain `` Rick Duncan '' and claiming to have received a Silver Star and Purple Heart in the Iraq War . In January 2010 , he challenged the constitutionality of the Stolen Valor Act in U.S. District Court in Denver , Colorado . Strandlof 's attorney believed the law was too vague and that `` protecting the reputation of military decorations is insufficient to survive ( strict scrutiny ) '' , a level of judicial review that requires the government to justify any limitation it places on free speech . The Rutherford Institute , a Virginia - based civil liberties group , joined in the case on January 20 , 2010 . `` Such expression remains within the presumptive protection afforded pure speech by the First Amendment , '' the Institute 's attorney wrote . `` As such , the Stolen Valor Act is an unconstitutional restraint on the freedom of speech . '' On July 16 , 2010 , a federal judge in Denver ruled the Stolen Valor Act is `` facially unconstitutional '' because it violates free speech and dismissed the criminal case against Strandlof who lied about being an Iraq war veteran . Strandlof , 32 , was charged with five misdemeanors related to violating the Act -- specifically , making false claims about receiving military decorations . U.S. District Judge Robert E. Blackburn issued his decision rejecting the prosecution 's argument that lying about having military medals dilutes their meaning and significance . `` This wholly unsubstantiated assertion is , frankly , shocking and , indeed , unintentionally insulting to the profound sacrifices of military personnel the Stolen Valor Act purports to honor , '' Blackburn wrote . `` To suggest that the battlefield heroism of our servicemen and women is motivated in any way , let alone in a compelling way , by considerations of whether a medal may be awarded simply defies my comprehension . '' Attorney Chris Beall , who filed an amicus curiae brief on behalf of the ACLU of Colorado , said the decision is remarkable . `` The First Amendment protects speech we do n't like , '' he said . `` We do n't need the First Amendment for speech people like . The government can not criminalize a statement simply because it is false , no matter how important the statement is . '' Beall points out Strandlof was n't charged with stealing money meant for the veterans group , adding that laws are already in place for those crimes . `` That 's plain - old , regular - vanilla everyday fraud , and we do prosecute that every day , '' he said . `` Congress does not need a special statute to prevent people from using false claims of valor in order to prevent fraud . '' John Wagner , executive director of the Warrior Legacy Foundation , a veterans group that lobbied for Strandlof 's prosecution , said he will push for an appeal . A spokesman for the U.S. attorney in Denver said prosecutors are reviewing the decision and have n't decided whether to appeal . The spokesman said that decision would be made by the U.S. Justice Department in Washington and prosecutors in Denver . On January 27 , 2012 , the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit overruled the district court and reinstated the charges against Strandlof . Two judges on the three - judge panel held that false statements are not worthy of constitutional protection . In dissent , Judge Jerome Holmes wrote that the majority was reading language into the act to justify upholding it . On July 2 , 2012 , the Tenth Circuit vacated its previous opinion , writing , `` In light of United States v. Alvarez , we vacate both the opinion and the judgment issued on January 27 , 2012 . '' United States v. Alvarez ( edit ) Main article : United States v. Alvarez Initially the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit decided Alvarez on August 17 , 2010 , ruling the Stolen Valor Act unconstitutional . Specifically , in the 2 -- 1 decision , Judge Milan Smith stated for the court that lies not within traditionally unprotected subsets of false facts are subject to First Amendment protection , the Stolen Valor Act is not subject to defamation law precedent , and there 's no compelling reason for government interest in banning such lies . `` The right to speak and write whatever one chooses -- including , to some degree , worthless , offensive and demonstrable untruths -- without cowering in fear of a powerful government is , in our view , an essential component of the protection afforded by the First Amendment , '' Judge Smith wrote . If lying about a medal can be classified as a crime , Smith said , so many everyday lies could become criminal acts , such as lying about one 's age , misrepresenting one 's financial status on Facebook , or telling one 's mother falsehoods about drinking , smoking or sex . On March 21 , 2011 , a majority of judges in the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit refused to rehear the Alvarez case en banc . In the order refusing to hear the case en banc , Judge Alex Kozinski issued a lengthy concurrence , responding to critics of the decision and asserting that the First Amendment covers most varieties of lying and misrepresentation , where not otherwise unprotected by the First Amendment under the traditional view . The traditional view holds that only a certain variety of speech are exempt from standard constitutional scrutiny such as fraud , fighting words , defamation , incitement , and speech attendant to the commission of a crime . Judge Diarmuid O'Scannlain dissented from the denial of rehearing arguing that false representations are not per se entitled to First Amendment protection . On October 17 , 2011 , the U.S. Supreme Court agreed to consider the validity of the law . On June 28 , 2012 , the Supreme Court found the law unconstitutional in a 6 to 3 decision , with Justices Scalia , Thomas and Alito dissenting . In United States v. Alvarez the majority held that the Stolen Valor Act was an unconstitutional abridgment of the freedom of speech under the First Amendment . Legacy ( edit ) Following the Supreme Court decision , the U.S. Department of Defense announced they would unveil a new website , valor.defense.gov , which would provide a public record of medal recipients . That site was unveiled on July 25 , 2012 . Additionally , in response Representative Joe Heck sponsored the Stolen Valor Act of 2012 to criminalize profiting by falsely claiming to have received a military medal for serving in combat , which passed with a vote of 410 to 3 ; a companion bill was sponsored by Senator Jim Webb , which passed as an amendment of the defense authorization bill . In the 113th Congress Representative Heck reintroduced the modified act , receiving 65 cosponsors . The Stolen Valor Act of 2013 was signed by President Barack Obama on June 3 , 2013 . The Act makes it a federal crime to fraudulently claim to be a recipient of certain military decorations or medals in order to obtain money , property , or other tangible benefit . See also ( edit ) List of Acts of the 109th United States Congress Military imposter Mitchell Paige , Medal of Honor recipient who later tracked imposters Stolen Valor , book by B.G. Burkett and Glenna Whitley chronicling phony Vietnam veterans . Don Shipley , retired Navy SEAL who exposes fraudulent claims of military service . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Anne C. Mulkern ( December 20 , 2006 ) . `` Rep. Salazar 's bill on falsely claiming medals now a law '' . The Denver Post . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` H.R. 3352 : Stolen Valor Act of 2005 '' . 109th U.S. Congress ( 2005 - 2006 ) . GovTrak.us . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` H.R. 3352 '' ( PDF ) . 109th U.S. Congress ( 2005 - 2006 ) . GovTrak.us . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` S. 1998 : Stolen Valor Act of 2005 '' . 109th U.S. Congress ( 2005 - 2006 ) . GovTrak.us . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` S. 1998 '' ( PDF ) . 109th U.S. Congress ( 2005 - 2006 ) . GovTrak.us . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` S. 1998 In The House Of Representatives '' . 109th U.S. Congress ( 2005 - 2006 ) . TheOrator.com . Sep 8 , 2006 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 05 - 26 . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ Sterner , C. Douglas ( Dec 7 , 2006 ) . `` The Stolen Valor Act of 2005 '' . POWnet.org . Archived from the original on 2007 - 01 - 21 . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ 18 U.S.C. § 704 Jump up ^ Crewdson , John ( May 27 , 2008 ) . `` Fake claims of war heroics a federal offense '' . Chicago Tribune . Jump up ^ `` Living Recipients '' . Congressional Medal of Honor Society . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Michael = ( May 31 , 1999 ) . `` Tracking Down False Heroes - Medal of Honor recipients go after impostors '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ Mishalov , Neil ( 1999 ) . `` Men Who Falsely Claim to have Received the Medal of Honor '' . Mishalov.com . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ Waterman , Steve . `` Fake SEALs '' . stevenlwaterman.com . Archived from the original on 2006 - 09 - 16 . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Wannabes Beware ! '' . nightscribe.com . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Hunting the Phonies '' . specialoperations.com . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ § 704 Jump up ^ `` OMSA President 's Message on the Stolen Valor Act to all OMSA members and friends '' . Orders and Medals Society of America . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Sample Letter to Congressman '' . Orders and Medals Society of America . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : Cardona , Felisa ( January 20 , 2010 ) . `` Lies from `` war vet '' are protected speech , civil liberties group says `` . The Denver Post . Retrieved January 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Cardona , Felisa ( 2010 - 07 - 16 ) . `` Charge dismissed in fake hero 's case , Valor Act ruled unconstitutional '' . The Denver Post . ^ Jump up to : Cardona , Felisa ( 2010 - 07 - 17 ) . `` Stolen Valor Act unconstitutional , federal judge rules '' . The Denver Post . Jump up ^ `` Federal judge rules law penalizing fake military heroes is unconstitutional '' . Fox News . 2010 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ Ingold , John . `` 10th Circuit upholds Stolen Valor Act '' . The Denver Post . Jump up ^ `` United States of America , Plaintiff - Appellant , v. Rick Glen Stradloff , a / k / a Rick Duncan , Defendant - Appellee , The American Legion ; Christopher Guzelian , Amici Curiae : Order '' ( PDF ) . United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth District . July 2 , 2012 . Retrieved January 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.ca9.uscourts.gov/datastore/opinions/2010/08/17/08-50345.pdf Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Egelko , Bob ( 2010 - 08 - 26 ) . `` Court says lying about Medal of Honor no crime '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Jump up ^ 9th Circuit Opinion Jump up ^ `` Supreme Court to Take Up ' Stolen Valor Act ' '' . Fox News . 2011 - 10 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : Curry , Tom ( June 28 , 2012 ) . `` SCOTUS strikes down Stolen Valor Act '' . NBC Politics . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Barnes , Robert ; Ruane , Michael E. ( June 28 , 2012 ) . `` Supreme Court : Lying about military medals is protected by Constitution '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved June 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` New Website Honors Service Members ' Valor '' . Washington , D.C. : American Forces Press Service . July 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Maze , Rick ( September 13 , 2012 ) . `` House approves new Stolen Valor bill '' . Army Times . Retrieved December 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Maze , Rick ( 3 December 2012 ) . `` Senate passes revised Stolen Valor Act '' . Marine Corps Times . Retrieved 4 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Maze , Rick ( 15 January 2013 ) . `` New version of Stolen Valor bill introduced '' . Army Times . Retrieved 16 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` H.R. 258 - Stolen Valor Act of 2013 : All Actions '' . 113th Congress . United States Congress . Retrieved June 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` H.R. 258 - Stolen Valor Act of 2013 : Text '' . 113th Congress . United States Congress . Retrieved December 3 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) `` Colorado Congressman John Salazar Introduces Stolen Valor Act of 2005 '' . HomeofHeroes.com . July 22 , 2005 . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 10 . `` H.R. 3352 The Stolen Valor Act of 2005 '' . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 10 . `` Stolen Valor Act of 2005 '' . POW Network . Archived from the original on 2006 - 12 - 14 . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 10 . John Hoellwarth ( December 12 , 2006 ) . `` Blowhards , beware : Congress passes Stolen Valor Act , targets false military award claims '' . Army Times . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 17 . The Stolen Valor Act of 2005 Congressional Medal of Honor Society Stolen Valor web site , the book the Stolen Valor Act was named after Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stolen_Valor_Act_of_2005&oldid=804100634 '' Categories : Military awards and decorations of the United States 21st - century military history of the United States United States federal defense and national security legislation Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 6 October 2017 , at 18 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stolen%20Valor%20Act%20of%202005
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at what temperature does nitrogen become a solid
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Solid nitrogen
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solid nitrogen
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Solid nitrogen is the solid form of the element nitrogen . It is an important component of the surfaces of Pluto and outer moons of the Solar System such as Neptune 's Triton . Under low or moderate pressure solid nitrogen contains dinitrogen molecules held together by London dispersion forces . Non-molecular forms of solid nitrogen produced by extreme pressures have a higher energy density than any other non-nuclear material .
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Solid nitrogen was first made in 1884 , by first liquefying hydrogen with evaporating liquid nitrogen , and then allowing the liquid hydrogen to freeze the nitrogen . Karol Olszewski achieved a world record lowest temperature by evaporating vapour from solid nitrogen getting down to 48 K. Solid nitrogen is normally made in a laboratory by evaporating liquid nitrogen in a vacuum . The solid produced is porous . Contents ( hide ) 1 Bulk properties 2 Melting 3 Sublimation 4 Crystal structure 4.1 β 4.2 α 4.3 γ 4.4 δ 4.5 ε 4.6 ζ 4.7 θ 4.8 ι 4.9 μ 4.10 Cubic gauche 4.11 Poly - N 4.12 Layered polymeric 4.13 Others 5 Related substances 5.1 Helium 5.2 Methane 5.3 Carbon monoxide 5.4 Noble gases 5.5 Hydrogen 5.6 Oxygen 5.7 Radiation treatment 6 Use 7 Natural occurrence 8 References 9 External links Bulk properties ( edit ) Solid nitrogen has several properties relevant to its formation of rocks in the outer Solar System . Even at the low temperatures of solid nitrogen it is fairly volatile and can sublime to form an atmosphere , or condense back into nitrogen frost . At 58 K the ultimate compressive strength is 0.24 MPa . Strength increases as temperature lowers becoming 0.54 MPa at 40.6 K. Elastic modulus varies from 161 to 225 MPa over the same range . Compared to other materials , solid nitrogen loses cohesion at low pressures and flows in the form of glaciers when amassed . Yet its density is higher than that of water ice , so the forces of buoyancy will naturally transport blocks of water ice towards the surface . This effect has been most clearly observed on Pluto ( by the New Horizons space probe in 2015 ) , where water ice makes up a major part of the surface layers as icebergs on top of nitrogen ice . Solid nitrogen mixes with solid carbon monoxide and solid methane on the surface of Pluto . The thermal conductivity of solid nitrogen is 0.7 W m K. Thermal conductivity varies with temperature and the relation is given by k = 180.2 × T watts per kelvin . Specific heat is given by 926.91 × e joules per kilogram per kelvin . Its appearance at 50 K is transparent , while at 20 K it is white . Nitrogen frost has a density of 0.25 g cm . As a bulk material the crystals are pressed together and density is near that of water . It is temperature dependent and given by ρ = 0.0134T − 0.6981T + 1038.1 kg / m . The volume coefficient of expansion is given by 2 × 10 T − 0.0002T + 0.006 K . The index of refraction at 6328 Å is 1.25 and hardly varies with temperature . The speed of sound in solid nitrogen is 1452 m / s at 20 K and 1222 m / s at 44 K . The longitudinal velocity ranges from 1850 m / s at 5 K to 1700 m / s at 35 K. With temperature rise the nitrogen changes phase and the longitudinal velocity drops rapidly over a small temperature range to below 1600 m / s and then it slowly drops to 1400 m / s near the melting point . The transverse velocity is much lower ranging from 900 to 800 m / s over the same temperature range . The bulk modulus of s-N is 2.16 GPa at 20 K , and 1.47 GPa at 44 K . At temperatures below 30 K solid nitrogen will undergo brittle failure , particularly if strain is applied quickly . Above this temperature the failure mode is ductile failure . Dropping 10 K makes the solid nitrogen 10 times as stiff . Melting ( edit ) Solid nitrogen melts at a higher temperature with increasing ambient pressure . The slope of the melting point line of the phase diagram is 190 K GPa . At 2.8 GPa nitrogen melts at 308 K , at 4 GPa it melts at 368 K , and at 7 GPa it melts at 484 K . The melting point increases all the way to 1920 K at a pressure of 50 GPa . Above this pressure the melting point decreases . This is due to a change in the liquid , which becomes denser than the solid at that pressure . The liquid is predicted to become a polymer . The melting point drops to 1400 K at 71 GPa . Solid nitrogen is slightly soluble in liquid hydrogen . At 15K there are somewhere between 10 and 10 molecules of nitrogen per cm of liquid hydrogen . At the boiling point of hydrogen the amount in solution is 10 molar fraction . At 32.5 K the molar concentration of dissolved N in close to critical H is 7.0 × 10 . Sublimation ( edit ) When the pressure is below the triple point , solid nitrogen directly sublimes to gas . The triple point is at 63.14 ± 0.06 K and 0.1255 ± 0.0005 bar . The vapour pressure has been measured from 20 K up to the triple point . For α - nitrogen ( below 35 K ) the logarithm of the pressure is given by 12.40 − 807.4 × T − 3926 T + 6.297 × 10 T − 4.633 × 10 T 1.325 × 10 T. For β - nitrogen it is given by 8.514 − 458.4 T − 19870 T 4.800 × 10 T − 4.524 × 10 T. Where the solid is not pure nitrogen , the vapour pressure can be estimated using Raoult 's law in which the pressure is reduced by the molar concentration . This calculation is relevant for the atmosphere of outer solar system bodies , where there could be a 1 % contamination with carbon monoxide and methane . Crystal structure ( edit ) Β ( edit ) There are several known solid forms of molecular dinitrogen . At ambient pressures there are two solid forms . β - N is a hexagonal close packed structure which exists from 35.6 K up to 63.1 5K at which point it melts . At 45 K the unit cell has a = 4.050 Å and c = 6.604 Å . At 4125 atmospheres pressure , and 49K the unit cell sizes have shrunk to a = 3.861 Å c = 6.265 Å . If the pressure is increased the c / a ratio stays the same . In the β phase , the molecule centres are hexagonal close packed . This means that the c / a ratio is ≈ 1.633 = √ 8 / 3 . The nitrogen molecules are randomly tipped at an angle of 55 ° from the c - axis . There is a strong quadrupole - quadrupole interaction between the molecules . Α ( edit ) Another phase termed α - N exists below 35.6 K at low pressure and has a cubic structure . The space group is Pa3 . At 21 K the unit cell dimension is 5.667 Å . Under 3785 bars this reduces to 5.433 Å . At low temperatures the α - phase can be compressed to 3500 atmospheres before it changes ( to γ ) , and as the temperature rises above 20 K , this pressure rises to about 4500 atmospheres . The nitrogen molecules are located on the body diagonals of the unit cell cube . Γ ( edit ) The tetragonal γ form exists at low temperatures below 44.5 K between about 0.3 GPa and 3 GPa pressure . The triple point for α / β / γ is at 0.47 GPa and 44.5 K . The space group of the γ phase is P4 / mnm and its unit cell has lattice constants a = 3.957 Å , c = 5.109 Å at 20 K and 4000 bar . The N isotope converts at a pressure 400 atmospheres lower to the γ form than natural nitrogen , at 20 K . In the γ form , nitrogen molecules appear to have the shape of a prolate spheroid , 4.34 Å in the long dimension , and 3.39 Å in the short diameter . The boundary of the molecule appears at an electron density of 0.0135 eÅ . The molecules line up in rows end to end diagonally on the ab plane . These rows stack side by side with molecules offset by half their length to form layers in the ( 001 ) plane , perpendicular to the c - axis . Layers stack on top of each other each rotated by 90 ° compared to the plane below . Coordinates of atoms in the unit cell are given by ( x , x , 0 ) , ( - x , - x , 0 ) , ( 1 / 2 + x , 1 / 2 - x , 1 / 2 ) , ( 1 / 2 - x , 1 / 2 + x , 1 / 2 ) with x = r / a √ 8 and r = interatomic distance in nitrogen molecule , = 1.10 Å . ( unit cell dimension as above a = 3.957 Å ) . The molecules can vibrate up to 10 ° on the ab plane , and up to 15 ° in the direction of the c axis . Δ ( edit ) δ - N has a triple point with β and γ Nitrogen at 2.3 GPa and 150 K. δ - N has a cubic structure with space group pm3m . The lattice constant is 1.164 at 300 K but 4.9 GPa . At room temperature and high pressure δ - nitrogen is ordered in its molecular orientation Above the pressure of 2 GPa there is the lower temperature rhombohedral phase ε - N and above 80 K cubic δ - N. The triple point of δ - N , β - N and liquid is somewhere between 8 and 10 GPa and 555 and 578 K . Ε ( edit ) ε - N is rhombohedral with space group R3c is a high pressure form of dinitrogen , stable at 13 GPa . Cell dimensions are a = 8.02 Å , b = 8.02 Å , c = 11.104 Å , α = β = 90 ° , γ = 120 ° , volume 618.5 Å , Z = 24 . ε - nitrogen has disordered orientation . In the phase diagram ε - N appears at pressures above 2 GPa at temperatures below 50 K. Below this the γ form is stable . When heated ε - N transforms to δ - N Ζ ( edit ) Above 69 GPa ε - N transforms to an orthorhombic phase designated by ζ - N with a 6 % reduction in volume . The space group of ζ - N is P222 . The lattice constants are a = 4.159 Å , b = 2.765 Å , c = 5.039 Å with eight atoms per unit cell . At 80 GPa the distance between nitrogen atoms in the molecules is 0.982 Å , but the closest distance to other nitrogen atoms is 1.93 Å . As the pressure increases to 138 GPa the bond in the molecules actually lengthens to 1.002 Å while intermolecular distances shorten . Θ ( edit ) A ζ - N phase compressed to 95 GPa and then heated to over 600 K produces a new structure called θ nitrogen which has a uniform translucent appearance . Ι ( edit ) When ε - N is heated to 750 K at a pressure between 65 and 70 GPa a high temperature phase ι - N forms . This can also be formed from θ nitrogen by decompression and heating . Μ ( edit ) When the ζ - N phase is compressed at room temperature over 150 GPa an amorphous form is produced . This is designated as the μ - phase . It is a narrow gap semiconductor . The μ - phase has been brought to atmospheric pressure by first cooling it to 100 K . Cubic gauche ( edit ) Under pressures higher than 110 GPa and temperatures around 2000 K nitrogen forms a network solid , bound by single covalent bonds in what is called a cubic - gauche structure , abbreviated as cg - N . This substance is very stiff with a bulk modulus around 298 GPa , similar to diamond . It is very high energy and is metastable when pressure is released . The cubic - gauche form has space group I2 3 . The unit cell edge is 3.805 Å . There are eight nitrogen atoms per unit cell . The bond angles are very close to tetrahedral . The structure contains rings of nitrogen atoms that are fused together . The position of the lone pairs of electrons is ranged so that their overlap is minimised . The difference in bond energy varies from 0.83 eV per atom in nitrogen gas to 4.94 eV per atom , so having a difference in energy of over 4 eV per atom . This cubic - gauche nitrogen is the highest energy non-nuclear material and is being investigated for use in explosives and rocket fuel . Its energy density is 33 kJ g which is over three times the energy density of HMX . cg - N has all bonds the same length of 1.346 Å at 115 GPa . The cubic - gauche structure for nitrogen is predicted to have bond lengths of 1.40 Å , bond angles of 114.0 ° and dihedral angles of − 106.8 ° . The term gauche refers to the odd dihedral angles , if it was 0 ° it would be called cis , and if 180 ° it would be called trans . The dihedral angle Φ is related to the bond angle θ by sec ( Φ ) = sec ( θ ) − 1 . The coordinate of one atom in the unit cell at x , x , x also determines the bond angle by cos ( θ ) = x ( x-1 / 4 ) / ( x Poly - N ( edit ) Another network solid nitrogen called poly - N and abbreviated pN was predicted in 2006 . pN has space group C2 / c and cell dimensions a = 5.49 Å , β = 87.68 ° . Other higher pressure polymeric forms are predicted in theory , and a metallic form is expected if the pressure is high enough . Layered polymeric ( edit ) The LP - N phase is an actually produced , layered polymeric phase stable between 120 and 180 GPa . It has a density of 4.85 g cm at the low pressure end of its range . The structure contains layers of fused rings of seven nitrogen atoms . Others ( edit ) Yet other phases of solid dinitrogen are termed ζ ' - N and κ - N . Related substances ( edit ) Under pressure nitrogen can form crystalline van der Waals compounds with other molecules . It can form an orthorhombic phase with methane above 5 GPa . With helium He ( N ) is formed . N crystallizes with water in nitrogen clathrate and in a mixture with oxygen O and water in air clathrate . Helium ( edit ) Solid nitrogen can dissolve 2 mole % He under pressure in its disordered phases such as the γ - phase . Under higher pressure 9 mol % He can react with ε - nitrogen to form a hexagonal birefringent crystalline van der Waals compound . The unit cell contains 22 nitrogen atoms and 2 helium atoms . It has a volume of 580 Å for a pressure of 11 GPa decreasing to 515 Å at 14 GPa . It resembles the ε - phase . At 14.5 GPa and 295 K the unit cell has space group P6 / m and a = 7.936 Å c = 9.360 Å . At 28 GPa a transition happens in which the orientation of N molecules becomes more ordered . When the pressure on He ( N ) exceeds 135 GPa the substance changes from clear to black , and takes on an amorphous form similar to η - N . Methane ( edit ) Solid nitrogen can crystallise with some solid methane included . At 55 K the molar percentage can range up to 16.35 % CH , and at 40 K only 5 % . In the complementary situation , solid methane can include some nitrogen in its crystals , up to 17.31 % nitrogen . As the temperature drops , less methane can dissolve in solid nitrogen , and in α - N there is a major drop in methane solubility . These mixtures are prevalent in outer Solar System objects such as Pluto that have both nitrogen and methane on their surfaces . At room temperature there is a clathrate of methane and nitrogen in 1 : 1 ratio formed at pressures over 5.6 GPa . Carbon monoxide ( edit ) The carbon monoxide molecule ( CO ) is very similar to dinitrogen in size , and it can mix in all proportions with solid nitrogen without changing crystal structure . Carbon monoxide is also found on the surfaces of Pluto and Triton at levels below 1 % . Variations in the infrared linewidth of carbon monoxide absorption can reveal the concentration . Noble gases ( edit ) Neon or xenon atoms can also be included in solid nitrogen in the β and δ phases . Inclusion of neon pushes the β − δ phase boundary to higher pressures . Argon is also very miscible in solid nitrogen . For compositions of argon and nitrogen with 60 % to 70 % nitrogen , the hexagonal form remains stable to 0 K. A van der Waals compound of xenon and nitrogen exists above 5.3 GPa . A van der Waals compounds of neon and nitrogen was shown using Raman spectroscopy . The compound has formula ( N ) Ne . It has a hexagonal structure , with a = 14.400 c = 8.0940 at a pressure of 8 GPa . A van der Waals compound with argon is not known . Hydrogen ( edit ) With dideuterium , a clathrate ( N ) D exits around 70 GPa . Oxygen ( edit ) Solid nitrogen can take up to a one fifth substitution by oxygen O and still keep the same crystal structure . δ - N can be substituted by up to 95 % O and retain the same structure . Solid O can only have a solid solution of 5 % or less of N . Radiation treatment ( edit ) When solid nitrogen is irradiated by high speed protons or electrons , several reactive radicals are formed , including atomic nitrogen ( N ) , nitrogen cations ( N ) , dinitrogen cation ( N ) , trinitrogen radicals ( N and N ) , and azide ( N ) . Use ( edit ) Solid nitrogen is used in a slush mixture with liquid nitrogen in order to cool faster than with liquid nitrogen alone , useful for applications such as sperm cryopreservation . The semi-solid mixture can also be called slush nitrogen or SN2 . Solid nitrogen is used as a matrix on which to store and study reactive chemical species , such as free radicals or isolated atoms . One use is to study dinitrogen complexes of metals in isolation from other molecules . Natural occurrence ( edit ) Much of the surface of Triton is covered in the hexagonal form of solid nitrogen ( the β crystal phase ) , which can be seen as a bluish green band around the equator in this synthetic color photomosaic . Solid nitrogen forms a large part of the surface of Pluto and the Neptunian moon Triton . On Pluto it was directly observed for the first time in July 2015 by the New Horizons space probe and on Triton it was directly observed by the Voyager 2 space probe in August 1989 . On Triton , solid nitrogen takes the form of frost crystals and a transparent sheet layer of annealed nitrogen ice , often referred to as a `` glaze '' . Geysers of nitrogen gas were observed by Voyager 2 to spew from the subpolar regions around Triton 's southern polar ice cap . A possible explanation of this observed phenomenon is that the sun shines through the transparent layer of nitrogen ice , heating the layers beneath . Nitrogen sublimes and eventually erupts through holes in the upper layer , carrying dust along with it and creating dark streaks . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Flowing nitrogen ice glaciers seen on surface of Pluto after New Horizons flyby '' . ABC . 25 July 2015 . Retrieved 6 October 2015 . ^ Jump up to : McKinnon , William B. ; Kirk , Randolph L. ( 2014 ) . `` Triton '' . In Spohn , Tilman ; Breuer , Doris ; Johnson , Torrence . Encyclopedia of the Solar System ( 3rd ed . ) . Amsterdam ; Boston : Elsevier . pp. 861 -- 882 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 416034 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Yamashita , Yasuyuki ; Kato , Manabu ; Arakawa , Masahiko ( June 2010 ) . `` Experimental study on the rheological properties of polycrystalline solid nitrogen and methane : Implications for tectonic processes on Triton '' . Icarus . 207 ( 2 ) : 972 -- 977 . Bibcode : 2010Icar ... 207 ... 972Y . doi : 10.1016 / j. icarus. 2009.11. 032 . Retrieved 5 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Eremets , M.I. ; Gavriliuk , A.G. ; Serebryanaya , N.R. ; Trojan , I.A. ; Dzivenko , D.A. ; Boehler , R. ; Mao , H.K. ; Hemley , R.J. ( 2004 ) . `` Structural transformation of molecular nitrogen to a single - bonded atomic state at high pressures '' . The Journal of Chemical Physics. 121 ( 22 ) : 11296 . Bibcode : 2004JChPh. 12111296E . doi : 10.1063 / 1.1814074 . PMID 15634085 . Jump up ^ Olszewski , K ( 1884 ) . `` Nouveaux essais de liquéfaction de l'hydrogène . Solidification et pression critique de l'azote '' . Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l'Académie des sciences ( in French ) . 98 : 913 -- 915 . Jump up ^ Cohen , E.G.D. ( 1 January 1977 ) . `` Toward Absolute Zero : During the past three centuries attempts to approach the absolute zero of temperature have led to the discovery of many important phenomena , including superconductivity and superfluidity '' . American Scientist. 65 ( 6 ) : 752 -- 758 . Bibcode : 1977AmSci ... 65 ... 752C . JSTOR 27848176 . Jump up ^ Mikhal'chenko , R.S. ; Getmanets , V.F. ; Arkhipov , V.T. ( September 1972 ) . `` Peculiarities of heat transfer in porous solid nitrogen '' . Journal of Engineering Physics. 23 ( 3 ) : 1075 -- 1081 . Bibcode : 1972JEP ... 23.1075 M . doi : 10.1007 / BF00832213 . Jump up ^ Pederson , R.C. ; Miller , C.D. ; Arvidson , J.M. ; Blount , K. ; Schulze , M. ( 1998 ) . `` Problems Involved in Determining the Mechanical Properties of Solid Nitrogen and a Composite of Solid Nitrogen and Aluminum Foam ( 40 K -- 61 K ) '' . In Balachandran , U.B. ; Gubser , D.G. ; Hartwig , K.T. ; Reed , R. ; Warnes , W.H. ; Bardos , V.A. Advances in Cryogenic Engineering ( Materials ) . 44 . Springer Science & Business Media . pp. 339 -- 347 . ISBN 9781475790566 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pluto 's mysterious floating hills '' . NASA . Retrieved 1 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Cook , T. ; Davey , G. ( June 1976 ) . `` The density and thermal conductivity of solid nitrogen and carbon dioxide '' . Cryogenics. 16 ( 6 ) : 363 -- 369 . Bibcode : 1976Cryo ... 16 ... 363C . doi : 10.1016 / 0011 - 2275 ( 76 ) 90217 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Trowbridge , A.J. ; Melosh , H.J. ; Steckloff , J.K. ; Freed , A.M. ( 1 June 2016 ) . `` Vigorous convection as the explanation for Pluto 's polygonal terrain '' . Nature . 534 ( 7605 ) : 79 -- 81 . Bibcode : 2016Natur. 534 ... 79T . doi : 10.1038 / nature18016 . PMID 27251278 . Methods section ^ Jump up to : Satorre , M.A. ; Domingo , M. ; Luna , R. ; Santonja , C. ( 30 November 2004 ) . `` Density of Methane and Nitrogen at Different Temperatures '' ( PDF ) . Springer . Retrieved 1 October 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Tonkov , E. Yu ; Ponyatovsky , E.G. ( 15 November 2004 ) . Phase Transformations of Elements Under High Pressure . CRC Press . pp. 126 -- 132 . ISBN 0 - 8493 - 3367 - 9 . Jump up ^ Mukherjee , Goutam Dev ; Boehler , Reinhard ( 30 November 2007 ) . `` High - Pressure Melting Curve of Nitrogen and the Liquid - Liquid Phase Transition '' . Physical Review Letters. 99 ( 22 ) : 225701 . Bibcode : 2007PhRvL ... 99v5701M . doi : 10.1103 / PhysRevLett. 99.225701 . PMID 18233298 . Jump up ^ Seidel , G.M. ; Maris , H.J. ; Williams , F.I.B. ; Cardon , J.G. ( 2 June 1986 ) . `` Supercooling of Liquid Hydrogen '' . Physical Review Letters. 56 ( 22 ) : 2380 -- 2382 . Bibcode : 1986PhRvL ... 56.2380 S . doi : 10.1103 / PhysRevLett. 56.2380 . PMID 10032971 . ^ Jump up to : Omar , M.H. ; Dokoupil , Z . ( May 1962 ) . `` Solubility of nitrogen and oxygen in liquid hydrogen at temperatures between 27 and 33 ° K '' . Physica. 28 ( 5 ) : 461 -- 471 . Bibcode : 1962Phy ... 28 ... 461O . doi : 10.1016 / 0031 - 8914 ( 62 ) 90033 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Fray , N. ; Schmitt , B. ( December 2009 ) . `` Sublimation of ices of astrophysical interest : A bibliographic review '' . Planetary and Space Science . 57 ( 14 -- 15 ) : 2053 -- 2080 . Bibcode : 2009P&SS ... 57.2053 F . doi : 10.1016 / j. pss. 2009.09. 011 . ^ Jump up to : Schuch , A.F. ; Mills , R.L. ( 1970 ) . `` Crystal Structures of the Three Modifications of Nitrogen 14 and Nitrogen 15 at High Pressure '' . The Journal of Chemical Physics. 52 ( 12 ) : 6000 -- 6008 . Bibcode : 1970JChPh ... 52.6000 S . doi : 10.1063 / 1.1672899 . ^ Jump up to : Vos , W.L. ; Finger , L.W. ; Hemley , R.J. ; Hu , J.Z. ; Mao , H.K. ; Schouten , J.A. ( 2 July 1992 ) . `` A high - pressure van der Waals compound in solid nitrogen - helium mixtures '' . Nature . 358 ( 6381 ) : 46 -- 48 . Bibcode : 1992Natur. 358 ... 46V . doi : 10.1038 / 358046a0 . ^ Jump up to : Kotakoski , J. ; Albe , K. ( 10 April 2008 ) . `` First - principles calculations on solid nitrogen : A comparative study of high - pressure phases '' . Physical Review B. 77 ( 14 ) : 144109 . Bibcode : 2008PhRvB ... 77n4109K . doi : 10.1103 / PhysRevB. 77.144109 . Jump up ^ NIMS . `` Atom Work Materials Database '' . Retrieved 3 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Mills , R.L. ; Olinger , Bart ; Cromer , D.T. ( 1986 ) . `` Structures and phase diagrams of N2 and CO to 13 GPa by x-ray diffraction '' . The Journal of Chemical Physics. 84 ( 5 ) : 2837 . Bibcode : 1986JChPh ... 84.2837 M . doi : 10.1063 / 1.450310 . ^ Jump up to : Goncharov , A. ; Gregoryanz , E. ( 15 April 2004 ) . `` Solid Nitrogen at Extreme Conditions of High Pressure and Temperature '' ( PDF ) . Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory . Retrieved 5 October 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Plašienka , Dušan ; Martoňák , Roman ( 7 March 2015 ) . `` Transformation pathways in high - pressure solid nitrogen : From molecular N2 to polymeric cg - N '' . The Journal of Chemical Physics. 142 ( 9 ) : 094505 . arXiv : 1412.1246 . Bibcode : 2015JChPh. 142i4505P . doi : 10.1063 / 1.4908161 . PMID 25747092 . ^ Jump up to : Boehler , Reinhard ( November 2005 ) . `` Diamond cells and new materials '' . Materials Today . 8 ( 11 ) : 34 -- 42 . doi : 10.1016 / S1369 - 7021 ( 05 ) 71158 - 5 . Retrieved 5 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Eremets , Mikhail I. ; Gavriliuk , Alexander G. ; Trojan , Ivan A. ; Dzivenko , Dymitro A. ; Boehler , Reinhard ( 4 July 2004 ) . `` Single - bonded cubic form of nitrogen '' . Nature Materials. 3 ( 8 ) : 558 -- 563 . Bibcode : 2004NatMa ... 3 ... 558E . doi : 10.1038 / nmat1146 . PMID 15235595 . Jump up ^ Yoo , Choong - Shik ( February 2003 ) . `` Novel Functional Extended Solids at Extreme Conditions '' . DTIC . p. 11 . Retrieved 5 October 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Mailhiot , C. ; Yang , L.H. ; McMahan , A.K. ( 1 December 1992 ) . `` Polymeric nitrogen '' . Physical Review B. 46 ( 22 ) : 14419 -- 14435 . Bibcode : 1992PhRvB ... 4614419M . doi : 10.1103 / PhysRevB. 46.14419 . Jump up ^ Ma , Yanming ; Oganov , Artem R. ; Li , Zhenwei ; Xie , Yu ; Kotakoski , Jani ( 9 February 2009 ) . `` Novel High Pressure Structures of Polymeric Nitrogen '' . Physical Review Letters. 102 ( 6 ) : 065501 . Bibcode : 2009PhRvL. 102f5501M . doi : 10.1103 / PhysRevLett. 102.065501 . PMID 19257600 . Jump up ^ Tomasino , Dane ; Kim , Minseob ; Smith , Jesse ; Yoo , Choong - Shik ( 12 November 2014 ) . `` Pressure - Induced Symmetry - Lowering Transition in Dense Nitrogen to Layered Polymeric Nitrogen ( LP - N ) with Colossal Raman Intensity '' . Physical Review Letters. 113 ( 20 ) : 205502 . Bibcode : 2014PhRvL. 113t5502T . doi : 10.1103 / PhysRevLett. 113.205502 . PMID 25432047 . Jump up ^ Aldous , Catherine ; Desgreniers , Serge ( 2008 ) . `` Novel van der Waals Solid Phases in the Methane - Nitrogen Binary System '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 21 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Choukroun , Mathieu ; Kieffer , Susan W. ; Lu , Xinli ; Tobie , Gabriel ( 2013 ) . `` Clathrate Hydrates : Implications for Exchange Processes in the Outer Solar System '' . The Science of Solar System Ices . pp. 409 -- 454 . doi : 10.10. 1007 / 978 - 1 - 4614 - 3076 - 6_12 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4614 - 3075 - 9 . Jump up ^ Olijnyk , H ; Jephcoat , AP ( 15 December 1997 ) . `` High - pressure Raman studies of a nitrogen -- helium mixture up to 40 GPa '' . Journal of Physics : Condensed Matter. 9 ( 50 ) : 11219 -- 11226 . Bibcode : 1997JPCM ... 911219O . doi : 10.1088 / 0953 - 8984 / 9 / 50 / 022 . Jump up ^ Ninet , S. ( 1 January 2011 ) . `` Structural and vibrational properties of the van der Waals compound ( N2 ) 11He up to 135 GPa '' . Physical Review B. 83 ( 13 ) : 134107 . Bibcode : 2011PhRvB ... 83m4107N . doi : 10.1103 / PhysRevB. 83.134107 . Jump up ^ Protopapa , S. ; Grundy , W.M. ; Tegler , S.C. ; Bergonio , J.M. ( June 2015 ) . `` Absorption coefficients of the methane -- nitrogen binary ice system : Implications for Pluto '' . Icarus . 253 : 179 -- 188 . arXiv : 1503.00703 . Bibcode : 2015Icar ... 253 ... 179P . doi : 10.1016 / j. icarus. 2015.02. 027 . Jump up ^ Aldous , Catherine . `` Novel van der Waals Solid Phases in the Methane - Nitrogen Binary System '' ( PDF ) . www.lightsource.ca . Retrieved 22 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Quirico , Eric ; Schmitt , Bernard ( July 1997 ) . `` A Spectroscopic Study of CO Diluted in N2Ice : Applications for Triton and Pluto '' . Icarus . 128 ( 1 ) : 181 -- 188 . Bibcode : 1997Icar ... 128 ... 181Q . doi : 10.1006 / icar. 1997.5710 . ^ Jump up to : Kooi , M.E. ; Schouten , J.A. ( 1 November 1999 ) . `` High - pressure Raman investigation of mutual solubility and compound formation in Xe - N2 and NeN2 '' . Physical Review B. 60 ( 18 ) : 12635 -- 12643 . Bibcode : 1999PhRvB ... 6012635K . doi : 10.1103 / PhysRevB. 60.12635 . Jump up ^ Nosé , Shuichi ; Klein , Michael L. ( October 1985 ) . `` Molecular dynamics study of the alloy ( N2 ) 67 ( Ar ) 29 '' . Canadian Journal of Physics. 63 ( 10 ) : 1270 -- 1273 . Bibcode : 1985CaJPh ... 63.1270 N . doi : 10.1139 / p85 - 209 . Jump up ^ Lotz , H.T. ; Schouten , J.A. ( 19 June 2001 ) . `` Phase behavior of the N2 - Ar system at high pressures : A Raman spectroscopy study '' . Physical Review B. 64 ( 2 ) : 024103 . Bibcode : 2001PhRvB ... 64b4103L . doi : 10.1103 / PhysRevB. 64.024103 . Jump up ^ Kim , Minseob ; Yoo , Choong - Shik ( 2011 ) . `` Highly repulsive interaction in novel inclusion D2 -- N2 compound at high pressure : Raman and x-ray evidence '' . The Journal of Chemical Physics. 134 ( 4 ) : 044519 . Bibcode : 2011JChPh. 134d4519K . doi : 10.1063 / 1.3533957 . PMID 21280760 . ^ Jump up to : Sihachakr , D. ; Loubeyre , P. ( 15 October 2004 ) . `` O2 / N2 mixtures under pressure : A structural study of the binary phase diagram at 295 K '' . Physical Review B. 70 ( 13 ) : 134105 . Bibcode : 2004PhRvB ... 70m4105S . doi : 10.1103 / PhysRevB. 70.134105 . Jump up ^ Wu , Yu - Jong ; Chen , Hui - Fen ; Chuang , Shiang - Jiun ; Huang , Tzu - Ping ( 10 December 2013 ) . `` Far Ultraviolet Absorption Spectra of N3 AND N2+ Generated by Electrons Impacting Gaseous N 2 '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 779 ( 1 ) : 40 . Bibcode : 2013ApJ ... 779 ... 40W . doi : 10.1088 / 0004 - 637X / 779 / 1 / 40 . Jump up ^ Sansinena , M ; Santos , MV ; Zaritzky , N ; Chirife , J ( May 2012 ) . `` Comparison of heat transfer in liquid and slush nitrogen by numerical simulation of cooling rates for French straws used for sperm cryopreservation '' . Theriogenology. 77 ( 8 ) : 1717 -- 1721 . doi : 10.1016 / j. theriogenology. 2011.10. 044 . PMID 22225685 . Jump up ^ Schutte , Eliane ; Picciolo , Grace Lee ; Kaplan , David S. ( 2004 ) . Tissue Engineered Medical Products ( TEMPs ) . ASTM International . p. 8 . ISBN 9780803134713 . Jump up ^ Porcu , Eleonora ; Ciotti , Patrizia ; Venturoli , Stefano ( 2012 - 12 - 06 ) . Handbook of Human Oocyte Cryopreservation . Cambridge University Press . p. 33 . ISBN 9781139851022 . Jump up ^ Becker , Edwin D. ; Pimentel , George C. ( 1956 ) . `` Spectroscopic Studies of Reactive Molecules by the Matrix Isolation Method '' . The Journal of Chemical Physics. 25 ( 2 ) : 224 . Bibcode : 1956JChPh ... 25 ... 224B . doi : 10.1063 / 1.1742860 . Jump up ^ Ozin , Geoffrey A. ; Voet , Anthony Vander ( 15 October 1973 ) . `` Binary Dinitrogen Complexes of Rhodium , Rh ( N2 ) n ( where n = 1 -- 4 ) , in Low Temperature Matrices '' . Canadian Journal of Chemistry . 51 ( 20 ) : 3332 -- 3343 . doi : 10.1139 / v73 - 498 . Jump up ^ `` Neptune : Moons : Triton '' . NASA . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2011 . Retrieved September 21 , 2007 . External links ( edit ) Freezing Liquid Nitrogen Creates Something Amazing - Videos of nitrogen boiling , freezing , and spontaneously changing crystal form Diatomic chemical elements Normal O Cl Br Others Li ( hide ) Periodic table ( Large cells ) 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 He Li Be O Ne Na Mg Al Si Cl Ar Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr 5 Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te Xe 6 Cs Ba La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Hf Ta Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn 7 Fr Ra Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og Alkali metal Alkaline earth metal Lanthanide Actinide Transition metal Post - transition metal Metalloid Polyatomic nonmetal Diatomic nonmetal Noble gas Unknown chemical properties Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Solid_nitrogen&oldid=829938671 '' Categories : Nitrogen Allotropes of nitrogen Pnictogens Diatomic nonmetals Ice Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Articles needing cleanup from March 2018 All pages needing cleanup Cleanup tagged articles with a reason field from March 2018 Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from March 2018 All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from May 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Edit links This page was last edited on 11 March 2018 , at 18 : 56 . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid%20nitrogen
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which of the following is not a characteristic of burkholderia pseudomallei
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Burkholderia pseudomallei
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burkholderia pseudomallei
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Bacillus pseudomallei Whitmore 1913 Bacterium whitmori Stanton and Fletcher 1921 Malleomyces pseudomallei Breed 1939 Loefflerella pseudomallei Brindle and Cowan 1951 Pfeiferella pseudomallei Pseudomonas pseudomallei ( Whitmore 1913 ) Haynes 1957
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Burkholderia pseudomallei ( also known as Pseudomonas pseudomallei ) is a Gram - negative , bipolar , aerobic , motile rod - shaped bacterium . It is a soil - dwelling bacterium endemic in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide , particularly in Thailand and northern Australia . It infects humans and animals and causes the disease melioidosis . It is also capable of infecting plants . B. pseudomallei measures 2 -- 5 μm in length and 0.4 -- 0.8 μm in diameter and is capable of self - propulsion using flagella . The bacteria can grow in a number of artificial nutrient environments , especially betaine - and arginine - containing ones . In vitro , optimal proliferation temperature is reported around 40 ° C in neutral or slightly acidic environments ( pH 6.8 -- 7.0 ) . The majority of strains are capable of fermentation of sugars without gas formation ( most importantly , glucose and galactose ; older cultures are reported to also metabolize maltose and starch ) . Bacteria produce both exo - and endotoxins . The role of the toxins identified in the process of melioidosis symptom development has not been fully elucidated . Contents ( hide ) 1 Identification 2 Disinfection 3 Medical importance 4 Antibiotic treatment and sensitivity testing 5 Pathogenicity mechanisms and virulence factors 6 Vaccine candidates 7 References 8 External links Identification ( edit ) B. pseudomallei is not fastidious and grows on a large variety of culture media ( blood agar , MacConkey agar , EMB , etc . ) . Ashdown 's medium ( or Burkholderia cepacia medium ) may be used for selective isolation . Cultures typically become positive in 24 to 48 hours ( this rapid growth rate differentiates the organism from B. mallei , which typically takes a minimum of 72 hours to grow ) . Colonies are wrinkled , have a metallic appearance , and possess an earthy odour . On Gram staining , the organism is a Gram - negative rod with a characteristic `` safety pin '' appearance ( bipolar staining ) . On sensitivity testing , the organism appears highly resistant ( it is innately resistant to a large number of antibiotics including colistin and gentamicin ) and that again differentiates it from B. mallei , which is in contrast , exquisitely sensitive to a large number of antibiotics . For environmental specimens only , differentiation from the nonpathogenic B. thailandensis using an arabinose test is necessary ( B. thailandensis is never isolated from clinical specimens ) . The laboratory identification of B. pseudomallei has been described in the literature . The classic textbook description of B. pseudomallei in clinical samples is of an intracellular , bipolar - staining , Gram - negative rod , but this is of little value in identifying the organism from clinical samples . Some suggest the Wayson stain is useful for this purpose , but this has been shown not to be the case . Laboratory identification of B. pseudomallei can be difficult , especially in Western countries where it is rarely seen . The large , wrinkled colonies look like environmental contaminants , so are often discarded as being of no clinical significance . Colony morphology is very variable and a single strain may display multiple colony types , so inexperienced laboratory staff may mistakenly believe the growth is not pure . The organism grows more slowly than other bacteria that may be present in clinical specimens , and in specimens from nonsterile sites , is easily overgrown . Nonsterile specimens should , therefore , be cultured in selective media ( e.g. , Ashdown 's or B. cepacia medium ) . For heavily contaminated samples , such as faeces , a modified version of Ashdown 's that includes norfloxacin , amoxicillin , and polymyxin B has been proposed . In blood culture , the BacT / ALERT MB system ( normally used for culturing mycobacteria ) by bioMérieux has been shown to have superior yields compared to conventional blood culture media . Even when the isolate is recognised to be significant , commonly used identification systems may misidentify the organism as Chromobacterium violaceum or other nonfermenting , Gram - negative bacilli such as Burkholderia cepacia or Pseudomonas aeruginosa . Again , because the disease is rarely seen in Western countries , identification of B. pseudomallei in cultures may not actually trigger alarms in physicians unfamiliar with the disease . Routine biochemical methods for identification of bacteria vary widely in their identification of this organism : the API 20NE system accurately identifies B. pseudomallei in 99 % of cases , as does the automated Vitek 1 system , but the automated Vitek 2 system only identifies 19 % of isolates . The pattern of resistance to antimicrobials is distinctive , and helps to differentiate the organism from P. aeruginosa . The majority of B. pseudomallei isolates are intrinsically resistant to all aminoglycosides ( via an efflux pump mechanism ) , but sensitive to co-amoxiclav : this pattern of resistance almost never occurs in P. aeruginosa and is helpful in identification . Unfortunately , the majority of strains in Sarawak , Borneo , are susceptible to aminoglycosides and macrolides , which means the conventional recommendations for isolation and identification do not apply there . Molecular methods ( PCR ) of diagnosis are possible , but not routinely available for clinical diagnosis . Fluorescence in situ hybridisation has also been described , but has not been clinically validated , and it is not commercially available . In Thailand , a latex agglutination assay is widely used , while a rapid immunofluorescence technique is also available in a small number of centres . Disinfection ( edit ) B. pseudomallei is susceptible to numerous disinfectants , including benzalkonium chloride , iodine , mercuric chloride , potassium permanganate , 1 % sodium hypochlorite , 70 % ethanol , 2 % glutaraldehyde , and to a lesser extent , phenolic preparations . B. pseudomallei is effectively killed by the commercial disinfectants , Perasafe and Virkon . The microorganism can also be destroyed by heating to above 74 ° C for 10 min or by ultraviolet irradiation . B. pseudomallei is not reliably disinfected by chlorine . Medical importance ( edit ) Main article : Melioidosis B. pseudomallei infection in humans is called melioidosis ; its mortality is 20 to 50 % even with treatment . Antibiotic treatment and sensitivity testing ( edit ) Main article : Melioidosis treatment The antibiotic of choice is ceftazidime . While various antibiotics are active in vitro ( e.g. , chloramphenicol , doxycycline , co-trimoxazole ) , they have been proven to be inferior in vivo for the treatment of acute melioidosis . Disc diffusion tests are unreliable when looking for co-trimoxazole resistance in B. pseudomallei ( they greatly overestimate resistance ) and Etests or agar dilution tests should be used in preference . The actions of co-trimoxazole and doxycycline are antagonistic , which suggests these two drugs ought not to be used together . The organism is intrinsically resistant to gentamicin and colistin , and this fact is helpful in the identification of the organism . Kanamycin is used to kill B. pseudomallei in the laboratory , but the concentrations used are much higher than those achievable in humans . Pathogenicity mechanisms and virulence factors ( edit ) B. pseudomallei is an opportunistic pathogen . An environmental organism , it has no requirement to pass through an animal host to replicate . From the point of view of the bacterium , human infection is a developmental `` dead end '' . Strains which cause disease in humans differ from those causing disease in other animals , by possessing certain genomic islands . It may have the ability to cause disease in humans because of DNA it has acquired from other microorganisms . Its mutation rate is also high , and the organism continues to evolve even after infecting a host . B. pseudomallei is able to invade cells ( it is an intracellular pathogen ) . It is able to polymerise actin , and to spread from cell to cell , causing cell fusion and the formation of multinucleated giant cells . It possesses a uniquely fusogenic type - 6 secretion system that is required for cell - cell spread and virulence in mammalian hosts . The bacterium also expresses a toxin called lethal factor 1 . B. pseudomallei is one of the first Proteobacteria to be identified as containing an active type - 6 secretion system . it is also the only organism identified that contains up to six different type - 6 secretion systems . B. pseudomallei is intrinsically resistant to a large number of antimicrobial agents by virtue of its efflux pump mechanism . This mediates resistance to aminoglycosides ( AmrAB - OprA ) , tetracyclines , fluoroquinolones , and macrolides ( BpeAB - OprB ) . Vaccine candidates ( edit ) No vaccine is currently available , but a number of vaccine candidates have been suggested . Aspartate - β - semialdehyde dehydrogenase ( asd ) gene deletion mutants are auxotrophic for diaminopimelate ( DAP ) in rich media and auxotrophic for DAP , lysine , methionine , and threonine in minimal media . The Δasd bacterium ( bacterium with the asd gene removed ) protects against inhalational melioidosis in mice . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Yabuuchi , E ; Kosako , Y ; Oyaizu , H ; Yano , I ; Hotta , H ; Hashimoto , Y ; Ezaki , T ; Arakawa , M ( 1992 ) . `` Proposal of Burkholderia gen . nov. and transfer of seven species of the genus Pseudomonas homology group II to the new genus , with the type species Burkholderia cepacia ( Palleroni and Holmes 1981 ) comb . nov '' . Microbiol Immunol. 36 ( 12 ) : 1251 -- 75 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1348 - 0421.1992. tb02129. x . PMID 1283774 . Jump up ^ `` Burkholderia pseudomallei '' . VirginiaTech Pathogen Database . Archived from the original on 2006 - 09 - 01 . Retrieved 2006 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ Limmathurotsakul , Direk ; Golding , Nick ; Dance , David A.B. ; Messina , Jane P. ; Pigott , David M. ; Moyes , Catherine L. ; Rolim , Dionne B. ; Bertherat , Eric ; Day , Nicholas P.J. ( 2016 - 01 - 11 ) . `` Predicted global distribution of Burkholderia pseudomallei and burden of melioidosis '' . Nature Microbiology. 1 ( 1 ) : 15008 . doi : 10.1038 / nmicrobiol. 2015.8 . ISSN 2058 - 5276 . PMC 4746747 . PMID 26877885 . Jump up ^ Lee YH , Chen Y , Ouyang X , Gan YH ( 2010 ) . `` Identification of tomato plant as a novel host model for Burkholderia pseudomallei '' . BMC Microbiol. 10 : 28 . doi : 10.1186 / 1471 - 2180 - 10 - 28 . PMC 2823722 . PMID 20109238 . Jump up ^ Haase A , Janzen J , Barrett S , Currie B ( July 1997 ) . `` Toxin production by Burkholderia pseudomallei strains and correlation with severity of melioidosis '' . Journal of Medical Microbiology. 46 ( 7 ) : 557 -- 63 . doi : 10.1099 / 00222615 - 46 - 7 - 557 . PMID 9236739 . ^ Jump up to : Peacock SJ , Chieng G , Cheng AC , et al. ( October 2005 ) . `` Comparison of Ashdown 's medium , Burkholderia cepacia medium , and Burkholderia pseudomallei selective agar for clinical isolation of Burkholderia pseudomallei '' . Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 43 ( 10 ) : 5359 -- 61 . doi : 10.1128 / JCM. 43.10. 5359 - 5361.2005 . PMC 1248505 . PMID 16208018 . Jump up ^ Chaiyaroj SC , Kotrnon K , Koonpaew S , Anantagool N , White NJ , Sirisinha S ( 1999 ) . `` Differences in genomic macrorestriction patterns of arabinose - positive ( Burkholderia thailandensis ) and arabinose - negative Burkholderia pseudomallei '' . Microbiology and immunology. 43 ( 7 ) : 625 -- 30 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1348 - 0421.1999. tb02449. x . PMID 10529102 . ^ Jump up to : Walsh AL , Wuthiekanun V ( 1996 ) . `` The laboratory diagnosis of melioidosis '' . Br J Biomed Sci. 53 ( 4 ) : 249 -- 53 . PMID 9069100 . Jump up ^ Brundage WG , Thuss CJ , Walden DC ( March 1968 ) . `` Four fatal cases of melioidosis in U.S. soldiers in Vietnam . Bacteriologic and pathologic characteristics '' . The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 17 ( 2 ) : 183 -- 91 . PMID 4869109 . Jump up ^ Sheridan EA , Ramsay AR , Short JM , Stepniewska K , Wuthiekanun V , Simpson AJ ( May 2007 ) . `` Evaluation of the Wayson stain for the rapid diagnosis of melioidosis '' . Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 45 ( 5 ) : 1669 -- 70 . doi : 10.1128 / JCM. 00396 - 07 . PMC 1865910 . PMID 17360835 . Jump up ^ Chantratita N , Wuthiekanun V , Boonbumrung K , et al. ( 2007 ) . `` Biological relevance of colony morphology and phenotypic switching by Burkholderia pseudomallei . '' . J Bacteriol. 189 ( 3 ) : 807 -- 17 . doi : 10.1128 / JB. 01258 - 06 . PMC 1797308 . PMID 17114252 . Jump up ^ Pumpuang A , Chantratita N , Wikraiphat C , et al. ( 2011 ) . `` Survival of Burkholderia pseudomallei in distilled water for 16 years '' . Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 105 ( 10 -- 2 ) : 598 -- 600 . doi : 10.1016 / j. trstmh. 2011.06. 004 . PMC 3183224 . PMID 21764093 . Jump up ^ Ashdown LR ( 1979 ) . `` An improved screening technique for isolation of Pseudomonas pseudomallei from clinical specimens '' . Pathology. 11 ( 2 ) : 293 -- 7 . doi : 10.3109 / 00313027909061954 . PMID 460953 . Jump up ^ Roesnita B ; Tay ST ; Puthucheary SD ; Sam IC. ( 2012 ) . `` Diagnostic use of Burkholderia pseudomallei selective media in a low prevalence setting '' . Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 106 ( 2 ) : 131 -- 3 . doi : 10.1016 / j. trstmh. 2011.10. 007 . PMID 22112687 . Jump up ^ Goodyear A , Strange L , Rholl DA , et al. ( 2013 ) . `` An improved selective culture medium enhances the isolation of Burkholderia pseudomallei from contaminated specimens '' . Am J Trop Med Hyg. 89 ( 5 ) : 973 -- 82 . doi : 10.4269 / ajtmh. 13 - 0119 . PMC 3820346 . PMID 24062483 . Jump up ^ Jorakate P , Higdon M , Kaewpan A , et al. ( 2015 ) . `` Contribution of the BacT / ALERT MB Mycobacteria Bottle to bloodstream infection surveillance in Thailand : added yield for Burkholderia pseudomallei . '' . J Clin Microbiol. 53 ( 3 ) : 910 -- 4 . doi : 10.1128 / JCM. 02008 - 14 . PMC 4390673 . PMID 25588650 . Jump up ^ Inglis TJ , Chiang D , Lee GS , Chor - Kiang L ( February 1998 ) . `` Potential misidentification of Burkholderia pseudomallei by API 20NE '' . Pathology. 30 ( 1 ) : 62 -- 4 . doi : 10.1080 / 00313029800169685 . PMID 9534210 . ^ Jump up to : Lowe P , Engler C , Norton R ( December 2002 ) . `` Comparison of automated and nonautomated systems for identification of Burkholderia pseudomallei '' . Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 40 ( 12 ) : 4625 -- 7 . doi : 10.1128 / JCM. 40.12. 4625 - 4627.2002 . PMC 154629 . PMID 12454163 . Jump up ^ Kite - Powell A , Livengood JR , Suarez J , et al. ( 2006 ) . `` Imported Melioidosis -- South Florida , 2005 '' . Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 55 ( 32 ) : 873 -- 6 . PMID 16915220 . ^ Jump up to : Amornchai P , Chierakul W , Wuthiekanun V , et al. ( November 2007 ) . `` Accuracy of Burkholderia pseudomallei identification using the API 20NE system and a latex agglutination test '' . Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 45 ( 11 ) : 3774 -- 6 . doi : 10.1128 / JCM. 00935 - 07 . PMC 2168515 . PMID 17804660 . Jump up ^ Moore RA , DeShazer D , Reckseidler S , Weissman A , Woods DE ( March 1999 ) . `` Efflux - mediated aminoglycoside and macrolide resistance in Burkholderia pseudomallei '' . Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 43 ( 3 ) : 465 -- 70 . PMC 89145 . PMID 10049252 . ^ Jump up to : Wuthiekanun V , Peacock SJ ( June 2006 ) . `` Management of melioidosis '' . Expert review of anti-infective therapy . 4 ( 3 ) : 445 -- 55 . doi : 10.1586 / 14787210.4. 3.445 . PMID 16771621 . Jump up ^ Hodgson K , Engler C , Govan B , et al. ( 2009 ) . `` A comparison of routine bench and molecular diagnostic methods in the identification of Burkholderia pseudomallei '' . J Clin Microbiol. 47 ( 5 ) : 1578 -- 80 . doi : 10.1128 / JCM. 02507 - 08 . PMC 2681847 . PMID 19279182 . Jump up ^ Podin Y , Sarovich DS , Price EP , Kaestli M , Mayo M , Hii K , et al. ( 2013 ) . `` Burkholderia pseudomallei from Sarawak , Malaysian Borneo are predominantly susceptible to aminoglycosides and macrolides '' . Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 58 ( 1 ) : 162 -- 6 . doi : 10.1128 / AAC. 01842 - 13 . PMC 3910780 . PMID 24145517 . Jump up ^ Ruppitsch W , Stöger A , Indra A , et al. ( March 2007 ) . `` Suitability of partial 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequence analysis for the identification of dangerous bacterial pathogens '' . Journal of applied microbiology. 102 ( 3 ) : 852 -- 9 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2672.2006. 03107. x . PMID 17309636 . Jump up ^ Wattiau P , Van Hessche M , Neubauer H , Zachariah R , Wernery U , Imberechts H ( March 2007 ) . `` Identification of Burkholderia pseudomallei and related bacteria by multiple - locus sequence typing - derived PCR and real - time PCR '' . Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 45 ( 3 ) : 1045 -- 8 . doi : 10.1128 / JCM. 02350 - 06 . PMC 1829090 . PMID 17251403 . Jump up ^ Hagen RM , Frickmann H , Elschner M , et al. ( 2011 ) . `` Rapid identification of Burkholderia pseudomallei and Burkholderia mallei by fluorescence in situ hybridization ( FISH ) from culture and paraffin - embedded tissue samples '' . Int J Med Microbiol. 301 ( 7 ) : 585 -- 90 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ijmm. 2011.04. 017 . PMID 21658996 . Jump up ^ Wuthiekanun V , Desakorn V , Wongsuvan G , et al. ( April 2005 ) . `` Rapid immunofluorescence microscopy for diagnosis of melioidosis '' . Clinical and diagnostic laboratory immunology. 12 ( 4 ) : 555 -- 6 . doi : 10.1128 / CDLI. 12.4. 555 - 556.2005 . PMC 1074392 . PMID 15817767 . Jump up ^ Miller , WR ; Pannell , L ; Cravitz , L ; Tanner , WA ; Ingalls , MS ( 1948 ) . `` Studies on certain biological characteristics of Malleomyces mallei and Malleomyces pseudomallei : I. Morphology , cultivation , viability , and isolation from contaminated specimens '' . J Bacteriol. 55 ( 1 ) : 115 -- 126 . PMC 518415 . PMID 16561426 . Jump up ^ Wuthiekanun V , Wongsuwan G , Pangmee S , Teerawattanasook N , Day NP , Peacock SJ ( 2010 ) . `` Perasafe , Virkon and bleach are bactericidal for Burkholderia pseudomallei , a select agent and the cause of melioidosis '' . J Hosp Infect. 77 ( 2 ) : 183 -- 4 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jhin. 2010.06. 026 . PMC 3036794 . PMID 20832143 . Jump up ^ Rose , L.J. ; O'Connell , H. ( 2009 - 05 - 01 ) . `` UV Light Inactivation of Bacterial Biothreat Agents '' . Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 75 ( 9 ) : 2987 -- 2990 . doi : 10.1128 / AEM. 02180 - 08 . ISSN 0099 - 2240 . PMC 2681683 . PMID 19270145 . Jump up ^ Howard K , Inglis TJ ( 2003 ) . `` The effect of free chlorine on Burkholderia pseudomallei in potable water '' . Water Res. 37 ( 18 ) : 4425 -- 32 . doi : 10.1016 / S0043 - 1354 ( 03 ) 00440 - 8 . PMID 14511713 . Jump up ^ Howard K , Inglis TJ ( 2005 ) . `` Disinfection of Burkholderia pseudomallei in potable water '' . Water Res. 39 ( 6 ) : 1085 -- 92 . doi : 10.1016 / j. watres. 2004.12. 028 . PMID 15766962 . Jump up ^ White NJ , Dance DA , Chaowagul W , Wattanagoon Y , Wuthiekanun V , Pitakwatchara N ( September 1989 ) . `` Halving of mortality of severe melioidosis by ceftazidime '' . Lancet . 2 ( 8665 ) : 697 -- 701 . doi : 10.1016 / S0140 - 6736 ( 89 ) 90768 - X . PMID 2570956 . Jump up ^ Lumbiganon P , Tattawasatra U , Chetchotisakd P , et al. ( 2000 ) . `` Comparison between the antimicrobial susceptibility of Burkholderia pseudomallei to trimethoprim - sulfamethoxazole by standard disk diffusion method and by minimal inhibitory concentration determination '' . J Med Assoc Thai . 83 ( 8 ) : 856 -- 60 . PMID 10998837 . Jump up ^ Wuthiekanun V , Cheng AC , Chierakul W , et al. ( 2005 ) . `` Trimethoprim / sulfamethoxazole resistance in clinical isolates of Burkholderia pseudomallei '' . J Antimicrob Chemother. 55 ( 6 ) : 1029 -- 31 . doi : 10.1093 / jac / dki151 . PMID 15886263 . Jump up ^ Saraya S , Soontornpas C , Chindavijak B , Mootsikapun P ( 2009 ) . `` In vitro interactions between cotrimoxazole and doxycycline in Burkholderia pseudomallei : how important is this combination in maintenance therapy of melioidosis ? '' . Indian J Med Microbiol. 27 ( 1 ) : 88 -- 9 . PMID 19172079 . Jump up ^ Trunck LA ; Propst , KL ; Wuthiekanun , V ; Tuanyok , A ; Beckstrom - Sternberg , SM ; Beckstrom - Sternberg , JS ; Peacock , SJ ; Keim , P ; et al. ( 2009 ) . Picardeau , Mathieu , ed . `` Molecular basis of rare aminoglycoside susceptibility and pathogenesis of Burkholderia pseudomallei clinical isolates from Thailand '' . PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 3 ( 9 ) : e519 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pntd. 0000519 . PMC 2737630 . PMID 19771149 . Jump up ^ Ashdown , LR ( 1979 ) . `` Identification of Pseudomonas pseudomallei in the clinical laboratory '' . J Clin Pathol. 32 ( 5 ) : 500 -- 4 . doi : 10.1136 / jcp. 32.5. 500 . PMC 1145715 . PMID 381328 . Jump up ^ Kespichayawattana W , Intachote P , Utaisincharoen P , Stitaya Sirisinha S ( 2004 ) . `` Virulent Burkholderia pseudomallei is more efficient than avirulent Burkholderia thailandensis in invasion of and adherence to cultured human epithelial cells '' . Microbial Pathogenesis. 36 ( 5 ) : 287 -- 9 . doi : 10.1016 / j. micpath. 2004.01. 001 . PMID 15043863 . Jump up ^ Nandi T , Ong C , Singh AP , Boddey J , Atkins T , Sarkar - Tyson M , Essex - Lopresti AE , Chua HH , Pearson T , Kreisberg JF , Nilsson C , Ariyaratne P , Ronning C , Losada L , Ruan Y , Sung WK , Woods D , Titball RW , Beacham I , Peak I , Keim P , Nierman WC , Tan P ( 2010 ) . Guttman DS , ed . `` A genomic survey of positive selection in Burkholderia pseudomallei provides insights into the evolution of accidental virulence '' . PLoS Pathog. 6 ( 4 ) : e1000845 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. ppat. 1000845 . PMC 2848565 . PMID 20368977 . ^ Jump up to : Sim SH , Yu Y , Lin CH , et al. ( October 2008 ) . Achtman M , ed . `` The core and accessory genomes of Burkholderia pseudomallei : implications for human melioidosis '' . PLoS Pathog. 4 ( 10 ) : e1000178 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. ppat. 1000178 . PMC 2564834 . PMID 18927621 . Jump up ^ Price EP , Hornstra HM , Limmathurotsakul D , et al. ( 2010 ) . Guttman DS , ed . `` Within - host evolution of Burkholderia pseudomallei in four cases of acute melioidosis '' . PLoS Pathog. 6 ( 1 ) : e1000725 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. ppat. 1000725 . PMC 2799673 . PMID 20090837 . Jump up ^ Wiersinga WJ , van der Poll T , White NJ , Day NP , Peacock SJ ( 2006 ) . `` Melioidosis : insights into the pathogenicity of Burkholderia pseudomallei '' . Nature Reviews Microbiology. 4 ( 4 ) : 272 -- 82 . doi : 10.1038 / nrmicro1385 . PMID 16541135 . Jump up ^ Kespichayawattana W , Rattanachetkul S , Wanun T , et al. ( 2000 ) . `` Burkholderia pseudomallei induces cell fusion and actin - associated membrane protrusion : a possible mechanism for cell - to - cell spreading '' . Infect . Immun. 68 ( 9 ) : 5377 -- 84 . doi : 10.1128 / IAI. 68.9. 5377 - 5384.2000 . PMC 101801 . PMID 10948167 . Jump up ^ Toesca , Isabelle J. ; French , Christopher T. ; Miller , Jeff F. ( 2014 - 04 - 01 ) . `` The Type VI secretion system spike protein VgrG5 mediates membrane fusion during intercellular spread by pseudomallei group Burkholderia species '' . Infection and Immunity. 82 ( 4 ) : 1436 -- 1444 . doi : 10.1128 / IAI. 01367 - 13 . ISSN 1098 - 5522 . PMC 3993413 . PMID 24421040 . Jump up ^ Cruz - Migoni A , Hautbergue GM , Artymiuk PJ , et al. ( 2011 ) . `` A Burkholderia pseudomallei toxin inhibits helicase activity of translation factor eIF4A '' . Science . 334 ( 6057 ) : 821 -- 4 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1211915 . PMC 3364511 . PMID 22076380 . Jump up ^ Shalom G , Shaw JG , Thomas MS ( August 2007 ) . `` In vivo expression technology identifies a type VI secretion system locus in Burkholderia pseudomallei that is induced upon invasion of macrophages '' . Microbiology. 153 ( Pt 8 ) : 2689 -- 99 . doi : 10.1099 / mic. 0.2007 / 006585 - 0 . PMID 17660433 . Jump up ^ Mima T , Schweizer HP ( 2010 ) . `` The BpeAB - OprB efflux pump of Burkholderia pseudomallei 1026b does not play a role in quorum sensing , virulence factor production , or extrusion of aminoglycosides , but is a broad - spectrum drug efflux system '' . Antimicrob . Agents Chemother. 54 ( 8 ) : 3113 -- 20 . doi : 10.1128 / AAC. 01803 - 09 . PMC 2916348 . PMID 20498323 . Jump up ^ Norris MH , Kang Y , Lu D , Wilcox BA , Hoang TT ( 2009 ) . `` Glyphosate resistance as a novel select - agent - compliant , non-antibiotic - selectable marker in chromosomal mutagenesis of the essential genes asd and dapB of Burkholderia pseudomallei . '' . Appl Environ Microbiol. 75 ( 19 ) : 6062 -- 75 . doi : 10.1128 / AEM. 00820 - 09 . PMC 2753064 . PMID 19648360 . Jump up ^ Norris MH , Propst KL , Kang Y , et al. ( 2011 ) . `` The Burkholderia pseudomallei Δasd mutant exhibits attenuated intracellular infectivity and imparts protection against acute inhalation melioidosis in mice '' . Infect Immun. 79 ( 10 ) : 4010 -- 8 . doi : 10.1128 / IAI. 05044 - 11 . PMC 3187240 . PMID 21807903 . External links ( edit ) `` Burkholderia pseudomallei genomes and related information '' . PATRIC . NIAID . `` Getting a Grip on the Great Mimicker : Secrets of a Stealth Organism '' . Wellcome Trust . Pathema Burkholderia resource `` Burkholderia pseudomallei '' . NCBI Taxonomy Browser. 28450 . Infectious diseases Bacterial disease : Proteobacterial G − primarily A00 -- A79 , 001 -- 041 , 080 -- 109 α Rickettsiales Rickettsiaceae / ( Rickettsioses ) Typhus Rickettsia typhi Murine typhus Rickettsia prowazekii Epidemic typhus , Brill -- Zinsser disease , Flying squirrel typhus Spotted fever Tick - borne Rickettsia rickettsii Rocky Mountain spotted fever Rickettsia conorii Boutonneuse fever Rickettsia japonica Japanese spotted fever Rickettsia sibirica North Asian tick typhus Rickettsia australis Queensland tick typhus Rickettsia honei Flinders Island spotted fever Rickettsia africae African tick bite fever Rickettsia parkeri American tick bite fever Rickettsia aeschlimannii Rickettsia aeschlimannii infection Mite - borne Rickettsia akari Rickettsialpox Orientia tsutsugamushi Scrub typhus Flea - borne Rickettsia felis Flea - borne spotted fever Anaplasmataceae Ehrlichiosis : Anaplasma phagocytophilum Human granulocytic anaplasmosis , Anaplasmosis Ehrlichia chaffeensis Human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis Ehrlichia ewingii Ehrlichiosis ewingii infection Rhizobiales Brucellaceae Brucella abortus Brucellosis Bartonellaceae Bartonellosis : Bartonella henselae Cat - scratch disease Bartonella quintana Trench fever Either B. henselae or B. quintana Bacillary angiomatosis Bartonella bacilliformis Carrion 's disease , Verruga peruana β Neisseriales M+ Neisseria meningitidis / meningococcus Meningococcal disease , Waterhouse -- Friderichsen syndrome , Meningococcal septicaemia M − Neisseria gonorrhoeae / gonococcus Gonorrhea ungrouped : Eikenella corrodens / Kingella kingae HACEK Chromobacterium violaceum Chromobacteriosis infection Burkholderiales Burkholderia pseudomallei Melioidosis Burkholderia mallei Glanders Burkholderia cepacia complex Bordetella pertussis / Bordetella parapertussis Pertussis γ Enterobacteriales ( OX − ) Lac+ Klebsiella pneumoniae Rhinoscleroma , Klebsiella pneumonia Klebsiella granulomatis Granuloma inguinale Klebsiella oxytoca Escherichia coli : Enterotoxigenic Enteroinvasive Enterohemorrhagic O157 : H7 O104 : H4 Hemolytic - uremic syndrome Enterobacter aerogenes / Enterobacter cloacae Slow / weak Serratia marcescens Serratia infection Citrobacter koseri / Citrobacter freundii Lac − H2S+ Salmonella enterica Typhoid fever , Paratyphoid fever , Salmonellosis H2S − Shigella dysenteriae / sonnei / flexneri / boydii Shigellosis , Bacillary dysentery Proteus mirabilis / Proteus vulgaris Yersinia pestis Plague / Bubonic plague Yersinia enterocolitica Yersiniosis Yersinia pseudotuberculosis Far East scarlet - like fever Pasteurellales Haemophilus : H. influenzae Haemophilus meningitis Brazilian purpuric fever H. ducreyi Chancroid H. parainfluenzae HACEK Pasteurella multocida Pasteurellosis Actinobacillus Actinobacillosis Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans HACEK Legionellales Legionella pneumophila / Legionella longbeachae Legionnaires ' disease Coxiella burnetii Q fever Thiotrichales Francisella tularensis Tularemia Vibrionaceae Vibrio cholerae Cholera Vibrio vulnificus Vibrio parahaemolyticus Vibrio alginolyticus Plesiomonas shigelloides Pseudomonadales Pseudomonas aeruginosa Pseudomonas infection Moraxella catarrhalis Acinetobacter baumannii Xanthomonadaceae Stenotrophomonas maltophilia Cardiobacteriaceae Cardiobacterium hominis HACEK Aeromonadales Aeromonas hydrophila / Aeromonas veronii Aeromonas infection ε Campylobacterales Campylobacter jejuni Campylobacteriosis , Guillain -- Barré syndrome Helicobacter pylori Peptic ulcer , MALT lymphoma , Gastric cancer Helicobacter cinaedi Helicobacter cellulitis Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Burkholderia_pseudomallei&oldid=812043808 '' Categories : Burkholderiales Bacteria described in 1993 Hidden categories : Articles with ' species ' microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikispecies Deutsch Français Galego Italiano Кыргызча Latviešu Русский Svenska Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 November 2017 , at 17 : 08 . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkholderia%20pseudomallei
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why did zeus turned io into a cow
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Io was a priestess of the Goddess Hera in Argos , whose cult her father Inachus was supposed to have introduced to Argos . Zeus noticed Io , a mortal woman , and lusted after her . In the version of the myth told in Prometheus Bound she initially rejected Zeus ' advances , until her father threw her out of his house on the advice of oracles . According to some stories , Zeus then turned Io into a heifer in order to hide her from his wife ; others maintain that Hera herself transformed Io .
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in order to hide her from his wife
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Io ( mythology )
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io ( mythology )
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Io ( / ˈaɪ. oʊ / ; Ancient Greek : Ἰώ ( iːɔ̌ː ) ) was , in Greek mythology , one of the mortal lovers of Zeus . She was an ancestor of many kings and heroes such as Perseus , Cadmus , Heracles , Minos , Lynceus , Cepheus , and Danaus . The astronomer Simon Marius named a moon of Jupiter after Io in 1614 .
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Contents ( hide ) 1 Legend 2 In popular culture 3 Gallery 4 Notes 5 External links Legend ( edit ) Pieter Lastman Juno Discovering Jupiter with Io In most versions of the legend , Io was the daughter of Inachus , though various other purported genealogies are also known . According to some sources her mother was the nymph Melia , daughter of Oceanus . The 2nd century AD geographer Pausanias also suggests that she is the daughter of Inachus and retells the story of Zeus falling in love with Io , the legendary wrath of Hera , and the metamorphosis by which Io becomes a beautiful white heifer . At another instant several generations later , Pausanias recounts another Io , descendant of Phoroneus , daughter of Iasus , who himself was the son of Argus and Ismene , the daughter of Asopus , or of Triopas and Sosis ; Io 's mother in the latter case was Leucane . Io 's father was called Peiren in the Catalogue of Women , and by Acusilaus , possibly a son of the elder Argus , also known as Peiras , Peiranthus or Peirasus . Io may therefore be identical to Callithyia , daughter of Peiranthus , as is suggested by Hesychius of Alexandria . Io was a priestess of the Goddess Hera in Argos , whose cult her father Inachus was supposed to have introduced to Argos . Zeus noticed Io , a mortal woman , and lusted after her . In the version of the myth told in Prometheus Bound she initially rejected Zeus ' advances , until her father threw her out of his house on the advice of oracles . According to some stories , Zeus then turned Io into a heifer in order to hide her from his wife ; others maintain that Hera herself transformed Io . In the version of the story in which Zeus transformed Io , the deception failed , and Hera begged Zeus to give her the heifer as a present , which , having no reason to refuse , he did . Hera then sent Argus Panoptes , who had 100 eyes , to watch Io and prevent Zeus from visiting her , and so Zeus sent Hermes to distract and eventually slay Argus . According to Ovid , he did so by first lulling him to sleep by playing the panpipes and telling stories . Zeus freed Io , still in the form of a heifer . In order to exact her revenge , Hera sent a gadfly to sting Io continuously , driving her to wander the world without rest . Io eventually crossed the path between the Propontis and the Black Sea , which thus acquired the name Bosporus ( meaning ox passage ) , where she met Prometheus , who had been chained on Mt . Caucasus by Zeus . Prometheus comforted Io with the information that she would be restored to human form and become the ancestress of the greatest of all heroes , Heracles ( Hercules ) . Io escaped across the Ionian Sea to Egypt , where she was restored to human form by Zeus . There , she gave birth to Zeus 's son Epaphus , and a daughter as well , Keroessa . She later married Egyptian king Telegonus . Their grandson , Danaos , eventually returned to Greece with his fifty daughters ( the Danaids ) , as recalled in Aeschylus ' play The Suppliants . Paris Bordone - Zeus and Io - Kunstmuseum , Göteborg The myth of Io must have been well known to Homer , who often calls Hermes Argeiphontes , meaning `` Argus - slayer . '' Walter Burkert notes that the story of Io was told in the ancient epic tradition at least four times of which we have traces : in the Danais , in the Phoronis -- Phoroneus founded the cult of Hera , according to Hyginus ' Fabulae 274 and 143 -- in a fragment of the Hesiodic Aigimios , as well as in similarly fragmentary Hesiodic Catalogue of Women . A mourning commemoration of Io was observed at the Heraion of Argos into classical times . The ancients connected Io with the Moon , and in Aeschylus ' Prometheus Bound , where Io encounters Prometheus , she refers to herself as `` the horned virgin '' , both bovine and lunar . Argive genealogy in Greek mythology Inachus Melia Zeus Io Phoroneus Epaphus Memphis Libya Poseidon Belus Achiroë Agenor Telephassa Danaus Pieria Aegyptus Cadmus Cilix Europa Phoenix Mantineus Hypermnestra Lynceus Harmonia Zeus Polydorus Sparta Lacedaemon Ocalea Abas Agave Sarpedon Rhadamanthus Autonoë Eurydice Acrisius Ino Minos Zeus Danaë Semele Zeus Perseus Dionysus Colour key : Male Female Deity In popular culture ( edit ) This article appears to contain trivial , minor , or unrelated references to popular culture . Please reorganize this content to explain the subject 's impact on popular culture rather than simply listing appearances ; add references to reliable sources if possible . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2017 ) In the 2010 film Clash of the Titans , Io was portrayed by British actress Gemma Arterton . The character was a major deviation from Greek mythology : instead of being Zeus ' lover , she was portrayed as a guide and later the lover of Perseus . She was cursed with agelessness for refusing a god 's romantic advances . Australian writer Ursula Dubosarsky 's play The Girl Who Was Turned Into A Cow , first published in the NSW School Magazine , is based on the myth of Io . In the video game Persona 3 , Io is the starting persona of Yukari Takeba . Gallery ( edit ) Io Recognised by Her Father by Victor Honoré Janssens ( second half of 17th century ) Io wearing bovine horns watched over by Argos on Hera 's orders ( 1st century AD ) at Naples National Archaeological Museum , Naples , Italy Hera and Io by Nicolaes Pietersz . Berchem the Younger ( circa 1669 ) Jupiter and Io by John Hoppner ( 1785 ) at Denver Art Museum From Neueröffneter Musen - Tempel by Bernard Picart , ( 1733 ) from University of Heidelberg Juno ( Hera ) commits Io to Argus Panoptes by Francesco de Mura ( 1740 -- 1750 ) at Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art of Trento and Rovereto , Italy Jupiter , Juno and Io by Giovanni Ambrogio Figino ( 1599 ) at Pinacoteca Malaspina Parent institution Musei Civici , Pavia Jupiter and Io , espied by Juno by Andrea Sacchi and Pier Francesco Mola ( 1600 - 1699 ) at Kedleston Hall , Derbyshire ( Accredited Museum ) Juno , Jupiter and Io by Gerbrand van den Eeckhout Jupiter , Juno and Io by Arnold Houbraken Jupiter and Io by Jacob Pynas at The Fitzwilliam Museum , UK Io et Jupiter by Antonio da Correggio at Musée Ingres , Montauban Jupiter and Io by Hendrik Goltzius ( 1589 ) at Los Angeles County Museum of Art , Los Angeles Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Aeschylus , Prometheus Bound , 590 ^ Jump up to : Apollodorus , Bibliotheca , 2.1. 3 Jump up ^ Herodotus , Histories , 1.1 Jump up ^ Ovid , Metamorphoses , 1.583 ^ Jump up to : Hammond , edited by N.G.L. ; Scullard , H.H. ( 1970 ) . The Oxford Classical Dictionary ( 2d ed . ) . Oxford ( Eng . ) : Clarendon Press . p. 549 . ISBN 0198691173 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Apollodorus , Bibliotheca , 2.1. 1 Jump up ^ Pausanias , Description of Greece , 1.25. 1 Jump up ^ Pausanias , Description of Greece , 2.16. 1 Jump up ^ Scholia on Euripides ' Orestes , 932 Jump up ^ Catalogue of Women . fr. 124 Jump up ^ Acusilaus , fr. 12 Jump up ^ M.L. West , The Hesiodic Catalogue of Women : Its Nature , Structure , and Origins ( Oxford , 1985 ) 77 Jump up ^ Pausanias , Description of Greece , 2.1. 3 Jump up ^ Hyginus , Fabulae , 124 . Jump up ^ Hesychius of Alexandria s.v. Ὶὼ Καλλιθύεσσα Jump up ^ Apollodorus , Bibliotheca , 2.1. 3 ^ Jump up to : Howatson , M.C.L. ; Chivers , I. ( 1993 ) . The Oxford Concise Companion to Classical Literature . Oxford ( Eng . ) : Clarendon Press . pp. 288 -- 9 . ISBN 0192827081 . Jump up ^ Aeschylus , Suppliant Women , 291 Jump up ^ Ovid , Metamorphoses , I. 650 - 730 Jump up ^ Burkert , Homo Necans ( 1974 ) 1983 : 164 note 14 , giving bibliography . Jump up ^ Eustathius of Thessalonica commentary on Dionysius Periegetes , 92 ; the Byzantine encyclopedia Suda s.v. `` Io '' , Hesychius , s.v. `` Io '' . Jump up ^ https://www.amazon.com/Io-Turned-Children-Metamorphoses-ebook/dp/B00AAQHNZY/ref=sr_1_2?s=digital-text&ie=UTF8&qid=1356852185&sr=1-2&keywords=dubosarsky External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Io ( mythology ) . Wikisource has the text of The New Student 's Reference Work article Io . Theoi.com : Io : naiad nymph of Argolis and Egypt Assembles the essential references in Greek and Latin literature , in translation . Io engravings by Goltzius from the De Verda collection Warburg Institute Iconographic Database ( ca 250 images of Io and Argus ) GND : 124359906 VIAF : 35387480 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Io_(mythology)&oldid=841398276 '' Categories : Egypt in Greek mythology Metamorphoses in Greek mythology Greek mythological priestesses Mortal women of Zeus Mythological bovines Children of Inachus Mythological Greek characters Metamorphoses into animals in Greek mythology Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Articles with trivia sections from August 2017 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Alemannisch Беларуская Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 40 more Edit links This page was last edited on 15 May 2018 , at 16 : 13 . 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how to calculate percentage of marks of 10th class kerala state board
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Kerala state education Board
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kerala state education board
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The State Council Educational Research and Training ( SCERT ) , Kerala is a board of school education in India , conducted by the Government of the state of Kerala , India . The board prepares the syllabus for schools affiliated with it . Their main academic focus is on medical care , engineering and telemarketing . Kerala is the first state in India to achieve 100 % literacy rate .
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The whole schooling structure is divided into kindergarten ( Lkg and UKG ) , LP ( lower primary , classes / standard 1 -- 4 ) , UP ( upper primary , classes / standard 5 -- 7 ) , ( H.S ) High School ( classes / standard 8 -- 10 ) and Higher Secondary ( + 1 equals 11th class / standard and + 2 equals 12th class / standard ) . Usually the whole system of KG , LP , UP and HS are collectively referred as High School . Students completing this complete course ( 12 years including KGs , which is optional * and otherwise 10 years of education ) will be awarded with School Leaving Certificate abbreviated as SSLC . Based on the results in SSLC students are enrolled into Higher Secondary Education ( HSE ) which was previously known as pre-degree and was conducted in colleges . Now HSE is integrated to the school system and most educational institution now offer classes from LKG to + 2 . Higher secondary offers a wide range of subjects according to the candidate 's preference. After completing + 2 students were awarded with HSE certificate which is indeed a passport to degree and similar courses . Kerala Secondary Education Examination Board -- KSEB 10th class examinations were successfully laid down as per the scheduled time table . Approximately 5 lakh students have participated for academic examinations of 10th class / SSLC ( Secondary School Leaving Certificate ) Examinations 2016 in the state of Kerala . The Examinations were conducted at various affiliated schools of KSEB Board. The students have prepared well for the examinations and given their best to score high marks in the board examinations of SSLC . All the students are now anxiously searching on the internet to know the Kerala 10th Class Results Date 2016 . As per the latest updates from Kerala News channels and news papers the Kerala SSLC class results are to be announced shortly . The KSEB Board continually announces the 10th class results in the month of May . According to information we got , the Kerala Board is going to announce the results in 3rd week of May ( Tentatively ) . Thus students wait for couple of more days to know the definite date . When the board reveals the official results date we will be intimating the most recent updates here . Students can check the result , marks and grade from the official portal of UP Board , www.keralaresults.nic.in . The KSEB Board is going to display the marks scored in each subject , grade obtained by the candidates can other information . 95.98 % students passed the 2017 SSLC Examination . Prof. C Raveendranath ( Minister of Education - Kerala ) Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Present Situation 2 References 3 External links History ( edit ) The importance and antiquity of education in Kerala is underscored by the state 's ranking as among the most literate in the country . The local dynastic precursors of modern - day Kerala made significant contributions to the progress on education in Kerala . There were many sabha mathams that imparted Vedic knowledge . Apart from kalaris , which taught martial arts , there were village schools run by Ezhuthachans or Asans . The history of western education in Kerala can be traced to Christian missionaries who set up a number of schools and colleges . These institutions played significant roles in shaping the course of education in Kerala . Kerala 's achievements in social development and quality of life are , no doubt , inspiring and encouraging . The state has achieved a human development index comparable to the developed countries of the World . Prof. Amartya Sen has attributed these achievements largely to the priority which the state has accorded to high literacy among all Indian states and education for a long time . The society attaches so much importance to education that the school in Kerala is really the nucleus of the social microcosm . Better education kindles the aspirations of the people and the main concern is on how to improve the quality of education . www.education.kerala.gov.in is the official website of the General Education Department of Government of Kerala . The department administers school education from pre-primary level to the secondary level and also teacher training . A discussion about Kerala education scenario brings forth the question , about the growth and development of the education profile of Kerala . Modern Education in Kerala started several decades back with the declaration of the Maharaja of Travancore in 1844 that ' those trained in English School would be given preference in Public Services ' . Raja 's Free School was established by Government in 1834 to provide English Education . In the erstwhile Cochin State 33 Vernacular schools were established in 1818 . The English education taken care by Rev. Dawson , he opened English school at Mattancherry in 1818 . Later more number of English Schools opened at Thrissur , Thrippunithura and Ernakulam . In 1868 , the first batch was presented for the Matriculation examination . The local dynastic precursors of modern - day Kerala sponsored sabha mathams that imparted Vedic knowledge . Apart from kalaris , which taught martial arts , there were village schools run by Ezhuthachans or Asans . Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics . The Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics was a school of mathematics and astronomy founded by Madhava of Sangamagrama in Kerala , South India , which included among its members : Parameshvara , Neelakanta Somayaji , Jyeshtadeva , Achyuta Pisharati , Melpathur Narayana Bhattathiri and Achyuta Panikkar . The school flourished between the 14th and 16th centuries and the original discoveries of the school seems to have ended with Narayana Bhattathiri ( 1559 - 1632 ) . In attempting to solve astronomical problems , the Kerala school independently created a number of important mathematics concepts . Their most important results - series expansion for trigonometric functions - were described in Sanskrit verse in a book by Neelakanta called Tantrasangraha , and again in a commentary on this work , called Tantrasangraha - vakhya , of unknown authorship . The theorems were stated without proof , but proofs for the series for sine , cosine , and inverse tangent were provided a century later in the work Yuktibhasa ( c. 1500 - c. 1610 ) , written in Malayalam , by Jyesthadeva , and also in a commentary on Tantrasangraha . Their work , completed two centuries before the invention of calculus in Europe , provided what is now considered the first example of a power series ( apart from geometric series ) . However , they did not formulate a systematic theory of differentiation and integration , nor is there any direct evidence of their results being transmitted outside Kerala The history of western - style education in Kerala can be traced to the establishment of numerous schools and colleges by Christian missionaries . Present situation ( edit ) Schools and colleges are now largely run by the government , private trusts , or individuals . Each school is affiliated with either the Indian Certificate of Secondary Education ( ICSE ) , the Central Board for Secondary Education ( CBSE ) , or the Kerala State Education Board . English is the language of instruction in most private schools , while government run schools offer English or Malayalam as the medium of instruction . After 10 years of secondary schooling , students typically enroll at Higher Secondary School in one of the three streams - liberal arts , commerce or science . Upon completing the required coursework , students can enroll in general or professional degree programmes . Kerala topped the Education Development Index ( EDI ) among 21 major states in India in year 2006 - 2007 . EDI is calculated using indicators such as access , infrastructure , teachers and outcome . Thirunanthapuram , one of the state 's major academic hubs , hosts the University of Kerala and several professional education colleges , including 15 engineering colleges , three medical colleges , three Ayurveda colleges , two colleges of homeopathy , six other medical colleges , and several law colleges . Trivandrum Medical College , Kerala ' s premier health institute , one of the finest in the country , is being upgraded to the status of an All India Institute of Medical Sciences ( AIIMS ) . The College of Engineering , Trivandrum is one of the prominent engineering institutions in the state . The Asian School of Business and IIITM - K are two of the other premier management study institutions in the city , both situated inside Technopark . The Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology , first of its kind in India , is situated in the state capital . Kochi is another major educational hub . The Cochin University of Science and Technology ( also known as `` Cochin University '' ) is situated in the suburb of the city . Most of the city 's colleges offering tertiary education are affiliated to the Mahatma Gandhi University . Other national educational institutes in Kochi include the Central Institute of Fisheries Nautical and Engineering Training , the National University of Advanced Legal Studies , the National Institute of Oceanography , Central Institute of Fisheries Technology and the Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute. The only College of Fisheries in the State is situated at Panangad , a suburban area of the City . The College comes under the Kerala Agricultural University . The district of Thrissur holds some premier institutions in Kerala . Kerala Agricultural University is situated in this city . Thrissur Medical College , The Government Engineering College , Govt . Law College , Ayurveda College , Govt. Fine Arts College , College of Co-operation & Banking and Management , College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences , College of Horticulture , College of Forestry etc. are situated in Thrissur . Thrissur is also a main center of coaching for the entrance examinations for engineering and medicine . Kottayam also acts as a main educational hub . According to the 1991 census , Kottayam District of Kerala is the first district to achieve full literacy rate in the whole of India . Mahatma Gandhi University , CMS College ( the first institution to start English education in Southern India ) , Medical College , Kottayam , and the Labour India Educational Research Center are some of the important educational institutions in the district . Kozhikode is home to two of the premier educational institutions in the country ; the IIMK , one of the seven Indian Institutes of Management. , and the premier National Institute of Technology Calicut , the NITC . Calicut Medical College , the second medical college in Kerala is affiliated to the University of Calicut and serves 2 / 5 of the population of Kerala . Government Law College situated in outskirts of Calicut City is owned by the Government of Kerala and caters to the needs of the entire north Malabar region of Kerala . Pothanicad , a village in Ernakulam district is the first panchayath in India that achieved 100 % literacy. The vhse results for the year 2017 was declared on 15 may References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` SCERT - The State Council Educational Research and Training '' . www.scert.kerala.gov.in . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The official web site of the Department of General Education , Government of Kerala '' . www.education.kerala.gov.in . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ SSLC Exam Results Jump up ^ Kerala plus two result 2017 External links ( edit ) Official website Kerala Education Department Official Website DHSE Kerala Official Website Kerala Preeksha Bhavan ( hide ) Education in Kerala Government Co-operative Academy of Professional Education Department of General and Higher Education Department of Technical Education Institute of Human Resources Development Kerala Engineering Agricultural Medical Examinations Kerala Higher Secondary Examination Board Kerala State Education Board Kerala State Science and Technology Museum Universities Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute Central University of Kerala Cochin University of Science and Technology English and Foreign Languages University Kerala Agricultural University Kerala Kalamandalam Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies Kerala University of Health Sciences Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University Mahatma Gandhi University National University of Advanced Legal Studies Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology ( deemed university ) Sree Sankaracharya University of Sanskrit Thunchath Ezhuthachan Malayalam University University of Calicut University of Kannur University of Kerala Arts and Science Colleges Assumption College , Changanasserry Bharata Mata College BPC College Piravom Catholicate College Pathanamthitta Centre for Convergence Media Studies Centre for Development of Imaging Technology Chinmaya Mission College Clusters School of Digital Arts CMS College Kottayam Cochin College College of Applied Science Malappuram College of Applied Science , Thamarassery College of Applied Science , Vadakkencherry College of Applied Sciences , Adoor EMS Memorial College of Applied Science Farook College Fatima Mata National College Government Brennen College , Thalassery Government College , Chittur Government College , Kattappana Government College , Kottayam Government College , Manimalakkunnu Government Arts College , Thiruvananthapuram Government College for Women , Thiruvananthapuram Kerala School of Mathematics , Kozhikode Little Flower College M.E.S. Ponnani College , Ponnani Mahatma Gandhi College Malabar Christian College Markaz Arts and Science College Mar Ivanios College Mar Kuriakose College Mar Thoma College Marian College Kuttikkanam Mary Matha Arts & Science College MES College Marampally , Aluva MMNSS College Kottiyam N.S.S. College , Pandalam Newman College , Thodupuzha Nirmalagiri college , Kuthuparamba Nss College Rajakumari PGM College Pocker Sahib Memorial Orphanage College Prajyothi Niketan College Raja Ravi Varma College of Fine Arts RLV College of Music and Fine Arts Sahya Arts and Science College St. Albert 's College St. Dominic 's College St. Mary 's College , Thrissur St. Teresa 's College St. Thomas College , Palai St. Thomas College , Thrissur Sayd Abdulrahman Bafakhy Tangal Memorial Government College R. Shankar Memorial Arts and Science College Sneha College of Architecture Sree Kerala Varma College Sree Krishna College Sree Narayana College for Women Sree Sankara College Sree Sankara Vidyapeetom St John 's College , Anchal St Joseph College of Communication St. Berchmans College St. Joseph 's College , Devagiri St. Pius X College , Rajapuram St. Thomas College , Kozhencherry St. Joseph 's College , Moolamattom Sullamussalam Science College Swathi Thirunal College of Music Union Christian College , Aluva Unnayi Warrier Smaraka Kalanilayam University College Thiruvananthapuram Yeldo Mar Baselios College Zamorin 's Guruvayurappan College Sree Rama Varma Music School Medical Education Amala Institute of Medical Sciences Azeezia Medical College , Kollam Believers Church Medical College Hospital Calicut Medical College Co-operative Medical College , Kochi Dr. Somervell Memorial CSI Medical College ESIC Medical College , Kollam Government Medical College , Malappuram Government Medical College , Thrissur Government TD Medical College , Alappuzha Karuna Medical College Kerala Veterinary College , Mannuthy Kottayam Medical College Mannam Ayurveda Co-operative Medical College , Pandalam Pariyaram Medical College PSM College of Dental Science and Research SUT Academy of Medical Sciences Travancore Medical College Hospital , Kollam Trivandrum Medical College Engineering Education ACE College of Engineering Adi Shankara Institute of Engineering Technology Al - Ameen Engineering College Ammini College of Engineering AWH Engineering College Bishop Jerome Institute , Kollam College of Engineering & Management , Punnapra College of Engineering Attingal College of Engineering Chengannur College of Engineering Munnar College of Engineering Trikaripur College of Engineering , Adoor College of Engineering , Aranmula College of Engineering , Cherthala College of Engineering , Kallooppara College of Engineering , Karunagapally College of Engineering , Kidangoor College of Engineering , Kottarakkara College of Engineering , Pathanapuram College of Engineering , Perumon College of Engineering , Poonjar College of Engineering , Thalassery College of Engineering , Trivandrum College of Engineering , Vatakara Federal Institute of Science and Technology Government College of Engineering , Kannur Government Engineering College , Idukki Government Engineering College , Kozhikode Government Engineering College , Sreekrishnapuram Government Engineering College , Thiruvananthapuram Government Engineering College , Thrissur Government Engineering College , Wayanad Institute of Handloom and Textile Technology Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology , Thiruvananthapuram KMCT College of Engineering Mangalam College of Engineering Mar Athanasius College of Engineering Mar Baselios Christian College of Engineering and Technology Marian Engineering College MEA Engineering College MES College of Engineering Model Engineering College Mohandas College of Engineering and Technology Musaliar College of Engineering and Technology National Institute of Technology Calicut NSS College of Engineering P.A. Aziz College of Engineering and Technology Pinnacle School of Engineering and Technology , Anchal Providence College of Engineering Rajadhani Institute of Engineering and Technology Rajagiri School of Engineering & Technology Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology , Kottayam Sahrdaya College of Engineering and Technology Saintgits College of Engineering SCMS School of Engineering and Technology Sree Chitra Thirunal College of Engineering Sree Narayana Gurukulam College of Engineering Thangal Kunju Musaliar College of Engineering , Kollam TKM Institute of Technology Toc H Institute of Science and Technology University College of Engineering , Thodupuzha Vidya Academy of Science and Technology Vimal Jyothi Engineering College Younus College of Engineering & Technology Management Education Albertian Institute of Management Asian School of Business Bishop Jerome Institute , Kollam DCSMAT Business School IIMK , Kochi campus Indian Institute of Management Kozhikode School of Communication and Management Studies School of Communication and Management Studies Xavier Institute of Management and Entrepreneurship Law Education Government Law College , Ernakulam Government Law College , Kozhikode Markaz Law College Government Law College , Thiruvananthapuram Government Law College , Thrissur Kerala Law Academy Law College National University of Advanced Legal Studies Sree Narayana Guru College of Legal Studies , Kollam Fisheries and Agriculture Central Institute of Fisheries Nautical and Engineering Training Central Institute of Fisheries Technology Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute College of Horticulture Kelappaji College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology Regional Agricultural Research Station , Pattambi Polytechnic Colleges Maharaja 's Technological Institute Sree Narayana Polytechnic College Colleges of Education St. Thomas College of Teacher Education , Pala University College of Teacher Education Vaikom Secondary Schools A.G.R.M Higher Secondary School Agostino Vicini 's Special School Aji Senior Secondary School Ambalamedu High School Angels Arc Senior Secondary School Auxilium ISC School , Kottiyam Ayathan School BEM High School , Parappanangadi Bharathiar Government Higher Secondary School Bishop Hodges Higher Secondary School Bishop Moore Vidyapith Cherthala Bishop Moore Vidyapith Mavelikkara Bishop Moore Vidyapith , Kayamkulam BMM English Medium School Carmelgiri School , Thalanji Chinmaya Vidyalaya , Kollam Church Missionary Society College High School CKM NSS Senior Secondary School CNPPM Vocational High School CVKM Higher Secondary School Dayapuram Educational and Cultural Centre DCSMAT Business School DDSHS Karimpadam Don Bosco School Ernakulam Durga higher secondary school GHS Trikarpur GHSS Rajakkad Girideepam Bethany School Good Shepherd Kurianoor Government Higher Secondary School Maloth Kasba Government Higher Secondary School Panamattom Govt . High School , Bangra Manjeshwar Hail Mary Perumpally Ideal Higher Secondary School , Dharmagiri Irshad English School Melattur Islamic English Medium Higher Secondary School Jai Rani Sabs School Jawahar LPS kurakkodu John Joseph Murphy Memorial Higher Secondary School Labour India Gurukulam Public School Lemer Public School Lourdes Public School and Junior College Mannam Memorial Residential Higher Secondary School Mar Athanasius Memorial Higher Secondary School Mar Augustine Memorial Higher Secondary School Markazul Uloom Senior Secondary English School Marthoma Residential School Marthoma Senior Secondary School Meenangadi Government Higher Secondary School MES Kuttippuram School MES Pattambi Model Technical Higher Secondary School , Kaprassery Montfort School , Anakkara Moothedath High School Mount Bethany EHSS Mullakkodi AUP School NAM Memorial Higher Secondary School , Peringathur Nirmala Higher Secondary School , Chemperi Palayathu Vayal Govt . UP School Pallikoodam Panakkad PokoyaThangal Memorial Higher Secondary School , Kottukkara Parumala Seminary Plavelil Shanku Pillai Memorial Upper Primary School Pratheeksha ( special school ) Railway High School Palakkad Rajarshi Memorial Higher Secondary School , Vadavucode S.D.V. College of Arts and Applied Science Sacred Heart High School ( Changanacherry ) Sacred Heart Higher Secondary School Sainik School , Kazhakootam Seethi Sahib Higher Secondary School St. George High School St. George 's HSS Kothamangalam St. Joseph 's Central School and Junior College , Mundakayam St Little Tresas UP School , Karumalloor St. Mary 's Residential Central School , Tiruvalla St Peters School , Kadayiruppu St. Thomas English Medium Higher Secondary School St. Thomas Higher Secondary School , Kozhencherry Saraswathy Vidyalaya Shamsul Ulama Islamic Academy Sivagiri Vidyaniketan The Springs International School Sree Bhuvaneswari School Sree Narayana Central School Sree Sankara Vidyapeetam Sri Atmananda Memorial School ( Malakkara , Kerala ) Sri Sathya Narayana High School Sri Sathya Sai Vidyapeeth SSHSS Katukukke SSMVHS School St. Joseph 's of the Woods EMHS Tagore Vidyaniketan Higher Secondary School Technical Higher Secondary School , Cherthala Technical Higher Secondary School , Vattamkulam Technical Higher Secondary School , Vazhakkad Udyogamandal School Vidyabharathi Vidyalaya Adoor Vidyadhiraja Vidya Bhavan Higher Secondary School Vimalagiri Public School Research Centres Agency for Non-conventional Energy and Rural Technology Centre for Earth Science Studies Excise Academy and Research Centre Free Software Foundation of India Indian Institutes of Science Education and Research Indian Institute of Spices Research Indian Space Research Organisation Kerala Bhasha Institute Kerala Folklore Akademi Kerala Forest Research Institute Kerala Institute of Local Administration Kerala School of Mathematics , Kozhikode Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre Malabar Cancer Centre National Institute of Oceanography , India National Institute of Speech and Hearing Tropical Botanical Garden and Research Institute Vadakke Madham Brahmaswam Vedic Research Centre Society / Trust Lal Bahadur Shastri Integrated Institute of Science and Technology Malappuram Muslim Educational Society Nair Service Society Oriental Research Institute & Manuscripts Library Regional Cancer Centre , Thiruvananthapuram Rajagiri Vidyapeetham Sree Narayana Trust Sree Narayana Dharma Paripalana Yogam Templates Portal WikiProject Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kerala_State_Education_Board&oldid=781251005 '' Categories : Education in Kerala State agencies of Kerala State secondary education boards of India Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from April 2011 All articles needing additional references Articles with too few wikilinks from January 2013 All articles with too few wikilinks Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from January 2013 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Use dmy dates from October 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 20 May 2017 , at 01 : 43 . 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Major League Baseball Wild Card game
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major league baseball wild card game
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`` Wild Card Playoff '' and `` Wild Card Game '' redirect here . For those in the National Football League , see NFL playoffs § Current playoff system . For general information on wild cards in sports , see Wild card ( sports ) . Part of a series on the Major League Baseball postseason Wild Card Wild Card Game Division Series ALDS NLDS League Championship Series ALCS ( Winners list ) NLCS ( Winners list ) World Series List of World Series champions Commissioner 's Trophy Teams Appearances Series Streaks Droughts The Major League Baseball Wild Card Game is a play - in game which was added to the Major League Baseball postseason in 2012 . The addition keeps the playoff format similar to the three - tiered postseason format used from 1995 through 2011 , but adds a second wild - card team . Two wild - card teams in each league play each other in a single - game playoff after the end of the regular season . The winner of the game advances to face the 1st seeded team in the Division Series . The home team for the wild - card game is the team with the better regular - season record ( 4th Seed ) . If both teams have the same number of wins and losses , tie - breaking procedures are used , with no additional games being played . On the other hand , teams tied for the division title will now always play a one - game playoff for the division title , even if both teams are already qualified for the postseason . This is in contrast to the earlier wild card format used , for example in the 2005 season when the New York Yankees and Boston Red Sox tied for first place in their division but did not play an additional game as both teams were qualified for the postseason in any event . In the division series , the winner of the wild - card game will always face whichever division champion has the best record . All division winners receive a bye as they await the result of the game . Previously , a wild - card team could not face the champion of its own division . This change makes it possible for the two teams with the best record in the league to face each other before the League Championship Series for the first time since 1997 , if the wild card winner has the second - best record only to its own division 's champion . From 1995 to 1997 the matchups for the division series were determined by annual rotation between the west , central and east divisions . Nineteen of the thirty MLB franchises have appeared in a Wild Card Game . The New York Yankees of the American League and the Pittsburgh Pirates of the National League have appeared in a record three games . The San Francisco Giants and the New York Yankees have won the most Wild Card Games with two each . Contents 1 Purpose 2 Implementation 3 Results 3.1 American League 3.2 National League 3.3 Win -- loss records by team 4 Records 5 See also 6 References Purpose ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The addition of a second wild - card team to each league was completed for multiple reasons : Added importance to division races . Before 1994 , only division - winning teams advanced to the playoffs , creating excitement when teams within a division competed for the best record in that division . From 1994 to 2011 , the urgency of a division race was somewhat reduced as one second place team from each league made the playoffs as a wild card . In addition , the winner of the wild - card game is at a disadvantage in the next series , due to having to make strategic decisions to avoid immediate elimination , such as play its best pitchers available , without regard for future playoff games . Wild - card teams are penalized . In the four - team format from 1994 to 2011 , the wild - card team had to win just as many postseason games as a division winner in order to reach the World Series . Now the winner of the wild - card game is at a disadvantage because it has to play an extra game . Increases postseason interest and revenue , with the tension of a sudden - death match at the start of the playoffs , similar to tie - breaker games held to resolve regular season ties . Recent examples of this were seen in tie - breaking games in 2007 , 2008 , and 2009 , as well as the final day of the 2011 regular season . With an additional playoff spot at stake , more teams are competing at the end of the regular season for a place in the playoffs . Implementation ( edit ) With the adoption of MLB 's new collective bargaining agreement in November 2011 , baseball commissioner Bud Selig announced that a new playoff system would begin within the next two years ; the change was ultimately put into place in 2012 . Even though one of the stated purposes of the Wild Card game was to create disadvantages for Wild Card teams in the postseason , Wild Card Game winners have won six of the first twelve Division Series played under the new format . Of the best - of - five Division Series lost by Wild Card Game winners , three lost in five games , two lost in four games , and only one team has been swept . The 2014 postseason featured the first Series sweeps involving Wild Card Game winners , but they were both in favor of the AL Wild Card Kansas City Royals who swept both the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim and the Baltimore Orioles en route to the second World Series featuring both NL and AL Wild Card Game winners , with the San Francisco Giants defeating the Royals in seven games . The first all Wild Card World Series also involved the Giants , but they were on the losing end , losing the 2002 World Series to the then Anaheim Angels in seven games . The one - game , win - or - go - home Wild Card format favors teams with at least one dominant pitcher . In the twelve games played since the new Wild Card system began in 2012 , five have been shutouts . In four of the seven others , the losing team scored 3 or fewer runs . Only the 2014 AL Wild Card game between the Kansas City Royals and Oakland Athletics and the 2017 NL Wild Card game between the Colorado Rockies and the Arizona Diamondbacks featured high scoring by both teams , with the Royals eventually winning 9 - 8 in 12 innings and the Diamondbacks winning 11 - 8 with the most runs scored in a Wild Card game . The margin of victory has been four runs or more in six of the twelve games played , and one run only twice -- in the 2014 Royals - Athletics game and the 2018 Rockies - Cubs game . Results ( edit ) Key bold Wild Card Game winner ↓ Lost tie - breaker game to reach Wild Card Game ( arrow links to game ) ↑ Won tie - breaker game to reach Wild Card Game ( arrow links to game ) Reached League Championship Series Reached World Series Won World Series The visiting team has had a surprising amount of success in the wild card game , having won 8 of the 14 games played by an average of 3.75 runs per win . 5 games have ended in a shutout , all 5 of them being thrown by the visiting team ( including 3 straight in the 2014 - 16 NL editions ) . 2017 was the first year in which the home team won both wild card games . Despite the road team 's statistical advantage , 2 games have ended in walk - off fashion , the 2014 and 2016 AL wild card games . American League ( edit ) Year Visitor Manager Score Host Manager Winner 's postseason performance 2012 Baltimore Orioles Buck Showalter 5 -- 1 Texas Rangers Ron Washington Lost ALDS 3 -- 2 ( Yankees ) 2013 Tampa Bay Rays ↑ Joe Maddon 4 -- 0 Cleveland Indians Terry Francona Lost ALDS 3 -- 1 ( Red Sox ) 2014 Oakland Athletics Bob Melvin 8 -- 9 ( 12 inn . ) Kansas City Royals Ned Yost Won ALDS 3 -- 0 ( Angels ) , Won ALCS 4 -- 0 ( Orioles ) , Lost WS 4 -- 3 ( Giants ) 2015 Houston Astros A.J. Hinch 3 -- 0 New York Yankees Joe Girardi Lost ALDS 3 -- 2 ( Royals ) 2016 Baltimore Orioles Buck Showalter 2 -- 5 ( 11 inn . ) Toronto Blue Jays John Gibbons Won ALDS 3 -- 0 ( Rangers ) , Lost ALCS 4 -- 1 ( Indians ) 2017 Minnesota Twins Paul Molitor 4 -- 8 New York Yankees Joe Girardi Won ALDS 3 -- 2 ( Indians ) , Lost ALCS 4 -- 3 ( Astros ) 2018 Oakland Athletics Bob Melvin 2 -- 7 New York Yankees Aaron Boone Lost ALDS 3 - 1 ( Red Sox ) National League ( edit ) Year Visitor Manager Score Host Manager Winner 's postseason performance 2012 St. Louis Cardinals Mike Matheny 6 -- 3 Atlanta Braves Fredi González Won NLDS 3 -- 2 ( Nationals ) , Lost NLCS 4 -- 3 ( Giants ) 2013 Cincinnati Reds Dusty Baker 2 -- 6 Pittsburgh Pirates Clint Hurdle Lost NLDS 3 -- 2 ( Cardinals ) 2014 San Francisco Giants Bruce Bochy 8 -- 0 Pittsburgh Pirates Clint Hurdle Won NLDS 3 -- 1 ( Nationals ) , Won NLCS 4 -- 1 ( Cardinals ) , Won WS 4 -- 3 ( Royals ) 2015 Chicago Cubs Joe Maddon 4 -- 0 Pittsburgh Pirates Clint Hurdle Won NLDS 3 -- 1 ( Cardinals ) , Lost NLCS 4 -- 0 ( Mets ) 2016 San Francisco Giants Bruce Bochy 3 -- 0 New York Mets Terry Collins Lost NLDS 3 -- 1 ( Cubs ) 2017 Colorado Rockies Bud Black 8 -- 11 Arizona Diamondbacks Torey Lovullo Lost NLDS 3 -- 0 ( Dodgers ) 2018 Colorado Rockies ↓ Bud Black 2 -- 1 ( 13 inn . ) Chicago Cubs ↓ Joe Maddon Lost NLDS 3 - 0 ( Brewers ) Win -- loss records by team ( edit ) Team Win -- loss record Appearances Arizona Diamondbacks 1 -- 0 Atlanta Braves 0 -- 1 Baltimore Orioles 1 -- 1 Cincinnati Reds 0 -- 1 Chicago Cubs 1 -- 1 Cleveland Indians 0 -- 1 Colorado Rockies 1 -- 1 Houston Astros 1 -- 0 Kansas City Royals 1 -- 0 Minnesota Twins 0 -- 1 New York Mets 0 -- 1 New York Yankees 2 -- 1 Oakland Athletics 0 -- 2 Pittsburgh Pirates 1 -- 2 San Francisco Giants 2 -- 0 St. Louis Cardinals 1 -- 0 Tampa Bay Rays 1 -- 0 Texas Rangers 0 -- 1 Toronto Blue Jays 1 -- 0 Records ( edit ) Most runs scored , one team : 11 , Arizona Diamondbacks vs Colorado Rockies , October 4 in the 2017 NLWC Most runs scored , both teams : 19 , Colorado Rockies 8 -- 11 Arizona Diamondbacks , October 4 in the 2017 NLWC Most hits , one team : 17 , Arizona Diamondbacks vs Colorado Rockies , October 4 in the 2017 NLWC Most hits , both teams : 30 , Colorado Rockies at Arizona Diamondbacks , October 4 in the 2017 NLWC Longest game , by innings : 2018 NLWC , 13 innings ( Colorado Rockies 2 , Chicago Cubs 1 ) See also ( edit ) Baseball portal List of American League Wild Card winners List of National League Wild Card winners List of Major League Baseball Wild Card Game broadcasters References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jayson Stark ( March 2 , 2012 ) . `` The new MLB postseason '' . ESPN.com . Jump up ^ `` MLB adopts expanded format for 2012 postseason '' . Retrieved Oct 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bloom , Barry M. ( March 2 , 2012 ) . `` Addition of Wild Card berths finalized for 2012 '' . MLB.com . MLB.com . Jump up ^ `` Fixing the Wild Card '' . September 26 , 1999 . Jump up ^ Game was played `` under protest '' by the Atlanta Braves regarding a perceived incorrect call regarding the infield fly rule , but shortly after the game Joe Torre , MLB executive vice president for baseball operations , denied the protest , citing umpire 's judgment . `` Wild - card game stopped after call '' . Associated Press / ESPN . October 5 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Team Batting Game Finder : In the LWC , From 1903 to 2017 , sorted by most recent date '' . Baseball Reference . Retrieved March 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Dale , Shane ( October 3 , 2018 ) . `` Rockies beat Cubs in longest winner - take - all game in MLB history '' . KNXV . Retrieved October 3 , 2018 . Major League Baseball ( 2018 ) American League East Baltimore Orioles Boston Red Sox New York Yankees Tampa Bay Rays Toronto Blue Jays Central Chicago White Sox Cleveland Indians Detroit Tigers Kansas City Royals Minnesota Twins West Houston Astros Los Angeles Angels Oakland Athletics Seattle Mariners Texas Rangers National League East Atlanta Braves Miami Marlins New York Mets Philadelphia Phillies Washington Nationals Central Chicago Cubs Cincinnati Reds Milwaukee Brewers Pittsburgh Pirates St. Louis Cardinals West Arizona Diamondbacks Colorado Rockies Los Angeles Dodgers San Diego Padres San Francisco Giants Schedule Spring training Opening Day Jackie Robinson Day Civil Rights Game All - Star Game Interleague play International games Players Weekend World Baseball Classic Postseason World Series Champions AL AL Champions ALCS ALDS NL NL Champions NLCS NLDS Wild Card Game Appearances Streaks Droughts Series Business Draft Rule 5 Players Association Highest paid players Luxury tax Lockouts / strikes Winter Meetings Hot stove league Transactions Media Logo Radio Television MLB.com MLB Advanced Media Minor League Baseball Authentication Program Miscellaneous Instant replay Team uniforms Stadiums Mascots Rivalries Players investigated for domestic violence History History AL Seasons Tie - breakers Tie - breaking procedures Records Awards Retired numbers Hall of Fame Steroid usage Drug policy suspensions Mitchell Report Juiced Vindicated Biogenesis baseball scandal BALCO scandal Game of Shadows Barry Bonds perjury case Timeline Timeline of Major League Baseball History of team nicknames Dead - ball era Live - ball era Golden age of baseball Defunct and relocated teams Relocation of the 1950s -- 60s Expansion 1961 1962 1969 1977 1998 Commissioner : Rob Manfred League Presidents AL NL Major League Baseball Wild Card Game American League 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 National League 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 AL Wild Card winners NL Wild Card winners Broadcasters Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Major_League_Baseball_Wild_Card_Game&oldid=863965719 '' Categories : Major League Baseball Wild Card Playoff Major League Baseball playoffs and champions Recurring sporting events established in 2012 October sporting events 2012 establishments in North America Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from October 2018 Articles needing additional references from October 2018 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français 한국어 日本 語 Suomi 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 October 2018 , at 07 : 13 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major%20League%20Baseball%20Wild%20Card%20Game
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who is the voice president of india to have worked under three different president
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No Name ( birth -- death ) Portrait Elected ( % votes ) Took office Left office Term ( in years ) Notes President ( s ) Candidate of Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan ( 1888 -- 1975 ) 1952 ( Unopposed ) 1957 ( Unopposed ) 13 May 1952 12 May 1962 10 Radhakrishnan was a prominent scholar . Besides being awarded the Bharat Ratna he also held the position of vice-chancellor in the Banaras Hindu University and the Andhra college . He served as the Vice-President for two terms . Rajendra Prasad Independent Zakir Husain ( 1897 -- 1969 ) 1962 ( 97.59 ) 13 May 1962 12 May 1967 5 Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan Independent Varahagiri Venkata Giri ( 1894 -- 1980 ) 1967 ( 71.45 ) 13 May 1967 3 May 1969 Zakir Husain Independent Gopal Swarup Pathak ( 1896 -- 1982 ) 1969 -- 31 August 1969 30 August 1974 5 Varahagiri Venkata Giri ( 1969 -- 1974 ) Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed ( 1974 ) Independent 5 Basappa Danappa Jatti ( 1912 -- 2002 ) ( 78.70 ) 31 August 1974 30 August 1979 5 Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed ( 1974 -- 1977 ) Neelam Sanjiva Reddy ( 1977 -- 1979 ) Indian National Congress 6 Mohammad Hidayatullah ( 1905 -- 1992 ) 1979 ( Unopposed ) 31 August 1979 30 August 1984 5 Neelam Sanjiva Reddy ( 1979 -- 1982 ) Giani Zail Singh ( 1982 -- 1984 ) Independent 7 Ramaswamy Venkataraman ( 1910 -- 2009 ) 1984 ( 71.05 ) 31 August 1984 24 July 1987 Giani Zail Singh Indian National Congress 8 Shankar Dayal Sharma ( 1918 -- 1999 ) ( Unopposed ) 3 September 1987 24 July 1992 5 Ramaswamy Venkataraman Indian National Congress 9 Kocheril Raman Narayanan ( 1920 -- 2005 ) 1992 ( 99.86 ) 21 August 1992 24 July 1997 5 Shankar Dayal Sharma Indian National Congress 10 Krishan Kant ( 1927 -- 2002 ) 1997 ( 61.76 ) 21 August 1997 27 July 2002 Kocheril Raman Narayanan ( 1997 -- 2002 ) A.P.J. Abdul Kalam ( 2002 ) Janata Dal 11 Bhairon Singh Shekhawat ( 1923 -- 2010 ) 2002 ( 59.82 ) 19 August 2002 21 July 2007 5 A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Bharatiya Janata Party 12 Mohammad Hamid Ansari ( 1937 -- ) 2007 ( 60.51 ) 2012 ( 67.31 ) 11 August 2007 11 August 2017 10 Pratibha Patil ( 2007 -- 2012 ) Pranab Mukherjee ( 2012 -- 2017 ) Ram Nath Kovind ( 2017 ) Indian National Congress 13 Muppavarapu Venkaiah Naidu ( 1949 -- ) 2017 ( 67.89 ) 11 August 2017 Incumbent -- Ram Nath Kovind Bharatiya Janata Party
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List of Vice-Presidents of India
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list of vice - presidents of india
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-- -- -- -- -- -- --
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Code of Civil Procedure , 1908 Uniform civil code Code of Criminal Procedure , 1973 Indian Penal Code Law enforcement Government of India ( show ) President ( Head of state ) ( List ) Vice president ( List ) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Executive : Prime minister ( Head of government ) ( List ) Union Council of Ministers Cabinet secretary Secretaries : ( Defence Finance Foreign Home ) Civil services All India Services ( IAS IFoS IPS ) Central Civil Services ( IRS IFS IA&AS IPoS IRAS IRTS IRPS ICAS IDAS IDES ICLS IIS ITrS IP&TAFS IOFS ) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Legislature : Parliament Rajya Sabha ( Chairman ) Lok Sabha ( Speaker ) Judiciary : Supreme court ( Chief justice ) High courts ( Chief justices ) District courts Elections ( show ) Election commission : Chief Election Commissioner ( Election commissioners ) Recent general elections : 2009 2014 2019 Recent state elections : 2017 2018 2019 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Political parties National parties State parties National coalitions : National Democratic Alliance ( NDA ) United Progressive Alliance ( UPA ) Federalism ( show ) Administrative divisions -- -- -- -- -- -- -- State governments Governors ( List ) Chief ministers ( List ) Chief secretary ( Principal secretaries ) Field - level officers Divisional commissioners District magistrates Sub-divisional magistrates Legislatures : Vidhan Sabha Vidhan Parishad -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Local governments : Rural bodies : District councils Block panchayats Gram Panchayats Urban bodies : Municipal corporations Municipal councils Nagar panchayats Other countries Atlas Vice-Presidents of India ( by state of birth ) The Vice-President of India is the second highest constitutional office in the Indian Government after the President . In accordance with Article 65 of the Indian Constitution , the Vice-President discharges the functions of the President when a contingency arises due to the resignation , removal , death or the inability of the President to discharge his functions . He is also the ex officio chairperson of the Rajya Sabha , the upper house of the Parliament of India . The Vice President is elected by an electoral college consisting of all the members of both houses of the Parliament in accordance with the system of proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote via a secret ballot conducted by the Election Commission of India . Once elected the Vice President continues in office for a five - year term , but can continue in office irrespective of the expiry of the term , until a successor assumes office . The Vice President can be removed by a resolution passed by an effective majority in the Rajya Sabha . There have been 13 vice-president , since the inception of the post in 1950 . The first Vice-president of India took oath at Rashtrapati Bhavan on 13 May 1952 On 11 August 2017 Venkaiah Naidu was sworn in as the 15th Vice-President of India , thus becoming the 13th person to hold the office . Contents 1 List 2 See also 3 Footnotes and References 4 External links List ( edit ) The complete list of Vice-Presidents of India includes the persons sworn into the office as Vice-President of India , following the adoption of the Constitution of India in 1950 . Some of whom later became presidents . Colour key Vice President was an Independent candidate Vice President was an candidate of Indian National Congress ( INC ) Vice President was an candidate of the Bharatiya Janata Party ( BJP ) Vice President was an candidate of the Janata Dal ( JD ) No Name ( birth -- death ) Portrait Elected ( % votes ) Took office Left office Term ( in years ) Notes President ( s ) Candidate of Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan ( 1888 -- 1975 ) 1952 ( Unopposed ) 1957 ( Unopposed ) 13 May 1952 12 May 1962 10 Radhakrishnan was a prominent scholar . Besides being awarded the Bharat Ratna he also held the position of vice-chancellor in the Banaras Hindu University and the Andhra college . He served as the Vice-President for two terms . Rajendra Prasad Independent Zakir Husain ( 1897 -- 1969 ) 1962 ( 97.59 ) 13 May 1962 12 May 1967 5 Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan Independent Varahagiri Venkata Giri ( 1894 -- 1980 ) 1967 ( 71.45 ) 13 May 1967 3 May 1969 Zakir Husain Independent Gopal Swarup Pathak ( 1896 -- 1982 ) 1969 -- 31 August 1969 30 August 1974 5 Varahagiri Venkata Giri ( 1969 -- 1974 ) Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed ( 1974 ) Independent 5 Basappa Danappa Jatti ( 1912 -- 2002 ) ( 78.70 ) 31 August 1974 30 August 1979 5 Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed ( 1974 -- 1977 ) Neelam Sanjiva Reddy ( 1977 -- 1979 ) Indian National Congress 6 Mohammad Hidayatullah ( 1905 -- 1992 ) 1979 ( Unopposed ) 31 August 1979 30 August 1984 5 Neelam Sanjiva Reddy ( 1979 -- 1982 ) Giani Zail Singh ( 1982 -- 1984 ) Independent 7 Ramaswamy Venkataraman ( 1910 -- 2009 ) 1984 ( 71.05 ) 31 August 1984 24 July 1987 Giani Zail Singh Indian National Congress 8 Shankar Dayal Sharma ( 1918 -- 1999 ) ( Unopposed ) 3 September 1987 24 July 1992 5 Ramaswamy Venkataraman Indian National Congress 9 Kocheril Raman Narayanan ( 1920 -- 2005 ) 1992 ( 99.86 ) 21 August 1992 24 July 1997 5 Shankar Dayal Sharma Indian National Congress 10 Krishan Kant ( 1927 -- 2002 ) 1997 ( 61.76 ) 21 August 1997 27 July 2002 Kocheril Raman Narayanan ( 1997 -- 2002 ) A.P.J. Abdul Kalam ( 2002 ) Janata Dal 11 Bhairon Singh Shekhawat ( 1923 -- 2010 ) 2002 ( 59.82 ) 19 August 2002 21 July 2007 5 A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Bharatiya Janata Party 12 Mohammad Hamid Ansari ( 1937 -- ) 2007 ( 60.51 ) 2012 ( 67.31 ) 11 August 2007 11 August 2017 10 Pratibha Patil ( 2007 -- 2012 ) Pranab Mukherjee ( 2012 -- 2017 ) Ram Nath Kovind ( 2017 ) Indian National Congress 13 Muppavarapu Venkaiah Naidu ( 1949 -- ) 2017 ( 67.89 ) 11 August 2017 Incumbent -- Ram Nath Kovind Bharatiya Janata Party Notes † Died in office Timeline See also ( edit ) Vice-President of India President of India List of Presidents of India List of Prime Ministers of India Footnotes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` VPI & Constitution Vice President of India Government of India '' . vicepresidentofindia.nic.in . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ Media Division , Election Commission of India . `` Background information of Vice Presidential election for 2012 '' ( PDF ) . eci.nic.in . Retrieved 14 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Venkaiah Naidu sworn in as Vice-President '' . The Hindu . PTI. 2017 - 08 - 11 . ISSN 0971 - 751X . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ List of Presidents / Vice Presidents Archived 2008 - 12 - 07 at the Wayback Machine . External links ( edit ) Vice-President of India ( official website ) Vice-presidential elections in India 1952 1957 1962 1967 1969 1979 1984 1992 1997 2002 2007 2012 2017 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Vice-Presidents_of_India&oldid=862937046 '' Categories : Lists of vice presidents Vice-Presidents of India Lists of political office - holders in India Lists relating to the Indian presidency Lists of legislative speakers in India Vice presidents Hidden categories : Pages using Timeline Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা فارسی ગુજરાતી हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی संस्कृतम् தமிழ் తెలుగు اردو 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 7 October 2018 , at 17 : 51 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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the hawaiian pīʻāpā consists of the following letters of the alphabet
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Hawaiian alphabet
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hawaiian alphabet
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The Hawaiian alphabet ( in Hawaiian : ka pīʻāpā Hawaiʻi ) is an alphabet used to write Hawaiian . It was adapted from the English alphabet in the early 19th century by American missionaries to print a bible in the Hawaiian language .
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Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins 1.1 ʻOkina 1.2 Kahakō 2 Modern alphabet 2.1 Pronunciation 2.2 Diphthongs 3 See also 4 References Origins ( edit ) In 1778 , British explorer James Cook made the first reported Europe voyage to Hawai ʻi . In his report , he wrote the name of the islands as `` Owhyhee '' or `` Owhyee '' . In 1822 , a writing system based on one similar to the new New Zealand Grammar was developed and printed by American Protestant missionary Elisha Loomis . The original alphabet included five vowels and twelve consonants : A , B , D , E , H , I , K , L , M , N , O , P , R , T , U , V , and W and seven diphthongs : AE , AI , AO , AU , EI , EU , OU In addition , the letters F , G , S , Y , and Z were used to spell foreign words . In 1826 , the developers voted to eliminate some of the letters which represented functionally redundant interchangeable letters , enabling the Hawaiian alphabet to approach the ideal state of one - symbol - one - sound , and thereby optimizing the ease with which people could teach and learn the reading and writing of Hawaiian . Interchangeable B / P. B was dropped , P was kept Interchangeable L / R / D. L was kept , R and D were dropped Interchangeable K / T. K was kept , T was dropped Interchangeable V / W. V was dropped , W was kept ʻokina ( edit ) Due to words with different meanings being spelled alike , use of the glottal stop became necessary . As early as 1823 , the missionaries made limited use of the apostrophe to represent the glottal stop , but they did not make it a letter of the alphabet . In publishing the Hawaiian Bible , they used the ʻokina to distinguish ko ʻu ( ' my ' ) from kou ( ' your ' ) . It was not until 1864 that the ʻokina became a recognized letter of the Hawaiian alphabet . Kahakō ( edit ) As early as 1821 , one of the missionaries , Hiram Bingham , was using macrons in making handwritten transcriptions of Hawaiian vowels . The macron , or kahakō , was used to differentiate between short and long vowels . Modern alphabet ( edit ) The current official Hawaiian alphabet consists of thirteen letters : five vowels ( A a , E e , I i , O o , U u ) and eight consonants ( H h , K k , L l , M m , N n , P p , W w , ʻokina ) . Alphabetic order differs from the normal Latin order in that the vowels come first , then the consonants . The five vowels with macrons -- Ā ā , Ē ē , Ī ī , Ō ō , Ū ū -- are not treated as separate letters , but are alphabetized immediately after unaccented vowels . The ʻokina is ignored for purposes of alphabetization . Pronunciation ( edit ) The letter names were invented for Hawaiian specifically , since they do not follow traditional European letter names in most cases . The names of M , N , P , and possibly L were most likely derived from Greek , and that for W from the deleted letter V . Letter Name IPA A a ʻā / a / E e ʻē / e / I i ʻī / i / O o ʻō / o / U u ʻū / u / H h hē / h / K k kē / k ~ t / L l lā / l ~ ɾ ~ ɹ / M m mū / m / N n nū / n / P p pī / p / W w wē / w ~ v / ʻ ʻokina / ʔ / Diphthongs ( edit ) Diphthongs Diphthongs Pronunciation Examples ai i in ride kai = sea water ae I or eye Mae ʻole = never - fading ao ow in how with lower offglide Maoli = true Kaona = hidden meaning au ou in loud or out Au = I , I am ei ei in eight Lei = garland eu eh - ( y ) oo ʻEleu = lively iu ee - ( y ) oo similar to ew in few Wēkiu = topmost oe oh - ( w ) eh ʻOe = you oi oi in voice Poi = a Hawaiian staple ou ow in bowl Kou = your ui oo - ( w ) ee in gooey Hui = together , team , chorus See also ( edit ) Hawaiian Braille References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Walch , David B. ( 1967 ) . `` The Historical Development of the Hawaiian Alphabet '' . Journal of the Polynesian Society . 76 ( 3 ) : 353 -- 366 . Retrieved June 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Omniglot.com '' . Omniglot.com . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Alternative-Hawaii.com '' . Alternative-Hawaii.com . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 17 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hawaiian_alphabet&oldid=828525662 '' Categories : Hawaiian language Latin alphabets 1822 establishments in Hawaii Hidden categories : Articles containing Hawaiian - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Gaelg Magyar Polski Português Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 March 2018 , at 02 : 54 . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian%20alphabet
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when did the olympics start every 2 years
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The original five Winter Olympics sports ( broken into nine disciplines ) were bobsleigh , curling , ice hockey , Nordic skiing ( consisting of the disciplines military patrol , cross-country skiing , Nordic combined , and ski jumping ) , and skating ( consisting of the disciplines figure skating and speed skating ) . The Games were held every four years from 1924 to 1936 , interrupted in 1940 and 1944 by World War II , and resumed in 1948 . Until 1992 the Winter and Summer Olympic Games were held in the same years , but in accordance with a 1986 decision by the IOC to place the Summer and Winter Games on separate four - year cycles in alternating even - numbered years , the next Winter Olympics after 1992 was in 1994 .
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1994
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Winter Olympic Games
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winter olympic games
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The Winter Olympic Games ( French : Jeux olympiques d'hiver ) is a major international sporting event held once every four years for sports practised on snow and ice . The first Winter Olympics , the 1924 Winter Olympics , were held in Chamonix , France . The modern Olympic games were inspired by the ancient Olympic Games , which were held in Olympia , Greece , from the 8th century BC to the 4th century AD . Baron Pierre de Coubertin founded the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) in 1894 , leading to the first modern Summer Games in Athens , Greece in 1896 . The IOC is the governing body of the Olympic Movement , with the Olympic Charter defining its structure and authority .
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The original five Winter Olympics sports ( broken into nine disciplines ) were bobsleigh , curling , ice hockey , Nordic skiing ( consisting of the disciplines military patrol , cross-country skiing , Nordic combined , and ski jumping ) , and skating ( consisting of the disciplines figure skating and speed skating ) . The Games were held every four years from 1924 to 1936 , interrupted in 1940 and 1944 by World War II , and resumed in 1948 . Until 1992 the Winter and Summer Olympic Games were held in the same years , but in accordance with a 1986 decision by the IOC to place the Summer and Winter Games on separate four - year cycles in alternating even - numbered years , the next Winter Olympics after 1992 was in 1994 . The Winter Games have evolved since their inception . Sports and disciplines have been added and some of them , such as Alpine skiing , luge , short track speed skating , freestyle skiing , skeleton , and snowboarding , have earned a permanent spot on the Olympic programme . Some others , including curling and bobsleigh , have been discontinued and later reintroduced ; others have been permanently discontinued , such as military patrol , though the modern Winter Olympic sport of biathlon is descended from it . Still others , such as speed skiing , bandy and skijoring , were demonstration sports but never incorporated as Olympic sports . The rise of television as a global medium for communication enhanced the profile of the Games . It generated income via the sale of broadcast rights and advertising , which has become lucrative for the IOC . This allowed outside interests , such as television companies and corporate sponsors , to exert influence . The IOC has had to address numerous criticisms over the decades like internal scandals , the use of performance - enhancing drugs by Winter Olympians , as well as a political boycott of the Winter Olympics . Nations have used the Winter ( as well as Summer ) Games to proclaim the superiority of their political systems . The Winter Olympics has been hosted on three continents by twelve different countries . The Games have been held four times in the United States ( in 1932 , 1960 , 1980 and 2002 ) ; three times in France ( in 1924 , 1968 and 1992 ) ; and twice each in Austria ( 1964 , 1976 ) , Canada ( 1988 , 2010 ) , Japan ( 1972 , 1998 ) , Italy ( 1956 , 2006 ) , Norway ( 1952 , 1994 ) , and Switzerland ( 1928 , 1948 ) . Also , the Games have been held just once each in Germany ( 1936 ) , Yugoslavia ( 1984 ) , Russia ( 2014 ) and South Korea ( 2018 ) . The IOC has selected Beijing , China , to host the 2022 Winter Olympics and the host of the 2026 Winter Olympics will be selected in September 2019 . As of 2018 , no city in the southern hemisphere has applied to host the cold - weather - dependent Winter Olympics , which are held in February at the height of the southern hemisphere summer . To date , twelve countries have participated in every Winter Olympic Games -- Austria , Canada , Finland , France , Great Britain , Hungary , Italy , Norway , Poland , Sweden , Switzerland and the United States . Six of those countries have earned medals at every Winter Olympic Games -- Austria , Canada , Finland , Norway , Sweden and the United States . The only country to have earned a gold medal at every Winter Olympics is the United States . Norway leads the all - time medal table for the Winter Olympics both on number of gold and overall medals , followed by the United States and Germany . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 20th century 1.1. 1 1900 to 1912 1.1. 2 World War I 1.1. 3 1920 to 1936 1.1. 4 World War II 1.1. 5 1948 to 1960 1.1. 6 1964 to 1980 1.1. 7 1984 to 1998 1.2 21st century 1.2. 1 2002 to 2010 1.2. 2 2014 to 2018 1.2. 3 Future 2 Controversy 2.1 Host city legacy 2.2 Doping 3 Politics 3.1 Cold War 3.2 Boycott 4 Sports 4.1 Current sports 4.2 Demonstration events 5 Ten most successful nations 6 List of Winter Olympic Games 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links History ( edit ) 20th century ( edit ) 1900 to 1912 ( edit ) Ulrich Salchow at the 1908 Olympics . A predecessor , the Nordic Games , were organised by General Viktor Gustaf Balck in Stockholm , Sweden in 1901 and were held again in 1903 and 1905 and then every fourth year thereafter until 1926 . Balck was a charter member of the IOC and a close friend of Olympic Games founder Pierre de Coubertin . He attempted to have winter sports , specifically figure skating , added to the Olympic programme but was unsuccessful until the 1908 Summer Olympics in London , United Kingdom . Four figure skating events were contested , at which Ulrich Salchow ( 10 - time world champion ) and Madge Syers won the individual titles . Three years later , Italian count Eugenio Brunetta d'Usseaux proposed that the IOC stage a week of winter sports included as part of the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm , Sweden . The organisers opposed this idea because they desired to protect the integrity of the Nordic Games and were concerned about a lack of facilities for winter sports . World War I ( edit ) The idea was resurrected for the 1916 Games , which were to be held in Berlin , Germany . A winter sports week with speed skating , figure skating , ice hockey and Nordic skiing was planned , but the 1916 Olympics was cancelled after the outbreak of World War I . 1920 to 1936 ( edit ) The first Olympics after the war , the 1920 Summer Olympics , were held in Antwerp , Belgium , and featured figure skating and an ice hockey tournament . Germany , Austria , Hungary , Bulgaria and Turkey were banned from competing in the Games . At the IOC Congress held the following year it was decided that the host nation of the 1924 Summer Olympics , France , would host a separate `` International Winter Sports Week '' under the patronage of the IOC . Chamonix was chosen to host this `` week '' ( actually 11 days ) of events . The Games proved to be a success when more than 250 athletes from 16 nations competed in 16 events . Athletes from Finland and Norway won 28 medals , more than the rest of the participating nations combined . Germany remained banned until 1925 , and instead hosted a series of games called Deutsche Kampfspiele , starting with the Winter edition of 1922 ( which predated the first Winter Olympics ) . In 1925 the IOC decided to create a separate winter event and the 1924 Games in Chamonix was retroactively designated as the first Winter Olympics . St. Moritz , Switzerland , was appointed by the IOC to host the second Winter Games in 1928 . Fluctuating weather conditions challenged the hosts . The opening ceremony was held in a blizzard while warm weather conditions plagued sporting events throughout the rest of the Games . Because of the weather the 10,000 metre speed - skating event had to be abandoned and officially cancelled . The weather was not the only noteworthy aspect of the 1928 Games : Sonja Henie of Norway made history when she won the figure skating competition at the age of 15 . She became the youngest Olympic champion in history , a distinction she held for 70 years . The next Winter Olympics held in Lake Placid , New York , was the first to be hosted outside of Europe . Seventeen nations and 252 athletes participated . This was less than in 1928 , as the journey to Lake Placid , United States , was long and expensive for most competitors , who had little money in the midst of the Great Depression . The athletes competed in fourteen events in four sports . Virtually no snow fell for two months before the Games , and there was not enough snow to hold all the events until mid-January . Sonja Henie defended her Olympic title , and Eddie Eagan of the United States , who had been an Olympic champion in boxing in 1920 , won the gold medal in the men 's bobsleigh event to become the first , and so far only , Olympian to have won gold medals in both the Summer and Winter Olympics . The German towns of Garmisch and Partenkirchen joined to organise the 1936 edition of the Winter Games , held on 6 -- 16 February . This was the last time the Summer and Winter Olympics were held in the same country in the same year . Alpine skiing made its Olympic debut , but skiing teachers were barred from entering because they were considered to be professionals . Because of this decision the Swiss and Austrian skiers refused to compete at the Games . World War II ( edit ) World War II interrupted the holding of the Winter Olympics . The 1940 Games had been awarded to Sapporo , Japan , but the decision was rescinded in 1938 because of the Japanese invasion of China . The Games were then to be held at Garmisch - Partenkirchen , Germany , but the 1940 Games were cancelled following the German invasion of Poland in 1939 . Due to the ongoing war , the 1944 Games , originally scheduled for Cortina D'Ampezzo , Italy , were cancelled . 1948 to 1960 ( edit ) The opening ceremonies of the 1956 Winter Olympics in Cortina d'Ampezzo St. Moritz was selected to host the first post-war Games in 1948 . Switzerland 's neutrality had protected the town during World War II , and most of the venues were in place from the 1928 Games , which made St. Moritz a logical choice . It became the first city to host a Winter Olympics twice . Twenty - eight countries competed in Switzerland , but athletes from Germany and Japan were not invited . Controversy erupted when two hockey teams from the United States arrived , both claiming to be the legitimate U.S. Olympic hockey representative . The Olympic flag presented at the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp was stolen , as was its replacement . There was unprecedented parity at these Games , during which 10 countries won gold medals -- more than any Games to that point . The Olympic Flame for the 1952 Games in Oslo , was lit in the fireplace by skiing pioneer Sondre Nordheim , and the torch relay was conducted by 94 participants entirely on skis . Bandy , a popular sport in the Nordic countries , was featured as a demonstration sport , though only Norway , Sweden , and Finland fielded teams . Norwegian athletes won 17 medals , which outpaced all the other nations . They were led by Hjalmar Andersen who won three gold medals in four events in the speed skating competition . After not being able to host the Games in 1944 , Cortina d'Ampezzo was selected to organise the 1956 Winter Olympics . At the opening ceremonies the final torch bearer , Guido Caroli , entered the Olympic Stadium on ice skates . As he skated around the stadium his skate caught on a cable and he fell , nearly extinguishing the flame . He was able to recover and light the cauldron . These were the first Winter Games to be televised , and the first Olympics ever broadcast to an international audience , though no television rights were sold until the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome . The Cortina Games were used to test the feasibility of televising large sporting events . The Soviet Union made its Olympic debut and had an immediate impact , winning more medals than any other nation . Soviet immediate success might be explained by the advent of the state - sponsored `` full - time amateur athlete '' . The USSR entered teams of athletes who were all nominally students , soldiers , or working in a profession , but many of whom were in reality paid by the state to train full - time . Chiharu Igaya won the first Winter Olympics medal for Japan and the continent of Asia when he placed second in the slalom . The IOC awarded the 1960 Olympics to Squaw Valley , United States . It was an undeveloped resort in 1955 , so from 1956 to 1960 the infrastructure and all of the venues were built at a cost of US $80,000,000 . The opening and closing ceremonies were produced by Walt Disney . The Squaw Valley Olympics was the first winter Olympics to have a dedicated athletes ' village , the first to use a computer ( courtesy of IBM ) to tabulate results , and the first to feature female speed skating events . The bobsleigh events were absent for the only time due to the cost of building a bobsleigh run . 1964 to 1980 ( edit ) The Herb Brooks Arena in Lake Placid ( c. 2007 ) , site of the `` Miracle on Ice '' in 1980 The Austrian city of Innsbruck was the host in 1964 . Although Innsbruck was a traditional winter sports resort , warm weather caused a lack of snow during the Games and the Austrian army was enlisted to transport snow and ice to the sports venues . Soviet speed - skater Lidia Skoblikova made history by winning all four speed skating events . Her career total of six gold medals set a record for Winter Olympics athletes . Luge was first contested in 1964 , but the sport received bad publicity when a competitor was killed in a pre-Olympic training run . Held in the French town of Grenoble , the 1968 Winter Olympics were the first Olympic Games to be broadcast in colour . There were 1,158 athletes from 37 nations competing in 35 events . French alpine ski racer Jean - Claude Killy became only the second person to win all the men 's alpine skiing events . The organising committee sold television rights for US $2 million , which was more than twice the cost of the broadcast rights for the Innsbruck Games . Venues were spread over long distances requiring three athletes ' villages . The organisers claimed that this was necessary to accommodate technological advances , however critics disputed this , alleging that the layout would incorporate the best possible venues for television broadcasts at the athletes ' expense . The 1972 Winter Games , held in Sapporo , Japan , were the first to be hosted on a continent other than North America or Europe . The issue of professionalism was disputed during these Games when a number of alpine skiers were found to have participated in a ski camp at Mammoth Mountain in the United States ; three days before the opening ceremony , IOC president Avery Brundage threatened to bar the skiers from competing in the Games as he insisted that they were no longer amateurs having benefited financially from their status as athletes . Eventually only Austrian Karl Schranz , who earned more than the other skiers , was excluded from the competition . Canada did not send teams to the 1972 or 1976 ice hockey tournaments in protest at not being able to use players from professional leagues . Francisco Fernández Ochoa became the first ( and , as of 2018 , only ) Spaniard to win a Winter Olympic gold medal when he triumphed in the slalom . The 1976 Winter Olympics had initially been awarded in 1970 to Denver , Colorado in the United States . These Games would have coincided with the year of Colorado 's centennial and the United States Bicentennial . However , in November 1972 the people of Colorado voted against public funding of the Games by a 3 : 2 margin . The IOC responded by offering the Games to Vancouver - Garibaldi , British Columbia , which had previously been an official candidate for the 1976 Games . However , a change in the provincial government resulted in an administration that did not support the Olympic bid , so the IOC 's offer was rejected . Salt Lake City , previously a candidate for the 1972 Winter Olympics , then put itself forward , but the IOC opted instead to invite Innsbruck to host the 1976 Games , as most of the infrastructure from the 1964 Games had been maintained . Despite only having half the usual time to prepare for the Games , Innsbruck accepted the invitation to replace Denver in February 1973 . Two Olympic flames were lit because it was the second time that the Austrian town had hosted the Winter Games . The 1976 Games featured the first combination bobsleigh and luge track , in neighbouring Igls . The Soviet Union won its fourth consecutive ice hockey gold medal . In 1980 the Winter Olympics returned to Lake Placid , which had hosted the 1932 Games . The first boycott of a Winter Olympics took place at these Games , when Taiwan refused to participate after an edict by the IOC mandated that they change their name and national anthem . This was an attempt by the IOC to accommodate China , who wished to compete using the same name and anthem as those used by Taiwan . As a result , China participated for the first time since 1952 . American speed - skater Eric Heiden set either an Olympic or World record in every one of the five events in which he competed , winning a total of five individual gold medals and breaking the record for most individual golds in a single Olympics ( both Summer and Winter ) . Hanni Wenzel won both the slalom and giant slalom and her country , Liechtenstein , became the smallest nation to produce an Olympic gold medallist . In the `` Miracle on Ice '' , the American hockey team composed of college players beat the favoured seasoned professionals from the Soviet Union , and progressed to eventually win the gold medal . 1984 to 1998 ( edit ) Alberto Tomba , winner of five Olympic medals in Calgary , Albertville and Lillehammer Sapporo , Japan , and Gothenburg , Sweden , were front - runners to host the 1984 Winter Olympics . It was therefore a surprise when Sarajevo , Yugoslavia , was selected as host . The Games were well - organised and not affected by the run - up to the war that engulfed the country eight years later . A total of 49 nations and 1,272 athletes participated in 39 events . Host nation Yugoslavia won its first Olympic medal when alpine skier Jure Franko won silver in the giant slalom . Another sporting highlight was the free dance performance of British ice dancers Jayne Torvill and Christopher Dean ; their Boléro routine received unanimous perfect scores for artistic impression , earning them the gold medal . The Olympic Torch from the 1988 Winter Olympic Games in Calgary In 1988 , the Canadian city of Calgary hosted the first Winter Olympics to span three weekends , lasting for a total of 16 days . New events were added in ski - jumping and speed skating , while future Olympic sports curling , short track speed skating and freestyle skiing made their debut appearance as demonstration sports . The speed skating events were held indoors for the first time , on the Olympic Oval . Dutch skater Yvonne van Gennip won three gold medals and set two world records , beating skaters from the favoured East German team in every race . Her medal total was equalled by Finnish ski jumper Matti Nykänen , who won all three events in his sport . Alberto Tomba , an Italian skier , made his Olympic debut by winning both the giant slalom and slalom . East German Christa Rothenburger won the women 's 1,000 metre speed skating event . Seven months later she would earn a silver in track cycling at the Summer Games in Seoul , to become the only athlete to win medals in both a Summer and Winter Olympics in the same year . The 1992 Winter Games were the last to be held in the same year as the Summer Games . They were hosted in the French Savoie region , with 18 events held in the city of Albertville and the remaining events spread out over the Savoie . Political changes of the time were reflected in the composition of the Olympic teams competing in France : this was the first Games to be held after the fall of Communism and the fall of the Berlin Wall , and Germany competed as a single nation for the first time since the 1964 Games ; former Yugoslavian republics Croatia and Slovenia made their debuts as independent nations ; most of the former Soviet republics still competed as a single team known as the Unified Team , but the Baltic States made independent appearances for the first time since before World War II . At 16 years old , Finnish ski jumper Toni Nieminen made history by becoming the youngest male Winter Olympic champion . New Zealand skier Annelise Coberger became the first Winter Olympic medallist from the southern hemisphere when she won a silver medal in the women 's slalom . The 1994 Winter Olympics , held in Lillehammer , Norway , were the first Winter Games to be held separately from the Summer Games . This change resulted from the decision reached in the 91st IOC Session ( 1986 ) to separate the summer and winter Games and place them in alternating even - numbered years . Lillehammer is the northernmost city to ever host the Winter Games and it was the second time the Games were held in Norway , after the 1952 Winter Olympics in Oslo . After the dissolution of Czechoslovakia in 1993 , the Czech Republic and Slovakia made their Olympic debuts . The women 's figure skating competition drew media attention when American skater Nancy Kerrigan was injured on 6 January 1994 , in an assault planned by the ex-husband of opponent Tonya Harding . Both skaters competed in the Games , but the gold medal was controversially won by Oksana Baiul who became Ukraine 's first Olympic champion , while Kerrigan won the silver medal . Johann Olav Koss of Norway won three gold medals , coming first in all of the distance speed skating events . 13 - year - old Kim Yoon - Mi became the youngest - ever Olympic gold medallist when South Korea won the women 's 3,000 meter speed skating relay . Russia won the most events , with eleven gold medals , while Norway achieved 26 podium finishes , collecting the most medals overall on home ground . Juan Antonio Samaranch described Lillehammer as `` the best Olympic Winter Games ever '' in his closing ceremony speech . The 1998 Winter Olympics were held in the Japanese city of Nagano and were the first Games to host more than 2,000 athletes . The men 's ice hockey tournament was opened to professionals for the first time . Canada and the United States were favoured to win the tournament as they both fielded numerous NHL players , but surprisingly neither team won any medals and it was the Czech Republic who prevailed . Women 's ice hockey made its debut and the United States won the gold medal . Bjørn Dæhlie of Norway won three gold medals in Nordic skiing , becoming the most decorated Winter Olympic athlete , with eight gold medals and twelve medals overall . Austrian Hermann Maier survived a crash during the downhill competition and returned to win gold in the super-G and the giant slalom . Tara Lipinski of the United States , aged just 15 , became the youngest ever female gold medallist in an individual event when she won the Ladies ' Singles , a record that had stood since Sonja Henie of Norway won the same event , also aged 15 , in St. Moritz in 1928 . New world records were set in speed skating largely due to the introduction of the clap skate . 21st century ( edit ) 2002 to 2010 ( edit ) Olympic flame during the Opening Ceremony of the 2002 Games in Salt Lake City The 2002 Winter Olympics were held in Salt Lake City , United States , hosting 77 nations and 2,399 athletes in 78 events in 7 sports . These Games were the first to take place since the September 11 attacks of 2001 , which meant a higher degree of security to avoid a terrorist attack . The opening ceremony saw signs of the aftermath of the events of that day , including the flag that flew at Ground Zero , NYPD officer Daniel Rodríguez singing `` God Bless America '' , and honour guards of NYPD and FDNY members . German Georg Hackl won a silver in the singles luge , becoming the first athlete in Olympic history to win medals in the same individual event in five consecutive Olympics . Canada achieved an unprecedented double by winning both the men 's and women 's ice hockey gold medals . Canada became embroiled with Russia in a controversy that involved the judging of the pairs figure skating competition . The Russian pair of Yelena Berezhnaya and Anton Sikharulidze competed against the Canadian pair of Jamie Salé and David Pelletier for the gold medal . The Canadians appeared to have skated well enough to win the competition , yet the Russians were awarded the gold . The judging broke along Cold War lines with judges from former Communist countries favouring the Russian pair and judges from Western nations voting for the Canadians . The only exception was the French judge , Marie - Reine Le Gougne , who awarded the gold to the Russians . An investigation revealed that she had been pressured to give the gold to the Russian pair regardless of how they skated ; in return the Russian judge would look favourably on the French entrants in the ice dancing competition . The IOC decided to award both pairs the gold medal in a second medal ceremony held later in the Games . Australian Steven Bradbury became the first gold medallist from the southern hemisphere when he won the 1,000 metre short - track speed skating event . Close - up of the Olympic Flame during the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin The Italian city of Turin hosted the 2006 Winter Olympics . It was the second time that Italy had hosted the Winter Olympic Games . South Korean athletes won 10 medals , including 6 gold in the short - track speed skating events . Sun - Yu Jin won three gold medals while her teammate Hyun - Soo Ahn won three gold medals and a bronze . In the women 's Cross-Country team pursuit Canadian Sara Renner broke one of her poles and , when he saw her dilemma , Norwegian coach Bjørnar Håkensmoen decided to lend her a pole . In so doing she was able to help her team win a silver medal in the event at the expense of the Norwegian team , who finished fourth . On winning the Super-G , Kjetil - Andre Aamodt of Norway became the most decorated ski racer of all time with 4 gold and 8 overall medals . He is also the only ski racer to have won the same event at three different Olympics , winning the Super-G in 1992 , 2002 and 2006 . Claudia Pechstein of Germany became the first speed skater to earn nine career medals . In February 2009 , Pechstein tested positive for `` blood manipulation '' and received a two - year suspension , which she appealed . The Court of Arbitration for Sport upheld her suspension but a Swiss court ruled that she could compete for a spot on the 2010 German Olympic team . This ruling was brought to the Swiss Federal Tribunal , which overturned the lower court 's ruling and precluded her from competing in Vancouver . A memorial to Nodar Kumaritashvili in Whistler , photographed on 20 March 2010 In 2003 the IOC awarded the 2010 Winter Olympics to Vancouver , thus allowing Canada to host its second Winter Olympics . With a population of more than 2.5 million people Vancouver is the largest metropolitan area to ever host a Winter Olympic Games . Over 2,500 athletes from 82 countries participated in 86 events . The death of Georgian luger Nodar Kumaritashvili in a training run on the day of the opening ceremonies resulted in the Whistler Sliding Centre changing the track layout on safety grounds . Norwegian cross-country skier Marit Bjørgen won five medals in the six cross-country events on the women 's programme . She finished the Olympics with three golds , a silver and a bronze . The Vancouver Games were notable for the poor performance of the Russian athletes . From their first Winter Olympics in 1956 to the 2006 Games , a Soviet or Russian delegation had never been outside the top five medal - winning nations , but in 2010 they finished sixth in total medals and eleventh in gold medals . President Dmitry Medvedev called for the resignation of top sports officials immediately after the Games . Russia 's disappointing performance at Vancouver is cited as the reason behind the implementation of a doping scheme alleged to have been in operation at major events such as the 2014 Games at Sochi . The success of Asian countries stood in stark contrast to the under - performing Russian team , with Vancouver marking a high point for medals won by Asian countries . In 1992 the Asian countries had won fifteen medals , three of which were gold . In Vancouver the total number of medals won by athletes from Asia had increased to thirty - one , with eleven of them being gold . The rise of Asian nations in Winter Olympics sports is due in part to the growth of winter sports programmes and the interest in winter sports in nations such as South Korea , Japan and China . 2014 to 2018 ( edit ) Sochi , Russia , was selected as the host city for the 2014 Winter Olympics over Salzburg , Austria , and Pyeongchang , South Korea . This was the first time that Russia had hosted a Winter Olympics . The Games took place from 7 to 23 February 2014 . A record 2,800 athletes from 88 countries competed in 98 events . The Olympic Village and Olympic Stadium were located on the Black Sea coast . All of the mountain venues were 50 kilometres ( 31 miles ) away in the alpine region known as Krasnaya Polyana . The Games were the most expensive so far , with a cost of £ 30 billion ( USD 51 billion ) . On the snow , Norwegian biathlete Ole Einar Bjørndalen took two golds to bring his total tally of Olympic medals to 13 , overtaking his compatriot Bjørn Dæhlie to become the most decorated Winter Olympian of all time . Another Norwegian , cross-country skier Marit Bjørgen took three golds ; her total of ten Olympic medals tied her as the female Winter Olympian with most medals , alongside Raisa Smetanina and Stefania Belmondo . Snowboarder Ayumu Hirano became the youngest medallist on snow at the Winter Games when he took a silver in the halfpipe competition at the age of fifteen . On the ice , the Dutch dominated the speed skating events , taking 23 medals , four clean sweeps of the podium places and at least one medal in each of the twelve medal events . Ireen Wüst was their most successful competitor , taking two golds and three silvers . In figure skating , Yuzuru Hanyu became the first skater to break the 100 - point barrier in the short programme on the way to winning the gold medal . Among the sledding disciplines , luger Armin Zöggeler took a bronze , becoming the first Winter Olympian to secure a medal in six consecutive Games . Following their disappointing performance at the 2010 Games , and an investment of £ 600 million in elite sport , Russia initially topped the medal table , taking 33 medals including thirteen golds . However Grigory Rodchenkov , the former head of the Russian national anti-doping laboratory , subsequently claimed that he had been involved in doping dozens of Russian competitors for the Games , and that he had been assisted by the Russian Federal Security Service in opening and re-sealing bottles containing urine samples so that samples with banned substances could be replaced with `` clean '' urine . A subsequent investigation commissioned by the World Anti-Doping Agency led by Richard McLaren concluded that a state - sponsored doping programme had operated in Russia from `` at least late 2011 to 2015 '' across the `` vast majority '' of Summer and Winter Olympic sports . On 5 December 2017 , the IOC announced that Russia would be banned from the 2018 Winter Olympics with immediate effect and by the end of 2017 the IOC Disciplinary Commission had disqualified 43 Russian athletes , stripping thirteen medals and knocking Russia from the top of the medal table , thus putting Norway in the lead . On 6 July 2011 , Pyeongchang , South Korea , was selected to host the 2018 Winter Olympics over Munich , Germany , and Annecy , France . This was the first time that South Korea had been selected to host a Winter Olympics and it was the second time the Olympics were held in the country overall , after the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul . The Games took place from 9 to 25 February 2018 . More than 2,900 athletes from 92 countries participated in 102 events . The Olympic Stadium and many of the sports venues were situated in the Alpensia Resort in Daegwallyeong - myeon , Pyeongchang , while a number of other sports venues were located in the Gangneung Olympic Park in Pyeongchang 's neighboring city of Gangneung . The lead - up to the 2018 Winter Olympics was affected by the tensions between North and South Korea and the ongoing Russian doping scandal . Despite tense relations , North Korea agreed to participate in the Games , enter with South Korea during the opening ceremony as a unified Korea , and field a unified team in women 's ice hockey . Individual Russian athletes , who qualified and could demonstrate they had complied with the IOC 's doping regulations , were given the option to compete neutrally in Pyeongchang as `` Olympic Athletes from Russia '' ( OAR ) but they were not allowed to compete under the Russian flag . The Games saw the addition of big air snowboarding , mass start speed skating , mixed doubles curling , and mixed team alpine skiing to the programme . On the ice , the Netherlands again dominated the speed skating , winning gold medals in seven of the ten individual events . Dutch speed skater Sven Kramer won gold in the men 's 5000m event , becoming the only male speed skater to win the same Olympic event three times . On the snow , Norway led the medal tally in cross-country skiing , with Marit Bjørgen winning bronze in the women 's team sprint and gold in the 30 kilometre classical event , bringing her total Olympic medal haul to fifteen , the most won by any athlete ( male or female ) in Winter Olympics history . Johannes Høsflot Klæbo became the youngest ever male to win an Olympic gold in cross-country skiing when he won the men 's sprint at age 21 . Noriaki Kasai of Japan became the first athlete in history to participate in eight Winter Olympics when he took part in the ski jumping qualification the day before the opening of the Games . Ester Ledecká of the Czech Republic won gold in the skiing super-G event and another gold in the snowboarding parallel giant slalom , making her the first female athlete to win Olympic gold medals in two different sports at a single Winter Games . Norway led the total medal standings with 39 , the highest number of medals by a nation in any Winter Olympics , followed by Germany 's 31 and Canada 's 29 . Host nation South Korea won seventeen medals , their highest medal haul at a Winter Olympics . Future ( edit ) The host city for the 2022 Winter Olympics , is Beijing in northern China , elected on 31 July 2015 , at the 128th IOC Session in Kuala Lumpur . Beijing will be the first city ever to have hosted both the Summer and Winter Olympics . The 2022 Winter Olympics will take place between 4 and 20 February 2022 . Controversy ( edit ) Main article : Olympic Games scandals and controversies § Winter Olympics Juan Antonio Samaranch , former IOC president , was implicated in a bidding scandal for the 2002 Winter Olympics . The process for awarding host city honours came under intense scrutiny after Salt Lake City had been awarded the right to host the 2002 Games . Soon after the host city had been announced it was discovered that the organisers had engaged in an elaborate bribery scheme to curry favour with IOC officials . Gifts and other financial considerations were given to those who would evaluate and vote on Salt Lake City 's bid . These gifts included medical treatment for relatives , a college scholarship for one member 's son and a land deal in Utah . Even IOC president Juan Antonio Samaranch received two rifles valued at $2,000 . Samaranch defended the gift as inconsequential since , as president , he was a non-voting member . The subsequent investigation uncovered inconsistencies in the bids for every Games ( both summer and winter ) since 1988 . For example , the gifts received by IOC members from the Japanese Organising Committee for Nagano 's bid for the 1998 Winter Olympics were described by the investigation committee as `` astronomical '' . Although nothing strictly illegal had been done , the IOC feared that corporate sponsors would lose faith in the integrity of the process and that the Olympic brand would be tarnished to such an extent that advertisers would begin to pull their support . The investigation resulted in the expulsion of 10 IOC members and the sanctioning of another 10 . New terms and age limits were established for IOC membership , and 15 former Olympic athletes were added to the committee . Stricter rules for future bids were imposed , with ceilings imposed on the value of gifts IOC members could accept from bid cities . Host city legacy ( edit ) According to the IOC , the host city for the Winter Olympics is responsible for `` ... establishing functions and services for all aspects of the Games , such as sports planning , venues , finance , technology , accommodation , catering , media services , etc. , as well as operations during the Games . '' Due to the cost of hosting the Games , most host cities never realise a profit on their investment . For example , the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin , Italy , cost $3.6 billion to host . By comparison , the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano , Japan , cost $12.5 billion . The organisers of the Nagano Games claimed that the cost of extending the bullet train service from Tokyo to Nagano was responsible for the large price tag . The organising committee had hoped that the exposure gained from hosting the Winter Olympics , and the improved access to Nagano from Tokyo , would benefit the local economy for years afterwards . In actual fact , Nagano 's economy did experience a post-Olympic boom for a year or two , but the long - term effects have not materialised as anticipated . The likelihood of heavy debt is a deterrent to prospective host cities , as well as the prospect of unused sports venues and infrastructure saddling the local community with upkeep costs into the future with no appreciable post-Olympic value . The Winter games has the added problem of the alpine events requiring a mountain location ; the men 's downhill needs an 800 meter altitude difference along a suitable course . As this is a focal event that is central to the Games , the IOC will not agree to it taking place a great distance from the main host city . The requirement for a mountain location also means that venues such as hockey arenas often have to be built in sparsely populated areas with little future need for a large arena . Due to cost issues , the only candidate cities for the 2022 Winter Olympics were in dictatorship countries , and a number of European countries declined due to political doubt over costs . Both the 2006 and 2010 Games , which were hosted in countries where large cities are located close to suitable mountain regions , had lower costs since more venues and transport infrastructure already existed . The IOC has enacted several initiatives to mitigate these concerns . Firstly , the commission has agreed to fund part of the host city 's budget for staging the Games . Secondly , the qualifying host countries are limited to those that have the resources and infrastructure to successfully host an Olympic Games without negatively impacting the region or nation ; this consequently rules out a large portion of the developing world . Finally , any prospective host city planning to bid for the Games is required to add a `` legacy plan '' to their proposal , with a view to the long - term economic and environmental impact that hosting the Olympics will have on the region . Doping ( edit ) In 1967 the IOC began enacting drug testing protocols . They started by randomly testing athletes at the 1968 Winter Olympics . The first Winter Games athlete to test positive for a banned substance was Alois Schloder , a West German hockey player , but his team was still allowed to compete . During the 1970s testing outside of competition was escalated because it was found to deter athletes from using performance - enhancing drugs . The problem with testing during this time was a lack of standardisation of the test procedures , which undermined the credibility of the tests . It was not until the late 1980s that international sporting federations began to coordinate efforts to standardise the drug - testing protocols . The IOC took the lead in the fight against steroids when it established the independent World Anti-Doping Agency ( WADA ) in November 1999 . The 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin became notable for a scandal involving the emerging trend of blood doping , the use of blood transfusions or synthetic hormones such as Erythropoietin ( EPO ) to improve oxygen flow and thus reduce fatigue . The Italian police conducted a raid on the Austrian cross-country ski team 's residence during the Games where they seized blood - doping specimens and equipment . This event followed the pre-Olympics suspension of 12 cross-country skiers who tested positive for unusually high levels of haemoglobin , which is evidence of blood doping . The 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi 's Russian Doping Scandal has resulted in the International Olympic Committee to begin disciplinary proceedings against 28 ( later increased to 46 ) Russian athletes who competed at the 2014 Winter Games in Sochi , Russia , acting on evidence that their urine samples were tampered with . Politics ( edit ) Cold War ( edit ) A postage stamp issued by East Germany in 1968 in commemoration of their first Winter Olympics as an independent country The Winter Olympics have been an ideological front in the Cold War since the Soviet Union first participated at the 1956 Winter Games . It did not take long for the Cold War combatants to discover what a powerful propaganda tool the Olympic Games could be . The advent of the state - sponsored `` full - time amateur athlete '' of the Eastern Bloc countries further eroded the ideology of the pure amateur , as it put the self - financed amateurs of the Western countries at a disadvantage . The Soviet Union entered teams of athletes who were all nominally students , soldiers , or working in a profession , but many of whom were in reality paid by the state to train on a full - time basis . Nevertheless , the IOC held to the traditional rules regarding amateurism until the ' 90s . The Cold War created tensions amongst countries allied to the two superpowers . The strained relationship between East and West Germany created a difficult political situation for the IOC . Because of its role in World War II , Germany was not allowed to compete at the 1948 Winter Olympics . In 1950 the IOC recognised the West German Olympic Committee , and invited East and West Germany to compete as a unified team at the 1952 Winter Games . East Germany declined the invitation and instead sought international legitimacy separate from West Germany . In 1955 the Soviet Union recognised East Germany as a sovereign state , thereby giving more credibility to East Germany 's campaign to become an independent participant at the Olympics . The IOC agreed to provisionally accept the East German National Olympic Committee with the condition that East and West Germans compete on one team . The situation became tenuous when the Berlin Wall was constructed in 1962 and western nations began refusing visas to East German athletes . The uneasy compromise of a unified team held until the 1968 Grenoble Games when the IOC officially split the teams and threatened to reject the host - city bids of any country that refused entry visas to East German athletes . Boycott ( edit ) The Winter Games have had only one national team boycott when Taiwan decided not to participate in the 1980 Winter Olympics held in Lake Placid . Prior to the Games the IOC agreed to allow China to compete in the Olympics for the first time since 1952 . China was given permission to compete as the `` People 's Republic of China '' ( PRC ) and to use the PRC flag and anthem . Until 1980 the island of Taiwan had been competing under the name `` Republic of China '' ( ROC ) and had been using the ROC flag and anthem . The IOC attempted to have the countries compete together but when this proved to be unacceptable the IOC demanded that Taiwan cease to call itself the `` Republic of China '' . The IOC renamed the island `` Chinese Taipei '' and demanded that it adopt a different flag and national anthem , stipulations that Taiwan would not agree to . Despite numerous appeals and court hearings the IOC 's decision stood . When the Taiwanese athletes arrived at the Olympic village with their Republic of China identification cards they were not admitted . They subsequently left the Olympics in protest , just before the opening ceremonies . Taiwan returned to Olympic competition at the 1984 Winter Games in Sarajevo as Chinese Taipei . The country agreed to compete under a flag bearing the emblem of their National Olympic Committee and to play the anthem of their National Olympic Committee should one of their athletes win a gold medal . The agreement remains in place to this day . Sports ( edit ) The Olympic Charter limits winter sports to `` those ... which are practised on snow or ice . '' Since 1992 a number of new sports have been added to the Olympic programme ; which include short track speed skating , snowboarding , freestyle and moguls skiing . The addition of these events has broadened the appeal of the Winter Olympics beyond Europe and North America . While European powers such as Norway and Germany still dominate the traditional Winter Olympic sports , countries such as South Korea , Australia and Canada are finding success in the new sports . The results are : more parity in the national medal tables ; more interest in the Winter Olympics ; and higher global television ratings . Current sports ( edit ) Sport Years Events Medal events contested in 2014 Alpine skiing Since 1936 11 Men 's and women 's downhill , super G , giant slalom , slalom , and combined , and parallel slalom . Biathlon Since 1960 11 Sprint ( men : 10 km ; women : 7.5 km ) , the individual ( men : 20 km ; women : 15 km ) , pursuit ( men : 12.5 km ; women : 10 km ) , relay ( men : 4x7. 5 km ; women : 4x6 km ; mixed : 2x7. 5 km + 2x6 km ) , and the mass start ( men : 15 km ; women : 12.5 km ) . Bobsleigh Since 1924 ( except 1960 ) Four - man race , two - man race and two - woman race . Cross-country skiing Since 1924 12 Men 's sprint , team sprint , 30 km pursuit , 15 km , 50 km and 4x10 km relay ; women 's sprint , team sprint , 15 km pursuit , 10 km , 30 km and 4x5 km relay . Curling 1924 , since 1998 Men 's , women 's and mixed doubles . tournaments . Figure skating Since 1924 5 Men 's and women 's singles ; pairs ; ice dancing and team event . Freestyle skiing Since 1992 10 Men 's and women 's moguls , aerials , ski cross , superpipe , and slopestyle . Ice hockey Since 1924 Men 's and women 's tournaments . Luge Since 1964 Men 's and women 's singles , men 's doubles , team relay . Nordic combined Since 1924 Men 's 10 km individual normal hill , 10 km individual large hill and team . Short track speed skating Since 1992 8 Men 's and women 's 500 m , 1000 m , 1500 m ; women 's 3000 m relay ; and men 's 5000 m relay . Skeleton 1928 , 1948 , Since 2002 Men 's and women 's events . Ski jumping Since 1924 Men 's individual large hill , team large hill ; men 's and women 's individual normal hill . Snowboarding Since 1998 8 Men 's and women 's parallel , half - pipe , snowboard cross , and slopestyle . Speed skating Since 1924 14 Men 's and women 's 500 m , 1000 m , 1500 m , 5000 m , Massstart and team pursuit ; women 's 3000 m ; men 's 10,000 m . ^ Note 1 . Figure skating events were held at the 1908 and 1920 Summer Olympics . ^ Note 2 . A men 's ice hockey tournament was held at the 1920 Summer Olympics . ^ Note 3 . The IOC 's website now treats Men 's Military Patrol at the 1924 Games as an event within the sport of Biathlon . Demonstration events ( edit ) Demonstration sports have historically provided a venue for host countries to attract publicity to locally popular sports by having a competition without granting medals . Demonstration sports were discontinued after 1992 . Military patrol , a precursor to the biathlon , was a medal sport in 1924 and was demonstrated in 1928 , 1936 and 1948 , becoming an official sport in 1960 . The special figures figure skating event was only contested at the 1908 Summer Olympics . Bandy ( Russian hockey ) is a sport popular in the Nordic countries and Russia . In the latter it 's considered a national sport . It was demonstrated at the Oslo Games . Ice stock sport , a German variant of curling , was demonstrated in 1936 in Germany and 1964 in Austria . The ski ballet event , later known as ski - acro , was demonstrated in 1988 and 1992 . Skijöring , skiing behind dogs , was a demonstration sport in St. Moritz in 1928 . A sled - dog race was held at Lake Placid in 1932 . Speed skiing was demonstrated in Albertville at the 1992 Winter Olympics . Winter pentathlon , a variant of the modern pentathlon , was included as a demonstration event at the 1948 Games in Switzerland . It included cross-country skiing , shooting , downhill skiing , fencing and horse riding . Ten most successful nations ( edit ) Main article : All - time Olympic Games medal table The table below uses official data provided by the IOC . Defunct nation No . Nation Games Gold Silver Bronze Total Norway ( NOR ) 23 132 125 111 368 United States ( USA ) 23 105 110 90 305 Germany ( GER ) 12 92 86 60 238 Austria ( AUT ) 23 64 81 87 232 5 Canada ( CAN ) 23 73 64 62 199 6 Soviet Union ( URS ) 9 78 57 59 194 7 Finland ( FIN ) 23 43 63 61 167 8 Sweden ( SWE ) 23 57 46 55 158 9 Switzerland ( SUI ) 23 55 46 52 153 10 Netherlands ( NED ) 21 45 44 41 130 List of Winter Olympic Games ( edit ) Games Year Host Dates Nations Competitors Sports Disci - plines Events Top Nation Ref Total Men Women 1924 Chamonix , France 25 January -- 5 February 16 258 247 11 6 9 16 Norway ( NOR ) ( 2 ) II 1928 St. Moritz , Switzerland 11 -- 19 February 25 464 438 26 8 14 Norway ( NOR ) ( 3 ) III 1932 Lake Placid , United States 4 -- 15 February 17 252 231 21 7 14 United States ( USA ) ( 4 ) IV 1936 Garmisch - Partenkirchen , Germany 6 -- 16 February 28 646 566 80 8 17 Norway ( NOR ) ( 5 ) 1940 Awarded to Sapporo , Japan ; cancelled due to World War II 1944 Awarded to Cortina d'Ampezzo , Italy ; cancelled due to World War II V 1948 St. Moritz , Switzerland 30 January -- 8 February 28 669 592 77 9 22 Norway ( NOR ) Sweden ( SWE ) ( 6 ) VI 1952 Oslo , Norway 14 -- 25 February 30 694 585 109 8 22 Norway ( NOR ) ( 7 ) VII 1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo , Italy 26 January -- 5 February 32 821 687 134 8 24 Soviet Union ( URS ) ( 8 ) VIII 1960 Squaw Valley , United States 18 -- 28 February 30 665 521 144 8 27 Soviet Union ( URS ) ( 9 ) IX 1964 Innsbruck , Austria 29 January -- 9 February 36 1091 892 199 6 10 34 Soviet Union ( URS ) ( 10 ) X 1968 Grenoble , France 6 -- 18 February 37 1158 947 211 6 10 35 Norway ( NOR ) ( 11 ) XI 1972 Sapporo , Japan 3 -- 13 February 35 1006 801 205 6 10 35 Soviet Union ( URS ) ( 12 ) XII 1976 Innsbruck , Austria 4 -- 15 February 37 1123 892 231 6 10 37 Soviet Union ( URS ) ( 13 ) XIII 1980 Lake Placid , United States 13 -- 24 February 37 1072 840 232 6 10 38 Soviet Union ( URS ) ( 14 ) XIV 1984 Sarajevo , Yugoslavia 8 -- 19 February 49 1272 998 274 6 10 39 East Germany ( GDR ) ( 15 ) XV 1988 Calgary , Canada 13 -- 28 February 57 1423 1122 301 6 10 46 Soviet Union ( URS ) ( 16 ) XVI 1992 Albertville , France 8 -- 23 February 64 1801 1313 488 6 12 57 Germany ( GER ) ( 17 ) XVII 1994 Lillehammer , Norway 12 -- 27 February 67 1737 1215 522 6 12 61 Russia ( RUS ) ( 18 ) XVIII 1998 Nagano , Japan 7 -- 22 February 72 2176 1389 787 7 14 68 Germany ( GER ) ( 19 ) XIX 2002 Salt Lake City , United States 8 -- 24 February 78 2399 1513 886 7 15 78 Norway ( NOR ) ( 20 ) XX 2006 Turin , Italy 10 -- 26 February 80 2508 1548 960 7 15 84 Germany ( GER ) ( 21 ) XXI Vancouver , Canada 12 -- 28 February 82 2566 1522 1044 7 15 86 Canada ( CAN ) ( 22 ) XXII 2014 Sochi , Russia 7 -- 23 February 88 2873 1714 1159 7 15 98 Russia ( RUS ) ( 23 ) XXIII 2018 Pyeongchang , South Korea 9 -- 25 February 92 2922 1680 1242 7 15 102 Norway ( NOR ) ( 24 ) XXIV 2022 Beijing , China 4 -- 20 February Future event ( 25 ) Unlike the Summer Olympics , the cancelled 1940 Winter Olympics and 1944 Winter Olympics are not included in the official Roman numeral counts for the Winter Games . While the official titles of the Summer Games count Olympiads , the titles of the Winter Games only count the Games themselves . Map of Winter Olympics locations . Countries that have hosted one Winter Olympics are shaded green , while countries that have hosted two or more are shaded blue . See also ( edit ) List of multiple Winter Olympic medallists List of participating nations at the Winter Olympic Games Lists of Olympic medallists Olympic Games scandals and controversies Winter Paralympic Games Paralympic Games Summer Olympic Games Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` French and English are the official languages for the Olympic Games . '' , ( 1 ). ( ... ) ^ Jump up to : The official website of the Olympic Movement now treats Men 's Military Patrol at the 1924 Games as an event within the sport of Biathlon . However , the 1924 Official Report treats it as an event and discipline within what was then called Skiing and is now called Nordic Skiing . Jump up ^ At the closing of the 1924 Games a prize was also awarded for ' alpinisme ' ( mountaineering ) , a sport that did not lend itself very well for tournaments : Pierre de Coubertin presented a prize for ' alpinisme ' to Charles Granville Bruce , the leader of the expedition that tried to climb Mount Everest in 1922 . Jump up ^ The US beat the Soviets as part of a medal round that also included Finland and Sweden , so they did not actually win the gold medal until beating Finland a few days later . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Biathlon Results - Chamonix 1924 '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 17 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Olympic Games Medals , Chamonix 1924 '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 17 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Official Report ( 1924 ) , p 646 : Le Programme ... II . -- Epreuves par équipes - 12 . Ski : Course militaire ( 20 à 30 kilomètres , avec tir ) . ( The Programme ... II . -- Team events - 12 . Skiing : Military Race ( 20 to 30 kilometres , with shooting ) ) . Jump up ^ Official Report ( 1924 ) , p 664 : CONCOURS DE SKI - Jurys - COURSE MILITAIRE . ( Skiing Competitions - Juries - Military Race ) ^ Jump up to : Edgeworth , Ron ( May 1994 ) . `` The Nordic Games and the Origins of the Winter Olympic Games '' ( PDF ) . International Society of Olympic Historians Journal . LA84 Foundation . 2 ( 2 ) . Retrieved 9 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1908 Figure Skating Results '' . CNNSI.com . Archived from the original on 11 February 2001 . Retrieved 9 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Figure Skating History '' . CNNSI.com . Archived from the original on 14 August 2004 . Retrieved 9 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Judd ( 2008 ) , p. 21 ^ Jump up to : `` 1924 Chamonix , France '' . CBC Sports . CBC.ca. 18 December 2009 . Archived from the original on 2 March 2010 . Retrieved 5 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Findling and Pelle ( 2004 ) , p. 283 ^ Jump up to : `` Chamonix 1924 '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 5 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1924 Chamonix Winter Games '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 12 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Findling and Pelle ( 2004 ) , pp. 289 -- 290 Jump up ^ Findling and Pelle ( 2004 ) , p. 290 Jump up ^ `` 1928 Sankt Moritz Winter Games '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 12 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` St. Moritz 1928 '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 5 March 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lake Placid 1932 '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 5 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Findling and Pelle ( 2004 ) , p. 298 Jump up ^ Seligmann , Davison , and McDonald ( 2004 ) , p. 119 ^ Jump up to : `` Garmisch - Partenkirchen Olympics '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 11 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Lund , Mortund ( December 2001 ) . `` The First Four Olympics '' . Skiing Heritage Journal . International Skiing History Association : 21 . Retrieved 18 April 2011 . 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Retrieved 12 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Nordic Combined '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 12 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Short Track Speed Sskating '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 12 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Skeleton '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 12 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ski Jumping '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 12 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Snowboard '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 12 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Speed Skating '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 12 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Olympic Sports '' . Inside The Games . Archived from the original on 10 July 2014 . Retrieved 2 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Biathlon history '' . USBiathlon.org . Archived from the original on 8 October 2011 . Retrieved 26 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Figure Skating at the 1908 London Summer Games '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 26 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Russian bandy players blessed for victory at world championship in Kazan '' . Tatar - Inform. 21 January 2011 . Archived from the original on 24 April 2012 . Retrieved 31 August 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Arnold , Eric ( 28 January 2010 ) . `` Strangest Olympics Sports In History '' . Forbes . Forbes.com . Retrieved 16 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Freestyle Skiing History '' . The National Post . Canadian Broadcasting Company . 4 December 2009 . Archived from the original on 28 January 2010 . Retrieved 16 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Janofsky , Michael ( 18 December 1991 ) . `` Hitting the slopes in the fast lane '' . The New York Times . NYTimes.com . Retrieved 26 March 2009 . Jump up ^ The IOC site for the 2002 Winter Olympic Games gives erroneous figure of 77 participated NOCs ; however , one can count 78 nations looking through official results of 2002 Games Part 1 Archived 3 January 2014 at the Wayback Machine. , Part 2 Archived 18 January 2014 at the Wayback Machine. , Part 3 Archived 18 January 2014 at the Wayback Machine ... Probably this error is consequence that Costa Rica 's delegation of one athlete joined the Games after the Opening Ceremony , so 77 nations participated in Opening Ceremony and 78 nations participated in the Games . Bibliography Barry , Tim ; Crawford , Dee ( 2002 ) . Revise for Advanced PE for Edexcel . Oxford , United Kingdom : Heinemann Educational Publishers . ISBN 0 - 435 - 10045 - 9 . Brownell , Susan ( 2008 ) . Beijing 's games : What the Olympics mean to China . Plymouth , United Kingdom : Rowman & Littlefield publishers . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7425 - 5640 - 9 . Cashmore , Ernest ( 2005 ) . Making sense of sports . New York : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 34853 - 6 . Cashmore , Ernest ( 2003 ) . Sports culture . New York : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 18169 - 0 . Cooper - Chen , Anne ( 2005 ) . Global entertainment media . Mahwah , New Jersey : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates . ISBN 0 - 8058 - 5168 - 2 . Findling , John E. ; Pelle , Kimberly D. ( 2004 ) . Encyclopedia of the Modern Olympic Movement . Westport , Connecticut : Greenwood Press . ISBN 0 - 313 - 32278 - 3 . Findling , John ; Pelle , Kimberly ( 1996 ) . Historical dictionary of the Modern Olympic Movement . Westport , Connecticut : Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 0 - 313 - 28477 - 6 . Fry , John ( 2006 ) . The story of modern skiing . Lebanon , New Hampshire : University Press of New England . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58465 - 489 - 6 . Gershon , Richard A. ( 2000 ) . Telecommunications Management : Industry structures and planning strategies . Mahwah , New Jersey : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates . ISBN 0 - 8058 - 3002 - 2 . Guttman , Allen ( 1986 ) . Sports Spectators . New York : Columbia University Press . ISBN 0 - 231 - 06401 - 2 . Guttman , Allen ( 1992 ) . The Olympics , a history of the modern games . Champaign , Illinois : University of Illinois press . ISBN 0 - 252 - 02725 - 6 . Hazan , Barukh ( 1982 ) . Olympic sports and propaganda games . New Brunswick , New Jersey : Transaction Inc . ISBN 0 - 87855 - 436 - X . Hill , Christopher R. ( 1992 ) . Olympic Politics . Manchester , United Kingdom : Manchester University Press . ISBN 0 - 7190 - 3542 - 2 . Judd , Ron C. ( 2008 ) . The Winter Olympics . Seattle , Washington : The Mountaineers Books . ISBN 1 - 59485 - 063 - 1 . Mallon , Bill ; Buchanan , Ian ( 2006 ) . Historical dictionary of the Olympic Movement . Oxford , UK : Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group . ISBN 0 - 8108 - 5574 - 7 . Mandell , Richard D. ( 1987 ) . The Nazi Olympics . Champaign , Illinois : University of Illinois Press . ISBN 0 - 252 - 01325 - 5 . Miller , Toby ; Lawrence , Geoffrey ; McKay , Jim ( 2001 ) . Globalization and sport . London : Sage Publications . ISBN 0 - 7619 - 5968 - 8 . Mottram , David ( 2003 ) . Drugs in sport . New York : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 27937 - 2 . Official Report ( 1924 ) of both Summer and Winter games : ( ed . ) M. Avé , Comité Olympique Français . Les Jeux de la VIII Olympiade Paris 1924 -- Rapport Officiel ( PDF ) ( in French ) . Paris : Librairie de France . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 5 May 2011 . Retrieved 7 May 2011 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Payne , Michael ( 2006 ) . Olympic turnaround . Westport , Connecticut : Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 0 - 275 - 99030 - 3 . Preuss , Holger ( 2004 ) . The Economics of Staging the Olympics : A Comparison of the Games 1972 -- 2008 . Cheltenham , United Kingdom : Edward Elgar Publishing Limited . ISBN 1 - 84376 - 893 - 3 . Schaffer , Kay ; Smith , Sidonie ( 2000 ) . Olympics at the Millennium . Piscataway , New Jersey : Rutgers University Press . ISBN 0 - 8135 - 2820 - 8 . Seligmann , Matthew S. ; Davison , John ; McDonald , John ( 2003 ) . Daily Life in Hitler 's Germany . New York : Macmillan . ISBN 0 - 312 - 32811 - 7 . Senn , Alfred Erich ( 1999 ) . Power , Politics and the Olympic Games . Champaign , Illinois : Human Kinetics . ISBN 0 - 88011 - 958 - 6 . Wallechinsky , David ; Loucky , Jaime ( 2010 ) . The complete book of the Winter Olympics ( 8th ed . ) . : Greystone Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55365 - 502 - 2 . Whannel , Garry ( 1992 ) . Fields in vision television sport and cultural transformation . New York : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 05383 - 8 . Yesalis , Charles ( 2000 ) . Anabolic steroids and sports and exercise . Champaign , Illinois : Human Kinetics . ISBN 0 - 88011 - 786 - 9 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Winter Olympics . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter%20Olympic%20Games
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what does it mean that pi is an irrational number
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In the 18th century , Johann Heinrich Lambert proved that the number π ( pi ) is irrational : that is , it can not be expressed as a fraction a / b , where a is an integer and b is a non-zero integer . In the 19th century , Charles Hermite found a proof that requires no prerequisite knowledge beyond basic calculus . Three simplifications of Hermite 's proof are due to Mary Cartwright , Ivan Niven , and Nicolas Bourbaki . Another proof , which is a simplification of Lambert 's proof , is due to Miklós Laczkovich .
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Proof that π is irrational
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proof that π is irrational
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In the 18th century , Johann Heinrich Lambert proved that the number π ( pi ) is irrational : that is , it can not be expressed as a fraction a / b , where a is an integer and b is a non-zero integer . In the 19th century , Charles Hermite found a proof that requires no prerequisite knowledge beyond basic calculus . Three simplifications of Hermite 's proof are due to Mary Cartwright , Ivan Niven , and Nicolas Bourbaki . Another proof , which is a simplification of Lambert 's proof , is due to Miklós Laczkovich .
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In 1882 , Ferdinand von Lindemann proved that π is not just irrational , but transcendental as well . Contents 1 Lambert 's proof 2 Hermite 's proof 3 Cartwright 's proof 4 Niven 's proof 5 Bourbaki 's proof 6 Laczkovich 's proof 7 See also 8 References Lambert 's proof ( edit ) Scan of formula on page 288 of Lambert 's `` Mémoires sur quelques propriétés remarquables des quantités transcendantes , circulaires et logarithmiques '' , Mémoires de l'Académie royale des sciences de Berlin ( 1768 ) , 265 -- 322 . In 1761 , Lambert proved that π is irrational by first showing that this continued fraction expansion holds : tan ( x ) = x 1 − x 2 3 − x 2 5 − x 2 7 − ⋱ . ( \ displaystyle \ tan ( x ) = ( \ cfrac ( x ) ( 1 - ( \ cfrac ( x ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 3 - ( \ cfrac ( x ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 5 - ( \ cfrac ( x ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 7 - ( ) \ ddots ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) . ) Then Lambert proved that if x is non-zero and rational then this expression must be irrational . Since tan ( π / 4 ) = 1 , it follows that π / 4 is irrational and therefore that π is irrational . A simplification of Lambert 's proof is given below . Hermite 's proof ( edit ) This proof uses the characterization of π as the smallest positive number whose half is a zero of the cosine function and it actually proves that π is irrational . As in many proofs of irrationality , the argument proceeds by reductio ad absurdum . Consider the sequences ( A ) and ( U ) of functions from R into R thus defined : A 0 ( x ) = sin ( x ) A n + 1 ( x ) = ∫ 0 x y A n ( y ) d y U 0 ( x ) = sin ( x ) x U n + 1 ( x ) = − U n ′ ( x ) x . ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) A_ ( 0 ) ( x ) & = \ sin ( x ) \ \ ( 3pt ) A_ ( n + 1 ) ( x ) & = \ int _ ( 0 ) ^ ( x ) yA_ ( n ) ( y ) \ , dy \ \ ( 3pt ) U_ ( 0 ) ( x ) & = ( \ frac ( \ sin ( x ) ) ( x ) ) \ \ ( 3pt ) U_ ( n + 1 ) ( x ) & = - ( \ frac ( U_ ( n ) ' ( x ) ) ( x ) ). \ end ( aligned ) ) ) It can be proved by induction that A n ( x ) = x 2 n + 1 ( 2 n + 1 ) ! ! − x 2 n + 3 2 × ( 2 n + 3 ) ! ! + x 2 n + 5 2 × 4 × ( 2 n + 5 ) ! ! ∓ ⋯ ( \ displaystyle A_ ( n ) ( x ) = ( \ frac ( x ^ ( 2n + 1 ) ) ( ( 2n + 1 ) ! ! ) ) - ( \ frac ( x ^ ( 2n + 3 ) ) ( 2 \ times ( 2n + 3 ) ! ! ) ) + ( \ frac ( x ^ ( 2n + 5 ) ) ( 2 \ times 4 \ times ( 2n + 5 ) ! ! ) ) \ mp \ cdots ) and that U n ( x ) = 1 ( 2 n + 1 ) ! ! − x 2 2 × ( 2 n + 3 ) ! ! + x 4 2 × 4 × ( 2 n + 5 ) ! ! ∓ ⋯ ( \ displaystyle U_ ( n ) ( x ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( ( 2n + 1 ) ! ! ) ) - ( \ frac ( x ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 2 \ times ( 2n + 3 ) ! ! ) ) + ( \ frac ( x ^ ( 4 ) ) ( 2 \ times 4 \ times ( 2n + 5 ) ! ! ) ) \ mp \ cdots ) and therefore that U n ( x ) = A n ( x ) x 2 n + 1 . ( \ displaystyle U_ ( n ) ( x ) = ( \ frac ( A_ ( n ) ( x ) ) ( x ^ ( 2n + 1 ) ) ) . ) So A n + 1 ( x ) x 2 n + 3 = U n + 1 ( x ) = − U n ′ ( x ) x = − 1 x d d x ( A n ( x ) x 2 n + 1 ) , ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( A_ ( n + 1 ) ( x ) ) ( x ^ ( 2n + 3 ) ) ) = U_ ( n + 1 ) ( x ) = - ( \ frac ( U_ ( n ) ' ( x ) ) ( x ) ) = - ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( x ) ) ( \ frac ( d ) ( dx ) ) \ left ( ( \ frac ( A_ ( n ) ( x ) ) ( x ^ ( 2n + 1 ) ) ) \ right ) , ) which is equivalent to A n + 1 ( x ) = ( 2 n + 1 ) A n ( x ) − x A n ′ ( x ) = ( 2 n + 1 ) A n ( x ) − x 2 A n − 1 ( x ) . ( \ displaystyle A_ ( n + 1 ) ( x ) = ( 2n + 1 ) A_ ( n ) ( x ) - xA_ ( n ) ' ( x ) = ( 2n + 1 ) A_ ( n ) ( x ) - x ^ ( 2 ) A_ ( n - 1 ) ( x ) . ) It follows by induction from this , together with the fact that A ( x ) = sin ( x ) and that A ( x ) = − x cos ( x ) + sin ( x ) , that A ( x ) can be written as P ( x ) sin ( x ) + xQ ( x ) cos ( x ) , where P and Q are polynomial functions with integer coefficients and where the degree of P is smaller than or equal to ⌊ n / 2 ⌋ . In particular , A ( π / 2 ) = P ( π / 4 ) . Hermite also gave a closed expression for the function A , namely A n ( x ) = x 2 n + 1 2 n n ! ∫ 0 1 ( 1 − z 2 ) n cos ( x z ) d z . ( \ displaystyle A_ ( n ) ( x ) = ( \ frac ( x ^ ( 2n + 1 ) ) ( 2 ^ ( n ) n ! ) ) \ int _ ( 0 ) ^ ( 1 ) ( 1 - z ^ ( 2 ) ) ^ ( n ) \ cos ( xz ) \ , dz . ) He did not justify this assertion , but it can be proved easily . First of all , this assertion is equivalent to 1 2 n n ! ∫ 0 1 ( 1 − z 2 ) n cos ( x z ) d z = A n ( x ) x 2 n + 1 = U n ( x ) . ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ^ ( n ) n ! ) ) \ int _ ( 0 ) ^ ( 1 ) ( 1 - z ^ ( 2 ) ) ^ ( n ) \ cos ( xz ) \ , dz = ( \ frac ( A_ ( n ) ( x ) ) ( x ^ ( 2n + 1 ) ) ) = U_ ( n ) ( x ) . ) Proceeding by induction , take n = 0 . ∫ 0 1 cos ( x z ) d z = sin ( x ) x = U 0 ( x ) ( \ displaystyle \ int _ ( 0 ) ^ ( 1 ) \ cos ( xz ) \ , dz = ( \ frac ( \ sin ( x ) ) ( x ) ) = U_ ( 0 ) ( x ) ) and , for the inductive step , consider any n ∈ Z . If 1 2 n n ! ∫ 0 1 ( 1 − z 2 ) n cos ( x z ) d z = U n ( x ) , ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ^ ( n ) n ! ) ) \ int _ ( 0 ) ^ ( 1 ) ( 1 - z ^ ( 2 ) ) ^ ( n ) \ cos ( xz ) \ , dz = U_ ( n ) ( x ) , ) then , using integration by parts and Leibniz 's rule , one gets 1 2 n + 1 ( n + 1 ) ! ∫ 0 1 ( 1 − z 2 ) n + 1 cos ( x z ) d z = 1 2 n + 1 ( n + 1 ) ! ( ( 1 − z 2 ) n + 1 sin ( x z ) x z = 0 z = 1 ⏞ = 0 + ∫ 0 1 2 ( n + 1 ) ( 1 − z 2 ) n z sin ( x z ) x d z ) = 1 x ⋅ 1 2 n n ! ∫ 0 1 ( 1 − z 2 ) n z sin ( x z ) d z = − 1 x ⋅ d d x ( 1 2 n n ! ∫ 0 1 ( 1 − z 2 ) n cos ( x z ) d z ) = − U n ′ ( x ) x = U n + 1 ( x ) . ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) & ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ^ ( n + 1 ) ( n + 1 ) ! ) ) \ int _ ( 0 ) ^ ( 1 ) ( 1 - z ^ ( 2 ) ) ^ ( n + 1 ) \ cos ( xz ) \ , dz \ \ = ( ) & ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ^ ( n + 1 ) ( n + 1 ) ! ) ) ( \ Biggl ( ) \ , \ overbrace ( \ left. ( 1 - z ^ ( 2 ) ) ^ ( n + 1 ) ( \ frac ( \ sin ( xz ) ) ( x ) ) \ right _ ( z = 0 ) ^ ( z = 1 ) ) ^ ( = \ , 0 ) + \ int _ ( 0 ) ^ ( 1 ) 2 ( n + 1 ) ( 1 - z ^ ( 2 ) ) ^ ( n ) z ( \ frac ( \ sin ( xz ) ) ( x ) ) \ , dz ( \ Biggr ) ) \ \ ( 8pt ) = ( ) & ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( x ) ) \ cdot ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ^ ( n ) n ! ) ) \ int _ ( 0 ) ^ ( 1 ) ( 1 - z ^ ( 2 ) ) ^ ( n ) z \ sin ( xz ) \ , dz \ \ ( 8pt ) = ( ) & - ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( x ) ) \ cdot ( \ frac ( d ) ( dx ) ) \ left ( ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ^ ( n ) n ! ) ) \ int _ ( 0 ) ^ ( 1 ) ( 1 - z ^ ( 2 ) ) ^ ( n ) \ cos ( xz ) \ , dz \ right ) \ \ ( 8pt ) = ( ) & - ( \ frac ( U_ ( n ) ' ( x ) ) ( x ) ) = U_ ( n + 1 ) ( x ). \ end ( aligned ) ) ) If π / 4 = p / q , with p and q in N , then , since the coefficients of P are integers and its degree is smaller than or equal to ⌊ n / 2 ⌋ , q P ( π / 4 ) is some integer N. In other words , N = q ⌊ n 2 ⌋ A n ( π 2 ) = q ⌊ n 2 ⌋ ( p q ) n + 1 2 2 n n ! ∫ 0 1 ( 1 − z 2 ) n cos ( π 2 z ) d z . ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) N& = q ^ ( \ left \ lfloor ( \ frac ( n ) ( 2 ) ) \ right \ rfloor ) A_ ( n ) \ left ( ( \ frac ( \ pi ) ( 2 ) ) \ right ) \ \ & = q ^ ( \ left \ lfloor ( \ frac ( n ) ( 2 ) ) \ right \ rfloor ) ( \ frac ( \ left ( ( \ frac ( p ) ( q ) ) \ right ) ^ ( n+ ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) ) ) ( 2 ^ ( n ) n ! ) ) \ int _ ( 0 ) ^ ( 1 ) ( 1 - z ^ ( 2 ) ) ^ ( n ) \ cos \ left ( ( \ frac ( \ pi ) ( 2 ) ) z \ right ) \ , dz. \ end ( aligned ) ) ) But this number is clearly greater than 0 . On the other hand , the limit of this quantity as n goes to infinity is zero , and so , if n is large enough , N < 1 . Thereby , a contradiction is reached . Hermite did not present his proof as an end in itself but as an afterthought within his search for a proof of the transcendence of π . He discussed the recurrence relations to motivate and to obtain a convenient integral representation . Once this integral representation is obtained , there are various ways to present a succinct and self - contained proof starting from the integral ( as in Cartwright 's , Bourbaki 's or Niven 's presentations ) , which Hermite could easily see ( as he did in his proof of the transcendence of e ) . Moreover , Hermite 's proof is closer to Lambert 's proof than it seems . In fact , A ( x ) is the `` residue '' ( or `` remainder '' ) of Lambert 's continued fraction for tan ( x ) . Cartwright 's proof ( edit ) Harold Jeffreys wrote that this proof was set as an example in an exam at Cambridge University in 1945 by Mary Cartwright , but that she had not traced its origin . Consider the integrals I n ( x ) = ∫ − 1 1 ( 1 − z 2 ) n cos ( x z ) d z , ( \ displaystyle I_ ( n ) ( x ) = \ int _ ( - 1 ) ^ ( 1 ) ( 1 - z ^ ( 2 ) ) ^ ( n ) \ cos ( xz ) \ , dz , ) where n is a non-negative integer . Two integrations by parts give the recurrence relation x 2 I n ( x ) = 2 n ( 2 n − 1 ) I n − 1 ( x ) − 4 n ( n − 1 ) I n − 2 ( x ) . ( n ≥ 2 ) ( \ displaystyle x ^ ( 2 ) I_ ( n ) ( x ) = 2n ( 2n - 1 ) I_ ( n - 1 ) ( x ) - 4n ( n - 1 ) I_ ( n - 2 ) ( x ). \ qquad ( n \ geq 2 ) ) If J n ( x ) = x 2 n + 1 I n ( x ) , ( \ displaystyle J_ ( n ) ( x ) = x ^ ( 2n + 1 ) I_ ( n ) ( x ) , ) then this becomes J n ( x ) = 2 n ( 2 n − 1 ) J n − 1 ( x ) − 4 n ( n − 1 ) x 2 J n − 2 ( x ) . ( \ displaystyle J_ ( n ) ( x ) = 2n ( 2n - 1 ) J_ ( n - 1 ) ( x ) - 4n ( n - 1 ) x ^ ( 2 ) J_ ( n - 2 ) ( x ) . ) Furthermore , J ( x ) = 2sin ( x ) and J ( x ) = − 4x cos ( x ) + 4sin ( x ) . Hence for all n ∈ Z , J n ( x ) = x 2 n + 1 I n ( x ) = n ! ( P n ( x ) sin ( x ) + Q n ( x ) cos ( x ) ) , ( \ displaystyle J_ ( n ) ( x ) = x ^ ( 2n + 1 ) I_ ( n ) ( x ) = n ! ( \ bigl ( ) P_ ( n ) ( x ) \ sin ( x ) + Q_ ( n ) ( x ) \ cos ( x ) ( \ bigr ) ) , ) where P ( x ) and Q ( x ) are polynomials of degree ≤ n , and with integer coefficients ( depending on n ) . Take x = π / 2 , and suppose if possible that π / 2 = a / b , where a and b are natural numbers ( i.e. , assume that π is rational ) . Then a 2 n + 1 n ! I n ( π 2 ) = P n ( π 2 ) b 2 n + 1 . ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( a ^ ( 2n + 1 ) ) ( n ! ) ) I_ ( n ) \ left ( ( \ frac ( \ pi ) ( 2 ) ) \ right ) = P_ ( n ) \ left ( ( \ frac ( \ pi ) ( 2 ) ) \ right ) b ^ ( 2n + 1 ) . ) The right side is an integer . But 0 < I ( π / 2 ) < 2 since the interval ( − 1 , 1 ) has length 2 and the function that is being integrated takes only values between 0 and 1 . On the other hand , a 2 n + 1 n ! → 0 as n → ∞ . ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( a ^ ( 2n + 1 ) ) ( n ! ) ) \ to 0 ( \ text ( as ) ) n \ to \ infty . ) Hence , for sufficiently large n 0 < a 2 n + 1 I n ( π 2 ) n ! < 1 , ( \ displaystyle 0 < ( \ frac ( a ^ ( 2n + 1 ) I_ ( n ) \ left ( ( \ frac ( \ pi ) ( 2 ) ) \ right ) ) ( n ! ) ) < 1 , ) that is , we could find an integer between 0 and 1 . That is the contradiction that follows from the assumption that π is rational . This proof is similar to Hermite 's proof . Indeed , J n ( x ) = x 2 n + 1 ∫ − 1 1 ( 1 − z 2 ) n cos ( x z ) d z = 2 x 2 n + 1 ∫ 0 1 ( 1 − z 2 ) n cos ( x z ) d z = 2 n + 1 n ! A n ( x ) . ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) J_ ( n ) ( x ) & = x ^ ( 2n + 1 ) \ int _ ( - 1 ) ^ ( 1 ) ( 1 - z ^ ( 2 ) ) ^ ( n ) \ cos ( xz ) \ , dz \ \ & = 2x ^ ( 2n + 1 ) \ int _ ( 0 ) ^ ( 1 ) ( 1 - z ^ ( 2 ) ) ^ ( n ) \ cos ( xz ) \ , dz \ \ & = 2 ^ ( n + 1 ) n ! A_ ( n ) ( x ). \ end ( aligned ) ) ) However , it is clearly simpler . This is achieved by omiting the inductive definition of the functions A and taking as a starting point their expression as an integral . Niven 's proof ( edit ) This proof uses the characterization of π as the smallest positive zero of the sine function . Suppose that π is rational , i.e. π = a / b for some integers a and b ≠ 0 , which may be taken without loss of generality to be positive . Given any positive integer n , we define the polynomial function f from R into R defined by f ( x ) = x n ( a − b x ) n n ! ( \ displaystyle f ( x ) = ( \ frac ( x ^ ( n ) ( a-bx ) ^ ( n ) ) ( n ! ) ) ) and , for each x ∈ R denote by F ( x ) = f ( x ) − f '' ( x ) + f ( 4 ) ( x ) + ⋯ + ( − 1 ) n f ( 2 n ) ( x ) ( \ displaystyle F ( x ) = f ( x ) - f ' ' ( x ) + f ^ ( ( 4 ) ) ( x ) + \ cdots + ( - 1 ) ^ ( n ) f ^ ( ( 2n ) ) ( x ) ) the alternating sum of f and its first n derivatives of even order . Claim 1 : F ( 0 ) + F ( π ) is an integer . Proof : Expanding f as a sum of monomials , the coefficient of x is a number of the form c / n ! where c is an integer , which is 0 if k < n . Therefore , f ( 0 ) is 0 when k < n and it is equal to ( k ! / n ! ) c if n ≤ k ≤ 2n ; in each case , f ( 0 ) is an integer and therefore F ( 0 ) is an integer . On the other hand , f ( π -- x ) = f ( x ) and so ( -- 1 ) f ( π -- x ) = f ( x ) for each non-negative integer k . In particular , ( -- 1 ) f ( π ) = f ( 0 ) . Therefore , f ( π ) is also an integer and so F ( π ) is an integer ( in fact , it is easy to see that F ( π ) = F ( 0 ) , but that is not relevant to the proof ) . Since F ( 0 ) and F ( π ) are integers , so is their sum . Claim 2 : ∫ 0 π f ( x ) sin ( x ) d x = F ( 0 ) + F ( π ) ( \ displaystyle \ int _ ( 0 ) ^ ( \ pi ) f ( x ) \ sin ( x ) \ , dx = F ( 0 ) + F ( \ pi ) ) Proof : Since f is the zero polynomial , we have F '' + F = f . ( \ displaystyle F ' ' + F = f . ) The derivatives of the sine and cosine function are given by sin ' = cos and cos ' = − sin . Hence the product rule implies ( F ′ ⋅ sin − F ⋅ cos ) ′ = f ⋅ sin ( \ displaystyle ( F ' \ cdot \ sin - F \ cdot \ cos ) ' = f \ cdot \ sin ) By the fundamental theorem of calculus ∫ 0 π f ( x ) sin ( x ) d x = ( F ′ ( x ) sin x − F ( x ) cos x ) 0 π . ( \ displaystyle \ left. \ int _ ( 0 ) ^ ( \ pi ) f ( x ) \ sin ( x ) \ , dx = ( \ bigl ( ) F ' ( x ) \ sin x-F ( x ) \ cos x ( \ bigr ) ) \ right _ ( 0 ) ^ ( \ pi ) . ) Since sin 0 = sin π = 0 and cos 0 = -- cos π = 1 ( here we use the above - mentioned characterization of π as a zero of the sine function ) , Claim 2 follows . Conclusion : Since f ( x ) > 0 and sin x > 0 for 0 < x < π ( because π is the smallest positive zero of the sine function ) , Claims 1 and 2 show that F ( 0 ) + F ( π ) is a positive integer . Since 0 ≤ x ( a -- bx ) ≤ πa and 0 ≤ sin x ≤ 1 for 0 ≤ x ≤ π , we have , by the original definition of f , ∫ 0 π f ( x ) sin ( x ) d x ≤ π ( π a ) n n ! ( \ displaystyle \ int _ ( 0 ) ^ ( \ pi ) f ( x ) \ sin ( x ) \ , dx \ leq \ pi ( \ frac ( ( \ pi a ) ^ ( n ) ) ( n ! ) ) ) which is smaller than 1 for large n , hence F ( 0 ) + F ( π ) < 1 for these n , by Claim 2 . This is impossible for the positive integer F ( 0 ) + F ( π ) . The above proof is a polished version , which is kept as simple as possible concerning the prerequisites , of an analysis of the formula ∫ 0 π f ( x ) sin ( x ) d x = ∑ j = 0 n ( − 1 ) j ( f ( 2 j ) ( π ) + f ( 2 j ) ( 0 ) ) + ( − 1 ) n + 1 ∫ 0 π f ( 2 n + 2 ) ( x ) sin ( x ) d x , ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) \ int _ ( 0 ) ^ ( \ pi ) f ( x ) \ sin ( x ) \ , dx = ( ) & \ sum _ ( j = 0 ) ^ ( n ) ( - 1 ) ^ ( j ) ( \ bigl ( ) f ^ ( ( 2j ) ) ( \ pi ) + f ^ ( ( 2j ) ) ( 0 ) ( \ bigr ) ) \ \ & \ quad ( ) + ( - 1 ) ^ ( n + 1 ) \ int _ ( 0 ) ^ ( \ pi ) f ^ ( ( 2n + 2 ) ) ( x ) \ sin ( x ) \ , dx , \ end ( aligned ) ) ) which is obtained by 2n + 2 integrations by parts . Claim 2 essentially establishes this formula , where the use of F hides the iterated integration by parts . The last integral vanishes because f is the zero polynomial . Claim 1 shows that the remaining sum is an integer . Niven 's proof is closer to Cartwright 's ( and therefore Hermite 's ) proof than it appears at first sight . In fact , J n ( x ) = x 2 n + 1 ∫ − 1 1 ( 1 − z 2 ) n cos ( x z ) d z = ∫ − 1 1 ( x 2 − ( x z ) 2 ) n x cos ( x z ) d z . ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) J_ ( n ) ( x ) & = x ^ ( 2n + 1 ) \ int _ ( - 1 ) ^ ( 1 ) ( 1 - z ^ ( 2 ) ) ^ ( n ) \ cos ( xz ) \ , dz \ \ & = \ int _ ( - 1 ) ^ ( 1 ) ( \ bigl ( ) x ^ ( 2 ) - ( xz ) ^ ( 2 ) ( \ bigr ) ) ^ ( n ) x \ cos ( xz ) \ , dz. \ end ( aligned ) ) ) Therefore , the substitution xz = y turns this integral into ∫ − x x ( x 2 − y 2 ) n cos ( y ) d y . ( \ displaystyle \ int _ ( - x ) ^ ( x ) ( x ^ ( 2 ) - y ^ ( 2 ) ) ^ ( n ) \ cos ( y ) \ , dy . ) In particular , J n ( π 2 ) = ∫ − π / 2 π / 2 ( π 2 4 − y 2 ) n cos ( y ) d y = ∫ 0 π ( π 2 4 − ( y − π 2 ) 2 ) n cos ( y − π 2 ) d y = ∫ 0 π y n ( π − y ) n sin ( y ) d y = n ! b n ∫ 0 π f ( x ) sin ( x ) d x . ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) J_ ( n ) \ left ( ( \ frac ( \ pi ) ( 2 ) ) \ right ) & = \ int _ ( - \ pi / 2 ) ^ ( \ pi / 2 ) \ left ( ( \ frac ( \ pi ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 4 ) ) - y ^ ( 2 ) \ right ) ^ ( n ) \ cos ( y ) \ , dy \ \ & = \ int _ ( 0 ) ^ ( \ pi ) \ left ( ( \ frac ( \ pi ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 4 ) ) - \ left ( y - ( \ frac ( \ pi ) ( 2 ) ) \ right ) ^ ( 2 ) \ right ) ^ ( n ) \ cos \ left ( y - ( \ frac ( \ pi ) ( 2 ) ) \ right ) \ , dy \ \ & = \ int _ ( 0 ) ^ ( \ pi ) y ^ ( n ) ( \ pi - y ) ^ ( n ) \ sin ( y ) \ , dy \ \ & = ( \ frac ( n ! ) ( b ^ ( n ) ) ) \ int _ ( 0 ) ^ ( \ pi ) f ( x ) \ sin ( x ) \ , dx. \ end ( aligned ) ) ) Another connection between the proofs lies in the fact that Hermite already mentions that if f is a polynomial function and F = f − f ( 2 ) + f ( 4 ) ∓ ⋯ , ( \ displaystyle F = f-f ^ ( ( 2 ) ) + f ^ ( ( 4 ) ) \ mp \ cdots , ) then ∫ f ( x ) sin ( x ) d x = F ′ ( x ) sin ( x ) − F ( x ) cos ( x ) + C , ( \ displaystyle \ int f ( x ) \ sin ( x ) \ , dx = F ' ( x ) \ sin ( x ) - F ( x ) \ cos ( x ) + C , ) from which it follows that ∫ 0 π f ( x ) sin ( x ) d x = F ( π ) + F ( 0 ) . ( \ displaystyle \ int _ ( 0 ) ^ ( \ pi ) f ( x ) \ sin ( x ) \ , dx = F ( \ pi ) + F ( 0 ) . ) Bourbaki 's proof ( edit ) Bourbaki 's proof is outlined as an exercise in his Calculus treatise . For each natural number b and each non-negative integer n , define A n ( b ) = b n ∫ 0 π x n ( π − x ) n n ! sin ( x ) d x . ( \ displaystyle A_ ( n ) ( b ) = b ^ ( n ) \ int _ ( 0 ) ^ ( \ pi ) ( \ frac ( x ^ ( n ) ( \ pi - x ) ^ ( n ) ) ( n ! ) ) \ sin ( x ) \ , dx . ) Since A ( b ) is the integral of a function which defined on ( 0 , π ) that takes the value 0 on 0 and on π and which is greater than 0 otherwise , A ( b ) > 0 . Besides , for each natural number b , A ( b ) < 1 if n is large enough , because x ( π − x ) ≤ ( π 2 ) 2 ( \ displaystyle x ( \ pi - x ) \ leq \ left ( ( \ frac ( \ pi ) ( 2 ) ) \ right ) ^ ( 2 ) ) and therefore A n ( b ) ≤ π b n 1 n ! ( π 2 ) 2 n = π ( b π 2 / 4 ) n n ! . ( \ displaystyle A_ ( n ) ( b ) \ leq \ pi b ^ ( n ) ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( n ! ) ) \ left ( ( \ frac ( \ pi ) ( 2 ) ) \ right ) ^ ( 2n ) = \ pi ( \ frac ( ( b \ pi ^ ( 2 ) / 4 ) ^ ( n ) ) ( n ! ) ) . ) On the other hand , recursive integration by parts allows us to deduce that , if a and b are natural number such that π = a / b and f is the polynomial function from ( 0 , π ) into R defined by f ( x ) = x n ( a − b x ) n n ! , ( \ displaystyle f ( x ) = ( \ frac ( x ^ ( n ) ( a-bx ) ^ ( n ) ) ( n ! ) ) , ) then : A n ( b ) = ∫ 0 π f ( x ) sin ( x ) d x = ( − f ( x ) cos ( x ) ) x = 0 x = π − ( − f ′ ( x ) sin ( x ) ) x = 0 x = π + ⋯ ⋯ ± ( f ( 2 n ) ( x ) cos ( x ) ) x = 0 x = π ± ∫ 0 π f ( 2 n + 1 ) ( x ) cos ( x ) d x . ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) A_ ( n ) ( b ) = ( ) & \ int _ ( 0 ) ^ ( \ pi ) f ( x ) \ sin ( x ) \ , dx \ \ ( 6pt ) = ( ) & ( \ Big ( ) - f ( x ) \ cos ( x ) ( \ Big ) ) _ ( x = 0 ) ^ ( x = \ pi ) - ( \ Big ( ) - f ' ( x ) \ sin ( x ) ( \ Big ) ) _ ( x = 0 ) ^ ( x = \ pi ) + \ cdots \ \ ( 6pt ) & \ qquad ( ) \ cdots \ pm \ left ( f ^ ( ( 2n ) ) ( x ) \ cos ( x ) \ right ) _ ( x = 0 ) ^ ( x = \ pi ) \ pm \ int _ ( 0 ) ^ ( \ pi ) f ^ ( ( 2n + 1 ) ) ( x ) \ cos ( x ) \ , dx. \ end ( aligned ) ) ) This last integral is 0 , since f is the null function ( because f is a polynomial function whose degree is 2n ) . Since each function f ( with 0 ≤ k ≤ 2n ) takes integer values on 0 and on π and since the same thing happens with the sine and the cosine functions , this proves that A ( b ) is an integer . Since it is also greater than 0 , it must be a natural number . But it was also proved that A ( b ) < 1 if n is large enough , thereby reaching a contradiction . This proof is quite close to Niven 's proof , the main difference between them being the way of proving that the numbers A ( b ) are integers . Laczkovich 's proof ( edit ) Miklós Laczkovich 's proof is a simplification of Lambert 's original proof . He considers the functions f k ( x ) = 1 − x 2 k + x 4 2 ! k ( k + 1 ) − x 6 3 ! k ( k + 1 ) ( k + 2 ) + ⋯ ( k ∉ ( 0 , − 1 , − 2 , ... ) ) . ( \ displaystyle f_ ( k ) ( x ) = 1 - ( \ frac ( x ^ ( 2 ) ) ( k ) ) + ( \ frac ( x ^ ( 4 ) ) ( 2 ! k ( k + 1 ) ) ) - ( \ frac ( x ^ ( 6 ) ) ( 3 ! k ( k + 1 ) ( k + 2 ) ) ) + \ cdots \ quad ( k \ notin \ ( 0 , - 1 , - 2 , \ ldots \ ) ) . ) These functions are clearly defined for all x ∈ R. Besides f 1 / 2 ( x ) = cos ( 2 x ) and f 3 / 2 ( x ) = sin ( 2 x ) 2 x . ( \ displaystyle f_ ( 1 / 2 ) ( x ) = \ cos ( 2x ) ( \ text ( and ) ) f_ ( 3 / 2 ) ( x ) = ( \ frac ( \ sin ( 2x ) ) ( 2x ) ) . ) Claim 1 : The following recurrence relation holds : ( ∀ x ∈ R ) : x 2 k ( k + 1 ) f k + 2 ( x ) = f k + 1 ( x ) − f k ( x ) . ( \ displaystyle ( \ forall x \ in \ mathbb ( R ) ) : ( \ frac ( x ^ ( 2 ) ) ( k ( k + 1 ) ) ) f_ ( k + 2 ) ( x ) = f_ ( k + 1 ) ( x ) - f_ ( k ) ( x ) . ) Proof : This can be proved by comparing the coefficients of the powers of x . Claim 2 : For each x ∈ R , lim k → + ∞ f k ( x ) = 1 . ( \ displaystyle \ lim _ ( k \ to + \ infty ) f_ ( k ) ( x ) = 1 . ) Proof : In fact , the sequence x / n ! is bounded ( since it converges to 0 ) and if C is an upper bound and if k > 1 , then f k ( x ) − 1 ⩽ ∑ n = 1 ∞ C k n = C 1 / k 1 − 1 / k = C k − 1 . ( \ displaystyle ( \ bigl ) f_ ( k ) ( x ) - 1 ( \ bigr ) \ leqslant \ sum _ ( n = 1 ) ^ ( \ infty ) ( \ frac ( C ) ( k ^ ( n ) ) ) = C ( \ frac ( 1 / k ) ( 1 - 1 / k ) ) = ( \ frac ( C ) ( k - 1 ) ) . ) Claim 3 : If x ≠ 0 and if x is rational , then ( ∀ k ∈ Q ∖ ( 0 , − 1 , − 2 , ... ) ) : f k ( x ) ≠ 0 and f k + 1 ( x ) f k ( x ) ∉ Q . ( \ displaystyle ( \ forall k \ in \ mathbb ( Q ) \ setminus \ ( 0 , - 1 , - 2 , \ ldots \ ) ) : f_ ( k ) ( x ) \ neq 0 ( \ text ( and ) ) ( \ frac ( f_ ( k + 1 ) ( x ) ) ( f_ ( k ) ( x ) ) ) \ notin \ mathbb ( Q ) . ) Proof : Otherwise , there would be a number y ≠ 0 and integers a and b such that f ( x ) = ay and f ( x ) = by . In order to see why , take y = f ( x ) , a = 0 and b = 1 if f ( x ) = 0 ; otherwise , choose integers a and b such that f ( x ) / f ( x ) = b / a and define y = f ( x ) / a = f ( x ) / b . In each case , y can not be 0 , because otherwise it would follow from claim 1 that each f ( x ) ( n ∈ N ) would be 0 , which would contradict claim 2 . Now , take a natural number c such that all three numbers bc / k , ck / x and c / x are integers and consider the sequence g n = ( f k ( x ) if n = 0 c n k ( k + 1 ) ⋯ ( k + n − 1 ) f k + n ( x ) otherwise . ( \ displaystyle g_ ( n ) = ( \ begin ( cases ) f_ ( k ) ( x ) & ( \ text ( if ) ) n = 0 \ \ ( \ dfrac ( c ^ ( n ) ) ( k ( k + 1 ) \ cdots ( k + n - 1 ) ) ) f_ ( k + n ) ( x ) & ( \ text ( otherwise . ) ) \ end ( cases ) ) ) Then g 0 = f k ( x ) = a y ∈ Z y and g 1 = c k f k + 1 ( x ) = b c k y ∈ Z y . ( \ displaystyle g_ ( 0 ) = f_ ( k ) ( x ) = ay \ in \ mathbb ( Z ) y ( \ text ( and ) ) g_ ( 1 ) = ( \ frac ( c ) ( k ) ) f_ ( k + 1 ) ( x ) = ( \ frac ( bc ) ( k ) ) y \ in \ mathbb ( Z ) y . ) On the other hand , it follows from claim 1 that g n + 2 = c n + 2 x 2 k ( k + 1 ) ⋯ ( k + n − 1 ) ⋅ x 2 ( k + n ) ( k + n + 1 ) f k + n + 2 ( x ) = c n + 2 x 2 k ( k + 1 ) ⋯ ( k + n − 1 ) f k + n + 1 ( x ) − c n + 2 x 2 k ( k + 1 ) ⋯ ( k + n − 1 ) f k + n ( x ) = c ( k + n ) x 2 g n + 1 − c 2 x 2 g n = ( c k x 2 + c x 2 n ) g n + 1 − c 2 x 2 g n , ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) g_ ( n + 2 ) & = ( \ frac ( c ^ ( n + 2 ) ) ( x ^ ( 2 ) k ( k + 1 ) \ cdots ( k + n - 1 ) ) ) \ cdot ( \ frac ( x ^ ( 2 ) ) ( ( k + n ) ( k + n + 1 ) ) ) f_ ( k + n + 2 ) ( x ) \ \ ( 5pt ) & = ( \ frac ( c ^ ( n + 2 ) ) ( x ^ ( 2 ) k ( k + 1 ) \ cdots ( k + n - 1 ) ) ) f_ ( k + n + 1 ) ( x ) - ( \ frac ( c ^ ( n + 2 ) ) ( x ^ ( 2 ) k ( k + 1 ) \ cdots ( k + n - 1 ) ) ) f_ ( k + n ) ( x ) \ \ ( 5pt ) & = ( \ frac ( c ( k + n ) ) ( x ^ ( 2 ) ) ) g_ ( n + 1 ) - ( \ frac ( c ^ ( 2 ) ) ( x ^ ( 2 ) ) ) g_ ( n ) \ \ ( 5pt ) & = \ left ( ( \ frac ( ck ) ( x ^ ( 2 ) ) ) + ( \ frac ( c ) ( x ^ ( 2 ) ) ) n \ right ) g_ ( n + 1 ) - ( \ frac ( c ^ ( 2 ) ) ( x ^ ( 2 ) ) ) g_ ( n ) , \ end ( aligned ) ) ) which is a linear combination of g and g with integer coefficients . Therefore , each g is an integer multiple of y . Besides , it follows from claim 2 that each g is greater than 0 ( and therefore that g ≥ y ) if n is large enough and that the sequence of all g 's converges to 0 . But a sequence of numbers greater than or equal to y can not converge to 0 . Since f ( π / 4 ) = cos ( π / 2 ) = 0 , it follows from claim 3 that π / 16 is irrational and therefore that π is irrational . On the other hand , since tan x = sin x cos x = x f 3 / 2 ( x / 2 ) f 1 / 2 ( x / 2 ) , ( \ displaystyle \ tan x = ( \ frac ( \ sin x ) ( \ cos x ) ) = x ( \ frac ( f_ ( 3 / 2 ) ( x / 2 ) ) ( f_ ( 1 / 2 ) ( x / 2 ) ) ) , ) another consequence of claim 3 is that , if x ∈ Q \ ( 0 ) , then tan x is irrational . Laczkovich 's proof is really about the hypergeometric function . In fact , f ( x ) = F ( k ; − x ) and Gauss found a continued fraction expansion of the hypergeometric function using its functional equation . This allowed Laczkovich to find a new and simpler proof of the fact that the tangent function has the continued fraction expansion that Lambert had discovered . Laczkovich 's result can also be expressed in Bessel functions of the first kind J ( x ) . In fact , Γ ( k ) J ( 2x ) = x f ( x ) . So Laczkovich 's result is equivalent to : If x ≠ 0 and if x is rational , then ( ∀ k ∈ Q ∖ ( 0 , − 1 , − 2 , ... ) ) : x J k ( x ) J k − 1 ( x ) ∉ Q . ( \ displaystyle ( \ forall k \ in \ mathbb ( Q ) \ setminus \ ( 0 , - 1 , - 2 , \ ldots \ ) ) : ( \ frac ( xJ_ ( k ) ( x ) ) ( J_ ( k - 1 ) ( x ) ) ) \ notin \ mathbb ( Q ) . ) See also ( edit ) Proof that e is irrational Proof that π is transcendental References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lindemann , Ferdinand von ( 2004 ) ( 1882 ) , `` Ueber die Zahl π '' , in Berggren , Lennart ; Borwein , Jonathan M. ; Borwein , Peter B. , Pi , a source book ( 3rd ed . ) , New York : Springer - Verlag , pp. 194 -- 225 , ISBN 0 - 387 - 20571 - 3 Jump up ^ Lambert , Johann Heinrich ( 2004 ) ( 1768 ) , `` Mémoire sur quelques propriétés remarquables des quantités transcendantes circulaires et logarithmiques '' , in Berggren , Lennart ; Borwein , Jonathan M. ; Borwein , Peter B. , Pi , a source book ( 3rd ed . ) , New York : Springer - Verlag , pp. 129 -- 140 , ISBN 0 - 387 - 20571 - 3 ^ Jump up to : Hermite , Charles ( 1873 ) , `` Extrait d'une lettre de Monsieur Ch . Hermite à Monsieur Paul Gordan '' , Journal für die reine und angewandte Mathematik ( in French ) , 76 , pp. 303 -- 311 Jump up ^ Hermite , Charles ( 1873 ) , `` Extrait d'une lettre de Mr. Ch . Hermite à Mr. Carl Borchardt '' , Journal für die reine und angewandte Mathematik ( in French ) , 76 , pp. 342 -- 344 Jump up ^ Hermite , Charles ( 1912 ) ( 1873 ) , `` Sur la fonction exponentielle '' , in Picard , Émile , Œuvres de Charles Hermite ( in French ) , III , Gauthier - Villars , pp. 150 -- 181 ^ Jump up to : Zhou , Li ( 2011 ) , `` Irrationality proofs à la Hermite '' , Math . Gazette ( November ) , arXiv : 0911.1929 , Bibcode : 2009arXiv0911. 1929Z Jump up ^ Jeffreys , Harold ( 1973 ) , Scientific Inference ( 3rd ed . ) , Cambridge University Press , p. 268 , ISBN 0 - 521 - 08446 - 6 Jump up ^ Niven , Ivan ( 1947 ) , `` A simple proof that π is irrational '' ( PDF ) , Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society , 53 ( 6 ) , p. 509 , doi : 10.1090 / s0002 - 9904 - 1947 - 08821 - 2 Jump up ^ Bourbaki , Nicolas ( 1949 ) , Fonctions d'une variable réelle , chap . I -- II -- III , Actualités Scientifiques et Industrielles ( in French ) , 1074 , Hermann , pp. 137 -- 138 Jump up ^ Laczkovich , Miklós ( 1997 ) , `` On Lambert 's proof of the irrationality of π '' , American Mathematical Monthly , 104 ( 5 ) , pp. 439 -- 443 , doi : 10.2307 / 2974737 , JSTOR 2974737 Jump up ^ Gauss , Carl Friedrich ( 1811 -- 1813 ) , `` Disquisitiones generales circa seriem infinitam '' , Commentationes Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Gottingensis recentiores ( in Latin ) , 2 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= Proof_that_π_is_irrational&oldid = 846728306 '' Categories : Pi Article proofs Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Latin - language sources ( la ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español 한국어 Italiano Magyar 日本 語 ଓଡ଼ିଆ Português Edit links This page was last edited on 20 June 2018 , at 14 : 49 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof%20that%20%25CF%2580%20is%20irrational
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who led the militia during the whiskey rebellion
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Whiskey Rebellion George Washington reviews the troops near Fort Cumberland , Maryland , before their march to suppress the Whiskey Rebellion in western Pennsylvania . Date 1791 -- 1794 Location primarily Western Pennsylvania Result Government victory Armed resistance eliminated Minor tax evasion Belligerents Frontier tax protesters United States Commanders and leaders Unknown , possibly none George Washington Casualties and losses 3 -- 4 killed 170 captured None killed in action ; About 12 died from illness or in accidents 2 civilian casualties
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Whiskey Rebellion
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whiskey rebellion
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Armed resistance eliminated Minor tax evasion Belligerents Frontier tax protesters United States Commanders and leaders Unknown , possibly none George Washington Casualties and losses 3 -- 4 killed 170 captured None killed in action ; About 12 died from illness or in accidents 2 civilian casualties Whiskey Rebellion Johnson Incident Battle of Bower Hill Pittsburgh Expedition Western Pennsylvania Expedition Hagerstown Riot The Whiskey Rebellion ( also known as the Whiskey Insurrection ) was a tax protest in the United States beginning in 1791 during the presidency of George Washington . The so - called `` whiskey tax '' was the first tax imposed on a domestic product by the newly formed federal government . It became law in 1791 , and was intended to generate revenue for the war debt incurred during the Revolutionary War . The tax applied to all distilled spirits , but American whiskey was by far the country 's most popular distilled beverage in the 18th century , so the excise became widely known as a `` whiskey tax '' . Farmers of the western frontier were accustomed to distilling their surplus rye , barley , wheat , corn , or fermented grain mixtures into whiskey . These farmers resisted the tax . In these regions , whiskey often served as a medium of exchange . Many of the resisters were war veterans who believed that they were fighting for the principles of the American Revolution , in particular against taxation without local representation , while the federal government maintained that the taxes were the legal expression of Congressional taxation powers . Throughout Western Pennsylvania counties , protesters used violence and intimidation to prevent federal officials from collecting the tax . Resistance came to a climax in July 1794 , when a U.S. marshal arrived in western Pennsylvania to serve writs to distillers who had not paid the excise . The alarm was raised , and more than 500 armed men attacked the fortified home of tax inspector General John Neville . Washington responded by sending peace commissioners to western Pennsylvania to negotiate with the rebels , while at the same time calling on governors to send a militia force to enforce the tax . Washington himself rode at the head of an army to suppress the insurgency , with 13,000 militiamen provided by the governors of Virginia , Maryland , New Jersey , and Pennsylvania . The rebels all went home before the arrival of the army , and there was no confrontation . About 20 men were arrested , but all were later acquitted or pardoned . Most distillers in nearby Kentucky were found to be all but impossible to tax -- in the next six years , over 175 distillers from Kentucky were convicted of violating the tax law . Numerous examples of resistance are recorded in court documents and newspaper accounts . The Whiskey Rebellion demonstrated that the new national government had the will and ability to suppress violent resistance to its laws , though the whiskey excise remained difficult to collect . The events contributed to the formation of political parties in the United States , a process already underway . The whiskey tax was repealed in the early 1800s during the Jefferson administration . Contents ( hide ) 1 Whiskey tax 2 Western grievances 3 Resistance 4 Insurrection 4.1 Battle of Bower Hill 4.2 March on Pittsburgh 4.3 Meeting at Whiskey Point 4.4 Federal response 4.4. 1 Negotiations 4.4. 2 Militia expedition 4.5 Aftermath 5 Legacy 5.1 In popular culture 6 Research materials 7 See also 8 Notes 9 Bibliography 10 Further reading 11 External links Whiskey tax Alexander Hamilton in a 1792 portrait by John Trumbull A new U.S. federal government began operating in 1789 , following the ratification of the United States Constitution . The previous central government under the Articles of Confederation had been unable to levy taxes ; it had borrowed money to meet expenses and fund the Revolution , accumulating $54 million in debt . The state governments had amassed an additional $25 million in debt . Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton sought to use this debt to create a financial system that would promote American prosperity and national unity . In his Report on Public Credit , he urged Congress to consolidate the state and national debts into a single debt that would be funded by the federal government . Congress approved these measures in June and July 1790 . A source of government revenue was needed to pay the respectable amount due to the previous bondholders to whom the debt was owed . By December 1790 , Hamilton believed that import duties , which were the government 's primary source of revenue , had been raised as high as feasible . He therefore promoted passage of an excise tax on domestically produced distilled spirits . This was to be the first tax levied by the national government on a domestic product . Whiskey was by far the most popular distilled beverage in late 18th - century America , so the excise became known as the `` whiskey tax . '' Taxes were politically unpopular , and Hamilton believed that the whiskey excise was a luxury tax and would be the least objectionable tax that the government could levy . In this , he had the support of some social reformers , who hoped that a `` sin tax '' would raise public awareness about the harmful effects of alcohol . The whiskey excise act , sometimes known as the `` Whiskey Act '' , became law in March 1791 . George Washington defined the revenue districts , appointed the revenue supervisors and inspectors , and set their pay in November 1791 . Western grievances The population of Western Pennsylvania was 17,000 in 1790 . Among the farmers in the region , the whiskey excise was immediately controversial , with many people on the frontier arguing that it unfairly targeted westerners . Whiskey was a popular drink , and farmers often supplemented their incomes by operating small stills . Farmers living west of the Appalachian Mountains distilled their excess grain into whiskey , which was easier and more profitable to transport over the mountains than the more cumbersome grain . A whiskey tax would make western farmers less competitive with eastern grain producers . Additionally , cash was always in short supply on the frontier , so whiskey often served as a medium of exchange . For poorer people who were paid in whiskey , the excise was essentially an income tax that wealthier easterners did not pay . Small - scale farmers also protested that Hamilton 's excise effectively gave unfair tax breaks to large distillers , most of whom were based in the east . There were two methods of paying the whiskey excise : paying a flat fee or paying by the gallon . Large distillers produced whiskey in volume and could afford the flat fee . The more efficient they became , the less tax per gallon they would pay ( as low as 6 cents , according to Hamilton ) . Western farmers who owned small stills did not usually operate them year - round at full capacity , so they ended up paying a higher tax per gallon ( 9 cents ) , which made them less competitive . The regressive nature of the tax was further compounded by an additional factor : whiskey sold for considerably less on the cash - poor Western frontier than in the wealthier and more populous East . This meant that , even if all distillers had been required to pay the same amount of tax per gallon , the small - scale frontier distillers would still have to remit a considerably larger proportion of their product 's value than larger Eastern distillers . Small - scale distillers believed that Hamilton deliberately designed the tax to ruin them and promote big business , a view endorsed by some historians . However , historian Thomas Slaughter argued that a `` conspiracy of this sort is difficult to document '' . Whether by design or not , large distillers recognized the advantage that the excise gave them and they supported it . Other aspects of the excise law also caused concern . The law required all stills to be registered , and those cited for failure to pay the tax had to appear in distant Federal , rather than local courts . The only Federal courthouse was in Philadelphia , some 300 miles away from the small frontier settlement of Pittsburgh . From the beginning , the Federal government had little success in collecting the whiskey tax along the frontier . Many small western distillers simply refused to pay the tax . Federal revenue officers and local residents who assisted them bore the brunt of the protester 's ire . Tax rebels harassed several whiskey tax collectors and threatened or beat those who offered them office space or housing . As a result , many western counties never had a resident Federal tax official . In addition to the whiskey tax , westerners had a number of other grievances with the national government , chief among which was the perception that the government was not adequately protecting the residents living in western frontier . The Northwest Indian War was going badly for the United States , with major losses in 1791 . Furthermore , westerners were prohibited by Spain ( which then owned Louisiana ) from using the Mississippi River for commercial navigation . Until these issues were addressed , westerners felt that the government was ignoring their security and economic welfare . Adding the whiskey excise to these existing grievances only increased tensions on the frontier . Resistance Many residents of the western frontier petitioned against passage of the whiskey excise . When that failed , some western Pennsylvanians organized extralegal conventions to advocate repeal of the law . Opposition to the tax was particularly prevalent in four southwestern counties : Allegheny , Fayette , Washington , and Westmoreland . A preliminary meeting held on July 27 , 1791 at Redstone Old Fort in Fayette County called for the selection of delegates to a more formal assembly , which convened in Pittsburgh in early September 1791 . The Pittsburgh convention was dominated by moderates such as Hugh Henry Brackenridge , who hoped to prevent the outbreak of violence . The convention sent a petition for redress of grievances to the Pennsylvania Assembly and the U.S House of Representatives , both located in Philadelphia . As a result of this and other petitions , the excise law was modified in May 1792 . Changes included a 1 - cent reduction in the tax that was advocated by William Findley , a congressman from western Pennsylvania , but the new excise law was still unsatisfactory to many westerners . `` Famous Whiskey Insurrection in Pennsylvania '' , an 1880 illustration of a tarred and feathered tax collector being made to ride the rail Appeals to nonviolent resistance were unsuccessful . On September 11 , 1791 , a recently appointed tax collector named Robert Johnson was tarred and feathered by a disguised gang in Washington County . A man sent by officials to serve court warrants to Johnson 's attackers was whipped , tarred , and feathered . Because of these and other violent attacks , the tax went uncollected in 1791 and early 1792 . The attackers modeled their actions on the protests of the American Revolution . Supporters of the excise argued that there was a difference between taxation without representation in colonial America , and a tax laid by the elected representatives of the American people . Older accounts of the Whiskey Rebellion portrayed it as being confined to western Pennsylvania , yet there was opposition to the whiskey tax in the western counties of every other state in Appalachia ( Maryland , Virginia , North Carolina , South Carolina , and Georgia ) . The whiskey tax went uncollected throughout the frontier state of Kentucky , where no one could be convinced to enforce the law or prosecute evaders . In 1792 , Hamilton advocated military action to suppress violent resistance in western North Carolina , but Attorney General Edmund Randolph argued that there was insufficient evidence to legally justify such a reaction . In August 1792 , a second convention was held in Pittsburgh to discuss resistance to the whiskey tax . This meeting was more radical than the first convention ; moderates such as Brackenridge and Findley were not in attendance . Future Secretary of the Treasury Albert Gallatin was one moderate who did attend , to his later regret . A militant group known as the Mingo Creek Association dominated the convention and issued radical demands . As some of them had done in the American Revolution , they raised liberty poles , formed committees of correspondence , and took control of the local militia . They created an extralegal court and discouraged lawsuits for debt collection and foreclosures . Hamilton regarded the second Pittsburgh convention as a serious threat to the operation of the laws of the federal government . In September 1792 , he sent Pennsylvania tax official George Clymer to western Pennsylvania to investigate . Clymer only increased tensions with a clumsy attempt at traveling in disguise and attempting to intimidate local officials . His somewhat exaggerated report greatly influenced the decisions made by the Washington administration . Washington and Hamilton viewed resistance to federal laws in Pennsylvania as particularly embarrassing , since the national capital was then located in the same state . On his own initiative , Hamilton drafted a presidential proclamation denouncing resistance to the excise laws and submitted it to Attorney General Randolph , who toned down some of the language . Washington signed the proclamation on September 15 , 1792 , and it was published as a broadside and printed in many newspapers . Federal tax inspector for western Pennsylvania General John Neville was determined to enforce the excise law . He was a prominent politician and wealthy planter -- and also a large - scale distiller . He had initially opposed the whiskey tax , but subsequently changed his mind , a reversal that angered some western Pennsylvanians . In August 1792 , Neville rented a room in Pittsburgh for his tax office , but the landlord turned him out after being threatened with violence by the Mingo Creek Association . From this point on , tax collectors were not the only people targeted in Pennsylvania ; those who cooperated with federal tax officials also faced harassment . Anonymous notes and newspaper articles signed by `` Tom the Tinker '' threatened those who complied with the whiskey tax . Those who failed to heed the warnings might have their barns burned or their stills destroyed . Resistance to the excise tax continued through 1793 in the frontier counties of Appalachia . Opposition remained especially strident in western Pennsylvania . In June , Neville was burned in effigy by a crowd of about 100 people in Washington County . On the night of November 22 , 1793 , men broke into the home of tax collector Benjamin Wells in Fayette County . Wells was , like Neville , one of the wealthier men in the region . At gunpoint , the intruders forced him to surrender his commission . President Washington offered a reward for the arrest of the assailants , to no avail . Insurrection In his 1796 book , Congressman William Findley argued that Alexander Hamilton had deliberately provoked the Whiskey Rebellion . The resistance came to a climax in 1794 . In May of that year , federal district attorney William Rawle issued subpoenas for more than 60 distillers in Pennsylvania who had not paid the excise tax . Under the law then in effect , distillers who received these writs would be obligated to travel to Philadelphia to appear in federal court . For farmers on the western frontier , such a journey was expensive , time - consuming , and beyond their means . At the urging of William Findley , Congress modified this law on June 5 , 1794 , allowing excise trials to be held in local state courts . But by that time , U.S. marshal David Lenox had already been sent to serve the writs summoning delinquent distillers to Philadelphia . Attorney General William Bradford later maintained that the writs were meant to compel compliance with the law , and that the government did not actually intend to hold trials in Philadelphia . The timing of these events later proved to be controversial . Findley was a bitter political foe of Hamilton , and he maintained in his book on the insurrection that the treasury secretary had deliberately provoked the uprising by issuing the subpoenas just before the law was made less onerous . In 1963 , historian Jacob Cooke , an editor of Hamilton 's papers , regarded this charge as `` preposterous '' , calling it a `` conspiracy thesis '' that overstated Hamilton 's control of the federal government . In 1986 , historian Thomas Slaughter argued that the outbreak of the insurrection at this moment was due to `` a string of ironic coincidences '' , although `` the question about motives must always remain '' . In 2006 , William Hogeland argued that Hamilton , Bradford , and Rawle intentionally pursued a course of action that would provoke `` the kind of violence that would justify federal military suppression '' . According to Hogeland , Hamilton had been working towards this moment since the Newburgh Crisis in 1783 , where he conceived of using military force to crush popular resistance to direct taxation for the purpose of promoting national unity and enriching the creditor class at the expense of common taxpayers . Historian S.E. Morison believed that Hamilton , in general , wished to enforce the excise law `` more as a measure of social discipline than as a source of revenue '' . Battle of Bower Hill Federal Marshal Lenox delivered most of the writs without incident . On July 15 , he was joined on his rounds by General Neville , who had offered to act as his guide in Allegheny County . That evening , warning shots were fired at the men at the Miller farm , about 10 mi ( 16 km ) south of Pittsburgh . Neville returned home while Lenox retreated to Pittsburgh . On July 16 , at least 30 Mingo Creek militiamen surrounded Neville 's fortified home of Bower Hill . They demanded the surrender of the federal marshal , whom they believed to be inside . Neville responded by firing a gunshot that mortally wounded Oliver Miller , one of the `` rebels '' . The rebels opened fire but were unable to dislodge Neville , who had his slaves ' help to defend the house . The rebels retreated to nearby Couch 's Fort to gather reinforcements . The next day , the rebels returned to Bower Hill . Their force had swelled to nearly 600 men , now commanded by Major James McFarlane , a veteran of the Revolutionary War . Neville had also received reinforcements : 10 U.S. Army soldiers from Pittsburgh under the command of Major Abraham Kirkpatrick , Neville 's brother - in - law . Before the rebel force arrived , Kirkpatrick had Neville leave the house and hide in a nearby ravine . David Lenox and General Neville 's son Presley Neville also returned to the area , though they could not get into the house and were captured by the rebels . Following some fruitless negotiations , the women and children were allowed to leave the house , and then both sides began firing . After about an hour , McFarlane called a ceasefire ; according to some , a white flag had been waved in the house . As McFarlane stepped into the open , a shot rang out from the house , and he fell mortally wounded . The enraged rebels then set fire to the house , including the slave quarters , and Kirkpatrick surrendered . The number of casualties at Bower Hill is unclear ; McFarlane and one or two other militiamen were killed ; one U.S. soldier may have died from wounds received in the fight . The rebels sent the U.S. soldiers away . Kirkpatrick , Lenox , and Presley Neville were kept as prisoners , but they later escaped . March on Pittsburgh Portrait of Hugh Henry Brackenridge , a western opponent of the whiskey tax who tried to prevent violent resistance McFarlane was given a hero 's funeral on July 18 . His `` murder '' , as the rebels saw it , further radicalized the countryside . Moderates such as Brackenridge were hard - pressed to restrain the populace . Radical leaders emerged , such as David Bradford , urging violent resistance . On July 26 , a group headed by Bradford robbed the U.S. mail as it left Pittsburgh , hoping to discover who in that town opposed them and finding several letters that condemned the rebels . Bradford and his band called for a military assembly to meet at Braddock 's Field , about 8 mi ( 13 km ) east of Pittsburgh . On August 1 , about 7,000 people gathered at Braddock 's Field . The crowd consisted primarily of poor people who owned no land , and most did not own whiskey stills . The furor over the whiskey excise had unleashed anger about other economic grievances . By this time , the victims of violence were often wealthy property owners who had no connection to the whiskey tax . Some of the most radical protesters wanted to march on Pittsburgh , which they called `` Sodom '' , loot the homes of the wealthy , and then burn the town to the ground . Others wanted to attack Fort Fayette . There was praise for the French Revolution and calls for bringing the guillotine to America . David Bradford , it was said , was comparing himself to Robespierre , a leader of the French Reign of Terror . At Braddock 's Field , there was talk of declaring independence from the United States and of joining with Spain or Great Britain . Radicals flew a specially designed flag that proclaimed their independence . The flag had six stripes , one for each county represented at the gathering : the Pennsylvania counties of Allegheny , Bedford , Fayette , Washington , and Westmoreland , and Virginia 's Ohio County . Pittsburgh citizens helped to defuse the threat by banishing three men whose intercepted letters had given offense to the rebels , and by sending a delegation to Braddock 's Field that expressed support for the gathering . Brackenridge prevailed upon the crowd to limit the protest to a defiant march through the town . In Pittsburgh , Major Kirkpatrick 's barns were burned , but nothing else . Meeting at Whiskey Point Whiskey Point Pennsylvania Historical Marker signification Location Main Street between First Street & Park Avenue Monongahela 40 ° 12 ′ 01 '' N 79 ° 55 ′ 21 '' W / 40.2002 ° N 79.9226 ° W / 40.2002 ; - 79.9226 PA marker dedicated May 26 , 1949 A convention was held on August 14 of 226 whiskey rebels from the six counties , held at Parkison 's Ferry ( now known as Whiskey Point ) in present - day Monongahela . The convention considered resolutions which were drafted by Brackenridge , Gallatin , David Bradford , and an eccentric preacher named Herman Husband , a delegate from Bedford County . Husband was a well - known local figure and a radical champion of democracy who had taken part in the Regulator movement in North Carolina 25 years earlier . The Parkison 's Ferry convention also appointed a committee to meet with the peace commissioners who had been sent west by President Washington . There , Gallatin presented an eloquent speech in favor of peace and against proposals from Bradford to further revolt . Federal response President Washington was confronted with what appeared to be an armed insurrection in western Pennsylvania , and he proceeded cautiously while determined to maintain governmental authority . He did not want to alienate public opinion , so he asked his cabinet for written opinions about how to deal with the crisis . The cabinet recommended the use of force , except for Secretary of State Edmund Randolph who urged reconciliation . Washington did both : he sent commissioners to meet with the rebels while raising a militia army . Washington privately doubted that the commissioners could accomplish anything , and believed that a military expedition would be needed to suppress further violence . For this reason , historians have sometimes charged that the peace commission was sent only for the sake of appearances , and that the use of force was never in doubt . Historians Stanley Elkins and Eric McKitrick argued that the military expedition was `` itself a part of the reconciliation process '' , since a show of overwhelming force would make further violence less likely . Meanwhile , Hamilton began publishing essays under the name of `` Tully '' in Philadelphia newspapers , denouncing mob violence in western Pennsylvania and advocating military action . Democratic - Republican Societies had been formed throughout the country , and Washington and Hamilton believed that they were the source of civic unrest . `` Historians are not yet agreed on the exact role of the societies '' in the Whiskey Rebellion , wrote historian Mark Spencer in 2003 , `` but there was a degree of overlap between society membership and the Whiskey Rebels '' . Before troops could be raised , the Militia Act of 1792 required a justice of the United States Supreme Court to certify that law enforcement was beyond the control of local authorities . On August 4 , 1794 , Justice James Wilson delivered his opinion that western Pennsylvania was in a state of rebellion . On August 7 , Washington issued a presidential proclamation announcing , with `` the deepest regret '' , that the militia would be called out to suppress the rebellion . He commanded insurgents in western Pennsylvania to disperse by September 1 . Negotiations In early August 1794 , Washington dispatched three commissioners to the west , all of them Pennsylvanians : Attorney General William Bradford , Justice Jasper Yeates of the Pennsylvania Supreme Court , and Senator James Ross . Beginning on August 21 , the commissioners met with a committee of westerners that included Brackenridge and Gallatin . The government commissioners told the committee that it must unanimously agree to renounce violence and submit to U.S. laws , and that a popular referendum must be held to determine if the local people supported the decision . Those who agreed to these terms would be given amnesty from further prosecution . The committee was divided between radicals and moderates , and narrowly passed a resolution agreeing to submit to the government 's terms . The popular referendum was held on September 11 and also produced mixed results . Some townships overwhelmingly supported submitting to U.S. law , but opposition to the government remained strong in areas where poor and landless people predominated . The final report of the commissioners recommended the use of the military to enforce the laws . The trend was towards submission , however , and westerners dispatched representatives William Findley and David Redick to meet with Washington and to halt the progress of the oncoming army . Washington and Hamilton declined , arguing that violence was likely to re-emerge if the army turned back . Militia expedition Under the authority of the recently passed federal militia law , the state militias were called up by the governors of New Jersey , Maryland , Virginia , and Pennsylvania . The federalized militia force of 12,950 men was a large army by American standards of the time , comparable to Washington 's armies during the Revolution . Relatively few men volunteered for militia service , so a draft was used to fill out the ranks . Draft evasion was widespread , and conscription efforts resulted in protests and riots , even in eastern areas . Three counties in eastern Virginia were the scenes of armed draft resistance . In Maryland , Governor Thomas Sim Lee sent 800 men to quash an antidraft riot in Hagerstown ; about 150 people were arrested . Photo of Albert Gallatin , who spoke publicly to rebel groups about the need for moderation Liberty poles were raised in various places as the militia was recruited , worrying federal officials . A liberty pole was raised in Carlisle , Pennsylvania on September 11 , 1794 . The federalized militia arrived in that town later that month and rounded up suspected pole - raisers . Two civilians were killed in these operations . On September 29 , an unarmed boy was shot by an officer whose pistol accidentally fired . Two days later , an `` Itinerant Person '' was `` Bayoneted '' to death by a soldier while resisting arrest ( the man had tried to wrest the rifle from the soldier he confronted ; it is possible he had been a member of a 500 - strong Irish work crew nearby who were `` digging , a canal into the Sculkill '' ( sic ) ; at least one of that work gang 's members protested the killing so vigorously that he was `` put under guard '' ) . President Washington ordered the arrest of the two soldiers and had them turned over to civilian authorities . A state judge determined that the deaths had been accidental , and the soldiers were released . In October 1794 , Washington traveled west to review the progress of the military expedition . According to historian Joseph Ellis , this was `` the first and only time a sitting American president led troops in the field '' . Jonathan Forman led the Third Infantry Regiment of New Jersey troops against the Whiskey Rebellion , he wrote about his encounter with Washington : October 3d Marched early in the morning for Harrisburgh , where we arrived about 12 O'clock . About 1 O'Clock recd . information of the Presidents approach on which , I had the regiment paraded , timely for his reception , & considerably to my satisfaction . Being afterwards invited to his quarters he made enquiry into the circumstances of the man ( an incident between an `` Itinerant Person '' and `` an Old Soldier '' mentioned earlier in the journal ( p. 3 ) ) & seemed satisfied with the information . Washington met with the western representatives in Bedford , Pennsylvania on October 9 before going to Fort Cumberland in Maryland to review the southern wing of the army . He was convinced that the federalized militia would meet little resistance , and he placed the army under the command of the Virginia Governor Henry `` Lighthorse Harry '' Lee , a hero of the Revolutionary War . Washington returned to Philadelphia ; Hamilton remained with the army as civilian adviser . Daniel Morgan , a general key to the winning of the American Revolution , was called up to lead a force to suppress the protest . It was at this time ( 1794 ) that Morgan was promoted to Major General . Serving under General `` Light - Horse Harry '' Lee , Morgan led one wing of the militia army into Western Pennsylvania . The massive show of force brought an end to the protests without a shot being fired . After the uprising had been suppressed , Morgan commanded the remnant of the army that remained until 1795 in Pennsylvania , some 1,200 militiamen , one of whom was Meriwether Lewis . Aftermath The insurrection collapsed as the federal army marched west into western Pennsylvania in October 1794 . Some of the most prominent leaders of the insurrection , such as David Bradford , fled westward to safety . It took six months for those who were charged to be tried . Most were acquitted due to mistaken identity , unreliable testimony and lack of witnesses . The only two convicted of treason and sentenced to hang were John Mitchell and Philip Wigle . They were later pardoned by Washington . Immediately before the arrests `` ... as many as 2,000 of ( the rebels ) -- had fled into the mountains , beyond the reach of the militia . It was a great disappointment to Hamilton , who had hoped to bring rebel leaders such as David Bradford to trial in Philadelphia -- and possibly see them hanged for treason . Instead , when the militia at last turned back , out of all the suspects they had seized a mere twenty were selected to serve as examples , They were at worst bit players in the uprising , but they were better than nothing . '' The captured participants and the Federal militia arrived in Philadelphia on Christmas Day . Some artillery was fired and church bells were heard as `` ... a huge throng lined Broad Street to cheer the troops and mock the rebels ... ( Presley ) Neville said he ' could not help feeling sorry for them . The captured rebels were paraded down Broad Street being ' humiliated , bedragged , ( and ) half - starved ... ' '' Other accounts describe the indictment of 24 men for high treason . Most of the accused had eluded capture , so only ten men stood trial for treason in federal court . Of these , only Philip Wigle and John Mitchell were convicted . Wigle had beaten up a tax collector and burned his house ; Mitchell was a simpleton who had been convinced by David Bradford to rob the U.S. mail . Both men were sentenced to death by hanging , but they were pardoned by President Washington . Pennsylvania state courts were more successful in prosecuting lawbreakers , securing numerous convictions for assault and rioting . While violent opposition to the whiskey tax ended , political opposition to the tax continued . Opponents of internal taxes rallied around the candidacy of Thomas Jefferson and helped him defeat President John Adams in the election of 1800 . By 1802 , Congress repealed the distilled spirits excise tax and all other internal Federal taxes . Until the War of 1812 , the Federal government would rely solely on import tariffs for revenue , which quickly grew with the Nation 's expanding foreign trade . Legacy The James Miller House on the Oliver Miller Homestead located in South Park Township , Allegheny County , Pennsylvania . In 1794 , the first fired gunshots of the Whiskey Rebellion occurred on the property when revenue officers served a writ on William Miller . Shots were fired but the officers were not injured . Later , William was pardoned . The Washington administration 's suppression of the Whiskey Rebellion met with widespread popular approval . The episode demonstrated that the new national government had the willingness and ability to suppress violent resistance to its laws . It was , therefore , viewed by the Washington administration as a success , a view that has generally been endorsed by historians . The Washington administration and its supporters usually did not mention , however , that the whiskey excise remained difficult to collect , and that many westerners continued to refuse to pay the tax . The events contributed to the formation of political parties in the United States , a process already underway . The whiskey tax was repealed after Thomas Jefferson 's Republican Party came to power in 1801 , which opposed the Federalist Party of Hamilton and Washington . The Rebellion raised the question of what kinds of protests were permissible under the new Constitution . Legal historian Christian G. Fritz argued that there was not yet a consensus about sovereignty in the United States , even after ratification of the Constitution . Federalists believed that the government was sovereign because it had been established by the people ; radical protest actions were permissible during the American Revolution but were no longer legitimate , in their thinking . But the Whiskey Rebels and their defenders believed that the Revolution had established the people as a `` collective sovereign '' , and the people had the collective right to change or challenge the government through extra-constitutional means . Historian Steven Boyd argued that the suppression of the Whiskey Rebellion prompted anti-Federalist westerners to finally accept the Constitution and to seek change by voting for Republicans rather than resisting the government . Federalists , for their part , came to accept the public 's role in governance and no longer challenged the freedom of assembly and the right to petition . In popular Culture Susanna Rowson Soon after the Whiskey Rebellion , actress - playwright Susanna Rowson wrote a stage musical about the insurrection entitled The Volunteers , with music by composer Alexander Reinagle . The play is now lost , but the songs survive and suggest that Rowson 's interpretation was pro-Federalist . The musical celebrates as American heroes the militiamen who put down the rebellion , the `` volunteers '' of the title . President Washington and Martha Washington attended a performance of the play in Philadelphia in January 1795 . W.C. Fields recorded a comedy track in Les Paul 's studio in 1946 , shortly before his death , entitled `` The Temperance Lecture '' for the album W.C. Fields ... His Only Recording Plus 8 Songs by Mae West . The bit discussed Washington and his role in putting down the Whiskey Rebellion , and Fields wondered aloud whether `` George put down a little of the vile stuff too . '' L. Neil Smith wrote the alternate history novel The Probability Broach in 1980 as part of his North American Confederacy Series . In it , Albert Gallatin joins the rebellion in 1794 to benefit the farmers , rather than the fledgling US Government as he did in reality . This results in the rebellion becoming a Second American Revolution . This eventually leads to George Washington being overthrown and executed for treason , the abrogation of the Constitution , and Gallatin being proclaimed the second president and serving as president until 1812 . David Liss ' 2008 novel The Whiskey Rebels covers many of the circumstances during 1788 - 92 that led to the 1794 Rebellion . The fictional protagonists are cast against an array of historical persons , including Alexander Hamilton , William Duer , Anne Bingham , Hugh Henry Brackenridge , Aaron Burr , and Philip Freneau . In 2011 , the Whiskey Rebellion Festival was started in Washington , Pennsylvania . This annual event is held in July and includes live music , food , and historic reenactments , featuring the `` tar and feathering '' of the tax collector . Other works which include events of the Whiskey Rebellion : The Latimers : A Tale of the Western Insurrection of 1794 by clergyman Henry Christopher McCook ( 1898 ) The Delectable Country by Leland Baldwin ( 1939 ) `` Copper Kettle '' , a song attributed to A.F. Beddoes , and performed on record by Chet Atkins , Joan Baez , Bob Dylan , and Gillian Welch Margery Evendern 's young adult novel Wilderness Boy ( 1955 ) Research materials Much primary source historical material has been preserved and exists in archives . A list of institutions that possess holdings and examples are : The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History papers of Alexander Hamilton regarding the rebellion . National Archives Founders Online a large collection containing correspondence to and from George Washington , Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson regarding the rebellion . Pennsylvania Commonwealth Archives Pennsylvania Archives , Second Series , Vol. IV. , Reprinted under direction of Charles Warren Stone , Pennsylvania Archives , Second Series , Vol. IV . Reprinted under direction of Charles Warren Stone , Pennsylvania Archives , Second Series , Vol. IV. Reprinted under direction of Charles Warren Stone , Secretary of the Commonwealth . Edited by John B. Linn and Wm. H. Egle , M.D. Harrisburg : E.K. Meyers , State Printer , 1890 . Secretary of the Commonwealth . Edited by John B. Linn and Wm. H. Egle , M.D. Harrisburg : E.K. Meyers , State Printer , 1890 . Secretary of the Commonwealth Hundreds of documents that include correspondence to and from William Rawle , William Bingham , and George Turner . University of Pittsburgh , Alexander Addison A federal judge in western Pennsylvania during the Whiskey Rebellion with moderate views . University of Pittsburgh . Jonathan Forman Papers A federal militia soldier 's diary . See also Liquor portal History portal Pittsburgh portal American Whiskey Trail `` Copper Kettle '' , song referencing the Rebellion Fries 's Rebellion Jean Bonnet Tavern List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States Moonshine Shays ' Rebellion Fort Gaddis -- gathering spot in Fayette County , Pennsylvania during Rebellion and site of the raising of a liberty pole Notes Jump up ^ Slaughter , 210 -- 14 , 219 . Jump up ^ Robert W. Coakley , The Role of Federal Military Forces in Domestic Disorders , 1789 -- 1878 ( DIANE Publishing , 1996 ) , 67 . Jump up ^ Rorabaugh , W.J. The Alcoholic Republic : An American Tradition , 1979 . Oxford University Press , 53 . Jump up ^ Howlett , Leon . The Kentucky Bourbon Experience : A Visual Tour of Kentucky 's Bourbon Distilleries , 2012 , 7 . Jump up ^ Chernow , 297 . Jump up ^ Chernow , 327 -- 30 . Jump up ^ Chernow , 341 . Jump up ^ Hogeland , 27 . Jump up ^ Chernow , 342 -- 43 ; Hogeland , 63 . Jump up ^ Slaughter , 100 . Jump up ^ Slaughter , 105 ; Hogeland , 64 . Jump up ^ American State Papers ( Finance : Volume 1 ) , 110 Jump up ^ `` ExplorePAHistory.com -- Stories from PA History '' . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ Slaughter , 97 . Jump up ^ Hogeland , 66 . Jump up ^ Hogeland , 68 . Jump up ^ Hogeland , 67 ; Holt , 30 . Jump up ^ Slaughter , 147 -- 49 ; Hogeland , 68 -- 70 . Jump up ^ Hogeland , 68 -- 69 ; Holt , 30 . Jump up ^ Slaughter , 148 . Jump up ^ Slaughter , 148 ; Hogeland , 69 . ^ Jump up to : Hoover , Michael . `` The Whiskey Rebellion '' . Regulations & Rulings Division , Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau , US Department of the Treasury . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . ( no date ) This article incorporates text from this source , which is in the public domain . Jump up ^ Slaughter , 108 . Jump up ^ Slaughter , 110 . Jump up ^ Slaughter , 206 . Jump up ^ Hogeland , 23 -- 25 ; Slaughter , 113 . Jump up ^ Hogeland , 24 . Jump up ^ Hogeland , 114 -- 15 . Jump up ^ Slaughter , 113 . Hogeland dates the attack on Johnson to September 7 , the night before the Pittsburgh convention ; Hogeland , 24 . Jump up ^ Hogeland , 103 -- 04 . Jump up ^ Slaughter , 114 . Jump up ^ Slaughter , 103 . ^ Jump up to : Mary K. Bonsteel Tachau , `` A New Look at the Whiskey Rebellion '' , in Boyd , The Whiskey Rebellion : Past and Present Perspectives , 97 -- 118 . Jump up ^ Slaughter , 117 . Jump up ^ Gross , David M. ( 2014 ) . 99 Tactics of Successful Tax Resistance Campaigns . Picket Line Press . pp. 77 -- 78 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4905 - 7274 - 1 . Jump up ^ Slaughter , 119 ; Hogeland , 124 . Jump up ^ Hogeland , 122 -- 23 . Jump up ^ Hogeland , 117 -- 19 ; 122 -- 23 . Jump up ^ Slaughter , 125 -- 27 . Jump up ^ Slaughter , 119 -- 23 . Jump up ^ Slaughter , 151 -- 53 . Jump up ^ Hogeland , 97 , 102 . Jump up ^ Hogeland , 119 -- 24 . Jump up ^ Gross , David M. ( 2014 ) . 99 Tactics of Successful Tax Resistance Campaigns . Picket Line Press . p. 72 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4905 - 7274 - 1 . Jump up ^ Hogeland , 130 -- 31 . ^ Jump up to : Slaughter , 151 . Jump up ^ Slaughter , 150 . Jump up ^ Slaughter , 153 . Jump up ^ Slaughter , 165 . Jump up ^ Slaughter , 177 ; Cooke , 328 . Jump up ^ Hogeland , 142 . Jump up ^ Slaughter , 170 . Jump up ^ Slaughter , 182 . Jump up ^ Cooke , 321 . Jump up ^ Cooke , 321 -- 22 . Jump up ^ Slaughter , 183 . Jump up ^ Hogeland , 124 . Jump up ^ Hogeland , William ( July 3 , 2006 ) . `` Why the Whiskey Rebellion Is Worth Recalling Now '' . History News Network . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2010 . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ S.E. Morison , `` The Oxford History of the United States 1783 -- 1917 ( London : Oxford University Press , 1927 ) , 182 . Jump up ^ Slaughter , 177 . Jump up ^ Hogeland , 146 . Jump up ^ The number of militiamen in the first attack on Bower Hill varies in contemporary accounts ; Hogeland , 268 . Jump up ^ Slaughter , 179 ; Hogeland , 147 -- 48 . Jump up ^ Slaughter , 3 . Jump up ^ Tucker , Spencer C. ( 2014 - 06 - 11 ) . The Encyclopedia of the Wars of the Early American Republic , 1783 -- 1812 : A Political , Social , and Military History ( 3 volumes ) : A Political , Social , and Military History . ABC - CLIO . p. 52 . ISBN 9781598841572 . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hogeland , 150 -- 51 . Jump up ^ Slaughter , 179 ; Hogeland , 152 . Jump up ^ Hogeland , 153 . Jump up ^ Hogeland , 153 -- 54 ; Slaughter , 3 , 179 -- 80 . Jump up ^ Slaughter , 180 . Jump up ^ Hogeland , 155 -- 56 . Jump up ^ Slaughter , 181 -- 83 . Jump up ^ Slaughter , 183 -- 85 . Jump up ^ Slaughter , 186 ; Hogeland , 172 . Jump up ^ Slaughter , 186 -- 87 . Jump up ^ Slaughter , 187 . Jump up ^ Slaughter , 188 -- 89 ; Hogeland , 169 . Jump up ^ Holt , 10 . Holt writes that earlier historians had misindentified the six counties represented by the flag . Jump up ^ Slaughter , 185 . Jump up ^ Slaughter , 187 -- 88 ; Hogeland , 170 -- 77 . ^ Jump up to : `` Whiskey Point ( Albert Gallatin ) Historical Marker '' . Explore PA history . Retrieved January 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Holt , 54 -- 57 . Jump up ^ Slaughter , 188 -- 89 . Jump up ^ Elkins & McKitrick , 479 . Jump up ^ Slaughter , 197 -- 99 . Jump up ^ Slaughter , 199 ; Holt , 11 . Jump up ^ Elkins & McKitrick , 481 . Jump up ^ Mark G. Spencer , `` Democratic - Republican Societies '' , in Peter Knight , ed. , Conspiracy Theories in American History ( Santa Barbara , CA : ABC - CLIO Press , 2003 ) , 1 : 221 . Jump up ^ Slaughter , 192 -- 93 , 196 ; Elkins & McKitrick , 479 . Jump up ^ Slaughter , 196 . Jump up ^ Slaughter , 199 -- 200 ; Hogeland , 199 . ^ Jump up to : Slaughter , 203 . Jump up ^ Hogeland , 205 -- 06 . Jump up ^ Chernow , 475 -- 76 ; Hogeland , 189 . Jump up ^ Slaughter , 210 -- 14 . Jump up ^ Slaughter , 208 . ^ Jump up to : Forman , Jonathan . `` Journal of Jonathan Forman ( 7 pgs . ) , September 21 , 1794 -- October 25 , 1794 : Box 1 , Folder 1 Jonathan Forman Papers , September 21 , 1794 -- October 25 , 1794 , DAR. 1982.01 , Darlington Collection , Special Collections Department , University of Pittsburgh '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Slaughter , 205 -- 06 ; Hogeland , 213 . Jump up ^ Ellis , His Excellency , George Washington , 225 . Jump up ^ Manella , Angela . `` Jonathan Forman Papers Finding Aid '' . Archive Service Center , University of Pittsburgh . Retrieved April 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Slaughter , 215 -- 16 . Jump up ^ Slaughter , 216 . Jump up ^ Higginbotham , pp. 189 -- 91 . Jump up ^ Higginbotham , pp. 193 -- 98 . ^ Jump up to : Craughwell & Phelps 2008 . Jump up ^ Slaughter , 219 . Jump up ^ Richard A. Ifft , `` Treason in the Early Republic : The Federal Courts , Popular Protest , and Federalism During the Whiskey Insurrection '' , in Boyd , The Whiskey Rebellion : Past and Present Perspectives , 172 . Jump up ^ Ifft , 172 . Jump up ^ Slaughter pp. 290 -- 91 . Jump up ^ Craughwell , Thomas J. ; Phelps , M. William ( 2008 ) . Failures of the Presidents : From the Whiskey Rebellion and War of 1812 to the Bay of Pigs and War in Iraq . Fair Winds Press . p. 22 . ISBN 9781616734312 . Jump up ^ Sources show a variety of spellings for his surname , including Vigol and Wigal . Jump up ^ Hogeland , 238 ; Ifft , 176 . Jump up ^ Ifft , 175 -- 76 . Jump up ^ Elkins & McKitrick , 481 -- 84 . Jump up ^ Boyd , `` Popular Rights '' , 78 . Jump up ^ Slaughter , 221 ; Boyd , `` Popular Rights '' , 80 . Jump up ^ Hogeland , 242 . Jump up ^ Fritz , Christian G. Fritz ( April 27 , 2009 ) . American Sovereigns : the People and America 's Constitutional Tradition Before the Civil War . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 12560 - 4 . Jump up ^ Boyd , `` Popular Rights '' , 80 -- 83 . Jump up ^ Vickers , Anita ( 2009 ) . The New Nation . American Popular Culture Through History . p. 213 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 31264 - 9 . Jump up ^ Branson , Susan ( 2001 ) . These Fiery Frenchified Dames : Women and Political Culture in Early National Philadelphia . University of Pennsylvania Press . p. 181 . Jump up ^ Smith , Ronald L. ( 1998 ) . Comedy Stars at 78 RPM : Biographies and Discographies of 89 American and British Recording Artists , 1896 -- 1946 . McFarland . p. 59 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 0462 - 9 . Jump up ^ John J. Pierce , When world views collide : a study in imagination and evolution ( Greenwood Press , 1989 ) , 163 . Jump up ^ Peter Josef Mühlbauer , `` Frontiers and dystopias : Libertarian ideology in science fiction '' , in Dieter Plehwe et al. , eds. , Neoliberal Hegemony : A Global Critique ( Taylor & Francis , 2006 ) , 162 . Jump up ^ `` Washington Co . Festival Marks Whiskey Rebellion '' . WPXI . August 1 , 2011 . Retrieved March 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Whiskey Rebellion Festival '' . Whiskey Rebellion Festival . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Time Magazine archive , Friday , November 30 , 1962 ; Quote : Sir : I am extremely thrilled that you printed my song in your folk singing article . I love music and Joan Baez . Copper Kettle was written in 1953 as part of my opera Go Lightly Stranger . A.F. Beddoe , Staten Island , N.Y. Bibliography Baldwin , Leland D. Whiskey Rebels : The Story of a Frontier Uprising . Pittsburgh : University of Pittsburgh Press , 1968 . ISBN 978 - 0822951513 Boyd , Steven R. , ed . The Whiskey Rebellion : Past and Present Perspectives . Westport , Connecticut : Greenwood Press , 1985 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 24534 - 7 . Boyd , Steven R . `` The Whiskey Rebellion , Popular Rights , and the Meaning of the First Amendment . '' In W. Thomas Mainwaring , ed . The Whiskey Rebellion and the Trans - Appalachian Frontier , 73 -- 84 . Washington , Pennsylvania : Washington and Jefferson College , 1994 . Chernow , Ron . Alexander Hamilton . New York : Penguin Press , 2004 . ISBN 1 - 59420 - 009 - 2 . Cooke , Jacob E. `` The Whiskey Insurrection : A Re-Evaluation . '' Pennsylvania History 30 ( July 1963 ) , 316 -- 64 . Elkins , Stanley M. and Eric L. McKitrick . The Age of Federalism . Oxford University Press , 1995 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 509381 - 0 Hogeland , William . The Whiskey Rebellion : George Washington , Alexander Hamilton , and the Frontier Rebels Who Challenged America 's Newfound Sovereignty . New York : Scribner , 2006 . ISBN 0 - 7432 - 5490 - 2 . Holt , Wythe . `` The Whiskey Rebellion of 1794 : A Democratic Working - Class Insurrection '' ( PDF ) . Paper presented at The Georgia Workshop in Early American History and Culture , 2004 . Kohn , Richard H. `` The Washington Administration 's Decision to Crush the Whiskey Rebellion . '' Journal of American History 59 ( December 1972 ) , 567 -- 84 . Slaughter , Thomas P . The Whiskey Rebellion : Frontier Epilogue to the American Revolution . Oxford University Press , 1986 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 505191 - 2 . Further reading Baldwin , Leland . Whiskey Rebels : The Story of a Frontier Uprising . Pittsburgh : University of Pittsburgh Press , 1939 . Berkin , Carol . A Sovereign People : The Crises of the 1790s and the Birth of American Nationalism ( 2017 ) pp. 7 -- 80 . excerpt Bouton , Terry . Taming Democracy : `` The People , '' the Founders , and the Troubled Ending of the American Revolution . Oxford & New York : Oxford University Press , 2007 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 530665 - 1 . Brackenridge , Henry Marie . History of the Western Insurrection in Western Pennsylvania ... Pittsburgh , 1859 . Brackenridge , Hugh Henry . Incidents of the Insurrection in Western Pennsylvania in the Year 1794 . Philadelphia , 1795 . A 1972 edition has notes by Daniel Marder . Findley , William . History of the Insurrection in the Four Western Counties of Pennsylvania . Philadelphia , 1796 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Whiskey Rebellion . Text of the 1791 excise act from the Library of Congress George Washington 's Proclamation of September 15 , 1792 , warning against obstruction of the excise law , from the Avalon Project at Yale Law School Washington 's Proclamation of August 7 , 1794 , announcing the preliminary raising of militia and commanding the insurgents in western Pennsylvania to disperse Washington 's Proclamation of September 25 , 1794 , announcing the commencement of military operations Washington 's Sixth Annual Message , November 19 , 1794 . Washington dedicated most of this annual message to the Whiskey Rebellion . Thompson , Charles D. Jr . `` Whiskey and Geography '' Southern Spaces , May 10 , 2011 . Explores the origins of whiskey - making and the resistance to a whiskey tax in Franklin County , Virginia . Whiskey Rebellion People Alexander Addison Hugh Henry Brackenridge David Bradford William Findley Thomas Gaddis Albert Gallatin Alexander Hamilton Herman Husband Henry Lee Daniel Morgan Robert Philson John Smilie George Washington John Wilkins , Jr . 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the major gods and goddesses of greek mythology
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Twelve Olympians
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twelve olympians
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In ancient Greek religion and mythology , the twelve Olympians are the major deities of the Greek pantheon , commonly considered to be Zeus , Hera , Poseidon , Demeter , Athena , Apollo , Artemis , Ares , Aphrodite , Hephaestus , Hermes , and either Hestia or Dionysus . They were called ' Olympians ' because they were considered to reside on Mount Olympus .
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Although Hades was a major ancient Greek god , and was the brother of the first generation of Olympians ( Zeus , Poseidon , Hera , Demeter , and Hestia ) , he resided in the underworld , far from Olympus , and thus was not usually considered to be one of the Olympians . Besides the twelve Olympians , there were many other cultic groupings of twelve gods . Contents ( hide ) 1 Olympians 2 Twelve gods 3 List 4 Genealogy 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References Olympians ( edit ) The Olympians were the principal deities of the Greek pantheon , so named because of their residency atop Mount Olympus . They gained their supremacy in a ten - year - long war of gods , in which Zeus led his siblings to victory over the previous generation of ruling gods , the Titans . They were a family of gods , the most important consisting of the first generation of Olympians , offspring of the Titans Cronus and Rhea : Zeus , Poseidon , Hera , Demeter and Hestia , along with the principal offspring of Zeus : Athena , Apollo , Artemis , Ares , Aphrodite , Hephaestus , Hermes , and Dionysus . Although Hades was a major deity in the Greek pantheon , and was the brother of Zeus and the other first generation of Olympians , his realm was far away from Olympus in the underworld , and thus he was not usually considered to be one of the Olympians . Olympic gods can be contrasted to chthonic gods including Hades , by mode of sacrifice , the latter receiving sacrifices in a bothros ( βόθρος , `` pit '' ) or megaron ( μέγαρον , `` sunken chamber '' ) rather than an altar . The canonical number of Olympian gods was twelve , but besides the ( thirteen ) principal Olympians listed above , there were many other residents of Olympus , who thus might be called Olympians . Heracles became a resident of Olympus after his apotheosis and married another Olympian resident Hebe . Some others who might be considered Olympians , include : the Muses , the Graces , Iris , Dione , Eileithyia , the Horae , and Ganymede . Twelve gods ( edit ) Besides the twelve Olympians , there were many other various cultic groupings of twelve gods throughout ancient Greece . The earliest evidence of Greek religious practice involving twelve gods ( Greek : δωδεκάθεον , dodekatheon , from δώδεκα dōdeka , `` twelve '' and θεοί theoi , `` gods '' ) comes no earlier than the late sixth century BC . According to Thucydides , an altar of the twelve gods was established in the agora of Athens by the archon Pisistratus ( son of Hippias , and the grandson of the tyrant Pisistratus ) , in c. 522 BC . The altar became the central point from which distances from Athens were measured and a place of supplication and refuge . Olympia apparently also had an early tradition of twelve gods . The Homeric Hymn to Hermes ( c. 500 BC ) has the god Hermes divide a sacrifice of two cows he has stolen from Apollo , into twelve parts , on the banks of the river Alpheius ( presumably at Olympia ) : `` Next glad - hearted Hermes dragged the rich meats he had prepared and put them on a smooth , flat stone , and divided them into twelve portions distributed by lot , making each portion wholly honorable . '' Pindar , in an ode written to be sung at Olympia c. 480 BC , has Heracles sacrificing , alongside the Alpheius , to the `` twelve ruling gods '' : `` He ( Heracles ) enclosed the Altis all around and marked it off in the open , and he made the encircling area a resting - place for feasting , honoring the stream of the Alpheus along with the twelve ruling gods . '' Another of Pindar 's Olympian odes , mentions `` six double altars '' . Herodorus of Heraclea ( c. 400 BC ) also has Heracles founding a shrine at Olympia , with six pairs of gods , each pair sharing a single altar . Many other places had cults of the twelve gods , including Delos , Chalcedon , Magnesia on the Maeander , and Leontinoi in Sicily . As with the twelve Olympians , although the number of gods was fixed at twelve , the membership varied . While the majority of the gods included as members of these other cults of twelve gods were Olympians , non-Olympians were also sometimes included . For example , Herodorus of Heraclea identified the six pairs of gods at Olympia as : Zeus and Poseidon , Hera and Athena , Hermes and Apollo , the Graces and Dionysus , Artemis and Alpheus , and Cronus and Rhea . Thus while this list includes the eight Olympians : Zeus , Poseidon , Hera , Athena , Hermes , Apollo , Artemis , and Dionysus , it also contains three clear non-Olympians : the Titan parents of the first generation of Olympians , Cronus and Rhea , and the river god Alpheius , with the status of the Graces ( here apparently counted as one god ) being unclear . Plato connected `` twelve gods '' with the twelve months , and implies that he considered Pluto one of the twelve in proposing that the final month be devoted to him and the spirits of the dead . The Roman poet Ennius gives the Roman equivalents ( the Dii Consentes ) as six male - female complements , preserving the place of Vesta ( Greek Hestia ) , who played a crucial role in Roman religion as a state goddess maintained by the Vestals . List ( edit ) There is no single canonical list of the twelve Olympian gods . The thirteen gods and goddesses most commonly considered to be one of the twelve Olympians are listed below . Greek Roman Image Functions and attributes Zeus Jupiter King of the gods and ruler of Mount Olympus ; god of the sky , lightning , thunder , law , order and justice . Youngest child of the Titans Cronus and Rhea . Symbols include the thunderbolt , eagle , oak tree , lion , scepter , and scales . Brother and husband of Hera , although he had many lovers , also brother of Poseidon , Hades , Demeter , and Hestia . Hera Juno Queen of the gods and the goddess of marriage , women , childbirth and family . Symbols include the peacock , cuckoo , and cow . Youngest daughter of Cronus and Rhea . Wife and sister of Zeus . Being the goddess of marriage , she frequently tried to get revenge on Zeus ' lovers and their children . Poseidon Neptune God of the seas , water , storms , hurricanes , earthquakes and horses . Symbols include the horse , bull , dolphin , and trident . Middle son of Cronus and Rhea . Brother of Zeus and Hades . Married to the Nereid Amphitrite , although , like most male Greek gods , he had many lovers . Demeter Ceres Goddess of the harvest , fertility , agriculture , nature and the seasons . Who presided over grains and the fertility of the earth . Symbols include the poppy , wheat , torch , cornucopia , and pig . Middle daughter of Cronus and Rhea . Also the lover of Zeus and Poseidon , and the mother of Persephone . Athena Minerva Goddess of wisdom , knowledge , reason , intelligent activity , literature , handicrafts , science , defense and strategic warfare . Symbols include the owl and the olive tree . Daughter of Zeus and the Oceanid Metis , she rose from her father 's head fully grown and in full battle armor . Apollo / Apollon Apollo God of light , the sun , prophecy , philosophy , truth , inspiration , poetry , music , arts , medicine , healing , and plague . Symbols include the sun , lyre , swan , and mouse . Son of Zeus and Leto , and twin brother of Artemis . Artemis Diana Goddess of the hunt , the wilderness , virginity , the moon , archery , childbirth , protection and plaque . Symbols include the moon , horse , deer , hound , she - bear , snake , cypress tree , and bow and arrow . Daughter of Zeus and Leto and twin sister of Apollo . Ares Mars God of war , violence , bloodshed and manly virtues . Symbols include the boar , serpent , dog , vulture , spear , and shield . Son of Zeus and Hera , all the other gods despised him . His Latin name , Mars , gave us the word `` martial . '' Aphrodite Venus Goddess of love , pleasure , passion , procreation , fertility , beauty and desire . Symbols include the dove , bird , apple , bee , swan , myrtle , and rose . Daughter of Zeus and the Oceanid Dione , or perhaps born from the sea foam after Uranus ' semen dripped into the sea after being castrated by his youngest son , Cronus , who then threw his father 's genitals into the sea . Married to Hephaestus , although she had many adulterous affairs , most notably with Ares . Her name gave us the word `` aphrodisiac '' , while her Latin name , Venus , gave us the word `` venereal '' . Hephaestus Vulcan Master blacksmith and craftsman of the gods ; god of the forge , craftsmanship , invention , fire and volcanoes . Symbols include fire , anvil , axe , donkey , hammer , tongs , and quail . Son of Hera , either by Zeus or alone . Married to Aphrodite , though unlike most divine husbands , he was rarely ever licentious . His Latin name , Vulcan , gave us the word `` volcano . '' Hermes Mercury Messenger of the gods ; god of travel , commerce , communication , borders , eloquence , diplomacy , thieves and games . Symbols include the caduceus ( staff entwined with two snakes ) , winged sandals and cap , stork , and tortoise ( whose shell he used to invent the lyre ) . Son of Zeus and the nymph Maia . The second - youngest Olympian , just older than Dionysus . Most listings include either one or the other of the following deities as one of the twelve Olympians . Greek Roman Image Functions and attributes Hestia Vesta Goddess of the hearth , fire and of the right ordering of domesticity and the family ; she was born into the first Olympian generation and was one of the original twelve Olympians . Some lists of the Twelve Olympians omit her in favor of Dionysus , but the speculation that she gave her throne to him in order to keep the peace seems to be modern invention . She is the first child of Cronus and Rhea , eldest sister of Hades , Demeter , Poseidon , Hera , and Zeus . Dionysus ( or Bacchus ) Bacchus God of wine , the grape vine , fertility , festivity , ecstasy , madness and resurrection . Patron god of the art of theatre . Symbols include the grapevine , ivy , cup , tiger , panther , leopard , dolphin , goat , and pinecone . Son of Zeus and the mortal Theban princess Semele . Married to the Cretan princess Ariadne . The youngest Olympian god , as well as the only one to have a mortal mother . Notes Romans also associated Phoebus with Helios and the sun itself , however , they also used the Greek name Apollon in a Latinized form Apollo . According to an alternate version of her birth , Aphrodite was born of Uranus , Zeus ' grandfather , after Cronus threw his castrated genitals into the sea . This supports the etymology of her name , `` foam - born '' . As such , Aphrodite would belong to the same generation as Cronus , Zeus ' father , and would be Zeus ' aunt . See the birth of Aphrodite Genealogy ( edit ) ( hide ) Major Olympians ' family tree Uranus Gaia Uranus ' genitals Cronus Rhea ZEUS HERA POSEIDON Hades DEMETER HESTIA a b ARES HEPHAESTUS Metis ATHENA Leto APOLLO ARTEMIS Maia HERMES Semele DIONYSUS Dione a b APHRODITE See also ( edit ) Hellenismos portal Dii Consentes , the Roman equivalent of the twelve Olympians Family tree of the Greek gods Interpretatio graeca , including a table of mythological equivalents List of Greek mythological characters Supreme Council of Ethnikoi Hellenes Hellenismos Olympia Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Walters Art Museum , accession number 23.40 . Jump up ^ Hansen , p. 250 ; Burkert , pp. 125 ff. ; Dowden , p. 43 ; Chadwick , p. 85 ; Müller , pp. 419 ff. ; Pache , pp. 308 ff. ; Thomas , p. 12 ; Shapiro , p. 362 ; Long , pp. 140 -- 141 ; Morford , p. 113 ; Hard p. 80 . Jump up ^ According to Homer , Aphrodite was the daughter of Zeus ( Iliad 3.374 , 20.105 ; Odyssey 8.308 , 320 ) and Dione ( Iliad 5.370 -- 71 ) , see Gantz , pp. 99 -- 100 . However , According to Hesiod , Theogony 183 -- 200 , Aphrodite was born from Uranus ' severed genitals , see Gantz , pp. 99 -- 100 . Jump up ^ Hansen , p. 250 ; Morford , p. 113 ; Hard p. 80 . Jump up ^ Chadwick , p. 85 . Jump up ^ Dillon , p. 114 . Jump up ^ Ogden , pp. 2 -- 3 ; Dowden , p. 43 ; Hansen , p. 250 ; Burkert , p. 125 . Jump up ^ Herodotus , 2.43 -- 44 . Jump up ^ Just who might be called an Olympian is not entirely clear . For example Dowden , p. 43 , describes Heracles , Hebe , the Muses , and the Graces as Olympians , and on p. 45 , lists Iris , Dione , and Eileithyia among the Homeric Olympians , while Hansen , p. 250 , describes Heracles , Hebe , the Horae , and Ganymede as notable residents of Olympus , but says they `` are not ordinarily classified as Olympians '' . Jump up ^ Dowden , p. 43 ; Rutherford , p. 43 ; . Jump up ^ Rutherford , pp. 43 -- 44 ; Thucydides , 6.54. 6 - 7 . Jump up ^ Gadbery , p. 447 . Jump up ^ Dowden , p. 43 ; Rutherford , p. 44 ; Long , pp. 58 -- 62 ( T 13 ) , 154 -- 157 . Jump up ^ Long , pp. 61 -- 62 ( T 13 G ) , 156 -- 157 ; Homeric Hymn to Hermes , 128 -- 129 . Jump up ^ Dowden , p. 43 ; Rutherford , p. 44 ; Long , pp. 59 -- 60 ( T 13 C ) , 154 -- 155 . Jump up ^ Pindar , Olympian 10.49 . Jump up ^ Rutherford , p. 44 ; Long , pp. 58 ( T 13 A ) , 154 ; Pindar , Olympian 5.5 . Jump up ^ Dowden , p. 43 ; Rutherford , p. 47 ; Long , pp. 58 -- 59 ( T 13 B ) , 154 ; FGrH 31 F34a - b . Jump up ^ Rutherford , p. 45 ; Delos : Long , pp. 11 , 87 -- 90 ( T 26 ) , 182 ; Chaledon : Long , pp. 56 -- 57 ( T 11 D ) , 217 -- 218 ; Magnesia on the Maeander : Long , pp. 53 -- 54 ( T 7 ) , 221 -- 223 ; Leontinoi : Long , pp. 95 -- 96 ( T 32 ) , p. 157 . Jump up ^ Long , pp. 360 -- 361 , lists 54 Greek ( and Roman ) gods , including the thirteen Olympians mentioed above , who have been identified as members of one or more cultic groupings of twelve gods . Jump up ^ Dowden , p. 43 ; Rutherford , p. 47 ; Hard , p. 81 ; Long , pp. 58 -- 59 ( T 13 B ) , 141 , 154 ; FGrH 31 F34a - b . Jump up ^ Rutherford , pp. 45 -- 46 ; Plato , The Laws 828 b-d Jump up ^ `` Greek mythology '' . Encyclopedia Americana. 13 . 1993 . p. 431 . Jump up ^ North John A. , Beard Mary , Price Simon R.F. `` The Religions of Imperial Rome '' . Classical Mythology in English Literature : A Critical Anthology . ( Cambridge University Press , 1998 ) , p. 259 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 31682 - 0 . Jump up ^ Hacklin , Joseph . `` The Mythology of Persia '' . Asiatic Mythology ( Asian Educational Services , 1994 ) , p. 38 . ISBN 81 - 206 - 0920 - 4 . Jump up ^ See , for example , Ovid 's Met . I 441 , 473 , II 454 , 543 , 598 , 612 , 641 , XII 585 , XVIII 174 , 715 , 631 , and others . Jump up ^ This chart is based upon Hesiod 's Theogony , unless otherwise noted . Jump up ^ According to Homer , Iliad 1.570 -- 579 , 14.338 , Odyssey 8.312 , Hephaestus was apparently the son of Hera and Zeus , see Gantz , p. 74 . Jump up ^ According to Hesiod , Theogony 927 -- 929 , Hephaestus was produced by Hera alone , with no father , see Gantz , p. 74 . Jump up ^ According to Hesiod , Theogony 886 -- 890 , of Zeus ' children by his seven wives , Athena was the first to be conceived , but the last to be born ; Zeus impregnated Metis then swallowed her , later Zeus himself gave birth to Athena `` from his head '' , see Gantz , pp. 51 -- 52 , 83 -- 84 . Jump up ^ According to Hesiod , Theogony 183 -- 200 , Aphrodite was born from Uranus ' severed genitals , see Gantz , pp. 99 -- 100 . Jump up ^ According to Homer , Aphrodite was the daughter of Zeus ( Iliad 3.374 , 20.105 ; Odyssey 8.308 , 320 ) and Dione ( Iliad 5.370 -- 71 ) , see Gantz , pp. 99 -- 100 . References ( edit ) Burkert , Walter , Greek Religion , Harvard University Press , 1985 . ISBN 0 - 674 - 36281 - 0 . Chadwick , John , The Mycenaean World , Cambridge University Press , 1976 . ISBN 9780521290371 . Dillon , Matthew , Girls and Women in Classical Greek Religion . London : Routledge. ( 2002 ) . ISBN 0415202728 . Dowden , Ken , `` Olympian Gods , Olympian Pantheon '' , in A Companion to Greek Religion , Daniel Ogden editor , John Wiley & Sons , 2010 . ISBN 9781444334173 . Gadbery , Laura M. , `` The Sanctuary of the Twelve Gods in the Athenian Agora : A Revised View '' , Hesperia 61 ( 1992 ) , pp. 447 -- 489 . Gantz , Timothy , Early Greek Myth : A Guide to Literary and Artistic Sources , Johns Hopkins University Press , 1996 , Two volumes : ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 5360 - 9 ( Vol. 1 ) , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 5362 - 3 ( Vol. 2 ) . Hansen , William , William F. Hansen , Classical Mythology : A Guide to the Mythical World of the Greeks and Romans , Oxford University Press , 2005 . ISBN 9780195300352 . Hard , Robin , The Routledge Handbook of Greek Mythology : Based on H.J. Rose 's `` Handbook of Greek Mythology '' , Psychology Press , 2004 , ISBN 9780415186360 . Google Books . Herodotus ; Histories , A.D. Godley ( translator ) , Cambridge : Harvard University Press , 1920 ; ISBN 0674991338 . Online version at the Perseus Digital Library . Hesiod , Theogony , in The Homeric Hymns and Homerica with an English Translation by Hugh G. Evelyn - White , Cambridge , MA. , Harvard University Press ; London , William Heinemann Ltd. 1914 . Online version at the Perseus Digital Library . Homer , The Iliad with an English Translation by A.T. Murray , Ph. D. in two volumes . Cambridge , MA. , Harvard University Press ; London , William Heinemann , Ltd. 1924 . Online version at the Perseus Digital Library . Homer ; The Odyssey with an English Translation by A.T. Murray , PH. D. in two volumes . Cambridge , MA. , Harvard University Press ; London , William Heinemann , Ltd. 1919 . Online version at the Perseus Digital Library . Homeric Hymn to Hermes ( 4 ) , in The Homeric Hymns and Homerica with an English Translation by Hugh G. Evelyn - White , Cambridge , MA. , Harvard University Press ; London , William Heinemann Ltd. 1914 . Online version at the Perseus Digital Library . Long , Charlotte R. , The Twelve Gods of Greece and Rome , Brill Archive , Jan 1 , 1987 . Google Books Morford , Mark P.O. , Robert J. Lenardon , Classical Mythology , Eighth Edition , Oxford University Press , 2007 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 530805 - 1 . Müller , Karl Otfried , Ancient Art and Its Remains : Or , A Manual of the Archaeology of Art , translated by John Leitch , B. Quaritch , 1852 . Ogden , Daniel `` Introduction '' to A Companion to Greek Religion , Daniel Ogden editor , John Wiley & Sons , 2010 . ISBN 9781444334173 . Pache , Corinne Ondine , `` Gods , Greek '' in The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome , Volume 3 , Oxford University Press . 2010 . ISBN 9780195170726 . Pindar , Odes , Diane Arnson Svarlien. 1990 . Plato , Laws in Plato in Twelve Volumes , Vols. 10 & 11 translated by R.G. Bury . Cambridge , MA , Harvard University Press ; London , William Heinemann Ltd. 1967 & 1968 . Online version at the Perseus Digital Library Rutherford , Ian , `` Canonizing the Pantheon : the Dodekatheon in Greek Religion and its Origins '' in The Gods of Ancient Greece : Identities and Transformations , editors Jan N. Bremmer , Andrew Erskine , Edinburgh University Press 2010 . ISBN 978 - 0748637980 . Online version Shapiro , H.A. , `` Chapter 20 : Olympian Gods at Home and Abroad '' in A Companion to Greek Art , editors Tyler Jo Smith , Dimitris Plantzos , John Wiley & Sons , 2012 . ISBN 9781118273371 . Thomas , Edmund , `` From the pantheon of the gods to the Pantheon of Rome '' in Pantheons : Transformations of a Monumental Idea , editors Richard Wrigley , Matthew Craske , Ashgate Publishing , Ltd. , 2004 . ISBN 9780754608080 . Thucydides , Thucydides translated into English ; with introduction , marginal analysis , notes , and indices . Volume 1. , Benjamin Jowett . translator . Oxford . Clarendon Press . 1881 . Online version at the Perseus Digital Library . 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Iatromantis Interpretatio graeca Libations Mystagogue Nekyia Necromancy Necromanteion Nymphaeum Panegyris Pharmakos Prayers Orgia Sacrifices Temenos Temples Votive offerings Sacred places Athenian sacred ships Cave of Zeus Cretea Delphi Delos Dodona Eleusis Hiera Orgas Olympia Olympus Psychro Cave Sacred Way Mythical beings Dragons in Greek mythology Greek mythological creatures Greek mythological figures List of minor Greek mythological figures Deities Primordial deities Aether Aion Ananke Chaos Chronos Erebus Eros Gaia Hemera Nyx Phanes Pontus Thalassa Tartarus Uranus Titans First generation Coeus Crius Cronus Hyperion Iapetus Mnemosyne Oceanus Phoebe Rhea Tethys Theia Themis Second generation Asteria Astraeus Atlas Eos Epimetheus Helios Leto Menoetius Metis Pallas Perses Prometheus Selene Third generation Hecate Hesperus Phosphorus Twelve Olympians Aphrodite Apollo Ares Artemis Athena Demeter Dionysus Hephaestus Hera Hermes Hestia Poseidon Zeus Aquatic deities Amphitrite Alpheus Ceto Glaucus The Naiads The Nereids Nereus The Oceanids Phorcys Poseidon The Potamoi Potamides Proteus Scamander Thaumas Thetis Triton Love deities Erotes Anteros Eros Hedylogos Hermaphroditus Himeros Hymen / Hymenaeus Pothos Aphrodite Aphroditus Philotes Peitho War deities Adrestia Alala Alke Amphillogiai Androktasiai Ares Athena Bia Deimos Enyalius Enyo Eris Gynaecothoenas Homados Hysminai Ioke Keres Kratos Kydoimos Ma Makhai Nike Palioxis Pallas Perses Phobos Phonoi Polemos Proioxis Chthonic deities Psychopomps Hermanubis Hermes Thanatos Achlys Angelos Hades / Pluto Hecate Hypnos Keres Lampad Macaria Melinoe Persephone Health deities Aceso Aegle Artemis Apollo Asclepius Chiron Eileithyia Epione Hebe Hygieia Iaso Paean Panacea Telesphorus Sleep deities Empusa Epiales Hypnos Morpheus Pasithea Phantasos Phobetor Oneiroi Messenger deities Angelia Arke Hermes Iris Trickster deities Apate Dolos Hermes Momus Magic deities Circe Hecate Hermes Trismegistus Triple deity Other major deities Azone The Erinyes Harmonia The Muses Nemesis Pan Unknown God Zelus Heroes / heroines Abderus Achilles Actaeon Aeneas Argonauts Ajax the Great Ajax the Lesser Akademos Amphiaraus Amphitryon Antilochus Atalanta Autolycus Bellerophon Bouzyges Cadmus Chrysippus Cyamites Daedalus Diomedes Dioscuri ( Castor and Pollux ) Echetlus Eleusis Erechtheus Eunostus Ganymede Hector Heracles Icarus Iolaus Jason Meleager Odysseus Oedipus Orpheus Pandion Peleus Pelops Penthesilea Perseus Theseus Triptolemus Mythical tribes Amazons Anthropophage Atlantians Bebryces Curetes Dactyls Gargareans Halizones Korybantes Lapiths Lotus - eaters Myrmidons Pygmies Telchines Oracles / seers Aesacus Aleuas Amphiaraus Amphilochus Ampyx Anius Asbolus Bakis Branchus Calchas Carnus Carya Cassandra Delphic Sibyl Elatus Ennomus Halitherses Helenus Iamus Idmon Manto Melampus Mopsus Munichus Phineus Polyeidos Polypheides Pythia Sibyl Telemus Theiodamas Theoclymenus Tiresias Magic Apotropaic magic Greek Magical Papyri Philia Mythical realms Aethiopia Atlantis Hyperborea Libya Nysa Ogygia Panchaia Scythia Themiscyra Underworld Entrances to the underworld Rivers Acheron Cocytus Eridanos Lethe Phlegethon Styx Lakes / swamps Acherusia Avernus Lake Lerna Lake Caves Cave at Cape Matapan Cave Charonium Cave at Lake Avernus Cave at Heraclea Pontica Ploutonion Pluto 's Gate Places Elysium Erebus Fields of Asphodel Fields of Punishment Isles of the Blessed Tartarus Judges of the underworld Aeacus Minos Rhadamanthus Guards Cerberus Ferryman Charon Charon 's obol Symbols / objects Bident Cap of invisibility Animals / daemons / spirits Ascalaphus Ceuthonymus Eurynomos Hade 's cattle Mythological wars Amazonomachy Attic War Centauromachy Gigantomachy Cranes - Pygmies war Theomachy Titanomachy Trojan War Mythological and religious objects Adamant Aegis Ambrosia Apple of Discord Ara Baetylus Caduceus Cornucopia Dragon 's teeth Diipetes Galatea Golden apple Golden Fleece Gorgoneion Greek terracotta figurines Harpe Ichor Lotus tree Minoan sealstone Moly Necklace of Harmonia Omphalos Orichalcum Palladium Panacea Pandora 's box Petasos ( Winged helmet ) Philosopher 's stone Ring of Gyges Rod of Asclepius Sacrificial tripod Sceptre Shield of Achilles Shirt of Nessus Sword of Damocles Talaria Thunderbolt Thymiaterion Thyrsus Trident Trojan Horse Winnowing Oar Wheel of Fortune Wheel of fire Xoanon Symbols Arkalochori Axe Labrys Ouroboros Owl of Athena Mythological powers Anthropomorphism Divination Eternal youth Evocation Fortune - telling Immortality Language of the birds Nympholepsy Magic Ornithomancy Shamanism Shapeshifting Weather modification Storage containers / cups Amphora Calathus Chalice Ciborium Cotyla Hydria Hydriske Kalpis Kylix Kantharos Lebes Lekythos Loutrophoros Oenochoe Pelike Pithos Skyphos Stamnos Musical Instruments Aulos Barbiton Chelys Cithara Cochilia Crotalum ( Castanets ) Epigonion Kollops Lyre Pan flute Pandura Phorminx Psaltery Salpinx Sistrum Tambourine Trigonon Tympanum Water organ Games Panhellenic Games Olympic Games Pythian Games Nemean Games Isthmian Games Agon Panathenaic Games Rhieia Festivals / feasts Actia Adonia Agrionia Amphidromia Anthesteria Apellai Apaturia Aphrodisia Arrhephoria Ascolia Bendidia Boedromia Brauronia Buphonia Chalceia Diasia Delphinia Dionysia Ecdysia Elaphebolia Gamelia Haloa Heracleia Hermaea Hieromenia Iolaia Kronia Lenaia Lykaia Metageitnia Munichia Oschophoria Pamboeotia Pandia Plynteria Pyanopsia Skira Synoikia Soteria Tauropolia Thargelia Theseia Thesmophoria Vessels Argo Phaeacian ships Modern offshoot religions Discordianism Gaianism Greco - Buddhism Hellenismos Decline of Greco - Roman polytheism Modern popular culture Greek mythology in popular culture Ancient Greek deities by affiliation Primordial deities Achlys Aether Aion / Chronos Ananke Chaos Erebus Eros / Phanes Gaia Hemera Nyx The Ourea Pontus / Thalassa Tartarus Uranus Fates Atropos Clotho Lachesis Titan deities Titanes ( male ) Coeus Crius Cronus Hyperion Iapetus Oceanus Ophion Titanides ( female ) Dione Eurybia Mnemosyne Phoebe Rhea Tethys Theia Themis Hyperionides Eos Helios Selene Koionides Asteria Leto Lelantos Krionides Astraeus Pallas Perses Iapetionides Atlas Epimetheus Menoetius Prometheus Mousai ( Muses ) Aoide Arche Melete Mneme Olympian deities Dodekatheon Aphrodite Apollo Ares Artemis Athena Demeter Dionysus Hephaestus Hera Hermes Hestia Poseidon Zeus Theoi Olympioi Asclepius Deimos Ganymede Eileithyia Enyo Eris Iris Harmonia Hebe Heracles Paean Pan Phobos Mousai ( Muses ) Daughters of Zeus Calliope Clio Euterpe Erato Melpomene Polyhymnia Terpsichore Thalia Urania Daughters of Apollo Apollonis Borysthenis Cephisso Muses of the Lyre Hypate Mese Nete Muses at Sicyon Polymatheia Charites ( Graces ) Aglaea Antheia Euphrosyne Hegemone Pasithea Thalia Horae ( Hours ) Dike Eirene Eunomia Styktides Bia Kratos Nike Zelos Aquatic deities Theoi Halioi Amphitrite Benthesikyme Brizo Calypso Ceto Glaucus The Ichthyocentaurs Kymopoleia Leucothea Melicertes Nereus Nerites The Nesoi Oceanus Phorcys Pontus / Thalassa Poseidon Proteus Rhodos Tethys Thaumas Thetis Triton Oceanids Acaste Admete Adrasteia Amalthea Asia Callirrhoe Ceto Clytie Dione Dodone Doris Electra Eurynome Idyia Melia Metis Nemesis Perse Pleione Plouto Styx Telesto Zeuxo Nereides Amphitrite Arethusa Dynamene Galatea Galene Psamathe Thetis Potamoi Achelous Almo Alpheus Anapos Asopus Asterion Axius Caanthus Cebren Cephissus Clitumnus Enipeus Kladeos Meander Nilus Numicus Phyllis Peneus Rivers of the Underworld Cocytus Eridanos Lethe Phlegethon Styx Sangarius Scamander Simoeis Strymon Naiads Aegina Achiroe Aganippe The Anigrides Argyra Bistonis Bolbe Caliadne Cassotis Castalia Cleocharia Creusa Daphne Drosera Harpina The Ionides Ismenis Larunda Lilaea Liriope Melite Metope Minthe Moria Nana Nicaea Orseis Pallas Pirene Salmacis Stilbe The Thriae Corycia Kleodora Melaina Tiasa Chthonic deities Theoi Chthonioi Angelos Demeter Gaia Hades Hecate The Lampads Macaria Melinoë Persephone Zagreus Erinyes ( Furies ) Alecto Megaera Tisiphone Earthborn Cyclopes Gigantes Hecatonchires Kouretes Meliae Telchines Typhon Apotheothenai Trophonius Triptolemus Orpheus Aeacus Minos Rhadamanthus Personifications Children of Nyx Achlys Apate Dolos Eleos Elpis Epiphron Eris Geras Hesperides Hybris Hypnos Ker The Keres The Moirai Aisa Clotho Lachesis Momus Moros Oizys The Oneiroi Epiales Morpheus Phantasos Phobetor Nemesis Philotes Sophrosyne Thanatos Children of Eris Algos Amphillogiai Ate The Androktasiai Dysnomia Horkos Hysminai Lethe Limos Machai Phonoi Ponos Neikea Pseudea Logoi Children of other gods Aergia Aidos Alala Aletheia Angelia Arete Bia Caerus The Younger Charites Eucleia Eupheme Euthenia Philophrosyne Corus Deimos The Erotes Anteros Eros Hedylogos Hermaphroditus Hymen Eupraxia Hedone Homonoia Iacchus Kratos The Litae Homonoia Nike Peitho Phobos Tyche Zelos Others Adephagia Alala Alke Amechania Anaideia Alastor Apheleia Aporia The Arae Dikaiosyne Dyssebeia Ekecheiria Eulabeia Eusebeia Gelos Heimarmene Homados Horme Ioke Kakia Kalokagathia Koalemos Kydoimos Lyssa The Maniae Methe Nomos Palioxis Peitharchia Penia Penthus Pepromene Pheme Philotes Phrike Phthonus Pistis Poine Polemos Poros Praxidike Proioxis Prophasis Roma Soter Soteria Techne Thrasos Other deities Sky deities The Anemoi The Astra Planeti Stilbon Eosphorus Hesperus Pyroeis Phaethon Phaenon Aura Chione The Hesperides The Hyades Nephele The Pleiades Alcyone Sterope Celaeno Electra Maia Merope Taygete Agricultural deities Aphaea Ariadne Carmanor Demeter Despoina Eunostus Philomelus Plutus Health deities Asclepius Aceso Epione Iaso Hygieia Panacea Telesphorus Rustic deities Aetna The Alseids The Auloniads Amphictyonis The Anthousai Aristaeus Attis Britomartis The Cabeiri Comus The Dryades Erato Eurydice The Hamadryades Chrysopeleia The Epimeliades Hecaterus Leuce Ma The Maenades The Meliae The Napaeae The Nymphai Hyperboreioi The Oreads Adrasteia Echo Helike Iynx Nomia Oenone Pitys The Pegasides Priapus Rhapso Silenus Telete Others Acratopotes Adrasteia Agdistis Alexiares and Anicetus Aphroditus Astraea Circe Eiresione Enyalius Harpocrates Ichnaea Palaestra Greek deities series Primordial deities Titan deities Aquatic deities Chthonic deities Mycenaean deities Twelve Olympians Aphrodite Apollo Ares Artemis Athena Demeter Dionysus Hephaestus Hera Hermes Hestia Poseidon Zeus Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Twelve_Olympians&oldid=842894312 '' Categories : Twelve Olympians Cultural lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски मराठी مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan پنجابی Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Scots Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Türkmençe Українська اردو Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 65 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 May 2018 , at 11 : 48 . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelve%20Olympians
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what are the top 5 languages spoken in the us
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English only -- 237.8 million Spanish -- 40.5 million Chinese ( including Mandarin and Cantonese ) -- 3.4 million Tagalog ( including Filipino ) -- 1.7 million Vietnamese -- 1.5 million Arabic -- 1.2 million French -- 1.2 million Korean -- 1.1 million Russian -- 0.91 million German -- 0.91 million Haitian Creole -- 0.86 million Hindi -- 0.81 million Portuguese -- 0.77 million Italian -- 0.58 million Polish -- 0.54 million Urdu -- 0.47 million Japanese -- 0.46 million Persian ( including Farsi and Dari ) -- 0.44 million Gujarati -- 0.41 million Telugu -- 0.37 million Bengali -- 0.32 million Tai -- Kadai ( including Thai and Lao ) -- 0.31 million Greek -- 0.29 million Punjabi -- 0.29 million Tamil -- 0.27 million Armenian -- 0.24 million Serbo - Croatian ( including Bosnian , Croatian , Montenegrin , and Serbian ) -- 0.24 million Hebrew -- 0.23 million Hmong -- 0.22 million Bantu ( including Swahili ) -- 0.22 million Khmer -- 0.20 million Navajo -- 0.16 million
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English|Spanish|Chinese|Tagalog|Vietnamese
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Languages of the United States
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languages of the united states
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Abenaki , Achumawi , Adai , Afro - Seminole Creole , Alabama , Aleut , Apalachee , Aranama , Arapaho , Arikara , Assiniboine , Atakapa , Atsugewi , Awaswas , Barbareño , Bay Miwok , Biloxi , Blackfoot , Buena Vista , Caddo , Cahto , Carolina Algonquian , Catawba , Cayuga , Cayuse , Central Kalapuya , Central Pomo , Central Sierra Miwok , Chalon , Chemakum , Cheyenne , Chickasaw , Chico , Chimariko , Chinook Jargon , Chippewa , Chitimacha , Chiwere , Chochenyo , Choctaw , Chukchansi , Coast Miwok , Coast Tsimshian , Coahuilteco , Cocopah , Coeur d'Alene , Colorado River , Columbia - Moses , Comanche , Cotoname , Cowlitz , Cree , Crow , Cruzeño , Cupeño , Eastern Pomo , Esselen , Etchemin , Eyeri , Fox , Garza , Gashowu , Gros Ventre , Gullah , Halchidhoma , Halkomelem , Hanis , Havasupai , Havasupai -- Hualapai , Hawaiian Pidgin , Hidatsa , Hitchiti , Hupa , Ipai , Ivilyuat , Jicarilla , Karankawa , Karkin , Karuk , Kashaya , Kathlamet , Kawaiisu , Kings River , Kiowa , Kitanemuk , Kitsai , Klallam , Klamath , Klickitat , Koasati , Konkow , Konomihu , Kumeyaay , Kutenai , Lake Miwok , Lipan , Louisiana Creole , Lower Tanana , Luiseño , Lummi , Lushootseed , Mahican , Maidu , Makah , Malecite - Passamaquoddy , Mandan , Maricopa , Massachusett , Mattole , Mednyj Aleut , Menominee , Mescalero - Chiricahua , Miami - Illinois , Mikasuki , Mi'kmaq , Miluk , Mobilian Jargon , Mohawk , Mohawk Dutch , Mohegan - Pequot , Mojave , Molala , Mono , Munsee , Muscogee , Mutsun , Nanticoke , Nawathinehena , Negerhollands , New River Shasta , Nez Perce , Nicoleño , Nisenan , Nlaka'pamux , Nomlaki , Nooksack , Northeastern Pomo , Northern Kalapuya , Northern Paiute , Northern Pomo , Northern Sierra Miwok , Obispeño , Okanagan , Okwanuchu , Omaha -- Ponca , Oneida , Onondaga , Osage , Ottawa , Palewyami , Pawnee , Pennsylvania German , Picuris , Piscataway , Plains Apache , Plains Cree , Plains Miwok Potawatomi , Powhatan , Purisimeño , Qawiaraq , Quechan , Quileute , Quinault , Quiripi , Ramaytush , Rumsen , Saanich , Sahaptin , Salinan , Salish - Spokane - Kalispel , Seneca , Serrano , Shasta , Shawnee , Shoshoni , Siuslaw , Solano , Southeastern Pomo , Southern Pomo , Southern Sierra Miwok , Southern Tiwa , Susquehannock , Takelma , Tamyen , Taos , Tataviam , Tewa , Texas German , Tillamook , Timbisha , Tiipai , Tolowa , Tongva , Tonkawa , Tsetsaut , Tübatulabal , Tuscarora , Tututni , Twana , Umatilla , Unami , Upper Chinook , Ute , Ventureño , Virgin Islands Creole , Wailaki , Wappo , Washo , Whulshootseed , Wichita , Winnebago , Wintu , Wiyot , Woccon , Wukchumni , Wyandot , Yamasee , Yana , Yaqui , Yavapai , Yoncalla , Yuchi , Yuki , Yurok
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Regional languages Ahtna , Alutiiq , Carolinian , Central Alaskan Yup'ik , Central Siberian Yupik , Chamorro , Deg Xinag , Dena'ina , Eyak , French , Gwich'in , Haida , Hän , Hawaiian , Holikachuk , Inupiaq , Koyukon , Samoan , Tanacross , Tanana , Tlingit , Tsimshian , Upper Kuskokwim , Upper Tanana Main immigrant languages English , Spanish , Chinese , French , Tagalog , Vietnamese , Arabic , Korean , Sign languages American Sign Language ( BASL ) , Hawai'i Sign Language , Keresan Sign Language , Navajo Family Sign , Plains Indian Sign Language , Puerto Rican Sign Language , Samoan Sign Language Common keyboard layouts QWERTYUIOP Many languages are used , or historically have been used , in the United States . Over 500 languages are spoken by the U.S. population . The most commonly used language is English ( specifically , American English ) , which is the de facto national language of the United States . Since the 1965 Immigration Act , Spanish is the second most common language in the country . The state government of Louisiana offers services and documents in French , as does New Mexico in Spanish . There are many languages indigenous to North America or to U.S. states or holdings in the Pacific region . Hawaiian , although having few native speakers , is an official language along with English of the state of Hawaii . Alaska recognizes English and twenty native languages as official . Language Spoken at Home ( U.S. Census Bureau , American Community Survey 2016 ) List ( show ) English only -- 237,810,023 Spanish -- 40,489,813 Chinese -- 3,372,930 Tagalog -- 1,701,960 Vietnamese -- 1,509,994 Arabic -- 1,231,098 French -- 1,216,668 Korean -- 1,088,788 Russian -- 909,374 German -- 905,691 Haitian Creole -- 856,009 Hindi -- 810,877 Portuguese -- 767,210 Italian -- 576,154 Polish -- 539,151 Urdu -- 474,481 Persian -- 438,448 Japanese -- 464,535 Gujarati -- 407,520 Telugu -- 365,566 Bengali -- 324,008 Tai -- Kadai -- 307,442 Greek -- 288,255 Punjabi -- 287,491 Tamil -- 273,332 Armenian -- 237,550 Serbo - Croatian -- 236,761 Hebrew -- 225,147 Hmong -- 224,133 Bantu -- 223,334 Khmer -- 203,115 Navajo -- 163,784 other Indo - European languages -- 578,492 other Afro - Asiatic languages -- 521,932 other Niger -- Congo languages -- 515,629 other West Germanic languages -- 487,675 other Austronesian languages -- 467,718 other Indic languages -- 409,631 other languages of Asia -- 384,154 other Slavic languages -- 338,644 other Dravidian languages -- 241,678 other languages of North America -- 195,550 other and unspecified languages -- 258,257 According to the 2016 American Community Survey , a project of the United States Census Bureau , the languages spoken at home by the most people older than five years of age are : English only -- 237.8 million Spanish -- 40.5 million Chinese ( including Mandarin and Cantonese ) -- 3.4 million Tagalog ( including Filipino ) -- 1.7 million Vietnamese -- 1.5 million Arabic -- 1.2 million French -- 1.2 million Korean -- 1.1 million Russian -- 0.91 million German -- 0.91 million Haitian Creole -- 0.86 million Hindi -- 0.81 million Portuguese -- 0.77 million Italian -- 0.58 million Polish -- 0.54 million Urdu -- 0.47 million Japanese -- 0.46 million Persian ( including Farsi and Dari ) -- 0.44 million Gujarati -- 0.41 million Telugu -- 0.37 million Bengali -- 0.32 million Tai -- Kadai ( including Thai and Lao ) -- 0.31 million Greek -- 0.29 million Punjabi -- 0.29 million Tamil -- 0.27 million Armenian -- 0.24 million Serbo - Croatian ( including Bosnian , Croatian , Montenegrin , and Serbian ) -- 0.24 million Hebrew -- 0.23 million Hmong -- 0.22 million Bantu ( including Swahili ) -- 0.22 million Khmer -- 0.20 million Navajo -- 0.16 million While modern estimates indicate that American Sign Language was signed by as many as 500,000 Americans , as of 1972 -- the last official survey , closer estimates range around 100,000 as of 2011 . ( Although various cultural factors , such as passage of the Americans with Disabilities Act , have resulted in far greater educational opportunities for deaf children , which could double or triple the number of current ASL users . ) Contents ( hide ) 1 Official language status 1.1 Status of other languages 2 Indigenous languages 2.1 Native American languages 2.1. 1 List of Native American Languages 2.1. 2 Native American sign languages 2.2 Austronesian languages 2.2. 1 Hawaiian 2.2. 2 Samoan 2.2. 3 Chamorro 2.2. 4 Carolinian 3 Main languages 3.1 English 3.2 Spanish 3.3 Chinese 3.4 Tagalog 3.5 Vietnamese 3.6 Korean 3.7 French 3.8 German 3.9 Hindustani 3.10 Arabic 3.11 Cherokee 3.12 Italian 3.13 Dutch 3.14 Finnish 3.15 Russian 3.16 Hebrew 3.17 Ilocano 3.18 South Asian languages 3.19 Telugu 3.20 Irish 3.21 Khmer ( Cambodian ) 3.22 Polish 3.23 Portuguese 3.24 Swedish 3.25 Welsh 3.26 Yiddish 3.27 Tamil 3.28 Nepali 4 New American languages , dialects , and creoles 4.1 African - American English 4.2 Chinuk Wawa or Chinook Jargon 4.3 Gullah 4.4 Hawai'i Creole English 4.5 Louisiana Creole French 4.6 Outer Banks languages 4.7 Pennsylvania German 4.8 Texas Silesian 4.9 Chesapeake Bay Islander 4.10 Chicano English 5 Sign languages 5.1 American Sign Language 5.1. 1 Black American Sign Language 5.2 Hawai'i Sign Language 5.3 Plains Sign Talk 5.3. 1 Navajo Sign Language 5.3. 2 Plateau Sign Language 5.4 Martha 's Vineyard Sign Language 5.5 Henniker Sign Language 5.6 Sandy River Valley Sign Language 6 See also 7 References 8 Bibliography 9 Further reading 10 External links Official language status ( edit ) There is no official language at the U.S. federal level . However , 32 states of the United States , in some cases as part of what has been called the English - only movement , have adopted legislation granting official status to English . Out of 50 states , 30 have established English as the only official language , while Hawaii recognizes both English and Hawaiian as official , and Alaska has made some 20 native languages official , along with English . Moreover , English is one of the official languages in all of the U.S. territories . In Puerto Rico both English and Spanish are official , although Spanish has been declared the principal official language . The school system and the government operate almost entirely in Spanish . Guam recognizes English and Chamorro . In the U.S. Virgin Islands , English is the only official language . In American Samoa , both English and Samoan are officially recognized . In the Northern Mariana Islands , English , Chamorro , and Carolinian are official . The state of Alaska provides voting information in Iñupiaq , Central Yup'ik , Gwich'in , Siberian Yupik , Koyukon , and Tagalog , as well as English . English is the primary language used for legislation , regulations , executive orders , treaties , federal court rulings , and all other official pronouncements . Nonetheless , laws require documents such as ballots to be printed in multiple languages when there are large numbers of non-English speakers in an area . American schools , public as well as private , require English classes at every grade level , even in bilingual or dual - language learning situations . Semesters of English composition are compulsory in virtually all U.S. colleges and universities to satisfy requirements for associate 's and bachelor 's degrees . Spanish is spoken by approximately 35 million people . The United States has the world 's fifth largest Spanish - speaking population , outnumbered only by Mexico , Colombia , Spain , and Argentina ; other estimates put the United States at over 50 million , second only to Mexico . Throughout the Southwestern United States , long - established Spanish - speaking communities coexist with large numbers of more recent Hispanophone immigrants . Although many new Latin American immigrants are less than fluent in English , nearly all second - generation Hispanic Americans speak English fluently , while only about half still speak Spanish . Status of other languages ( edit ) Percentage of people 5 years and over who speak Spanish at home : 2008 . Second most prevalent language in each US state . Spanish French German Tagalog Languages brought to the country by colonists or immigrants from Europe , Asia , or other parts of the world make up a large portion of the languages currently used ; several languages , including creoles and sign languages , have also developed in the United States . Approximately 430 languages are spoken or signed by the population , of which 176 are indigenous to the area . Fifty - two languages formerly spoken in the country 's territory are now extinct . According to the 2000 U.S. Census , people of German ancestry make up the largest single ethnic group in the United States , and the German language ranks fifth . Italian , Polish , and French are still widely spoken among populations descending from immigrants from those countries in the early 20th century , but the use of these languages is dwindling as the older generations die . Russian is also spoken by immigrant populations . Tagalog and Vietnamese have over one million speakers each in the United States , almost entirely within recent immigrant populations . Both languages , along with the varieties of Chinese ( mostly Cantonese , Taishanese , and Standard Mandarin ) , Japanese , and Korean , are now used in elections in Alaska , California , Hawaii , Illinois , New York , Texas , and Washington . Native American languages are spoken in smaller pockets of the country , but these populations are decreasing , and the languages are almost never widely used outside of reservations . Besides English , Spanish , French , German , Navajo and other Native American languages , all other languages are usually learned from immigrant ancestors that came after the time of independence or learned through some form of education . American Sign Language is the most common sign language in the United States although there are unrelated sign languages which have been developed in the States and its territories -- mostly in the Pacific . No concrete numbers exist for signers but something upwards of 250,000 is common . California has agreed to allow the publication of state documents in other languages to represent minority groups and immigrant communities . Languages such as Spanish , Chinese , Korean , Tagalog , Persian , Russian , Vietnamese , and Thai appear in official state documents , and the Department of Motor Vehicles publishes in nine languages . In New Mexico , although the state constitution does not specify an official language , laws are published in English and Spanish , and government materials and services are legally required ( by Act ) to be made accessible to speakers of both languages as well as Navajo and various Pueblo languages . New Mexico also has its own dialect of Spanish , which differs from Spanish spoken in the rest of Latin America . Native American languages are official or co-official on many of the U.S. Indian reservations and pueblos . In Oklahoma before statehood in 1907 , territory officials debated whether or not to have Cherokee , Choctaw , and Muscogee languages as co-official , but the idea never gained ground . Cherokee is officially recognized by the Cherokee Nation within the Cherokee tribal jurisdiction area in eastern Oklahoma . After New Amsterdam ( formerly a Dutch colony ) was transferred to English administration ( becoming the Province of New York ) in the late 17th century , English supplanted Dutch as the official language . However , `` Dutch remained the primary language for many civil and ecclesiastical functions and most private affairs for the next century . '' The Jersey Dutch dialect is now extinct . The issue of multilingualism also applies in the states of Arizona and Texas . While the constitution of Texas has no official language policy , Arizona passed a proposition in 2006 declaring English as the official language . Nonetheless , Arizona law requires the distribution of voting ballots in Spanish , as well as indigenous languages such as Navajo , O'odham , Hopi , etc. , in counties where they are spoken . In 2000 , the Census Bureau printed the standard census questionnaires in six languages : English , Spanish , Korean , Chinese ( in traditional characters ) , Vietnamese , and Tagalog . A popular urban legend called the Muhlenberg legend claims that German was almost made an official language of the United States but lost by one vote . In reality , it was a request by a group of German immigrants to have an official translation of laws into German . House speaker Frederick Muhlenberg has since become associated with the legend . Indigenous languages ( edit ) Native American languages ( edit ) Native American languages predate European settlement of the New World . In a few parts of the U.S. ( mostly on Indian reservations ) , they continue to be spoken fluently . Most of these languages are endangered , although there are efforts to revive them . Normally the fewer the speakers of a language the greater the degree of endangerment , but there are many small Native American language communities in the Southwest ( Arizona and New Mexico ) which continue to thrive despite their small size . In 1929 , speaking of indigenous Native American languages , linguist Edward Sapir observed : Few people realize that within the confines of the United States there is spoken today a far greater variety of languages ... than in the whole of Europe . We may go further . We may say , quite literally and safely , that in the state of California alone there are greater and more numerous linguistic extremes than can be illustrated in all the length and breadth of Europe . According to the 2000 Census and other language surveys , the largest Native American language - speaking community by far is the Navajo . Navajo is an Athabaskan language of the Na - Dené family , with 178,000 speakers , primarily in the states of Arizona , New Mexico , and Utah . Altogether , Navajo speakers make up more than 50 % of all Native American language speakers in the United States . Western Apache , with 12,500 speakers , also mostly in Arizona , is closely related to Navajo but not mutually intelligible with it . Navajo and other Athabaskan languages in the Southwest are relative outliers ; most other Athabascan languages are spoken in the Pacific Northwest and Alaska . Dakota is a Siouan language with 18,000 speakers in the US alone ( 22,000 including speakers in Canada ) , not counting 6,000 speakers of the closely related Lakota . Most speakers live in the states of North Dakota and South Dakota . Other Siouan languages include the closely related Winnebago , and the more distant Crow , among others . Central Alaskan Yup'ik is an Eskimo - Aleut language with 16,000 speakers , most of whom live in Alaska . The term `` Yupik '' is applied to its relatives , which are not necessarily mutually intelligible with Central Alaskan , including Naukan and Central Siberian , among others . Cherokee belongs to the Iroquoian family and has about 22,000 speakers as of 2005 . The Cherokee have the largest tribal affiliation in the U.S. , but most are of mixed ancestry and do not speak the language . Recent efforts to preserve and increase the Cherokee language in the Cherokee Nation and the United Keetoowah Band in Oklahoma , and among the Eastern Band in North Carolina , have been productive . More than 1,000 people each also speak the related languages of Mohawk and Seneca . The O'odham language , spoken by the Pima and the Tohono O'odham , is a Uto - Aztecan language with more than 12,000 speakers , most of whom live in central and southern Arizona and northern Sonora . Other Uto - Aztecan languages include Hopi , Shoshone , and the Pai - Ute languages . Choctaw has 11,000 speakers . Choctaw is part of the Muskogean family , like Seminole and Alabama . The Algonquian language family includes languages like Chippewa / Ojibwe , Cheyenne , and Cree . Keres has 11,000 speakers in New Mexico . A language isolate , the Keres are the largest of the Pueblo nations . The Keres pueblo of Acoma is the oldest continually inhabited community in the United States . Zuni , another isolate , has around 10,000 speakers , most of whom reside within the Zuni pueblo . Although the languages of the Americas have a history stretching back about 17,000 to 12,000 years , current knowledge of them is limited . There are doubtless a number of undocumented languages that were once spoken in the United States that are missing from historical record . List of Native American languages ( edit ) Below is an estimate of Native American languages `` spoken at home '' in the United States ( American Community Survey 2006 -- 2008 ) . This is not an exhaustive list of Native American languages in the US . Because the distinction between dialect and language is n't always clear , multiple dialects of varying mutual intelligibility may be classified as a single language , while a group of effectively identical dialects may be classified separately for historical or cultural reasons . Languages included here may be classified as `` extinct '' ( having no living native speakers ) , but many extinct or moribund Native American languages are the subjects of ongoing language revitalization efforts ; other extinct languages undergoing revitalization might not be listed here . Language Endonym Family Speakers ( % of total ) Speaks English < `` Very Well '' Total -- -- 373 949 19.22 % Total ( excl . Navajo ) -- -- 203 127 ( 54.32 ) 15.82 % Navajo Diné bizaad Na - Dené 170 822 ( 45.68 ) 23.25 % Dakota Dakȟótiyapi Siouan 18 804 ( 5.03 ) 9.86 % Yupik -- Eskimo - Aleut 18 626 ( 4.98 ) 37.02 % Apache Ndee biyati ' Na - Dené 14 012 ( 3.75 ) 3.53 % Keres -- Isolate 13 073 ( 3.50 ) 6.20 % Cherokee Tsalagi ( ᏣᎳᎩ ) Iroquoian 12 320 ( 3.29 ) 16.33 % Choctaw Chahta ' Muskogean 10 368 ( 2.77 ) 23.44 % Zuni Shiwi'ma Isolate 9 432 ( 2.52 ) 14.22 % American Indian ( Other ) -- -- 8 888 ( 2.38 ) 16.73 % O'odham ( Pima ) Oʼodham ñiʼokĭ Uto - Aztecan 8 190 ( 2.19 ) 14.70 % Ojibwe ( Chippewa ) Anishinaabemowin Algic 6 986 ( 1.87 ) 11.28 % Hopi Hopilàvayi Uto - Aztecan 6 776 ( 1.81 ) 18.80 % Inupiat ( Inupik ) Iñupiatun Eskimo - Aleut 5 580 ( 1.49 ) 26.04 % Tewa -- Tanoan 5 123 ( 1.37 ) 13.80 % Muskogee ( Creek ) Mvskoke Muskogean 5 072 ( 1.36 ) 19.62 % Crow Apsáalooke Siouan 3 962 ( 1.06 ) 6.59 % Shoshoni Sosoni ' da̲i̲gwape Uto - Aztecan 2 512 ( 0.67 ) 7.25 % Cheyenne Tsėhésenėstsestȯtse Algic 2 399 ( 0.64 ) 3.21 % Tiwa -- Tanoan 2 269 ( 0.61 ) 3.22 % Towa ( Jemez ) -- Tanoan 2 192 ( 0.59 ) 27.65 % Inuit ( Eskimo ) -- Eskimo - Aleut 2 168 ( 0.58 ) 25.46 % Blackfoot Siksiká ( ᓱᖽᐧᖿ ) Algic 1 970 ( 0.53 ) 11.02 % Sahaptin Ichishkíin sɨ́nwit Plateau Penutian 1 654 ( 0.44 ) 6.17 % Paiute -- Uto - Aztecan 1 638 ( 0.44 ) 11.78 % Athapascan -- Na - Dené 1 627 ( 0.44 ) 19.55 % Ute Núu - ' apaghapi Uto - Aztecan 1 625 ( 0.43 ) 5.23 % Mohawk Kanien'kéha ' Iroquoian 1 423 ( 0.38 ) 11.67 % Seneca Onödowága Iroquoian 1 353 ( 0.36 ) 11.23 % Winnebago Hocąk Siouan 1 340 ( 0.36 ) 6.27 % Kiowa Cáuijògà Tanoan 1 274 ( 0.34 ) 9.58 % Aleut Unangam tunuu Eskimo - Aleut 1 236 ( 0.33 ) 19.01 % Salish -- Salishan 1 233 ( 0.33 ) 22.87 % Gwich'in ( Kuchin ) Gwich'in Na - Dené 1 217 ( 0.33 ) 25.82 % Kickapoo Kiwikapawa Algic 1 141 ( 0.31 ) 41.72 % Arapaho Hinónoʼeitíít Algic 1 087 ( 0.29 ) 1.20 % Tlingit Lingít Na - Dené 1 026 ( 0.27 ) 8.19 % Siberian Yupik ( SLI Yupik ) Sivuqaghmiistun Eskimo - Aleut 993 ( 0.27 ) 39.48 % Passamaquoddy Peskotomuhkat Algic 982 ( 0.26 ) 6.11 % Comanche Nʉmʉ tekwapʉ Uto - Aztecan 963 ( 0.26 ) 10.59 % Cree Nēhiyawēwin Algic 951 ( 0.25 ) 8.73 % Menominee Omāēqnomenew Algic 946 ( 0.25 ) 39.64 % Nez Perce Niimiipuutímt Plateau Penutian 942 ( 0.25 ) 12.10 % Potawatomi Bodéwadmi Algic 824 ( 0.22 ) 9.95 % Hidatsa Hidatsa Siouan 806 ( 0.22 ) 4.47 % Mesquakie ( Fox ) Meshkwahkihaki Algic 727 ( 0.19 ) 22.15 % Karok Káruk Isolate 700 ( 0.19 ) 5.43 % Pomo -- Pomoan 648 ( 0.17 ) 14.81 % Chinook Jargon Chinuk wawa Creole 644 ( 0.17 ) 17.70 % Oneida Oneyota'aaka Iroquoian 527 ( 0.14 ) 58.63 % Yurok Puliklah Algic 491 ( 0.13 ) 1.63 % Cocopah Kwikapa Yuman 483 ( 0.13 ) 22.77 % Hualapai Hwalbáy Yuman 458 ( 0.12 ) 4.80 % Omaha Umonhon Siouan 457 ( 0.12 ) 1.97 % Chiricahua Ndee bizaa Na - Dené 457 ( 0.12 ) -- Jicarilla Abáachi mizaa Na - Dené 455 ( 0.12 ) 14.51 % Yaqui Yoem noki Uto - Aztecan 425 ( 0.11 ) 10.12 % Yokuts -- Yokutsan 407 ( 0.11 ) 27.27 % Mono Mono Uto - Aztecan 349 ( 0.09 ) -- Mohave Hamakhav Yuman 330 ( 0.09 ) 6.36 % Luiseño Cham'teela Uto - Aztecan 327 ( 0.09 ) 4.28 % Shawnee Sawanwa Algic 321 ( 0.09 ) 6.23 % Maidu ( NE Maidu ) Májdy Maiduan 319 ( 0.09 ) 6.90 % Ottawa Nishnaabemwin Algic 312 ( 0.08 ) 10.90 % Algonquin Anicinâbemowin Algic 288 ( 0.08 ) 19.79 % Okanogan Nsəlxcin Salishan 284 ( 0.08 ) 10.92 % Osage Wazhazhe ie Siouan 260 ( 0.07 ) 20.38 % Wichita Kirikirʔi :s Caddoan 242 ( 0.06 ) 16.12 % Onondaga Onǫda'gegá Iroquoian 239 ( 0.06 ) 2.93 % Mi'kmaq ( Micmac ) Míkmawísimk Algic 230 ( 0.06 ) 10.87 % Digueño ( Ipai - Kumiai - Tipai ) -- Yuman 228 ( 0.06 ) 60.96 % Washo Wá : šiw ʔítlu Isolate 227 ( 0.06 ) 9.69 % Miwok Miwok Utian 216 ( 0.06 ) -- Lushootseed ( Puget Salish ) Xwəlšucid Salishan 207 ( 0.06 ) 47.83 % Kutenai Ktunaxa Isolate 200 ( 0.05 ) 32.50 % Miccosukee Mikisúkî Muskogean 188 ( 0.05 ) 22.87 % Tuscarora Ska : rù : rę ' Iroquoian 179 ( 0.05 ) 10.06 % Makah Qwi qwi diččaq Wakashan 176 ( 0.05 ) 30.11 % Coeur d'Alene Snchitsuʼumshtsn Salishan 174 ( 0.05 ) -- Hupa Na : tinixwe Na - Dené 174 ( 0.05 ) -- Quechan ( Yuma ) Kwtsaan Yuman 172 ( 0.05 ) 31.98 % Miami Myaamia Algic 168 ( 0.04 ) 50.60 % Alabama Albaamo innaaɬiilka Muskogean 165 ( 0.04 ) 20.00 % Delaware Lënape / Lunaapeew Algic 146 ( 0.04 ) 25.34 % Clallam Nəxwsƛ̕ay̕əmúcən Salishan 146 ( 0.04 ) 1.37 % Penobscot ( E Abenaki ) Panawahpskek Algic 144 ( 0.04 ) 5.56 % Yavapai -- Yuman 139 ( 0.04 ) -- Cahuilla Ivia Uto - Aztecan 139 ( 0.04 ) -- Ponca Panka Siouan 131 ( 0.04 ) 6.87 % Quinault Kwínaył Salishan 128 ( 0.03 ) -- Deg Xinag ( Ingalit ) Degexit'an Na - Dené 127 ( 0.03 ) -- Pawnee Paári Caddoan 122 ( 0.03 ) 16.39 % Haida X̱aat Kíl Isolate 118 ( 0.03 ) 19.49 % Cowlitz Stl'pulimuhkl Salishan 110 ( 0.03 ) 82.73 % Mandan Nų́ʔetaːre Siouan 104 ( 0.03 ) 38.46 % Arikara Sáhniš Caddoan 103 ( 0.03 ) -- Klamath Maqlaqs Plateau Penutian 95 ( 0.03 ) 27.37 % Havasupai Havasu'baaja Yuman 90 ( 0.02 ) 52.22 % Chitimacha Sitimaxa Isolate 89 ( 0.02 ) 21.35 % Abenaki ( W Abenaki ) Wôbanakiôdwawôgan Algic 86 ( 0.02 ) -- Kwak'wala ( Kwakiutl ) Kwak'wala Wakashan 85 ( 0.02 ) 24.71 % Tututni ( Rogue River ) Dotodəni Na - Dené 84 ( 0.02 ) -- Iroquois -- Iroquoian 76 ( 0.02 ) -- Michif ( French Cree ) Michif Creole 75 ( 0.02 ) 70.67 % Tsimshian Sm'algyax Tsimshianic 68 ( 0.02 ) -- Achumawi -- Palaihnihan 68 ( 0.02 ) -- Chiwere Jíwere Siouan 60 ( 0.02 ) -- Koasati Kowassá : ti Muskogean 59 ( 0.02 ) 6.78 % Koyukon Denaakkʼe Na - Dené 58 ( 0.02 ) 12.07 % Upper Chinook Kiksht Chinookan 58 ( 0.02 ) 10.34 % Caddo Hasí : nay Caddoan 51 ( 0.01 ) 23.53 % Kalapuya ( Santiam ) -- Kalapuyan 50 ( 0.01 ) -- Gros Ventre ( Atsina ) Ahahnelin Algic 45 ( 0.01 ) -- Tachi -- Yokutsan 45 ( 0.01 ) 57.78 % Maricopa Piipaash chuukwer Yuman 44 ( 0.01 ) 22.73 % Chumash S. hamala Chumashan 39 ( 0.01 ) 100.00 % Nomlaki Nomlāqa Wintuan 38 ( 0.01 ) -- Konkow ( NW Maidu ) Koyoom k'awi Maiduan 32 100.00 % Tonkawa Tickanwa tic Isolate 29 -- Wintu Winthu : h Wintuan 24 -- Spokane Npoqínišcn Salishan 20 40.00 % Ahtna Atnakenaege ' Na - Dené 18 -- Columbia ( Sinkiuse ) Nxaảmxcín Salishan 17 -- Atsugewi Atsugé Palaihnihan 15 -- Chemehuevi Nüwüvi Uto - Aztecan 15 -- Northern Paiute Numu Uto - Aztecan 12 -- Dena'ina ( Tanaina ) Dena'ina qenaga Na - Dené 11 -- Cupeño Kupangaxwicham Uto - Aztecan 11 -- Nuu - chah - nulth ( Nootka ) Nuučaan̓uł Wakashan 10 -- Alutiiq ( Gulf Yupik ) Sugpiaq Eskimo - Aleut 8 -- Kansa Kánza Siouan 7 -- Siuslaw Šáayušła Isolate 6 -- Cayuga Gayogo̱hó : nǫ ' Iroquoian 6 -- Serrano Taaqtam Uto - Aztecan 5 -- Yuchi Tsoyaha Isolate -- Native American Sign languages ( edit ) A sign - language trade pidgin , known as Plains Indian Sign Language , Plains Standard or Plains Sign Talk , arose among the Native Americans of the plains . Each signing nation had a separate signed version of their oral language , that was used by the hearing , and these were not mutually intelligible . Plains Standard was used to communicate between these nations . It seems to have started in Texas and then spread north , through the Great Plains , as far as British Columbia . There are still a few users today , especially among the Crow , Cheyenne , and Arapaho . Unlike other sign languages developed by hearing people , it shares the spatial grammar of deaf sign languages . Through intergenerational transmission , Plains Sign Talk became a working language still in use today in some Deaf First Nations or Native American communities . As Plains Sign Talk was so widespread and was a spectrum of dialects and accents , it probably hosted several languages under its umbrella . One is potentially Navajo Sign Language which is in use by a sole Navajo clan . Additionally , Plateau Sign Language existed alongside Plains Sign Talk as either a trade pidgin or another language around the Columbia Plateau and surrounding regions . Austronesian languages ( edit ) Hawaiian ( edit ) Hawaiian is an official state language of Hawaii as prescribed in the Constitution of Hawaii . Hawaiian has 1,000 native speakers . Formerly considered critically endangered , Hawaiian is showing signs of language renaissance . The recent trend is based on new Hawaiian language immersion programs of the Hawaii State Department of Education and the University of Hawaii , as well as efforts by the Hawaii State Legislature and county governments to preserve Hawaiian place names . In 1993 , about 8,000 could speak and understand it ; today estimates range up to 27,000 . Hawaiian is related to the Māori language spoken by around 150,000 New Zealanders and Cook Islanders as well as the Tahitian language which is spoken by another 120,000 people of Tahiti . Samoan ( edit ) Samoan is an official territorial language of American Samoa . Samoans make up 90 % of the population , and most people are bilingual . Chamorro ( edit ) Chamorro is co-official in the Mariana Islands , both in the territory of Guam and in the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands . In Guam , the indigenous Chamorro people make up about 60 % of the population . Carolinian ( edit ) Carolinian is also co-official in the Northern Marianas , where only 14 % of people speak English at home . Main languages ( edit ) This section may lend undue weight to certain ideas , incidents , or controversies . Please help to create a more balanced presentation . Discuss and resolve this issue before removing this message . ( July 2016 ) Main Languages in the United States Language percent English 79.2 % Spanish 12.9 % Other Indo - European 3.8 % Asian and Pacific island 3.3 % Other 0.9 % Cherokee language road signs . A trash can in Seattle labeled in four languages : English , Chinese , Vietnamese , and Spanish . Tagalog also uses the Spanish word . Some of the first European languages to be spoken in the U.S. are English , Dutch , French , Spanish , and Swedish . From the mid-19th century on , the nation had large numbers of immigrants who spoke little or no English , and throughout the country state laws , constitutions , and legislative proceedings appeared in the languages of politically important immigrant groups . There have been bilingual schools and local newspapers in such languages as German , Ukrainian , Hungarian , Irish , Italian , Norwegian , Greek , Polish , Swedish , Romanian , Cherokee , Czech , Japanese , Yiddish , Hebrew , Lithuanian , Welsh , Cantonese , Bulgarian , Dutch , Portuguese and others , despite opposing English - only laws that , for example , illegalized church services , telephone conversations , and even conversations in the street or on railway platforms in any language other than English , until the first of these laws was ruled unconstitutional in 1923 ( Meyer v. Nebraska ) . Currently , Asian languages account for the majority of languages spoken in immigrant communities : Korean , the varieties of Chinese , and various Indian or South Asian languages like Hindi , Urdu , Punjabi , Kannada , Gujarati , Marathi , Bengali , Telugu , Tamil and Malayalam , as well as Arabic , Vietnamese , Tagalog , Persian , and others . Typically , immigrant languages tend to be lost through assimilation within two or three generations , though there are some groups such as the Cajuns ( French ) , Pennsylvania Dutch ( German ) in a state where large numbers of people were heard to speak it before the 1950s , and the original settlers of the Southwest ( Spanish ) who have maintained their languages for centuries . English ( edit ) Main article : American English English language distribution in the United States . English was inherited from British colonization , and it is spoken by the majority of the population . It serves as the de facto national language , the language in which government business is carried out . According to the U.S. Census Bureau , 80 % spoke only English at home and all but approximately 13,600,000 U.S. residents age 5 and over speak English `` well '' or `` very well '' . American English is different from British English in terms of spelling ( one example being the dropped `` u '' in words such as color / colour ) , grammar , vocabulary , pronunciation , and slang usage . The differences are not usually a barrier to effective communication between an American English and a British English speaker , but there are certainly enough differences to cause occasional misunderstandings , usually surrounding slang or region dialect differences . Some states , like California , have amended their constitutions to make English the only official language , but in practice , this only means that official government documents must at least be in English , and does not mean that they should be exclusively available only in English . For example , the standard California Class C driver 's license examination is available in 32 different languages . Spanish ( edit ) Main article : Spanish language in the United States Spanish language distribution in the United States Spanish was also inherited from colonization and is sanctioned as official in the commonwealth of Puerto Rico . Spanish is also taught in various regions as a second language , especially in areas with large Hispanic populations such as the Southwestern United States along the border with Mexico , as well as Florida , parts of California , the District of Columbia , Illinois , New Jersey , and New York . In Hispanic communities across the country , bilingual signs in both Spanish and English may be quite common . Furthermore , numerous neighborhoods exist ( such as Washington Heights in New York City or Little Havana in Miami ) in which entire city blocks will have only Spanish language signs and Spanish - speaking people . Spanish speakers in the United States Year Number of Spanish speakers Percent of US population 1980 11 million 5 % 17.3 million 7 % 2000 28.1 million 10 % 37 million 13 % 2012 38.3 million 13 % 2015 41 million 14 % Sources : In addition to Spanish - speaking Hispanic populations , younger generations of non-Hispanics in the United States seem to be learning Spanish in larger numbers due to the growing Hispanic population and increasing popularity of Latin American movies and music performed in the Spanish language . A 2009 American Community Survey conducted by the United States Census Bureau , showed that Spanish is the primary language spoken at home by over 35 million people aged 5 or older , making the United States the world 's fifth - largest Spanish - speaking community , outnumbered only by Mexico , Colombia , Spain , and Argentina . In northern New Mexico and southern Colorado , Spanish speakers have been isolated for centuries in the southern Rockies , and developed a distinct dialect of Spanish spoken nowhere else : New Mexican Spanish . The dialect features a mix of Castilian , Galician and , more recently , Mexican Spanish , as well as Pueblo loan words . New Mexican Spanish also contains a large proportion of English loan words , particularly for technological words ( e.g. bos , troca , and telefón ) . Speakers of New Mexican Spanish are mainly descendants of Spanish colonists who arrived in New Mexico in the sixteenth through the eighteenth centuries . During this time , contact with the rest of Spanish America was limited , and New Mexican Spanish developed on its own course . In the meantime , Spanish colonists coexisted with and intermarried with Puebloan peoples and Navajos . After the Mexican -- American War , New Mexico and all its inhabitants came under the governance of the English - speaking United States , and for the next hundred years , English - speakers increased in number . Spanglish is a code - switching variant of Spanish and English and is spoken in areas with large bilingual populations of Spanish and English speakers , such as along the Mexico -- United States border ( California , Arizona , New Mexico , and Texas ) , Florida , and New York City . Chinese ( edit ) Main article : Chinese language and varieties in the United States The population of Chinese speakers was increasing rapidly in the 20th century because the number of Chinese immigrants increased at a rate more than 50 % since 1940 . 2.8 million Americans speak some variety of Chinese , which combined are counted by the federal census as the third most - spoken language in the country . Until the late 20th century , Yue dialects including Taishanese and Cantonese were the most common among immigrants or the descendants of immigrants , especially in California . Since the opening of the People 's Republic of China , Mandarin , the official language in PRC and Republic of China ( Taiwan ) has become increasingly prevalent . Many Americans of all ethnic backgrounds are also learning Mandarin and to a far lesser extent Cantonese . In New York City in 2002 , Mandarin was spoken as a native language among only 10 % of Chinese speakers but was predicted to replace Cantonese as the lingua franca among Chinese speakers . Tagalog ( edit ) Tagalog language distribution in the United States . Tagalog speakers were already present in the United States as early as the late sixteenth century as sailors contracted by the Spanish colonial government . In the eighteenth century , they established settlements in Louisiana , such as Saint Malo . After the American annexation of the Philippines , the number of Tagalog speakers steadily increased , as Filipinos began to migrate to the U.S. as students or contract laborers . Their numbers , however , decreased upon Philippine independence , as many Filipinos were repatriated . Today , Tagalog , together with its standardized form Filipino , is spoken by over a million and a half Filipino Americans and is promoted by Filipino American civic organizations and Philippine consulates . As Filipinos are the second largest Asian ethnic group in the United States , Tagalog is the second most spoken Asian language in the country . Taglish , a form of code - switching between Tagalog and English , is also spoken by a number of Filipino Americans . Tagalog is also taught at some universities where a significant number of Filipinos exist . As it is the national and most spoken language of the Philippines , most Filipinos in the United States are proficient in Tagalog in addition to their local regional language . Vietnamese ( edit ) Spread of the Vietnamese language in the United States According to the 2010 Census , there are over 1.5 million Americans who identify themselves as Vietnamese in origin , ranking fourth among the Asian American groups and forming the largest Overseas Vietnamese population . Orange County , California , is home to the largest concentration of ethnic Vietnamese outside Vietnam , especially in its Little Saigon area . Other significant Vietnamese communities are found in the metropolitan areas of San Jose , Houston , Seattle , Northern Virginia , and New Orleans . Similarly to other overseas Vietnamese communities in Western countries ( except France ) , the Vietnamese population in the United States was established following the Fall of Saigon in 1975 and communist takeover of South Vietnam following the Vietnam War . Korean ( edit ) Speakers of Korean are found in the Koreatowns . French ( edit ) Main article : French language in the United States French language distribution in the United States . Counties and parishes marked in yellow are those where 6 % to 12 % of the population speak French at home ; brown , 12 % to 18 % ; red , over 18 % . Cajun French and French - based creole languages are not included even though the Creole dialects are spoken throughout the U.S. and taught in many U.S. schools . French , the fourth-most - common language ( when all varieties of Chinese are combined and separate yet related languages such as Haitian Creole are counted as French ) , is spoken mainly by the Louisiana Creole , native French , Cajun , Haitian , and French - Canadian populations . It is widely spoken in Maine , New Hampshire , Vermont , and in Louisiana , with notable Francophone enclaves in St. Clair County , Michigan , many rural areas of the Upper Peninsula of Michigan and the northern San Francisco Bay area . Three varieties of French developed within what is now the United States in colonial times : Louisiana French , Missouri French , and New England French ( essentially a variant of Canadian French ) . French is the second language in the states of Louisiana ( where the French dialect of Cajun predominates ) and Maine . The largest French - speaking communities in the United States reside in Northeast Maine ; Hollywood and Miami , Florida ; New York City ; certain areas of rural Louisiana ; and small minorities in Vermont and New Hampshire . Many of the New England communities are connected to the dialect found across the border in Quebec or New Brunswick . More than 13 million Americans possess primary French heritage , but only 2 million speak French or a French Creole language at home . German ( edit ) Main article : German language in the United States See also : Pennsylvania German language , Hutterite German , Plautdietsch , Texas German , and Pennsylvania Dutch English German language distribution in the United States . German was a widely spoken language in some of the colonies , especially Pennsylvania , where a number of German - speaking Protestants and other religious minorities settled to escape persecution in Europe . Another wave of settlement occurred when Germans fleeing the failure of 19th Century German revolutions emigrated to the United States . A large number of these German immigrants settled in the urban areas , with neighborhoods in many cities being German - speaking and numerous local German language newspapers and periodicals established . German farmers also took up farming around the country , including the Texas Hill Country , at this time . The language was widely spoken until the United States entered World War I . In the early twentieth century , German was the most widely studied foreign language in the United States , and prior to World War I , more than 6 % of American schoolchildren received their primary education exclusively in German , though some of these Germans came from areas outside of Germany proper . Currently , more than 49 million Americans claim German ancestry , the largest self - described ethnic group in the U.S. , but less than 4 % of them speak a language other than English at home , according to the 2005 American Community Survey . The Amish speak a dialect of German known as Pennsylvania German . One reason for this decline of German language was the perception during both World Wars that speaking the language of the enemy was unpatriotic ; foreign language instruction was banned in places during the First World War . Unlike earlier waves , they were more concentrated in cities and integrated quickly . Another reason for the decline in German was the lack of first - generation immigrants , as immigration to the United States from Western Europe slowed following the World Wars . There is a myth ( known as the Muhlenberg Vote ) that German was to be the official language of the U.S. , but this is inaccurate and based on a failed early attempt to have government documents translated into German . The myth also extends to German being the second official language of Pennsylvania ; however , Pennsylvania has no official language . Although more than 49 million Americans claim they have German ancestors , only 1.24 million Americans speak German at home . Many of these people are either Amish and Mennonites or Germans having newly immigrated ( e.g. for professional reasons ) . Hindustani ( edit ) Main article : Hindustani language Hindi is an Indo - Aryan language , deriving its base primarily from the Khariboli dialect of Delhi . The language incorporates a large amount of vocabulary from Sanskrit , Persian and Arabic . It is a pluricentric language , with two official forms , Modern Standard Hindi and Modern Standard Urdu , which are its standardised registers . The colloquial registers are mostly indistinguishable , and even though the official standards are nearly identical in grammar , they differ in literary conventions and in academic and technical vocabulary , with Urdu adopting stronger Persian and Arabic influences , and Hindi relying more heavily on Sanskrit . Before the Partition of the British Indian Empire , the terms Hindustani , Urdu , and Hindi were synonymous ; all covered what would be mostly called Urdu and Hindi today . The term Hindustani is still used for the colloquial language and the lingua franca of North India and Pakistan , for example for the language of Bollywood films , as well as for several quite different varieties of Hindi spoken outside the Indian Subcontinent , such as Fiji Hindi of Fiji and the Caribbean Hindustani of Trinidad and Tobago , Guyana , Suriname , and the rest of the Caribbean . Hindustani is also spoken by a small number of people in Mauritius and South Africa . Hindustani is the third most - spoken language in the world , after Mandarin and English . Arabic ( edit ) Main article : Arabic in the United States Varieties of Arabic are spoken by immigrants from the Middle East as well as many Muslim Americans . The highest concentrations of native Arabic speakers reside in heavily urban areas like Chicago , New York City , and Los Angeles . Detroit and the surrounding areas of Michigan boast a significant Arabic - speaking population including many Arab Christians of Lebanese , Syrian , and Palestinian descent . Arabic is used for religious purposes by Muslim Americans and by some Arab Christians ( notably Catholics of the Melkite and Maronite Churches as well as Rum Orthodox , i.e. Antiochian Orthodox Christians and Coptic churches . ) . A significant number of educated Arab professionals who immigrate often already know English quite well , as it is widely used in the Middle East . Lebanese immigrants also have a broader understanding of French as do many Arabic - speaking immigrants from North Africa . / r / Cherokee ( edit ) Main article : Cherokee language Distribution of the Cherokee language Cherokee is the Iroquoian language spoken by the Cherokee people , and the official language of the Cherokee Nation . Significant numbers of Cherokee speakers of all ages still populate the Qualla Boundary in Cherokee , North Carolina and several counties within the Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma , significantly Cherokee , Sequoyah , Mayes , Adair , and Delaware . Increasing numbers of Cherokee youth are renewing interest in the traditions , history , and language of their ancestors . Cherokee - speaking communities stand at the forefront of language preservation , and at local schools , all lessons are taught in Cherokee and thus it serves as the medium of instruction from pre-school on up . Also , church services and traditional ceremonial `` stomp '' dances are held in the language in Oklahoma and on the Qualla Boundary in North Carolina . Cherokee is one of the few , or perhaps the only , Native American language with an increasing population of speakers , and along with Navajo it is the only indigenous language with more than 50,000 speakers , a figure most likely achieved through the tribe 's 10 - year long language preservation plan involving growing new speakers through immersion schools for children , developing new words for modern phrases , teaching the language to non-Cherokee in schools and universities , fostering the language among young adults so their children can use that language at home , developing iPhone and iPad apps for language education , the development of language radio stations including Cherokee Voices , Cherokee Sounds , and promoting the writing system through public signage , products like Apple Inc. , internet use through Google including Gmail , and others so the language remains relevant in the 21st century . Italian ( edit ) Main article : Italian language in the United States Current distribution of the Italian language in the United States . The Italian language and its various dialects have been widely spoken in the United States for more than one hundred years , primarily due to large - scale immigration from the late 19th century to the mid 20th century . In addition to Standard Italian learned by most people today , there has been a strong representation of the dialects and languages of Southern Italy amongst the immigrant population ( Sicilian and Neapolitan in particular ) . As of 2009 , though 15,638,348 American citizens report themselves as Italian - Americans , only 753,992 of these report speaking the Italian language at home ( 0.3264 % of the US population ) . Dutch ( edit ) Dutch language distribution in the United States . There has been a Dutch presence in America since 1602 when the government of the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands chartered the Dutch East India Company ( Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie , or VOC ) with the mission of exploring for a passage to the Indies and claiming any uncharted territories for the Dutch republic . In 1664 , English troops under the command of the Duke of York ( later James II of England ) attacked the New Netherland colony . Being greatly outnumbered , director general Peter Stuyvesant surrendered New Amsterdam , with Fort Orange following soon . New Amsterdam was renamed New York , Fort Orange was renamed Fort Albany . Dutch city names can still be found in New York 's neighbourhoods . Harlem is Haarlem , Staten Island is Staten Eiland and Brooklyn refers to Breukelen . Dutch was still spoken in many parts of New York at the time of the Revolution . For example , Alexander Hamilton 's wife Eliza Hamilton attended a Dutch - language church during their marriage . African - American abolitionist and women 's rights activist Sojourner Truth ( born ' Isabella Baumfree ' ) was a native speaker of Dutch . Martin Van Buren , the first President born in the United States following its independence , spoke Dutch as his native language , making him the only President whose first language was not English . In a 1990 demographic consensus , 3 % of surveyed citizens claimed descent from Dutch settlers . Modern estimates place the Dutch American population at 5 million , lagging just a bit behind Scottish Americans and Swedish Americans . Notable Dutch Americans include the Roosevelts ( Theodore Roosevelt , Franklin Delano Roosevelt , and Eleanor Roosevelt ) , Marlon Brando , Thomas Alva Edison , Martin Van Buren and the Vanderbilts . The Roosevelts are direct descendants of Dutch settlers of the New Netherland colony in the 17th century . Around 136,000 people in the United States still speak the Dutch language at home today . They are concentrated mainly in California ( 23,500 ) , Florida ( 10,900 ) , Pennsylvania ( 9,900 ) , Ohio ( 9,600 ) , New York ( 8,700 ) and Michigan ( 6,600 ; i.e. almost entirely in the city of Holland ) . A vernacular dialect of Dutch , known as Jersey Dutch was spoken by a significant number of people in the New Jersey area between the start of the 17th century to the mid-20th century . With the beginning of the 20th century , usage of the language became restricted to internal family circles , with an ever - growing number of people abandoning the language in favor of English . It suffered gradual decline throughout the 20th century , and it ultimately dissipated from casual usage . Finnish ( edit ) Finnish language distribution in the United States . The first Finnish settlers in America were amongst the settlers who came from Sweden and Finland to the New Sweden colony . Most colonists were Finnish . However , the Finnish language was not preserved as well among subsequent generations as Swedish . Between the 1890s and the outbreak of the first World War , an estimated quarter million Finnish citizens immigrated to the United States , mainly in rural areas of the Midwest and more specifically in the mining regions of Northeastern Minnesota , Northern Wisconsin and Michigan 's Upper Peninsula . Hancock , Michigan , as of 2005 , still incorporates bi-lingual street signs written in both English and Finnish . Americans of Finnish origin yield at 800,000 individuals , though only 26,000 speak the language at home . There is a distinctive dialect of English to be found in the Upper Peninsula , known as Yooper . Yooper often has a Finnish cadence and uses Finnish sentence structure with modified English , German , Swedish , Norwegian , and Finnish vocabulary . Notable Finnish Americans include U.S. Communist Party leader Gus Hall , film director Renny Harlin , and the Canadian - born actress Pamela Anderson . Northern Clark County , Washington ( encompassing Yacolt , Amboy , Battle Ground and Chelatchie ) contains a large exclave of Old Apostolic Lutherans who originally immigrated from Finland . Many families in this portion of the county speak fluent Finnish at home before learning English . Another noteworthy Finnish community in the United States is found in Lake Worth , Florida , north of Miami . Russian ( edit ) Main article : Russian language in the United States Russian language distribution in the United States . The Russian language is frequently spoken in areas of Alaska , Los Angeles , Seattle , Spokane , Miami , San Francisco , New York City , Philadelphia , Vancouver , Washington , Portland , Oregon , Woodburn , Oregon , and Chicago . The Russian - American Company used to own Alaska Territory until selling it after the Crimean War . Russian had always been limited , especially after the assassination of the Romanov dynasty of tsars . Starting in the 1970s and continuing until the mid-1990s , many people from the Soviet Union and later its constituent republics such as Russia , Ukraine , Belarus , and Uzbekistan have immigrated to the United States , increasing the language 's usage in America . The largest Russian - speaking neighborhoods in the United States are found in Queens , Brooklyn , and Staten Island in New York City ( specifically the Brighton Beach area of Brooklyn ) ; parts of Los Angeles , particularly West Los Angeles and West Hollywood ; parts of Philadelphia , particularly the Far Northeast ; and parts of Miami like Sunny Isles Beach . In Nikolaevsk , Alaska , 66.57 % of the population speaks Russian at home . Slavic Voice of America media group serves Russian - speaking Americans out of Dallas . Hebrew ( edit ) Modern Hebrew is used by some immigrants from Israel and Eastern Europe . Liturgical Hebrew is used as a religious or liturgical language by many of the United States ' approximately 7 million Jews . Ilocano ( edit ) Like the Tagalogs , the Ilocanos are an Austronesian stock which came from the Philippines . They were the first Filipinos to migrate en masse to the United States . They first entered the State of Hawaii and worked there in the vast plantations . As they did in the Philippine provinces of Northern Luzon and Mindanao , they quickly gained importance in the areas where they settled . Thus , the state of Hawaii became no less different from the Philippines in terms of percentage of Ilocano speakers . Like Tagalog , Ilocano is also being taught in universities where most of the Filipinos reside . South Asian languages ( edit ) There are many South Asians in the United States . These include Indians , Pakistanis , and Bangladeshis , who speak various South Asian languages . Major South Asian languages spoken in the US include Telugu ( see paragraph on Telugu below ) , Malayalam , Kannada , Tamil , Gujarati , Hindi , Urdu , Bengali , Punjabi , Sinhala , Nepali , and Marathi . Telugu ( edit ) In the second half of the 20th century , Telugu people from India migrated as professionals to the United States , Canada , Europe , and Southeast Asia . The Telugu American population enumerates over 886,988 individuals , and the Federation of Telugu Sangams of North America functions as an NATA & TANA organizations for the growing community . Central New Jersey is home to the largest population concentration of Telugu people . Telugu people have also settled in New York City and the Washington , D.C. Metropolitan Area , as well as on the West Coast in Silicon Valley , where there are Telugu associations such as TANA , ATA & NATA . The New York City and Los Angeles metropolitan areas are home to the largest concentrations of Telugu - speakers . Irish ( edit ) About 40 million Americans have Irish ancestry , many of whose ancestors would have spoken Irish . According to the 2007 American Community Survey , 22,279 people speak Irish at home . As of 2008 it was the 76th most spoken language in the USA . Khmer ( cambodian ) ( edit ) Main article : Cambodian Americans Between 1981 and 1985 about 150,000 Cambodians resettled in the United States . Before 1975 very few Cambodians came to the United States . Those who did were children of upper - class families sent abroad to attend school . After the fall of Phnom Penh to the communist Khmer Rouge in 1975 , some Cambodians managed to escape . In 2007 the American Community Survey reported that there were approximately 200,000 Cambodians living in the United States , making up about 2 % percent of the Asian population . This population is , however , heavily concentrated in two areas : the Los Angeles metropolitan area in California , especially the city of Long Beach ; and Greater Boston in New England , especially Lowell , Massachusetts . These two areas hold a majority of the Cambodians living in the US . Polish ( edit ) The Polish language is very common in the Chicago metropolitan area . Chicago 's third largest white ethnic groups are those of Polish descent after German , and Irish . The Polish people and the Polish language in Chicago have been very prevalent in the early years of the city , as well as the progression and economical and social development of Chicago . Poles in Chicago make up one of the largest ethnically Polish population ( 650,000 people ) in the world comparable to the city of Wrocław , the fourth largest city in Poland . That makes it one of the most important centres of Polonia and the Polish language in the United States , a fact that the city celebrates every Labor Day weekend at the Taste of Polonia Festival in Jefferson Park . Portuguese ( edit ) Further information : Portuguese Americans , Brazilian Americans , and Cape Verdean Americans The first Portuguese speakers in America were Portuguese Jews who had fled the Portuguese Inquisition . They spoke Judeo - Portuguese and founded the earliest Jewish communities in the Thirteen Colonies , two of which still exist : Congregation Shearith Israel in New York and Congregation Mikveh Israel in Philadelphia . However , by the end of the 18th century , their use of Portuguese had been replaced by English . In the late 19th century , many Portuguese , mainly Azoreans , Madeirans and Cape Verdeans ( who prior to independence in 1975 were Portuguese citizens ) , immigrated to the United States , settling in cities like Providence , Rhode Island , New Bedford , Massachusetts , and Santa Cruz , California . There was also a substantial Portuguese immigration to Hawaii , which at the time was not yet part of the United States . In the mid-late 20th century there was another wave of Portuguese immigration to the US , mainly the Northeast ( New Jersey , New York , Connecticut , Massachusetts ) , and for a time Portuguese became a major language in Newark , New Jersey . Many Portuguese Americans may include descendants of Portuguese settlers born in Portuguese Africa ( known as Portuguese Africans , or , in Portugal , as retornados ) and Asia ( mostly Macau ) . There were around 1 million Portuguese Americans in the United States by the year 2000 . Portuguese ( European Portuguese ) has been spoken in the United States by small communities of immigrants , mainly in the metropolitan New York City area , like Newark , New Jersey . The Portuguese language is also spoken widely by Brazilian Americans , concentrated in Miami , New York City , and Boston . Swedish ( edit ) Swedish language distribution in the United States . There has been a Swedish presence in America since the New Sweden colony came into existence in March 1638 . Widespread diaspora of Swedish immigration did not occur until the latter half of the 19th century , bringing in a total of a million Swedes . No other country had a higher percentage of its people leave for the United States except Ireland and Norway . At the beginning of the 20th century , Minnesota had the highest ethnic Swedish population in the world after the city of Stockholm . 3.7 % of US residents claim descent from Scandinavian ancestors , amounting to roughly 11 -- 12 million people . According to SIL 's Ethnologue , over half a million ethnic Swedes still speak the language , though according to the 2007 American Community Survey only 56,715 speak it at home . Cultural assimilation has contributed to the gradual and steady decline of the language in the US . After the independence of the US from the Kingdom of Great Britain , the government encouraged colonists to adopt the English language as a common medium of communication , and in some cases , imposed it upon them . Subsequent generations of Swedish Americans received education in English and spoke it as their first language . Lutheran churches scattered across the Midwest started abandoning Swedish in favor of English as their language of worship . Swedish newspapers and publications alike slowly faded away . There are sizable Swedish communities in Minnesota , Ohio , Maryland , Philadelphia , and Delaware , along with small isolated pockets in Pennsylvania , San Francisco , Fort Lauderdale , and New York . Chicago once contained a large Swedish enclave called Andersonville on the city 's north side . John Morton , the person who cast the decisive vote leading to Pennsylvania 's support for the United States Declaration of Independence , was of Finnish descent . Finland was part of the Kingdom of Sweden in the 18th century . Welsh ( edit ) Welsh language distribution in the United States . Up to two million Americans are thought to have Welsh ancestry . However , there is very little Welsh being used commonly in the USA . According to the 2007 American Community Survey , 2,285 people speak Welsh at home ; primarily spoken in California ( 415 ) , Florida ( 225 ) , New York ( 204 ) , Ohio ( 135 ) , and New Jersey ( 130 ) . Some place names , such as Bryn Mawr in Chicago and Bryn Mawr , Pennsylvania ( English : Big Hill ) are Welsh . Several towns in Pennsylvania , mostly in the Welsh Tract , have Welsh namesakes , including Uwchlan , Bala Cynwyd , Gwynedd , and Tredyffrin . Yiddish ( edit ) Yiddish has a much longer history in the United States than Hebrew . It has been present since at least the late 19th century and continues to have roughly 148,000 speakers as of the 2009 American Community Survey . Though they came from varying geographic backgrounds and nuanced approaches to worship , immigrant Jews of Eastern Europe and Russia were often united under a common understanding of the Yiddish language once they settled in America , and at one point dozens of publications were available in most East Coast cities . Though it has declined by quite a bit since the end of WWII , it has by no means disappeared . Many Israeli immigrants and expatriates have at least some understanding of the language in addition to Hebrew , and many of the descendants of the great migration of Ashkenazi Jews of the past century pepper their mostly English vocabulary with some loan words . Furthermore , it is definitely a lingua franca alive and well among Orthodox Jewry ( particularly Hasidic Jewery ) , particularly in Los Angeles , Miami , and New York . Tamil ( edit ) The Tamil American population enumerates over 190,000 individuals , and the Federation of Tamil Sangams of North America functions as an umbrella organization for the growing community as such . Central New Jersey is home to the largest population concentration of Tamils . New Jersey houses its own Tamil Sangam . Sizeable populations of Indian American Tamils have also settled in New York City and the Washington , D.C. Metropolitan Area , as well as on the West Coast in Silicon Valley , where there are Tamil associations such as the Bay Area Tamil Mandram . The New York City and Los Angeles metropolitan areas are home to the largest concentrations of Tamil - speaking Sri Lankan Americans , with New York City 's Staten Island alone estimated to be home to more than 5,000 Sri Lankan Americans , one of the largest Sri Lankan populations outside Sri Lanka itself , and a significant proportion of whom speak Tamil . Nepali ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The first Nepalese to enter the United States were classified as `` other Asian '' . Immigration records show that between 1881 and 1890 , 1,910 `` other Asians '' were admitted to the United States . However , Nepal did not open its borders until 1950 , and most Nepalis who left the country during that time went primarily to India to study . Nepalese Americans were first classified as a separate ethnic group in 1974 when 56 Nepalese immigrated to the United States . New York City , Boston , Chicago , Denver , Gainesville , Florida ; Portland , Oregon ; and Saint Paul , Minnesota have largest number of Nepalese . There are some Nepalese community or cultural and event in every state in the United States . The celebration of Nepali culture includes : Dashain , Tihar , Losar , Holi , Teej Special , and Nepali New Year . There are other Nepalese cultural practices . The Nepalese practice many religions but most practice Hinduism . New American languages , dialects , and creoles ( edit ) Several languages have developed on American soil , including creoles and sign languages . African - American English ( edit ) Main article : African - American English Often simply called AAE and known in North America as Black English , is a variety of American English along a continuum , spoken primarily by urban working - class and ( largely bidialectal and codeswitching ) middle - class African Americans. . Not all African Americans speak AAE and many European Americans do . It is generally accepted among linguists and many African Americans that Southern American English is closely related to AAE and that AAE is part of a historical continuum between creoles such as Gullah and the language brought by English colonists . Some educators view AAE as exerting a negative influence on the learning of Standard English , as AAE differs grammatically from Standard English . Other educators , however , propose that Standard English should be taught as a `` second dialect '' in educational contexts where AAE is a strong part of students ' culture . Chinuk wawa or chinook jargon ( edit ) Main article : Chinook Jargon A Creole language of 700 -- 800 words of French , English , Cree and other Native origins . It is the old trade language of the Pacific Northwest . It was used extensively among both European and Native peoples of the old Oregon Territory , even used in place of English at home for many families . It is estimated that around 250,000 people spoke it at its peak and it was last used extensively in Seattle . Gullah ( edit ) Main article : Gullah language An English - African creole language spoken on the Sea Islands of South Carolina and Georgia , retains strong influences of West African languages . The language is sometimes referred to as `` Geechee '' . Hawai'i Creole English ( edit ) Main article : Hawaiian Pidgin Not to be confused with Hawaiian English . Commonly used by locals and is considered an unofficial language of the state . Louisiana Creole French ( edit ) Main article : Louisiana Creole French A French Creole language spoken by the Louisiana Creole people of the state of Louisiana , close to Haitian Creole , Colonial French , and Cajun French ( language of Acadians deported from New France after 1755 and the Grand Dérangement ) . French Creole languages are spoken by millions of people worldwide , mainly in the United States , Caribbean , and Indian Ocean areas . Outer Banks languages ( edit ) In the islands of the Outer Banks off North Carolina , several unique English dialects have developed . This is evident on Harkers Island and Ocracoke Island . These dialects are sometimes referred to as `` high tider '' . Pennsylvania German ( edit ) Main article : Pennsylvania German language A language that traditionally was spoken mainly in Pennsylvania , but that since the 19th century has spread to the Midwest ( Ohio , Indiana , Iowa and other states ) , where the majority of speakers live today . It evolved from the German dialect of the Palatinate brought over to America by the Pennsylvania Dutch people before 1800 . Originally spoken by adherents of different Christian denominations ( Lutherans , Mennonites , Amish , German Baptist Brethren , Catholics ) today it is mainly spoken by Amish and Old Order Mennonites . Texas Silesian ( edit ) Main article : Texas Silesian A dialect of Silesian used by Texas Silesians in American settlements from 1852 to the present . Chesapeake Bay islander ( edit ) Another dialectal isolate is that spoken on Tangier Island , Virginia and Smith Island , Maryland , both located toward the southern end of the Chesapeake Bay . The dialect is partially derived from English as spoken by English pre-Revolutionary settlers , and partially from the present - day Middle - Atlantic American dialect of English . It also contains some words from the Cornish language , the Celtic language spoken in Cornwall in southwest England . Chicano English ( edit ) Main article : Chicano English See also : English in New Mexico A mixture of the Spanish and American English languages spoken by many Hispanics in urban areas and predominantly Latino communities . Sign languages ( edit ) Attested historical ranges of sign languages of the US and Canada excluding ASL and LSQ . Plains Sign Talk Inuiuuk ( ᐃᓄᐃᐆᒃ ) Hawai'i Sign Language Maritime Sign Language Plateau Sign Language Martha 's Vineyard Sign Language Henniker Sign Language Sandy River Valley Sign Language See also : Native American sign languages Alongside the numerous and varied oral languages , the United States also boasts several sign languages . Historically , the US was home to some six or more sign languages ( that number rising with the probability that Plains Sign Talk is actually a language family with several languages under its umbrella ) which has fallen with the death of several of these . As with all sign languages around the world that developed organically , these are full languages distinct from any oral language . American Sign Language ( unlike Signed English ) is not a derivation of English . Some languages present here were trade pidgins which were used first as a system of communication across national and linguistic boundaries of the Native Americans , however , they have since developed into mature languages as children learned them as a first language . American Sign language ( edit ) American Sign Language ( ASL ) is the native language of a number of deaf and hearing people in America ( roughly 100,000 to 500,000 ) . While some sources have stated that ASL is the third most frequently used language in the United States , after English and Spanish , recent scholarship has pointed out that most of these estimates are based on numbers conflating deafness with ASL use , and that the last actual study of this ( in 1972 ) seems to indicate an upper bound of 500,000 ASL speakers at the time . Black American Sign language ( edit ) Black American Sign Language ( BASL ) developed in the southeastern US , where separate residential schools were maintained for white and black deaf children . BASL shares much of the same vocabulary and grammatical structure as ASL and is generally considered one of its dialects . Hawai'i Sign language ( edit ) Hawaii Sign Language is moribund with only a handful of speakers on O'ahu , Lana'i , Kaua'i and possibly Ni'ihau . Some of these speakers may actually be speaking a creolized version of HSL and ASL , however , research is slow - going . The language was once called Hawai'i Pidgin Sign Language as many people thought it was a derivation of ASL which was discovered to be false and to be a separate language altogether . Plains Sign Talk ( edit ) Once a trade pidgin and the most far - reaching sign language in North America , Plains Sign Talk or Plains Sign Language is now critically endangered with an unknown number of speakers . Navajo Sign language ( edit ) Navajo Sign Language has been found to be in use in one clan of Navajo ; however , whether it is a dialect of Plains Sign Talk or a separate language remains unknown . Plateau Sign language ( edit ) Another trade pidgin that may have become a separate language , Plateau Sign Language replaced Plains Sign Talk in the Columbia Plateau and surrounding regions of British Columbia , Washington , Oregon , and Idaho . It is now extinct . Martha 's Vineyard Sign language ( edit ) Martha 's Vineyard Sign Language is now extinct . Along with French Sign Language , it was one of several main contributors to American Sign Language . Henniker Sign language ( edit ) Henniker Sign Language is now extinct but was once found around the Henniker region of New Hampshire and formed a basis for American Sign Language . Sandy River Valley Sign language ( edit ) Sandy River Valley Sign Language is now extinct but once could be found around the Sandy River Valley in Maine . It was one of several main contributors to American Sign Language . See also ( edit ) American English Language education in the United States Language Spoken at Home ( U.S. Census ) List of multilingual presidents of the United States Muhlenberg legend List of communities in the United States where English is n't the majority language spoken at home Modern Language Association General : Bilingual education Culture of the United States References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Siebens , J & T Julian . 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Jump up ^ Edwards ( 2004 ) , p. 383 . ^ Jump up to : Lewis , M. Paul ( 2013 ) . Simons , Gary F. ; Fennig , Charles D. , eds . `` American Sign Language '' . Ethnologue : Languages of the World , Seventeenth edition . SIL International . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Paul Preston ( 1995 ) , Mother father deaf : living between sound and silence , Harvard University Press , p. 243 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 58748 - 9 , archived from the original on January 2 , 2016 Jump up ^ Clayton Valli ; Ceil Lucas ( 2000 ) , `` Sociolinguistic Aspects of the Black deaf Community '' , Linguistics of American Sign Language : an introduction , Gallaudet University Press , pp. 416 -- 428 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 56368 - 097 - 7 , archived from the original on January 2 , 2016 Jump up ^ Lambrecht , Linda ; Earth , Barbara ; Woodward , James ( March 3 , 2013 ) , History and Documentation of Hawaiʻi Sign Language : First Report , University of Hawaiʻi : 3rd International Conference on Language Documentation and Conservation , archived from the original on March 22 , 2013 Jump up ^ Samuel J. Supalla ( 1992 ) The Book of Name Signs , p. 22 Bibliography ( edit ) Campbell , Lyle. ( 1997 ) . American Indian languages : The historical linguistics of Native America . New York : Oxford University Press . Campbell , Lyle ; & Mithun , Marianne ( Eds . ) . ( 1979 ) . The languages of native America : Historical and comparative assessment . Austin : University of Texas Press . Grimes , Barbara F. ( Ed . ) . ( 2000 ) . Ethnologue : Languages of the world , ( 14th ed . ) . Dallas , TX : SIL International . ISBN 1 - 55671 - 106 - 9 . Online edition : http://www.ethnologue.com/ , accessed on December 7 , 2004 . Mithun , Marianne. ( 1999 ) . The languages of native North America . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . Zededa , Ofelia ; Hill , Jane H. ( 1991 ) . The condition of Native American Languages in the United States . In R.H. Robins & E.M. Uhlenbeck ( Eds . ) , Endangered languages ( pp. 135 -- 155 ) . Oxford : Berg . Further reading ( edit ) Blatt , Ben . `` Tagalog in California , Cherokee in Arkansas . '' Slate . May 13 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Bilingualism in the United States Detailed List of Languages Spoken at Home for the Population 5 Years and Over by State : U.S. Census 2000 Foreign Languages in the U.S. About foreign languages and language learning in the United States How many indigenous American languages are spoken in the United States ? By how many speakers ? Native Languages of the Americas Ethnologue report for USA Linguistic map of the United States of America Modern Language Association Language Map Articles Related to Languages of the United States Languages of the United States Languages in italics are extinct . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages%20of%20the%20United%20States
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who is on the back of a £5 note
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The Bank of England £ 5 note , also known as a fiver , is a banknote of the pound sterling . It is the smallest denomination of banknote issued by the Bank of England . In September 2016 , a new polymer note was introduced , featuring the image of Queen Elizabeth II on the obverse and a portrait of Winston Churchill on the reverse . The old paper note , first issued in 2002 and bearing the image of prison reformer Elizabeth Fry on the reverse , was phased out and ceased to be legal tender after 5 May 2017 .
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Winston Churchill
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Bank of England £ 5 note
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bank of england £ 5 note
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The Bank of England £ 5 note , also known as a fiver , is a banknote of the pound sterling . It is the smallest denomination of banknote issued by the Bank of England . In September 2016 , a new polymer note was introduced , featuring the image of Queen Elizabeth II on the obverse and a portrait of Winston Churchill on the reverse . The old paper note , first issued in 2002 and bearing the image of prison reformer Elizabeth Fry on the reverse , was phased out and ceased to be legal tender after 5 May 2017 .
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Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Restriction period 1.3 Move away from gold standard 1.4 2002 Varnish Issue 1.5 Moving to polymer 1.5. 1 Controversy 2 Design 2.1 List of historical designs 2.2 Current designs 3 Circulation 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) Introduction ( edit ) Five pound notes ( £ 5 ) were introduced by the Bank of England in 1793 , following the ten pound note which had been introduced in 1759 as a consequence of gold shortages caused by the Seven Years ' War . The 5 pound note was introduced again , due to gold shortages caused by the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars and was the lowest denomination of note issued until 1797 . The earliest notes were handwritten and were issued to individuals as needed . These notes were written on one side only and bore the name of the payee , the date and the signature of the issuing cashier . Restriction period ( edit ) In 1797 , due to the extra money need to fund the war and the uncertainty caused as Britain declared war on France , a series of bank runs drained the Bank of England of its gold supply . The Bank was forced to stop exchanging gold for notes and to issue notes of £ 1 and £ 2 denominations . This was known as the ' restriction period ' , as the exchange of notes for their value in gold was restricted . The Restriction Period ended in 1821 as the Government had to anchor the value of the currency to gold in order to control sharply rising inflation and national debt . After a brief period to offset any sudden deflation , the UK returned to the gold standard on 1 May 1821 . These notes could again be exchanged in full , or in part , for an equivalent amount of gold when presented at the bank . If redeemed in part , the banknote would be marked to indicate the amount that had been redeemed . From 1853 printed notes replaced handwritten notes , with the declaration `` I promise to pay the bearer on demand the sum of five pounds '' replacing the name of the payee . This declaration remains on Bank of England banknotes to this day . A printed signature of one of three cashiers appeared on the printed notes , though this was replaced by the signature of the Chief Cashier from 1870 onward . Move away from gold standard ( edit ) A white £ 5 note , issued in 1935 The right to redeem banknotes for gold ceased in 1931 , when Britain stopped using the gold standard . Metal thread was introduced on the £ 5 note in 1945 as a security feature . The printed black and white notes were replaced from 1957 onward by new , two - sided notes . The first two - sided £ 5 notes ( series B) were blue and featured a bust of Britannia on the front and a lion on the back . Series C notes , first introduced in 1963 , were the first notes to feature an image of the monarch on the front , with Britannia being relegated to the back . From 1971 onward , with the introduction of series D , a British historical figure was portrayed on the reverse : the soldier and statesman the Duke of Wellington in this case . Series E notes , first issued in 1990 , are multicoloured , although they are predominantly turquoise - blue . These notes feature a portrait of railway pioneer George Stephenson , as well as for the first time ' windowed ' metal thread ; this thread appears as a dashed line , yet forms a single line when held up to the light . 2002 varnish issue ( edit ) In 2002 , a problem was identified in which the serial numbers could be rubbed off of some notes . The problem was highlighted after six members of the public complained to The Bank of England ; the notes were stopped being distributed by the banks as of request by the Bank of England as well the Post Offices to stop issuing the new £ 5 notes . The Bank said the move was a `` precautionary measure while we carry out further tests and investigative work into what might have caused the fault and how widespread the problem is '' . The bank consequently did rigorous testing and found the problem to be that the serial numbers were printed over the varnish rather than under it allowing the ink to be removed if enough force was applied . The Bank started to varnish the notes in an attempt to make them last longer than previous notes which only had an estimated lifespan of nine months . A spokesman for the Bank of England said : `` The notes are still legal tender and the public should n't have a problem spending them in the shops . As long as shopkeepers check the anti-counterfeit measures , then the lack of serial numbers is not a problem . `` If members of the public are concerned , then they should take the notes back to the bank where they will be exchanged . '' Moving to polymer ( edit ) In April 2013 Sir Mervyn King announced on behalf of the bank that Elizabeth Fry would be replaced by Winston Churchill on the next £ 5 note which would enter circulation in 2016 . It was also announced that the images featured on the reverse would include a 1941 portrait of Churchill by Yusuf Karsh , a view of the Houses of Parliament , a quote by Churchill ( `` I have nothing to offer but blood , toil , tears and sweat '' ) and a background image of Churchill 's Nobel Prize in Literature , while the obverse would feature an image of Queen Elizabeth II . In December 2013 the Bank of England announced that the next £ 5 note would be printed on a polymer , rather than cotton paper . The bank cited that they would be `` cleaner , more secure and more durable '' . It was also said that the new polymer notes would be more environmentally friendly , lasting 2.5 times as long as cotton paper notes , according to the Bank 's own environmental testing . The note was introduced on 13 September 2016 , with an initial print run of 440 million notes ( worth £ 2.2 billion ) , over the period of co-circulation . It was announced that there would be a co-circulatory period with the old series E notes , and then on 5 May 2017 , the series E would cease to be legal tender . However , as with all Bank of England notes , they can be exchanged at face value at any time in the future . Controversy ( edit ) In November 2016 there was controversy when the Bank of England confirmed that the new notes contain traces of tallow in the new notes . According to an online petition on this issue , this is unacceptable to vegans , vegetarians , Hindus , Sikhs , Jains and other groups in the UK , and one Cambridge cafe boycotted the new note . The note 's manufacturer , Innovia Security , is looking into changing the recipe for the polymer used , so as to contain no animal products , which are added to polymer pellets at an early stage of production . However , on 10 August 2017 the Bank of England announced that all future notes , including future £ 5 note prints would continue the use of traces of tallow . Design ( edit ) List of historical designs ( edit ) Note First issued Last issued Ceased to be legal tender Colour Size Design Additional information White ( 1793 ) 1793 1944 1 March 1946 Monochrome ( printed on one side only ) 200mm x 113mm ( may vary ) White ( 1945 ) 1945 1957 13 March 1961 Monochrome ( printed on one side only ) 211mm x 133mm Incorporated metal thread for first time : permanent feature until the series G polymer note Series B 21 February 1957 1963 27 June 1967 Blue 158mm x 90mm Front : Helmeted Britannia Back : Lion Saint George and the Dragon , with Britannia on the front Series C 21 February 1963 1971 31 August 1973 Blue 140mm x 85mm Front : Queen Elizabeth II Back : Seated Britannia First £ 5 note to carry portrait of monarch Series D 11 November 1971 29 November 1991 Predominantly blue 145mm x 78mm Front : Queen Elizabeth II Back : Duke of Wellington Series E 7 June 1990 July 2002 21 November 2003 Multicoloured ( predominantly turquoise - blue ) 135mm x 70mm Front : Queen Elizabeth II Back : George Stephenson Notes issued from March 1993 featured the denomination symbol `` £ 5 '' in bolder colours Series E ( variant ) 21 May 2002 2016 5 May 2017 Multicoloured ( predominantly green ) 135mm x 70mm Front : Queen Elizabeth II Back : Elizabeth Fry Series G ( polymer ) 13 September 2016 Multicoloured ( greeny - blue ) 125mm x 65mm Front : Queen Elizabeth II Back : Winston Churchill First Bank of England note in polymer Sources from the Bank of England : Current designs ( edit ) The series G ( polymer ) note is the only £ 5 note that is currently legal tender . The old paper series E was withdrawn , following a co-circulation period with both notes being legal tender which ended on 5 May 2017 . Circulation ( edit ) The Bank of England is responsible for printing and issuing notes to ensure a smooth monetary supply across the United Kingdom . It reports the number of notes in circulation at any given time . As of the end of February 2016 , there were £ 1,645,000,000 worth of £ 5 notes in circulation , which is equivalent to 329,000,000 individual notes . Year Value of notes ( £ ) Number in circulation 1,025,000,000 205,000,000 2005 1,054,000,000 211,000,000 2006 1,051,000,000 210,000,000 2007 1,100,000,000 220,000,000 2008 1,242,000,000 248,000,000 2009 1,342,000,000 260,000,000 1,245,000,000 249,000,000 2011 1,355,000,000 271,000,000 2012 1,477,000,000 295,000,000 2013 1,526,000,000 305,000,000 2014 1,540,000,000 308,000,000 2015 1,601,000,000 320,000,000 2016 1,645,000,000 329,000,000 Table sources from the Bank of England Statistics See also ( edit ) Bank of England note issues Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Data is for the newer polymer series G banknote . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ £ 5 note : Deadline looms for digging out old paper fivers BBC ( www.bbc.com ) 4 May 2017 . Retrieved on 5 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Chan , Szu Ping ( 10 September 2016 ) . `` History of British Banknotes '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 6 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Allen , Katie ( 10 September 2013 ) . `` Banknotes : A Short History '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 6 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` BBC - A History of the World - Object : 1793 £ 5 Note '' . www.bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 6 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Dunn , Daisy . `` From Paper to the 5 pound polymer '' . The Spectator . Retrieved 6 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Crosby , Mark . `` The Bank Restriction Act ( 1797 ) and Banknote Forgery '' . Branch Collective . Jump up ^ Morgan , Edward Victor ( 1943 ) . The Theory and Practice of Central Banking , 1797 - 1913 . CUP . Jump up ^ Newby , Elisa ( 2007 ) . `` The Suspension of cash payments as a monetary reigime '' ( PDF ) . Centre for Dynamic Macroeconomic Analysis . The University of St. Andrews . ^ Jump up to : `` A brief history of banknotes '' . Bank of England . Retrieved 27 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Kitson , Michael ( 2012 ) . `` End of an Epoch : Britain 's Withdrawal from the Gold Standard '' ( PDF ) . University of Cambridge . Retrieved 11 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Withdrawn banknotes reference guide '' ( PDF ) . Bank of England . Retrieved 27 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bank suspends new £ 5 notes '' . news.bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ Moore , By Malcolm . `` New fiver 's numbers can rub off '' . Telegraph.co.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ King , Mervyn ( 26 April 2016 ) . `` Speech from Mervyn King on New 5 Pound Note Character '' ( PDF ) . Bank of England . Retrieved 6 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sir Winston Churchill to feature on new banknote '' . BBC News . Retrieved 27 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` News Release - Sir Winston Churchill : the historical figure on the next banknote '' . Bank of England . 26 April 2013 . Retrieved 6 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` New banknotes to be printed on polymer '' . Bank of England . Retrieved 27 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Why Polymer '' . Bank of England . Retrieved 6 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Life Cycle Assessment of Paper and Polymer Notes '' ( PDF ) . Bank of England . 6 September 2013 . Retrieved 6 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The New Fiver is issued today - Bank of England '' . Bank of England . Jump up ^ Butterly , Ameilia ( 13 September 2016 ) . `` New polymer £ 5 note is out today - here 's where you 're likely to see it first '' . BBC Newsbeat . Retrieved 24 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Polymer FAQ '' . Bank of England . Retrieved 6 December 2016 . How long can I continue to use paper £ 5 notes ? You can continue to use the paper £ 5 note until its legal tender status is withdrawn on 5 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bank of England urged to make new £ 5 note vegan - friendly '' . The Guardian . 29 November 2016 . Retrieved 29 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Petroff , Alanna ( 29 November 2016 ) . `` The U.K. 's new £ 5 notes contain animal fat '' . CNNMoney . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Cambridge Rainbow vegetarian cafe refuses new £ 5 note - BBC News '' . BBC Online . 3 December 2016 . Retrieved 3 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bank Of England 's Note Supplier Working On ' Potential Solutions ' To Animal Fat Fivers '' . The Huffington Post . 1 December 2016 . Retrieved 22 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Butler , Katie ( 1 December 2016 ) . `` Bank of England will look at making new fivers vegan - friendly '' . Manchester Evening News . Retrieved 22 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Peachey , Kevin ( 2017 - 08 - 10 ) . `` Animal fat to stay in future banknotes , Bank of England concludes '' . BBC News . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` The New Fiver '' . Bank of England . Retrieved 2 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` What we do - Banknotes '' . Bank of England . Retrieved 22 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Banknote Statistics '' . Bank of England . Retrieved 22 December 2016 . External links ( edit ) Bank of England website ( hide ) Banknotes of the pound sterling England and Wales Bank of England Current £ 5 £ 10 £ 20 £ 50 Obsolete 10 / - £ 1 Scotland Bank of Scotland £ 5 £ 10 £ 20 £ 50 £ 100 The Royal Bank of Scotland £ 1 £ 5 £ 10 £ 20 £ 50 £ 100 Clydesdale Bank £ 5 £ 10 £ 20 £ 50 £ 100 Northern Ireland Bank of Ireland £ 5 £ 10 £ 20 £ 50 £ 100 Danske Bank / Northern Bank Current £ 5 £ 10 £ 20 Obsolete £ 50 £ 100 First Trust Bank £ 10 £ 20 £ 50 £ 100 Ulster Bank £ 5 £ 10 £ 20 £ 50 £ 100 British Crown Dependencies Guernsey pound Jersey pound Manx pound British Overseas Territories ( at parity with Sterling ) Gibraltar pound Falkland Islands pound Saint Helena pound See also Pound sterling Coins of the pound sterling Economy of the United Kingdom Sterling area Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bank_of_England_ £ 5_note&oldid = 818943867 '' Categories : Banknotes of England Five - base - unit banknotes 1793 introductions Hidden categories : Tagged pages containing blacklisted links Use dmy dates from May 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bahasa Indonesia 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 January 2018 , at 14 : 22 . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank%20of%20England%20%25C2%25A35%20note
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what year saw the formation of the brazilian republic
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On November 15 , 1889 Marshal Deodoro da Fonseca deposed Emperor Dom Pedro II , declared Brazil a republic , and reorganized the government .
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1889
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First Brazilian Republic
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first brazilian republic
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The First Brazilian Republic or República Velha ( Portuguese pronunciation : ( ʁeˈpublikɐ ˈvɛʎɐ ) , `` Old Republic '' ) is the period of Brazilian history from 1889 to 1930 . The República Velha ended with the Brazilian Revolution of 1930 that installed Getúlio Vargas as a dictator .
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Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Rule of the landed oligarchies 3 Latifúndio economies 4 Brazil in World War I 4.1 Preceding 4.2 War 5 Demographic changes 6 Developments under the Old Republic 7 Struggle for reform 8 Notes 9 Bibliography 10 External links Overview ( edit ) The Proclamation of the Republic , by Benedito Calixto . On November 15 , 1889 Marshal Deodoro da Fonseca deposed Emperor Dom Pedro II , declared Brazil a republic , and reorganized the government . First Brazilian flag after empire 's fall , created by Ruy Barbosa , used between November 15th and 19th of 1889 . From 1889 to 1930 , the government was a constitutional democracy , but democracy was nominal . In reality , the elections were rigged , voters in rural areas were pressured or induced to vote for the chosen candidates of their bosses ( see coronelismo ) and , if all those methods did not work , the election results could still be changed by one sided decisions of Congress ' verification of powers commission ( election authorities in the República Velha were not independent from the executive and the Legislature , dominated by the ruling oligarchs ) . This system resulted in the presidency of Brazil alternating between the oligarchies of the dominant states of São Paulo and Minas Gerais . This regime is often referred to as `` café com leite '' , ' coffee with milk ' , after the respective agricultural products of the two states . This period ended with a military coup that placed Getúlio Vargas , a civilian , in the presidency ; Vargas remained as dictator until 1945 . The Brazilian republic was not an ideological offspring of the republics born of the French or American Revolutions , although the Brazilian regime would attempt to associate itself with both . The republic did not have enough popular support to risk open elections . It was a regime born of a coup d'état that maintained itself by force . The republicans made Deodoro president ( 1889 -- 91 ) and , after a financial crisis , appointed Field Marshal Floriano Vieira Peixoto Minister of War to ensure the allegiance of the military . Rule of the landed oligarchies ( edit ) The officers who joined Field Marshal Deodoro da Fonseca in ending the Empire had made an oath to uphold it . The officer corps would eventually resolve the contradiction by linking its duty to Brazil itself , rather than to transitory governments . The Republic was born rather accidentally : Deodoro had intended only to replace the cabinet , but the republicans manipulated him into founding a republic . The history of the Old Republic was dominated by a quest for a viable form of government to replace the monarchy . This quest lurched back and forth between state autonomy and centralization . The constitution of 1891 , establishing the United States of Brazil ( Estados Unidos do Brasil ) , granted extensive autonomy to the provinces , now called States . The Federal system was adopted , and all powers not granted in the Constitution to the Federal Government belonged to the States . It recognized that the central government did not rule at the local level . The Empire of Brazil had not absorbed fully the regional pátrias , and now they reasserted themselves . Into the 1920s , the federal government in Rio de Janeiro was dominated and managed by a combination of the more powerful states of São Paulo , Minas Gerais , Rio Grande do Sul and to a lesser extent Pernambuco , and Bahia . As a result , the history of the outset of republic in Brazil is also the story of the development of the Army as a national regulatory and interventionist institution . The sudden elimination of the monarchy reduced the number of masterful national institutions to one , the Army . Although the Roman Catholic Church continued its presence throughout the country , it was not national but rather international in its personnel , doctrine , liturgy , and purposes . The Army assumed this new position not haphazardly , occupying in the conservative national economical elites ' heart , part of the vacuum left by the monarchy with slavery abolition , and gradually acquiring support to its de facto role , eclipsing even other military institutions , like the Navy and the National Guard . The Navy attempts to prevent such hegemony were defeated militarily during the early 1890s . Although it had more units and men in Rio de Janeiro and Rio Grande do Sul than elsewhere , the Army 's presence was felt throughout the country . Its personnel , its interests , its ideology , and its commitments were national in scope . In the last decades of the 19th century , the United States , much of Europe , and neighboring Argentina expanded the right to vote . Brazil , however , moved to restrict access to the polls . In 1874 , in a population of about 10 million , the franchise was held by about one million , but in 1881 this had been cut to 145,296 . This reduction was one reason the Empire 's legitimacy foundered , but the Republic did not move to correct the situation . By 1910 there were only 627,000 voters in a population of 22 million . Throughout the 1920s , only between 2.3 % and 3.4 % of the total population could vote . The instability and violence of the 1890s were related to the absence of consensus among the elites regarding a governmental model ; and the armed forces were divided over their status , relationship to the political regime , and institutional goals . The lack of military unity and the disagreement among civilian elites about the military 's role in society explain partially why a long - term military dictatorship was not established , as some officers advocating positivism wanted . However , military men were very active in politics ; early in the decade , ten of the twenty state governors were officers . Constitution of the United States of Brazil , 1891 . National Archives of Brazil . The Constituent Assembly that drew up the constitution of 1891 was a battleground between those seeking to limit executive power , which was dictatorial in scope under President Deodoro da Fonseca , and the Jacobins , radical authoritarians who opposed the paulista coffee oligarchy and who wanted to preserve and intensify presidential authority . The new charter established a federation governed supposedly by a president , a bicameral National Congress ( Congresso Nacional ; hereafter , Congress ) , and a judiciary . However , real power was in the regional pátrias and in the hands of local potentates , called `` colonels . '' There was the constitutional system , and there was the real system of unwritten agreements ( coronelismo ) among local bosses , the colonels . Coronelismo , which supported state autonomy , was called the `` politics of the governors '' . Under it , the local oligarchies chose the state governors , who in turn selected the president . This informal but real distribution of power emerged , the so - called politics of the governors , to take shape as the result of armed struggles and bargaining . The populous and prosperous states of Minas Gerais and São Paulo dominated the system and swapped the presidency between them for many years . The system consolidated the state oligarchies around families that had been members of the old monarchical elite . And to check the nationalizing tendencies of the army , this oligarchic republic and its state components strengthened the navy and the state police . In the larger states , the state police were soon turned into small armies . The Head of the Brazilian army ordered that it would doubled so they could defend them . Latifúndio economies ( edit ) Around the start of the 20th century , the vast majority of the population lived in communities , though accumulating capitalist surpluses for overseas export , that were essentially semi-feudal in structure . Because of the legacy of Ibero - American slavery , abolished as late as 1888 in Brazil , there was an extreme concentration of such landownership reminiscent of feudal aristocracies : 464 great landowners held more than 270,000 km2 of land ( latifúndios ) , while 464,000 small and medium - sized farms occupied only 157,000 km2 . After the Second Industrial Revolution in the advanced countries , Latin America responded to mounting European and North American demand for primary products and foodstuffs . A few key export products -- coffee , sugar , and cotton -- thus dominated agriculture . Because of specialization , Brazilian producers neglected domestic consumption , forcing the country to import four - fifths of its grain needs . Like most of Latin America , the economy around the start of the 20th century , as a result , rested on certain cash crops produced by the fazendeiros , large estate owners exporting primary products overseas who headed their own patriarchal communities . Each typical fazenda ( estate ) included the owner 's chaplain and overseers , his indigent peasants , his sharecroppers , and his indentured servants . Brazil 's dependence on factory - made goods and loans from the technologically , economically , and politically superior North Atlantic retarded its domestic industrial base . Farm equipment was primitive and largely non-mechanized ; peasants tilled the land with hoes and cleared the soil through the inefficient slash - and - burn method . Meanwhile , living standards were generally squalid . Malnutrition , parasitic diseases , and lack of medical facilities limited the average life span in 1920 to twenty - eight years . Without an open market , Brazilian industry could not compete , within a comparative advantage system , against the technologically superior Anglo - American economies . In this context the Encilhamento ( a Boom & Bust process that first intensified , and then crashed , in the years between 1889 and 1891 ) occurred , the consequences of which were felt in all areas of the Brazilian economy throughout the subsequent decades . The middle class was not yet active in political life . The patron - client political machines of the countryside enabled the coffee oligarchs to dominate state structures to their advantage , particularly the weak central state structures that effectively devolved power to local agrarian oligarchies . Known as coronelismo , this was a classic boss system under which the control of patronage was centralized in the hands of a locally dominant oligarch known as a coronel , who would dispense favors in return for loyalty . Thus , high illiteracy rates went hand in hand with the absence of universal suffrage by secret ballot and the demand for a free press , independent from the then dominant economic influence . In regions where there was not even the telegraph , far from major centers , the news could take 4 to 6 weeks longer to arrive . In those circumstances , for lack of alternatives , along the last decade of the 19th century and the first of the 20th , a free press created by European immigrant anarchists started to develop , and , due to non-segregated conformation ( ethnically speaking ) of Brazilian society , spread widely , particularly in large cities . Main article : coronelismo During this period , Brazil did not have a significantly integrated national economy . Rather , Brazil had a grouping of regional economies that exported their own specialty products to European and North American markets . The absence of a big internal market with overland transportation , except for the mule trains , impeded internal economic integration , political cohesion and military efficiency . The regions , `` the Brazils '' as the British called them , moved to their own rhythms . The Northeast exported its surplus cheap labor and saw its political influence decline as its sugar lost foreign markets to Caribbean producers . The wild rubber boom in Amazônia lost its world primacy to efficient Southeast Asian colonial plantations after 1912 . The national - oriented market economies of the South were not dramatic , but their growth was steady and by the 1920s allowed Rio Grande do Sul to exercise considerable political leverage . Real power resided in the coffee - growing states of the Southeast -- São Paulo , Minas Gerais , and Rio de Janeiro -- which produced the most export revenue . Those three and Rio Grande do Sul harvested 60 % of Brazil 's crops , turned out 75 % of its industrial and meat products , and held 80 % of its banking resources . Brazil in world War I ( edit ) Preceding ( edit ) See also : South American dreadnought race Following the Declaration of the Republic in 1889 , there were many political and social rebellions that had to be subdued by the regime , such as the Two Naval Revolts ( 1891 & 1893 -- 94 ) , the Federalist Rebellion ( 1893 -- 95 ) , War of Canudos ( 1896 -- 97 ) , Vaccine Revolt ( 1904 ) , Revolt of the Whip ( 1910 ) and the Revolt of Juazeiro ( `` Sedição de Juazeiro '' , 1914 ) . Therefore , with the onset of World War I , Brazilian elites were interested in studying the events of the Mexican Revolution with more attention than those related to the War in Europe . By 1915 it was also clear that the Brazilian elites were dedicated to making sure Brazil followed a conservative political path , meaning they were unwilling to embark upon courses of action , whether domestically ( i.e. adopting the secret ballot and universal suffrage ) or in foreign affairs ( making alliances or long - term commitments ) , that could have unpredictable consequences and potentially risk the social , economic and political positions held by the Brazilian elite . This course of conduct would extend throughout the 20th century , an isolationist foreign policy interspersed with sporadic automatic alignments against `` disturbing elements of peace and international trade '' In August 1916 , after almost four years , another rebellion , the Contestado War ended . Since the end of the 19th century , many immigrants from Europe had arrived , and with them came communist and anarchist ideas , which created problems for the very conservative regime of large estate owners ( aka `` Café com Leite '' republic ) . With the growth , masses of industrial workers became unhappy with the system and began engaging in massive protests , mostly in São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro . After a General Strike in 1917 the government attempted to brutally repress the labor movement in order to prevent new movements from beginning . This repression , supported by legislation , was very effective in preventing the formation of real free labor unions . Ruy Barbosa was the main opposition leader , campaigning for internal political changes . He also stated that due to the natural conflict between Brazilian commercial interests and the Central Powers 's strategic ones ( demonstrated for example in the German submarine campaign as well as in the Ottoman control over the Middle East ) , Brazilian involvement in the war would be inevitable . So he advised that the most logical way to proceed would be to follow the United States , which was working for a peace agreement but as the same time since the sinking of the RMS Lusitania was also preparing for war . War ( edit ) Main article : Brazil during World War I President Venceslau Brás declares war against the Central Powers in October 1917 . There were two main lines of thought regarding Brazil 's joining of the war : One , led by Ruy Barbosa called for joining the Entente ; another side worried about the notices of bloody and unfruitful fighting in trenches , nurturing critical and pacifist feelings in the urban worker classes . Therefore , Brazil remained neutral in World War I until 1917 . But internal problems , aggravated by denunciations of corruption created the need for then president Venceslau Brás to deviate attention , something that could be accomplished by focusing on an external enemy to eventually take advantage of a sense of patriotism . During 1917 , the sinking of Brazilian civilian ships by the German Navy off the French coast created such opportunity . On October 26 the government declared war on the Central Powers ; Germany , Austria - Hungary , and Ottoman Empire . Soon after , the capture of ships from those countries that were on Brazilian coast was ordered and three small military groups were dispatched to the western front . The first one consisted of medical staff from the Army , the second consisted of sergeants and officers , also from the Army , and the third group consisted of military aviators , both of Army and Navy . These groups were attached respectively : the Army 's members to French Army and the Navy 's aviators to British Royal Air Force . By 1918 all three groups were already in action in France . By that time Brazil had also sent a Naval fleet , the DNOG ( acronym in Portuguese for Naval Division in War Operations ) , commanded by Pedro Max Frontin to join the Allies ' Naval Forces in the Mediterranean . However , during 1918 , the turbulent social situation that generated in protests against the military recruitment plus the repercussion of then events in Russia only strengthened the provision of the Brazilian elites to remain obstinate with its doctrine of minimal involvement in international conflicts . In addition , the devastating advent of Spanish flu , amongst other reasons , meant that Venceslau Brás ' administration in the end of its Term of office , refrained from getting involved more deeply in the war . Finally , the end of the war in November 1918 , prevented even the government that succeeded the Venceslas Bras , could carry out its plan for war . Despite its modest participation , Brazil gained the right to partake in the Versailles conference . Demographic changes ( edit ) From 1875 until 1960 , about five million Europeans emigrated to Brazil , settling mainly in the four southern states of São Paulo , Paraná , Santa Catarina , and Rio Grande do Sul . Immigrants came mainly from Portugal , Italy , Germany , Spain , Japan , Poland , and the Middle East . The world 's largest Japanese community outside Japan is in São Paulo . Indigenous full - blooded Indians , located mainly in the northern and western border regions and in the upper Amazon Basin , constitute less than 1 % of the population . Their numbers are declining as contact with the outside world and commercial expansion into the interior increase . Brazilian Government programs to establish reservations and to provide other forms of assistance have existed for years but are controversial and often ineffective . The plurality of Brazilians are of mixed African , European , and Indian lineage . Immigration increased industrialization and urbanization in Brazil . Developments under the Old Republic ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Demographic changes and structural shifts in the economy , however , threatened the primacy of the agrarian oligarchies . Under the Old Republic ( 1889 -- 1930 ) , the growth of the urban middle sectors , though retarded by dependency and entrenched oligarchy , was eventually strong enough to propel itself to the forefront of Brazilian political life . In time , growing trade , commerce , and industry in São Paulo undermined the domination of the republic 's politics by the landed gentries of that state ( dominated by the coffee industry ) and Minas Gerais , dominated by dairy interests , known then by observers as the politics of café com leite ; ' coffee with milk ' . President Artur Bernardes ( 1922 - 1926 ) and ministers of state , 1922 . National Archives of Brazil . Long before the first revolts of the urban middle classes to seize power from the coffee oligarchs in the 1920s , however , Brazil 's intelligentsia , influenced by the tenets of European positivism , and farsighted agro-capitalists , dreamed of forging a modern , industrialized society -- the `` world power of the future '' . This sentiment was later nurtured throughout the Vargas years and under successive populist governments before the 1964 military junta repudiated Brazilian populism . Although such lofty visionaries were somewhat ineffectual under the Old Republic ( 1889 -- 1930 ) , the structural changes in the Brazilian economy opened up by the Great War strengthened these demands . The outbreak of World War I in August 1914 was the turning point for the dynamic urban sectors . Temporarily abating Britain 's overseas economic connections with Brazil , the war was an impetus for domestic manufacturing because of the unavailability of British imports . These structural shifts in the Brazilian economy helped to increase the ranks of the new urban middle classes . Meanwhile , Brazil 's manufacturers and those employed by them enjoyed these gains at the expense of the agrarian oligarchies . Coffee being a nonessential though habit - forming product which affords it a measure of stability and resilience , world demand declined sharply . The central government , dominated by rural gentries , responded to falling world coffee demand by bailing out the oligarchs , reinstating the soon - to - be disastrous valorization program . Sixteen years later , world coffee demand plunged even more precipitously with the Great Depression . Valorization , government intervention to maintain coffee prices by withholding stocks from the market or restricting plantings , then proved to be unsustainable , incapable of curbing insurmountable decline in coffee prices in world markets . By World War I , the reinstatement of government price supports foreshadowed the vulnerability of Brazil 's coffee oligarchy to the Great Depression . Paradoxically , economic crisis spurred industrialization and a resultant boost to the urban middle and working classes . The depressed coffee sector freed up the capital and labor needed for manufacturing finished goods . A chronically adverse balance of trade and declining rate of exchange against foreign currencies was also helpful ; Brazilian goods were simply cheaper in the Brazilian market . The state of São Paulo , with its relatively large capital - base , large immigrant population from Southern and Eastern Europe , and wealth of natural resources , led the trend , eclipsing Rio de Janeiro as center of Brazilian industry . Industrial production , though concentrated in light industry ( food processing , small shops , and textiles ) doubled during the war , and the number of enterprises ( which stood at about 3,000 in 1908 ) grew by 5,940 between 1915 and 1918 . The war was also a stimulus for the diversification of agriculture . Growing wartime demand of the Allies for staple products , sugar , beans , and raw materials sparked a new boom for products other than sugar or coffee . Foreign interests , however , continued to control the more capital - intensive industries , distinguishing Brazil 's industrial revolution from that of the rest of the West . Struggle for reform ( edit ) With manufacturing on the rise and the coffee oligarchs imperiled , the old order of café com leite and coronelismo eventually gave way to the political aspirations of the new urban groups : professionals , government and white - collar workers , merchants , bankers , and industrialists . Increasing support for industrial protectionism marked 1920s Brazilian politics with little support from a central government dominated by the coffee interests . Under considerable middle class pressure , a more activist , centralized state adapted to represent the interests that the new bourgeoisie had been demanded for years -- one that could utilize a state interventionist policy consisting of tax breaks , lowered duties , and import quotas to expand the domestic capital base . Manufacturers , white - collar workers , and the urban proletariat alike had earlier enjoyed the respite of world trade associated with World War I . However , the coffee oligarchs , relying on a devolved power structure relegating power to their own patrimonial ruling oligarchies , were certainly not interested in regularizing Brazil 's personalistic politics or centralizing power . Getúlio Vargas , leader from 1930 to 1945 and later for a brief period in the 1950s , would later respond to these demands . During this time period , the state of São Paulo was at the forefront of Brazil 's economic , political , and cultural life . Known colloquially as `` locomotive pulling the 20 empty boxcars '' ( a reference to the 20 other states ) and still today Brazil 's industrial and commercial center , São Paulo led this trend toward industrialization due to the foreign revenues flowing into the coffee industry . Prosperity contributed to a rapid rise in the population of recent working class Southern and Eastern European immigrants , a population that contributed to the growth of trade unionism , anarchism , and socialism . In the post-World War I period , Brazil was hit by its first wave of general strikes and the establishment of the Communist Party in 1922 . Meanwhile , the divergence of interests between the coffee oligarchs -- devastated by the Depression -- and the burgeoning , dynamic urban sectors was intensifying . According to prominent Latin American historian Benjamin Keen , the task of transforming society `` fell to the rapidly growing urban bourgeois groups , and especially to the middle class , which began to voice even more strongly its discontent with the rule of the corrupt rural oligarchies '' . In contrast , the labor movement remained small and weak ( despite a wave of general strikes in the postwar years ) , lacking ties to the peasantry , who constituted the overwhelming majority of the Brazilian population . As a result , disparate social reform movements would crop up in the 1920s , ultimately culminating in the Revolution of 1930 . The 1920s revolt against the seating of Artur da Silva Bernardes as president signaled the beginning of a struggle by the urban bourgeoisie to seize power from the coffee - producing oligarchy . This era sparked the failed but famed tenente ( lieutenant ) rebellion as well . Junior military officers , who had long been active against the ruling coffee oligarchy , staged their own failed revolt in 1922 amid demands for various forms of social modernization , calling for agrarian reform , the formation of cooperatives , and the nationalization of mines . In this historical setting , Getúlio Vargas emerged as president about a decade later . Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Hudson , Rex A. Brazil : A Country Study . Washington : GPO for the Library of Congress , 1997 , pg. 22 Jump up ^ Smallman , Shawn C. `` Fear & Memory : in the Brazilian Army & Society , 1889 -- 1954 '' The University of North Carolina Press 2002 ISBN 0 - 8078 - 5359 - 3 pages 17 -- 22 Jump up ^ Ibidem - Smallman 2002 Jump up ^ Ignacy Sachs , Jorge Wilheim & Paulo S. Pinheiro ; `` Brazil : a century of change '' University of North Carolina Press 2009 pages 58 & 63 Jump up ^ Smith , Joseph `` Brazil and the United States ; convergence and divergence '' University of Georgia Press 2010 , page 39 Jump up ^ Brassey , Thomas Allnutt `` The Naval Annual ; 1894 '' Elibron Classics / Adamant Media Corporation 2006 , Chapter XI `` The Naval Revolt in Brazil '' ^ Jump up to : pt : Página principal Jump up ^ Woodward ; James P. `` A Place in Politics : São Paulo , Brazil , from Seigneurial Republicanism to Regionalist Revolt '' Duke University Press Books 2009 ISBN 0 - 8223 - 4329 - 0 Page94 2nParagraph Jump up ^ Grandes Guerras -- Os grandes conflitos do século XX Jump up ^ : Exército Brasileiro -- Braço Forte , Mão Amiga : Jump up ^ Maia , Prado `` D.N.O.G. ( Divisão Naval em Operações de Guerra ) , 1917 -- 18 : uma página esquecida da história da Marinha Brasileira '' ( in Portuguese ) ( `` D.N.O.G. - Naval Division in War Operations , 1917 -- 1918 : A forgotten page in the history of the Brazilian Navy '' ) ( S.l. ) : Serviço de Documentação Geral da Marinha , 1961 ( General Documentation Service of Brazilian Navy ) OCLC 22210405 Bibliography ( edit ) Cardim ; Carlos Henrique `` A Raiz das Coisas . Rui Barbosa : o Brasil no Mundo '' ( The Root of Things . Ruy Barbosa : Brazil in the World ) ( in Portuguese ) Civilização Brasileira 2007 ISBN 978 - 85 - 200 - 0835 - 5 McCann , Frank D. `` Soldiers of the Patria , A History of the Brazilian Army , 1889 -- 1937 '' Stanford University Press 2004 ISBN 0 - 8047 - 3222 - 1 Maia , Prado ( 1961 ) . D.N.O.G. ( Divisão Naval em Operações de Guerra ) , 1914 -- 1918 : uma página esquecida da história da Marinha Brasileira . Serviço de Documentação Geral da Marinha . OCLC 22210405 . ( Portuguese ) Rex A. Hudson , ed . Brazil : A Country Study . Washington : GPO for the Library of Congress , 1997 . Scheina , Robert L. `` Latin America 's Wars Vol. II : The Age of the Professional Soldier , 1900 -- 2001 '' Potomac Books , 2003 ISBN 1 - 57488 - 452 - 2 Chapter 5 `` World War I and Brazil , 1917 -- 18 '' Vinhosa , Luiz Francisco Teixeira `` A diplomacia brasileira ea revolução mexicana , 1913 -- 1915 '' ( Brazilian diplomacy and the Mexican Revolution , 1913 -- 1915 ) ( in Portuguese ) FLT 1975 on Google Books External links ( edit ) http://www.grandesguerras.com.br ( Portuguese ) site of GrandesGuerras ( WorldWars ) Magazine https://web.archive.org/web/20071024193453/http://www.exercito.gov.br/ ( Portuguese ) Official Site of Brazilian Army Brazil History Timeline of Brazilian history Indigenous peoples Portuguese Colony ( 1500 -- 1815 ) United Kingdom ( 1815 -- 1822 ) Empire ( 1822 -- 1889 ) Old Republic ( 1889 -- 1930 ) Vargas Era ( 1930 -- 1946 ) Second Republic ( 1946 -- 1964 ) Military rule ( 1964 -- 1985 ) New Republic ( post 1985 ) Geography Amazon basin Climate Coastline Conservation Environment Environmental issues Extreme points Islands Largest cities Mountains Pantanal Protected areas Regions Rivers Water resources Wildlife Politics Administrative divisions Constitution Elections Foreign relations Government Human rights Legal system Law Law enforcement Military National Congress Political parties President Economy Agriculture Car industry Central Bank Economic history Energy Exports Industry Mining Real ( currency ) Science and technology Stock index Telecommunications Tourism Transport Society Corruption Crime Demographics Education Health Immigration Income inequality Languages People Religion Social issues States by HDI Unemployment Water supply and sanitation Welfare Youth Culture Arts Animation Carnaval Cinema Comics Cuisine Literature Malandragem Music Newspapers Painting Public holidays Sculpture Science fiction Sports Television Outline Index Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=First_Brazilian_Republic&oldid=837229131 '' Categories : Former countries in South America States and territories established in 1889 States and territories disestablished in 1930 Modern history of Brazil 19th century in Brazil 20th century in Brazil 1889 establishments in Brazil 1930 disestablishments in Brazil Hidden categories : Articles with Portuguese - language external links Articles to be expanded from September 2011 All articles to be expanded Articles needing translation from Portuguese Wikipedia Former country articles requiring maintenance Pages using infobox former country with unknown parameters Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the flag caption or type parameters Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from January 2015 Articles needing additional references from October 2014 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Български Dansk Español Français עברית ქართული Latviešu Norsk Português Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 April 2018 , at 14 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First%20Brazilian%20Republic
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what type of book is nickel and dimed
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Nickel and Dimed
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nickel and dimed
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Nickel and Dimed : On ( Not ) Getting By in America is a book written by Barbara Ehrenreich . Written from her perspective as an undercover journalist , it sets out to investigate the impact of the 1996 welfare reform act on the working poor in the United States .
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The events related in the book took place between spring 1998 and summer 2000 . The book was first published in 2001 by Metropolitan Books . An earlier version appeared as an article in the January 1999 issue of Harper 's magazine . Ehrenreich later wrote a companion book , Bait and Switch ( published September 2005 ) , which discusses her attempt to find a white - collar job . Contents ( hide ) 1 Social issues 2 Response and criticism 3 Cover controversy 4 Adaptations 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Social issues ( edit ) Ehrenreich investigates many of the difficulties low wage workers face , including the hidden costs involved in such necessities as shelter ( the poor often have to spend much more on daily hotel costs than they would pay to rent an apartment if they could afford the security deposit and first - and - last month fees ) and food ( e.g. , the poor have to buy food that is both more expensive and less healthy than they would if they had access to refrigeration and appliances needed to cook ) . Foremost , Ehrenreich attacks the notion that low - wage jobs require only unskilled labor . A journalist with a Ph. D. in cell biology , she found that manual labor required incredible feats of stamina , focus , memory , quick thinking , and fast learning . Constant and repeated movement creates a risk of repetitive stress injury ; pain must often be worked through to hold a job in a market with constant turnover ; and the days are filled with degrading and uninteresting tasks ( e.g. toilet - cleaning and mopping ) . She also details several individuals in management roles who served mainly to interfere with worker productivity , to force employees to undertake pointless tasks , and to make the entire low - wage work experience even more miserable . Additionally , she describes her managers changing her shift schedule from week to week without notifying her . Ehrenreich describes personality tests , questionnaires designed to weed out incompatible potential employees , and urine drug tests , increasingly common in the low wage market , arguing that they deter potential applicants and violate liberties while having little tangible positive effect on work performance . She also comments that she believes they are a way for an employer to relay to an employee what is expected of them conduct wise . She argues that ' help needed ' signs do not necessarily indicate a job opening ; more often their purpose is to sustain a pool of applicants in fields that have notorious rapid turnover of employees . She also posits that one low - wage job is often not enough to support one person ( let alone a family ) ; with inflating housing prices and stagnant wages , this practice increasingly becomes difficult to maintain . Many of the workers encountered in the book survive by living with relatives or other persons in the same position , or even in their vehicles . Ehrenreich concludes with the argument that all low - wage workers , recipients of government or charitable services like welfare , food , and health care , are not simply living off the generosity of others . Instead , she suggests , we live off their generosity : When someone works for less pay than she can live on ... she has made a great sacrifice for you ... The `` working poor '' ... are in fact the major philanthropists of our society . They neglect their own children so that the children of others will be cared for ; they live in substandard housing so that other homes will be shiny and perfect ; they endure privation so that inflation will be low and stock prices high . To be a member of the working poor is to be an anonymous donor , a nameless benefactor , to everyone . ( p. 221 ) The author concludes that someday , low - wage workers will rise up and demand to be treated fairly , and when that day comes everyone will be better off . Response and criticism ( edit ) Barbara Ehrenreich states in her book that her goal is to `` see whether or not I could match income to expenses , as the truly poor attempt to do every day . '' `` Nickel and Dimed '' has been criticized as an inaccurate portrayal of the working poor . Ehrenreich began her study with money already in her pocket and a post-graduate education , which typically is not the case for the working class poor . One critic of Barbara Ehrenreich , Michael Tremoglie , wrote , `` According to the Commerce Department the poverty rate for a single person younger than 65 in 1999 was $8,700 per year . Barbara was earning 170 percent of that . Even the liberal Economics Policy Institute states a living wage is 130 percent of the poverty standard . '' In response to Nickel and Dimed and its critiques , two men undertook similar projects to Ehrenreich . Adam Shepard 's Scratch Beginnings tells of starting homeless in a new state with only $25 in his pocket . In the ten months , Shephard was able to land a job which paid well enough to buy a pickup truck and rent his own apartment . Similarly , Charles Platt , an author and former senior editor at Wired Magazine , took an entry - level job at a Wal - Mart store and recounted his experience on the blog Boing Boing . His account reaffirmed some of Ehrenreich 's experience , including the low pay and tedious nature of the job , but Platt also reported positive experiences with supervisors , safety training incentives , and employee autonomy and treatment . Cover controversy ( edit ) The book 's cover features a waitress , Kimmie Jo Christianson , giving a worried look over her shoulder . The photo of Christianson was taken in 1986 for an unrelated Fortune cover . After the release of Nickel and Dimed , Christianson filed suit against the book 's publishers , arguing that they used her picture without her consent . In 2007 , a judge ruled that the lawsuit could go ahead , because the cover was not part of Ehrenreich 's narrative and was part of the publisher 's selling of the book . The case was later dismissed as part of a settlement . Adaptations ( edit ) Ehrenreich makes an appearance in the documentary The American Ruling Class in 2007 . She portrays her life undercover working as a waitress and is accompanied by a musical rendition titled `` Nickeled and Dimed '' . See also ( edit ) Moral Mazes Occupy Wall Street Undercover Boss References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ehrenreich , Barbara ( 2001 ) . Nickel and Dimed : On ( Not ) getting By in America . p. 6 . Jump up ^ Tremoglie , Michael . `` Barbara Ehrenreich : Nickel and Diming Truth '' . Front Page Magazine . Jump up ^ Homeless : Can You Build A Life From $25 ? , The Christian Science Monitor , February 11 , 2008 Jump up ^ Platt , Charles ( February 1 , 2009 ) . `` Life at Wal - Mart '' . Boing Boing . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : Judge OKs Ex-Waitress's Suit Over Bestseller 's Cover Jump up ^ Lawsuit External links ( edit ) Barbara Ehrenreich 's official website Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nickel_and_Dimed&oldid=799702068 '' Categories : 2001 books Books about poverty Metropolitan Books books Working class in the United States Hidden categories : Pages to import images to Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Edit links This page was last edited on 9 September 2017 , at 09 : 38 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickel%20and%20Dimed
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netflix the most extraordinary houses in the world
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The World 's Most Extraordinary homes
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the world's most extraordinary homes
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The World 's Most Extraordinary Homes Genre Documentary Presented by Caroline Quentin Piers Taylor Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 12 Production Camera setup Single - camera Running time 60 minutes Production company ( s ) Wall to Wall Media Distributor Warner Bros. Television Release Original network BBC Two Picture format 16 : 9 1080i Audio format Stereo First shown in United Kingdom Original release 6 January 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 06 ) -- present External links Website The World 's Most Extraordinary Homes is a British documentary miniseries presented by Caroline Quentin and Piers Taylor and is broadcast on BBC Two . Contents 1 Synopsis 2 Cast 3 Episodes 4 References 5 External links Synopsis ( edit ) The documentary miniseries follows `` award - winning architect Piers Taylor and actress and property enthusiast Caroline Quentin explore a range of incredible architect - designed houses in extreme locations around the world . Whether built into the side of a cliff , nestled in a forest , perched at the top of a mountain or hidden under the earth , these homes connect to their environments in a spectacular way . Each episode is themed according to the houses environments -- Coast , Forest , Mountain and Underground -- with Piers and Caroline traveling to locations ranging from North America to Australasia and Europe . To explore how these dramatic designs function both as works of architecture and as real houses , they stay overnight , eat meals and spend time in the homes . '' Cast ( edit ) Caroline Quentin Piers Taylor Episodes ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Original air date Prod . code UK viewers ( millions ) `` Mountain '' Ed St Giles 6 January 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 06 ) 1 -- 01 2.25 Incredible mountainside retreats in Santa Monica , Arizona , New Zealand , and the Swiss Alps . `` Forest '' Ed St Giles 13 January 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) 1 -- 02 1.71 Unconventional homes in forests outside Madrid , in the Catskills , and in New Zealand . `` Coast '' Ed St Giles 20 January 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 20 ) 1 -- 03 N / A Amazing homes along the coasts of Norway , Southern Spain , New Zealand , and Nova Scotia . `` Underground '' Ed St Giles 27 January 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 27 ) 1 -- 04 1.77 Luxurious subterranean homes in Greece , the Swiss Alps , New Zealand , and Amsterdam . No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Original air date Prod . code UK viewers ( millions ) 5 `` Portugal '' Mike Ratcliffe & Will Hustler 28 February 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 28 ) 2 -- 01 2.34 Cascais : WALL HOUSE by Guedes Cruz Architects Penela : CASA NA GATEIRA by Camarim Architects Muda : CASA MONTE by Pereira Miguel Architects Gerês National Park : CASA GERÊS by Carvalho Araújo Architects 6 `` Switzerland '' Emma Webster 7 March 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 07 ) 2 -- 02 1.23 Trient : MAISON AUX JEURS by Lacroix Chessex Brissago : HOUSE IN BRISSAGO by Wespi de Meuron Romeo Architects Feldmeilen : FLEXHOUSE by Evolution Design Weggis : VILLA AM SEE by Unger & Treina Architects 7 `` Japan '' Emma Webster 14 March 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 14 ) 2 -- 03 1.31 Izura : HOUSE IN IZURA by Kotaro Anzai & Lifestyle Koubou Izukogen : JIKKA HOUSE by Issei Suma Hiroshima : OPTICAL GLASS HOUSE by Hiroshi Nakamura & NAP Etajima : GLASS HOUSE FOR A DIVER by Tetsuya Nakazono 8 `` USA '' Will Hustler 3 May 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 03 ) 2 -- 04 1.12 Miami , Florida : CANAL HOUSE by Marcio Kogan & studio mk27 Miami , Florida : BRILLHART HOUSE by Brillhart Architecture Sarasota , Florida : SPENCER HOUSE by Guy W. Peterson Miami , Florida : PRAIRIE RESIDENCE by Rene Gonzalez 9 5 `` Spain '' Mike Ratcliffe 10 May 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 10 ) 2 -- 05 Olot : RURAL HOUSE by RCR Architects Madrid : HEMEROSCOPIUM by Ensamble Studio Matarraña : SOLO HOUSE 2 by Office KGDVS Bullas : HOUSE OF THREE SISTERS by Blancafort - Reus Architecture 10 6 `` India '' Will Hustler 16 May 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 16 ) 2 -- 06 1.12 Khopoli : THE HOUSE CAST IN LIQUID STONE by SPASM Design Western Ghats : THE HOUSE OF THREE STREAMS by Malik Architecture Karjat : THE RIPARIAN HOUSE by Architecture BRIO Navi Mumbai : COLLAGE HOUSE by S + PS Architects 11 7 `` Norway '' Emma Webster 20 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 20 ) 2 -- 07 N / A Vega : VEGA COTTAGE by Kolman Boye Architects Valldal : SUMMER HOUSE by Jensen & Skodvin Architects Ottestad : CONCRETE HOUSE by Carl - Viggo Hølmebakk Fosnavåg : WEEKEND HOUSE by Knut Hjeltnes Architects 12 8 `` Israel '' Emma Webster 27 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 27 ) 2 -- 08 N / A Herzliya Pituach : J HOUSE by Pitsou Kedem Architects Sea of Galilee : RESIDENCE IN THE GALILEE by Golany Architects Jerusalem : BARUD HOUSE by Paritzki & Liani Architects Musmus : HOUSE WITH THREE TREES by Ron Fleisher & Golan Hadari Architects References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Mangan , Lucy ( 7 January 2017 ) . `` The World 's Most Extraordinary Homes review -- Grand Designs on a grander scale '' . the Guardian . Retrieved 13 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The World 's Most Extraordinary Homes ( 2017 ) - Netflix Flixable '' . flixable.com . Retrieved 13 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` WBITVP Finished Catalogue 2017 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 14 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Weekly top 30 programmes BARB '' . www.barb.co.uk . Retrieved 14 April 2018 . External links ( edit ) The World 's Most Extraordinary Homes at BBC Programmes The World 's Most Extraordinary Homes on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_World%27s_Most_Extraordinary_Homes&oldid=847868876 '' Categories : 2017 British television programme debuts 2010s British documentary television series BBC Television programmes BBC high definition programmes English - language television programs Television series by Warner Bros. Television Architecture Building Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from April 2018 Use British English from April 2018 BBC programme ID different from Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 28 June 2018 , at 10 : 06 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20World%2527s%20Most%20Extraordinary%20Homes
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what is the function of a contingency table in the context of bivariate analysis
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Contingency table
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contingency table
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In statistics , a contingency table ( also known as a cross tabulation or crosstab ) is a type of table in a matrix format that displays the ( multivariate ) frequency distribution of the variables . They are heavily used in survey research , business intelligence , engineering and scientific research . They provide a basic picture of the interrelation between two variables and can help find interactions between them . The term contingency table was first used by Karl Pearson in `` On the Theory of Contingency and Its Relation to Association and Normal Correlation '' , part of the Drapers ' Company Research Memoirs Biometric Series I published in 1904 .
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A crucial problem of multivariate statistics is finding ( direct - ) dependence structure underlying the variables contained in high - dimensional contingency tables . If some of the conditional independences are revealed , then even the storage of the data can be done in a smarter way ( see Lauritzen ( 2002 ) ) . In order to do this one can use information theory concepts , which gain the information only from the distribution of probability , which can be expressed easily from the contingency table by the relative frequencies . A pivot table is a way to create contingency tables using spreadsheet software . Contents 1 Example 2 Standard contents of a contingency table 3 Measures of association 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links Example ( edit ) Suppose there are two variables , sex ( male or female ) and handedness ( right or left handed ) . Further suppose that 100 individuals are randomly sampled from a very large population as part of a study of sex differences in handedness . A contingency table can be created to display the numbers of individuals who are male and right handed , male and left handed , female and right handed , and female and left handed . Such a contingency table is shown below . Handed - ness Sex Right handed Left handed Total Male 43 9 52 Female 44 48 Total 87 13 100 The numbers of the males , females , and right - and left - handed individuals are called marginal totals . The grand total ( the total number of individuals represented in the contingency table ) is the number in the bottom right corner . The table allows users to see at a glance that the proportion of men who are right handed is about the same as the proportion of women who are right handed although the proportions are not identical . The significance of the difference between the two proportions can be assessed with a variety of statistical tests including Pearson 's chi - squared test , the G - test , Fisher 's exact test , and Barnard 's test , provided the entries in the table represent individuals randomly sampled from the population about which conclusions are to be drawn . If the proportions of individuals in the different columns vary significantly between rows ( or vice versa ) , it is said that there is a contingency between the two variables . In other words , the two variables are not independent . If there is no contingency , it is said that the two variables are independent . The example above is the simplest kind of contingency table , a table in which each variable has only two levels ; this is called a 2 × 2 contingency table . In principle , any number of rows and columns may be used . There may also be more than two variables , but higher order contingency tables are difficult to represent visually . The relation between ordinal variables , or between ordinal and categorical variables , may also be represented in contingency tables , although such a practice is rare . For more on the use of a contingency table for the relation between two ordinal variables , see Goodman and Kruskal 's gamma . Standard contents of a contingency table ( edit ) Multiple columns ( historically , they were designed to use up all the white space of a printed page ) . Where each row refers to a specific sub-group in the population ( in this case men or women ) , the columns are sometimes referred to as banner points or cuts ( and the rows are sometimes referred to as stubs ) . Significance tests . Typically , either column comparisons , which test for differences between columns and display these results using letters , or , cell comparisons , which use color or arrows to identify a cell in a table that stands out in some way . Nets or netts which are sub-totals . One or more of : percentages , row percentages , column percentages , indexes or averages . Unweighted sample sizes ( counts ) . Measures of association ( edit ) Main articles : Phi coefficient and Cramér 's V The degree of association between the two variables can be assessed by a number of coefficients . The simplest , applicable only to the case of 2 × 2 contingency tables , is the phi coefficient defined by φ = ± χ 2 N , ( \ displaystyle \ phi = \ pm ( \ sqrt ( \ frac ( \ chi ^ ( 2 ) ) ( N ) ) ) , ) where χ is computed as in Pearson 's chi - squared test , and N is the grand total of observations . φ varies from 0 ( corresponding to no association between the variables ) to 1 or − 1 ( complete association or complete inverse association ) , provided it is based on frequency data represented in 2 × 2 tables . Then its sign equals the sign of the product of the main diagonal elements of the table minus the product of the off -- diagonal elements . φ takes on the minimum value − 1.00 or the maximum value of 1.00 if and only if every marginal proportion is equal to . 50 ( and two diagonal cells are empty ) . Alternatives include the tetrachoric correlation coefficient ( also only applicable to 2 × 2 tables ) , the contingency coefficient C , and Cramér 's V . C suffers from the disadvantage that it does not reach a maximum of 1 , notably the highest it can reach in a 2 × 2 table is 0.707 ; the maximum it can reach in a 4 × 4 table is 0.870 . It can reach values closer to 1 in contingency tables with more categories . It should , therefore , not be used to compare associations among tables with different numbers of categories . The formulae for the C and V coefficients are : C = χ 2 N + χ 2 ( \ displaystyle C = ( \ sqrt ( \ frac ( \ chi ^ ( 2 ) ) ( N+ \ chi ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) ) and V = χ 2 N ( k − 1 ) , ( \ displaystyle V = ( \ sqrt ( \ frac ( \ chi ^ ( 2 ) ) ( N ( k - 1 ) ) ) ) , ) k being the number of rows or the number of columns , whichever is less . C can be adjusted so it reaches a maximum of 1 when there is complete association in a table of any number of rows and columns by dividing C by k − 1 k ( \ displaystyle ( \ sqrt ( \ frac ( k - 1 ) ( k ) ) ) ) where k is the number of rows or columns , when the table is square , or by r − 1 r × c − 1 c 4 ( \ displaystyle ( \ sqrt ( ( \ scriptstyle 4 ) ) ( ( r - 1 \ over r ) \ times ( c - 1 \ over c ) ) ) ) where r is the number of rows and c is the number of columns . The tetrachoric correlation coefficient assumes that the variable underlying each dichotomous measure is normally distributed . The tetrachoric correlation coefficient provides `` a convenient measure of ( the Pearson product - moment ) correlation when graduated measurements have been reduced to two categories . '' The tetrachoric correlation should not be confused with the Pearson product - moment correlation coefficient computed by assigning , say , values 0 and 1 to represent the two levels of each variable ( which is mathematically equivalent to the phi coefficient ) . An extension of the tetrachoric correlation to tables involving variables with more than two levels is the polychoric correlation coefficient . The lambda coefficient is a measure of the strength of association of the cross tabulations when the variables are measured at the nominal level . Values range from 0 ( no association ) to 1 ( the theoretical maximum possible association ) . Asymmetric lambda measures the percentage improvement in predicting the dependent variable . Symmetric lambda measures the percentage improvement when prediction is done in both directions . The uncertainty coefficient is another measure for variables at the nominal level . The values range from − 1 ( 100 % negative association , or perfect inversion ) to + 1 ( 100 % positive association , or perfect agreement ) . A value of zero indicates the absence of association . Gamma test : no adjustment for either table size or ties . Kendall tau : adjustment for ties . Tau b : for square tables . Tau c : for rectangular tables . See also ( edit ) Confusion matrix The pivot operation in spreadsheet software can be used to generate a contingency table from sampling data . TPL Tables is a tool for generating and printing cross tabs . The iterative proportional fitting procedure essentially manipulates contingency tables to match altered joint distributions or marginal sums . The multivariate statistics in special multivariate discrete probability distributions . Some procedures used in this context can be used in dealing with contingency tables . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Karl Pearson , F.R.S. ( 1904 ) . Mathematical contributions to the theory of evolution . Dulau and Co . Jump up ^ Ferguson , G.A. ( 1966 ) . Statistical analysis in psychology and education . New York : McGraw -- Hill . Jump up ^ Smith , S.C. , & Albaum , G.S. ( 2004 ) Fundamentals of marketing research . Sage : Thousand Oaks , CA . p. 631 Jump up ^ Blaikie , N. ( 2003 ) Analyzing Quantitative Data . Sage : Thousand Oaks , CA . p. 100 Jump up ^ Ferguson . Jump up ^ Ferguson , p. 244 Further reading ( edit ) Andersen , Erling B. 1980 . Discrete Statistical Models with Social Science Applications . North Holland , 1980 . Bishop , Y.M.M. ; Fienberg , S.E. ; Holland , P.W. ( 1975 ) . Discrete Multivariate Analysis : Theory and Practice . MIT Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 262 - 02113 - 5 . MR 0381130 . Christensen , Ronald ( 1997 ) . Log - linear models and logistic regression . Springer Texts in Statistics ( Second ed . ) . New York : Springer - Verlag . pp. xvi + 483 . ISBN 0 - 387 - 98247 - 7 . MR 1633357 . Lauritzen , Steffen L. ( 2002 electronic ( 1979 , 1982 , 1989 ) ) . Lectures on Contingency Tables ( PDF ) ( updated electronic version of the ( University of Aalborg ) 3rd ( 1989 ) ed . ) . Check date values in : year = ( help ) Gokhale , D.V. ; Kullback , Solomon ( 1978 ) . The Information in Contingency Tables . Marcel Dekker . ISBN 0 - 824 - 76698 - 9 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Contingency tables . On - line analysis of contingency tables : calculator with examples Interactive cross tabulation , chi - squared independent test & tutorial Fisher and chi - squared calculator of 2 × 2 contingency table More Correlation Coefficients Nominal Association : Phi , Contingency Coefficient , Tschuprow 's T , Cramer 's V , Lambda , Uncertainty Coefficient Customer Insight com Cross Tabulation The POWERMUTT Project : IV . DISPLAYING CATEGORICAL DATA StATS : Steves Attempt to Teach Statistics Odds ratio versus relative risk ( January 9 , 2001 ) Epi Info Community Health Assessment Tutorial Lesson 5 Analysis : Creating Statistics hide Statistics Outline Index hide Descriptive statistics Continuous data Center Mean arithmetic geometric harmonic Median Mode Dispersion Variance Standard deviation Coefficient of variation Percentile Range Interquartile range Shape Central limit theorem Moments Skewness Kurtosis L - moments Count data Index of dispersion Summary tables Grouped data Frequency distribution Contingency table Dependence Pearson product - moment correlation Rank correlation Spearman 's rho Kendall 's tau Partial correlation Scatter plot Graphics Bar chart Biplot Box plot Control chart Correlogram Fan chart Forest plot Histogram Pie chart Q -- Q plot Run chart Scatter plot Stem - and - leaf display Radar chart Data collection Study design Population Statistic Effect size Statistical power Sample size determination Missing data Survey methodology Sampling stratified cluster Standard error Opinion poll Questionnaire Controlled experiments Design control optimal Controlled trial Randomized Random assignment Replication Blocking Interaction Factorial experiment Uncontrolled studies Observational study Natural experiment Quasi-experiment Statistical inference Statistical theory Population Statistic Probability distribution Sampling distribution Order statistic Empirical distribution Density estimation Statistical model L space Parameter location scale shape Parametric family Likelihood ( monotone ) Location -- scale family Exponential family Completeness Sufficiency Statistical functional Bootstrap U V Optimal decision loss function Efficiency Statistical distance divergence Asymptotics Robustness Frequentist inference Point estimation Estimating equations Maximum likelihood Method of moments M - estimator Minimum distance Unbiased estimators Mean - unbiased minimum - variance Rao -- Blackwellization Lehmann -- Scheffé theorem Median unbiased Plug - in Interval estimation Confidence interval Pivot Likelihood interval Prediction interval Tolerance interval Resampling Bootstrap Jackknife Testing hypotheses 1 - & 2 - tails Power Uniformly most powerful test Permutation test Randomization test Multiple comparisons Parametric tests Likelihood - ratio Wald Score Specific tests Z - test ( normal ) Student 's t - test F - test Goodness of fit Chi - squared G - test Kolmogorov -- Smirnov Anderson -- Darling Lilliefors Jarque -- Bera Normality ( Shapiro -- Wilk ) Likelihood - ratio test Model selection Cross validation AIC BIC Rank statistics Sign Sample median Signed rank ( Wilcoxon ) Hodges -- Lehmann estimator Rank sum ( Mann -- Whitney ) Nonparametric anova 1 - way ( Kruskal -- Wallis ) 2 - way ( Friedman ) Ordered alternative ( Jonckheere -- Terpstra ) Bayesian inference Bayesian probability prior posterior Credible interval Bayes factor Bayesian estimator Maximum posterior estimator Correlation Regression analysis Correlation Pearson product - 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did the senate vote on supreme court justice
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Clarence Thomas Supreme Court nomination
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clarence thomas supreme court nomination
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Official portrait of Clarence Thomas as chairman of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission c. 1989 -- 1990 On July 1 , 1991 , President George H.W. Bush nominated Clarence Thomas for the Supreme Court of the United States to replace Thurgood Marshall , who had announced his retirement . The nomination proceedings were contentious from the start , especially over the issue of abortion , and many women 's groups and civil rights groups opposed Thomas on the basis of his conservative political views , as they had also opposed Bush 's Supreme Court nominee from the previous year , David Souter . Toward the end of the confirmation hearings , behavior allegations by Anita Hill , a law professor who had previously worked under Thomas at the United States Department of Education and then at the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission ( EEOC ) , were leaked to the media from a confidential FBI report . The allegations led to a media frenzy about sexual harassment , and further investigations . Televised hearings were re-opened and held by the Senate Judiciary Committee before the nomination was moved to the full , Democratic - controlled , Senate for a vote . Thomas was confirmed by a narrow majority of 52 to 48 . Contents 1 Nomination 2 Early hearings 3 Allegations about sexual comments 3.1 Anita Hill testimony 3.2 Statements in support of Hill 's allegations 3.3 Clarence Thomas testimony 3.4 Testimony and statements in support of Thomas 4 Senate confirmation 5 Cultural impact 6 Books 6.1 Authors skeptical about Hill 's allegations 6.2 Authors supporting Hill 's allegations 6.3 Autobiographies by Hill and Thomas 7 Films 8 See also 9 Notes 10 Footnotes 11 Further reading 12 External links Nomination ( edit ) Justice William Brennan stepped down from the Supreme Court in 1990 . Thomas was one of five candidates on Bush 's shortlist and was the one that Bush was most interested in nominating . Bush 's staff made three arguments against nominating Thomas at the time : Thomas had only served eight months as a judge at the time ; Bush could expect to replace Thurgood Marshall with Thomas in due time ; and multiple senior advisors told Bush that they did not feel that Thomas was ready . Bush eventually decided to nominate Judge David Souter of the First Circuit instead , who was easily confirmed . White House Chief of Staff John H. Sununu promised that Bush would fill the next Supreme Court vacancy with a `` true conservative '' and predicted a `` knock - down , drag - out , bloody - knuckles , grass - roots fight '' over confirmation . On July 1 , 1991 , President Bush nominated Clarence Thomas to replace Marshall , who had recently announced his retirement . By then , Thomas had been a federal judge for 16 months . He had not previously argued before the Court , though that has not been a traditional requirement . Marshall had been the first African American Justice on the Court , and while the appointment of Thomas would preserve the existing racial composition of the Court , it was seen as likely to move its ideological balance to the right . Attorney General Richard Thornburgh had previously warned Bush that replacing Thurgood Marshall , who was widely revered as a civil rights icon , with any candidate who was not perceived to share Marshall 's views would make the confirmation process difficult . Civil rights and feminist organizations opposed Thomas ' appointment , partially citing Thomas ' criticism of affirmative action and also because they were suspicious that Thomas might not be a supporter of Roe v. Wade . In the second half of the 20th century , Supreme Court nominees were customarily evaluated by a committee of the American Bar Association ( ABA ) before being considered by the Senate Judiciary Committee . Anticipating that the ABA would rate Thomas poorly , the White House and Republican Senators pressured the ABA for at least the mid-level `` qualified '' rating , and simultaneously attempted to discredit the ABA as partisan . Ultimately , on a scale of well - qualified , qualified , or unqualified , 12 members of the Standing Committee on the Federal Judiciary voted that he was `` qualified '' , one abstained , and the other two voted `` not qualified '' , for an overall vote of qualified . This vote represented one of the lowest levels of support for Supreme Court nominees . Although the ABA vote was viewed as a `` significant embarrassment to the Bush administration '' , it ultimately had little impact on Thomas ' nomination . Some of the public statements of Thomas ' opponents foreshadowed the confirmation fight that would occur . One such statement came from African - American activist attorney Florynce Kennedy at a July 1991 conference of the National Organization for Women in New York City . Referring to the failure of Ronald Reagan 's nomination of Robert Bork , she said of Thomas , `` We 're going to ' bork ' him . '' The liberal campaign to defeat the Bork nomination served as a model for liberal interest groups opposing Thomas . Likewise , in view of what had happened to Bork , Thomas ' confirmation hearings were also approached as a political campaign by the White House and Senate Republicans . Early hearings ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( November 2011 ) Under questioning during confirmation hearings , Thomas repeatedly asserted that he had not formulated a position on Roe v. Wade , or had any conversations with anyone regarding the issue . At one point in the beginning of the proceedings , Senate Judiciary Committee chairman Joe Biden asked Thomas if he believed the Constitution granted any sort of property rights to individuals as described in Richard Epstein 's book Takings : Private Property and the Power of Eminent Domain , which had been published by Harvard University Press in 1985 . Biden held the book up for Thomas to see and denounced its contents . In his book , Epstein argues that the government should be regarded with the same respect as any other private entity in a property dispute . The Cato Institute later paraphrased Biden 's general line of questioning in the hearing as , `` Are you now or have you ever been a libertarian ? '' Allegations about sexual comments ( edit ) Toward the end of the early hearings , NPR 's Supreme Court correspondent Nina Totenberg received a leaked Judiciary Committee / FBI report that a former colleague of Thomas , University of Oklahoma law school professor Anita Hill , accused him of making unwelcome sexual comments to her when the two worked together at the Department of Education ( DOE ) and EEOC . In the same FBI report , Thomas testified that he had once promoted Allyson Duncan over Hill as his chief of staff at the EEOC . Anita Hill testimony ( edit ) On October 11 , 1991 , Hill was called to testify during the hearing . She said she was testifying as to the character and fitness of Thomas to serve on the high court and was ambivalent about whether his alleged conduct had in fact risen to the level of being illegal sexual harassment . Ten years earlier , in 1981 , Hill had become an attorney - adviser to Clarence Thomas at the United States Department of Education ( ED ) . When Thomas became Chairman of the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission ( EEOC ) in 1982 , Hill went with Thomas to serve as his special assistant until she quit in mid-1983 . Hill alleged in her 1991 testimony that it was during her employment at ED and EEOC that Thomas made sexually provocative statements . She testified that she followed Thomas to EEOC because `` ( t ) he work , itself , was interesting , and at that time , it appeared that the sexual overtures ... had ended . '' She also testified that she wanted to work in the civil rights field , and that she believed that `` at that time the Department of Education , itself , was a dubious venture . '' Hill alleged lurid details about her time with Thomas at the Department of Education : `` He spoke about acts that he had seen in pornographic films involving such matters as women having sex with animals and films showing group sex or rape scenes ... On several occasions , Thomas told me graphically of his own sexual prowess . '' Hill also said that the following incident occurred later after they had both moved to new jobs at the EEOC : `` Thomas was drinking a Coke in his office , he got up from the table at which we were working , went over to his desk to get the Coke , looked at the can and asked , ' Who has put pubic hair on my Coke ? ' '' Statements in support of Hill 's allegations ( edit ) Two women , Angela Wright and Rose Jourdain , made statements to Senate staffers in support of Hill . Ultimately , however , Wright and Jourdain were dismissed by the Judiciary Committee without testifying . The reasons why Wright was not called ( or chose not to be called ) to testify are complex and a matter of some dispute ; Republican Senators wanted to avoid the prospect of a second woman describing inappropriate behavior by Thomas , while Democratic Senators were concerned about Wright 's credibility and Wright herself was reluctant to testify after seeing the Committee 's treatment of Hill , including Pennsylvania Senator Arlen Specter stating that he felt Hill 's testimony was perjurious in its entirety . During the Thomas nomination proceedings , Wright and Hill were the only people who publicly alleged that then - Judge Thomas had made unsolicited sexual advances , and Hill was the only one who testified to that effect . Wright , who was one of Thomas ' subordinates at the EEOC until he fired her , told Senate Judiciary Committee staff that Thomas had repeatedly made comments to her much like those he allegedly made to Hill , including pressuring her for dates , asking her the size of her breasts , and frequently commenting on the anatomy of other women . Wright said that after she turned down Thomas for a date , Thomas began to express discontent with her work and eventually fired her . Thomas said that he fired Wright for poor performance and for using a homophobic epithet . Rose Jourdain also did not testify but corroborated Wright 's statements , saying Wright had spoken to her about Thomas ' statements at the time they were allegedly made . Jourdain stated that Wright had become `` increasingly uneasy '' around Thomas because of his constant commentary about her body and looks , and that Wright once came to Jourdain 's office in tears as a result . Another former Thomas assistant , Sukari Hardnett , did not accuse Thomas of sexual harassment , but told the Judiciary Committee staff that `` if you were young , black , female , reasonably attractive and worked directly for Clarence Thomas , you knew full well you were being inspected and auditioned as a female . '' Clarence Thomas testimony ( edit ) Thomas testified that the accusations against him were false and that , `` I deny each and every single allegation against me today that suggested in any way that I had conversations of a sexual nature or about pornographic material with Anita Hill , that I ever attempted to date her , that I ever had any personal sexual interest in her , or that I in any way ever harassed her . '' Clarence Thomas also stated that , `` This is a case in which this sleaze , this dirt , was searched for by staffers of members of this committee . It was then leaked to the media . And this committee and this body validated it and displayed it in prime time over our entire nation . '' He called the hearing a type of `` high tech lynching '' : This is not an opportunity to talk about difficult matters privately or in a closed environment . This is a circus . It 's a national disgrace . And from my standpoint , as a black American , it is a high - tech lynching for uppity blacks who in any way deign to think for themselves , to do for themselves , to have different ideas , and it is a message that unless you kowtow to an old order , this is what will happen to you . You will be lynched , destroyed , caricatured by a committee of the U.S. Senate rather than hung from a tree . The hearings were notable for their sexually explicit content , particularly Anita Hill 's claim , made for the first time at the hearings under questioning from Sen. Biden , that Justice Thomas had discussed a porn star by the name of Long Dong Silver in her presence and had also referred to a pubic hair on a Coke can . Senator Orrin Hatch ( R - UT ) asked Justice Thomas his response to those claims by inquiring : `` ( D ) id you ever say in words or substance something like there is a pubic hair in my Coke ? '' and `` Did you ever use the term Long Dong Silver in conversation with Professor Hill ? '' Thomas firmly denied having said either , as well as denying having read The Exorcist , in which the character Burke Dennings says at a party , `` There appear ( s ) to be an alien pubic hair floating around in my gin . '' Testimony and statements in support of Thomas ( edit ) Several witnesses testified in support of Clarence Thomas and rebutted Hill 's testimony . Phone logs were also submitted into the record showing contact between Hill and Thomas in the years after she left the EEOC . Among those testifying on behalf of then - Judge Thomas was J.C. Alvarez , a woman who for four years was Thomas ' special assistant at EEOC . Alvarez said that `` ( t ) he Anita Hill I knew before was nobody 's victim . '' Alvarez went on to say that Thomas `` demanded professionalism and performance . '' According to Alvarez , Thomas would not tolerate `` the slightest hint of impropriety , and everyone knew it . '' Alvarez asserted that Hill 's allegations were a personal move on her part to advance her own interests : `` Women who have really been harassed would agree , if the allegations were true , you put as much distance as you can between yourself and that other person . What 's more , you do n't follow them to the next job -- especially , if you are a black female , Yale Law School graduate . Let 's face it , out in the corporate sector , companies are fighting for women with those kinds of credentials . '' Another witness who testified on behalf of then - Judge Thomas was Nancy Fitch , a special assistant historian to Thomas at EEOC , who said `` ( t ) here is no way '' Thomas did what Hill alleged . `` I know he did no such thing , '' she declared under oath . Also Diane Holt , Thomas ' personal secretary for six years , said that , `` At no time did Professor Hill intimate , not even in the most subtle of ways , that Judge Thomas was asking her out or subjecting her to the crude , abusive conversations that have been described . Nor did I ever discern any discomfort , when Professor Hill was in Judge Thomas ' presence . '' Additionally , Phyllis Berry - Myers , another special assistant to Thomas , said that he `` was respectful , demand ( ing ) of excellence in our work , cordial , professional , interested in our lives and our career ambitions '' . Berry - Myers said that her `` impression '' was that Professor Hill desired a greater relationship with Judge Thomas than `` just a professional one '' . Nancy Altman who worked with Hill and Thomas at the Department of Education testified that , `` It is not credible that Clarence Thomas could have engaged in the kinds of behavior that Anita Hill alleges , without any of the women who he worked closest with -- dozens of us , we could spend days having women come up , his secretaries , his chief of staff , his other assistants , his colleagues -- without any of us having sensed , seen or heard something . '' Senator Alan K. Simpson was puzzled by why Hill and Thomas met , dined , and spoke by phone on various occasions after they no longer worked together . Senate confirmation ( edit ) In 1991 , public opinion polls showed that the vast majority of those polled believed Thomas over Hill . After extensive debate , the Committee sent the nomination to the full Senate without a recommendation either way . Thomas was confirmed by the Senate with a 52 to 48 vote on October 15 , 1991 , the narrowest margin for approval in more than a century . Vice President Quayle presided over the vote in his role as President of the Senate , partly in case his vote was needed to break a potential 50 - 50 tie for confirmation . The final floor vote was not strictly along party lines : 41 Republicans and 11 Democrats ( Dixon ( D - IL ) , Exon ( D - NE ) , DeConcini ( D - AZ ) , Robb ( D - VA ) , Hollings ( D - SC ) , Fowler ( D - GA ) , Nunn ( D - GA ) , Breaux ( D - LA ) , Johnston ( D - LA ) , Boren ( D - OK ) , and Shelby ( D - AL ) now ( R - AL ) ) voted to confirm while 46 Democrats and 2 Republicans ( Jeffords ( R - VT ) later ( I - VT ) and Packwood ( R - OR ) ) voted to reject the nomination ; John Glenn was particularly vituperative in his rejection . Ironically Packwood himself would later be engulfed by sexual harassment allegations which ended his Senate career . Thomas was sworn in on October 23 , 1991 , by Justice Byron White as the 106th Justice of the Supreme Court . Chief Justice William Rehnquist was to have sworn Thomas in a ceremony initially scheduled for October 21 , but was postponed until October 23 due to the death of Rehnquist 's wife . The ceremony would have been postponed longer but was held on October 23 at the request of Thomas . The swearing - in cut short continued journalistic investigation into Thomas ' private life . State Senator Party Vote Alabama Howell Heflin Democrat Nay Alabama Richard Shelby Democrat Yea Alaska Ted Stevens Republican Yea Alaska Frank Murkowski Republican Yea Arizona Dennis DeConcini Democrat Yea Arizona John McCain Republican Yea Arkansas Dale Bumpers Democrat Nay Arkansas David Pryor Democrat Nay California Alan Cranston Democrat Nay California John F. Seymour Republican Yea Colorado Hank Brown Republican Yea Colorado Tim Wirth Democrat Nay Connecticut Chris Dodd Democrat Nay Connecticut Joe Lieberman Democrat Nay Delaware Joe Biden Democrat Nay Delaware William V. Roth Jr . Republican Yea Florida Bob Graham Democrat Nay Florida Connie Mack III Republican Yea Georgia Sam Nunn Democrat Yea Georgia Wyche Fowler Democrat Yea Hawaii Daniel Inouye Democrat Nay Hawaii Daniel Akaka Democrat Nay Idaho Steve Symms Republican Yea Idaho Larry Craig Republican Yea Illinois Paul Simon Democrat Nay Illinois Alan J. Dixon Democrat Yea Indiana Richard Lugar Republican Yea Indiana Dan Coats Republican Yea Iowa Chuck Grassley Republican Yea Iowa Tom Harkin Democrat Nay Kansas Bob Dole Republican Yea Kansas Nancy Landon Kassebaum Republican Yea Kentucky Wendell H. Ford Democrat Nay Kentucky Mitch McConnell Republican Yea Louisiana J. Bennett Johnston Democrat Yea Louisiana John Breaux Democrat Yea Maine William Cohen Republican Yea Maine George J. Mitchell Democrat Nay Maryland Paul Sarbanes Democrat Nay Maryland Barbara Mikulski Democrat Nay Massachusetts Ted Kennedy Democrat Nay Massachusetts John Kerry Democrat Nay Michigan Carl Levin Democrat Nay Michigan Donald W. Riegle Jr . Democrat Nay Minnesota David Durenberger Republican Yea Minnesota Paul Wellstone Democrat Nay Mississippi Thad Cochran Republican Yea Mississippi Trent Lott Republican Yea Missouri John Danforth Republican Yea Missouri Kit Bond Republican Yea Montana Max Baucus Democrat Nay Montana Conrad Burns Republican Yea Nebraska J. James Exon Democrat Yea Nebraska Bob Kerrey Democrat Nay Nevada Harry Reid Democrat Nay Nevada Richard Bryan Democrat Nay New Hampshire Warren Rudman Republican Yea New Hampshire Bob Smith Republican Yea New Jersey Frank Lautenberg Democrat Nay New Jersey Bill Bradley Democrat Nay New Mexico Peter Domenici Republican Yea New Mexico Jeff Bingaman Democrat Nay New York Daniel Patrick Moynihan Democrat Nay New York Al D'Amato Republican Yea North Carolina Jesse Helms Republican Yea North Carolina Terry Sanford Democrat Nay North Dakota Kent Conrad Democrat Nay North Dakota Quentin N. Burdick Democrat Nay Ohio John Glenn Democrat Nay Ohio Howard Metzenbaum Democrat Nay Oklahoma Don Nickles Republican Yea Oklahoma David L. Boren Democrat Yea Oregon Bob Packwood Republican Nay Oregon Mark Hatfield Republican Yea Pennsylvania Arlen Specter Republican Yea Pennsylvania Harris Wofford Democrat Nay Rhode Island John Chafee Republican Yea Rhode Island Claiborne Pell Democrat Nay South Carolina Strom Thurmond Republican Yea South Carolina Ernest Hollings Democrat Yea South Dakota Tom Daschle Democrat Nay South Dakota Larry Pressler Republican Yea Tennessee Al Gore Democrat Nay Tennessee Jim Sasser Democrat Nay Texas Lloyd Bentsen Democrat Nay Texas Phil Gramm Republican Yea Utah Orrin Hatch Republican Yea Utah Jake Garn Republican Yea Vermont Patrick Leahy Democrat Nay Vermont Jim Jeffords Republican Nay Virginia John Warner Republican Yea Virginia Chuck Robb Democrat Yea Washington Brock Adams Democrat Nay Washington Slade Gorton Republican Yea West Virginia Robert Byrd Democrat Nay West Virginia Jay Rockefeller Democrat Nay Wisconsin Herb Kohl Democrat Nay Wisconsin Bob Kasten Republican Yea Wyoming Malcolm Wallop Republican Yea Wyoming Alan K. Simpson Republican Yea Cultural impact ( edit ) Public interest in , and debate over , Hill 's testimony is said by some to have launched modern - day public awareness of the issue of sexual harassment in the United States . Some also link this to what is known as the Year of the Woman ( 1992 ) , when a significant number of liberal women were simultaneously elected to Congress . Some also called these women the `` Anita Hill Class '' . Michael Isikoff claimed the case influenced the coverage of the allegations of sexual harassment against Bill Clinton in the 1990s . Books ( edit ) Authors skeptical about Hill 's allegations ( edit ) David Brock wrote an article titled `` The Real Anita Hill '' for the 1992 The American Spectator magazine , which argued against her veracity . He also wrote a 1993 book of the same name . However , he would later denounce these works in a 2003 book titled Blinded by the Right : The Conscience of an Ex-Conservative . Ken Foskett , an investigative reporter for the Atlanta Journal - Constitution , wrote a book about Justice Thomas in 2004 . Foskett concludes that , `` Although , it was plausible that Thomas said what Hill alleged , it seems implausible that he said it all in the manner Hill described . '' Foskett elaborates : Bullying a woman simply was n't in Thomas 's nature and ran contrary to how he conducted himself around others in a professional environment . And if the context was n't as Hill alleged , was it fair to turn private conduct into a political weapon to defeat his nomination ? Scott Douglas Gerber wrote a book in 1998 about the jurisprudence of Justice Thomas , and came to the following conclusion about the Anita Hill allegations : `` Frankly , I do not know whom to believe . '' Gerber also wryly noted the reaction when an author ( David Brock ) who had criticized Hill did a U-turn : `` the left maintains that it proves that Hill was telling the truth , while the right contends that it simply shows that Brock is an opportunist trying to sell books . '' Authors supporting Hill 's allegations ( edit ) Jane Mayer and Jill Abramson , reporters for The Wall Street Journal , wrote an article for the May 24 , 1993 issue of The New Yorker challenging David Brock 's assertions . The two authors would later conclude in an investigative book on Thomas that `` the preponderance of the evidence suggests '' that Thomas lied under oath when he told the committee he had not harassed Hill . Mayer and Abramson say Biden abdicated control of the Thomas confirmation hearings and did not call Angela Wright to the stand . They report that four women traveled to Washington , D.C. , to corroborate Anita Hill 's claims , including Wright and Jourdain . According to Mayer and Abramson , soon after Thomas was sworn in , three reporters for The Washington Post `` burst into the newsroom almost simultaneously with information confirming that Thomas ' involvement with pornography far exceeded what the public had been led to believe . '' These reporters had eyewitness testimony and video rental records showing Thomas ' interest in and use of pornography . However , according to Jeffrey Toobin , because Thomas was already sworn in by the time the video store evidence emerged , The Washington Post dropped the story . The book by Mayer and Abramson was subsequently made into a movie . Strange Justice was a finalist for the National Book Award in 1994 and received an extraordinary amount of media attention . Conservatives like John O'Sullivan panned the book , while liberals such as Mark Tushnet praised it , saying it established `` that Clarence Thomas lied '' during the hearings . Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun - Times called the book character assassination : `` I do n't care if Clarence Thomas had an inflatable doll on his sofa and a framed autograph from Long Dong Silver on the wall . Just because a man has an immature interest in dirty stuff does n't mean he harassed anyone . '' Autobiographies by Hill and Thomas ( edit ) In 1997 , Anita Hill penned her autobiography , Speaking Truth To Power , and she addressed why she filed no complaint at the time of the alleged harassment in the early 1980s : I assessed the situation and chose not to file a complaint . I had every right to make that choice . And until society is willing to accept the validity of claims of harassment , no matter how privileged or powerful the harasser , it is a choice women will continue to make . In 2007 , Clarence Thomas published his memoirs , also revisiting the Anita Hill controversy . He described her as touchy and apt to overreact , and described her work at the EEOC as mediocre . He wrote : On Sunday morning , courtesy of Newsday , I met for the first time an Anita Hill who bore little resemblance to the woman who had worked for me at EEOC and the Education Department . Somewhere along the line , she had been transformed into a conservative , devoutly religious Reagan - administration employee . In fact , she was a left - winger who 'd never expressed any religious sentiments whatsoever during the time I 'd known her , and the only reason why she 'd held a job in the Reagan administration was because I 'd given it to her . In an op - ed piece written by Anita Hill , appearing in The New York Times on October 2 , 2007 , Ms. Hill wrote that she `` will not stand by silently and allow ( Justice Thomas ) , in his anger , to reinvent me . '' Films ( edit ) Showtime dramatized the confirmation hearing in the 1999 television movie Strange Justice that stars Delroy Lindo as Thomas and Regina Taylor as Hill . The film aired on Showtime on August 29 , 1999 . HBO dramatized the confirmation hearing in the 2016 film Confirmation that stars Kerry Washington as Hill and Wendell Pierce as Thomas . The film aired on HBO on April 16 , 2016 . See also ( edit ) 1990s portal George H.W. Bush Supreme Court candidates Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Senior Republicans believed that Thomas was indeed well - qualified , but that the ABA would not support him because in their mind , the ABA had been politicized . The White House attempted to preemptively discredit the ABA as partisan , and Republican Senators threatened to bar the ABA from future participation if it gave Thomas anything less than a `` qualified '' rating . Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Dowd , Maureen ( July 2 , 1991 ) . `` The Supreme Court ; Conservative Black Judge , Clarence Thomas , Is Named to Marshall 's Court Seat '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Tinsley E. Yarbrough ( 2005 ) . David Hackett Souter : Traditional Republican on the Rehnquist Court . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 515933 - 2 . Retrieved June 27 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Jan Crawford Greenburg ( September 30 , 2007 ) . `` Clarence Thomas : A Silent Justice Speaks Out : Part VII : ' Traitorous ' Adversaries : Anita Hill and the Senate Democrats '' . ABC News . Retrieved October 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Yarbrough , Tinsley ( 2005 ) . David Hackett Souter . Oxford University Press . pp. 103 -- 104 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 515933 - 0 . Jump up ^ Parmet , Herbert ( 1997 ) . George Bush : The Life of a Lone Star Yankee . Scribner . ISBN 978 - 0 - 684 - 19452 - 3 . Jump up ^ Greene , John Robert ( 1999 ) . The Presidency of George Bush . University Press of Kansas . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7006 - 0993 - 2 . Jump up ^ Dolin , Monica ( October 3 , 2007 ) . `` Anger Still Fresh in Clarence Thomas 's Memoir '' . ABC News . Retrieved October 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Jefferson , Margo . `` The Thomas - Hill Question , Answered Anew '' , The New York Times ( November 11 , 1994 ) . Jump up ^ Toobin 2007 , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Dowd , Maureen . `` The Supreme Court ; Conservative Black Judge , Clarence Thomas , Is Named to Marshall 's Court Seat '' , The New York Times ( July 2 , 1991 ) . Jump up ^ Profile at the Biographical Directory of Federal Judges , a Public domain publication of the Federal Judicial Center . Accessed November 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Toobin , Jeffrey . The Nine . First Anchor Books Edition , September 2008 . Page 31 . ^ Jump up to : Merida , Kevin ; Michael D. Fletcher ( 2007 ) . Supreme Discomfort : the Divided Soul of Clarence Thomas . Random House . ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 51080 - 6 . Jump up ^ Hall , Kermit and McGuire , Kevin . The Judicial Branch , p. 155 ( Oxford University Press 2006 ) . ^ Jump up to : Viera , Norman and Gross , Leonard . Supreme Court appointments : Judge Bork and the politicization of Senate Confirmations , page 137 ( SIU Press , 1998 ) . Jump up ^ Foskett , Ken . Judging Thomas , p. 224 ( William Morrow 2004 ) . Jump up ^ Abraham , Henry . Justices , Presidents , and Senators : A History of the U.S. Supreme Court Appointments From Washington to Bush II , pp. 27 - 30 , 299 ( Rowman and Littlefield 2007 ) . Jump up ^ Yalof , David . Pursuit of Justices : Presidential Politics and the Selection of Supreme Court Nominees , page 214 ( University of Chicago Press , 2001 ) . Jump up ^ Segal , Jeffrey and Spaeth , Harold . The Supreme Court and the attitudinal model revisited , page 187 ( Cambridge University Press , 2002 ) . Jump up ^ Hall , Kermit and McGuire , Kevin . Institutions of American Democracy : The Judicial Branch , page 155 ( Oxford University Press , 2006 ) . Jump up ^ Toobin 2007 , pp. 172 , 398 . Jump up ^ `` The Borking Begins ; Linda Chavez 's mistake was she took a less fortunate person into her home '' ( Editorial ) , The Wall Street Journal ( January 8 , 2001 ) . Jump up ^ Tushnet , Mark . A Court Divided , p. 335 ( Norton & Company 2005 ) . Jump up ^ Mayer , Jane ; Abramson , Jill ( 1994 ) . Strange Justice : The Selling of Clarence Thomas . Houghton Mifflin Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 395 - 63318 - 2 . Jump up ^ Rosenbaum , David . `` No - Comment Is Common at Hearings for Nominees '' , The New York Times ( July 12 , 2005 ) . Jump up ^ David Boaz ( August 24 , 2008 ) . `` Joe Biden and Limited Government '' . Cato Institute . Retrieved October 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Nina Totenberg , NPR Biography '' . NPR . Retrieved May 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Excerpt from Nina Totenberg 's breaking National Public Radio report on Anita Hill 's accusation of sexual harassment by Clarence Thomas '' . NPR . October 6 , 1991 . Retrieved October 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Thomas Nomination ; Excerpts From Senate 's Hearings on the Thomas Nomination '' , The New York Times ( 1991 - 10 - 12 ) : `` In my opinion , based on my reading of the law , yes , it was ( sexual harassment ) . But later on , immediately following that response , I noted to the press that I did not raise a claim of sexual harassment in this complaint . It seems to me that the behavior has to be evaluated on its own with regard to the fitness of this individual to act as an Associate Justice . It seems to me that even if it does not rise to the level of sexual harassment , it is behavior that is unbefitting an individual who will be a member of the Court . '' Jump up ^ Braver , Rita . `` Inappropriate Conduct '' , CBS News ( 1999 ) : `` Hill herself did not accuse Thomas of outright harassment , but did say that he had made unwelcome advances toward her and used language that embarrassed her . '' Jump up ^ Pollitt , Katha . Subject to Debate : Sense and Dissents on Women , Politics , and Culture , page 161 ( 2001 ) : `` The question Hill 's testimony placed before us was not whether Thomas was guilty of a legally actionable offense ( she herself was unsure if his behavior added up to sexual harassment ) but whether he belonged on the Supreme Court . '' Jump up ^ Travis , Carol . `` Casting Simple Louts as Lawbreakers '' , St. Petersburg Times ( June 11 , 1997 ) : `` Although Thomas was never accused of illegal behavior -- merely of behavior thought unseemly in a Supreme Court nominee -- in the public mind the case conflated obnoxious actions with illegal harassment . '' Jump up ^ `` The Thomas Nomination ; Excerpts From Senate 's Hearings on the Thomas Nomination '' , The New York Times ( October 12 , 1991 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Testimony of Anita F. Hill , Professor of Law , University of Oklahoma , Norman , OK '' ( PDF ) . US Government Printing Office . October 11 , 1991 . p. 37 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on November 27 , 2007 . Retrieved October 3 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Opening Statement : Sexual Harassment Hearings Concerning Judge Clarence Thomas '' , Women 's Speeches from Around the World ^ Jump up to : Lacayo , Richard ( June 24 , 2001 ) . `` The Unheard Witnesses '' . TIME . Retrieved September 18 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Graves , Florence ( October 9 , 1994 ) . `` The other woman : Remember Angela Wright ? Neither do most people '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved November 1 , 2011 . So why did n't Angela Wright testify ? It 's a simple question that should have a simple answer . But interviews with dozens of participants in the hearings produce no clear explanation , and several disparate theories . ^ Jump up to : Witcover , Jules . Joe Biden : a life of trial and redemption , page 429 ( HarperCollins , 2010 ) . Jump up ^ The Thomas Nomination ; Excerpts From an Interview With Another Thomas Accuser , The New York Times ( October 15 , 1991 ) . Jump up ^ `` The Thomas Nomination ; On the Hearing Schedule : Eight Further Witnesses '' . The New York Times . October 13 , 1991 . Retrieved November 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Marcus , Ruth ( October 3 , 2007 ) . `` One Angry Man '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved April 30 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Hearing of the Senate Judiciary Committee on the Nomination of Clarence Thomas to the Supreme Court Archived September 13 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine. , Electronic Text Center , University of Virginia Library , October 11 , 1991 . Jump up ^ Hearing of the Senate Judiciary Committee on the Nomination of Clarence Thomas to the Supreme Court , Electronic Text Center , University of Virginia Library , October 12 , 1991 . Jump up ^ Senate Judiciary Committee Hearing , October 11 , 1991 Jump up ^ Thomas hearings Archived June 30 , 2012 , at Archive.is , October 13 , 1991 . Jump up ^ Thomas hearings Archived June 30 , 2012 , at Archive.is , October 13 , 1991 . Jump up ^ Thomas hearings Archived June 30 , 2012 , at Archive.is , October 13 , 1991 . Jump up ^ Thomas hearings Archived June 30 , 2012 , at Archive.is , October 13 , 1991 . Jump up ^ `` page 590 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved August 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Thomas Nomination ; Questions to Those Who Corroborated Hill Account '' , The New York Times ( October 21 , 1991 ) : `` And I ask you , why then after she left his power , after she left his presence , after she left his influence and his domination or whatever it was that gave her fear , and call it fear of revulsion , or repulsion , why did she twice after that visit personally with him in Tulsa , Oklahoma , had dinner with him in the presence of others , had breakfast with him in the presence of others , rode to the airport alone with him in the presence of no one . And we have eleven phone calls initiated by her from 1984 through the date of Clarence Thomas 's marriage to Jenny Lamp ... I 'm afraid that that will remain a puzzlement for me forever as to how that can be , where one would continue a relationship with a person that had done this foul , foul presentation of verbiage , verbal garbage to him or her . And I shall never understand that . It remains one of my great quandaries . '' Jump up ^ Jan Crawford Greenburg ( September 30 , 2007 ) . `` Clarence Thomas : A Silent Justice Speaks Out : Part VIII : Rebuilding a Life '' . ABC News . Retrieved October 18 , 2008 . By the end of the hearings , polls showed the vast majority of Americans believed Thomas and disbelieved Hill . Jump up ^ `` untitled ( Senate floor debate of Clarence Thomas nomination ) '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Record . 137 ( 18 ) : 26354 . October 15 , 1991 . Jump up ^ Hall , Kermit ( ed ) , The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States , page 871 , Oxford Press , 1992 ^ Jump up to : `` The Thomas Swearing - In ; A Festive Mood at Thomas Swearing - In '' , The New York Times ( October 19 , 1991 ) . Jump up ^ Greenhouse , Linda . `` Thomas Sworn in as 106th Justice '' , The New York Times ( October 24 , 1991 ) . Jump up ^ Toobin , Jeffrey . The Nine : Inside the Secret World of the Supreme Court ( Doubleday 2007 ) : `` since Thomas had been sworn in , the Post decided not to pursue the issue and dropped the story . '' Jump up ^ `` Anita Hill Class '' , see for example October 13 , 1992 , Ellen Goodman , `` Today it 's a Victory for Hill '' , The Blade , Toledo , via https://news.google.com//www.newsweek.com/id/147281 Newsweek ) , November 1 , 1992 . See also Jill Abramson / Jane Mayer , ' Strange Justice ' , p. 352 , 1994 , ISBN 0 - 395 - 63318 - 4 and Abramson , Jill ( July 19 , 2009 ) . `` Women on the Verge of the Law : From Anita Hill to Sonia Sotomayor '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Isikoff interview on the Charlie Rose show . `` you have to remember the context '' -- referring to the time that The Washington Post decided whether to investigate the Paula Jones case . 8 : 50 into the interview as published at `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2012 . Retrieved February 28 , 2010 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) Jump up ^ Mr Brock 's 2003 book has an entire chapter ( Chapter 5 ) devoted to describing his experience writing The Real Anita Hill article and book in the early 1990s . See Blinded by the right : the conscience of an ex-conservative , by David Brock , Random House , Inc. , 2003 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4000 - 4728 - 4 . Jump up ^ Foskett , Ken ( 2004 ) . Judging Thomas : The Life and Times of Clarence Thomas . William Morrow . p. 251 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 052721 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Gerber , Scott Douglas ( 1998 ) . First Principles : The Jurisprudence of Clarence Thomas . New York University Press . pp. 199 and 299 . ISBN 0 - 8147 - 3099 - X . Jump up ^ Mayer , Jane ; Abramson , Jill ( 1994 ) . Strange Justice : The Selling of Clarence Thomas . Houghton Mifflin . ISBN 0 - 395 - 63318 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Toobin , Jeffrey . The Nine . First Anchor Books Edition , September 2008 . Page 39 . Jump up ^ Toobin , Jeffrey . The Nine . First Anchor Books Edition , September 2008 . Pages 38 -- 39 . Jump up ^ Barron , James ( November 17 , 1994 ) . `` Study of Death Wins A National Book Award '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gerber , Scott . First principles : the jurisprudence of Clarence Thomas , page 24 ( NYU Press , 1999 ) . Jump up ^ Roeper , Richard . `` Clarence Thomas Book Has Insight , Not Proof '' , Chicago Sun - Times ( November 17 , 1994 ) . Jump up ^ Hill , Anita ( 1997 ) . Speaking Truth to Power . Doubleday . p. 132 . Jump up ^ `` 16 years later , Thomas fires back at Anita Hill '' . MSNBC.com . September 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( February 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' Confirmation ' Premiere Date Set By HBO '' . Deadline Hollywood . Further reading ( edit ) Toobin , Jeffrey ( 2007 ) . The Nine : Inside the Secret World of the Supreme Court . Random House . ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 51640 - 2 . Vieira , Norman ; Gross , Leonard ( 1998 ) . Supreme Court Appointments : Judge Bork and the Politicization of Senate Confirmations . Carbondale : Southern Illinois University Press . ISBN 0 - 8093 - 2204 - 8 . External links ( edit ) Thomas and Hill : Public Hearing , Private Pain A Frontline episode that appeared on PBS in October 1992 . Transcript , Audio , Video of Clarence Thomas ' High Tech Lynching ' Statement to the Judiciary Committee Nominations to the Supreme Court of the United States Nomination articles Robert Bork Clarence Thomas John Roberts Harriet Miers Samuel Alito Sonia Sotomayor Elena Kagan Merrick Garland Neil Gorsuch Brett Kavanaugh Lists of nominations All nominations Successful nominations Unsuccessful nominations Nominations late in presidency Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clarence_Thomas_Supreme_Court_nomination&oldid=863472008 '' Categories : George H.W. Bush administration controversies 1991 in the United States Nominations to the United States Supreme Court Sexual harassment in the United States Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2010 Webarchive template wayback links Webarchive template archiveis links CS1 maint : Archived copy as title Use mdy dates from October 2017 Articles to be expanded from November 2011 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 11 October 2018 , at 00 : 22 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence%20Thomas%20Supreme%20Court%20nomination
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who has the highest batting average in baseball today
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The last player to bat . 400 in a season , Ted Williams , ranks tied for seventh on the all - time career BA list . Babe Ruth hit for a career . 342 average and is tied for ninth on the list . Miguel Cabrera holds the highest career batting average among active players .
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Miguel Cabrera
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List of major League baseball career batting average Leaders
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list of major league baseball career batting average leaders
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In baseball , the batting average ( BA ) is defined by the number of hits divided by at bats . It is usually reported to three decimal places and pronounced as if it were multiplied by 1,000 : a player with a batting average of . 300 is `` batting three - hundred . '' A point ( or percentage point ) is understood to be . 001 . If necessary to break ties , batting averages could be taken to more than three decimal places .
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Outfielder Ty Cobb , whose career ended in 1928 , has the highest batting average in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) history . He batted . 366 over 24 seasons , mostly with the Detroit Tigers . In addition , he won a record 11 batting titles for leading the American League in BA over the course of an entire season . He batted over . 360 in 11 consecutive seasons from 1909 to 1919 . Rogers Hornsby has the second highest BA of all - time , at . 358 . He won seven batting titles in the National League ( NL ) and has the highest NL average in a single season since 1900 , when he batted . 424 in 1924 . He batted over . 370 in six consecutive seasons . Shoeless Joe Jackson is the only other player to finish his career with a . 350 batting average . He batted . 356 over 13 seasons before he was permanently suspended from organized baseball in 1921 for his role in the Black Sox Scandal . Lefty O'Doul first came to the major leagues as a pitcher , but after developing a sore arm , he converted to an outfielder and won two batting titles . The fifth player on the list , and the last with at least a . 345 BA , is Ed Delahanty . Delahanty 's career was cut short when he fell into the Niagara Falls and died during the 1903 season . The last player to bat . 400 in a season , Ted Williams , ranks tied for seventh on the all - time career BA list . Babe Ruth hit for a career . 342 average and is tied for ninth on the list . Miguel Cabrera holds the highest career batting average among active players . Contents ( hide ) 1 Key 2 List 3 See also 4 Notes 5 Sources Key ( edit ) Rank Rank amongst leaders in career batting average . A blank field indicates a tie . Player Name of the player . BA Total career batting average . * Denotes elected to National Baseball Hall of Fame . Bold Denotes active player . List ( edit ) Stats updated as of September 17 , 2017 . Rank Player BA Ty Cobb * . 3664 Rogers Hornsby * . 3585 Shoeless Joe Jackson . 3558 Lefty O'Doul . 3493 5 Ed Delahanty * . 3458 6 Tris Speaker * . 3447 7 Billy Hamilton * . 3444 Ted Williams * . 3444 9 Dan Brouthers * . 3421 Babe Ruth * . 3421 11 Dave Orr . 3420 12 Harry Heilmann * . 3416 13 Pete Browning . 3415 14 Willie Keeler * . 3413 15 Bill Terry * . 3412 16 Lou Gehrig * . 3401 George Sisler * . 3401 18 Jesse Burkett * . 3382 Tony Gwynn * . 3382 Nap Lajoie * . 3382 21 Jake Stenzel . 3378 22 Riggs Stephenson . 3361 23 Al Simmons * . 3342 24 Cap Anson * . 3341 25 John McGraw * . 3336 26 Eddie Collins * . 3332 Paul Waner * . 3332 28 Mike Donlin . 3326 29 Sam Thompson * . 3314 30 Stan Musial * . 3308 31 Bill Lange . 3298 Heinie Manush * . 3298 33 Wade Boggs * . 3279 34 Rod Carew * . 3278 35 Honus Wagner * . 3276 36 Tip O'Neill . 3260 37 Hugh Duffy * . 3255 Bob Fothergill . 3255 39 Jimmie Foxx * . 3253 40 Earle Combs * . 3247 41 Joe DiMaggio * . 3246 42 Babe Herman . 3245 43 Joe Medwick * . 3236 44 Edd Roush * . 3227 45 Sam Rice * . 3223 46 Ross Youngs * . 3222 47 Kiki Cuyler * . 3210 48 Charlie Gehringer * . 3204 49 Chuck Klein * . 3201 50 Mickey Cochrane * . 3196 Rank Player BA Pie Traynor * . 3196 52 Ken Williams . 3192 53 Kirby Puckett * . 3181 54 Earl Averill * . 3178 55 Vladimir Guerrero . 3176 Arky Vaughan * . 3176 57 Bill Everitt . 3174 58 Roberto Clemente * . 3173 Joe Harris . 3173 60 Chick Hafey * . 3170 61 Joe Kelley * . 3169 62 Miguel Cabrera . 3168 63 Zack Wheat * . 3167 64 José Altuve . 3165 65 Roger Connor * . 3164 Todd Helton . 3164 Lloyd Waner * . 3164 68 George Van Haltren . 3163 69 Frankie Frisch * . 3161 70 Goose Goslin * . 3160 71 Lew Fonseca . 3158 72 Bibb Falk . 3145 73 Cecil Travis . 3142 74 Hank Greenberg * . 3135 75 Jack Fournier . 3132 76 Joey Votto . 3131 77 Elmer Flick * . 3130 78 Ed Morgan . 3128 79 Nomar Garciaparra . 3127 Larry Walker . 3127 81 Bill Dickey * . 3125 82 Dale Mitchell . 3122 Manny Ramírez . 3122 84 Johnny Mize * . 3121 Joe Sewell * . 3121 86 Fred Clarke * . 3120 Deacon White * . 3120 88 Bug Holliday . 3119 89 Barney McCosky . 3118 Ichiro Suzuki . 3118 91 Hughie Jennings * . 3117 92 Edgar Martínez . 3115 93 Johnny Hodapp . 3114 Freddie Lindstrom * . 3114 95 Bing Miller . 3113 Jackie Robinson * . 3113 97 Baby Doll Jacobson . 3112 Taffy Wright . 3112 99 Rip Radcliff . 3110 100 Ginger Beaumont . 3108 See also ( edit ) Baseball portal List of Major League Baseball players with a . 400 batting average in a season List of Major League Baseball career on - base percentage leaders List of Major League Baseball career slugging percentage leaders List of Major League Baseball career OPS leaders Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ A player is considered inactive if he has announced his retirement or not played for a full season . Sources ( edit ) Baseball-Reference.com ( hide ) Major League Baseball records Baseball statistics ( types of records ) General Record holders Single - game records Single - season records Record breakers by season Records considered unbreakable Batting leaders Career Batting average On - base percentage Times on base Slugging percentage OPS Hits 3,000 club Progressive Singles Doubles Triples Home runs 500 club Progressive Extra base hits RBIs Total bases Walks Intentional HBP Strikeouts Games played At - bats Plate appearances Annual Batting average Doubles Triples Home runs RBI Season Batting average Triples Home run Progressive Game Home runs Hitting for the cycle Grand slams RBI Game Inning Hits Misc Consecutive game hitting streak On - base plus slugging Hits Home runs Doubles Triples RBIs Baserunning leaders Career Runs Stolen bases Annual Runs Stolen bases Game Runs Misc Stolen bases Runs Pitching leaders Career Wins 300 club Losses Games started Games finished Innings pitched Strikeouts 3,000 club Saves Complete games Shutouts ERA WHIP Walks Hit batsmen Wild pitches Batters faced Annual Wins Saves Shutouts Strikeouts ERA Game No - hitter Perfect game List of perfect games Strikeouts Game Inning Immaculate innings Misc Wins Fielding leaders Career Putouts 1B 2B SS 3B OF LF CF RF Errors 1B Assists Passed balls Annual Putouts Errors Managing records Wins and winning percentage Multiple stat records Triple Crown 20 -- 20 -- 20 club 30 -- 30 club 40 -- 40 club Other Consecutive games played Longest winning streaks Longest losing streaks ^ Jump up to : `` Career Leaders & Records for Batting Average '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ty Cobb Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved November 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Rogers Hornsby Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved November 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` SportsCenter Flashback : The Chicago Black Sox banned from baseball '' . ESPN Classic . ESPN Internet Ventures . Retrieved January 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McKenna , Brian . `` Lefty O'Doul '' . SABR.org . Retrieved January 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Ballplayers -- Ed Delahanty '' . BaseballLibrary.com . The Idea Logical Company , Inc . Archived from the original on December 15 , 2011 . Retrieved November 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Goldstein , Richard ( July 6 , 2002 ) . `` Ted Williams , Red Sox Slugger And Last to Hit . 400 , Dies at 83 '' . The New York Times Company . Retrieved November 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Active Leaders & Records for Batting average '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2013 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Major_League_Baseball_career_batting_average_leaders&oldid=801283281 '' Categories : Major League Baseball lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Português Edit links This page was last edited on 18 September 2017 , at 19 : 42 . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Major%20League%20Baseball%20career%20batting%20average%20leaders
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who did meg griffin voice in season 1
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Meg Griffin Family Guy character First appearance `` Death Has a Shadow '' Created by Seth MacFarlane Voiced by Lacey Chabert ( 1999 -- 2000 ) Mila Kunis ( 1999 -- present ) Tara Strong ( singing voice ) Information Occupation High school student Family Peter Griffin ( father ) Lois Griffin ( mother ) Chris Griffin ( brother ) Stewie Griffin ( brother ) Nationality American
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Mila Kunis|Tara Strong
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Meg Griffin
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meg griffin
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Megan `` Meg '' Griffin is a character from the American animated television series Family Guy . The eldest child of the Griffin family , Meg is the family 's scapegoat who receives the least of their attention and bears the brunt of their abuse .
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Meg made her first appearance on television when Family Guy debuted on Fox on January 31 , 1999 , with the episode `` Death Has a Shadow '' . Originally voiced by Lacey Chabert during the first season , she has been voiced by Mila Kunis since season 2 , although Chabert returned to voice Meg in Yug Ylimaf and Back to the Pilot . Contents ( hide ) 1 Personality 2 Voice actors 3 Appearance 4 Social life 5 Family life 6 References 7 External links Personality ( edit ) Meg is an self - conscious and emotionally fragile teenage girl . She is treated unfairly by her parents and her many insecurities cause her to try desperately to be part of the `` cool crowd '' , which only results in her getting rebuffed by Connie D'Amico , the popular and beautiful yet mean - spirited and superficial head cheerleader of the local high school , James Woods Regional High School . However , another student named Neil Goldman is attracted to her . She is also usually at the bottom of the family 's pecking order and the butt of Peter 's jokes due to her so - called homeliness , meek personality , and unpopularity . Everyone in her family ( except Chris ) makes fun of her : Peter resorts to outrageous stunts and names ; Stewie and Brian employ subtle but effective jokes , but typically choose not to verbalize them in front of Meg ; Lois constantly puts Meg down while boosting her own egotistical image . However , in the episode `` Seahorse Seashell Party '' , she strongly insults and defames her family for their actions against her , causing them to distance themselves in shame and sending Peter and Lois into a depression , though she later apologizes . On one occasion , the whole family even goes as far as to read her diary and mock her deepest secrets . However , on some occasions the family 's true love for her has been proven , mostly by Chris . She has been so self - conscious and insecure about herself that she has engaged in dangerous sexual behavior just for attention . She is also prone to violent releases of her repressed rage , as shown in `` Road to Rupert '' , when she assaults a man who insulted her after a fender - bender . Many of the show 's `` Meg '' storylines involve her trying to improve her typical life , trying to find a boyfriend , and reaching breaking points with her family and other bullies . In the episode `` Chris Cross '' , it 's strongly hinted that Meg is working with Dutch neo-Nazis when she orders Chris to retrieve mail she receives from the Netherlands at a private post office box , saying she 's `` sort of part of a group that trashes the Anne Frank house every spring . '' Voice actors ( edit ) On the season 1 DVD commentary for the Drawn Together episode `` Hot Tub '' , Cree Summer claims she was offered the role to play Meg but was dismissed by the producers . Meg was voiced by an uncredited Lacey Chabert for the first season , and by Mila Kunis in subsequent seasons after Chabert became busy with school and appearing on Party of Five at the time , although some of her work became second season episodes due to production order . Mila Kunis won the role after auditions and a slight rewrite of the character , in part due to her performance on That ' 70s Show . MacFarlane called Kunis back after her first audition , instructing her to speak more slowly , and then told her to come back another time and enunciate more . Once she claimed that she had it under control , MacFarlane hired her . MacFarlane stated that Kunis `` had a very natural quality to Meg '' and she 's `` in a lot of ways ( ... ) almost more right for the character '' . Kunis 's voice is first heard as Meg in Episode 3 of season two `` Da Boom '' , and the voices switch back and forth in the broadcast order until settling on Kunis . Tara Strong provides Meg 's singing voice in `` Do n't Make Me Over '' . Lacey Chabert ( 1999 -- 2000 ) Mila Kunis ( 1999 -- present ) Tara Strong ( singing voice ) Appearance ( edit ) Meg , like Peter , has brown hair and wears glasses . She also wears a pink beanie even underneath other headgear . Her clothing consists of a pink and white T - shirt , blue jeans , and tan ( later white ) shoes . She occasionally is seen wearing dresses or formal wear usually without her trademark cap . She is slightly shorter than her younger brother Chris . Meg is also self - conscious about her appearance ( `` I 'm so fat and gross . '' ) . Social life ( edit ) Meg is very unpopular in high school due to both her plain appearance and personality . Meg desperately tries to be part of the cool crowd , but is usually coldly rebuffed . She is also usually the butt of Peter 's jokes due to her perceived homeliness and tendency towards social awkwardness . Because of her eagerness for acceptance , she has been recruited unknowingly into a suicidal religious cult , and later recruited again unwittingly into her school 's Lesbian Alliance ( `` Brian Sings and Swings '' ) . However , Meg does have a moderate number of friends , the best of which being with a group of girls who are often seen with her during occasions such as her slumber parties and gossiping about boys . In later episodes , these girls , known by the names Beth , Patty , Collette , Esther , and Ruth , are characterized as being highly unpopular and dateless , much like Meg , even saying that she was the only one of them who ever had a boyfriend ( actually a decaying corpse she was `` dating '' ) . Meg is so unpopular at school that one student fires a nail gun into his own stomach twice ( in shop class ) in order to avoid a date with her , and then in a later episode shoots his own brother as an excuse not to go to a dance with her the following night . On another occasion , Meg and Lois are looking for new clothes for Meg , but with no luck ( a saleswoman ended up pouring gasoline on herself , lighting a match , catching fire , and then jumping out of a window after looking at Meg in a pair of jeans ) . However , she is sought by nerd Neil Goldman . In `` 8 Simple Rules for Buying My Teenage Daughter '' , Neil starts dating a girl named Cecilia , Meg becomes instantly jealous and pretends to date Jake Tucker to make him jealous . This leads to her signing a contract to become Neil 's girlfriend and ( not knowing at first ) his slave , but she gets him to tear up the contract after Lois seduces him . Perverted neighbor Glenn Quagmire has shown a repeated interest in her , mostly due to his very low standards , asking if she has reached the age of consent . Quagmire comes close to succeeding when Lois tells Peter to back off after he was ruining Meg and Quagmire 's ' dates ' . Then , they rescue Meg after Glenn takes her to his cabin , Peter and Lois arriving in time before anything happens . In several episodes she is shown dating , including stories with characters Mayor Adam West and nudist Jeff Campbell . She also loses her virginity unknowingly on live television to Saturday Night Live host Jimmy Fallon after having a drastic makeover ; but , before all that happens , she goes out with a rebel at her school named Craig Hoffman . In `` Jerome is the New Black '' , Jerome , an old flame of Lois 's and Peter 's new friend , admits to having sex with Meg , to which Peter replies indifferently . In the episode `` Brian Sings and Swings '' , a lesbian student named Sarah invites Meg to join in her Lesbian Alliance Club , with Meg not knowing at first what kind of club it was . Desperate to fit in , she pretends to be a lesbian and also pretends to be attracted to Sarah and even goes so far as to kiss her to prove it . At the end of the episode , Meg goes over to Sarah 's house to admit she lied about being a lesbian ( Sarah thought that Meg came over to have sex and even undresses when Meg is telling her that she lied ) , much to Glenn 's ( who was hiding in Sarah 's closet ) disappointment . She also used to have a crush on anchorman Tom Tucker , but it ended after she discovered his vanity and selfishness . In other episodes , she is portrayed as chronically incapable of finding a boyfriend . For her Junior Prom she accepts a pity date from Brian , the family dog and only after threatening suicide . Earlier in season 2 , she dated Joe Swanson 's son Kevin Swanson , but in `` Stew - Roids '' it is mentioned that Kevin died in Iraq . In the episode , `` Prick Up Your Ears '' , she dates a boy named Doug , but he breaks up with her when he sees her naked right before almost having sex . In the episode `` Peter 's Daughter '' , Meg falls in love with a medical student named Michael Milano after coming out of a short coma ( caused by Peter when he asked her to `` rescue '' beer and make him a sandwich out of an already flooded kitchen ) and they start to date . After he breaks up with Meg ( because of Peter being overprotective of her after promising that if she came out of the coma , he would `` treat her like a princess '' ) , she announces that she is pregnant by Michael and the two get engaged . After finding out that she is not actually pregnant , Meg tells Michael the truth hoping that he will stay , however , Michael quickly leaves Meg at the altar . In the episode `` Dial Meg for Murder '' , she is dating a convict , while in the episode `` Go , Stewie , Go ! '' she dates an attractive young man named Anthony , who is absolutely normal ( much to the surprise of many of the other characters ) . They were so shocked that they had to do tests just to see if he was completely normal which annoyed Meg . It is presumed that she broke up with him after he and Lois had an affair . Meg also shows extremely possessive behavior when she encounters someone she believes she has a romantic connection with such as kidnapping Brian and detaining Bonnie Swanson at the airport by planting a gun in her purse . Overall , Meg has shown romantic interest in and dated several men throughout the series . However , there have been several instances in which she has shown hints of being bisexual or a lesbian : examples of this include `` Brian Sings and Swings '' , `` Stew - Roids '' , and `` Dial Meg for Murder '' . In November 2016 , when asked by Splitsider if the writers will further develop the characters of Chris and Meg in future episodes , showrunner Alec Sulkin confirmed that the series crew members are working on doing so and added that there are plans for an episode where Meg comes out as a lesbian , taking inspiration from previous instances in which she exhibited signs of lesbian characteristics , like when she joins a lesbian alliance group at school in `` Brian Sings and Swings '' and is identified as a transgender man named `` Ron '' in Stewie Griffin : The Untold Story , the latter which takes place in the future . However , Sulkin also noted that the plotline has not yet been finalized and thus is n't officially set to be used in an episode . Family life ( edit ) In the first three seasons of the show , Meg 's family often inadvertently humiliated her due to their bumbling or stupidity , though they cared for her and meant well . In the post-cancellation seasons , this began to change as the show started to flesh out the characters to the point where it seems that most of the population of Quahog despise her for no reason other than her simply being `` Meg '' . In an interview , Mila Kunis stated : `` Meg gets picked on a lot . But it 's funny . It 's like the middle child . She is constantly in the state of being an awkward 16 - year - old , when you 're kind of going through puberty and what - not . She 's just in perpetual mode of humiliation , and it 's fun . '' Meg is also the most misunderstood , at least by Peter , Chris , and others who are shown avoiding her company , disparaging her in person , gathering in her bedroom to read her diary for laughs , etc . Peter reminds Lois , `` We agreed that if we could only save two , we 'd leave Meg ! '' even randomly shooting her when she simply said `` Hi Dad '' ( `` Peter 's Daughter '' ) but despite this he also was going to say `` I love you '' in `` Hell Comes to Quahog '' , and in `` Road to Rupert '' he stated they were ' secret best friends ' before throwing lemonade in her face , saying he would have to continue to treat her badly in public in order to maintain his reputation due to `` peer pressure '' , thus giving hope that they may be on good terms . Occasionally , when Meg asks a question to Peter or just speaks when he is in the room , Peter responds by saying `` Shut up , Meg , '' which is immediately followed by a line from another character . When the family tries an anger management technique of writing letters and not sending them , Meg finds Peter 's letter to her , which says , `` Dear Meg , for the first four years of your life , I thought you were a house cat . '' And in Peter 's short story of her birth , they had to go back to get her once they realized they grabbed the afterbirth . In the episode `` Stewie Kills Lois '' , Peter tells guests on a cruise ship about how he and Lois had gone to get an abortion but decided against it when they arrived at the clinic and found out the abortionist had one hand . He then says `` two and a half months later , our daughter Meg was born '' -- indicating that they had tried to abort her when Lois was already over six months pregnant . Another hint to this is when Meg is in the car with Lois and at an attempt to make civilized conversation , says , `` Hey Meg , did you know that if you 're on birth control and you take an antibiotic it makes it not work ? ' Cause no one told me ! I just thought you should know '' and laughs awkwardly . On Meg 's 17th birthday , her mother and father both try to hide from Meg that they do not remember her age . Peter states that Meg sucks in the episode `` PTV '' , and Chris says that people think the same thing about her in `` Long John Peter '' . In `` Not All Dogs Go to Heaven '' , Brian says to Meg 's face that she lives in a home `` where nobody respects or cares about ( her ) , not even enough to get ( her ) a damn mumps shot ! '' Chris , however , seems to have more of a typical brother - sister relationship with Meg , with Chris telling those who abuse her that it is never her fault . Chris , at one point , threatened to quit his job at the local mini-mart if his boss did n't re-hire Meg ( at the insistence of Lois ) . Like Chris , Meg has an anthropomorphic monkey in her closet , and although she has proved it , her family coldly state that they were talking about Chris ' , not hers . Cleveland comments to Peter `` Meg is my least favorite of your children . '' Apparently , a double standard also exists against Meg , further underscoring the mistreatment she suffers from the people around her . In `` Big Man on Hippocampus '' , an episode wherein Peter loses his memory , as he reacquaints himself with the pleasures of sex , Lois tells him that it is inappropriate to have sex with his own children ; in response , Meg attempts an incest joke . She then lambastes her for this and kicks her out of the room . However , in the season finale `` Partial Terms of Endearment '' , Lois tells a joke that implies that it was Meg that gave birth to Stewie , and apart from a shocked reaction from the latter , Lois receives no such violent reaction . Additionally , in `` Model Misbehavior '' , when Lois starts a modeling career , Peter states that he will pleasure himself to Lois ' pictures , followed by Chris and Meg both exclaiming `` Me too ! '' to which Peter shouts `` Oh God , Meg , that 's sick ! That 's your mother ! '' , ignoring the fact that Chris said the same thing . Meg responded by saying `` I was only trying to fit in ! '' Peter immediately kicked her out of the house . Later , during an unrelated conversation , when she spoke , he said `` Meg , who let you back in the house ? '' Brian 's attention softens the lack of respect from Peter and the neighbors ; he admits that he cares for Meg when she goes out with Mayor Adam West . Lois has also often shown sympathy for Meg , for example , taking her to Spring Break at the beach . Lois very often comforts Meg when she is down ; however , she gives up one attempt after 45 minutes and gives her a Sylvia Plath novel and a bottle of Ambien , and with a `` Whatever happens , happens , '' leaves Meg to her misery . One of the most cruel examples comes in the episode `` You Ca n't Do That On Television , Peter '' . When Peter is mauled by a puma , Meg uses medical training to save his life . However , no one thanks her afterward and when she tries to point it out , Peter just tells her to get him water . The family 's treatment of Meg finally reaches her limit in `` Dial Meg for Murder '' when Meg emerges from a short stint in a Young Offenders Institution as a hardened criminal , abusing her family and beating up anyone who makes fun of her . It is only after a conversation with Brian that she changes her ways . However , it comes to a head once again in `` Seahorse Seashell Party '' , when Meg finally grows tired of her mistreatment and lashes out against Lois and Peter , informing them of their own flaws . Lois condescendingly tells Meg that she is simply taking her own problems out on everyone else invoking Meg to bring up her mother 's delinquent past . Meg tells her that she is far from the perfect parent , harshly berates her for constantly and ruthlessly pointing out Meg 's shortcomings . Lois tries to justify that she 's a better person because of her past and she is open that she is n't the perfect parent , but Meg tells her that she 's the farthest thing from and states how she has neglected to protect her from harm and guide her through life . Meg also informs Lois that when she turns 18 , she may never want to see her again . This breaks Lois ' heart and she finally admits that she 's been a terrible mother to Meg . Finally , Meg turns on Peter who , unable to comprehend her insults , thinks that his daughter 's argument is amusing , even when she points out Peter 's destructive tendencies and that he would go to jail if someone could witness his negative treatment towards her . It dawns on Peter that he is being insulted when Meg calls him a `` waste of a man . '' A disillusioned Peter asks Lois to tell Meg to `` knock it off , '' but Lois refuses because he did n't stick up for her . Within moments , Peter turns his abusive criticisms and insults on Chris and Lois . Peter finally runs to his room crying , with Lois running after him , leaving Meg and Chris behind , who is now fully recovered from his trip ( he had smoked marijuana prior to the argument ) , to discuss what just happened . Chris likes that Meg stood up for herself , but she sadly tells him that even though she meant every word , seeing Peter turn on everyone like wolves has made her think that it is ultimately her non-ideal role to serve as the Griffins ' `` lightning rod that absorbs all the dysfunction '' . He commends her on her maturity , and even goes on to say that Meg is the `` strongest person '' in the family . She soon apologizes to the others and says that she is actually the one at fault ; Peter asks Chris if she is a `` bitch '' , to which he proudly responds `` Yes , yes she is , '' and the family reconciles . Since this episode , the abuse that Meg receives begins to fade away as a storyline . She also notices that Peter 's pro wrestler sister Karen treats Peter exactly the way Peter treats her , and they bond over this with a plan to embarrass Karen at a wrestling show -- which goes awry when Meg hits her with a metal folding chair instead of a breakaway one and injures Karen to the point where she ends up in a coma and ( as it is implied ) possibly will die from her injuries without a blood transfusion . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ IMDB -- Family Guy -- Stew - Roids ( 2009 ) Movie Connections Jump up ^ Aurthur , Kate ( 2005 - 07 - 12 ) . `` Sharing the Ratings Spoils '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ Lacey Chabert interview by GameSpy ( October 6 , 2006 ) - Sonic Retro ^ Jump up to : `` Family Guy -- Casting Mila Kunis '' . The Paley Center for Media . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Interview with Seth MacFarlane '' . IGN . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ Eggerton , John ( 2005 - 06 - 06 ) . `` Fox Swears By Family Guy '' . Broadcasting & Cable . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2012 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ Planet Family Guy - Character guide - Meg Griffin Jump up ^ Mila Kunis talks about working on Family Guy `` : EveryJoe - Sports and Entertainment News Archived October 19 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Movie Reviews , Articles , Trailers , and more at Metacritic ^ Jump up to : `` Barely Legal '' . Family Guy . Season 5 . Episode 8 . 2006 - 12 - 17 . Fox . I 'm so fat and gross ! Jump up ^ `` Chitty Chitty Death Bang '' . Family Guy . Season 1 . Episode 3 . 1999 - 04 - 18 . Fox . Jump up ^ `` Brian Sings and Swings '' . Family Guy . Season 4 . Episode 19 . 2006 - 01 - 08 . Fox . Jump up ^ `` Fifteen Minutes of Shame '' . Family Guy . Season 2 . Episode 12 . 2000 - 04 - 25 . Fox . Jump up ^ `` The Thin White Line '' . Family Guy . Season 3 . Episode 1 . 2001 - 11 - 07 . Fox . Are you 18 yet ? Jump up ^ `` The Story on Page One '' . Family Guy . Season 2 . Episode 19 . 2000 - 07 - 18 . Fox . Jump up ^ `` From Method to Madness '' . Family Guy . Season 3 . Episode 18 . 2002 - 01 - 24 . Fox . Jump up ^ `` Do n't Make Me Over '' . Family Guy . Season 4 . Episode 4 . 2005 - 06 - 05 . Fox . Jump up ^ Newman , Vicki ( November 27 , 2016 ) . `` Family Guy 's Meg Griffin ' to come out as lesbian ' ... but will she still go on to become transgender man Ron ? '' . Mirror . Retrieved April 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ennis , Dawn ( November 28 , 2016 ) . `` Is Meg Griffin of ' Family Guy ' About to Come Out as a Lesbian ? '' . LGBTQ Nation . Retrieved April 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IGN 's Top 25 Family Guy Characters '' . IGN . May 27 , 2009 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ De Leon , Kris ( September 25 , 2007 ) . `` Mila Kunis Talks About Working on Family Guy and Her Upcoming Movie '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved September 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Stuck Together , Torn Apart '' . Family Guy . Season 3 . Episode 19 . 2002 - 01 - 31 . Fox Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ `` Petergeist '' . Family Guy . Season 4 . Episode 26 . 2006 - 05 - 07 . Fox . Oh yeah right like I 'm going back for Meg Jump up ^ `` Lethal Weapons '' . Family Guy . Season 3 . Episode 7 . 2001 - 08 - 22 . Fox . Jump up ^ `` Peter 's Two Dads '' . Family Guy . Season 5 . Episode 10 . 2007 - 02 - 11 . Fox . Jump up ^ `` Breaking Out Is Hard to Do '' . Family Guy . Season 4 . Episode 9 . 2005 - 07 - 17 . Fox Broadcasting Company . ^ Jump up to : `` Hell Comes to Quahog '' . Family Guy . Season 5 . Episode 3 . 2006 - 09 - 24 . Fox . Jump up ^ `` Big Man on Hippocampus '' . Family Guy . Season 8 . Episode 10 . 2010 - 01 - 03 . Fox . `` I wish you 'd told him that before he lost his memory ! '' - Meg , after Lois tells Peter he can not have sex with the children Jump up ^ `` Partial Terms of Endearment '' . Family Guy . Season 8 . Episode 21 . 2010 - 06 - 20 . Fox . External links ( edit ) Meg Griffin at Fox.com Meg Griffin on IMDb Mila Kunis on Meg Griffin ( hide ) Family Guy Characters Griffin family Peter Lois Meg Chris Stewie Brian Other characters Quagmire Cleveland Adam West Herbert Cleveland Jr . Production Cast members Guest stars Writers Awards Media releases The Life of Larry shorts Stewie Griffin : The Untold Story Live in Vegas Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Hallmarks Road to ... episodes Star Wars episodes Merchandise Home video Video games Family Guy Video Game ! ( 2006 ) Family Guy Online ( 2012 ) Back to the Multiverse ( 2012 ) Family Guy : The Quest for Stuff ( 2014 ) Family Guy : Another Freakin ' Mobile Game ( 2017 ) See also Criticism Night of the Hurricane The Cleveland Show American Dad ! Animation Domination `` Cartoon Wars Part I '' `` Cartoon Wars Part II '' Book Portal Family Guy portal Animation portal Television portal Comedy portal Fictional characters portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meg_Griffin&oldid=812310814 '' Categories : Family Guy characters Child characters in television Teenage characters in television Fictional American people of Irish descent Fictional characters from Rhode Island Fictional characters introduced in 1999 Animated human characters Female characters in animation Fictional characters who have attempted suicide Fictional victims of child abuse Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from February 2017 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Ελληνικά Español فارسی Gaeilge Galego Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latviešu Magyar Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 November 2017 , at 05 : 23 . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meg%20Griffin
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3 primary qualifications a person must meet to be elected president
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Article one of the United States Constitution
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article one of the united states constitution
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Article One of the United States Constitution establishes the legislative branch of the federal government , the United States Congress . The Congress is a bicameral legislature consisting of a House of Representatives and a Senate .
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Contents ( hide ) 1 Section 1 : Legislative power vested in Congress 2 Section 2 : House of Representatives 2.1 Clause 1 : Composition and election of Members 2.2 Clause 2 : Qualifications of Members 2.3 Clause 3 : Apportionment of Representatives and taxes 2.4 Clause 4 : Vacancies 2.5 Clause 5 : Speaker and other officers ; Impeachment 3 Section 3 : Senate 3.1 Clause 1 : Composition ; Election of Senators 3.2 Clause 2 : Classification of Senators ; Vacancies 3.3 Clause 3 : Qualifications of Senators 3.4 Clause 4 : Vice President as President of Senate 3.5 Clause 5 : President pro tempore and other officers 3.6 Clause 6 : Trial of Impeachment 3.7 Clause 7 : Judgment in cases of impeachment ; Punishment on conviction 4 Section 4 : Congressional elections 4.1 Clause 1 : Time , place , and manner of holding 4.2 Clause 2 : Sessions of Congress 5 Section 5 : Procedure 5.1 Clause 1 : Qualifications of Members 5.2 Clause 2 : Rules 5.3 Clause 3 : Record of proceedings 5.4 Clause 4 : Adjournment 6 Section 6 : Compensation , privileges , and restrictions on holding civil office 6.1 Clause 1 : Compensation and legal protection 6.2 Clause 2 : Independence from the executive 7 Section 7 : Bills 7.1 Clause 1 : Bills of revenue 7.2 Clause 2 : From bill to law 7.3 Clause 3 : Presidential veto 8 Section 8 : Powers of Congress 8.1 Enumerated powers 8.2 Commerce Clause 8.3 Other powers of Congress 8.4 Necessary and Proper clause 9 Section 9 : Limits on Congress 9.1 Slave trade 9.2 Civil and legal protections 9.3 Apportionment of direct taxes 9.4 Titles of nobility 10 Section 10 : Limits on the States 10.1 Clause 1 : Contracts Clause 10.2 Clause 2 : Import - Export Clause 10.3 Clause 3 : Compact Clause 11 Notes 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links Section 1 : legislative power vested in Congress ( edit ) Main article : Vesting Clauses Opening of the 112th Congress , House of Representatives chamber , January 5 , 2011 All legislative Powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States , which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives . Section 1 is a vesting clause that bestows federal legislative power exclusively to Congress . Similar clauses are found in Articles II and III . The former confers executive power upon the President alone , and the latter grants judicial power solely to the federal judiciary . These three articles create a separation of powers among the three branches of the federal government . This separation of powers , by which each department may exercise only its own constitutional powers and no others , is fundamental to the idea of a limited government accountable to the people . The separation of powers principle is particularly noteworthy in regard to the Congress . The Constitution declares that the Congress may exercise only those legislative powers `` herein granted '' within Article I ( as later limited by the Tenth Amendment ) . It also , by implied extension , prohibits Congress from delegating its legislativhello yaeje authority to either of the other branches of government , a rule known as the nondelegation doctrine . However , the Supreme Court has ruled that Congress does have latitude to delegate regulatory powers to executive agencies as long as it provides an `` intelligible principle '' which governs the agency 's exercise of the delegated regulatory authority . That the power assigned to each branch must remain with that branch , and may be expressed only by that branch , is central to the theory . The nondelegation doctrine is primarily used now as a way of interpreting a congressional delegation of authority narrowly , in that the courts presume Congress intended only to delegate that which it certainly could have , unless it clearly demonstrates it intended to `` test the waters '' of what the courts would allow it to do . Although not specifically mentioned in the Constitution , Congress has also long asserted the power to investigate and the power to compel cooperation with an investigation . The Supreme Court has affirmed these powers as an implication of Congress 's power to legislate . Since the power to investigate is an aspect of Congress 's power to legislate , it is as broad as Congress 's powers to legislate . However , it is also limited to inquiries that are `` in aid of the legislative function ; '' Congress may not `` expose for the sake of exposure . '' It is uncontroversial that a proper subject of Congress 's investigation power is the operations of the federal government , but Congress 's ability to compel the submission of documents or testimony from the President or his subordinates is often - discussed and sometimes controversial ( see executive privilege ) , although not often litigated . As a practical matter , the limitation of Congress 's ability to investigate only for a proper purpose ( `` in aid of '' its legislative powers ) functions as a limit on Congress 's ability to investigate the private affairs of individual citizens ; matters that simply demand action by another branch of government , without implicating an issue of public policy necessitating legislation by Congress , must be left to those branches due to the doctrine of separation of powers . The courts are highly deferential to Congress 's exercise of its investigation powers , however . Congress has the power to investigate that which it could regulate , and the courts have interpreted Congress 's regulatory powers broadly since the Great Depression . Section 2 : House of Representatives ( edit ) Clause 1 : composition and election of members ( edit ) The House of Representatives shall be composed of Members chosen every second Year by the People of the several States , and the Electors in each State shall have the Qualifications requisite for Electors of the most numerous Branch of the State Legislature . Section Two provides for the election of the House of Representatives every second year . Since Representatives are to be `` chosen ... by the People , '' State Governors are not allowed to appoint temporary replacements when vacancies occur in a state 's delegation to the House of Representatives ; instead , the Governor of the state is required by clause 4 to issue a writ of election calling a special election to fill the vacancy . At the time of its creation , the Constitution did not explicitly give citizens an inherent right to vote . Rather , it provided that those qualified to vote in elections for the largest chamber of a state 's legislature may vote in Congressional ( House of Representatives ) elections . Since the Civil War , several constitutional amendments have been enacted that have curbed the states ' broad powers to set voter qualification standards . Though never enforced , clause 2 of the Fourteenth Amendment provides that when the right to vote at any election for the choice of electors for President and Vice President of the United States , Representatives in Congress , the Executive and Judicial officers of a State , or the members of the Legislature thereof , is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such State , being twenty - one years of age , and citizens of the United States , or in any way abridged , except for participation in rebellion , or other crime , the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty - one years of age in such State . The Fifteenth Amendment prohibits the denial of the right to vote based on race , color , or previous condition of servitude . The Nineteenth Amendment prohibits the denial of the right to vote based on sex . The Twenty - fourth Amendment prohibits the revocation of voting rights due to the non-payment of a poll tax . The Twenty - sixth Amendment prohibits the denial of the right of US citizens , eighteen years of age or older , to vote on account of age . Moreover , since the Supreme Court has recognized voting as a fundamental right , the Equal Protection Clause places very tight limitations ( albeit with uncertain limits ) on the states ' ability to define voter qualifications ; it is fair to say that qualifications beyond citizenship , residency , and age are usually questionable . In the 1960s , the Supreme Court started to view voting as a fundamental right covered by the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment . In a dissenting opinion of a 1964 Supreme Court case involving reapportionment in the Alabama state legislature , Associate Justice John Marshall Harlan II included Minor in a list of past decisions about voting and apportionment which were no longer being followed . In Oregon v. Mitchell ( 1970 ) , the Supreme Court held that the Qualifications clause did not prevent Congress from overriding state - imposed minimum age restrictions for voters in Congressional elections . Since clause 3 provides that Members of the House of Representatives are apportioned state - by - state and that each state is guaranteed at least one Representative , exact population equality between all districts is not guaranteed and , in fact , is currently impossible , because while the size of the House of Representatives is fixed at 435 , several states had less than 1 / 435 of the national population at the time of the last reapportionment in 2010 . However , the Supreme Court has interpreted the provision of Clause One that Representatives shall be elected `` by the People '' to mean that , in those states with more than one member of the House of Representatives , each congressional election district within the state must have nearly identical populations . Clause 2 : qualifications of members ( edit ) No Person shall be a Representative who shall not have attained to the Age of twenty five Years , and been seven Years a Citizen of the United States , and who shall not , when elected , be an Inhabitant of that State in which he shall be chosen . The Constitution provides three requirements for Representatives : A Representative must be at least 25 years old , must be an inhabitant of the state in which he or she is elected , and must have been a citizen of the United States for the previous seven years . There is no requirement that a Representative reside within the district in which he or she represents ; although this is usually the case , there have been occasional exceptions . The Supreme Court has interpreted the Qualifications Clause as an exclusive list of qualifications that can not be supplemented by a house of Congress exercising its Section 5 authority to `` judge ... the ... qualifications of its own members '' or by a state in its exercise of its Section 4 authority to prescribe the `` times , places and manner of holding elections for Senators and Representatives . '' The Supreme Court , as well as other federal courts , have repeatedly barred states from additional restrictions , such as imposing term limits on members of Congress , allowing members of Congress to be subject to recall elections , or requiring that Representatives live in the congressional district in which they represent . A 2002 Congressional Research Service report also found that no state could implement a qualification that a Representative not be a convicted felon or incarcerated . However , the United States Supreme Court has ruled that certain ballot access requirements , such as filing fees and submitting a certain number of valid petition signatures do not constitute additional qualifications and thus few Constitutional restrictions exist as to how harsh ballot access laws can be . Clause 3 : apportionment of Representatives and taxes ( edit ) Representatives and direct Taxes shall be apportioned among the several States which may be included within this Union , according to their respective Numbers , which shall be determined by adding to the whole Number of free Persons , including those bound to Service for a Term of Years , and excluding Indians not taxed , three fifths of all other Persons . The actual Enumeration shall be made within three Years after the first Meeting of the Congress of the United States , and within every subsequent Term of ten Years , in such Manner as they shall by Law direct . The number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty Thousand , but each State shall have at Least one Representative ; and until such enumeration shall be made , the State of New Hampshire shall be entitled to chuse ( sic ) three , Massachusetts eight , Rhode - Island and Providence Plantations one , Connecticut five , New - York six , New Jersey four , Pennsylvania eight , Delaware one , Maryland six , Virginia ten , North Carolina five , South Carolina five , and Georgia three . After much debate , the framers of the Constitution decided to make population the basis of apportioning the seats in the House of Representatives and the tax liability among the states . To facilitate this , the Constitution mandates that a census be conducted every ten years to determine the population of each state and of the nation as a whole and establishes a rule for who shall be counted or excluded from the count . As the new form of government would become operational prior to the completion of a national census , the Constitution also provides for a temporary apportionment of seats . Originally , the population of each state and of the nation as a whole was ascertained by adding to the whole number of free Persons , three - fifths the number of all other Persons ( i.e. slaves ) , but excluding non-taxed Native Americans . This Constitutional rule , known as the three - fifths compromise , was a compromise between Southern and Northern states in which three - fifths of the population of slaves would be counted for enumeration purposes and for the apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives and of taxes among the states . It was , according to Supreme Court Justice Joseph Story ( writing in 1833 ) , a `` matter of compromise and concession , confessedly unequal in its operation , but a necessary sacrifice to that spirit of conciliation , which was indispensable to the union of states having a great diversity of interests , and physical condition , and political institutions '' . Following the completion of each census , Congress is empowered to use the aggregate population in all the states ( according to the prevailing Constitutional rule for determining population ) to determine the relative population of each state to the population of the whole , and , based on its calculations , to establish the appropriate size of the House and to allocate a particular number of representatives to each state according to its share of the national population . Since enactment of the Reapportionment Act of 1929 , a constant 435 House seats have been apportioned among the states according to each census , and determining the size of the House is not presently part of the apportionment process . With one exception , the apportionment of 1842 , the House of Representatives had been enlarged by various degrees from sixty - five members in 1788 to 435 members by 1913 . The determination of size was made based on the aggregate national population , so long as the size of the House did not exceed 1 member for every 30,000 of the country 's total population nor the size of any state 's delegation exceed 1 for every 30,000 of that state 's population . With the size of the House still fixed at 435 , the current ratio , as of the 2010 Census , is around 1 Representative : 700,000 Citizens . Although the first sentence in this clause originally concerned apportionment of both House seats and taxes among the several states , the Fourteenth Amendment sentence that replaced it in 1868 mentioned only the apportionment of House seats . Even so , the constraint placed upon Congress 's taxation power remained , as the restriction was reiterated in Article 1 Section 9 Clause 4 . The amount of direct taxes that could be collected by the federal government from the people in any State would still be tied directly to that state 's share of the national population . Due to this restriction , application of the income tax to income derived from real estate and specifically income in the form of dividends from personal property ownership such as stock shares was found to be unconstitutional because it was not apportioned among the states ; that is to say , there was no guarantee that a State with 10 % of the country 's population paid 10 % of those income taxes collected , because Congress had not fixed an amount of money to be raised and apportioned it between the States according to their respective shares of the national population . To permit the levying of such an income tax , Congress proposed and the states ratified the Sixteenth Amendment , which removed the restriction by specifically providing that Congress could levy a tax on income `` from whatever source derived '' without it being apportioned among the States or otherwise based on a State 's share of the national population . Clause 4 : vacancies ( edit ) When vacancies happen in the Representation from any State , the Executive Authority thereof shall issue Writs of Election to fill such Vacancies . Section two , Clause four , provides that when vacancies occur in the House of Representatives , it is not the job of the House of Representatives to arrange for a replacement , but the job of the State whose vacant seat is up for refilling . Moreover , the State Governor may not appoint a temporary replacement , but must instead arrange for a special election to fill the vacancy . The original qualifications and procedures for holding that election are still valid . Clause 5 : Speaker and other officers ; impeachment ( edit ) The House of Representatives shall chuse ( sic ) their Speaker and other Officers ; and shall have the sole Power of Impeachment . Section Two further provides that the House of Representatives may choose its Speaker and its other officers . Though the Constitution does not mandate it , every Speaker has been a member of the House of Representatives . The Speaker rarely presides over routine House sessions , choosing instead to deputize a junior member to accomplish the task . Finally , Section Two grants to the House of Representatives the sole power of impeachment . Although the Supreme Court has not had an occasion to interpret this specific provision , the Court has suggested that the grant to the House of the `` sole '' power of impeachment makes the House the exclusive interpreter of what constitutes an impeachable offense . This power , which is analogous to the bringing of criminal charges by a grand jury , has been used only rarely . The House of Representatives has initiated impeachment proceedings 62 times since 1789 , and nineteen federal officials have been formally impeached as a result , including : two Presidents ( Andrew Johnson and Bill Clinton ) , one Cabinet Secretary ( William W. Belknap ) , one Senator ( William Blount ) , one Supreme Court Associate Justice ( Samuel Chase ) , and fourteen federal judges . The Constitution does not specify how impeachment proceedings are to be initiated . Until the early 20th century , a House member could rise and propose an impeachment , which would then be assigned to a committee for investigation . Presently , it is the House Judiciary Committee that initiates the process and then , after investigating the allegations , prepares recommendations for the whole House 's consideration . If the House votes to adopt an impeachment resolution , the Chairman of the Judiciary Committee recommends a slate of `` managers , '' whom the House subsequently approves by resolution . These Representatives subsequently become the prosecution team in the impeachment trial in the Senate ( see Section 3 , Clause 6 below ) . Section 3 : Senate ( edit ) Clause 1 : composition ; election of Senators ( edit ) Gilded Age monopolies could no longer control the U.S. Senate ( left ) by corrupting state legislatures ( right ) . The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each State , chosen by the Legislature thereof , for six Years ; and each Senator shall have one Vote . The first Clause of Section Three provides that each state is entitled to have two Senators , who would be elected by its state legislature ( now by the people of each state ) , serve for staggered six - year terms , and have one vote each . By these provisions , the framers of the Constitution intended to protect the interests of the states as states . This clause has been superseded by the Seventeenth Amendment , ratified in 1913 , which , in part , provides as amended , that The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each State , elected by the people thereof , for six years ; and each Senator shall have one vote . Article Five specifies the means by which the Constitution of the United States can be amended . It ends by temporarily shielding three Article I clauses from being amended . This clause is among them . ( The others are first and fourth clauses in Section 9 . ) Article Five provides that `` no State , without its Consent , shall be deprived of its equal Suffrage in the Senate '' . Thus , no individual state may have its individual representation in the Senate adjusted without its consent . That is to say , an amendment that changed this clause to provide that all states would get only one Senator ( or three Senators , or any other number ) could become valid as part of the Constitution if ratified by three - fourths of the states ; however , one that provided for some basis of representation other than strict numerical equality ( for example , population , wealth , or land area ) , would require the unanimous consent of all the states . Denying the states their intended role as joint partners in the federal government by abolishing their equality in the Senate would , according to Chief Justice Salmon P. Chase ( in Texas v. White ) , destroy the grounding of the Union . This Article V provision has been employed by those opposed to contemplated constitutional amendments that would grant the District of Columbia full representation in the Congress without also granting it statehood . Their argument is that an amendment that would allow a non-state district to have two Senators would deprive the states of their equal suffrage in the Senate and would therefore require unanimous ratification by all the states . Whether unanimous consent of the 50 states would be required for such an amendment to become operative remains an unanswered political question . Clause 2 : classification of Senators ; vacancies ( edit ) Immediately after they shall be assembled in Consequence of the first Election , they shall be divided as equally as may be into three Classes . The Seats of the Senators of the first Class shall be vacated at the Expiration of the second Year , of the second Class at the Expiration of the fourth Year , and of the third Class at the Expiration of the sixth Year , so that one third may be chosen every second Year ; and if Vacancies happen by Resignation , or otherwise , during the Recess of the Legislature of any State , the Executive thereof may make temporary Appointments until the next Meeting of the Legislature , which shall then fill such Vacancies . After the first group of Senators was elected to the First Congress ( 1789 -- 1791 ) , the Senators were divided into three `` classes '' as nearly equal in size as possible , as required by this section . This was done in May 1789 by lot . It was also decided that each state 's Senators would be assigned to two different classes . Those Senators grouped in the first class had their term expire after only two years ; those Senators in the second class had their term expire after only four years , instead of six . After this , all Senators from those States have been elected to six - year terms , and as new States have joined the Union , their Senate seats have been assigned to two of the three classes , maintaining each grouping as nearly equal in size as possible . In this way , election is staggered ; approximately one - third of the Senate is up for re-election every two years , but the entire body is never up for re-election in the same year ( as contrasted with the House , where its entire membership is up for re-election every 2 years ) . As originally established , Senators were elected by the Legislature of the State they represented in the Senate . If a senator died , resigned , or was expelled , the legislature of the state would appoint a replacement to serve out the remainder of the senator 's term . If the State Legislature was not in session , its Governor could appoint a temporary replacement to serve until the legislature could elect a permanent replacement . This was superseded by the Seventeenth Amendment , which provided for the Popular Election of Senators , instead of their appointment by the State Legislature . In a nod to the less populist nature of the Senate , the Amendment tracks the vacancy procedures for the House of Representatives in requiring that the Governor call a special election to fill the vacancy , but ( unlike in the House ) it vests in the State Legislature the authority to allow the Governor to appoint a temporary replacement until the special election is held . Note , however , that under the original Constitution , the Governors of the states were expressly allowed by the Constitution to make temporary appointments . The current system , under the Seventeenth Amendment , allows Governors to appoint a replacement only if their state legislature has previously decided to allow the Governor to do so ; otherwise , the seat must remain vacant until the special election is held to fill the seat , as in the case of a vacancy in the House . Clause 3 : qualifications of Senators ( edit ) No Person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained to the Age of thirty Years , and been nine Years a Citizen of the United States , and who shall not , when elected , be an Inhabitant of that State for which he shall be chosen . A Senator must be at least 30 years of age , must have been a citizen of the United States for at least nine years before being elected , and must reside in the State he or she will represent at the time of the election . The Supreme Court has interpreted the Qualifications Clause as an exclusive list of qualifications that can not be supplemented by a House of Congress exercising its Section . 5 . authority to `` Judge ... the ... Qualifications of its own Members , '' or by a state in its exercise of its Section . 4 . authority to prescribe the `` Times , Places and Manner of holding Elections for Senators and Representatives , ... '' Clause 4 : Vice President as President of Senate ( edit ) See also : List of tie - breaking votes cast by Vice Presidents of the United States The Vice President of the United States shall be President of the Senate , but shall have no Vote , unless they be equally divided . Section Three provides that the Vice President is the President of the Senate . Excepting the duty to receive the tally of electoral votes for President , this is the only regular responsibility assigned to the office of the Vice President by the Constitution . When serving in this capacity , the Vice President , who is not a member of the Senate , may cast tie - breaking votes . Early in the nation 's history , Vice Presidents frequently presided over the Senate . In modern times , the Vice President usually does so only during ceremonial occasions or when a tie in the voting is anticipated . Through March 30 , 2017 , a tie - breaking vote has been cast 258 times by 36 different Vice Presidents . Clause 5 : President pro tempore and other officers ( edit ) Republican Senator Orrin Hatch of Utah , current President pro tempore of the United States Senate The Senate shall chuse ( sic ) their other Officers , and also a President pro tempore , in the Absence of the Vice President , or when he shall exercise the Office of the President of the United States . Clause five provides for a President pro tempore of the Senate , a Senator elected to the post by the Senate , to preside over the body when the Vice President is either absent or exercising the Office of the President . Although the Constitutional text seems to suggest to the contrary , the Senate 's current practice is to elect a full - time President pro tempore at the beginning of each Congress , as opposed to making it a temporary office only existing during the Vice President 's absence . Since World War II , the senior ( longest serving ) member of the majority party has filled this position . As is true of the Speaker of the House , the Constitution does not require that the President pro tempore be a senator , but by convention , a senator is always chosen . Clause 6 : trial of impeachment ( edit ) The Senate shall have the sole Power to try all Impeachments . When sitting for that Purpose , they shall be on Oath or Affirmation . When the President of the United States is tried , the Chief Justice shall preside : And no Person shall be convicted without the Concurrence of two thirds of the Members present . Clause Six grants to the Senate the sole power to try impeachments and spells out the basic procedures for impeachment trials . The Supreme Court has interpreted this clause to mean that the Senate has exclusive and unreviewable authority to determine what constitutes an adequate impeachment trial . Of the nineteen federal officials formally impeached by the House of Representatives , eleven were acquitted and seven were convicted by the Senate . On one occasion the Senate declined to hold a trial . The impeachment trial of President Clinton in 1999 , Chief Justice William Rehnquist presiding . The constitution 's framers vested the Senate with this power for several reasons . First , they believed Senators would be better educated , more virtuous , and more high - minded than Members of the House of Representatives and thus uniquely able to decide responsibly the most difficult of political questions . Second , they believed that the Senate , being a numerous body , would be well suited to handle the procedural demands of an impeachment trial , in which it , unlike judges and the judiciary system , would `` never be tied down by such strict rules , either in the delineation of the offense by the prosecutor , or in the construction of it by judges , as in the common cases serve to limit the discretion of courts in favor of personal security . '' ( Alexander Hamilton , The Federalist No. 65 ) . There are three Constitutionally mandated requirements for impeachment trials . The provision that Senators must sit on oath or affirmation was designed to impress upon them the extreme seriousness of the occasion . The stipulation that the Chief Justice is to preside over presidential impeachment trials underscores the solemnity of the occasion and aims to avoid the possible conflict of interest of a Vice President 's presiding over the proceeding for the removal of the one official standing between him ( or her ) and the presidency . The specification that a two - thirds supermajority vote of those Senators present is necessary in order to convict designed to facilitate serious deliberation and to make removal possible only through a consensus that cuts across factional divisions . Clause 7 : Judgment in cases of impeachment ; punishment on conviction ( edit ) Judgment in Cases of Impeachment shall not extend further than to removal from Office , and disqualification to hold and enjoy any Office of honor , Trust or Profit under the United States : but the Party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to Indictment , Trial , Judgment and Punishment , according to Law . If any officer is convicted on impeachment , he or she is immediately removed from office , and may be barred from holding any public office in the future . No other punishments may be inflicted pursuant to the impeachment proceeding , but the convicted party remains liable to trial and punishment in the courts for civil and criminal charges . Section 4 : congressional elections ( edit ) Clause 1 : time , place , and manner of holding ( edit ) The Times , Places and Manner of holding Elections for Senators and Representatives , shall be prescribed in each State by the Legislature thereof ; but the Congress may at any time by Law make or alter such Regulations , except as to the Places of chusing ( sic ) Senators . The purpose of this clause is twofold . First , it makes clear the division of responsibility with respect to the conduct of the election of federal Senators and Representatives . That responsibility lies primarily with the states and secondarily with Congress . Second , the clause lodges the power to regulate elections in the respective legislative branches of the states and the federal government , not with the executive or judicial . As authorized by this clause , Congress has set a uniform date for federal elections : the Tuesday following the first Monday in November . Presently , as there are no on - point federal regulations , the states retain the authority to regulate the dates on which other aspects of the election process are held ( registration , primary elections , etc . ) and where elections will be held . As for regulating the `` manner '' of elections , the Supreme Court has interpreted this to mean `` matters like notices , registration , supervision of voting , protection of voters , prevention of fraud and corrupt practices , counting of votes , duties of inspectors and canvassers , and making and publication of election returns . '' The Supreme Court has held that States may not exercise their power to determine the `` manner '' of holding elections to impose term limits on their congressional delegation . One of the most significant ways that each state regulates the `` manner '' of elections is through their power to draw electoral districts . Although in theory Congress could draw the district map for each State , it has not exercised this level of oversight . Congress has , however , required the States to conform to certain practices when drawing districts . States are currently required to use a single - member district scheme , whereby the State is divided into as many election districts for Representatives in the House of Representatives as the size of its representation in that body ( that is to say , Representatives can not be elected at - large from the whole State unless the State has only one Representative in the House , nor can districts elect more than 1 Representative ) . The Supreme Court has interpreted `` by the Legislature thereof '' to include voters using the initiative process , in those state whose constitutions provide it , to create an independent redistricting commission . Congress first exercised its power to regulate elections nation - wide 1842 , when the 27th Congress passed a law requiring the election of Representatives by districts . In subsequent years , Congress expanded on the requirements , successively adding contiguity , compactness , and substantial equality of population to the districting requirements . These standards were all later deleted in the Reapportionment Act of 1929 . Congress subsequently reinstated the requirement that districts be composed of contiguous territory , be `` compact , '' and have equal populations within each State . Congress has allowed those requirements to lapse , but the Supreme Court has re-imposed the population requirement on the States under the Equal Protection Clause and is suspicious of districts that do not meet the other `` traditional '' districting criteria of compactness and contiguity . In 1866 , Congress legislated a remedy for a situation under which deadlocks in state legislatures over the election of Senators were creating vacancies in the office . The act required the two houses of each legislature to meet in joint session on a specified day and to meet every day thereafter until a Senator was selected . The first comprehensive federal statute dealing with elections was adopted in 1870 as a means of enforcing the Fifteenth Amendment 's guarantee against racial discrimination in granting suffrage rights . Under the Enforcement Act of 1870 , and subsequent laws , false registration , bribery , voting without legal right , making false returns of votes cast , interference in any manner with officers of election , and the neglect by any such officer of any duty required by state or federal law were made federal offenses . Provision was made for the appointment by federal judges of persons to attend at places of registration and at elections with authority to challenge any person proposing to register or vote unlawfully , to witness the counting of votes , and to identify by their signatures the registration of voters and election tally sheets . Beginning with the Tillman Act of 1907 , Congress has imposed a growing number of restrictions on elections and campaign financing . The most significant piece of legislation has been the 1971 Federal Election Campaign Act . It was this legislation that was at issue in the Supreme Court 's seminal decision , Buckley v. Valeo ( 1976 ) , which , in the face of a First Amendment challenge , set the ground rules for campaign finance legislation , generally disallowing restrictions on expenditures by candidates , but permitting restrictions on contributions by individuals and corporations . In addition to statutory constraints , Congress and the States have altered the electoral process through amending the Constitution ( first in the above mentioned Fifteenth Amendment ) . The Seventeenth Amendment altered the manner of conducting the elections of Senators ; establishing that they are to be elected by the people of the states . Also , the Nineteenth Amendment prohibits any U.S. citizen from being denied the right to vote on the basis of sex ; the Twenty - fourth Amendment prohibits both Congress and the states from conditioning the right to vote in federal elections on payment of a poll tax or other types of tax ; and the Twenty - sixth Amendment prohibits the states and the federal government from using age as a reason for denying the right to vote to U.S. citizens who are at least eighteen years old . Clause 2 : sessions of Congress ( edit ) The Congress shall assemble at least once in every Year , and such Meeting shall be on the first Monday in December , unless they shall by Law appoint a different Day . Clause 2 fixes an annual date upon which Congress must meet . By doing so , the Constitution empowers Congress to meet , whether or not the President called it into session . Article II , Section 3 does grant the president limited authority to convene and adjourn both Houses ( or either of them ) and mandates that it will meet at least once in a year to enact legislation on behalf of the people . Some delegates to the 1787 constitutional convention believed yearly meetings were not necessary , for there would not be enough legislative business for Congress to deal with annually . Nathaniel Gorham of Massachusetts argued that the time should be fixed to prevent disputes from arising within the legislature , and to allow the states to adjust their elections to correspond with the fixed date . A fixed date also corresponded to the tradition in the states of having annual meetings . Finally , Gorham concluded that the legislative branch should be required to meet at least once a year to act as a check upon the executive department . Although this clause provides that the annual meeting was to be on the first Monday in December , the government established by the 1787 Constitution did not begin operations until March 4 , 1789 . As the 1st Congress held its initial meeting on March 4 , that became the date on which new representatives and senators took office in subsequent years . Therefore , every other year , although a new Congress was elected in November , it did not come into office until the following March , with a `` lame duck '' session convening in the interim . This practice was altered in 1933 following ratification of the Twentieth Amendment , which states ( in Section 2 ) that , `` The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year , and such meeting shall begin at noon on the third day of January , unless they shall by law appoint a different day '' . This change virtually eliminated the necessity of there being a lame duck session of Congress . Section 5 : procedure ( edit ) Clause 1 : qualifications of members ( edit ) Each House shall be the Judge of the Elections , Returns and Qualifications of its own Members , and a Majority of each shall constitute a Quorum to do Business ; but a smaller Number may adjourn from day to day , and may be authorized to compel the Attendance of absent Members , in such Manner , and under such Penalties as each House may provide . Section Five states that a majority of each House constitutes a quorum to do business ; a smaller number may adjourn the House or compel the attendance of absent members . In practice , the quorum requirement is all but ignored . A quorum is assumed to be present unless a quorum call , requested by a member , proves otherwise . Rarely do members ask for quorum calls to demonstrate the absence of a quorum ; more often , they use the quorum call as a delaying tactic . Sometimes , unqualified individuals have been admitted to Congress . For instance , the Senate once admitted John Henry Eaton , a twenty - eight - year - old , in 1818 ( the admission was inadvertent , as Eaton 's birth date was unclear at the time ) . In 1934 , a twenty - nine - year - old , Rush Holt , was elected to the Senate ; he agreed to wait six months , until his thirtieth birthday , to take the oath . The Senate ruled in that case that the age requirement applied as of the date of the taking of the oath , not the date of election . Clause 2 : rules ( edit ) Each House may determine the Rules of its Proceedings , punish its Members for disorderly Behavior , and , with the Concurrence of two thirds , expel a member . Each House can determine its own Rules ( assuming a quorum is present ) , and may punish any of its members . A two - thirds vote is necessary to expel a member . Section 5 , Clause 2 does not provide specific guidance to each House regarding when and how each House may change its rules , leaving details to the respective chambers . Clause 3 : record of proceedings ( edit ) Each House shall keep a Journal of its Proceedings , and from time to time publish the same , excepting such Parts as may in their Judgment require Secrecy ; and the Yeas and Nays of the Members of either House on any question shall , at the desire of one fifth of those present , be entered on the Journal . Each House must keep and publish a Journal , though it may choose to keep any part of the Journal secret . The decisions of the House -- not the words spoken during debates -- are recorded in the Journal ; if one - fifth of those present ( assuming a quorum is present ) request it , the votes of the members on a particular question must also be entered . Clause 4 : adjournment ( edit ) Neither House , during the Session of Congress , shall , without the Consent of the other , adjourn for more than three days , nor to any other Place than that in which the two Houses shall be sitting . Neither House may adjourn , without the consent of the other , for more than three days . Often , a House will hold pro forma sessions every three days ; such sessions are merely held to fulfill the constitutional requirement , and not to conduct business . Furthermore , neither House may meet in any place other than that designated for both Houses ( the Capitol ) , without the consent of the other House . Section 6 : compensation , privileges , and restrictions on holding civil office ( edit ) Clause 1 : compensation and legal Protection ( edit ) Main article : Speech or Debate Clause The Senators and Representatives shall receive a Compensation for their Services , to be ascertained by Law , and paid out of the Treasury of the United States . They shall in all Cases , except Treason , Felony and Breach of the Peace , be privileged from Arrest during their Attendance at the Session of their respective Houses , and in going to and returning from the same ; and for any Speech or Debate in either House , they shall not be questioned in any other Place . Senators and Representatives set their own compensation . Under the Twenty - seventh Amendment , any change in their compensation will not take effect until after the next congressional election . Members of both Houses have certain privileges , based on those enjoyed by the members of the British Parliament . Members attending , going to or returning from either House are privileged from arrest , except for treason , felony or breach of the peace . One may not sue a Senator or Representative for slander occurring during Congressional debate , nor may speech by a member of Congress during a Congressional session be the basis for criminal prosecution . The latter was affirmed when Mike Gravel published over 4,000 pages of the Pentagon Papers in the Congressional Record , which might have otherwise been a criminal offense . This clause has also been interpreted in Gravel v. United States , 408 U.S. 606 ( 1972 ) to provide protection to aides and staff of sitting members of Congress , so long as their activities relate to legislative matters . Clause 2 : independence from the executive ( edit ) Main article : Ineligibility Clause See also : Saxbe fix No Senator or Representative shall , during the Time for which he was elected , be appointed to any civil Office under the Authority of the United States , which shall have been created , or the Emoluments whereof shall have been increased during such time ; and no Person holding any Office under the United States , shall be a Member of either House during his Continuance in Office . Senators and Representatives may not simultaneously serve in Congress and hold a position in the executive branch . This restriction is meant to protect legislative independence by preventing the president from using patronage to buy votes in Congress . It is a major difference from the political system in the British Parliament , where cabinet ministers are required to be members of parliament . Furthermore , Senators and Representatives can not resign to take newly created or higher - paying political positions ; rather , they must wait until the conclusion of the term for which they were elected . If Congress increases the salary of a particular officer , it may later reduce that salary to permit an individual to resign from Congress and take that position ( known as the Saxbe fix ) . The effects of the clause were discussed in 1937 , when Senator Hugo Black was appointed an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court with some time left in his Senate term . Just prior to the appointment , Congress had increased the pension available to Justices retiring at the age of seventy . It was therefore suggested by some that the office 's emolument had been increased during Black 's Senatorial term , and that therefore Black could not take office as a Justice . The response , however , was that Black was fifty - one years old , and would not receive the increased pension until at least 19 years later , long after his Senate term had expired . Section 7 : bills ( edit ) Clause 1 : bills of revenue ( edit ) Main article : Bills of Revenue All Bills for raising Revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives ; but the Senate may propose or concur with Amendments as on other Bills . This establishes the method for making Acts of Congress that involve taxation . Accordingly , any bill may originate in either House of Congress , except for a revenue bill , which may originate only in the House of Representatives . In practice , the Senate sometimes circumvents this requirement by substituting the text of a revenue bill previously passed by the House with a substitute text . Either House may amend any bill , including revenue and appropriation bills . This clause of the U.S. Constitution stemmed from an English parliamentary practice that all money bills must have their first reading in the House of Commons . This practice was intended to ensure that the power of the purse is possessed by the legislative body most responsive to the people , although the English practice was modified in America by allowing the Senate to amend these bills . The clause was part of the Great Compromise between small and large states ; the large states were unhappy with the lopsided power of small states in the Senate , and so the clause theoretically offsets the unrepresentative nature of the Senate , and compensates the large states for allowing equal voting rights to Senators from small states . Clause 2 : from bill to law ( edit ) Every Bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and the Senate , shall , before it become a Law , be presented to the President of the United States ; If he approve he shall sign it , but if not he shall return it , with his Objections to that House in which it shall have originated , who shall enter the Objections at large on their Journal , and proceed to reconsider it . If after such Reconsideration two thirds of that House shall agree to pass the Bill , it shall be sent , together with the Objections , to the other House , by which it shall likewise be reconsidered , and if approved by two thirds of that House , it shall become a Law . But in all such Cases the Votes of both Houses shall be determined by yeas and Nays , and the Names of the Persons voting for and against the Bill shall be entered on the Journal of each House respectively . If any Bill shall not be returned by the President within ten Days ( Sundays excepted ) after it shall have been presented to him , the Same shall be a Law , in like Manner as if he had signed it , unless the Congress by their Adjournment prevent its Return , in which Case it shall not be a Law . This clause is known as the Presentment Clause . Before a bill becomes law , it must be presented to the President , who has ten days ( excluding Sundays ) to act upon it . If the President signs the bill , it becomes law . If he disapproves of the bill , he must return it to the House in which it originated together with his objections . This procedure has become known as the veto , although that particular word does not appear in the text of Article One . The bill does not then become law unless both Houses , by two - thirds votes , override the veto . If the President neither signs nor returns the bill within the ten - day limit , the bill becomes law , unless the Congress has adjourned in the meantime , thereby preventing the President from returning the bill to the House in which it originated . In the latter case , the President , by taking no action on the bill towards the end of a session , exercises a `` pocket veto '' , which Congress may not override . In the former case , where the President allows a bill to become law unsigned , there is no common name for the practice , but recent scholarship has termed it a `` default enactment . '' What exactly constitutes an adjournment for the purposes of the pocket veto has been unclear . In the Pocket Veto Case ( 1929 ) , the Supreme Court held that `` the determinative question in reference to an ' adjournment ' is not whether it is a final adjournment of Congress or an interim adjournment , such as an adjournment of the first session , but whether it is one that ' prevents ' the President from returning the bill to the House in which it originated within the time allowed . '' Since neither House of Congress was in session , the President could not return the bill to one of them , thereby permitting the use of the pocket veto . In Wright v. United States ( 1938 ) , however , the Court ruled that adjournments of one House only did not constitute an adjournment of Congress required for a pocket veto . In such cases , the Secretary or Clerk of the House in question was ruled competent to receive the bill . Clause 3 : presidential veto ( edit ) Every Order , Resolution , or Vote to which the Concurrence of the Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary ( except on a question of Adjournment ) shall be presented to the President of the United States ; and before the Same shall take Effect , shall be approved by him , or being disapproved by him , shall be repassed by two thirds of the Senate and House of Representatives , according to the Rules and Limitations prescribed in the Case of a Bill . In 1996 , Congress passed the Line Item Veto Act , which permitted the President , at the time of the signing of the bill , to rescind certain expenditures . The Congress could disapprove the cancellation and reinstate the funds . The President could veto the disapproval , but the Congress , by a two - thirds vote in each House , could override the veto . In the case Clinton v. City of New York , the Supreme Court found the Line Item Veto Act unconstitutional because it violated the Presentment clause . First , the procedure delegated legislative powers to the President , thereby violating the nondelegation doctrine . Second , the procedure violated the terms of Section Seven , which state , `` if he approve ( the bill ) he shall sign it , but if not he shall return it . '' Thus , the President may sign the bill , veto it , or do nothing , but he may not amend the bill and then sign it . Every bill , order , resolution , or vote that must be passed by both Houses , except on a question of adjournment , must be presented to the President before becoming law . However , to propose a constitutional amendment , two - thirds of both Houses may submit it to the states for the ratification , without any consideration by the President , as prescribed in Article V . Some Presidents have made very extensive use of the veto , while others have not used it at all . Grover Cleveland , for instance , vetoed over four hundred bills during his first term in office ; Congress overrode only two of those vetoes . Meanwhile , seven Presidents have never used the veto power . There have been 2,560 vetoes , including pocket vetoes . Section 8 : powers of Congress ( edit ) Enumerated powers ( edit ) Newly naturalized citizen , Albert Einstein received his certificate of the United States of America citizenship from Judge Phillip Forman . Main article : Enumerated powers Congress 's legislative powers are enumerated in Section Eight : The Congress shall have power To lay and collect Taxes , Duties , Imposts and Excises , to pay the Debts and provide for the common defence and general Welfare of the United States ; but all Duties , Imposts and Excises shall be uniform throughout the United States ; To borrow Money on the credit of the United States ; To regulate Commerce with foreign Nations , and among the several States , and with the Indian Tribes ; To establish an uniform Rule of Naturalization , and uniform Laws on the subject of Bankruptcies throughout the United States ; To coin Money , regulate the Value thereof , and of foreign Coin , and fix the Standard of Weights and Measures ; To provide for the Punishment of counterfeiting the Securities and current coin of the United States ; To establish Post Offices and post Roads ; To promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts , by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right to their respective Writings and Discoveries ; To constitute Tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court ; To define and punish Piracies and Felonies committed on the high Seas , and Offenses against the Law of Nations ; To declare War , grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal , and make Rules concerning Captures on Land and Water ; To raise and support Armies , but no Appropriation of Money to that Use shall be for a longer Term than two Years ; To provide and maintain a Navy ; To make Rules for the Government and Regulation of the land and naval Forces ; To provide for calling forth the Militia to execute the Laws of the Union , suppress Insurrections and repel Invasions ; To provide for organizing , arming , and disciplining , the Militia , and for governing such Part of them as may be employed in the Service of the United States , reserving to the States respectively , the Appointment of the Officers , and the Authority of training the Militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress ; To exercise exclusive Legislation in all Cases whatsoever , over such District ( not exceeding ten Miles square ) as may , by Cession of particular States , and the Acceptance of Congress , become the Seat of the Government of the United States , and to exercise like Authority over all Places purchased by the Consent of the Legislature of the State in which the Same shall be , for the Erection of Forts , Magazines , Arsenals , dock - Yards , and other needful Buildings ; -- And To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers , and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States , or in any Department or Officer thereof . Congress 's `` power of the purse '' authorizes taxing citizens , spending money , and minting coins . Many powers of Congress have been interpreted broadly . Most notably , the Taxing and Spending , Interstate Commerce , and Necessary and Proper Clauses have been deemed to grant expansive powers to Congress . Congress may lay and collect taxes for the `` common defense '' or `` general welfare '' of the United States . The U.S. Supreme Court has not often defined `` general welfare , '' leaving the political question to Congress . In United States v. Butler ( 1936 ) , the Court for the first time construed the clause . The dispute centered on a tax collected from processors of agricultural products such as meat ; the funds raised by the tax were not paid into the general funds of the treasury , but were rather specially earmarked for farmers . The Court struck down the tax , ruling that the general welfare language in the Taxing and Spending Clause related only to `` matters of national , as distinguished from local , welfare '' . Congress continues to make expansive use of the Taxing and Spending Clause ; for instance , the social security program is authorized under the Taxing and Spending Clause . Congress has the power to borrow money on the credit of the United States . In 1871 , when deciding Knox v. Lee , the Court ruled that this clause permitted Congress to emit bills and make them legal tender in satisfaction of debts . Whenever Congress borrows money , it is obligated to repay the sum as stipulated in the original agreement . However , such agreements are only `` binding on the conscience of the sovereign '' , as the doctrine of sovereign immunity prevents a creditor from suing in court if the government reneges its commitment . The Necessary and Proper Clause , as well as the Commerce and General Welfare Clauses have been interpreted so broadly that to this day , the Federal Government of the United States exercises many powers that are not expressly delegated by the States in the Federal Government by the Constitution , like the different social programs of the American Welfare State . However , James Madison , who wrote much of the Constitution , disagrees that Congress exercises powers that are not expressly granted in the Constitution ; Madison , when he held the Office of President of the United States , exercised his Veto power against the Federal Public Works Bill of 1817 , calling it Unconstitutional , since to him , the Federal Government does not have the power to build infrastructure . To the House of Representatives of the United States : Having considered the bill this day presented to me entitled `` An act to set apart and pledge certain funds for internal improvements , '' and which sets apart and pledges funds `` for constructing roads and canals , and improving the navigation of water courses , in order to facilitate , promote , and give security to internal commerce among the several States , and to render more easy and less expensive the means and provisions for the common defense , '' I am constrained by the insuperable difficulty I feel in reconciling the bill with the Constitution of the United States to return it with that objection to the House of Representatives , in which it originated . The legislative powers vested in Congress are specified and enumerated in the eighth section of the first article of the Constitution , and it does not appear that the power proposed to be exercised by the bill is among the enumerated powers , or that it falls by any just interpretation with the power to make laws necessary and proper for carrying into execution those or other powers vested by the Constitution in the Government of the United States . `` The power to regulate commerce among the several States '' can not include a power to construct roads and canals , and to improve the navigation of water courses in order to facilitate , promote , and secure such commerce without a latitude of construction departing from the ordinary import of the terms strengthened by the known inconveniences which doubtless led to the grant of this remedial power to Congress . -- James Madison , 4th President of the United States , Veto of federal public works bill of March 3 , 1817 . Commerce Clause ( edit ) Chief Justice John Marshall established a broad interpretation of the Commerce Clause . Main article : Commerce Clause The Congress shall have Power ( ... ) To regulate Commerce with foreign Nations , and among the several States , and with the Indian Tribes ; The Supreme Court has seldom restrained the use of the commerce clause for widely varying purposes . The first important decision related to the commerce clause was Gibbons v. Ogden , decided by a unanimous Court in 1824 . The case involved conflicting federal and state laws : Thomas Gibbons had a federal permit to navigate steamboats in the Hudson River , while the other , Aaron Ogden , had a monopoly to do the same granted by the state of New York . Ogden contended that `` commerce '' included only buying and selling of goods and not their transportation . Chief Justice John Marshall rejected this notion . Marshall suggested that `` commerce '' included navigation of goods , and that it `` must have been contemplated '' by the Framers . Marshall added that Congress 's power over commerce `` is complete in itself , may be exercised to its utmost extent , and acknowledges no limitations other than are prescribed in the Constitution '' . The expansive interpretation of the Commerce Clause was restrained during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries , when a laissez - faire attitude dominated the Court . In United States v. E.C. Knight Company ( 1895 ) , the Supreme Court limited the newly enacted Sherman Antitrust Act , which had sought to break up the monopolies dominating the nation 's economy . The Court ruled that Congress could not regulate the manufacture of goods , even if they were later shipped to other states . Chief Justice Melville Fuller wrote , `` commerce succeeds to manufacture , and is not a part of it . '' The U.S. Supreme Court sometimes ruled New Deal programs unconstitutional because they stretched the meaning of the commerce clause . In Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States , ( 1935 ) the Court unanimously struck down industrial codes regulating the slaughter of poultry , declaring that Congress could not regulate commerce relating to the poultry , which had `` come to a permanent rest within the State . '' As Chief Justice Charles Evans Hughes put it , `` so far as the poultry here in question is concerned , the flow of interstate commerce has ceased . '' Judicial rulings against attempted use of Congress 's Commerce Clause powers continued during the 1930s . In 1937 , the Supreme Court began moving away from its laissez - faire attitude concerning Congressional legislation and the Commerce Clause , when it ruled in National Labor Relations Board v. Jones & Laughlin Steel Company , that the National Labor Relations Act of 1935 ( commonly known as the Wagner Act ) was constitutional . The legislation under scrutiny , prevented employers from engaging in `` unfair labor practices '' such as firing workers for joining unions . In sustaining this act , the Court , signaled its return to the philosophy espoused by John Marshall , that Congress could pass laws regulating actions that even indirectly influenced interstate commerce . This new attitude became firmly set into place in 1942 . In Wickard v. Filburn , the Court ruled that production quotas under the Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1938 were constitutionally applied to agricultural production ( in this instance , home - grown wheat for private consumption ) that was consumed purely intrastate , because its effect upon interstate commerce placed it within the power of Congress to regulate under the Commerce Clause . This decision marked the beginning of the Court 's total deference to Congress ' claims of Commerce Clause powers , which lasted into the 1990s . United States v. Lopez ( 1995 ) was the first decision in six decades to invalidate a federal statute on the grounds that it exceeded the power of the Congress under the Commerce Clause . The Court held that while Congress had broad lawmaking authority under the Commerce Clause , the power was limited , and did not extend so far from `` commerce '' as to authorize the regulation of the carrying of handguns , especially when there was no evidence that carrying them affected the economy on a massive scale . In a later case , United States v. Morrison ( 2000 ) , the justices ruled that Congress could not make such laws even when there was evidence of aggregate effect . In contrast to these rulings , the Supreme Court also continues to follow the precedent set by Wickard v. Filburn . In Gonzales v. Raich it ruled that the Commerce Clause granted Congress the authority to criminalize the production and use of home - grown cannabis even where states approve its use for medicinal purposes . The court held that , as with the agricultural production in the earlier case , home - grown cannabis is a legitimate subject of federal regulation because it competes with marijuana that moves in interstate commerce . Other powers of Congress ( edit ) Congress authorizes defense spending such as the purchase of the USS Bon Homme Richard . Congress may establish uniform laws relating to naturalization and bankruptcy . It may also coin money , regulate the value of American or foreign currency and punish counterfeiters . Congress may fix the standards of weights and measures . Furthermore , Congress may establish post offices and post roads ( the roads , however , need not be exclusively for the conveyance of mail ) . Congress may promote the progress of science and useful arts by granting copyrights and patents of limited duration . Section eight , clause eight of Article One , known as the Copyright Clause , is the only instance of the word `` right '' used in the original constitution ( though the word does appear in several Amendments ) . Though perpetual copyrights and patents are prohibited , the Supreme Court has ruled in Eldred v. Ashcroft ( 2003 ) that repeated extensions to the term of copyright do not constitute perpetual copyright ; also note that this is the only power granted where the means to accomplish its stated purpose is specifically provided for . Courts inferior to the Supreme Court may be established by Congress . Congress has several powers related to war and the armed forces . Under the War Powers Clause , only Congress may declare war , but in several cases it has , without declaring war , granted the President the authority to engage in military conflicts . Five wars have been declared in United States ' history : the War of 1812 , the Mexican -- American War , the Spanish -- American War , World War I and World War II . Some historians argue that the legal doctrines and legislation passed during the operations against Pancho Villa constitute a sixth declaration of war . Congress may grant letters of marque and reprisal . Congress may establish and support the armed forces , but no appropriation made for the support of the army may be used for more than two years . This provision was inserted because the Framers feared the establishment of a standing army , beyond civilian control , during peacetime . Congress may regulate or call forth the state militias , but the states retain the authority to appoint officers and train personnel . Congress also has exclusive power to make rules and regulations governing the land and naval forces . Although the executive branch and the Pentagon have asserted an ever - increasing measure of involvement in this process , the U.S. Supreme Court has often reaffirmed Congress 's exclusive hold on this power ( e.g. Burns v. Wilson , 346 U.S. 137 ( 1953 ) ) . Congress used this power twice soon after World War II with the enactment of two statutes : the Uniform Code of Military Justice to improve the quality and fairness of courts martial and military justice , and the Federal Tort Claims Act which among other rights had allowed military service persons to sue for damages until the U.S. Supreme Court repealed that section of the statute in a divisive series of cases , known collectively as the Feres Doctrine . Congress has the exclusive right to legislate `` in all cases whatsoever '' for the nation 's capital , the District of Columbia . Congress chooses to devolve some of such authority to the elected mayor and council of District of Columbia . Nevertheless , Congress remains free to enact any legislation for the District so long as constitutionally permissible , to overturn any legislation by the city government , and technically to revoke the city government at any time . Congress may also exercise such jurisdiction over land purchased from the states for the erection of forts and other buildings . Necessary and proper Clause ( edit ) Main article : Necessary and Proper Clause The Congress shall have Power ( ... ) To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers , and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States , or in any Department or Officer thereof . Finally , Congress has the power to do whatever is `` necessary and proper '' to carry out its enumerated powers and , crucially , all others vested in it . This has been interpreted to authorize criminal prosecution of those whose actions have a `` substantial effect '' on interstate commerce in Wickard v. Filburn ; however , Thomas Jefferson , in the Kentucky Resolutions , supported by James Madison , maintained that a penal power could not be inferred from a power to regulate , and that the only penal powers were for treason , counterfeiting , piracy and felony on the high seas , and offenses against the law of nations . The necessary and proper clause has been interpreted extremely broadly , thereby giving Congress wide latitude in legislation . The first landmark case involving the clause was McCulloch v. Maryland ( 1819 ) , which involved the establishment of a national bank . Alexander Hamilton , in advocating the creation of the bank , argued that there was `` a more or less direct '' relationship between the bank and `` the powers of collecting taxes , borrowing money , regulating trade between the states , and raising and maintaining fleets and navies '' . Thomas Jefferson countered that Congress 's powers `` can all be carried into execution without a national bank . A bank therefore is not necessary , and consequently not authorized by this phrase '' . Chief Justice John Marshall agreed with the former interpretation . Marshall wrote that a Constitution listing all of Congress 's powers `` would partake of a prolixity of a legal code and could scarcely be embraced by the human mind '' . Since the Constitution could not possibly enumerate the `` minor ingredients '' of the powers of Congress , Marshall `` deduced '' that Congress had the authority to establish a bank from the `` great outlines '' of the general welfare , commerce and other clauses . Under this doctrine of the necessary and proper clause , Congress has sweepingly broad powers ( known as implied powers ) not explicitly enumerated in the Constitution . However , the Congress can not enact laws solely on the implied powers , any action must be necessary and proper in the execution of the enumerated powers . Section 9 : limits on Congress ( edit ) The ninth section of Article One places limits on Congress ' powers : The Migration or Importation of such Persons as any of the States now existing shall think proper to admit , shall not be prohibited by the Congress prior to the Year one thousand eight hundred and eight , but a Tax or duty may be imposed on such Importation , not exceeding ten dollars for each Person . The Privilege of the Writ of Habeas Corpus shall not be suspended , unless when in Cases of Rebellion or Invasion the public Safety may require it . No Bill of Attainder or ex post facto Law shall be passed . No Capitation , or other direct , Tax shall be laid , unless in Proportion to the Census or Enumeration herein before directed to be taken . No Tax or Duty shall be laid on Articles exported from any State . No Preference shall be given by any Regulation of Commerce or Revenue to the Ports of one State over those of another : nor shall Vessels bound to , or from , one State , be obliged to enter , clear , or pay Duties in another . No Money shall be drawn from the Treasury , but in Consequence of Appropriations made by Law ; and a regular Statement and Account of Receipts and Expenditures of all public Money shall be published from time to time . No Title of Nobility shall be granted by the United States : And no Person holding any Office of Profit or Trust under them , shall , without the Consent of the Congress , accept of any present , Emolument , Office , or Title , of any kind whatever , from any King , Prince , or foreign State . Slave trade ( edit ) U.S. brig Perry confronting the slave ship Martha off Ambriz on June 6 , 1850 The first clause in this section prevents Congress from passing any law that would restrict the importation of slaves into the United States prior to 1808 . Congress could however , levy a per capita duty of up to ten Spanish milled dollars for each slave imported into the country . This clause was further entrenched into the Constitution by Article V , where it is explicitly shielded from constitutional amendment prior to 1808 . On March 2 , 1807 , Congress approved legislation prohibiting the importation of slaves into the United States , which went into effect January 1 , 1808 , the first day permitted by the Constitution . Civil and legal protections ( edit ) A writ of habeas corpus is a legal action against unlawful detainment that commands a law enforcement agency or other body that has a person in custody to have a court inquire into the legality of the detention . The court may order the person released if the reason for detention is deemed insufficient or unjustifiable . The Constitution further provides that the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus may not be suspended `` unless when in cases of rebellion or invasion the public safety may require it '' . In Ex parte Milligan ( 1866 ) , the Supreme Court ruled that the suspension of habeas corpus in a time of war was lawful , but military tribunals did not apply to citizens in states that had upheld the authority of the Constitution and where civilian courts were still operating . A bill of attainder is a law by which a person is immediately convicted without trial . An ex post facto law is a law which applies retroactively , punishing someone for an act that was only made criminal after it was done . The ex post facto clause does not apply to civil matters . Apportionment of direct taxes ( edit ) Section Nine reiterates the provision from Section Two that direct taxes must be apportioned by state populations . This clause was also explicitly shielded from constitutional amendment prior to 1808 by Article V. In 1913 , the 16th Amendment exempted all income taxes from this clause . This overcame the ruling in Pollock v. Farmers ' Loan & Trust Co. that the income tax could only be applied to regular income and could not be applied to dividends and capital gains . Furthermore , no tax may be imposed on exports from any state . Congress may not , by revenue or commerce legislation , give preference to ports of one state over those of another ; neither may it require ships from one state to pay duties in another . All funds belonging to the Treasury may not be withdrawn except according to law . Modern practice is that Congress annually passes a number of appropriations bills authorizing the expenditure of public money . The Constitution requires that a regular statement of such expenditures be published . Titles of Nobility ( edit ) Main article : Title of Nobility Clause The Title of Nobility Clause prohibits Congress from granting any title of nobility . In addition , it specifies that no civil officer may accept , without the consent of Congress , any gift , payment , office or title from a foreign ruler or state . However , a U.S. citizen may receive foreign office before or after their period of public service . Section 10 : limits on the States ( edit ) Clause 1 : contracts Clause ( edit ) Further information : Contract Clause and Bills of Credit No State shall enter into any Treaty , Alliance , or Confederation ; grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal ; coin Money ; emit Bills of Credit ; make any Thing but gold and silver Coin a Tender in Payment of Debts ; pass any Bill of Attainder , ex post facto Law , or Law impairing the Obligation of Contracts , or grant any Title of Nobility . States may not exercise certain powers reserved for the federal government : they may not enter into treaties , alliances or confederations , grant letters of marque or reprisal , coin money or issue Bills of credit ( such as currency ) . Furthermore , no state may make anything but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts , which expressly forbids any state government ( but not the federal government ) from `` making a tender '' ( i.e. , authorizing something that may be offered in payment ) of any type or form of money to meet any financial obligation , unless that form of money is coins made of gold or silver ( or a medium of exchange backed by and redeemable in gold or silver coins , as noted in Farmers & Merchants Bank v. Federal Reserve Bank ) . Much of this clause is devoted to preventing the States from using or creating any currency other than that created by Congress . In Federalist no . 44 , Madison explains that `` it may be observed that the same reasons which shew the necessity of denying to the States the power of regulating coin , prove with equal force that they ought not to be at liberty to substitute a paper medium in the place of coin . Had every State a right to regulate the value of its coin , there might be as many different currencies as States ; and thus the intercourse among them would be impeded '' . Moreover , the states may not pass bills of attainder , enact ex post facto laws , impair the obligation of contracts , or grant titles of nobility . The Contract Clause was the subject of much contentious litigation in the 19th century . It was first interpreted by the Supreme Court in 1810 , when Fletcher v. Peck was decided . The case involved the Yazoo land scandal , in which the Georgia legislature authorized the sale of land to speculators at low prices . The bribery involved in the passage of the authorizing legislation was so blatant that a Georgia mob attempted to lynch the corrupt members of the legislature . Following elections , the legislature passed a law that rescinded the contracts granted by the corrupt legislators . The validity of the annulment of the sale was questioned in the Supreme Court . In writing for a unanimous court , Chief Justice John Marshall asked , `` What is a contract ? '' His answer was : `` a compact between two or more parties '' . Marshall argued that the sale of land by the Georgia legislature , though fraught with corruption , was a valid `` contract '' . He added that the state had no right to annul the purchase of the land , since doing so would impair the obligations of contract . The definition of a contract propounded by Chief Justice Marshall was not as simple as it may seem . In 1819 , the Court considered whether a corporate charter could be construed as a contract . The case of Trustees of Dartmouth College v. Woodward involved Dartmouth College , which had been established under a Royal Charter granted by King George III . The Charter created a board of twelve trustees for the governance of the College . In 1815 , however , New Hampshire passed a law increasing the board 's membership to twenty - one with the aim that public control could be exercised over the College . The Court , including Marshall , ruled that New Hampshire could not amend the charter , which was ruled to be a contract since it conferred `` vested rights '' on the trustees . The Marshall Court determined another dispute in Sturges v. Crowninshield . The case involved a debt that was contracted in early 1811 . Later in that year , the state of New York passed a bankruptcy law , under which the debt was later discharged . The Supreme Court ruled that a retroactively applied state bankruptcy law impaired the obligation to pay the debt , and therefore violated the Constitution . In Ogden v. Saunders ( 1827 ) , however , the court decided that state bankruptcy laws could apply to debts contracted after the passage of the law . State legislation on the issue of bankruptcy and debtor relief has not been much of an issue since the adoption of a comprehensive federal bankruptcy law in 1898 . Clause 2 : import - export Clause ( edit ) Main article : Import - Export Clause No State shall , without the Consent of the Congress , lay any Imposts or Duties on Imports or Exports , except what may be absolutely necessary for executing it 's ( sic ) inspection Laws : and the net Produce of all Duties and Imposts , laid by any State on Imports or Exports , shall be for the Use of the Treasury of the United States ; and all such Laws shall be subject to the Revision and Controul ( sic ) of the Congress . Still more powers are prohibited of the states . States may not , without the consent of Congress , tax imports or exports except for the fulfillment of state inspection laws ( which may be revised by Congress ) . The net revenue of the tax is paid not to the state , but to the federal Treasury . Clause 3 : Compact Clause ( edit ) No State shall , without the Consent of Congress , lay any Duty of Tonnage , keep Troops , or Ships of War in time of Peace , enter into any Agreement or Compact with another State , or with a foreign Power , or engage in War , unless actually invaded , or in such imminent Danger as will not admit of delay . Under the Compact Clause , states may not , without the consent of Congress , keep troops or armies during times of peace . They may not enter into alliances nor compacts with foreign states , nor engage in war unless invaded . States may , however , organize and arm a militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress . ( Article I , Section 8 , enumerated powers of Congress . ) The National Guard , whose members are also members of the militia of the United States as defined by 10 U.S.C. § 311 , fulfill this function , as do persons serving in State Militias with federal oversight under 32 U.S.C. § 109 . The idea of allowing Congress to have say over agreements between states traces back to the numerous controversies that arose between various colonies . Eventually compromises would be created between the two colonies and these compromises would be submitted to the Crown for approval . After the American Revolutionary War , the Articles of Confederation allowed states to appeal to Congress to settle disputes between the states over boundaries or `` any cause whatever '' . The Articles of Confederation also required Congressional approval for `` any treaty or alliance '' in which a state was one of the parties . There have been a number of Supreme Court cases concerning what constitutes valid congressional consent to an interstate compact . In Virginia v. Tennessee , 148 U.S. 503 ( 1893 ) , the Court found that some agreements among states stand even when lacking the explicit consent of Congress . ( One example the court gave was a state moving some goods from a distant state to itself , it would not require Congressional approval to contract with another state to use its canals for transport . ) According to the Court , the Compact Clause requires congressional consent only if the agreement among the states is `` directed to the formation of any combination tending to the increase of political power in the States , which may encroach upon or interfere with the just supremacy of the United States '' . The congressional consent issue is at the center of the current debate over the constitutionality of the not yet effective National Popular Vote Interstate Compact entered into by several states plus the District of Columbia . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ In the hand - written engrossed copy of the Constitution maintained in the National Archives , the British spelling `` defence '' is used in Article One , Section 8 ( See the National Archives transcription and the Archives ' image of the engrossed document . Webpages retrieved on 24 October 2009 . ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ See Atkins v. United States , 556 F. 2d 1028 , 1062 ( Ct . Cl. 1977 ) ( `` The purpose of the ( Vesting C ) lause is to locate the central source of legislative authority in Congress , rather than the Executive or the Judiciary . '' ) , abrogated on other grounds by INS v. Chadha , 462 U.S. 919 ( 1983 ) . Jump up ^ See J.W. Hampton , Jr. , & Co. v. United States , 276 U.S. 394 , 406 ( 1928 ) ( `` Our Federal Constitution ... divide ( s ) the governmental power into three branches . The first is the legislative , the second is the executive , and the third is the judicial , and the rule is that in the actual administration of the government Congress ... should exercise the legislative power , the President ... the executive power , and the courts or the judiciary the judicial power ... '' ) Jump up ^ See United States v. Lopez , 514 U.S. 549 , 592 ( 1995 ) ( `` ( Certain ) comments of Hamilton and others about federal power reflected the well - known truth that the new Government would have only the limited and enumerated powers found in the Constitution ... Even before the passage of the Tenth Amendment , it was apparent that Congress would possess only those powers ' herein granted ' by the rest of the Constitution . '' ) . Jump up ^ See Touby v. United States , 500 U.S. 160 , 165 ( 1991 ) ( `` From th ( e language of this section of the Constitution ) the Court has derived the nondelegation doctrine : that Congress may not constitutionally delegate its legislative power to another branch of Government . '' ) . Jump up ^ See J.W. Hampton , Jr. , & Co. , 276 U.S. at 409 ( `` If Congress shall lay down by legislative act an intelligible principle to which the person or body authorized to ( administer a statutory scheme ) is directed to conform , such legislative action is not a forbidden delegation of legislative power . '' ) . Jump up ^ Ginsburg , Douglas H. `` Essays on Article I : Legislative Vesting Clause '' . The Heritage Foundation . Jump up ^ See Mistretta v. United States , 488 U.S. 361 , 373 n. 7 ( 1989 ) ( nondelegation doctrine takes the form of `` giving narrow constructions to statutory delegations that might otherwise be thought to be unconstitutional '' ) . Jump up ^ UAW v. Occupational Health & Safety Admin. , 938 F. 2d 1310 , 1317 ( D.C. Cir. 1991 ) ( `` In effect ( the nondelegation doctrine as a principle of statutory interpretation is used by the courts to ) require a clear statement by Congress that it intended to test the constitutional waters . '' ) ; cf . Edward J. DeBartolo Corp. v. Fla . Gulf Coast Bldg . & Constr . Trades Council , 485 U.S. 568 , 575 ( 1988 ) ( `` ( W ) here an otherwise acceptable construction of a statute would raise serious constitutional problems , the Court will construe the statute to avoid such problems unless such constrjkalbd suction is plainly contrary to the intent of Congress ... This approach not only reflects the prudential concern that constitutional issues not be needlessly confronted , but also recognizes that Congress , like this Court , is bound by and swears an oath to uphold the Constitution . The courts will therefore not lightly assume that Congress intended to infringe constitutionally protected liberties or usurp power constitutionally forbidden it . '' ( citing NLRB v. Catholic Bishop , 440 U.S. 490 , 499 -- 501 , 504 ( 1979 ) , and Grenada County Supervisors v. Brogden , 112 U.S. 261 ( 1884 ) ) ) ; United States v. Bass , 404 U.S. 336 , 349 ( 1971 ) ( `` ( U ) nless Congress conveys its purpose clearly , it will not be deemed to have significantly changed the federal - state balance . '' ) . Jump up ^ Barenblatt v. United States , 360 U.S. 109 , 111 ( 1959 ) ( `` The power of inquiry has been employed by Congress throughout our history , over the whole range of the national interests concerning which Congress might legislate or decide upon due investigation not to legislate ; it has similarly been utilized in determining what to appropriate from the national purse , or whether to appropriate . '' ) ; e.g. , 3 Annals of Congress 490 -- 94 ( 1792 ) ( House committee appointed to investigate the defeat of Gen. St. Clair by Indians empowered to `` call for such persons , papers , and records , as may be necessary to assist their inquiries . '' ) . Jump up ^ See McGrain v. Daugherty , 273 U.S. 135 , 174 -- 75 ( 1927 ) ( `` ( T ) he power of inquiry - with process to enforce it - is an essential and appropriate auxiliary to the legislative function . It was so regarded and employed in American Legislatures before the Constitution was framed and ratified ... A legislative body can not legislate wisely or effectively in the absence of information respecting the conditions which the legislation is intended to affect or change ; and where the legislative body does not itself possess the requisite information - which not infrequently is true - recourse must be had to others who do possess it . Experience has taught that mere requests for such information often are unavailing , and also that information which is volunteered is not always accurate or complete ; so some means of compulsion are essential to obtain what is needed . All this was true before and when the Constitution was framed and adopted . In that period the power of inquiry , with enforcing process , was regarded and employed as a necessary and appropriate attribute of the power to legislate - indeed , was treated as inhering in it . Thus there is ample warrant for thinking ... that the constitutional provisions which commit the legislative function to the two houses are intended to include this attribute to the end that the function may be effectively exercised . '' ) . ^ Jump up to : See Watkins v. United States , 354 U.S. 178 , 187 ( 1957 ) ( `` The power of the Congress to conduct investigations is inherent in the legislative process . That power is broad . It encompasses inquiries concerning the administration of existing laws as well as proposed or possibly needed statutes . It includes surveys of defects in our social , economic or political system for the purpose of enabling the Congress to remedy them . It comprehends probes into departments of the Federal Government to expose corruption , inefficiency or waste . '' ) ; Barenblatt , 360 U.S. at 111 ( `` The scope of the power of inquiry ... is as penetrating and far - reaching as the potential power to enact and appropriate under the Constitution . '' ) . Jump up ^ Kilbourn v. Thompson , 103 U.S. 168 , 189 ( 1881 ) . Jump up ^ Watkins , 354 U.S. at 200 . Jump up ^ See McGrain , 273 U.S. at 170 ( `` ( N ) either house of Congress possesses a ' general power of making inquiry into the private affairs of the citizen ' ; ... the power actually possessed is limited to inquiries relating to matters of which the particular house ' has jurisdiction ' and in respect of which it rightfully may take other action ; ( and ) if the inquiry relates to ' a matter wherein relief or redress could be had only by a judicial proceeding ' it is not within the range of this power , but must be left to the courts , conformably to the constitutional separation of governmental powers ... '' ( quoting Kilbourne , 103 U.S. at 193 ) ) ; see also Sinclair v. United States , 279 U.S. 263 , 295 ( 1929 ) ( `` Congress is without authority to compel disclosures for the purpose of aiding the prosecution of pending suits ... '' ) , overruled on other grounds by United States v. Gaudin , 515 U.S. 506 ( 1995 ) . Jump up ^ Minor v. Happersett , 88 U.S. ( 21 Wall . ) 162 , 178 ( 1875 ) ( `` ( T ) he Constitution of the United States does not confer the right of suffrage upon any one ... '' ) . Jump up ^ See Reynolds v. Sims , 377 U.S. 533 , 561 -- 62 ( 1964 ) ( `` Undoubtedly , the right of suffrage is a fundamental matter in a free and democratic society . '' ) ; Yick Wo v. Hopkins , 118 U.S. 356 , 370 ( 1886 ) ( `` ( Voting ) is regarded as a fundamental political right , because preservative of all rights . '' ) . Jump up ^ See ' Kramer v. Union Free Sch . Dist . No. 15 , 395 U.S. 621 , 626 -- 27 ( 1969 ) ( `` No less rigid an examination ( than close scrutiny ) is applicable to statutes denying the franchise to citizens who are otherwise qualified by residence and age . Statutes granting the franchise to residents on a selective basis always pose the danger of denying some citizens any effective voice in the governmental affairs which substantially affect their lives . '' ) ( emphasis added ) . Jump up ^ Briffault , Richard ( 2002 ) . `` The Contested Right to Vote '' . Michigan Law Review . 100 : 1521 -- 1522 . Jump up ^ Reynolds v. Sims , 377 U.S. 533 , 612 ( 1964 ) . Jump up ^ Oregon v. Mitchell , 400 U.S. 112 ( 1970 ) . ^ Jump up to : Wesberry v. Sanders , 376 U.S. 1 , 7 -- 9 , 14 ( 1964 ) ( `` ( C ) onstrued in its historical context , the command ... that Representatives be chosen ' by the People of the several States ' means that as nearly as is practicable one man 's vote in a congressional election is to be worth as much as another 's ... The history of the Constitution ... reveals that those who framed the Constitution meant that ... it was population which was to be the basis of the House of Representatives ... It would defeat the principle solemnly embodied in the Great Compromise - equal representation in the House for equal numbers of people - for us to hold that , within the States , legislatures may draw the lines of congressional districts in such a way as to give some voters a greater voice in choosing a Congressman than others . '' ) ; e.g. , White v. Weiser , 412 U.S. 783 ( 1973 ) ( striking down Texas districting plan with a population deviation between the largest and smallest district of 4.13 % of the population of an `` ideal '' district ) ; see Kirkpatrick v. Preisler , 394 U.S. 526 , 530 -- 31 ( 1969 ) ( `` ( T ) he State ( must ) make a good - faith effort to achieve precise mathematical equality . Unless population variances among congressional districts are shown to have resulted despite such effort , the State must justify each variance , no matter how small ... We can see no nonarbitrary way to pick a cutoff point at which population variances suddenly become de minimis ... Equal representation for equal numbers of people is a principle designed to prevent debasement of voting power and diminution of access to elected representatives . Toleration of even small deviations detracts from these purposes . '' ) ; see also Karcher v. Daggett , 462 U.S. 725 ( 1983 ) ( invalidating a New Jersey congressional districting plan where the deviation between the largest and smallest districts was less than the Census 's margin of error , when the state could offer no acceptable explanation for the differences ) ; Vieth v. Pennsylvania , 195 F. Supp . 2d 672 ( M.D. Pa. 2002 ) ( total deviation of 19 people from largest to smallest district ( 646,380 to 646,361 ) struck down since alternatives with smaller deviations were available ) ; Hastert v. State Bd. of Elections , 777 F. Supp. 634 ( N.D. Ill . 1991 ) ( court selected districting plan where 18 of 20 districts contained 571,530 people and the other two had 571,531 ) . Jump up ^ E.g. , 17 Annals of Cong. 870 -- 902 , 904 -- 20 , 927 -- 47 , 949 -- 50 , 1059 -- 61 , 1231 -- 33 , 1234 -- 38 ( 1807 ) ( House seated William McCreery despite him not satisfying Maryland law requiring Representatives to reside in their district ) . ^ Jump up to : See Powell v. McCormack , 395 U.S. 486 , 550 ( 1969 ) ( invalidating House 's decision not to seat a Member accused of misuse of funds ) ( `` ( I ) n judging the qualifications of its members Congress is limited to the standing qualifications prescribed in the Constitution . '' ) . Jump up ^ See Exon v. Tiemann , 279 F. Supp. 609 , 613 ( D. Neb . 1968 ) ( `` There being no such requirement in the Constitution itself , a state can not require that a Representative live in the District from which he was nominated . '' ) ; State ex rel . Chavez v. Evans , 446 P. 2d 445 , 448 ( N.M. 1968 ) ( `` ( The New Mexico statute , ) by requiring that each candidate for representative in Congress be a resident of and a qualified elector of the district in which he seeks office , adds additional qualifications to becoming a candidate for that office ... ( W ) e must hold the provisions of the Federal Constitution prevail and that this statute unconstitutionally adds additional qualifications . '' ) ; Hellman v. Collier , 141 A. 2d 908 , 912 ( Md. 1958 ) ( same ) ; cf . U.S. Term Limits , Inc. v. Thornton , 514 U.S. 779 ( 1995 ) ( state may not impose term limits on its congressional delegation ) . ^ Jump up to : See U.S. Term Limits , Inc. , 514 U.S. at 783 ( invalidating provision in the Arkansas Constitution imposing term limits on the State 's congressional delegation ) ( `` Allowing individual States to adopt their own qualifications for congressional service ( , such as term limitations , ) would be inconsistent with the Framers ' vision of a uniform National Legislature representing the people of the United States . If the qualifications set forth in the text of the Constitution are to be changed , that text must be amended . '' ) ; see also Cook v. Gralike , 531 U.S. 510 ( 2001 ) ( invaliding a Missouri constitutional term providing for labels printed on the election ballot next to the names of candidates who had not pledged to support term limits ) . Jump up ^ `` Congressional Candidacy , Incarceration , and the Constitution 's Inhabitancy Qualification '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service . August 12 , 2002 . Jump up ^ `` Joseph Story , Commentaries on the Constitution 2 : § § 630 -- 35 , 641 -- 47 , 673 -- 80 '' . The Founder 's Constitution . The University of Chicago Press . 2000 . p. § 677 . Jump up ^ Cf . Prigg v. Pennsylvania , 41 U.S. ( 16 Pet . ) 539 , 619 ( 1842 ) ( dictum ) ( `` ( Congress ) has , on various occasions , exercised powers which were necessary and proper as means to carry into effect rights expressly given , and duties expressly enjoined thereby . The end being required , it has been deemed a just and necessary implication , that the means to accomplish it are given also ; or , in other words , that the power flows as a necessary means to accomplish the end . Thus , for example , although the constitution has declared , that representatives shall be apportioned among the states according to their respective federal numbers ; and for this purpose , it has expressly authorized congress , by law , to provide for an enumeration of the population every ten years ; yet the power to apportion representatives , after this enumeration is made , is nowhere found among the express powers given to congress , but it has always been acted upon , as irresistibly flowing from the duty positively enjoined by the constitution . '' ) . Jump up ^ See Whelan v. Cuomo , 415 F. Supp. 251 , 256 ( E.D.N.Y. 1976 ) ( `` The historical record of the Constitutional Convention supports several conclusions ( , ) ... ( including that ) Congress was given considerable flexibility in determining the actual number of representatives so long as the total did not exceed one representative for every 30,000 inhabitants . '' ) . Jump up ^ See 3 Annals of Cong. 539 ( 1792 ) ( President Washington 's veto of apportionment legislation that would not have exceeded a national average of 1 for every 30,000 inhabitants , but did exceed that ratio for some states ) ; see also U.S. Dep 't of Commerce v. Montana ( Montana II ) , 503 U.S. 442 , 449 -- 50 ( Congress 's response to Washington 's veto was enacting legislation providing for 1 representative per 33,000 of the national population , which avoided exceeding 1 per 30,000 in those states ) . Jump up ^ The United States Code only indirectly provides for a House with 435 members . After each decennial census , the President must submit to Congress a statement `` showing the whole number of Persons in each State '' and , based on this population figure , the number of Representatives the State would have received in the 83rd Congress ( 1951 -- 53 ) . 2 U.S.C. § 2a ( a ) ( 2006 ) . Each State then receives as many representatives in the House as the President 's report provides , until the next decennial census . Id . § 2a ( b ) . The size of the House of Representatives in the 83rd Congress was 435 . Thus , the United States Code currently does not expressly use the number `` 435 , '' but instead ties the current size of the House to the `` then existing number of Representatives '' in the 83rd Congress , which was fixed at 435 by legislation that is now omitted from the United States Code . Compare 2 U.S.C. § 2 ( 1926 ) ( `` ( A ) fter the third day of March , nineteen hundred and thirteen , the House of Representatives shall be composed of four hundred and thirty - five members . '' ) with 2 U.S.C. § 2 ( 1934 ) ( section omitted ) . It has been omitted from every subsequent edition of the United States Code , through the present edition ( 2012 ) . Jump up ^ Pollock v. Farmers ' Loan & Trust Co. , 157 U.S. 429 , modified on rehearing , 158 U.S. 601 ( 1895 ) , superseded by U.S. Const . amend . XVI , as recognized in Brushaber v. Union Pac . R.R. , 240 U.S. 1 ( 1916 ) , and overruled on other grounds by South Carolina v. Baker , 485 U.S. 505 ( 1988 ) . ^ Jump up to : Cf. 1 Asher C. Hinds , Hinds ' Precedents of the House of Representatives of the United States § 187 , at 113 ( 1907 ) ( `` The Speaker is always a Member of the House ... '' ) . Jump up ^ Cf . Nixon v. United States , 506 U.S. 224 ( 1993 ) ( construing the Senate 's `` sole power '' to `` try all impeachments '' to mean that the Senate 's impeachment procedures are left to its discretion and concluding generally that Congress 's impeachment powers are outside judicial review ) . ^ Jump up to : Presser , Stephen B. `` Essay on Impeachment '' . The Heritage Foundation . Retrieved November 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rossum , Ralph . `` Essays on Article I : Senate '' . The Heritage Foundation . Jump up ^ `` The Constitution of the United States Amendments 11 -- 27 '' . National Archives and Records Administration . Jump up ^ Rossum , Ralph Rossum . `` Essays on Article V : Prohibition on Amendment : Equal Suffrage in the Senate '' . The Heritage Foundation . Jump up ^ `` Tie Votes '' . United States Senate . Retrieved July 15 , 2017 . Since 1789 , 258 tie - breaking votes have been cast . Jump up ^ Senate Historical Office , President Pro Tempore , http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/briefing/President_Pro_Tempore.htm . Jump up ^ See Nixon , 506 U.S. at 230 -- 31 , 233 -- 36 ( holding that the Senate 's sole power to try impeachments made its judgment conclusive as to what constituted an adequate impeachment trial ) ( `` We think that the word ' sole ' is of considerable significance . Indeed , the word ' sole ' appears only one other time in the Constitution - with respect to the House of Representatives ' `` sole Power of Impeachment . '' The commonsense meaning of the word ' sole ' is that the Senate alone shall have authority to determine whether an individual should be acquitted or convicted . The dictionary definition bears this out ... The history and contemporary understanding of the impeachment provisions support our reading of the constitutional language ... ( T ) he Judiciary , and the Supreme Court in particular , were not chosen to have any role in impeachments ... ( J ) udicial review would be inconsistent with the Framers ' insistence that our system be one of checks and balances ... Judicial involvement in impeachment proceedings , even if only for purposes of judicial review , is counterintuitive because it would eviscerate the ' important constitutional check ' placed on the Judiciary by the Framers . ( It would be an improper reading of the Constitution to ) place final reviewing authority with respect to impeachments in the hands of the same body that the impeachment process is meant to regulate ... In addition to the textual commitment argument , ... the lack of finality and the difficulty of fashioning relief counsel against justiciability ... ( O ) pening the door of judicial review to the procedures used by the Senate in trying impeachments would ' expose the political life of the country to months , or perhaps years , of chaos . ' '' ( citations omitted ) ) . Jump up ^ Impeachment History . Infoplease.com . Retrieved on July 12 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Gerhardt , Michael J. `` Essay on Trial of Impeachment '' . The Heritage Foundation . Retrieved November 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Cf . Ritter v. United States , 84 Ct . Cl. 293 , 300 ( 1936 ) ( `` While the Senate in one sense acts as a court on the trial of an impeachment , it is essentially a political body and in its actions is influenced by the views of its members on the public welfare . '' ) ; Staff of H. Comm . on the Judiciary , 93d Cong. , Constitutional Grounds for Presidential Impeachment 24 ( Comm . Print 1974 ) ( `` The purpose of impeachment is not personal punishment ; its function is primarily to maintain constitutional government . '' ( citation omitted ) ) , reprinted in 3 Lewis Deschler , Deschler 's Precedents of the United States House of Representatives , H.R. Doc . No. 94 ‒ 661 ch. 14 , app . at 2269 ( 1977 ) . ^ Jump up to : Peacock , Anthony . `` Essays on Article I : Election Regulations '' . The Heritage Foundation . Jump up ^ See Foster v. Love , 522 U.S. 67 , 69 , 71 n. 2 ( 1997 ) ( `` The ( Elections ) Clause is a default provision ; it invests the States with responsibility for the mechanics of congressional elections , but only so far as Congress declines to preempt state legislative choices . Thus it is well settled that the Elections Clause grants Congress ' the power to override state regulations ' by establishing uniform rules for federal elections , binding on the States . ' ( T ) he regulations made by Congress are paramount to those made by the State legislature ; and if they conflict therewith , the latter , so far as the conflict extends , ceases to be operative . ' The Clause gives Congress ' comprehensive ' authority to regulate the details of elections , including the power to impose ' the numerous requirements as to procedure and safeguards which experience shows are necessary in order to enforce the fundamental right involved . ' Congressional authority extends not only to general elections , but also to any ' primary election which involves a necessary step in the choice of candidates for election as representatives in Congress . ' ) ( citations omitted ) ; United States v. Manning , 215 F. Supp. 272 , 284 ( W.D. La . 1963 ) ( '' ' ( T ) he manner of holding elections ' ... must be read as referring to the entire electoral process , from the first step of registering to the last step , the State 's promulgation of honest returns. `` ) . Jump up ^ 2 U.S.C. § 7 ( 2006 ) ( prescribing `` Tuesday next after the 1st Monday in November '' as the date for electing Representatives ) ; id. § 1 ( elections for Senators to be held on same date as elections for Representatives ) ; see also 3 U.S.C. § 1 ( 2006 ) ( prescribing `` Tuesday next after the first Monday in November '' as the date for electing presidential Electors ) . Jump up ^ Cook v. Gralike , 531 U.S. 510 , 523 -- 24 ( 2001 ) ( internal quotation marks and citation omitted ) . Jump up ^ See Vieth v. Jubelirer , 541 U.S. 267 , 275 ( 2004 ) ( plurality opinion ) ( `` Article I , § 4 , while leaving in state legislatures the initial power to draw districts for federal elections , permitted Congress to ' make or alter ' those districts if it wished . '' ) . Jump up ^ 2 U.S.C. § 2c ( 2006 ) . Jump up ^ See Arizona State Legislature v. Arizona Independent Redistricting Commission ( 576 U.S. __ ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Constitution of the United States of America : Analysis and Interpretation , Centennial Edition , Interim Edition : Analysis of Cases Decided by the Supreme Court of the United States to June 26 , 2013 '' ( PDF ) . Washington , DC : U.S. Government Printing Office . 2013 . pp. 127 -- 128 . Retrieved April 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ 2 U.S.C. § 3 ( 1934 ) ( `` In each State entitled under this apportionment to more than one Representative , ... ( such Representatives ) shall be elected by districts composed of a contiguous and compact territory , and containing as nearly as practicable an equal number of inhabitants . '' ) . Jump up ^ See Wood v. Broom , 287 U.S. 1 ( 1932 ) . Jump up ^ See , e.g. , Shaw v. Reno , 509 U.S. 630 , 642 ( 1993 ) ( `` ( L ) egislation that is so extremely irregular on its face that it rationally can be viewed only as an effort to segregate the races for purposes of voting , without regard for traditional districting principles and without sufficiently compelling justification , '' is subject to strict scrutiny . ) . Jump up ^ Forte , David F. `` Essays on Article I : Meetings of Congress Clause '' . The Heritage Foundation . Jump up ^ `` March 4 : A forgotten huge day in American history '' . Philadelphia : National Constitution Center . March 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rushing , J. Taylor ( October 1 , 2008 ) . `` Senate easily passes bailout '' . The Senate 's action was a dramatic and rare move that circumvented a constitutional requirement that tax legislation must originate in the House Jump up ^ Mulligan , John E. ( October 2 , 2008 ) . `` Kennedy 's unintended role in history '' . The Providence Journal . Archived from the original on October 3 , 2008 . Retrieved October 2 , 2008 . Once the Senate added those provisions to the rescue bill , it qualified as a tax bill , which the upper chamber is constitutionally prohibited from originating . To get around the Constitution , the leaders turned to the time - honored stratagem of finding a live but dormant House bill -- ( Patrick ) Kennedy 's mental - health parity bill -- to use as a shell . Jump up ^ Jensen , Erik and Monaghan , Henry . The Taxing Power : a Reference Guide to the United States Constitution . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 170 ( 2005 ) ... ISBN 0 - 313 - 31229 - X Jump up ^ See Ross Wilson , A Third Way : The Presidential Non-Signing Statement , http://ssrn.com/abstract=1593862 Jump up ^ `` U.S. Senate : Reference Home > Statistics & Lists > Vetoes by President George W. Bush '' . Senate.gov . Archived from the original on August 30 , 2008 . Retrieved September 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ See e.g. Perry v. United States , 294 U.S. 330 ( 1935 ) . Jump up ^ `` James Madison - Veto of federal public works bill of March 3 , 1817 '' . Retrieved November 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Novak , Michael ( 1996 ) . The fire of invention , the fuel of interest : On intellectual property . Washington D.C. : The American Enterprise Institute Press . Jump up ^ Calder v. Bull , 3 U.S. 386 , 399 - 400 ( 1798 ) . Jump up ^ Juilliard v. Greenman , 110 U.S. 421 , 446 ( 1884 ) . Jump up ^ Definition of tender as noun , in Merriam - Webster . Retrieved January 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Any '' financial obligation would de facto include financial obligations owed either by or to the state ; see definition of `` any '' as noun ( 5 ) , in Merriam - Webster Jump up ^ 262 U.S. 649 , 659 ( 1923 ) . See also Gwin v. Breedlove , 43 U.S. ( 2 How . ) 29 , 38 ( 1844 ) ; and Griffin v. Thompson , 43 U.S. ( 2 How . ) 244 ( 1844 ) . Jump up ^ Madison , James Federalist Papers No. 44 Jump up ^ Tribe , Laurence ( 2000 ) . American Constitutional Law . West Publishing Company . pp. 649 -- 51 . ISBN 1 - 56662 - 714 - 1 . Jump up ^ Brody , Michael ( February 17 , 2013 ) . `` Circumventing the Electoral College : Why the National Popular Vote Interstate Compact Survives Constitutional Scrutiny Under the Compact Clause '' . Legislation and Policy Brief . Washington College of Law Journals & Law Reviews at Digital Commons @ American University Washington College of Law . 5 ( 1 ) : 40ff . Retrieved September 11 , 2014 . Further reading ( edit ) Irons , Peter H. ( 1999 ) . A People 's History of the Supreme Court . New York : Penguin . External links ( edit ) Davis , Z. ( 2001 ) . `` Presidential Vetoes , 1989 -- 2000 . '' Kilman , J. & Costello , G. ( Eds ) . ( 2000 ) . The Constitution of the United States of America : Analysis and Interpretation . s CRS Annotated Constitution : Article 1 `` Resources Regarding the Origination Clause '' ( from TIFIS ) National Cable Satellite Corporation . ( 2003 ) . `` Capitol Questions . 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when did graphic novels first come into vogue
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The Adventures of Obadiah Oldbuck is the oldest recognized American example of comics used to this end . It originated as the 1828 publication Histoire de M. Vieux Bois by Swiss caricaturist Rodolphe Töpffer , and was first published in English translation in 1841 by London 's Tilt & Bogue , which used an 1833 Paris pirate edition . The first American edition was published in 1842 by Wilson & Company in New York City using the original printing plates from the 1841 edition . Another early predecessor is Journey to the Gold Diggins by Jeremiah Saddlebags by brothers J. A. D. and D. F. Read , inspired by The Adventures of Obadiah Oldbuck . In 1894 Caran d'Ache broached the idea of a `` drawn novel '' in a letter to the newspaper Le Figaro and started work on a 360 - page wordless book ( never published ) . In the United States there is a long tradition of reissuing previously published comic strips in book form . In 1897 the Hearst Syndicate published such a collection of The Yellow Kid by Richard Outcault and it quickly became a best seller .
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Graphic novel
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graphic novel
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A graphic novel is a book made up of comics content . Although the word `` novel '' normally refers to long fictional works , the term `` graphic novel '' is applied broadly and includes fiction , non-fiction , and anthologized work . It is distinguished from the term `` comic book '' , which is generally used for comics periodicals .
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Fan historian Richard Kyle coined the term `` graphic novel '' in an essay in the November 1964 issue of the comics fanzine Capa - Alpha . The term gained popularity in the comics community after the publication of Will Eisner 's A Contract with God ( 1978 ) and the start of Marvel 's Graphic Novel line ( 1982 ) and became familiar to the public in the late 1980s after the commercial successes of the first volume of Art Spiegelman 's Maus in 1986 and the collected editions of Frank Miller 's The Dark Knight Returns in 1986 and Alan Moore and Dave Gibbons ' Watchmen in 1987 . The Book Industry Study Group began using `` graphic novel '' as a category in book stores in 2001 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Definition 2 History 2.1 1920s to 1960s 2.2 Modern era 2.3 First self - proclaimed graphic novels : 1976 -- 1978 2.4 Adoption of the term 2.5 European adoption of the term 3 Criticism of the term 4 See also 5 Footnotes 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Definition ( edit ) The term is not strictly defined , though Merriam - Webster 's full dictionary definition is `` a fictional story that is presented in comic - strip format and published as a book '' , while its simplest definition is given as `` cartoon drawings that tell a story and are published as a book '' . In the publishing trade , the term extends to material that would not be considered a novel if produced in another medium . Collections of comic books that do not form a continuous story , anthologies or collections of loosely related pieces , and even non-fiction are stocked by libraries and bookstores as `` graphic novels '' ( similar to the manner in which dramatic stories are included in `` comic '' books ) . The term is also sometimes used to distinguish between works created as standalone stories , in contrast to collections or compilations of a story arc from a comic book series published in book form . In continental Europe , both original book - length stories such as La rivolta dei racchi ( 1967 ) by Guido Buzzelli , and collections of comics have been commonly published in hardcover volumes , often called `` albums '' , since the end of the 19th century ( including such later Franco - Belgian comics series as The Adventures of Tintin in the 1930s ) . History ( edit ) As the exact definition of the graphic novel is debated , the origins of the form are open to interpretation . The Adventures of Obadiah Oldbuck is the oldest recognized American example of comics used to this end . It originated as the 1828 publication Histoire de M. Vieux Bois by Swiss caricaturist Rodolphe Töpffer , and was first published in English translation in 1841 by London 's Tilt & Bogue , which used an 1833 Paris pirate edition . The first American edition was published in 1842 by Wilson & Company in New York City using the original printing plates from the 1841 edition . Another early predecessor is Journey to the Gold Diggins by Jeremiah Saddlebags by brothers J. A. D. and D. F. Read , inspired by The Adventures of Obadiah Oldbuck . In 1894 Caran d'Ache broached the idea of a `` drawn novel '' in a letter to the newspaper Le Figaro and started work on a 360 - page wordless book ( never published ) . In the United States there is a long tradition of reissuing previously published comic strips in book form . In 1897 the Hearst Syndicate published such a collection of The Yellow Kid by Richard Outcault and it quickly became a best seller . 1920s to 1960s ( edit ) The 1920s saw a revival of the medieval woodcut tradition , with Belgian Frans Masereel cited as `` the undisputed king '' of this revival . His works include Passionate Journey ( 1919 ) . American Lynd Ward also worked in this tradition , publishing Gods ' Man , in 1929 and going on to publish more during the 1930s . Other prototypical examples from this period include American Milt Gross ' He Done Her Wrong ( 1930 ) , a wordless comic published as a hardcover book , and Une Semaine de Bonté ( 1934 ) , a novel in sequential images composed of collage by the surrealist painter Max Ernst . Similarly , Charlotte Salomon 's Life ? or Theater ? ( composed 1941 - 43 ) combines images , narrative , and captions . The digest - sized `` picture novel '' It Rhymes with Lust ( 1950 ) , one precursor of the graphic novel . Cover art by Matt Baker and Ray Osrin . The 1940s saw the launching of Classics Illustrated , a comic - book series that primarily adapted notable , public domain novels into standalone comic books for young readers . In 1947 Fawcett Comics published Comics Novel # 1 : `` Anarcho , Dictator of Death '' , a 52 - page comic dedicated to one story . In 1950 , St. John Publications produced the digest - sized , adult - oriented `` picture novel '' It Rhymes with Lust , a film noir - influenced slice of steeltown life starring a scheming , manipulative redhead named Rust . Touted as `` an original full - length novel '' on its cover , the 128 - page digest by pseudonymous writer `` Drake Waller '' ( Arnold Drake and Leslie Waller ) , penciler Matt Baker and inker Ray Osrin proved successful enough to lead to an unrelated second picture novel , The Case of the Winking Buddha by pulp novelist Manning Lee Stokes and illustrator Charles Raab . Presaging Will Eisner 's multiple - story graphic novel A Contract with God ( 1978 ) , cartoonist Harvey Kurtzman wrote and drew the four - story mass - market paperback Harvey Kurtzman 's Jungle Book ( Ballantine Books # 338K ) , published in 1959 . By the late 1960s , American comic book creators were becoming more adventurous with the form . Gil Kane and Archie Goodwin self - published a 40 - page , magazine - format comics novel , His Name is ... Savage ( Adventure House Press ) in 1968 -- the same year Marvel Comics published two issues of The Spectacular Spider - Man in a similar format . Columnist and comic - book writer Steven Grant also argues that Stan Lee and Steve Ditko 's Doctor Strange story in Strange Tales # 130 -- 146 , although published serially from 1965 -- 1966 , is `` the first American graphic novel '' . Similarly , critic Jason Sacks referred to the 13 - issue `` Panther 's Rage '' -- comics ' first - known titled , self - contained , multi-issue story arc -- that ran from 1973 to 1975 in the Black Panther series in Marvel 's Jungle Action as `` Marvel 's first graphic novel '' . Meanwhile , in continental Europe , the tradition of collecting serials of popular strips such as The Adventures of Tintin or Asterix led to long - form narratives published initially as serials . By 1969 , the author John Updike , who had entertained ideas of becoming a cartoonist in his youth , addressed the Bristol Literary Society , on `` the death of the novel '' . Updike offered examples of new areas of exploration for novelists , declaring `` I see no intrinsic reason why a doubly talented artist might not arise and create a comic strip novel masterpiece '' . Modern era ( edit ) Detail from Blackmark ( 1971 ) by scripter Archie Goodwin and artist - plotter Gil Kane . Gil Kane and Archie Goodwin 's Blackmark ( 1971 ) , a science fiction / sword - and - sorcery paperback published by Bantam Books , did not use the term originally ; the back - cover blurb of the 30th - anniversary edition ( ISBN 978 - 1 - 56097 - 456 - 7 ) calls it , retroactively , `` the very first American graphic novel '' . The Academy of Comic Book Arts presented Kane with a special 1971 Shazam Award for what it called `` his paperback comics novel '' . Whatever the nomenclature , Blackmark is a 119 - page story of comic - book art , with captions and word balloons , published in a traditional book format . It is also the first with an original heroic - adventure character conceived expressly for this form . European creators were also experimenting with the longer narrative in comics form . In the United Kingdom , Raymond Briggs was producing works such as Father Christmas ( 1972 ) and The Snowman ( 1978 ) , which he himself described as being from the `` bottomless abyss of strip cartooning '' , although they , along with such other Briggs works as the more mature When the Wind Blows ( 1982 ) , have been re-marketed as graphic novels in the wake of the term 's popularity . Briggs notes , however , `` I do n't know if I like that term too much '' . First self - proclaimed graphic novels : 1976 -- 1978 ( edit ) In 1976 , the term `` graphic novel '' appeared in print to describe three separate works . Bloodstar by Richard Corben ( adapted from a story by Robert E. Howard ) used the term to define itself on its dust jacket and introduction . George Metzger 's Beyond Time and Again , serialized in underground comics from 1967 to 1972 , was subtitled `` A Graphic Novel '' on the inside title page when collected as a 48 - page , black - and - white , hardcover book published by Kyle & Wheary . The digest - sized Chandler : Red Tide ( 1976 ) by Jim Steranko , designed to be sold on newsstands , used the term `` graphic novel '' in its introduction and `` a visual novel '' on its cover , although Chandler is more commonly considered an illustrated novel than a work of comics . Bloodstar ( 1976 ) by Robert E. Howard and artist Richard Corben . The following year , Terry Nantier , who had spent his teenage years living in Paris , returned to the United States and formed Flying Buttress Publications , later to incorporate as NBM Publishing ( Nantier , Beall , Minoustchine ) , and published Racket Rumba , a 50 - page spoof of the noir - detective genre , written and drawn by the single - name French artist Loro . Nantier followed this with Enki Bilal 's The Call of the Stars . The company marketed these works as `` graphic albums '' . The first six issues of writer - artist Jack Katz 's 1974 Comics and Comix Co. series The First Kingdom were collected as a trade paperback ( Pocket Books , March 1978 ) , which described itself as `` the first graphic novel '' . Issues of the comic had described themselves as `` graphic prose '' , or simply as a novel . Similarly , Sabre : Slow Fade of an Endangered Species by writer Don McGregor and artist Paul Gulacy ( Eclipse Books , August 1978 ) -- the first graphic novel sold in the newly created `` direct market '' of United States comic - book shops -- was called a `` graphic album '' by the author in interviews , though the publisher dubbed it a `` comic novel '' on its credits page . `` Graphic album '' was also the term used the following year by Gene Day for his hardcover short - story collection Future Day ( Flying Buttress Press ) . Another early graphic novel , though it carried no self - description , was The Silver Surfer ( Simon & Schuster / Fireside Books , August 1978 ) , by Marvel Comics ' Stan Lee and Jack Kirby . Significantly , this was published by a traditional book publisher and distributed through bookstores , as was cartoonist Jules Feiffer 's Tantrum ( Alfred A. Knopf , 1979 ) described on its dustjacket as a `` novel - in - pictures '' . Adoption of the term ( edit ) Sabre ( 1978 ) , one of the first modern graphic novels . Cover art by Paul Gulacy . Hyperbolic descriptions of longer comic books as `` novels '' appear on covers as early as the 1940s . Early issues of DC Comics ' All - Flash Quarterly , for example , described their contents as `` novel - length stories '' and `` full - length four chapter novels . '' In its earliest known citation , comic book reviewer Richard Kyle used the term `` graphic novel '' in CAPA - ALPHA # 2 ( November 1964 ) , a newsletter published by the Comic Amateur Press Alliance , and again in an article in Bill Spicer 's magazine Fantasy Illustrated # 5 ( Spring 1966 ) . Kyle , inspired by European and East Asian graphic albums ( especially the Japanese manga ) , used the label to designate comics of an artistically `` serious '' sort . Following this , Spicer , with Kyle 's acknowledgment , edited and published a periodical titled Graphic Story Magazine in the fall of 1967 . The Sinister House of Secret Love # 2 ( Jan. 1972 ) , one of DC Comics ' line of extra-length , 48 - page comics , specifically used the phrase `` a graphic novel of Gothic terror '' on its cover . In response to criticism regarding the content of comic books , and to the establishment of the industry 's self - censorship Comics Code Authority , an underground alternative comix movement was created . The term `` graphic novel '' began to grow in popularity months after it appeared on the cover of the trade paperback edition ( though not the hardcover edition ) of Will Eisner 's A Contract with God and Other Tenement Stories ( October 1978 ) . This collection of short stories was a mature , complex work focusing on the lives of ordinary people in the real world based on Eisner 's own experiences . The term `` graphic novel '' was intended to distinguish it from the traditional serialized nature of comic books , with which it shared a storytelling medium . One scholar used graphic novels to introduce the concept of graphiation , a newly coined term used to describe graphic expression or visual enunciation . Graphiation refers to the theory that the entire personality of an artist is visible through his or her visual representation of a certain character , setting , event , or object in a novel , and as a means to examine and analyze drawing style . Even though Eisner 's A Contract with God was finally published in 1978 by a smaller company , Baronet Press , it took Eisner over a year to find a publishing house that would allow his work to reach the mass market . Eisner cited Lynd Ward 's 1930s woodcuts ( see above ) as an inspiration . The critical and commercial success of A Contract with God helped to establish the term `` graphic novel '' in common usage , and many sources have incorrectly credited Eisner with being the first to use it . These included the Time magazine website in 2003 , which said in its correction , `` Eisner acknowledges that the term ' graphic novel ' had been coined prior to his book . But , he says , ' I had not known at the time that someone had used that term before . ' Nor does he take credit for creating the first graphic book . '' Will Eisner in 2004 One of the earliest contemporaneous applications of the term post-Eisner came in 1979 , when Blackmark 's sequel -- published a year after A Contract with God though written and drawn in the early 1970s -- was labeled a `` graphic novel '' on the cover of Marvel Comics ' black - and - white comics magazine Marvel Preview # 17 ( Winter 1979 ) , where Blackmark : The Mind Demons premiered -- its 117 - page contents intact , but its panel - layout reconfigured to fit 62 pages . Following this , Marvel from 1982 to 1988 published the Marvel Graphic Novel line of 10 `` x7 '' trade paperbacks -- although numbering them like comic books , from # 1 ( Jim Starlin 's The Death of Captain Marvel ) to # 35 ( Dennis O'Neil , Mike Kaluta , and Russ Heath 's Hitler 's Astrologer , starring the radio and pulp fiction character the Shadow , and released in hardcover ) . Marvel commissioned original graphic novels from such creators as John Byrne , J.M. DeMatteis , Steve Gerber , graphic - novel pioneer McGregor , Frank Miller , Bill Sienkiewicz , Walt Simonson , Charles Vess , and Bernie Wrightson . While most of these starred Marvel superheroes , others , such as Rick Veitch 's Heartburst featured original SF / fantasy characters ; others still , such as John J. Muth 's Dracula , featured adaptations of literary stories or characters ; and one , Sam Glanzman 's A Sailor 's Story , was a true - life , World War II naval tale . The 1987 U.S. ( left ) and 1995 U.S. / UK / Canada ( right ) collected editions of Watchmen , published by DC Comics and Titan Books , respectively . Cartoonist Art Spiegelman 's Pulitzer Prize - winning Maus ( 1986 ) , helped establish both the term and the concept of graphic novels in the minds of the mainstream public . Two DC Comics book reprints of self - contained miniseries did likewise , though they were not originally published as graphic novels : Batman : The Dark Knight Returns ( 1986 ) , a collection of Frank Miller 's four - part comic - book series featuring an older Batman faced with the problems of a dystopian future ; and Watchmen ( 1986 - 1987 ) , a collection of Alan Moore and Dave Gibbons ' 12 - issue limited series in which Moore notes he `` set out to explore , amongst other things , the dynamics of power in a post-Hiroshima world '' . These works and others were reviewed in newspapers and magazines , leading to increased coverage . Sales of graphic novels increased , with Batman : The Dark Knight Returns , for example , lasting 40 weeks on a UK best - seller list . European adoption of the term ( edit ) Outside North America , Eisner 's A Contract with God and Spiegelman 's Maus led to the popularization of the expression `` graphic novel '' as well . Until then , most European countries used neutral , descriptive terminology that referred to the form of the medium , and not the contents . In Francophone Europe for example , the expression bandes dessinées -- which literally translates as `` drawn strips '' -- is used , while the terms stripverhaal ( `` strip story '' ) and tegneserie ( `` drawn series '' ) are used by the Dutch / Flemish and Scandinavians respectively . European comics studies scholars have observed that Americans originally used `` graphic novel '' to describe everything that deviated from their standard , 32 - page comic book format , meaning that all larger - sized , longer Franco - Belgian comic albums , regardless of their contents , fell under the heading . American comic critics occasionally refer to European graphic novels as `` Eurocomics '' , and attempts were made in the late 1980s to cross-fertilize the American market with these works . American publishers Catalan Communications and NBM Publishing released translated titles , predominantly from the backlog catalogs of Casterman and Les Humanoïdes Associés . Criticism of the term ( edit ) Some in the comics community have objected to the term `` graphic novel '' on the grounds that it is unnecessary , or that its usage has been corrupted by commercial interests . Writer Alan Moore believes , It 's a marketing term ... that I never had any sympathy with . The term ' comic ' does just as well for me ... The problem is that ' graphic novel ' just came to mean ' expensive comic book ' and so what you 'd get is people like DC Comics or Marvel Comics -- because ' graphic novels ' were getting some attention , they 'd stick six issues of whatever worthless piece of crap they happened to be publishing lately under a glossy cover and call it The She - Hulk Graphic Novel ... '' It 's a perfect time to retire terms like `` graphic novel '' and `` sequential art , '' which piggyback on the language of other , wholly separate mediums . What 's more , both terms have their roots in the need to dissemble and justify , thus both exude a sense of desperation , a gnawing hunger to be accepted . Author Daniel Raeburn wrote , `` I snicker at the neologism first for its insecure pretension -- the literary equivalent of calling a garbage man a ' sanitation engineer ' -- and second because a ' graphic novel ' is in fact the very thing it is ashamed to admit : a comic book , rather than a comic pamphlet or comic magazine . '' Writer Neil Gaiman , responding to a claim that he does not write comic books but graphic novels , said the commenter `` meant it as a compliment , I suppose . But all of a sudden I felt like someone who 'd been informed that she was n't actually a hooker ; that in fact she was a lady of the evening . '' Responding to writer Douglas Wolk 's quip that the difference between a graphic novel and a comic book is `` the binding '' , Bone creator Jeff Smith said , `` I kind of like that answer . Because ' graphic novel ' ... I do n't like that name . It 's trying too hard . It is a comic book . But there is a difference . And the difference is , a graphic novel is a novel in the sense that there is a beginning , a middle and an end . '' The Times writer Giles Coren said , `` To call them graphic novels is to presume that the novel is in some way ' higher ' than the karmicbwurk ( comic book ) , and that only by being thought of as a sort of novel can it be understood as an art form . '' Some alternative cartoonists have coined their own terms to describe extended comics narratives . The cover of Daniel Clowes ' Ice Haven ( 2001 ) describes the book as `` a comic - strip novel '' , with Clowes having noted that he `` never saw anything wrong with the comic book '' . The cover of Craig Thompson 's Blankets calls it `` an illustrated novel . '' See also ( edit ) Comics portal Artist 's book Collage novel Gekiga , the Japanese manga variant of the graphic novel Graphic narrative Graphic non-fiction List of award - winning graphic novels Tankōbon Wordless novel Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Schelly , Bill ( 2010 ) . Founders of Comic Fandom : Profiles of 90 Publishers , Dealers , Collectors , Writers , Artists and Other Luminaries of the 1950s and 1960s . McFarland . p. 117 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 5762 - 5 . Jump up ^ Madden , David ; Bane , Charles ; Flory , Sean M. ( 2006 ) . A Primer of the Novel : For Readers and Writers . Scarecrow Press . p. 43 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4616 - 5597 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` BISAC Subject Headings List , Comics and Graphic Novels '' . Book Industry Study Group . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2015 . Retrieved July 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` graphic novel '' . Merriam-Webster.com . Jump up ^ Gertler , Nat ; Steve Lieber ( 2004 ) . The Complete Idiot 's Guide to Creating a Graphic Novel . Alpha Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59257 - 233 - 5 . Jump up ^ Kaplan , Arie ( 2006 ) . Masters of the Comic Book Universe Revealed ! . Chicago Review Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55652 - 633 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` graphic novel literature '' . Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ A complete edition was published in 1970 before being serialized in the French magazine Charlie Mensuel , as per `` Dino Buzzati 1965 -- 1975 '' ( Italian website ) . Associazione Guido Buzzelli. 2004 . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 21 . ( WebCitation archive ) ; Domingos Isabelinho ( 2004 ) . `` The Ghost of a Character : The Cage by Martin Vaughn - James '' . Indy Magazine . Archived from the original on 2010 - 08 - 18 . Retrieved 2006 - 04 - 06 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) ( ) . Jump up ^ Coville , Jamie . `` The History of Comic Books : Introduction and ' The Platinum Age 1897 -- 1938 ' '' . TheComicBooks.com . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2003 ... Originally published at defunct site CollectorTimes.com Archived 2007 - 05 - 02 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Beerbohm , Robert ( 2008 ) . `` The Victorian Age Comic Strips and Books 1646 - 1900 : Origins of Early American Comic Strips Before The Yellow Kid and ' The Platinum Age 1897 -- 1938 ' '' . Overstreet Comic Book Price Guide # 38 . pp. 337 -- 338 . Jump up ^ Groensteen , Thierry ( June 2015 ) . `` '' Maestro '' : chronique d'une découverte / `` Maestro '' : Chronicle of a Discovery `` . NeuviemArt 2.0 . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2015 . Retrieved July 9 , 2015 ... le caricaturiste Emmanuel Poiré , plus connu sous le pseudonyme de Caran d'Ache ( 1858 - 1909 ) . Il s'exprimait ainsi dans une lettre adressée le 20 juillet 1894 à l'éditeur du Figaro ... L'ouvrage n'a jamais été publié , Caran d'Ache l'ayant laissé inachevé pour une raison inconnue . Mais ... puisque ce sont près d'une centaine de pages complètes ( format H 20 , 4 x 12 , 5 cm ) qui figurent dans le lot proposé au musée . / ... cartoonist Emmanuel Poiré , better known under the pseudonym Caran d'Ache ( 1858 - 1909 ) . He was speaking in a letter July 20 , 1894 , to the editor of Le Figaro ... The book was never published , Caran d'Ache having left it unfinished for unknown reasons . But ... almost a hundred full pages ( format 20.4 x H 12.5 cm ) are contained in the lot proposed for the museum . Jump up ^ Tychinski , Stan . `` A Brief History of the Graphic Novel '' . Diamond Comic Distributors . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ Sabin , Roger . Adult Comics : An Introduction ( Routledge New Accents Library Collection , 2005 ) , p. 291 ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 29139 - 2 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 29139 - 2 Jump up ^ Reissued 1985 as Passionate Journey : A Novel in 165 Woodcuts ISBN 978 - 0 - 87286 - 174 - 9 Jump up ^ `` 2016 Lynd Ward Prize for Graphic Novel of the Year '' . Pennsylvania Center For the Book . Pennsylvania State University . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Graphic Witness '' . Jump up ^ `` GCD : : Series : : Comics Novel '' . www.comics.org . Jump up ^ Quattro , Ken ( 2006 ) . `` Archer St. John & The Little Company That Could '' . Comicartville Library . Archived from the original on November 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` GCD : : Issue : : It Rhymes With Lust '' . www.comics.org . Jump up ^ `` GCD : : Issue : : Harvey Kurtzman 's Jungle Book # 338 K '' . www.comics.org . Jump up ^ Grant , Steven . `` Permanent Damage '' ( column ) # 224 , Comic Book Resources , December 28 , 2005 . Accessdate = 2007 - 03 - 20 . WebCitation archive . Jump up ^ Sacks , Jason . `` Panther 's Rage : Marvel 's First Graphic Novel '' . FanboyPlanet.com . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2008 . ( T ) here were real character arcs in Spider - Man and the Fantastic Four ( comics ) over time . But ... ' Panther 's Rage ' is the first comic that was created from start to finish as a complete novel . Running in two years ' issues of Jungle Action ( # s 6 through 18 ) , ' Panther 's Rage ' is a 200 - page novel ... CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Additional . Jump up ^ Gravett , Paul ( 2005 ) . Graphic Novels : Stories To Change Your Life ( 1st ed . ) . Aurum Press Limited . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84513 - 068 - 8 . Jump up ^ Nicholas , Wroe ( December 18 , 2004 ) . `` Bloomin ' Christmas '' . The Guardian . London . WebCitation archive . Jump up ^ Company history page , NBM Publishing , n.d. Accessed August 18 , 2010 . WebCitation archive . Jump up ^ Grand Comics Database : The First Kingdom Jump up ^ Gough , Bob ( 2001 ) . `` Interview with Don McGregor '' . MileHighComics.com . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2011 . Retrieved September 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Tallmer , Jerry . `` The Three Lives of Jules Feiffer '' , NYC Plus # 1 , April 2005 . WebCitation archive . Jump up ^ Grand Comics Database : All - Flash ( DC , 1941 ) . See Issues # 2 -- 10 . ^ Jump up to : Per Time magazine letter . Time.com ( WebCitation archive ) from comics historian and author R.C. Harvey in response to claims in Arnold , Andrew D. , `` The Graphic Novel Silver Anniversary '' ( WebCitation archive ) , Time.com , November 14 , 2003 Jump up ^ Gravett , Graphic Novels , p. 3 Jump up ^ Cover , The Sinister House of Secret Love # 2 at the Grand Comics Database ^ Jump up to : Drawn to Change : Comics and Critical Consciousness , Issue 73 , Labour , 2014 , p. 154 - 155 . Jump up ^ Comic Books , Tragic Stories : Will Eisner 's American Jewish History , Volume 30 , Issue 2 , AJS Review , 2006 , p. 287 Jump up ^ Baetens , Jan ; Frey , Hugo ( 2015 ) . The Graphic Novel : An Introduction . New York : Cambridge University Press . p. 137 . Jump up ^ Comic Books , Tragic Stories : Will Eisner 's American Jewish History , Volume 30 , Issue 2 , AJS Review , 2006 , p. 284 Jump up ^ Arnold , Andrew D. ( 2003 - 11 - 21 ) . `` A Graphic Literature Library -- TIME. comix responds '' . Time.com . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 21 ... WebCitation archive Jump up ^ Moore letter , Cerebus 217 ( April 1997 ) , Aardvark Vanaheim Jump up ^ Lanham , Fritz . `` From Pulp to Pulitzer '' , Houston Chronicle , August 29 , 2004 . WebCitation archive . Jump up ^ Campbell , Eddie ( 2001 ) . Alec : How to be an Artist ( 1st ed . ) . Eddie Campbell Comics . p. 96 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9577896 - 3 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` 2000 - 2010 Graphic novels '' . www.lambiek.net . Jump up ^ Notable exceptions have become the German and Spanish speaking populaces who have adopted the US derived comic and cómicos respectively . The traditional Spanish term had previously been tebeo ( `` strip '' ) . The likewise German expression Serienbilder ( `` serialized images '' ) has , unlike its Spanish counterpart , become obsolete . The term `` comic '' is used in the other European countries as well , but exclusively to refer to the standard American comic book format . Jump up ^ Amazing Heroes , issue 160 , March 1989 , `` Special European Issue ! '' . Having fallen out of favor , the term `` Eurocomics '' might be misconstrued as derogatory in current understanding , due to its connotations with the popular slang expression `` eurotrash '' which is derogatory . However , quite the opposite was true at the time , as it was intended by American critics as a means to differentiate European comics from their American counterparts , underscoring the more mature qualities of the former . Graphic novel became the generally used expression for what once had been referred to as `` eurocomic '' . Jump up ^ Kavanagh , Barry ( October 17 , 2000 ) . `` The Alan Moore Interview : Northampton / Graphic novel '' . Blather.net . Archived from the original on February 26 , 2014 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 20 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) . Jump up ^ `` The Term ' Graphic Novel ' Has Had A Good Run . We Do n't Need It Anymore '' . Jump up ^ Raeburn , Daniel . Chris Ware ( Monographics Series ) , Yale University Press , 2004 , p. 110 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 10291 - 8 . Jump up ^ Bender , Hy ( 1999 ) . The Sandman Companion . Vertigo . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56389 - 644 - 6 . Jump up ^ Rogers , Vaneta . `` Behind the Page : Jeff Smith , Part Two '' , Newsarama , February 26 , 2008 . WebCitation archive . Jump up ^ `` Not graphic and not novel - The Spectator '' . 1 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Bushell , Laura ( July 21 , 2005 ) . `` Daniel Clowes Interview : The Ghost World Creator Does It Again '' . BBC -- Collective . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2010 . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 21 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) . References ( edit ) Arnold , Andrew D . `` The Graphic Novel Silver Anniversary '' , Time , November 14 , 2003 Tychinski , Stan . Brodart.com : `` A Brief History of the Graphic Novel '' ( n.d. , 2004 ) Couch , Chris . `` The Publication and Formats of Comics , Graphic Novels , and Tankobon '' , Image & Narrative # 1 ( Dec. 2000 ) Further reading ( edit ) Graphic Novels : Everything You Need to Know by Paul Gravett , Harper Design , New York , 2005 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06082 - 4 - 259 Understanding Comics : The Invisible Art by Scott McCloud The Victorian Age : Comic Strips and Books 1646 - 1900 Origins of Early American Comic Strips Before The Yellow Kid , in Overstreet Comic Book Price Guide # 38 2008 pages 330 - 366 by Robert Lee Beerbohm , Doug Wheeler , Richard Samuel West and Richard D. Olson , PhD Weiner , Stephen & Couch , Chris . Faster than a speeding bullet : the rise of the graphic novel , NBM , 2004 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56163 - 368 - 5 BestGraphicNovels.co Graphic novel review site featuring primarily DC and Marvel comic books The Graphic Novel : An Introduction by Jan Baetens and Hugo Frey , CUP , Cambridge , 2015 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 10765 - 576 - 8 The System of Comics by Thierry Groensteen , University Press of Mississippi , Jackson , 2007 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60473 - 259 - 7 External links ( edit ) The Big Comic Book DataBase `` Welcome to Columbia University 's Graphic Novels Page '' , Columbia University ( hide ) Comics Glossary of comics terminology Formats Comic book Ashcan copy Minicomic Comic strip Comic strip formats Daily comic strip Lianhuanhua Sunday comics Sunday strip Topper Yonkoma Digital comics Mobile comic Webcomic Webtoon Graphic novel Trade paperback Techniques Film comic Motion comic Photo comics Text comics Creators Artists cartoonists Female comics creators list By country American Australian Canadian Cuban Japanese ( Manga ) History Years in comics American Golden Age Silver Age Bronze Age Modern Age Events Japanese ( Manga ) Webcomics Genres Abstract Adult Alternative Autobiographical Celebrity comics Crime Erotic Fantasy list Gekiga Horror Romance list Science fiction Superhero Teen humor Tijuana Bible Underground War Western Tropes Antihero Funny animal Superhero Supervillain Masking Rogue Widescreen comics By country Africa South Africa Americas Argentina Brazil Canada Quebec Mexico United States list Asia China and Taiwan list Hong Kong India list Japan lists Korea list Philippines Thailand Vietnam Europe Czech Republic France and Belgium list Belgium Germany Hungary Italy list Netherlands Poland Portugal Serbia Spain list United Kingdom Wales Oceania Australia Lists By type Comic books Comic strips Webcomics By source Based on fiction Based on films Based on video games Based on television programs Other lists Comic books on CD / DVD Comics and comic strips made into feature films Comics solicited but never published Publishing companies Dystopian comics Furry comics Feminist comic books Limited series Wrestling - based comic books Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Graphic_novel&oldid=837834983 '' Categories : Words coined in the 1960s 1971 introductions Comics formats Digests Graphic novels Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Български Català Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara Français Frysk 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Simple English Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 23 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 April 2018 , at 09 : 49 . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphic%20novel
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medicaid is a government-sponsored health insurance program for senior citizens
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Medicaid
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medicaid
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Medicaid in the United States is a joint federal and state program that helps with medical costs for some people with limited income and resources . Medicaid also offers benefits not normally covered by Medicare , like nursing home care and personal care services . The Health Insurance Association of America describes Medicaid as a `` government insurance program for persons of all ages whose income and resources are insufficient to pay for health care '' . Medicaid is the largest source of funding for medical and health - related services for people with low income in the United States , providing free health insurance to 74 million low - income and disabled people ( as of 2017 ) . It is a means - tested program that is jointly funded by the state and federal governments and managed by the states , with each state currently having broad leeway to determine who is eligible for its implementation of the program . States are not required to participate in the program , although all have since 1982 . Medicaid recipients must be U.S. citizens or legal permanent residents , and may include low - income adults , their children , and people with certain disabilities . Poverty alone does not necessarily qualify someone for Medicaid .
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The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act ( `` Obamacare '' ) significantly expanded both eligibility for and federal funding of Medicaid . Under the law as written , all U.S. citizens and legal residents with income up to 133 % of the poverty line , including adults without dependent children , would qualify for coverage in any state that participated in the Medicaid program . However , the Supreme Court of the United States ruled in National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius that states do not have to agree to this expansion in order to continue to receive previously established levels of Medicaid funding , and many states have chosen to continue with pre-ACA funding levels and eligibility standards . Research suggests that Medicaid improves recipients ' financial security . However , the evidence is mixed regarding whether Medicaid actually improves health outcomes , although `` the best existing evidence says ( having health insurance ) improves health '' . Medicare and Medicaid are the two government sponsored medical insurance schemes in the United States and are administered by the U.S. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services , Baltimore , MD . Contents ( hide ) 1 Features 2 Eligibility and benefits 3 History 4 Medicaid expansion under the Affordable Care Act 5 State implementations 6 Enrollment 7 Comparisons with Medicare 8 Eligibility 8.1 Poverty 8.2 Categories 8.2. 1 Immigration status 8.3 Coverage and use 8.4 Dental 8.5 HIV 8.6 Supplemental Security Income beneficiaries 8.7 Assets 8.7. 1 Five year `` look - back '' 9 Utilization 10 Budget 11 Effects 11.1 Oregon Medicaid health experiment 12 See also 13 References 14 Further reading 15 External links Features ( edit ) Beginning in the 1980s , many states received waivers from the federal government to create Medicaid managed care programs . Under managed care , Medicaid recipients are enrolled in a private health plan , which receives a fixed monthly premium from the state . The health plan is then responsible for providing for all or most of the recipient 's healthcare needs . Today , all but a few states use managed care to provide coverage to a significant proportion of Medicaid enrollees . As of 2014 , 26 states have contracts with managed care organizations ( MCOs ) to deliver long - term care for the elderly and individuals with disabilities . The states pay a monthly capitated rate per member to the MCOs that provide comprehensive care and accept the risk of managing total costs . Nationwide , roughly 80 % of enrollees are enrolled in managed care plans . Core eligibility groups of poor children and parents are most likely to be enrolled in managed care , while the aged and disabled eligibility groups more often remain in traditional `` fee for service '' Medicaid . Because the service level costs vary depending on the care and needs of the enrolled , a cost per person average is only a rough measure of actual cost of care . The annual cost of care will vary state to state depending on state approved Medicaid benefits , as well as the state specific care costs . 2008 average cost per senior was reported as $14,780 ( in addition to Medicare ) , and a state by state listing was provided . In a 2010 national report for all age groups , the per enrolled average cost was calculated to $5,563 and a listing by state and by coverage age is provided . Eligibility and benefits ( edit ) As of 2013 , Medicaid is a program intended for those with low income , but a low income is not the only requirement to enroll in the program . Eligibility is categorical -- that is , to enroll one must be a member of a category defined by statute ; some of these categories include low - income children below a certain wage , pregnant women , parents of Medicaid - eligible children who meet certain income requirements , and low - income seniors . The details of how each category is defined vary from state to state . People with disabilities who do not have a work history and who receive Supplemental Security Income , or SSI , are enrolled in Medicaid as a mechanism to provide them with health insurance . Persons with a disability , including blindness or physical disability , deafness , or mental illness can apply for SSI . However , in order to be enrolled , applicants must prove that they are disabled to the point of being unable to work . In recent years , a substantial liberalization occurred in the field of individual disability income insurance , which provides benefits when an insured person is unable to work because of illness or injury ( HIAA , p. 13 ) . Some states operate a program known as the Health Insurance Premium Payment Program ( HIPP ) . This program allows a Medicaid recipient to have private health insurance paid for by Medicaid . As of 2008 relatively few states had premium assistance programs and enrollment was relatively low . Interest in this approach remained high , however . Included in the Social Security program under Medicaid are dental services . These dental services are optional for adults above the age of 21 ; however , this service is a requirement for those eligible for Medicaid and below the age of 21 . Minimum services include pain relief , restoration of teeth , and maintenance for dental health . Early and Periodic Screening , Diagnostic and Treatment ( EPSDT ) is a mandatory Medicaid program for children that aims to focus on prevention , early diagnosis and treatment of medical conditions . Oral screenings are not required for EPSDT recipients , and they do not suffice as a direct dental referral . If a condition requiring treatment is discovered during an oral screening , the state is responsible for taking care of this service , regardless of whether or not it is covered on that particular Medicaid plan . History ( edit ) Health care in the United States Government Health Programs Federal Employees Health Benefits Program Indian Health Service Medicaid / State Health Insurance Assistance Program ( SHIP ) Medicare Prescription Assistance ( SPAP ) Military Health System / TRICARE State Children 's Health Insurance Program ( CHIP ) Program of All - Inclusive Care for the Elderly ( PACE ) Veterans Health Administration Private health coverage Consumer - driven health care Flexible spending account ( FSA ) Health Reimbursement Account Health savings account ( HSA ) High - deductible health plan ( HDHP ) Medical savings account ( MSA ) Private Fee - For - Service ( PFFS ) Health insurance in the United States Managed care ( CCP ) Exclusive provider organization ( EPO ) Health maintenance organization ( HMO ) Preferred provider organization ( PPO ) Medical underwriting Health care reform law Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act ( 1986 ) Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act ( 1996 ) Medicare Prescription Drug , Improvement , and Modernization Act ( 2003 ) Patient Safety and Quality Improvement Act ( 2005 ) Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act ( 2009 ) Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act ( 2010 ) State level reform Dirigo Health ( Maine ) Massachusetts health care reform Oregon Health Plan SustiNet ( Connecticut ) Vermont health care reform Municipal health coverage Fair Share Health Care Act ( Maryland ) Healthy Howard ( Howard Co. , Maryland ) Healthy San Francisco Healthy Way LA My Health LA This box : view talk edit The Social Security Amendments of 1965 created Medicaid by adding Title XIX to the Social Security Act , 42 U.S.C. § § 1396 et sec . Under the program , the federal government provides matching funds to states to enable them to provide medical assistance to residents who meet certain eligibility requirements . The objective is to help states provide medical assistance to residents whose incomes and resources are insufficient to meet the costs of necessary medical services . Medicaid serves as the nation 's primary source of health insurance coverage for low - income populations . States are not required to participate . Those that do must comply with federal Medicaid laws under which each participating state administers its own Medicaid program , establishes eligibility standards , determines the scope and types of services it will cover , and sets the rate of payment . Benefits vary from state to state , and because someone qualifies for Medicaid in one state , it does not mean they will qualify in another . The federal Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services ( CMS ) monitors the state - run programs and establishes requirements for service delivery , quality , funding , and eligibility standards . The Medicaid Drug Rebate Program and the Health Insurance Premium Payment Program ( HIPP ) were created by the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990 ( OBRA - 90 ) . This act helped to add Section 1927 to the Social Security Act of 1935 which became effective on January 1 , 1991 . This program was formed due to the costs that Medicaid programs were paying for outpatient drugs at their discounted prices . The Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993 ( OBRA - 93 ) amended Section 1927 of the Act as it brought changes to the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program , as well as requiring states to implement a Medicaid estate recovery program to sue the estate of decedents for medical care costs paid by Medicaid . Medicaid also offers a Fee for Service ( Direct Service ) Program to schools throughout the United States for the reimbursement of costs associated with the services delivered to special education students . Federal law mandates that every disabled child in America receive a `` free appropriate public education . '' Decisions by the United States Supreme Court and subsequent changes in federal law make it clear that Medicaid must pay for services provided for all Medicaid - eligible disabled children . Medicaid expansion under the Affordable care Act ( edit ) 2015 Medicaid expansion by state . Expanding Medicaid Not expanding Medicaid Has voted to expand Medicaid The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act , passed in 2010 , would have revised and expanded Medicaid eligibility starting in 2014 . Under the law as written , states that wished to participate in the Medicaid program would be required to allow people with income up to 133 % of the poverty line to qualify for coverage , including adults without dependent children . The federal government would pay 100 % of the cost of Medicaid eligibility expansion in 2014 , 2015 , and 2016 ; 95 % in 2017 , 94 % in 2018 , 93 % in 2019 , and 90 % in 2020 and all subsequent years . However , the Supreme Court ruled in NFIB v. Sebelius that this provision of the ACA was coercive , and that the federal government must allow states to continue at pre-ACA levels of funding and eligibility if they chose . Several states have opted to reject the expanded Medicaid coverage provided for by the act ; over half of the nation 's uninsured live in those states . They include Texas , Florida , Kansas , Georgia , Louisiana , Alabama , and Mississippi . As of May 24 , 2013 a number of states had not made final decisions , and lists of states which have opted out or were considering opting out varied , but Alaska , Idaho , South Dakota , Nebraska , Wisconsin , Maine , North Carolina , South Carolina , and Oklahoma seemed to have decided to reject expanded coverage . Several factors are associated with states ' decisions to accept or reject Medicaid expansion in accordance with the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act . Partisan composition of state governments is the most significant factor , with states led primarily by Democrats tending to expand Medicaid and states led primarily by Republicans tending to reject expansion . Other important factors include the generosity of the Medicaid program in a given state prior to 2010 , spending on elections by health care providers , and the attitudes people in a given state tend to have about the role of government and the perceived beneficiaries of expansion . The federal government will pay 100 percent of defined costs for certain newly eligible adult Medicaid beneficiaries in `` Medicaid Expansion '' states . The NFIB v. Sebelius ruling , effective January 1 , 2014 , allows Non-Expansion states to retain the program as it was before January 2014 . As of January 2014 , confirmed opting out states include Alabama , Alaska , Florida , Georgia , Idaho , Kansas , Louisiana , Maine , Mississippi , Missouri , Montana , Nebraska , North Carolina , Oklahoma , South Carolina , South Dakota , Tennessee , Texas , Virginia & Wisconsin . States opting in after 2014 are Indiana & Pennsylvania . On July 17 , 2015 , Governor Bill Walker sent a letter to the Alaskan state legislature , providing the required 45 - day notice of his intention to accept the expansion of Medicaid in Alaska . Under 2017 American Health Care Act ( AHCA ) legislation under the House and Senate , both versions of proposed Republican bills have proposed cuts to Medicaid funding on differing timelines . Under both bills , the Congressional Budget Office has rated these as reducing coverage of Americans by Medicaid , with the Senate bill reducing costs of Medicaid by the year 2026 with by a reduction of cost by 26 percent in comparison to projections of ACA subsidies . Additionally , CBO estimated have predicted number of uninsured rising under AHCA from 28 million persons to 49 million ( under the Senate bill ) or to 51 ( under the House Bill ) . State implementations ( edit ) States may bundle together the administration of Medicaid with other programs such as the Children 's Health Insurance Program ( CHIP ) , so the same organization that handles Medicaid in a state may also manage the additional programs . Separate programs may also exist in some localities that are funded by the states or their political subdivisions to provide health coverage for indigents and minors . State participation in Medicaid is voluntary ; however , all states have participated since 1982 when Arizona formed its Arizona Health Care Cost Containment System ( AHCCCS ) program . In some states Medicaid is subcontracted to private health insurance companies , while other states pay providers ( i.e. , doctors , clinics and hospitals ) directly . There are many services that can fall under Medicaid and some states support more services than other states . The most provided services are intermediate care for mentally handicapped , prescription drugs and nursing facility care for under 21 - year - olds . The least provided services include institutional religious ( non-medical ) health care , respiratory care for ventilator dependent and PACE ( inclusive elderly care ) . Most states administer Medicaid through their own programs . A few of those programs are listed below : Arizona : AHCCCS California : Medi - Cal Connecticut : HUSKY D Maine : MaineCare Massachusetts : MassHealth New Jersey : NJ FamilyCare Oregon : Oregon Health Plan Oklahoma : Soonercare Tennessee : TennCare Washington Apple Health Wisconsin : BadgerCare As of January 2012 , Medicaid and / or CHIP funds could be obtained to help pay employer health care premiums in Alabama , Alaska , Arizona , Colorado , Florida , and Georgia . Enrollment ( edit ) According to CMS , the Medicaid program provided health care services to more than 46.0 million people in 2001 . In 2002 , Medicaid enrollees numbered 39.9 million Americans , the largest group being children ( 18.4 million or 46 percent ) . From 2000 to 2012 , the proportion of hospital stays for children paid by Medicaid increased by 33 percent , and the proportion paid by private insurance decreased by 21 percent . Some 43 million Americans were enrolled in 2004 ( 19.7 million of them children ) at a total cost of $295 billion . In 2008 , Medicaid provided health coverage and services to approximately 49 million low - income children , pregnant women , elderly people , and disabled people . In 2009 , 62.9 million Americans were enrolled in Medicaid for at least one month , with an average enrollment of 50.1 million . In California , about 23 % of the population was enrolled in Medi - Cal for at least 1 month in 2009 -- 10 . Medicaid payments currently assist nearly 60 percent of all nursing home residents and about 37 percent of all childbirths in the United States . The federal government pays on average 57 percent of Medicaid expenses . Loss of income and medical insurance coverage during the 2008 -- 2009 recession resulted in a substantial increase in Medicaid enrollment in 2009 . Nine U.S. states showed an increase in enrollment of 15 % or more , resulting in heavy pressure on state budgets . Comparisons with Medicare ( edit ) Unlike Medicaid , Medicare is a social insurance program funded at the federal level and focuses primarily on the older population . As stated in the CMS website , Medicare is a health insurance program for people age 65 or older , people under age 65 with certain disabilities , and ( through the End Stage Renal Disease Program ) people of all ages with end - stage renal disease . The Medicare Program provides a Medicare part A which covers hospital bills , Medicare Part B which covers medical insurance coverage , and Medicare Part D which covers prescription drugs . Medicaid is a program that is not solely funded at the federal level . States provide up to half of the funding for the Medicaid program . In some states , counties also contribute funds . Unlike the Medicare program , Medicaid is a means - tested , needs - based social welfare or social protection program rather than a social insurance program . Eligibility is determined largely by income . The main criterion for Medicaid eligibility is limited income and financial resources , a criterion which plays no role in determining Medicare coverage . Medicaid covers a wider range of health care services than Medicare . Some people are eligible for both Medicaid and Medicare and are known as Medicare dual eligibles . In 2001 , about 6.5 million Americans were enrolled in both Medicare and Medicaid . In 2013 , approximately 9 million people qualified for Medicare and Medicaid . Eligibility ( edit ) Medicaid is a joint federal - state program that provides health coverage or nursing home coverage to certain categories of low - asset people , including children , pregnant women , parents of eligible children , people with disabilities and elderly needing nursing home care . Medicaid was created to help low - asset people who fall into one of these eligibility categories `` pay for some or all of their medical bills . '' There are two general types of Medicaid coverage . `` Community Medicaid '' helps people who have little or no medical insurance . Medicaid nursing home coverage pays all of the costs of nursing homes for those who are eligible except that the recipient pays most of his / her income toward the nursing home costs , usually keeping only $66.00 a month for expenses other than the nursing home . While Congress and the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services ( CMS ) set out the general rules under which Medicaid operates , each state runs its own program . Under certain circumstances , an applicant may be denied coverage . As a result , the eligibility rules differ significantly from state to state , although all states must follow the same basic framework . Poverty ( edit ) Having limited assets is one of the primary requirements for Medicaid eligibility , but poverty alone does not qualify people to receive Medicaid benefits unless they also fall into one of the defined eligibility categories . According to the CMS website , `` Medicaid does not provide medical assistance for all poor persons . Even under the broadest provisions of the Federal statute ( except for emergency services for certain persons ) , the Medicaid program does not provide health care services , even for very poor persons , unless they are in one of the designated eligibility groups . '' In 2010 , the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act expanded Medicaid eligibility starting in 2014 ; people with income up to 133 % of the poverty line qualify for coverage , including adults without dependent children . However , the United States Supreme Court ruled that the federal government must make participation in the expanded Medicaid program voluntary , and several state governments have declared that they will not participate . More recently , many states have authorized financial requirements that will make it more difficult for working - poor adults to access coverage . In Wisconsin , nearly a quarter of Medicaid patients were dropped after the state government imposed premiums of 3 % of household income . A survey in Minnesota found that more than half of those covered by Medicaid were unable to obtain prescription medications because of co-payments . Categories ( edit ) There are a number of Medicaid eligibility categories ; within each category there are requirements other than income that must be met . These other requirements include , but are not limited to , assets , age , pregnancy , disability , blindness , income and resources , and one 's status as a U.S. citizen or a lawfully admitted immigrant . The Deficit Reduction Act of 2005 requires anyone seeking Medicaid to produce documents to prove that he is a United States citizen or resident alien . An exception is made for Emergency Medicaid where payments are allowed for the pregnant and disabled regardless of immigration status . Special rules exist for those living in a nursing home and disabled children living at home . A child may be covered under Medicaid if he or she is a U.S. citizen or a permanent resident . A child may be eligible for Medicaid regardless of the eligibility status of his parents . Thus , a child may be covered by Medicaid based on his individual status even if his parents are not eligible . Similarly , if a child lives with someone other than a parent , he may still be eligible based on its individual status . Immigration status ( edit ) See also : Immigration to the United States Legal permanent residents ( LPRs ) with a substantial work history ( defined as 40 quarters of Social Security covered earnings ) or military connection are eligible for the full range of major federal means - tested benefit programs , including Medicaid ( Medi - Cal ) . LPRs entering after August 22 , 1996 , are barred from Medicaid for five years , after which their coverage becomes a state option , and states have the option to cover LPRs who are children or who are pregnant during the first five years . Noncitizen SSI recipients are eligible for ( and required to be covered under ) Medicaid . Refugees and asylees are eligible for Medicaid for seven years after arrival ; after this term , they may be eligible at state option . Nonimmigrants and unauthorized aliens are not eligible for most federal benefits , regardless of whether they are means tested , with notable exceptions for emergency services ( e.g. , Medicaid for emergency medical care ) , but states have the option to cover nonimmigrant and unauthorized aliens who are pregnant or who are children , and can meet the definition of `` lawfully residing '' in the United States . Special rules apply to several limited noncitizen categories : certain `` cross-border '' American Indians , Hmong / Highland Laotians , parolees and conditional entrants , and cases of abuse . Aliens outside the United States who seek to obtain visas at US consulates overseas , or admission at US ports of entry , are generally denied entry if they are deemed `` likely at any time to become a public charge . '' Aliens within the United States who seek to adjust their status to that of lawful permanent resident ( LPR ) , or who entered the United States without inspection , are also generally subject to exclusion and deportation on public charge grounds . Similarly , LPRs and other aliens who have been admitted to the United States are removable if they become a public charge within five years after the date of their entry due to causes that preexisted their entry . A 1999 policy letter from immigration officials defined `` public charge '' and identified which benefits are considered in public charge determinations , and the policy letter underlies current regulations and other guidance on the public charge grounds of inadmissibility and deportability . Collectively , the various sources addressing the meaning of public charge have historically suggested that an alien 's receipt of public benefits , per se , is unlikely to result in the alien being deemed to be removable on public charge grounds . Coverage and use ( edit ) One - third of children and over half ( 59 % ) of low - income children are insured through Medicaid or SCHIP . The insurance provides them with access to preventive and primary services which are used at a much higher rate than for the uninsured , but still below the utilization of privately insured patients . As of February 2011 , a record 90 % of children have coverage . However , 8 million children remain uninsured , including 5 million who are eligible for Medicaid and SCHIP but not enrolled . Dental ( edit ) Children enrolled in Medicaid are individually entitled under the law to comprehensive preventive and restorative dental services , but dental care utilization for this population is low . The reasons for low use are many , but a lack of dental providers who participate in Medicaid is a key factor . Few dentists participate in Medicaid -- less than half of all active private dentists in some areas . Low reimbursement rates , complex forms and burdensome administrative requirements are commonly cited by dentists as reasons for not participating in Medicaid . In Washington state , a program known as Access to Baby and Child Dentistry ( ABCD ) has helped increase access to dental services by providing dentists higher reimbursements for oral health education and preventive and restorative services for children . After the passing of the Affordable Care Act , many dental practices began using Dental Service Organizations to provide business management and support , allowing practices to minimize costs and pass the saving on to patients currently without adequate dental care . HIV ( edit ) Medicaid provided the largest portion of federal money spent on health care for people living with HIV / AIDS until the implementation of Medicare Part D when the prescription drug costs for those eligible for both Medicare and Medicaid shifted to Medicare . Unless low income people who are HIV positive meet some other eligibility category , they are not eligible for Medicaid assistance unless they can qualify under the `` disabled '' category to receive Medicaid assistance -- as , for example , if they progress to AIDS ( T - cell count drops below 200 ) . The Medicaid eligibility policy contrasts with the Journal of the American Medical Association ( JAMA ) guidelines which recommend therapy for all patients with T - cell counts of 350 or less , or in certain patients commencing at an even higher T - cell count . Due to the high costs associated with HIV medications , many patients are not able to begin antiretroviral treatment without Medicaid help . More than half of people living with AIDS in the US are estimated to receive Medicaid payments . Two other programs that provide financial assistance to people living with HIV / AIDS are the Social Security Disability Insurance ( SSDI ) and the Supplemental Security Income . Supplemental Security income beneficiaries ( edit ) Once someone is approved as a beneficiary in the Supplemental Security Income program , they may automatically be eligible for Medicaid coverage ( depending on the laws of the state they reside in ) . Assets ( edit ) Both the federal government and state governments have made changes to the eligibility requirements and restrictions over the years . The Deficit Reduction Act of 2005 ( DRA ) significantly changed the rules governing the treatment of asset transfers and homes of nursing home residents . The implementation of these changes proceeded state - by - state over the next few years and has now been substantially completed . Five year `` look - back '' ( edit ) The DRA created a five - year `` look - back period . '' That means that any transfers without fair market value ( gifts of any kind ) made by the Medicaid applicant during the preceding five years are penalizable . The penalty is determined by dividing the average monthly cost of nursing home care in the area or State into the amount of assets gifted . Therefore , if a person gifted $60,000 and the average monthly cost of a nursing home was $6,000 , one would divide $6000 into $60,000 and come up with 10 . 10 represents the number of months the applicant would not be eligible for medicaid . All transfers made during the five - year look - back period are totaled , and the applicant is penalized based on that amount after having already dropped below the Medicaid asset limit . This means that after dropping below the asset level ( $2,000 limit in most states ) , the Medicaid applicant will be ineligible for a period of time . The penalty period does not begin until the person is eligible for medicaid but for the gift . Elders who gift or transfer assets can be caught in the situation of having no money but still not being eligible for Medicaid . Utilization ( edit ) During 2003 -- 2012 , the share of hospital stays billed to Medicaid increased by 2.5 percent , or 0.8 million stays . Medicaid super utilizers ( defined as Medicaid patients with four or more admissions in one year ) account for more hospital stays ( 5.9 vs. 1.3 stays ) , longer length of stay ( 6.1 vs. 4.5 days ) , and higher hospital costs per stay ( $11,766 vs. $9,032 ) . Medicaid super-utilizers were more likely than other Medicaid patients to be male and to be aged 45 -- 64 years . Common conditions among super-utilizers include mood disorders and psychiatric disorders , as well as diabetes ; cancer treatment ; sickle cell anemia ; septicemia ; congestive heart failure ; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ; and complications of devices , implants and grafts . Budget ( edit ) Medicaid spending as part of total U.S. healthcare spending ( public and private ) . Percent of gross domestic product ( GDP ) . Congressional Budget Office chart . Unlike Medicare , which is solely a federal program , Medicaid is a joint federal - state program . Each state operates its own Medicaid system , but this system must conform to federal guidelines in order for the state to receive matching funds and grants . The matching rate provided to states is determined using a federal matching formula ( called Federal Medical Assistance Percentages ) , which generates payment rates that vary from state to state , depending on each state 's respective per capita income . The wealthiest states only receive a federal match of 50 % while poorer states receive a larger match . Medicaid funding has become a major budgetary issue for many states over the last few years , with states , on average , spending 16.8 % of state general funds on the program . If the federal match expenditure is also counted , the program , on average , takes up 22 % of each state 's budget . Some 43 million Americans were enrolled in 2004 ( 19.7 million of them children ) at a total cost of $295 billion . In 2008 , Medicaid provided health coverage and services to approximately 49 million low - income children , pregnant women , elderly people , and disabled people . Federal Medicaid outlays were estimated to be $204 billion in 2008 . In 2011 , there were 7.6 million hospital stays billed to Medicaid , representing 15.6 percent ( approximately $60.2 billion ) of total aggregate inpatient hospital costs in the United States . At $8,000 , the mean cost per stay billed to Medicaid was $2,000 less than the average cost for all stays . Medicaid does not pay benefits to individuals directly ; Medicaid sends benefit payments to health care providers . In some states Medicaid beneficiaries are required to pay a small fee ( co-payment ) for medical services . Medicaid is limited by federal law to the coverage of `` medically necessary services '' . Since Medicaid program was established in 1965 , `` states have been permitted to recover from the estates of deceased Medicaid recipients who were over age 65 when they received benefits and who had no surviving spouse , minor child , or adult disabled child . '' In 1993 , Congress enacted the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993 , which required states to attempt to recoup `` the expense of long - term care and related costs for deceased Medicaid recipients 55 or older . '' The Act also allowed states to recover other Medicaid expenses for deceased Medicaid recipients 55 or older , at each state 's choice . However , states are prohibited from estate recovery when `` there is a surviving spouse , a child under the age of 21 or a child of any age who is blind or disabled '' and `` the law also carved out other exceptions for adult children who have served as caretakers in the homes of the deceased , property owned jointly by siblings , and income - producing property , such as farms . '' Each state now maintains a Medicaid Estate Recovery Program , although the sum of money collected significantly varies from state to state , `` depending on how the state structures its program and how vigorously it pursues collections . '' Medicaid payments currently assist nearly 60 percent of all nursing home residents and about 37 percent of all childbirths in the United States . The federal government pays on average 57 percent of Medicaid expenses . On November 25 , 2008 , a new federal rule was passed that allows states to charge premiums and higher co-payments to Medicaid participants . This rule will enable states to take in greater revenues , limiting financial losses associated with the program . Estimates figure that states will save $1.1 billion while the federal government will save nearly $1.4 billion . However , this means that the burden of financial responsibility will be placed on 13 million Medicaid recipients who will face a $1.3 billion increase in co-payments over 5 years . The major concern is that this rule will create a disincentive for low - income people to seek healthcare . It is possible that this will force only the sickest participants to pay the increased premiums and it is unclear what long - term effect this will have on the program . Effects ( edit ) A 2017 survey of the academic research on Medicaid found it improved recipients ' health and financial security . A 2017 National Bureau of Economic Research paper found that Medicaid expansion under the Affordable Care Act `` reduced unpaid medical bills sent to collection by $3.4 billion in its first two years , prevented new delinquencies , and improved credit scores . Using data on credit offers and pricing , we document that improvements in households ' financial health led to better terms for available credit valued at $520 million per year . We calculate that the financial benefits of Medicaid double when considering these indirect benefits in addition to the direct reduction in out - of - pocket expenditures . '' A 2016 NBER paper found that Medicaid has substantial positive long - term effects on the health of recipients : `` Early childhood Medicaid eligibility reduces mortality and disability and , for whites , increases extensive margin labor supply , and reduces receipt of disability transfer programs and public health insurance up to 50 years later . Total income does not change because earnings replace disability benefits . '' The government recoups its investment in Medicaid through savings on benefit payments later in life and greater payment of taxes because recipients of Medicaid are healthier : `` The government earns a discounted annual return of between 2 and 7 percent on the original cost of childhood coverage for these cohorts , most of which comes from lower cash transfer payments . '' A 2017 study in the American Political Science Review found that Medicaid enrollment increases political participation ( measured in terms of voter registration and turnout ) . A 2017 study in the Journal of Public Economics found that Medicaid expansion , by increasing treatment for substance abuse , `` led to a sizeable reduction in the rates of robbery , aggravated assault and larceny theft . '' Oregon Medicaid health Experiment ( edit ) Main article : Oregon Medicaid health experiment `` The Oregon Health Insurance Experiment : Evidence from the First Year , '' a 2011 paper by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Harvard School of Public Health , used Oregon 's 2008 decision to hold a randomized lottery for the provision of Medicaid insurance in order to measure the impact of health insurance on an individual 's health and well - being . The study examined the outcomes of the 10,000 lower - income people eligible for Medicaid who were chosen by this randomized system , which helped eliminate potential bias in the data produced . The study 's authors caution that the survey sample is relatively small and `` estimates are therefore difficult to extrapolate to the likely effects of much larger health insurance expansions , in which there may well be supply side responses from the health care sector . '' Nevertheless , the study finds evidence that : Hospital use increased by 30 % for those with insurance , with the length of hospital stays increasing by 30 % and the number of procedures increasing by 45 % for the population with insurance ; Medicaid recipients proved more likely to seek preventive care . Women were 60 % more likely to have mammograms , and recipients overall were 20 % more likely to have their cholesterol checked ; In terms of self - reported health outcomes , having insurance was associated with an increased probability of reporting one 's health as `` good , '' `` very good , '' or `` excellent '' -- overall , about 25 % higher than the average ; Those with insurance were about 10 % less likely to report a diagnosis of depression . In the experiment , patients with catastrophic health spending ( with costs that were greater than 30 % of income ) dropped . The experiment also showed that Medicaid patients had cut in half the probability of requiring loans or forgoing other bills to pay for medical costs . The study found that Medicaid recipients had greater financial security : `` recipients had fewer out - of - pocket medical expenses , were less likely to owe medical debt , or to refuse treatment due to costs '' . In 2013 , the same research team reported that Medicaid did not significantly improve physical health outcomes in the first two years after the Oregon Health Insurance Experiment ( aka OHIE ) began , but that it did `` increase use of health care services , raise rates of diabetes detection and management , lower rates of depression , and reduce financial strain . '' See also ( edit ) Government of the United States portal Health and fitness portal Medicine portal Center for Medicare and Medicaid Innovation State Children 's Health Insurance Program ( SCHIP / CHIP ) Home and Community - Based Services Waivers United States National Health Care Act Enhanced Primary Care Case Management Program References ( edit ) Jump up ^ America 's Health Insurance Plans ( HIAA ) , p. 232 ^ Jump up to : `` Evidence on the Value of Medicaid Econofact '' . Econofact. 2017 - 07 - 02 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Medicaid General Information '' . Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services ( CMS ) . Jump up ^ https://www.medicaid.gov/affordable-care-act/eligibility/index.html Jump up ^ `` About Medicare '' . https://www.medicare.gov/ . U.S. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services , Baltimore . Retrieved 25 October 2017 . External link in website = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` States Turn to Managed Care To Constrain Medicaid Long - Term Care Costs '' . 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Jump up ^ HHS Press Office ( March 29 , 2013 ) . `` HHS finalizes rule guaranteeing 100 percent funding for new Medicaid beneficiaries '' . Washington , D.C. : U.S. Department of Health & Human Services . Retrieved April 23 , 2013 . effective January 1 , 2014 , the federal government will pay 100 percent of defined cost of certain newly eligible adult Medicaid beneficiaries . These payments will be in effect through 2016 , phasing down to a permanent 90 percent matching rate by 2020 . Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services ( April 2 , 2013 ) . `` Medicaid program : Increased federal medical assistance percentage changes under the Affordable Care Act of 2010 : Final rule '' . Federal Register . 78 ( 63 ) : 19917 -- 47 . ( A ) 100 percent , for calendar quarters in calendar years ( CYs ) 2014 through 2016 ; ( B ) 95 percent , for calendar quarters in CY 2017 ; ( C ) 94 percent , for calendar quarters in CY 2018 ; ( D ) 93 percent , for calendar quarters in CY 2019 ; ( E ) 90 percent , for calendar quarters in CY 2020 and all subsequent calendar years . Jump up ^ Robert Pear ( May 24 , 2013 ) . `` States ' Policies on Health Care Exclude Some of the Poorest '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 25 , 2013 . In most cases , ( Sandy Praeger , Insurance Commissioner of Kansas ) said , adults with incomes from 32 percent to 100 percent of the poverty level ( $6,250 to $19,530 for a family of three ) `` will have no assistance . '' ^ Jump up to : Sarah Kliff ( May 5 , 2013 ) . `` Florida rejects Medicaid expansion , leaves 1 million uninsured '' . The Washington Post . 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Pacific Research Institute . Jump up ^ `` Medicaid and HIV / AIDS , '' Kaiser Family Foundation , fact sheet , kff.org Jump up ^ CMS.hhs.gov Jump up ^ 42 U.S.C. 1396p Jump up ^ Wiess , AJ ; Elixhauser A ( October 2014 ) . `` Overview of Hospital Utilization , 2012 '' . HCUP Statistical Brief # 180 . Rockville , MD : Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality . ^ Jump up to : Jiang HJ , Barrett ML , Sheng M ( November 2014 ) . `` Characteristics of Hospital Stays for Nonelderly Medicaid Super-Utilizers , 2012 '' . HCUP Statistical Brief # 184 . Rockville , MD : Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality . Jump up ^ The Long - Term Outlook for Health Care Spending . Figure 2 . Congressional Budget Office . Jump up ^ Puerto Rico is considered a `` state '' for Medicaid purposes . Id. § 1301 ( a ) ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ SSA.gov , Social Security Act . Title IX , Sec. 1101 ( a ) ( 8 ) ( B ) Jump up ^ Microsoft Word -- Final Text. doc Jump up ^ `` Medicaid and State Budgets : Looking at the Facts '' , Georgetown University Center for Children and Families , May 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Policy Basics : Introduction to Medicaid '' . Jump up ^ `` Budget of the United States Government , FY 2008 '' , Department of Health and Human Services , 2008 . Jump up ^ Torio CM , Andrews RM . National Inpatient Hospital Costs : The Most Expensive Conditions by Payer , 2011 . HCUP Statistical Brief # 160 . Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality , Rockville , MD . August 2013 . ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Pfuntner A , Wier LM , Steiner C ( December 2013 ) . `` Costs for Hospital Stays in the United States , 2011 '' . HCUP Statistical Brief # 168 . Rockville , MD : Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality . Jump up ^ Adler Peter W ( 2011 ) . `` Is it lawful to use Medicaid to pay for circumcision ? '' ( PDF ) . J Law Med. 19 ( 2 ) : 335 -- 53 . PMID 22320007 . ^ Jump up to : Eugene Kiely , Medicaid Estate Recovery Program , FactCheck.org , Annenberg Public Policy Center , University of Pennsylvania ( January 10 , 2014 ) . Jump up ^ search : 42 CFR Parts 447 and 457 Archived March 10 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Pear , Robert ( November 27 , 2008 ) . `` New Medicaid Rules Allow States to Set Premiums and Higher Co-Payments '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Brevoort , Kenneth ; Grodzicki , Daniel ; Hackmann , Martin B. ( November 2017 ) . `` Medicaid and Financial Health '' . ^ Jump up to : Goodman - Bacon , Andrew ( 2016 - 12 - 01 ) . `` The Long - Run Effects of Childhood Insurance Coverage : Medicaid Implementation , Adult Health , and Labor Market Outcomes '' . National Bureau of Economic Research . Jump up ^ Clinton , Joshua D. ; Sances , Michael W. ( 2017 ) . `` The Politics of Policy : The Initial Mass Political Effects of Medicaid Expansion in the States '' . American Political Science Review : 1 -- 19 . doi : 10.1017 / S0003055417000430 . ISSN 0003 - 0554 . Jump up ^ Wen , Hefei ; Hockenberry , Jason M. ; Cummings , Janet R. ( 2017 ) . `` The effect of Medicaid expansion on crime reduction : Evidence from HIFA - waiver expansions '' . Journal of Public Economics . 154 : 67 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jpubeco. 2017.09. 001 . Jump up ^ `` Oregon Health Insurance Experiment : Evidence from the First Year '' . Journalist 's Resource.org . Jump up ^ `` More study needed '' . The Economist . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ Baicker , Katherine ; Taubman , Sarah L. ; Allen , Heidi L. ; Bernstein , Mira ; Gruber , Jonathan H. ; Newhouse , Joseph P. ; Schneider , Eric C. ; Wright , Bill J. ; Zaslavsky , Alan M. ; Finkelstein , Amy N. ( 2 May 2013 ) . `` The Oregon Experiment -- Effects of Medicaid on Clinical Outcomes '' . New England Journal of Medicine . 368 ( 18 ) : 1713 -- 22 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJMsa1212321 . PMC 3701298 . PMID 23635051 . Further reading ( edit ) House Ways and Means Committee , `` 2004 Green Book -- Overview of the Medicaid Program '' , United States House of Representatives , 2004 . External links ( edit ) CMS official web site . Medicaid information Healthcare information for consumers Insurance information for consumers Health Assistance Partnership Trends in Medicaid , October 2006 . Staff Paper of the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation ( ASPE ) , U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Read Congressional Research Service ( CRS ) Reports regarding Medicaid `` Medicaid Research '' and `` Medicaid Primer '' from Georgetown University Center for Children and Families . Kaiser Family Foundation -- Substantial resources on Medicaid including federal eligibility requirements , benefits , financing and administration . `` The Role of Medicaid in State Economies : A Look at the Research , '' Kaiser Family Foundation , November 2013 State - level data on health care spending , utilization , and insurance coverage , including details extensive Medicaid information . History of Medicaid in an interactive timeline of key developments . Coverage By State -- Information on state health coverage , including Medicaid , by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation & AcademyHealth . Medicaid information from Families USA Medicaid Reform -- The Basics from The Century Foundation National Association of State Medicaid Directors Organization representing the chief executives of state Medicaid programs . Ranking of state Medicaid programs by eligibility , scope of services , quality of service and reimbursement from Public Citizen. 2007 . Center for Health Care Strategies , CHCS Extensive library of tools , briefs , and reports developed to help state agencies , health plans and policymakers improve the quality and cost - effectiveness of Medicaid . ( hide ) Social Security ( United States ) Key articles History of Social Security Social Security Administration Social Security number Assistance programs Disability Determination Services Retirement Insurance Benefits Social Security Disability Insurance Supplemental Security Income Temporary Assistance for Needy Families Ticket to Work Unemployment benefits Health care Medicaid Medicare SCHIP Law Disability fraud FICA Revenue Act of 1942 Social Security Act Social Security Amendments of 1965 Social Security Death Index Social Security Trust Fund Windfall Elimination Provision Other Legacy debt Numident Office of the Chief Actuary Primary Insurance Amount Social Security debate ( United States ) Social Security Wage Base Years of coverage Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Medicaid&oldid=815015025 '' Categories : Federal assistance in the United States Healthcare reform in the United States Medicare and Medicaid ( United States ) Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson Child poverty Hidden categories : CS1 errors : external links Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from September 2014 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2014 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from November 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska ייִדיש Edit links This page was last edited on 12 December 2017 , at 06 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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who said nothing is true everything is permitted
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Alamut ( Bartol novel )
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alamut ( bartol novel )
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Alamut is a novel by Vladimir Bartol , first published in 1938 in Slovenian , dealing with the story of Hassan - i Sabbah and the Hashshashin , and named after their Alamut fortress .
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Bartol first started to conceive the novel in the early 1930s , when he lived in Paris . In the French capital , he met with the Slovene literary critic Josip Vidmar , who introduced him to the story of Hassan - i Sabbah . A further stimulation for the novel came from the assassination of Alexander I of Yugoslavia perpetrated by Croatian and Bulgarian radical nationalists , on the alleged commission of the Italian Fascist government . When it was originally published , the novel was sarcastically dedicated to Benito Mussolini . The maxim of the novel is `` Nothing is an absolute reality ; all is permitted '' . This book was one of the inspirations for the video game series Assassin 's Creed . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Interpretations 3 Cultural impact 4 Translations 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) The novel is set in the 11th century at the fortress of Alamut ( Persian : قلعه الموت ) , which was seized by the leader of the Ismailis , Hassan - i Sabbah or Sayyiduna ( سیدنا , `` Our Master '' ) . At the start of the story , he is gathering an army for the purpose of attacking the Seljuk Empire , which has taken over possession of Iran . The story commences with the journey of young ibn Tahir , who is , according to his family 's wish , intending to join the Alamut garrison . There , he is appointed to the squad of the most valiant soldiers , named the fedai ( فدائی ) . Fedai are expected to obey orders without demur and forfeit their lives if necessary . During their demanding training , they come to be convinced that they shall go to heaven immediately after their death if they die in the line of duty . Hassan managed to achieve such level of obedience by deceiving his soldiers ; he gave them drugs ( hashish ) to numb them and afterwards ordered that they be carried into the gardens behind the fortress -- which were made into a simulacrum of heaven , including houris . Therefore , fedayin believe that Allah has given Hassan the power to send anybody into the Heaven for a certain period . Moreover , some of the fedayin fall in love with houris , and Hassan unscrupulously uses that to his advantage . Meanwhile , the Seljuk army besieges Alamut . Some of the soldiers are captured and Hassan decides to demonstrate his power to them . He orders a pair of fedayin ( Yusuf and Suleiman ) to kill themselves ; Suleiman by stabbing himself , Yusuf by jumping off a tower . They gladly fulfill their master 's order since they believe that they will soon rejoice with their beloved in heaven . After the siege , Hassan orders ibn Tahir to go and kill the grand vizier of the Seljuk sultan Nizam al - Mulk . Hassan wants to take revenge for al - Mulk 's treachery against him long ago . Ibn Tahir stabs the vizier , but , before he passes away , the vizier reveals the truth of Hassan 's deceptions to his murderer . Ibn Tahir decides to return to Alamut and kill Hassan . When ibn Tahir returns , Hassan receives him and also reveals him his true motto : `` Nothing is an absolute reality , all is permitted '' . Then , he lets ibn Tahir go , to start a long journey around the world . Another fedai kills the Seljuk Sultan and the Seljuk empire dissolves . The fight for the Seljuk throne begins . Hassan encloses himself in a tower , determined to work until the end of his days . He transfers the power over the Ismaelits to the hands of his faithful dai , military , and religious chiefs . Interpretations ( edit ) Some of the contemporaneous literary critics , such as Lino Legiša , have interpreted it as an allegory of the TIGR , an organization formed in order to fight the Fascist Italianization in the ex-Austrian Littoral , Allegedly , Vladimir Bartol had sympathised with said organisation . Another interpratation compares the Hashshashin to modern - day terrorists , particulary islamists and Hassan - i Sabbah to their leaders . Cultural impact ( edit ) The novel and its plot were the inspiration for the popular Assassin 's Creed series of video games . Many elements of the book 's plot can be found in the first game , and the phrase from the novel under an alternative translation : `` nothing is true ; everything is permitted '' is the guiding principle of the game 's Order of Assassins -- who are the fictionalized descendants of the Ismaili . Author William S. Burroughs found fascination within the story of Hassan - i - Sabbah and included the motto , `` Nothing is true ; everything is permitted , '' and many references to the work in his 1959 post-modern novel , `` Naked Lunch . '' Translations ( edit ) The novel was not published in English until 2004 . Earlier it was translated into about 18 other languages including Czech ( 1946 ) , Serbian ( 1954 ) , French ( 1988 ) , Spanish ( 1989 ) , Italian ( 1989 ) , German ( 1992 ) , Persian ( 1995 ) , Arabic , Greek , Korean and Slovak . More recently it has been translated into Hebrew ( 2003 ) , Hungarian ( 2005 ) Finnish ( 2008 ) , Turkish ( 2010 ) , ( Macedonian language Macedonian ) ( 2014 ) and ( Lithuanian language Lithuanian ) ( 2014 ) . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Razmerje med Bartolovo kratko in dolgo prozo ( Al Araf in Alamut ) , zbornik Obdobja , št. 23 , ( Slovenska kratka pripovedna proza , ur . Irena Novak - Popov , Ljubljana : FF , 2006 , str. 137 -- 44 ) . Jump up ^ O Bigginsovi interpretaciji Alamuta , 24 . november 2004 , namenjeno objavi v Slovene Studies ) . Jump up ^ `` Interview : Assassin 's Creed '' . CVG . Retrieved August 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Vladimir Bartol : Alamut , English translation by Michael Biggins , Published by : Scala House Press , Seattle , United States , 2004 , ISBN 0 - 9720287 - 3 - 0 External links ( edit ) Google Books page Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alamut_(Bartol_novel)&oldid=815246748 '' Categories : 1938 novels Slovenian novels Hidden categories : Pages to import images to Wikidata Articles containing Persian - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Español فارسی Français Hrvatski Italiano Polski Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Türkçe Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 13 December 2017 , at 17 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alamut%20%28Bartol%20novel%29
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how many seasons of teenage mutant ninja turtles nickelodeon
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Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Series logotype Also known as Tales of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( season five title ) Genre Action Comedy Drama Based on Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles by Kevin Eastman Peter Laird Developed by Ciro Nieli Joshua Sternin J.R. Ventimilia Voices of Jason Biggs ( Seasons 1 -- 2 ) Seth Green ( Seasons 3 -- 5 ) Rob Paulsen Sean Astin Greg Cipes Hoon Lee Mae Whitman Kevin Michael Richardson Josh Peck Kelly Hu Nolan North Clancy Brown Christian Lanz Phil LaMarr Eric Bauza Fred Tatasciore J.B. Smoove Opening theme `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles '' Ending theme `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles '' ( instrumental ) Composer ( s ) Sebastian Evans II Stanley Martinez Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 5 No. of episodes 124 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Joshua Sternin J.R. Ventimilia Ciro Nieli Peter Hastings Brandon Auman Rick Magallanes ( for Nickelodeon ; season 1 ) Megan Casey ( for Nickelodeon ; seasons 2 -- 5 ) Producer ( s ) MacGregor Middleton Christopher Waters ( supervising ) Ant Ward ( supervising ) Patrick Krebs ( supervising ) Vladimir Radev ( asscociate ) Running time 22 minutes Production company ( s ) Lowbar Productions Mirage Studios Nickelodeon Animation Studio Release Original network Nickelodeon Picture format 480i NTSC 1080i HDTV Original release September 29 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 29 ) -- November 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 12 ) Chronology Preceded by Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( 2003 TV series ) Followed by Rise of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles External links Website
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5
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Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( 2012 TV series )
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teenage mutant ninja turtles ( 2012 tv series )
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Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( also known as Tales of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles for its fifth season ) is an American 3D rendered computer animated television series . It aired on Nickelodeon in the United States from September 29 , 2012 to November 12 , 2017 . It was the third animated Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles television series . It was produced by Nickelodeon Animation Studio . Composer Sebastian Evans provided the show 's score .
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The series will be succeeded by Rise of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles in September 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 1.1 Season 1 1.2 Season 2 1.3 Season 3 1.4 Season 4 1.5 Season 5 2 Characters 3 Background and production 4 Episodes 5 Related animation 5.1 Half - Shell Heroes : Blast to the Past 5.2 Short films 6 Broadcast 7 Reception 7.1 Accolades 8 Merchandise 8.1 Toys 8.2 Comics 8.3 Home media releases 8.4 Video games 9 References 10 External links Plot Season 1 Main article : Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( 2012 TV series ) ( season 1 ) Ninjutsu master Hamato Yoshi ( Splinter ) is carrying his four pet turtles through the streets of Manhattan when he encounters members of an alien race called the Kraang . During an altercation with these aliens , Yoshi and the turtles are exposed to the Kraang 's chemical , called mutagen , which causes organic beings to undergo major physical transformations . Yoshi takes on characteristics of a brown rat and the turtles take on human characteristics . Yoshi retreats to the New York City sewers where he raises the four turtles as his sons and imparts to them his knowledge of ninjutsu . Now teenagers , the turtles ( Leonardo , Raphael , Donatello and Michelangelo ) venture to the surface for the first time and learn that the Kraang are using the mutagen as part of their plan to take over New York City . They befriend the teenage April O'Neil after she and her psychologist father Kirby are abducted by the Kraang . Donatello , who has developed a crush on April , is able to rescue her . While Kirby remains a prisoner of the Kraang , April becomes an ally of the turtles , who try to help her locate her father . April is also trained by Splinter to be a kunoichi , a female ninja . After learning of Splinter 's and the turtles 's presence in New York , Splinter 's adoptive brother and long - time enemy Oroku Saki ( Shredder ) travels there from Japan and orders his birth clan , the Foot to track down Splinter and his sons , and put an end to their clan . This family feud eventually earns the coincidence of two of Shredder 's disciples , martial arts star Chris Bradford and Brazilian street thug Xever Montes , getting mutated into Dogpound ( later Rahzar ) and Fishface . Learning about the Kraang 's presence through his adopted daughter Karai , Shredder enters an alliance with the aliens to destroy their mutual enemies in the Hamato Clan . The turtles later discover that the Kraang came to Earth from Dimension X and built their headquarters with a company called TCRI and are plotting to use the mutagen and a set of Kraang - like powers that April was born with to convert Earth into a planet suitable for their race . After the turtles rescue Kirby , the Kraang invade New York , but the turtles and April emerge triumphant when they send the Technodrome , the Kraang leader Kraang Prime 's ship , crashing into the sea . Meanwhile , Splinter battles Shredder and learns that Karai is his own daughter , Hamato Miwa , who was kidnapped by Shredder and who believes that Splinter killed her mother . The season ends with the turtles celebrating their victory over the Kraang as Splinter hides the secret of Miwa from them . Season 2 Main article : Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( 2012 TV series ) ( season 2 ) The turtles struggle to contain an outbreak of mutations that occurs thanks to the leftover mutagen from the thwarted Kraang invasion . Kirby is among the victims of the outbreak , and a misunderstanding leads April to become very upset and ashamed of the turtles and break off their friendship . However , the turtles are able to earn her forgiveness when they save her from Karai , who has taken temporary command of the Foot while the Shredder is away in Japan . Along with April came her new friend Casey Jones , who helps repel an assault on the turtles ' lair . Kirby is eventually restored to his human form when Donatello manages to concoct another Kraang chemical called retro - mutagen , which causes organic beings to reverse their major physical transformations , and help keep it away from former T.C.R.I inventor Baxter Stockman , who gets mutated into Stockman - Fly while under Shredder 's employ . Meanwhile , Shredder returns from Japan with the mutated Japanese bounty hunter Tiger Claw as his new second - in - command . Tiger Claw is later sent through a portal to the 1987 -- 1996 animated series reality , but later returns to the 2012 reality . During a battle with the turtles , Karai is informed of her true nature by Leonardo ( who has developed a crush on her since season 1 ) , but she is too reluctant to accept it . When she is taken to the lair , she finally realizes the truth and disowns Shredder , who responds by imprisoning her . Repeated attempts to free Karai ultimately succeed , but Shredder captures her again and uses her as bait to kill the Hamato Clan . However , Karai ends up transforming into an albino horned viper , to everyone 's horror . In response to this , Shredder has the Foot Clan help the Kraang , who have just perfected the previously unstable mutagen , launch a second invasion of New York , starting by destroying the turtles ' lair and forcing them to abandon it . The Kraang begin mutating New York 's populace , including Kirby , despite the efforts of Earth 's military and the turtles . Leonardo is gravely wounded when he is ambushed by the entire Foot , and Splinter is seemingly killed during a battle with Shredder . The turtles , April , and Casey are forced to flee to the O'Neil family 's summer home in Upstate New York as the Kraang successfully conquers Manhattan . Season 3 Main article : Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( 2012 TV series ) ( season 3 ) The group takes refuge at the O'Neil family 's summer home in North Hampton in order to recuperate from their loss at the hands of the Kraang and the Foot Clan . Leonardo takes an extended amount of time to recover , but guided by an apparition of Splinter , is able to overcome his physical and mental wounds . They eventually return to New York City with the goal of finding Splinter , Karai , Kirby , and their other missing allies and liberate the city from the Kraang . They are successful in finding Splinter and set up a temporary base in the abandoned Antonio 's Pizza , and Donatello begins work on new samples of retro - mutagen as the search for Kirby and Karai continues . Meanwhile , Shredder mutates Russian arms dealer Ivan Steranko and his only known disciple , high - tech master thief Anton Zeck , into Bebop and Rocksteady for stealing his helmet , the Kuro Kabuto , and hunting Karai in exchange for a safe departure from the Kraang - invaded city before sending them to find her again . The duo succeed behind the Turtles 's backs and Shredder promises to cure Karai of her misery . The turtles , on the other hand , run into a recently founded mutant team called the Mighty Mutanimals ( consisting of mutant allies that they made during the last two seasons , such as Slash , Leatherhead , Pigeon Pete and former British neurochemist Dr. Tyler Rockwell ) who are backed by their human ally Jack J. Kurtzman . Together , they manage to banish the Kraang back to Dimension X and free New York , but the effect of the invasion eventually earns Shredder cemented control of the city 's criminal underworld for his efforts to create a mind - control serum meant for the turtles , Mutanimals and Karai . The turtles are later offered by future time sorceress Renet to time travel to the past , where they meet up with a younger Hamato Yoshi and Oroku Saki , as well as Yoshi 's late wife and Karai 's mother , Teng Shen . During the battle between Yoshi and Saki inside the burning Hamato Clan dojo , Shen is accidentally killed by Saki , who meant to kill Yoshi instead . Saki leaves the dojo after his hair burns off from the fire and kidnaps Yoshi and Shen 's baby daughter Miwa , vowing to raise her as Karai and leaving Yoshi to die . After his escape , the turtles save Yoshi , as they were `` always destined to '' before traveling back to the present with Renet . When the Kraang return to Earth , the Turtles discover that the Kraang have another enemy from Dimension X in the form of the Triceraton Empire . Despite their best efforts and Shredder violating the Foot Clan 's temporary truce with the Turtles by stabbing Splinter during the fight , the ruthless Triceratons activate the Heart of Darkness , a black hole - creating machine which annihilates both the Kraang , the Earth , and everyone on it . But just as it comes to the worst for the Turtles , April , and Casey , they are rescued by a friendly robot by the name of Professor Honeycutt ( also known as the Fugitoid ) who uses a spacecraft to take the Turtles , April and Casey to a journey into space . Season 4 Main article : Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( 2012 TV series ) ( season 4 ) After the Turtles , April , and Casey are saved from the destruction of Earth , the Fugitoid uses his spacecraft the Ulixes to travel six months back in time in order for him and the Turtles to prevent the Triceraton Empire led by Emperor Zanmoran from again assembling the three components of the Heart of Darkness that are scattered throughout the universe before everything on Earth is lost . Besides fighting the Triceratons , the Turtles also face new enemies in outer space like Lord Vringath Dregg of the planet Sectoid and the bounty hunter Armaggon , and even have an adventure with their interdimensional 1987 counterparts and their enemy Krang who is an exiled relative of Kraang Subprime . Despite the efforts of the Turtles , the Triceratons are still able to collect all three pieces of the Black Hole Generator , only for the Turtles to return to Earth and join forces with their past selves to warn Splinter before he is killed by the Shredder , stop the detonator of the Heart of Darkness , and defeat the Triceratons . The Fugitoid destroys the Black Hole Generator near the Triceraton spacefleet , causing to explode , presumably killing the Triceratons . In the aftermath of the fight against the Triceratons , the past versions of the Turtles , April , and Casey leave Earth with the past Fugitoid in the Ulixes while the present Fugitoid 's head reactivates in Earth 's orbit . Weeks later following the Triceraton Invasion being thwarted and the Foot Clan 's disappearance , April is promoted to kunoichi at the time when the witch Shinigami arrives and is revealed that she is Karai 's friend as they plot to rebuild the Hamato Clan and dispose of Shredder who is still recuperating from his last fight with Splinter . While Karai and Shinigami got some ninjas on their side , the Foot Clan strengthens the Footbot army by creating the Elite Footbots . Furthermore , some other crime organizations have been plotting to take over the Foot Clan 's territory and a crystal shard of unimaginable power which April received from the alien Aeons during their space adventure is beginning to exert a baleful influence on her . Using a special mutagen formula made by Stockman - Fly , Oroku Saki recuperates and becomes Super-Shredder in order to take back control of the Foot Clan . Once a stable formula is made , Super-Shredder attacks the Turtles , the Mighty Mutanimals , Karai , and Shinigami which ends with Splinter falling in battle against Super-Shredder and is buried at the O'Neil family 's summer home in North Hampton . This leads up to the final battle at Super-Shredder's hidden mansion where Leonardo manages to slay Super-Shredder and throw his mutated Kuro Kabuto to the other Turtles in victory . Season 5 Main article : Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( 2012 TV series ) ( season 5 ) Following the death of the Super-Shredder , Tiger Claw has led the unspecified Foot Cultists into obtaining the Scroll of the Demodragon and a special control amulet called the `` Seal of the Ancients '' that would enable him to summon the demodragon Kavaxas . When Kavaxas is summoned from the Netherworld , Tiger Claw plans to use Kavaxas ' wish - granting abilities to revive the Shredder . Upon demonstrating the revival ability on Rahzar who fell in an underwater battle against Leatherhead , Kavaxas states that he will need the Kuro Kabuto that contains Shredder 's mental energies . Upon Rahzar and Tiger Claw reclaiming the Kuro Kabuto after Kavaxas drained the soul out of Shredder 's former right - hand man Hattori Tatsu , Kavaxas states that they will need the Shredder 's heart for the revival to occur . The Foot Clan obtains the Shredder 's heart that was in the possession of Don Vizioso . Upon Shredder 's heart being placed on his corpse , Kavaxas begins to work on reviving Shredder as the Zombie Shredder . This goes against what Tiger Claw eventually planned when Undead Shredder destroys the Seal of the Ancients which enables Kavaxas to raise the spirits of the Netherworld in order to rule both worlds . While Splinter 's ghost helps those fighting on the surface , Michelangelo managed to use gum to stick the Seal of the Ancients back together enabling him to have Kavaxas undo his damages and open the portal to the Netherworld as the Zombie Shredder drags Kavaxas back to the Netherworld . Afterwards , the Turtles face different challenges like the return of Lord Dregg when he collaborates with Newtralizer , being transported to Miyamoto Usagi 's reality where they help to protect the pug Kintaro from the evil gray wolf Jei , an adventure featuring a possible future ruled by mutant animals , and another adventure involving the return of Savanti Romero where he collaborates with Count Dracula to make Earth more habitable for monsters . The Turtles , April , Casey , Karai , Shinigami , and the Mighty Mutanimals soon teamed up with the 1987 counterparts of the Ninja Turtles where they face the return of Bebop and Rocksteady where they are recruited by the 1987 counterparts of the Shredder and Krang to conquer Earth of both the 1987 and 2012 realities with a fully powered Technodrome after their Bebop and Rocksteady were accidentally left behind . While the Turtles and their allies fight off a horde of Foot Soldiers from the 1987 -- 1996 series reality and the 2012 Rock Soldiers led by Traag and Granitor , Bebop and Rocksteady discovers Shredder and Krang 's treacherous scheme to destroy the Earth and choose to become heroes in order to save the planet . Characters Main article : List of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( 2012 TV series ) characters Leonardo ( voiced by Jason Biggs up until `` The Wrath of Tiger Claw '' , Dominic Catrambone for the last seven episodes of Season 2 , Seth Green in Seasons 3 - 5 ) -- Leonardo , called `` Leo '' for short , is an enthusiastic ninjutsu student , who wears a blue mask , and fights with two swords called Niten Ryu . He leads the various missions of the Turtles . Donatello ( voiced by Rob Paulsen ) -- Donatello , called `` Donnie '' for short , is in charge of the design and manufacture of all of the tools and weapons in the Turtles ' arsenal . He is also a gifted hacker . He wears a purple mask and fights with a bō which also can be converted to a naginata via a blade inside one end of the staff . Raphael ( voiced by Sean Astin ) -- Raphael , also called `` Raph '' , wears a red mask and fights with two sai . Known for his rage , he commonly takes it out on Mikey , and on occasions Leo , due to their feud . He acts as the muscles of the Turtles ' attacks . Michelangelo ( voiced by Greg Cipes ) -- Michelangelo , known as `` Mikey '' , is the least mature of the turtles and is a lover of video games , skateboarding , pranks and pizza . He wears an orange mask and fights with two nunchaku which also can be converted into kusarigama via a blade inside of one of the sticks of each nunchaku and extra lengths of chain stored in the other . He brings a brighter mood than his brother towards the team . Background and production On October 21 , 2009 , a press release was made indicating that Viacom had bought the complete rights of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles franchise from Peter Laird for $60 million , and would be developing a CGI - animated TV series for its Nickelodeon family of channels for broadcast in 2012 . A feature film , released by Paramount Pictures ( also a division of Viacom ) , debuted in August 2014 . and was followed up by a sequel film , Out of the Shadows , in June 2016 . Jason Biggs originally voiced Leonardo and Rob Paulsen voices Donatello . In June 2011 , it was confirmed that Sean Astin is playing Raphael and Greg Cipes is Michelangelo . In August 2011 , it was revealed that Mae Whitman would be the voice for April O'Neil . In April 2012 , it was announced that Phil LaMarr would be playing the role of Baxter Stockman and Nolan North would be playing a race of aliens known as the Kraang , while Roseanne Barr is confirmed to voice their leader , Kraang Prime . Actress Kelly Hu confirmed her role as Karai in May 2012 . Corey Feldman was confirmed to play the role of Slash . Recurring TMNT character Casey Jones began appearing in the second season , and is voiced by former Nickelodeon star Josh Peck . Production art was leaked on the Nickelodeon website before it was taken down . The images showed the designs of all four turtles , Shredder , Splinter , a teenage April O'Neil and the Kraang , an alien race that combines elements of both Krang and the Utroms . A trailer for the series was released on June 21 , 2012 , on Nickelodeon USA . In June 2014 , it was announced that Seth Green would replace Jason Biggs and Dominic Catrambone as the voice of Leonardo in season 3 . Episodes Main article : List of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( 2012 TV series ) episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 26 February 28 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 28 ) August 8 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 08 ) 26 April 18 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 18 ) September 26 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 26 ) 26 April 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 19 ) September 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 27 ) 26 September 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 04 ) February 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 26 ) 5 20 July 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 09 ) November 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 12 ) Related Animation Half - Shell Heroes : Blast to the past On November 22 , 2015 , Nickelodeon aired a 2D animated special , Half - Shell Heroes : Blast to the Past . In the special , the Ninja Turtles are accidentally transported back to the Cretaceous period by an ancient meteorite and must work together with Rocksteady and Bebop ( along with some newly befriended dinosaur allies ) to get back to their own time , while simultaneously fending off would - be predators and a faction of the Triceraton Army led by General Zera ( voiced by Kate Mulgrew ) , coming to prehistoric Earth . Random House also released a book based on the special while Playmates released new dinosaur toys in the fall to coincide with the program . The special was seen by 1.41 million viewers . It was released to DVD , through Nickelodeon and Paramount Home Media Distribution , on March 15 , 2016 . Short films This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( July 2017 ) A series of short films were released during the course of the series , including : Turtles in Time , Teenage Mecha Ninja Turtles , TMNT Team Up : The Short Series . Teenage Mecha Ninja Turtles focuses on the eponymous group , four human teen mecha pilots trained by an aged Michelangelo ( with Greg Cipes reprising his role from the series ) set in a futuristic New York City ( circa 2090 ) inhabited both by humans and anthropormorphic animals , including a Scruff McGruff - like police chief . The four children each pilot colored turtle like mechs , and consist of the following : team leader Frida ( voiced by America Young ) pilots the red , Raphael - like mech ; the blue mech with cloaking abilities that resembles Leonardo is piloted by Frida 's antagonistic teammate Jackson ( Eric Artel ) ; the battle happy Kusama ( Tania Gunadi ) pilots the Michelangelo - like orange mech ; and the purple mech , which is heavily armored and wields a bo staff that can transform into a hammer , is piloted by the nerdy and somewhat anxious Basque ( Khary Payton ) . The short features the Mecha Turtles subduing a group of anthropomorphic thieves resembling Hyenas and other canines , consisting of wolf - like leader Grimm , spotted hyena - like members Jester Joe ( both voiced by Eric Bauza ) and Jester Jim ( voiced by David Kaye , who also voices the armored police officer Sgt . Swat ) , and several other silent members . Broadcast The series premiered on Canadian channel YTV on September 29 , 2012 . It also premiered on Nickelodeon UK and Ireland in the UK and the Republic of Ireland on October 1 , 2012 . It premiered on Nickelodeon Australia and New Zealand in Australia and New Zealand on October 8 , 2012 . It premiered on Nickelodeon Canada on September 2 , 2013 . In India , it airs on Nick HD+ . It also airs on Channel 5 in the UK . Reception IGN has given the show positive reviews , with many episodes reviewed being given the `` Editor 's Choice '' title . The season 2 finale `` The Invasion '' has received the highest rating of 10 / 10 . The series premiered in the U.S. to 3.9 million viewers . Variety has praised the show , saying `` ... handsomely produced effort , with a strong vocal cast , considerable humor and scads of high - spirited action . If the goal was to introduce the Turtles to a new generation -- amphibious mission accomplished . '' Accolades Awards Year Award Category Recipients and nominees Result 2013 40th Daytime Creative Arts Emmy Awards Outstanding Animated Program Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Nominated Outstanding Casting for an Animated Series or Special Meredith Layne , Sarah Noonan , and Gene Vassilaros Nominated Outstanding Sound Editing - Animation Jeff Shiffman , Otis Van Osten , Anna Adams , Gerry Gonzalez , Matt Hall , Roger Pallan , John Sanacore , and Alex Ullrich Nominated 2014 41st Annie Awards Outstanding Achievement , Editorial in an Animated TV / Broadcast Production Myra Lopez , Ana Adams , and Justin Baker Nominated 2014 Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Cartoon Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Nominated 2014 Nickelodeon Indonesia Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Cartoon Show Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Nominated 41st Daytime Creative Arts Emmy Awards Outstanding Casting for an Animated Series or Special Sarah Noonan , Gene Vassilaros , and Meredith Layne Won Outstanding Sound Mixing -- Animation Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Nominated 66th Primetime Emmy Awards Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Animated Program ( for Programming Less Than One Hour ) `` The Manhattan Project '' Nominated 2014 British Academy Children 's Awards International Alan Wan , Brandon Auman , Ciro Nieli Nominated 2015 Producers Guild of America Awards 2014 Outstanding Children 's Program Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Nominated 2015 Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Cartoon Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Nominated 42nd Daytime Creative Arts Emmy Awards Outstanding Casting for an Animated Series or Special Meredith Layne , Sarah Noonan , and Gene Vassilaros Won ( tie ) Outstanding Sound Mixing -- Animation Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Nominated 2016 Producers Guild of America Awards 2015 Outstanding Children 's Program Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Nominated 43rd Daytime Creative Arts Emmy Awards Outstanding Casting for an Animated Series or Special Meredith Layne , Sarah Noonan , and Gene Vassilaros Nominated Outstanding Sound Mixing -- Animation Justin Brinsfield , Matt Corey , Manny Grijalva , D.J. Lynch , Jeff Shiffman Won Outstanding Sound Editing -- Animation Jeff Shiffman , Jessey Drake , Anna Adams , Elliot Herman and Roger Pallan Nominated 2017 44th Annie Awards Best Animated Television / Broadcast Production For Children `` Trans - Dimensional Turtles '' Nominated Merchandise Toys Playmates Toys created a new line of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles consumer products to go along with the show . In mid-2012 , Playmates Toys released their first wave of basic Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles action figures which consisted of `` hero figures '' Leonardo , Donatello , Raphael , Michelangelo , Splinter and April O'Neil as well as `` villain characters '' Shredder , Kraang , and a Foot Soldier . In early 2013 , Playmates released series 2 which consisted of the new `` hero '' character Metalhead as well as new villains Dogpound and Fishface . In April 2013 , the third wave appeared which included the `` hero '' character Leatherhead as well as villains Snakeweed and Baxter Stockman . Wave four was released in early August and it featured the villains Rat King and Spyroach as well as new `` Stealth Tech '' versions of the four turtles . Wave 5 was released in October with a 7 pack of Mousers as well as four baby versions of the Turtles ( Turtles in training ) October saw the final release of 2013 with wave six which included two new villains : Spider Bytez and a newly sculpted Shredder figure featuring a removable helmet and cape . Wave seven first appeared in February 2014 with figures for Kirby Bat , Squirrelanoid , Casey Jones , and Mutagen Man . The Lego Group released a Lego theme of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles between 2012 and 2014 . In July 2014 , Build - A-Bear Workshop released a series of plush versions of the Turtles , as well as other TMNT themed apparel including an outfit of Shredder , along with items such as the Turtles ' signature weapons . In April 2014 , Diamond Select Toys unveiled the first series of Minimates mini-figures based on the Nickelodeon series . Two unpainted promotional figures were given away at Comic - Con International 2014 , and Series 1 was released in fall 2014 as blind bags at Kmart and comic shops , and in 2 - packs at Toys `` R '' Us . Each location had one or two exclusive characters in addition to their shared characters . Series 2 was released in comic shops in early - 2015 and at Toys `` R '' Us in mid-2015 , again with both shared and exclusive figures . Series 3 is scheduled for both locations for the fall of 2015 . A Series 4 has been confirmed . Comics Similar to the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Adventures series from Archie Comics , which spanoff from the original TV series , IDW Publishing released a spin - off comic title named New Animated Adventures featuring original adventures , starting July 2013 . The series was cancelled after 24 issues , and was succeeded by a revised story program entitled Amazing Adventures , which was launched in August 2015 . One of the main reasons for this revision was the inclusion of the Shredder as a vital character into the comic stories , which had been neglected in New Animated Adventures . Amazing Adventures was published until September 2017 , with a total of fourteen regular issues , one special story guest - starring Carmelo Anthony , a three - issue story arch titled Robotanimals , and the crossover miniseries Batman / Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Adventures . Home Media releases The series has also been released to home video , mainly DVD . Nickelodeon 's typical Region 1 DVD release schedule is to release each season across three volumes , consisting of four DVDs totally , with each disc containing about 6 - 7 sequential episodes . Season Episodes DVD release dates Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 26 Volume 1 : Rise of the Turtles : February 26 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 26 ) Volume 2 : Enter Shredder : July 16 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 16 ) Volume 3 : Ultimate Showdown : October 1 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 01 ) The Complete 1st Season : October 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 07 ) Pulverizer Power : June 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 09 ) The Complete 1st and 2nd Seasons : October 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 06 ) Complete Season : November 18 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 18 ) Volume 1 : March 6 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 06 ) Volume 2 : June 26 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 26 ) Volume 3 : September 4 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 04 ) Volume 4 : October 23 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 23 ) 26 Volume 4 : Mutagen Mayhem : March 18 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 18 ) Volume 5 : The Good , The Bad and Casey Jones : July 1 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 01 ) Volume 6 : Showdown in Dimension X : December 2 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 02 ) The Complete 1st and 2nd Seasons : October 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 06 ) Complete Season : March 30 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 30 ) Volume 1 : June 25 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 25 ) 26 Volume 7 : Retreat : March 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 10 ) Volume 8 : Return to NYC : July 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 14 ) Volume 9 : Revenge : December 1 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 01 ) Complete Season : September 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 05 ) TBA 26 Volume 10 : Beyond the Known Universe : May 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 24 ) Volume 11 : Earth 's Last Stand : December 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 13 ) Volume 12 : Super Shredder ( episodes 20 - 26 ) : March 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 21 ) TBA TBA 5 20 Volume 12 : Super Shredder ( episodes 1 - 4 ) : March 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 21 ) Volume 13 : Wanted : Bebop & Rocksteady : September 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 12 ) Volume 14 : The Final Chapters : December 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 12 ) TBA TBA Video games In 2013 , Nickelodeon released Rooftop Run for iOS devices such as the iPhone , iPad , and iPod Touch . On August 28 , 2013 , Activision released Out of the Shadows , a downloadable 3D beat ' em up game , for Xbox 360 and Microsoft Windows . On April 15 , 2014 , a version was released for the PlayStation 3 . The game features an online multiplayer co-op for up to four players . Activision also released a Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles video game based on the series for Wii , Xbox 360 , and Nintendo 3DS on October 22 , 2013 . On September 4 , 2014 . Activision announced there being a second game based on the show called Danger of the Ooze . The game was released on October 28 , 2014 for the Nintendo 3DS and Xbox 360 , and the PlayStation 3 . The game was developed by Wayforward . References Jump up ^ `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( 2012 ) : Enter Shredder '' . DVD Talk . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Stransky , Tanner ( July 6 , 2012 ) . `` Nickelodeon sets premiere date for ' Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ' -- EXCLUSIVE '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Giorgio Chang ( 7 March 2017 ) . `` Turtle Power : Interview With Sebastian Evans , Composer of TMNT on Nickelodeon ! '' . Hollywood Patch . Retrieved 26 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Matt Edwards ( 5 April 2017 ) . `` Sebastian Evans interview : scoring Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved 26 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ' CG Animated Series Gets 2D Reboot at Nickelodeon '' . Variety . March 2 , 2017 . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . The CG series will air one last season starting Sunday , March 19 . Jump up ^ Justin Wren ( 1 January 2018 ) . `` Rob Paulsen Reveals Release Date for Rise of the TMNT '' . Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles . Retrieved 2 January 2018 . Jump up ^ http://www.teenagemutantninjaturtles.com/blog/tmnt-annihilation-earth-review/ Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles.com : TMNT -- `` Annihilation : Earth ! '' Review . September 22 , 2015 . Retrieved September 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Michelangelo - Ninja Turtles - TMNT Characters '' . Nick.com. 2012 - 05 - 23 . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Tuning in to TV : Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles have new series , toys '' . The Washington Times . July 29 , 2012 . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Richard Rosenbaum ( 8 June 2016 ) . `` Out of the Shadows is the TMNT sequel we all wanted ( in 1991 ) '' . Overthinking It . Retrieved 26 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Lowry , Brian ( September 26 , 2012 ) . `` Variety Reviews - Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles - TV Reviews - - Review by Brian Lowry '' . Variety.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Franich , Darren ( July 14 , 2011 ) . `` Sean Astin voicing Raphael in new ' Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ' '' . New York City : Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rob Paulsen . `` Voice of April ONeil revealed '' . Behind The Voice Actors . Retrieved July 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Episode 36 Guest : Phil Lamarr '' . Rob Paulsen Live . April 13 , 2012 . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Episode 38 Guest : Nolan North '' . Rob Paulsen Live . April 27 , 2012 . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Guest Cast Includes Roseanne Barr - Today 's News : Our Take '' . TVGuide.com . January 18 , 2013 . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter / KellyHu : `` @ JasonRainwater : @ Kelly '' . Twitter.com . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Corey Feldman is Slash for Nick 's TMNT '' . Theouthousers.com . Retrieved July 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` New Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Balances Comedy and Action '' . IGN . Retrieved July 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Comic - Con : Nickelodeon Sets ' Legend of Korra , ' ' Ninja Turtles ' Panels ( Exclusive ) Hollywood Reporter , Retrieved July 13 , 2013 Jump up ^ Goellner , Caleb ( March 9 , 2012 ) . `` Parting Shot : Nickelodeon Shells Out New ' Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ' Images '' . Comics Alliance . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2012 . Retrieved March 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Stransky , Tanner ( June 21 , 2012 ) . `` Nickelodeon 's ' Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ' reboot : See the show 's trailer here ! -- EXCLUSIVE '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Nickelodeon Renews ' Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ' for Season 4 ( Exclusive ) '' . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Nickelodeon Talks Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Season 2 and Previews The Legend of Korra : Book 2 '' . IGN. 2013 - 05 - 07 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Season 1 Episode 25 - Showdown - Zap2it TV Listings '' . tvlistings.zap2it.com . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ' Renewed by Nickelodeon for Second Season ; Premiere is Number 1 Kids Program on Basic Cable - Ratings TVbytheNumbers '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Archived from the original on 2012 - 12 - 15 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Nickelodeon Sets Premiere Date for Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Season 2 - Today 's News : Our Take '' . TVGuide.com . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ' Renewed by Nickelodeon for Third Season '' . nickelodeon.tumblr.com . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nickelodeon Renews ' Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ' and Announces New Series ' Breadwinners ' , ' The Haunted Hathaways ' & More '' . Tvbythenumbers.com . February 26 , 2013 . Retrieved February 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nickelodeon Renews ' Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ' for Season 4 ( Exclusive ) '' . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Peter DiCicco confirms that Season 4 has been extended to 26 episodes '' . Tumblr . October 8 , 2015 . Retrieved November 14 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` David Tennant , Peter Stormare , & Michael Dorn , To Guest Star On Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles '' . Comicbook . July 10 , 2015 . Retrieved July 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nicholson , Max ( November 24 , 2015 ) . `` NEW 2D - ANIMATED TEENAGE MUTANT NINJA TURTLES TV SPECIAL ANNOUNCED '' . IGN . Retrieved November 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 24 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Walking Dead ' rises with Glenn 's fate revealed , ' Into the Badlands ' down in week 2 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( December 14 , 2015 ) . `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles - ' Half - Shell Heroes : Blast to the Past ' Special is Coming to DVD ! '' . TV Shows on DVD . Retrieved January 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles '' . Channel 5 . Retrieved 23 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( 2012 ) : Season 1 - TV '' . IGN . October 18 , 2012 . Retrieved July 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Nicholson , Max . `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : `` The Invasion '' Review `` . IGN . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Starlight Runner Entertainment Tapped to Prep Nickelodeon 's Hit Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Franchise for Multi-Platform - Yahoo ! News '' . Jump up ^ `` 66th Annual Primetime Emmy Award Nominations '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved July 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Children 's in 2014 '' . British Academy of Film and Television Arts . November 23 , 2014 . Retrieved November 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Nickelodeon : Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Make a Triumphant Return to Television in New Nickelodeon Series '' . India Retail News . October 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Basic Action Figures Playmates Toys , Inc '' . Playmatestoys.com . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2013 . Retrieved July 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Toy Fair 2013 : Playmates ' Upcoming ' Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ' Figures And Vehicles '' . Comicsalliance.com . February 12 , 2013 . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2018 . Retrieved July 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` New Nickelodeon TMNT Mutagen Man , Kirby Bat , and Squirrelanoid Figure Images '' . toynewsi.com. 2013 - 09 - 19 . Retrieved October 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles TM - LEGO Shop '' . shop.lego.com . Jump up ^ `` DST Reveals ' Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ' Minimates and More at C2E2 '' . ComicsAlliance.com. April 28 , 2014 . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ TMNT-NinjaTurtles.com : `` TMNT New Animated Adventures Canceled '' ( 22 April 2015 ) Jump up ^ Comics Alliance : `` IDW Announces TMNT Amazing Adventures , With Backup Story By James Kochalka '' Archived June 23 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . ( 15 May 2015 ) Jump up ^ `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles - Vol. 1 : Rise of the Turtles '' . TV Shows on DVD . February 26 , 2013 . Retrieved July 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles - Vol. 2 : Enter Shredder '' . TV Shows on DVD . July 16 , 2013 . Retrieved July 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles - Vol. 3 : Ultimate Showdown '' . TV Shows on DVD . October 1 , 2013 . Retrieved July 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles - The Complete 1st Season '' . TV Shows on DVD . October 7 , 2014 . Retrieved July 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles - Pulverizer Power '' . TV Shows on DVD . June 9 , 2015 . Retrieved July 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles - The Complete 1st and 2nd Seasons DVD Information '' . TV Shows on DVD . October 6 , 2015 . Retrieved November 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles - Complete Season 1 ( R2 ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved April 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Rise of the Turtles ( R4 ) '' . EzyDVD Pty Ltd . Retrieved April 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Enter Shredder ( R4 ) '' . EzyDVD Pty Ltd . Retrieved April 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Kraang Invasion '' . EzyDVD Pty Ltd . Retrieved April 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Ultimate Showdown ( R4 ) '' . EzyDVD Pty Ltd . Retrieved April 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles - Vol. 4 : Mutagen Mayhem '' . TV Shows on DVD . March 18 , 2014 . Retrieved July 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles - Vol. 5 : The Good , The Bad and Casey Jones '' . TV Shows on DVD . July 1 , 2014 . Retrieved July 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles - Vol. 6 : Showdown in Dimension X '' . TV Shows on DVD . December 2 , 2014 . Retrieved July 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Season Two ( R2 ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved July 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Mutagen Mayhem ( R4 ) '' . EzyDVD Pty Ltd . Retrieved April 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles - Volume 7 '' . TV Shows on DVD . March 10 , 2014 . Retrieved July 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Volume 8 : Return to NYC ! '' . TV Shows on DVD . July 14 , 2015 . Retrieved July 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles - Volume 9 : Revenge '' . TV Shows on DVD . 1 December 2015 . Retrieved 1 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles - Season 3 Complete Collection '' . Amazon . Retrieved 16 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles DVD news : Announcement for Vol. 10 : Beyond the Known Universe '' . TV Shows on DVD . March 7 , 2016 . Retrieved March 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David . `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles - Formal Press Release for Vol. 11 : Earth 's Last Stand ' '' . TV Shows on DVD . Retrieved 16 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Lambert , David . `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles - ' Tales of the Turtles V1 : Super Shredder ' DVD Announced ' '' . TV Shows on DVD . Retrieved 2 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David . `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles - Press Release , Box for ' Wanted : Bebop & Rocksteady ' DVDs '' . TV Shows on DVD . Retrieved 24 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David . `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles - ' Tales of the Turtles V3 : The Final Chapters ' DVD Announced '' . TV Shows on DVD . Retrieved 25 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Ishaan ( July 8 , 2013 ) . `` TMNT : Out of the Shadows And More In This Year 's Summer of Arcade Line - up '' . Siliconera . Retrieved July 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles TM : Out of the Shadows '' . http://us.playstation.com/ . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2014 . Retrieved July 15 , 2014 . External link in website = ( help ) Jump up ^ Sliwinski , Alexander ( March 4 , 2013 ) . `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Out of the Shadows this summer '' . Joystiq . Retrieved July 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nickelodeon and Activision Reveal New Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles TM Video Game Based ... - NEW YORK , July 19 , 2013 / PRNewswire / '' . Prnewswire.com . Retrieved September 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Danger of the OOZE - PlayStation 3 '' -- via Amazon . External links Wikiquote has quotations related to : Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( 2012 TV series ) Official website Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles on IMDb Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles at the Big Cartoon DataBase Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Created by Kevin Eastman Peter Laird Characters and ( appearances ) Turtles Leonardo Donatello Michelangelo Raphael Supporting Splinter Hamato Yoshi April O'Neil Casey Jones Leatherhead Metalhead Miyamoto Usagi Mighty Mutanimals Venus Antagonists Shredder Foot Clan Karai Baxter Stockman Bebop and Rocksteady Krang Purple Dragons Rat King Slash Tokka and Rahzar Comics Mirage comic series Tales of the TMNT TMNT Adventures Mighty Mutanimals Daily comic strip Dreamwave comics series IDW comic series Television 1987 series Episodes Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Season 6 Season 7 Season 8 Season 9 Season 10 Mutant Turtles : Superman Legend Next Mutation Episodes Villains 2003 series Episodes Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Season 6 Season 7 Turtles Forever Home video 2012 series Characters Episodes Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Rise of the TMNT - Films Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( 1990 ) soundtrack II : The Secret of the Ooze ( 1991 ) soundtrack III ( 1993 ) soundtrack TMNT ( 2007 ) soundtrack Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( 2014 ) soundtrack Out of the Shadows ( 2016 ) Games Role - playing games Video games Other Action figures Lego Alien races Casey Jones ( fan film ) Food tie - ins Cartoon All - Stars to the Rescue `` Turtle Power ! 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teenage%20Mutant%20Ninja%20Turtles%20%282012%20TV%20series%29
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where did the oakland a's come from
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The Oakland Athletics , often referred to as the A 's , are an American professional baseball team based in Oakland , California . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the American League ( AL ) West division . The team plays its home games at the Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum . They have won nine World Series championships , the third-most of all current MLB teams . The 2017 season was the club 's 50th while based in Oakland .
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Oakland Athletics
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oakland athletics
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The Oakland Athletics , often referred to as the A 's , are an American professional baseball team based in Oakland , California . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the American League ( AL ) West division . The team plays its home games at the Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum . They have won nine World Series championships , the third-most of all current MLB teams . The 2017 season was the club 's 50th while based in Oakland .
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One of the American League 's eight charter franchises , the team was founded in Philadelphia in 1901 as the Philadelphia Athletics . They won three World Series championships from 1910 to 1913 and back - to - back titles in 1929 and 1930 . The team 's owner and manager for its first 50 years was Connie Mack and Hall of Fame players included Chief Bender , Frank `` Home Run '' Baker , Jimmie Foxx , and Lefty Grove . The team left Philadelphia for Kansas City in 1955 and became the Kansas City Athletics before moving to Oakland in 1968 . They won three consecutive World Championships between 1972 and 1974 , led by players including Catfish Hunter , Reggie Jackson , ace reliever Rollie Fingers , and colorful owner Charlie O. Finley . After being sold by Finley to Walter A. Haas Jr. , the team won three consecutive pennants and the 1989 World Series behind the `` Bash Brothers '' , Jose Canseco and Mark McGwire , as well as Hall of Famers Dennis Eckersley , Rickey Henderson and manager Tony La Russa . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Team name 1.2 Elephant mascot 2 Team uniform 3 Stadium 3.1 New stadium proposals 3.1. 1 Staying in Oakland 3.1. 2 Prior proposals 3.1. 2.1 Fremont 3.1. 2.2 San Jose 4 Rivals 4.1 San Francisco Giants 4.2 Historic rivalries 4.2. 1 Philadelphia Phillies 5 Achievements 5.1 Awards 5.2 Hall of Famers 5.3 Ford C. Frick Award recipients 5.4 Retired numbers 5.5 Bay Area Sports Hall of Fame 5.6 Philadelphia Baseball Wall of Fame 5.7 Philadelphia Sports Hall of Fame 5.8 Team captains 6 Season - by - season records 7 Current roster 8 Minor league affiliations 9 Radio and television 10 In popular culture 11 See also 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links History ( edit ) Main articles : History of the Philadelphia Athletics and History of the Oakland Athletics The history of the Athletics Major League Baseball franchise spans the period from 1901 to the present day , having begun in Philadelphia before moving to Kansas City in 1955 and then to its current home in Oakland , California , in 1968 . The A 's made their Bay Area debut on Wednesday , April 17 , 1968 , with a 4 - 1 loss to the Baltimore Orioles at the Coliseum , in front of an opening - night crowd of 50,164 . Team name ( edit ) The Athletics ' name originated in the term `` Athletic Club '' for local gentlemen 's clubs -- dates to 1860 when an amateur team , the Athletic ( Club ) of Philadelphia , was formed . ( A famous image from that era , published in Harper 's Weekly in 1866 , shows the Athletic players dressed in uniforms displaying the familiar blackletter `` A '' on the front . ) The team later turned professional through 1875 , becoming a charter member of the National League in 1876 , but were expelled from the N.L. after one season . A later version of the Athletics played in the American Association from 1882 -- 1891 . Elephant mascot ( edit ) After New York Giants manager John McGraw told reporters that Philadelphia manufacturer Benjamin Shibe , who owned the controlling interest in the new team , had a `` white elephant on his hands '' , team manager Connie Mack defiantly adopted the white elephant as the team mascot , and presented McGraw with a stuffed toy elephant at the start of the 1905 World Series . McGraw and Mack had known each other for years , and McGraw accepted it graciously . By 1909 , the A 's were wearing an elephant logo on their sweaters , and in 1918 it turned up on the regular uniform jersey for the first time . In 1963 , when the A 's were located in Kansas City , then owner Charlie Finley changed the team mascot from an elephant to a Missouri mule . This is rumored to have been done by Finley in order to appeal to fans from the region who were predominantly Democrats at the time . ( The traditional Republican Party symbol is an elephant , while the Democratic Party 's symbol is a donkey . ) Since 1988 , the Athletics ' 21st season in Oakland , an illustration of an elephant has adorned the left sleeve of the A 's home and road uniforms . Beginning in the mid 1980s , the on - field costumed incarnation of the A 's elephant mascot went by the name Harry Elephante . In 1997 , he took his current form , Stomper . Team uniform ( edit ) Through the seasons , the Athletics ' uniforms have usually paid homage to their amateur forebears to some extent . Until 1954 , when the uniforms had `` Athletics '' spelled out in script across the front , the team 's name never appeared on either home or road uniforms . Furthermore , neither `` Philadelphia '' nor the letter `` P '' ever appeared on the uniform or cap . The typical Philadelphia uniform had only a script `` A '' on the left front , and likewise the cap usually had the same `` A '' on it . In the early days of the American League , the standings listed the club as `` Athletic '' rather than `` Philadelphia '' , in keeping with the old tradition . Eventually , the city name came to be used for the team , as with the other major league clubs . After buying the team in 1960 , owner Charles O. Finley introduced new road uniforms with `` Kansas City '' printed on them , as well as an interlocking `` KC '' on the cap . Upon moving to Oakland , the `` A '' cap emblem was restored , although in 1970 an `` apostrophe - s '' was added to the cap and uniform emblem to reflect the fact that Finley was in the process of officially changing the team 's name to the `` A 's . '' The Athletics logo ( 1983 -- 1992 ) Also while in Kansas City , Finley changed the team 's colors from their traditional red , white and blue to what he termed `` Kelly Green , Wedding Gown White and Fort Knox Gold . '' It was also here that he began experimenting with dramatic uniforms to match these bright colors , such as gold sleeveless tops with green undershirts and gold pants . The innovative uniforms only increased after the team 's move to Oakland , which also came at the time of the introduction of polyester pullover uniforms . During their dynasty years in the 1970s , the A 's had dozens of uniform combinations with jerseys and pants in all three team colors , and in fact did not wear the traditional gray on the road , instead wearing green or gold , which helped to contribute to their nickname of `` The Swingin ' A 's . '' After the team 's sale to the Haas family , the team changed its primary color to a more subdued forest green and began a move back to more traditional uniforms . Justin Duchscherer pitched for the Oakland Athletics Currently , the team wears home uniforms with `` Athletics '' spelled out in script writing and road uniforms with `` Oakland '' spelled out in script writing , with the cap logo consisting of the traditional `` A '' with `` apostrophe - s . '' The home cap is green with a gold bill and white lettering , while the road cap , debuting in 2014 , is all green with `` A 's '' in white with gold trim . Regardless of road or home games , the batting helmets used are green with gold brim . However , before 2009 , when the black A 's helmets appeared , road helmets were green with green brim . From 1994 until 2013 , the A 's wore green alternate jerseys with the word `` Athletics '' in gold . It was used on both road and home games . During the 2000s , the Athletics introduced black as one of their colors . They began wearing a black alternate jersey with `` Athletics '' written in green . After a brief discontinuance , the A 's brought back the black jersey , this time with `` Athletics '' written in white with gold highlights . Commercially popular but rarely chosen as the alternate by players , in 2011 they were replaced by a new gold alternate jersey with `` A 's '' in green on the left chest . With the exception of several road games during the 2011 season , the Athletics ' gold uniforms are used as the designated home alternates . A green version of their gold alternates was introduced for the 2014 season to replace their previous green alternates . The new green alternates feature the piping , `` A 's '' and lettering in white with gold trim . In 2018 , as part of the franchise 's 50th anniversary since the move to Oakland , the A 's wore a kelly green alternate uniform with `` Oakland '' in white with gold trim , and was paired with an all - kelly green cap . The nickname `` A 's '' has long been used interchangeably with `` Athletics '' , dating to the team 's early days when headline writers wanted a way to shorten the name . From 1972 through 1980 , the team nickname was officially `` Oakland A 's '' , although , during that time , the Commissioner 's Trophy , given out annually to the winner of baseball 's World Series , still listed the team 's name as the `` Oakland Athletics '' on the gold - plated pennant representing the Oakland franchise . According to Bill Libby 's Book , Charlie O and the Angry A 's , owner Charlie O. Finley banned the word `` Athletics '' from the club 's name because he felt that name was too closely associated with former Philadelphia Athletics owner Connie Mack , and he wanted the name `` Oakland A 's '' to become just as closely associated with him . The name also vaguely suggested the name of the old minor league Oakland Oaks , which were alternatively called the `` Acorns . '' New owner Walter Haas restored the official name to `` Athletics '' in 1981 , but retained the nickname `` A 's '' for marketing purposes . At first , the word `` Athletics '' was restored only to the club 's logo , underneath the much larger stylized - `` A '' that had come to represent the team since the early days . By 1987 , however , the word returned , in script lettering , to the front of the team 's jerseys . The A 's are the only MLB team to wear white cleats , both at home and on the road , another tradition dating back to the Finley ownership . Stadium ( edit ) The Oakland Alameda Coliseum -- originally known as the Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum , and later named as Network Associates , McAfee and Overstock.com Coliseum -- was built as a multi-purpose facility . Louisiana Superdome officials pursued negotiations with Athletics officials during the 1978 -- 79 baseball offseason about moving the Athletics to the Superdome in New Orleans . The Athletics were unable to break their lease at the Coliseum , and remained in Oakland . After the Oakland Raiders football team moved to Los Angeles in 1982 , many improvements were made to what was suddenly a baseball - only facility . The 1994 movie Angels in the Outfield was filmed in part at the Coliseum , filling in for Anaheim Stadium . Then , in 1995 , a deal was struck whereby the Raiders would move back to Oakland for the 1995 season . The agreement called for the expansion of the Coliseum to 63,026 seats . The bucolic view of the Oakland foothills that baseball spectators enjoyed was replaced with a jarring view of an outfield grandstand contemptuously referred to as `` Mount Davis '' after Raiders ' owner Al Davis . Because construction was not finished by the start of the 1996 season , the Athletics were forced to play their first six - game homestand at 9,300 - seat Cashman Field in Las Vegas . Although official capacity was stated to be 43,662 for baseball , seats were sometimes sold in Mount Davis as well , pushing `` real '' capacity to the area of 60,000 . The ready availability of tickets on game day made season tickets a tough sell , while crowds as high as 30,000 often seemed sparse in such a venue . On December 21 , 2005 , the Athletics announced that seats in the Coliseum 's third deck would not be sold for the 2006 season , but would instead be covered with a tarp , and that tickets would no longer be sold in Mount Davis under any circumstances . That effectively reduced capacity to 34,077 , making the Coliseum the smallest stadium in Major League Baseball . Beginning in 2008 , sections 316 -- 318 were the only open third - deck sections for A 's games , which brought the total capacity to 35,067 until 2017 when new team president Dave Kaval took the tarps off of the upper deck , increasing capacity to 47,170 . The Athletics are the only remaining MLB team still sharing a stadium with an NFL team on a full - time basis . The Athletics ' Spring training facility is Hohokam Stadium , located in Mesa , Arizona . From 1982 to 2014 , their spring training facility was Phoenix Municipal Stadium , located in Phoenix , Arizona . Previous spring - training sites since they moved to Oakland in 1968 were Yuma and Mesa , Arizona , as well as Las Vegas , Nevada , all in the 1970s . New stadium proposals ( edit ) Main article : Oakland Ballpark Since the mid-2000s the A 's have been in talks with Oakland and other Northern California cities about building a new baseball - only stadium . One planned stadium , Cisco Field , was originally intended to be built in Fremont , California ( a location that has since been abandoned ) . As it stands , there are no talks of moving the team to San Jose after the U.S. Supreme Court blocked the Athletics move . Staying in Oakland ( edit ) The team has said it wants to remain in Oakland , but has yet to find a site that the A 's , the City of Oakland and landowners can agree on . The most recent failed plan would have placed a new 35,000 seat A 's stadium near Laney College and the Eastlake neighborhood on the current site of the Peralta Community College District 's administration buildings . The plan was announced by team president Dave Kaval in September 2017 . However , just three months later , college officials abruptly ended the negotiations . Other proposed sites included on the waterfront at the Port of Oakland and the Coliseum site . Prior proposals ( edit ) Fremont ( edit ) After the city of Oakland failed to make any progress toward a stadium , the A 's began contemplating a move to the Warm Springs district of suburban Fremont . Fremont is about 25 miles south of Oakland ; many nearby residents are already a part of the current Athletics fanbase . On November 7 , 2006 , many media sources announced the Athletics would be leaving Oakland as early as 2010 for a new stadium in Fremont , confirmed the next day by the Fremont City Council . The plan was strongly supported by Fremont Mayor Bob Wasserman . The team would have played in what was planned to be called Cisco Field , a 32,000 - seat , baseball - only facility . The proposed ballpark would have been part of a larger `` ballpark village '' which would have included retail and residential development . On February 24 , 2009 , however , Lew Wolff released an open letter regarding the end of his efforts to relocate the A 's to Fremont , citing `` real and threatened '' delays to the project . The project faced opposition from some in the community who thought the relocation of the A 's to Fremont would increase traffic problems in the city and decrease property values near the ballpark site . San Jose ( edit ) In 2009 , the City of San Jose attempted to open negotiations with the team regarding a move to the city . Although parcels of land south of Diridon Station would be acquired by the city as a stadium site , the San Francisco Giants ' claim on Santa Clara County as part of their home territory would have to be settled before any agreement could be made . By 2010 , San Jose was `` aggressively wooing '' A 's owner Lew Wolff . Wolff referred to San Jose as the team 's `` best option '' , but Major League Baseball Commissioner Bud Selig said he would wait on a report on whether the team could move to the area because of the Giants conflict . In September 2010 , 75 Silicon Valley CEOs drafted and signed a letter to Bud Selig urging a timely approval of the move to San Jose . In May 2011 , San Jose Mayor Chuck Reed sent a letter to Bud Selig asking the commissioner for a timetable of when he might decide whether the A 's can pursue this new ballpark , but Selig did not respond . Selig addressed the San Jose issue via an online town hall forum held in July 2011 , saying , `` Well , the latest is , I have a small committee who has really assessed that whole situation , Oakland , San Francisco , and it is complex . You talk about complex situations ; they have done a terrific job . I know there are some people who think it 's taken too long and I understand that . I 'm willing to accept that . But you make decisions like this ; I 've always said , you 'd better be careful . Better to get it done right than to get it done fast . But we 'll make a decision that 's based on logic and reason at the proper time . '' On June 18 , 2013 , the City of San Jose filed suit against Selig , seeking the court 's ruling that Major League Baseball may not prevent the Oakland A 's from moving to San Jose . Wolff criticized the lawsuit , stating he did not believe business disputes should be settled through legal action . Most of the city 's claims were dismissed in October 2013 , but a U.S. District Judge ruled that San Jose could move forward with its count that MLB illegally interfered with an option agreement between the city and the A 's for land . On January 15 , 2015 , a three - judge panel of the 9th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals ruled unanimously that the claims were barred by baseball 's antitrust exemption , established by the U.S. Supreme Court in 1922 and upheld in 1953 and 1972 . San Jose Mayor Sam Liccardo commented that the city would seek a ruling from the U.S. Supreme Court . On October 5 , 2015 the United States Supreme Court rejected San Jose 's bid on the Athletics . Rivals ( edit ) San Francisco Giants ( edit ) See also : Bay Bridge Series The Bay Bridge Series is the name of a series games played between ( and the rivalry of ) the A 's and San Francisco Giants of the National League . The series takes its name from the San Francisco -- Oakland Bay Bridge which links the cities of Oakland and San Francisco . Although competitive , the regional rivalry between the A 's and Giants is considered a friendly one with mostly mutual companionship between the fans , as opposed to White Sox -- Cubs , or Yankees -- Mets games where animosity runs high . Hats displaying both teams on the cap are sold from vendors at the games , and once in a while the teams both dress in uniforms from an historic era of their franchises . The series is also occasionally referred to as the `` BART Series '' for the Bay Area Rapid Transit system that links Oakland to San Francisco . However , the name `` BART Series '' has never been popular beyond a small selection of history books and national broadcasters and has fallen out of favor . Bay Area locals almost exclusively refer to the rivalry as the `` Battle of the Bay '' . Originally , the term described a series of exhibition games played between the two clubs after the conclusion of spring training , immediately prior to the start of the regular season . It was first used to refer to the 1989 World Series in which the Athletics won their most recent championship and the first time both teams had met since they moved to the San Francisco Bay Area . Today , it also refers to games played between the teams during the regular season since the commencement of interleague play in 1997 . Through the 2017 regular season , the A 's have won 59 games , and the Giants have won 55 contests : The A 's have held the head - to - head edge in this inter-league matchup for the past 12 years . The A 's also have edges on the Giants in terms of overall postseason appearances ( 18 - 11 ) , division titles ( 16 - 8 ) and World Series titles ( 4 - 3 ) since both teams moved to the Bay Area , even though the Giants franchise moved there a decade earlier than the A 's did . On March 24 , 2018 the Oakland A 's announced that for the Sunday March 25 , 2018 exhibition game against the San Francisco Giants , A 's fans would be charged $30 for parking and Giants fans would be charged $50 . However , the A 's stated that Giants fans could receive $20 off if they shout `` Go A 's '' at the parking gates . Historic rivalries ( edit ) Philadelphia Phillies ( edit ) See also : City Series ( Philadelphia ) The City Series was the name of a series of baseball games played between the Athletics and the Philadelphia Phillies of the National League that ran from 1903 through 1955 . After the A 's move to Kansas City in 1955 , the City Series rivalry came to an end . The teams have since faced each other in interleague play ( since its introduction in 1997 ) but the rivalry has effectively died in the intervening years since the A 's left Philadelphia . In 2014 , when the A 's faced the Phillies in inter-league play at the Oakland Coliseum , the Athletics did n't bother to mark the historical connection , going so far as to have a Connie Mack promotion the day before the series while the Texas Rangers were in Oakland . The first City Series was held in 1883 between the Phillies and the American Association Philadelphia Athletics . When the Athletics first joined the American League , the two teams played each other in a spring and fall series . No City Series was held in 1901 and 1902 due to legal warring between the National League and American League . Achievements ( edit ) Awards ( edit ) Main article : Oakland Athletics award winners and league leaders Catfish Hunter Award ( 2004 -- present ) Hall of Famers ( edit ) Main article : List of members of the Baseball Hall of Fame Oakland Athletics Hall of Famers Affiliation according to the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum Philadelphia Athletics Home Run Baker Chief Bender Ty Cobb Mickey Cochrane Eddie Collins Jimmy Collins Stan Coveleski Elmer Flick Nellie Fox Jimmie Foxx Lefty Grove Waite Hoyt George Kell Nap Lajoie Connie Mack * Herb Pennock Eddie Plank * Al Simmons Tris Speaker Rube Waddell * Zack Wheat Kansas City Athletics Luke Appling Lou Boudreau Whitey Herzog Tommy Lasorda Satchel Paige Enos Slaughter Oakland Athletics Orlando Cepeda Dennis Eckersley Rollie Fingers Goose Gossage Rickey Henderson Catfish Hunter * * Reggie Jackson Tony La Russa Willie McCovey Joe Morgan Mike Piazza Tim Raines Don Sutton Frank Thomas Billy Williams Dick Williams Players and managers listed in bold are depicted on their Hall of Fame plaques wearing a Athletics cap insignia . * -- depicted on Hall of Fame plaque without a cap or cap insignia ; Hall of Fame recognizes Athletics as `` Primary Team '' * * -- Catfish Hunter could not decide between the Yankees and Athletics , and so opted to wear no insignia on his cap upon his induction . − inducted as player ; managed Athletics or was player - manager -- inducted as manager ; played for Athletics or was player - manager Ford C. frick award recipients ( edit ) Oakland Athletics Ford C. Frick Award recipients Affiliation according to the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum Harry Caray Herb Carneal Bill King By Saam Lon Simmons Names in bold received the award based primarily on their work as broadcasters for the Athletics . Retired numbers ( edit ) See also : List of Major League Baseball retired numbers The Athletics have retired six numbers , and honored one additional individual with the letter `` A '' . Walter A. Haas , Jr. , owner of the team from 1980 until his death in 1995 , was honored by the retirement of the letter `` A '' . Of the six players with retired numbers , five were retired for their play with the Athletics and one , 42 , was universally retired by Major League Baseball when they honored the 50th anniversary of Jackie Robinson 's breaking the color barrier . No A 's player from the Philadelphia era has his number retired by the organization . Though Jackson and Hunter played small portions of their careers in Kansas City , no player that played the majority of his years in the Kansas City era has his number retired either . The A 's have retired only the numbers of Hall of Fame members who played large portions of their careers in Oakland . The Athletics have all of the numbers of the Hall - of - Fame players from the Philadelphia Athletics displayed at their stadium , as well as all of the years that the Philadelphia Athletics won World Championships ( 1910 , 1911 , 1913 , 1929 , and 1930 . ) Reggie Jackson RF Retired May 22 , 2004 Rickey Henderson LF Retired August 1 , 2009 Catfish Hunter Retired June 9 , 1991 Rollie Fingers Retired July 5 , 1993 Dennis Eckersley Retired August 13 , 2005 Walter A . Haas , Jr . Owner Honored 1995 Jackie Robinson All MLB Retired April 15 , 1997 Bay Area Sports Hall of Fame ( edit ) Dave Stewart , Oakland Athletics pitcher from 1986 to 1992 and 1995 Main article : Bay Area Sports Hall of Fame 17 members of the Athletics organization have been honored with induction into the Bay Area Sports Hall of Fame . Athletics in the Bay Area Sports Hall of Fame No . Player Position Tenure Notes 12 Dusty Baker OF 1985 -- 1986 35 Vida Blue 1969 -- 1977 19 Bert `` Campy '' Campaneris SS 1968 -- 1976 12 Orlando Cepeda 1B 1972 Elected mainly on his performance with San Francisco Giants 14 Sam Chapman CF 1938 -- 1941 1945 -- 1951 Born and raised in Tiburon , California 43 Dennis Eckersley 1987 -- 1995 Grew up in Fremont 34 Rollie Fingers 1968 -- 1976 -- Walter A. Haas , Jr . Owner 1981 -- 1995 Grew up in San Francisco , attended UC Berkeley 27 Catfish Hunter 1968 -- 1974 9 Reggie Jackson RF 1968 -- 1975 Eddie Joost SS Manager 1947 -- 1954 1954 Born and raised in San Francisco 10 Tony La Russa IF Manager 1963 1968 -- 1971 1986 -- 1995 Billy Martin Manager 1980 -- 1982 Elected mainly on his performance with New York Yankees , Born in Berkeley 44 Willie McCovey 1B 1976 Elected mainly on his performance with San Francisco Giants 8 Joe Morgan 2B 1984 Elected mainly on his performance with Cincinnati Reds , raised in Oakland 19 Dave Righetti 1994 Born and raised in San Jose 34 Dave Stewart 1986 -- 1992 1995 Born and raised in Oakland Philadelphia Baseball Wall of Fame ( edit ) See also : Philadelphia Baseball Wall of Fame The Athletics have all of the numbers of the Hall - of - Fame players from the Philadelphia Athletics displayed at their stadium , as well as all of the years that the Philadelphia Athletics won World Championships ( 1910 , 1911 , 1913 , 1929 , and 1930 . ) Also , from 1978 to 2003 ( except 1983 ) , the Philadelphia Phillies inducted one former Athletic ( and one former Phillie ) each year into the Philadelphia Baseball Wall of Fame at the then - existing Veterans Stadium . 25 Athletics have been honored . In March 2004 , after Veterans Stadium was replaced by the new Citizens Bank Park , the Athletics ' plaques were relocated to the Philadelphia Athletics Historical Society in Hatboro , Pennsylvania , and a single plaque listing all of the A 's inductees was attached to a statue of Connie Mack that is located across the street from Citizens Bank Park . Key Year Year inducted Bold Member of the Baseball Hall of Fame Member of the Baseball Hall of Fame as a member of the A 's Bold Recipient of the Hall of Fame 's Ford C. Frick Award Philadelphia Baseball Wall of Fame No . Player Position Tenure Inducted -- Frank `` Home Run '' Baker 3B 1908 -- 1914 1993 -- Charles `` Chief '' Bender 1903 -- 1914 1991 Sam Chapman CF 1938 -- 1951 1999 Mickey Cochrane 1925 -- 1933 1982 -- Eddie Collins 2B 1906 -- 1914 1927 -- 1930 -- Jack Coombs 1906 -- 1914 1992 5 Jimmy Dykes 3B / 2B Coach Manager 1918 -- 1932 1940 -- 1950 1951 -- 1953 1984 11 George Earnshaw 1928 -- 1933 2000 8 Ferris Fain 1B 1947 -- 1952 1997 Jimmie Foxx 1B 1925 -- 1935 1979 10 Lefty Grove 1925 -- 1933 1980 `` Indian Bob '' Johnson LF 1933 -- 1942 1989 Eddie Joost SS Manager 1947 -- 1954 1954 1995 -- Connie Mack Manager Owner 1901 -- 1950 1901 -- 1954 1978 27 Bing Miller RF 1922 -- 1926 1928 -- 1934 1998 Wally Moses RF 1935 -- 1941 1949 -- 1951 1988 -- Rube Oldring CF 1906 -- 1916 1918 2003 -- Eddie Plank 1901 -- 1914 1985 14 Eddie Rommel 1920 -- 1932 30 Bobby Shantz 1949 -- 1954 1994 7 Al Simmons LF Coach 1924 -- 1932 1940 -- 1941 , 1944 1940 -- 1945 1981 38 Elmer Valo RF 1940 -- 1954 1990 -- Rube Waddell 1902 -- 1907 1986 12 Rube Walberg 1923 -- 1933 2002 6 Gus Zernial LF 1951 -- 1954 2001 Philadelphia Sports Hall of Fame ( edit ) Main article : Philadelphia Sports Hall of Fame Athletics in the Philadelphia Sports Hall of Fame No . Name Position Tenure Inducted Notes -- Connie Mack Manager Owner 1901 -- 1950 1901 -- 1954 Jimmie Foxx 1B 1925 -- 1935 10 Lefty Grove 1925 -- 1933 2005 7 Al Simmons LF Coach 1924 -- 1932 1940 -- 1941 , 1944 1940 -- 1945 2006 Mickey Cochrane 1925 -- 1933 2007 -- Eddie Collins 2B 1906 -- 1914 1927 -- 1930 2009 30 Bobby Shantz 1949 -- 1954 5 Jimmy Dykes 3B / 2B Coach Manager 1918 -- 1932 1940 -- 1950 1951 -- 1953 2011 Born in Philadelphia -- Eddie Plank 1901 -- 1914 2012 -- Charles `` Chief '' Bender 1903 -- 1914 2014 -- Herb Pennock 1912 -- 1915 2014 Elected mainly on his performance with New York Yankees -- By Saam Broadcaster 1938 -- 1954 2014 Team captains ( edit ) 6 Sal Bando , 3B , 1969 -- 1976 Season - by - season records ( edit ) Main article : List of Oakland Athletics seasons The records of the Athletics ' last ten seasons in Major League Baseball are listed below . Season Wins Losses Win % Place Playoffs 2008 75 86 . 466 3rd in AL West 2009 75 87 . 463 4th in AL West 81 81 . 500 2nd in AL West 2011 74 88 . 457 3rd in AL West 2012 94 68 . 580 1st in AL West Lost ALDS vs. Detroit Tigers , 2 -- 3 2013 96 66 . 593 1st in AL West Lost ALDS vs. Detroit Tigers , 2 -- 3 2014 88 74 . 543 2nd in AL West Lost ALWC vs. Kansas City Royals , 8 -- 9 2015 68 94 . 420 5th in AL West 2016 69 93 . 426 5th in AL West 2017 75 87 . 463 5th in AL West 10 - Year Record 795 824 . 491 -- -- All - Time Record 8,834 9,322 . 487 -- -- Current roster ( edit ) See also : Oakland Athletics all - time roster Oakland Athletics roster Active roster Inactive roster Coaches / Other Pitchers Starting rotation 40 Chris Bassitt 58 Paul Blackburn 55 Sean Manaea 33 Daniel Mengden 47 Frankie Montas Bullpen 46 Santiago Casilla 44 Chris Hatcher 31 Liam Hendriks 54 Josh Lucas 15 Emilio Pagan 36 Yusmeiro Petit 62 Lou Trivino Closer 39 Blake Treinen Catchers 21 Jonathan Lucroy 19 Josh Phegley Infielders 1 Franklin Barreto 8 Jed Lowrie 28 Matt Olson 18 Chad Pinder 10 Marcus Semien Outfielders 20 Mark Canha 2 Khris Davis 11 Dustin Fowler 25 Stephen Piscotty 5 Jake Smolinski Pitchers 30 Brett Anderson 52 Ryan Buchter 53 Trevor Cahill 35 Danny Coulombe 66 Ryan Dull 48 Daniel Gossett 49 Kendall Graveman 61 Carlos Ramírez 60 Andrew Triggs Catchers 13 Bruce Maxwell Infielders 26 Matt Chapman 57 Jorge Mateo Outfielders 23 Matt Joyce 56 Ramón Laureano 38 Nick Martini Manager 6 Bob Melvin Coaches 17 Mike Aldrete ( assistant hitting ) 51 Darren Bush ( hitting ) 29 Ryan Christenson ( bench ) 90 Jeremy Dowdy ( bullpen catcher ) 14 Scott Emerson ( pitching ) 59 Marcus Jensen ( bullpen / catching ) 7 Mark Kotsay ( quality control ) 41 Al Pedrique ( first base ) 88 Philip Pohl ( bullpen catcher ) 4 Matt Williams ( third base ) 60 - day disabled list 45 Jharel Cotton 3 Boog Powell 25 active , 15 inactive 7 - or 10 - day disabled list Suspended list Personal leave Roster and coaches updated June 16 , 2018 Transactions Depth chart → All MLB rosters Minor League affiliations ( edit ) Main article : List of Oakland Athletics minor league affiliates First Tennessee Park in Nashville , Tennessee , home of the Nashville Sounds , the Athletics ' Triple - A affiliate The Oakland Athletics farm system consists of seven minor league affiliates . Level Team League Location Triple - A Nashville Sounds Pacific Coast League Nashville , Tennessee Double - A Midland RockHounds Texas League Midland , Texas Class A-Advanced Stockton Ports California League Stockton , California Class A Beloit Snappers Midwest League Beloit , Wisconsin Class A Short Season Vermont Lake Monsters New York -- Penn League Burlington , Vermont Rookie AZL Athletics Arizona League Mesa , Arizona DSL Athletics Dominican Summer League Santo Domingo , Distrito Nacional , Dominican Republic Radio and television ( edit ) See also : List of Oakland Athletics broadcasters As of 2011 , the Athletics ' flagship radio station is KGMZ 95.7 FM . The current announcing team is Ken Korach and Vince Cotroneo . Television coverage is exclusively on NBC Sports California . Some A 's games air on an alternate feed of NBCS , called NBCS Plus , if the main channel shows a Sacramento Kings game at the same time . On TV , Glen Kuiper covers play - by - play , and Ray Fosse typically provides color commentary . Beginning in 2015 , color commentary is provided during select games by Mark Mulder . Fosse also provides radio color commentary when Mulder is on TV or when the A 's are televised nationally on Fox or ESPN . Additionally , Fosse covers radio play by play duties during Spring training games . It was announced in February 2014 that Shooty Babitt would join Kuiper as the color commentator for 20 games in the 2014 season In popular culture ( edit ) The 2003 Michael Lewis book Moneyball chronicles the 2002 Oakland Athletics season , with a specific focus on Billy Beane 's economic approach to managing the organization under significant financial constraints . Beginning in June 2003 , the book remained on The New York Times Best Seller list for 18 consecutive weeks , peaking at number 2 . In 2011 , Columbia Pictures released a film adaptation based on Lewis ' book , which featured Brad Pitt playing the role of Beane . On September 19 , 2011 , the U.S. premiere of Moneyball was held at the Paramount Theatre in Oakland , which featured a green carpet for attendees to walk , rather than the traditional red carpet . See also ( edit ) Baseball portal California portal List of Oakland Athletics team records List of Oakland Athletics no - hitters List of Oakland Athletics owners and executives List of Oakland Athletics managers Oakland Athletics award winners and league leaders List of Oakland Athletics first - round draft picks List of Oakland Athletics Opening Day starting pitchers References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Clair , Michael ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` Why do the A 's wear green ? You can thank Charlie Finley '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media . Retrieved January 6 , 2018 . Before Finley came on board , the then - Kansas City A 's wore baseball 's standard blue - and - red combination . In 1963 , that all changed as Finley outfitted the team in glorious gold ( Finley said it was the same shade the United States Naval Academy used ) and kelly green for the very first time . Jump up ^ `` Oakland A 's to wear kelly green alternate jersey for Friday home games '' ( Press release ) . Major League Baseball Advanced Media . January 26 , 2018 . Retrieved January 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Boxscore from Baseball-Reference.com `` Wednesday , April 17 , 1968 , 7 : 46PM , Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum '' Jump up ^ `` American Association ( 19th Century ) - BR Bullpen '' . www.baseball-reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Logos and Mascots '' . MLB.com . Retrieved September 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mascots you do n't see on sports sidelines '' . May 22 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Stomper 's Place '' . Oakland Athletics . Jump up ^ United Press International ( January 30 , 1979 ) . `` Yankees , Twins still dickering '' . St. Petersburg Times . Retrieved June 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Cashman Field Las Vegas 51s Cashman Field '' . Web.minorleaguebaseball.com . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ Leavitt , Parker ( October 24 , 2014 ) . `` Mesa 's Hohokam Stadium ready for Oakland A 's '' . The Arizona Republic . Retrieved 1 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Supreme Court rejects San Jose 's bid to lure Oakland A 's '' . SFGate . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ http://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/A-s-want-to-build-new-ballpark-next-to-Laney-12193239.php Jump up ^ `` Proposed site for A 's ballpark falls through '' . New Tribune . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` As Raiders dominate headlines , Oakland scouts for new A 's home '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ Dennis , Rob ( December 30 , 2011 ) . `` Fremont mayor Bob Wasserman dead at 77 '' . The Argus ( Fremont ) . Retrieved January 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` A 's , Cisco reach ballpark deal '' . USA Today . November 9 , 2006 . Retrieved May 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Full text of A 's letter to Fremont '' . February 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( June 16 , 2010 ) . `` Plans for A 's stadium in San Jose moving forward '' . USA Today . San Jose , California . Retrieved May 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` How the A 's ballpark plans stack up '' . San Jose Mercury News . Bay Area News Group . August 24 , 2010 . Retrieved August 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Seipel , Tracy ( September 8 , 2010 ) . `` 75 Silicon Valley leaders endorse A 's move to San Jose '' . San Jose Mercury News . Bay Area News Group . Retrieved August 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Calcaterra , Craig ( Jun 30 , 2011 ) . `` In case you forgot , the Athletics are still in franchise limbo '' . HardballTalk . NBC Sports . Retrieved August 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Koehn , Josh ( July 12 , 2011 ) . `` Selig Talks About A 's Move to San Jose '' . San Jose Inside . Sanjoseinside.com . Retrieved August 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cotchett , Pitre & McCarthy , LLP ( June 18 , 2013 ) , CITY OF SAN JOSE ; CITY OF SAN JOSE AS SUCCESSOR AGENCY TO THE REDEVELOPMENT AGENCY OF THE CITY OF SAN JOSE ; and THE SAN JOSE DIRIDON DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY , Plaintiffs , v. OFFICE OF THE COMMISSIONER OF BASEBALL , an unincorporated association doing business as Major League Baseball ; and ALLAN HUBER `` BUD '' SELIG , Defendants ( PDF ) , U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California , retrieved May 5 , 2018 CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Associated Press ( June 19 , 2013 ) . `` San Jose sues MLB over A 's vote '' . San Francisco , California : ESPN . Retrieved August 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( January 15 , 2015 ) . `` San Jose loses appeal over A 's move '' . San Francisco , California : ESPN . Retrieved January 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Egelko , Bob ( October 5 , 2015 ) . `` U.S. Supreme Court rejects San Jose 's bid to lure Oakland A 's '' . SFGate . Hearst Communications , Inc . Retrieved August 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Head - to - Head record for Oakland Athletics against the listed opponents from 1997 to 2017 '' . baseball-reference.com . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Ron ( March 24 , 2018 ) . `` Athletics Offer $20 Parking Discount to Giants Fans Who Yell ' Go A 's ' at Gates '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved March 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Promotional Schedule '' . Oakland Athletics . Jump up ^ Burgoyne , Tom ( 2004 ) . Movin ' on Up : Baseball and Phialdephia Then , Now , and Always . B B& A Publishers . p. 128 . ISBN 0 - 9754419 - 3 - 0 . Jump up ^ For photos of the A 's Wall of Fame plaques , see Philadelphia A 's Society Museum and Library Archived December 29 , 2005 , at the Wayback Machine . webpage . Philadelphia Athletics Historical Society . Retrieved September 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Philadelphia Athletics Historical Society Archived September 27 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . official website . Retrieved September 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick , Frank ( February 22 , 2011 ) . `` Demographics may doom the Philadelphia Athletics Historical Society '' . philly.com . Philadelphia Media Network ( The Philadelphia Inquirer ) . Retrieved February 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ For photos of the plaque , see Montella , Ernie ( June 5 , 2004 ) . `` Wall of Fame Day in Hatboro , Pennsylvania '' . Philadelphia Athletics Historical Society . Archived from the original on December 19 , 2010 . Retrieved September 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Jordan , David M. `` Vet Plaques Come to Hatboro '' . Philadelphia Athletics Historical Society . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2008 . Retrieved September 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Athletics Affiliates '' . Oakland Athletics . Major League Baseball . Retrieved September 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` New station , same booth team for A 's '' . Archived from the original on March 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Babitt set to join A 's broadcast as analyst '' . Oakland Athletics . Jump up ^ `` The New York Times Best Seller List - June 22 , 2003 '' ( PDF ) . Hawes Publications . Retrieved April 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The New York Times Best Seller List - June 22 , 2003 '' ( PDF ) . Hawes Publications . Retrieved April 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Oakland shines for ' Moneyball ' premiere '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved April 23 , 2014 . Further reading ( edit ) Bergman , Ron . Mustache Gang : The Swaggering Tale of Oakland 's A 's . Dell Publishing Co. , New York , 1973 . Dickey , Glenn . Champions : The Story of the First Two Oakland A 's Dynasties -- and the Building of the Third . Triumph Books , Chicago , 2002 . ISBN 1 - 57243 - 421 - X Jordan , David M. The Athletics of Philadelphia : Connie Mack 's White Elephants , 1901 -- 1954 . McFarland & Co. , Jefferson NC , 1999 . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 0620 - 8 . Katz , Jeff . `` The Kansas City A 's & The Wrong Half of the Yankees . '' Maple Street Press , Hingham , Massachusetts , 2006 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9777436 - 5 - 0 . Kuklick , Bruce . To Everything a Season : Shibe Park and Urban Philadelphia 1909 -- 1976 . Princeton University Press , Princeton NJ , 1991 . ISBN 0 - 691 - 04788 - X . Lewis , Michael . Moneyball : The Art of Winning an Unfair Game . W.W. Norton & Co. , Inc. , New York , 2003 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 05765 - 8 . Markusen , Bruce . Baseball 's Last Dynasty : Charlie Finley 's Oakland A 's . Master Press , Indianapolis , 1998 . Peterson , John E. The Kansas City Athletics : A Baseball History 1954 -- 1967 . McFarland & Co. , Jefferson NC , 1999 . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 1610 - 6 . 2005 Oakland Athletics Media Guide External links ( edit ) Find more aboutOakland Athleticsat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons Data from Wikidata Oakland Athletics official website Official website Philadelphia Athletics Historical Society Oakland Athletics stats and minor league statistics Sports E-Cyclopedia Oakland A 's prospect information hide Awards and achievements Preceded by Pittsburgh Pirates ( 1909 ) Boston Red Sox ( 1912 ) New York Yankees ( 1928 ) World Series champions Philadelphia Athletics 1910 and 1911 1913 1929 and 1930 Succeeded by Boston Red Sox ( 1912 ) Boston Braves ( 1914 ) St. Louis Cardinals ( 1931 ) Preceded by Pittsburgh Pirates ( 1971 ) Los Angeles Dodgers ( 1988 ) World Series champions Oakland Athletics 1972 , 1973 , and 1974 1989 Succeeded by Cincinnati Reds ( 1975 ) Cincinnati Reds ( 1990 ) Preceded by Chicago White Sox ( 1901 ) Boston Americans ( 1904 ) Detroit Tigers ( 1909 ) Boston Red Sox ( 1912 ) New York Yankees ( 1928 ) American League champions Philadelphia Athletics 1902 1905 1910 and 1911 1913 and 1914 1929 , 1930 , and 1931 Succeeded by Boston Americans ( 1903 ) Chicago White Sox ( 1906 ) Boston Red Sox ( 1912 ) Boston Red Sox ( 1915 ) New York Yankees ( 1932 ) Preceded by Baltimore Orioles ( 1971 ) Minnesota Twins ( 1987 ) American League champions Oakland Athletics 1972 , 1973 , and 1974 1988 , 1989 , and 1990 Succeeded by Boston Red Sox ( 1975 ) Minnesota Twins ( 1991 ) hide Oakland Athletics Established in 1901 Formerly the Philadelphia Athletics and the Kansas City Athletics Based in Oakland , California ( Bay Area ) Franchise History in Philadelphia in Kansas City in Oakland Seasons Records No - hitters Players Owners and executives Managers Broadcasters Radio network Award winners and league leaders First - round draft picks Opening Day starting pitchers Ballparks Columbia Park Shibe Park Municipal Stadium Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum Oakland Ballpark ( proposed ) Spring training Barrs Field Terry Park Ballfield Wilmington Park McCurdy Field Connie Mack Field McKechnie Field Rendezvous Park Scottsdale Stadium I Phoenix Municipal Stadium Hohokam Stadium Culture Philadelphia Athletics ( football ) Philadelphia Baseball Wall of Fame Charlie - O Stomper $100,000 Infield `` Holy Toledo ! '' Billyball `` Celebration '' ( song ) Big Three Moneyball book film Mount Davis Lore The Mack Attack Perfect games Catfish Hunter Dallas Braden Bash Brothers 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake 20 game win streak 2014 AL Wild Card Game Rivalries Philadelphia Phillies San Francisco Giants Key personnel Owners : John J. Fisher President : Dave Kaval Executive vice president : Billy Beane General manager : David Forst Manager : Bob Melvin Important figures Hall of Fame members Home Run Baker Chief Bender Mickey Cochrane Eddie Collins Dennis Eckersley Rollie Fingers Jimmie Foxx Lefty Grove Rickey Henderson Catfish Hunter Reggie Jackson Nap Lajoie Connie Mack Eddie Plank Al Simmons Rube Waddell Dick Williams Wall of Fame members Sam Chapman Jack Coombs Jimmy Dykes George Earnshaw Ferris Fain Bob Johnson Eddie Joost Bing Miller Wally Moses Rube Oldring Bobby Shantz Eddie Rommel Elmer Valo Rube Walberg Gus Zernial World Series Champions ( 9 ) 1910 1911 1913 1929 1930 1972 1973 1989 American League Championships ( 15 ) 1902 1905 1910 1911 1913 1914 1929 1930 1931 1972 1973 1988 1989 1990 AL West Division Championships ( 16 ) 1971 1972 1973 1981 1988 1989 1990 1992 2000 2002 2003 2006 2012 2013 AL Wild Card ( 2 ) 2001 2014 Minors AAA Nashville Sounds AA Midland RockHounds A Adv . Stockton Ports Beloit Snappers Short A Vermont Lake Monsters Rookie AZL Athletics DSL Athletics Seasons ( 118 ) 1900s 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910s 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920s 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930s 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940s 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950s 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990s 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Links to related articles Oakland Athletics retired numbers 9 Reggie Jackson 24 Rickey Henderson 27 Catfish Hunter 34 Rollie Fingers 43 Dennis Eckersley Championship navigation boxes Philadelphia Athletics 1902 American League Champions Lou Castro Lave Cross Monte Cross Harry Davis Dave Fultz Topsy Hartsel Bert Husting Fred Mitchell Danny Murphy Eddie Plank Doc Powers Ossee Schreckengost Socks Seybold Rube Waddell Highball Wilson Manager Connie Mack Regular season Philadelphia Athletics 1910 World Series champions Frank Baker Jack Barry Chief Bender Eddie Collins Jack Coombs Harry Davis Claud Derrick Topsy Hartsel Harry Krause Jack Lapp Paddy Livingston Bris Lord Cy Morgan Danny Murphy Amos Strunk Ira Thomas Manager Connie Mack Regular season Philadelphia Athletics 1911 World Series champions Frank Baker Jack Barry Chief Bender Eddie Collins Jack Coombs Dave Danforth Harry Davis Claud Derrick Harry Krause Jack Lapp Paddy Livingston Bris Lord Doc Martin Stuffy McInnis Cy Morgan Danny Murphy Rube Oldring Eddie Plank Amos Strunk Ira Thomas Manager Connie Mack Regular season Rivalry Philadelphia Athletics 1913 World Series champions Frank Baker Jack Barry Chief Bender Boardwalk Brown Joe Bush Eddie Collins Jack Coombs Harry Davis Byron Houck Jack Lapp Doc Lavan Stuffy McInnis Danny Murphy Eddie Murphy Rube Oldring Billy Orr Herb Pennock Eddie Plank Wally Schang Bob Shawkey Amos Strunk Ira Thomas Jimmy Walsh Weldon Wyckoff Manager Connie Mack Regular season Rivalry Philadelphia Athletics 1929 World Series champions Max Bishop Joe Boley George Burns Mickey Cochrane Eddie Collins Jim Cronin Jimmy Dykes George Earnshaw Howard Ehmke Jimmie Foxx Walter French Lefty Grove Mule Haas Bing Miller Jack Quinn Eddie Rommel Al Simmons Homer Summa Rube Walberg Manager Connie Mack Assistant Manager Earle Mack Regular season Philadelphia Athletics 1930 World Series champions Max Bishop Joe Boley Mickey Cochrane Eddie Collins Jimmie Dykes George Earnshaw Jimmie Foxx Lefty Grove Mule Haas Eric McNair Bing Miller Jimmy Moore Jack Quinn Bill Shores Al Simmons Rube Walberg Manager Connie Mack Regular season Oakland Athletics 1972 World Series champions 1 Dick Green 2 Ángel Mangual 4 Don Mincher 5 Mike Epstein 6 Sal Bando 8 Larry Brown 9 Reggie Jackson 10 Dave Duncan 11 Ted Kubiak 12 Gonzalo Márquez 13 Blue Moon Odom 14 Matty Alou 16 Tim Cullen 19 Bert Campaneris 20 Mike Hegan 21 Dal Maxvill 22 Joe Horlen 24 Allan Lewis 25 George Hendrick 26 Joe Rudi 27 Catfish Hunter 30 Ken Holtzman 32 Darold Knowles 33 Dave Hamilton 34 Rollie Fingers 35 Vida Blue 36 Bob Locker 38 Gene Tenace ( World Series MVP ) Manager 23 Dick Williams Coaches 40 Bill Posedel 41 Jerry Adair 43 Irv Noren 44 Vern Hoscheit Regular season American League Championship Series Oakland Athletics 1973 World Series champions 1 Dick Green 2 Ángel Mangual 6 Sal Bando 7 Deron Johnson 9 Reggie Jackson ( AL and World Series MVP ) 10 Ray Fosse 11 Ted Kubiak 13 Blue Moon Odom 14 Vida Blue 16 Billy Conigliaro 17 Mike Andrews 18 Gene Tenace 19 Bert Campaneris 22 Jesús Alou 24 Allan Lewis 25 Paul Lindblad 26 Joe Rudi 27 Catfish Hunter 28 Horacio Piña 30 Ken Holtzman 32 Darold Knowles 34 Rollie Fingers 37 Vic Davalillo 38 Pat Bourque Manager 23 Dick Williams Coaches 41 Jerry Adair 42 Wes Stock 43 Irv Noren 44 Vern Hoscheit Regular season American League Championship Series Oakland Athletics 1974 World Series champions 1 Dick Green 2 Ángel Mangual 3 Herb Washington 4 Billy North 6 Sal Bando 8 Manny Trillo 9 Reggie Jackson 10 Ray Fosse 11 Ted Kubiak 12 Larry Haney 13 Blue Moon Odom 14 Vida Blue 15 Claudell Washington 16 Dal Maxvill 18 Gene Tenace 19 Bert Campaneris 22 Jesús Alou 24 John Donaldson 25 Paul Lindblad 26 Joe Rudi 27 Catfish Hunter 30 Ken Holtzman 32 Darold Knowles 34 Rollie Fingers ( World Series MVP ) 38 Jim Holt Manager 5 Alvin Dark Coaches 41 Jerry Adair 42 Wes Stock 43 Bobby Winkles 44 Bobby Hofman Regular season American League Championship Series Oakland Athletics 1989 World Series champions 2 Tony Phillips 4 Carney Lansford 7 Walt Weiss 9 Mike Gallego 12 Lance Blankenship 14 Storm Davis 19 Gene Nelson 20 Matt Young 21 Mike Moore 24 Rickey Henderson ( ALCS MVP ) 25 Mark McGwire 27 Ron Hassey 28 Stan Javier 33 Jose Canseco 34 Dave Stewart ( World Series MVP ) 35 Bob Welch 36 Terry Steinbach 39 Dave Parker 40 Rick Honeycutt 42 Dave Henderson 43 Dennis Eckersley 44 Ken Phelps 54 Todd Burns Manager 10 Tony La Russa Coaches 5 Art Kusnyer ( Bullpen ) 8 Dave McKay ( First Base ) 15 Rene Lachemann ( Third Base ) 18 Dave Duncan ( Pitching ) 45 Merv Rettenmund ( Hitting ) 46 Tommie Reynolds ( Bench ) Regular season American League Championship Series Bay Bridge Series Major League Baseball ( 2018 ) AL East Baltimore Orioles Boston Red Sox New York Yankees Tampa Bay Rays Toronto Blue Jays Central Chicago White Sox Cleveland Indians Detroit Tigers Kansas City Royals Minnesota Twins West Houston Astros Los Angeles Angels Oakland Athletics Seattle Mariners Texas Rangers NL East Atlanta Braves Miami Marlins New York Mets Philadelphia Phillies Washington Nationals Central Chicago Cubs Cincinnati Reds Milwaukee Brewers Pittsburgh Pirates St. Louis Cardinals West Arizona Diamondbacks Colorado Rockies Los Angeles Dodgers San 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Golden age of baseball Defunct and relocated teams Relocation of the 1950s -- 60s Expansion 1961 1962 1969 1977 1993 1998 Commissioner : Rob Manfred League Presidents AL NL American League Organization Parent league : Major League Baseball Partner league : National League Origins : ( History Western League ) Honorary president : Frank Robinson Current teams East Baltimore Orioles Boston Red Sox New York Yankees Tampa Bay Rays Toronto Blue Jays Central Chicago White Sox Cleveland Indians Detroit Tigers Kansas City Royals Minnesota Twins West Houston Astros Los Angeles Angels Oakland Athletics Seattle Mariners Texas Rangers Former , relocated , and disestablished teams Baltimore Orioles ( 1901 -- 1902 ) Kansas City Athletics ( 1955 -- 1967 ) Milwaukee Brewers I ( 1901 ) Milwaukee Brewers II ( 1970 -- 1997 ) Philadelphia Athletics ( 1901 -- 1954 ) Seattle Pilots ( 1969 ) St. Louis Browns ( 1902 -- 1953 ) Washington Senators I ( 1901 -- 1960 ) Washington Senators II ( 1961 -- 1971 ) 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Rooneys Latrobe Athletic Association McKeesport Olympics Oil City Athletic Club Pitcairn Quakers Pittsburgh AC Pittsburgh Lyceum Union Club of Phoenixville Union Quakers of Philadelphia Arena - Indoor Football AFL Pittsburgh Gladiators Pittsburgh Power AIFA / AIFL / AIF Johnstown Riverhawks Erie Freeze Pittsburgh RiverRats / Erie Explosion Reading Express NIFL Johnstown J Dogs Hockey NHL Philadelphia Quakers Pittsburgh Pirates AHL Erie Blades Philadelphia Firebirds Philadelphia Arrows Philadelphia Ramblers Philadelphia Rockets Pittsburgh Hornets ECHL Erie Panthers Johnstown Chiefs MAHL Mon Valley Thunder IHL Pittsburgh Shamrocks Pittsburgh Yellow Jackets IPHL Pittsburgh Professionals WPHL Pittsburgh Bankers Pittsburgh Duquesne Pittsburgh Keystones Pittsburgh Lyceum Pittsburgh PAC Pittsburgh Pirates Pittsburgh Victorias NAHL Keystone Ice Miners Pittsburgh Forge RHI Philadelphia Bulldogs Pittsburgh Phantoms USAHA Pittsburgh Yellow Jackets Fort Pitt Hornets - Panthers Lacrosse NLL Pittsburgh Bulls Pittsburgh CrosseFire Soccer USL - 2 Philadelphia Freedom MISL Philadelphia Fever Pittsburgh Spirit CSL Pittsburgh Stingers NPSL Philadelphia Spartans Pittsburgh Phantoms NASL Philadelphia Atoms Philadelphia Fury Australian rules football USAFL Lehigh Valley Crocs Pittsburgh Wallabies Category : Defunct sports teams in Pennsylvania Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oakland_Athletics&oldid=846213794 '' Categories : Major League Baseball teams Oakland Athletics Sports clubs established in 1901 Cactus League Companies based in Oakland , California Baseball teams in the San Francisco Bay Area 1901 establishments in Pennsylvania Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from March 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2009 Articles with inconsistent citation formats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Magyar मराठी Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 22 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 June 2018 , at 05 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland%20Athletics
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where does the last name mondragon come from
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Mondragón
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mondragon
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Mondragón ( Basque : Arrasate or Mondragoe ) , officially known as Arrasate / Mondragón is a town and municipality in Gipuzkoa province , Basque Country , Spain . Its population in 2015 was 21,933 .
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Contents 1 Economic and historical significance 2 Mondragón University 3 In film 4 Archaeology 5 References 6 External links Economic and historical significance ( edit ) The town is best known as the birthplace of the Mondragón Cooperative Corporation ( MCC ) , the world 's largest worker cooperative , whose foundation was inspired in the 1940s by the Catholic priest José María Arizmendiarrieta . In 2002 the MCC contributed 3.7 % towards the total GDP of the Basque Country and 7.6 % to the industrial GDP . The valley of the High Deba where the town is located enjoyed a high level of employment in the 1980s while the rest of the Basque industrial areas suffered from the steel crisis . Noted poverty expert and sociology professor Barbara J. Peters of Southampton College , Long Island University , has studied the incorporated and entirely resident - owned town of Mondragón . `` In Mondragón , I saw no signs of poverty . I saw no signs of extreme wealth , '' Peters said . `` I saw people looking out for each other ... ... It 's a caring form of capitalism . '' The spa at Santa Águeda ( now a psychiatric hospital ) was the location of the 1897 murder of Spanish politician Antonio Cánovas del Castillo by Michele Angiolillo . Mondragón University ( edit ) Mondragón serves as base of Mondragón University , a private university created in 1997 , that is heavily connected with the MCC companies . Almost all of the university 's graduates find their first job within three months after completing their studies due to this strong link . Mondragón University is divided into engineering , humanities and enterprise faculties . The faculty of engineering is in Mondragon and Goierri . The humanities faculty is in Eskoriatza and the enterprise faculty is in Bidasoa and Oñati . The student enrollment is approximately 3,500 and is rapidly growing . The majority of the students are from Gipuzkoa and surrounding villages , although in the last few years , the number of students from Bilbao , San Sebastián and the Basque Country capital , Vitoria - Gasteiz , has increased significantly . In film ( edit ) Pierre Boutron 's French language film Fiesta ! , adapted from a novel written by José Luis de Vilallonga , was set in Mondragón during the Spanish Civil War . A country house near Mondragón . Archaeology ( edit ) Excavating at the Artazu VII site located in the Kobate Quarry in Arrasate . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Spanish Town without Poverty , Newswise Jan 2000 Jump up ^ https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0113054/ Jump up ^ An exceptional 100,000 - year - old palaeontological site unearthed in Arrasate External links ( edit ) General information of Arrasate / Mondragón ( Spanish ) Pictures of Arrasate / Mondragón in FLICKR Municipality pages in Basque and Spanish Mondragon University homepage ARRASATE / MONDRAGÓN in the Bernardo Estornés Lasa - Auñamendi Encyclopedia ( Euskomedia Fundazioa ) Information available in Spanish Wikimedia Commons has media related to Arrasate . Coordinates : 43 ° 3 ′ 56.59 '' N 2 ° 29 ′ 24.42 '' W / 43.0657194 ° N 2.4901167 ° W / 43.0657194 ; - 2.4901167 Municipalities in Gipuzkoa Abaltzisketa Aduna Aia Aizarnazabal Albiztur Alegia Alkiza Altzaga Altzo Amezketa Andoain Anoeta Antzuola Arama Aretxabaleta Arrasate ( Mondragón ) Asteasu Astigarraga Ataun Azkoitia Azpeitia Baliarrain Beasain Beizama Belauntza Berastegi Bergara Berrobi Bidania - Goiatz Deba San Sebastián ( Donostia ) Eibar Elduain Elgeta Elgoibar Errenteria Errezil Eskoriatza Ezkio Gabiria Gaintza Gaztelu Getaria Hernani Hernialde Hondarribia Ibarra Idiazabal Ikaztegieta Irun Irura Itsaso Itsasondo Larraul Lasarte - Oria Lazkao Leaburu Legazpi Legorreta Leintz - Gatzaga Lezo Lizartza Mendaro Mutiloa Mutriku Oiartzun Olaberria Oñati Ordizia Orendain Orexa Orio Ormaiztegi Pasaia Segura Soraluze ( Placencia de las Armas ) Tolosa Urnieta Urretxu Usurbil Villabona Zaldibia Zarautz Zegama Zerain Zestoa Zizurkil Zumaia Zumarraga WorldCat Identities BNE : XX452682 BNF : cb123266354 ( data ) GND : 4289625 - 3 VIAF : 131348709 This article about a location in the Basque Country , Spain , is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= Mondragón&oldid = 861871450 '' Categories : Municipalities in Gipuzkoa Populated places in Gipuzkoa Basque geography stubs Hidden categories : Articles with short description Articles containing Basque - language text Coordinates on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Aragonés Asturianu Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Cymraeg Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Русский Shqip Српски / srpski Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 中文 26 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 September 2018 , at 17 : 10 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mondrag%25C3%25B3n
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who do you think you are the queen of england
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Who Do You Think You Are ? ( UK TV series )
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who do you think you are? ( uk tv series )
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Who Do You Think You Are ? is a British genealogy documentary series that has aired on the BBC since 2004 . In each episode , a celebrity traces their family tree . It is made by the production company Wall to Wall . The show has regularly attracted an audience of more than 6 million viewers . More than ten international adaptations of the show have been produced .
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Contents ( hide ) 1 Episodes 1.1 Series 1 ( 2004 ) 1.2 Series 2 ( 2006 ) 1.3 Series 3 ( 2006 ) 1.4 Adoption special ( 2007 ) 1.5 Series 4 ( 2007 ) 1.6 Series 5 ( 2008 ) 1.7 Series 6 ( 2009 ) 1.8 Series 7 ( 2010 ) 1.9 Series 8 ( 2011 ) 1.10 Series 9 ( 2012 ) 1.11 Series 10 ( 2013 ) 1.12 Series 11 ( 2014 ) 1.13 Series 12 ( 2015 ) 1.14 Series 13 ( 2016 -- 17 ) 1.15 Series 14 ( 2017 ) 2 Awards and nominations 3 Media releases 4 Other countries 4.1 International versions 5 Similar programmes 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links Episodes ( edit ) Series one and two were broadcast on BBC Two , and the first was the channel 's highest - rating programme of 2004 . This led to episodes being shown on BBC One from the third series onwards . The current narrator , as of Series 14 in 2017 , is Phil Davis . Mark Strong took over from David Morrissey after the first series , which was nominated for `` Best Factual Series or Strand '' in the 2005 BAFTAs ; Cherie Lunghi was the narrator between Series 10 and 13 . In the first series , the last ten minutes of each episode featured presenter Adrian Chiles and genealogical researcher Nick Barratt giving tips on tracing a family tree . In 2007 , a special episode was broadcast in conjunction with the BBC 's `` Family Wanted '' campaign featuring Nicky Campbell , who was adopted a few days after he was born . The theme tune was composed by Mark Sayer - Wade , who also provided the background music for earlier episodes . The music for later episodes is provided by Julian Hamlin and Edmund Jolliffe . Series 1 ( 2004 ) ( edit ) # Celebrity Original air date Viewers ( millions ) Bill Oddie 12 October 2004 ( 2004 - 10 - 12 ) 5.79 Oddie , brought up by his father and paternal grandmother , goes back to the Birmingham area to learn more about his mother 's life and her struggles with manic depression and her mother - in - law . Then he learns more about his grandmother 's life , her husband and family in Rochdale , Lancashire . He ends his journey learning more about his Oddie ancestors in Grindleton , Lancashire . Amanda Redman 19 October 2004 ( 2004 - 10 - 19 ) 4.63 Sue Johnston 26 October 2004 ( 2004 - 10 - 26 ) 4.25 Jeremy Clarkson 2 November 2004 ( 2004 - 11 - 02 ) 4.95 5 Ian Hislop 9 November 2004 ( 2004 - 11 - 09 ) 4.96 Hislop , who was 12 when his father died , never met his grandfathers . Hislop traces his family history by travelling to his late mother 's native Jersey , where for five years of her childhood , the island was occupied by Nazi Germany . He travels to Clary , France , where his paternal grandfather fought with the 9th Highland Light Infantry against the Hindenburg Line . He then goes to South Africa , where his maternal grandfather fought with the Royal Lancaster Regiment in the Battle of Spion Kop during the Boer War . While in South Africa , he discovered his father 's maternal great great grandfather had gone to South Africa in 1795 with the 72nd Regiment , Duke of Albany 's Own Highlanders in an expedition to capture Cape Town from the Dutch . 6 Moira Stuart 16 November 2004 ( 2004 - 11 - 16 ) 5.35 7 David Baddiel 23 November 2004 ( 2004 - 11 - 23 ) 4.60 8 Lesley Garrett 30 November 2004 ( 2004 - 11 - 30 ) 4.41 9 Meera Syal 7 December 2004 ( 2004 - 12 - 07 ) 3.97 10 Vic Reeves 14 December 2004 ( 2004 - 12 - 14 ) 4.46 Series 2 ( 2006 ) ( edit ) # Celebrity Original air date Viewers ( millions ) Jeremy Paxman 11 January 2006 ( 2006 - 01 - 11 ) 5.48 Sheila Hancock 18 January 2006 ( 2006 - 01 - 18 ) 5.43 Stephen Fry 25 January 2006 ( 2006 - 01 - 25 ) 5.86 Julian Clary 1 February 2006 ( 2006 - 02 - 01 ) 5.94 5 Jane Horrocks 8 February 2006 ( 2006 - 02 - 08 ) 5.64 6 Gurinder Chadha 15 February 2006 ( 2006 - 02 - 15 ) 3.96 Series 3 ( 2006 ) ( edit ) # Celebrity Original air date Viewers ( millions ) Barbara Windsor 6 September 2006 ( 2006 - 09 - 06 ) 6.40 Robert Lindsay 13 September 2006 ( 2006 - 09 - 13 ) 5.95 Colin Jackson 20 September 2006 ( 2006 - 09 - 20 ) 5.19 David Tennant 27 September 2006 ( 2006 - 09 - 27 ) 5.75 Tennant traces his paternal roots to the Isle of Mull , and is surprised to find his family came not from the lowlands but the Scottish Highlands . He discovers his maternal grandfather was a star player for Derry City F.C. in the 1930s , and expresses concern when he finds that other relatives were members of the Orange Order . He is disturbed to learn that his great - grandfather played a key role in suppressing Catholics in Derry , Northern Ireland , and that Catholic cousins came under fire on Bloody Sunday . 5 David Dickinson 4 October 2006 ( 2006 - 10 - 04 ) 5.80 6 Nigella Lawson 11 October 2006 ( 2006 - 10 - 11 ) 6.15 She traced her ancestors to Ashkenazi Jews who originate from eastern Europe and Germany , leaving Lawson surprised not to have Iberian - Sephardi ancestry in the family as she had believed . She also uncovered that her maternal great - great - great grandfather , Coenraad Sammes ( later Coleman Joseph ) , had fled to England from Amsterdam in 1830 to escape a prison sentence following a conviction for theft . 7 Jeremy Irons 18 October 2006 ( 2006 - 10 - 18 ) 5.82 8 Julia Sawalha 25 October 2006 ( 2006 - 10 - 25 ) 5.54 Adoption special ( 2007 ) ( edit ) # Celebrity Original air date Viewers ( millions ) Nicky Campbell 11 July 2007 ( 2007 - 07 - 11 ) 4.32 Campbell traces his adoptive family 's roots in Scotland and Australia . Series 4 ( 2007 ) ( edit ) # Celebrity Original air date Viewers ( millions ) Natasha Kaplinsky 6 September 2007 ( 2007 - 09 - 06 ) 6.78 Kaplinsky follows her paternal line to Slonim in Belarus and is shown official documentation relating to her cousin 's family . This includes the death of family members during the `` liquidation '' -- massacre -- of the Slonim Jewish ghetto by the Nazis and another 's escape to the partisans and eventual immigration to Australia . Her maternal line included an apothecary to King George III . John Hurt 13 September 2007 ( 2007 - 09 - 13 ) 5.80 Griff Rhys Jones 20 September 2007 ( 2007 - 09 - 20 ) 5.75 Carol Vorderman 27 September 2007 ( 2007 - 09 - 27 ) 6.53 Vorderman discovers that her father was an active member of the Dutch resistance during the Nazi occupation . He died while the programme was being filmed . Her great - grandfather Adolphe Vorderman played a key role in the discovery of vitamins . 5 Alistair McGowan 4 October 2007 ( 2007 - 10 - 04 ) 6.17 6 Graham Norton 11 October 2007 ( 2007 - 10 - 11 ) 6.88 It was discovered that Norton 's Walker ancestors were originally planters from Wentworth , South Yorkshire , who were sent over from England in the 17th century to take over Irish land . Some members of his family fought for the British monarchy during the Irish Rebellion of 1798 and took part in the Carnew massacre . Another member of his family was later killed in battle by the United Irishmen . 7 Matthew Pinsent 18 November 2007 ( 2007 - 11 - 18 ) 6.57 Series 5 ( 2008 ) ( edit ) # Celebrity Original air date Viewers ( millions ) Patsy Kensit 13 August 2008 ( 2008 - 08 - 13 ) 7.10 Boris Johnson 20 August 2008 ( 2008 - 08 - 20 ) 7.04 Jerry Springer 27 August 2008 ( 2008 - 08 - 27 ) 6.71 Springer , who was born in England but emigrated to the United States at a young age , travels to the UK to find out how his parents were allowed in as refugees from Nazi Germany in August 1939 . He discovered that someone in England paid £ 50 as a guarantor to sponsor his parents , but the rest of the family was left behind . He travels to his great - grandfather 's hometown of Neustettin ( now Szczecinek , Poland ) , where his great grandfather , Abraham Springer , successfully appealed for outside help after anti-Semitic politician Ernst Henrici stirred up violence in 1881 . Springer then travels to Łódź , where his maternal grandmother , Marie Kallmann , was deported in 1941 . She was sent to the Chełmno extermination camp in May 1942 . Springer 's paternal grandmother , Selma Springer , died in Theresienstadt concentration camp . Esther Rantzen 3 September 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 03 ) 6.44 5 Ainsley Harriott 10 September 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 10 ) 6.70 6 David Suchet 17 September 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 17 ) 6.79 Suchet , who has a love of water , discovers that his maternal great - great - great - grandfather was captain of a brig which foundered off the east coast of England . His paternal ancestors were Russian Jews , and he traces their flight from Russia to Turkey , Prussia , South Africa , and then the United Kingdom . He learns about his grandfather and great - grandfather , both of whom were noted photographers . 7 Jodie Kidd 24 September 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 24 ) 5.87 8 Laurence Llewelyn - Bowen 29 September 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 29 ) 4.72 Series 6 ( 2009 ) ( edit ) # Celebrity Original air date Viewers ( millions ) Rory Bremner 2 February 2009 ( 2009 - 02 - 02 ) 6.44 Fiona Bruce 9 February 2009 ( 2009 - 02 - 09 ) 5.86 Rick Stein 16 February 2009 ( 2009 - 02 - 16 ) 5.64 Zoë Wanamaker 23 February 2009 ( 2009 - 02 - 23 ) 5.82 5 Kevin Whately 2 March 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 02 ) 5.99 6 Davina McCall 15 July 2009 ( 2009 - 07 - 15 ) 6.92 7 Chris Moyles 22 July 2009 ( 2009 - 07 - 22 ) 5.23 8 Kate Humble 29 July 2009 ( 2009 - 07 - 29 ) 5.19 9 David Mitchell 5 August 2009 ( 2009 - 08 - 05 ) 4.55 10 Kim Cattrall 12 August 2009 ( 2009 - 08 - 12 ) 6.27 Cattrall researches her maternal grandfather , George Baugh 's mysterious disappearance in 1938 . She discovers that he became a bigamist in 1939 and had four more children . The episode reveals that Baugh 's new family immigrated to Australia in 1961 , and had lived there until Baugh 's death in 1974 . 11 Martin Freeman 19 August 2009 ( 2009 - 08 - 19 ) 6.48 Freeman researches his paternal grandfather , whom he learns died while serving as a medic during the Battle of Dunkirk in World War II . He discovers that his great - grandfather was blind , married three times , and meets a cousin he never knew he had . He also discovers how syphilis ( a common disease at the time ) ravaged his family in the late 1800s and early 1900s . Series 7 ( 2010 ) ( edit ) # Celebrity Original air date Viewers ( millions ) Bruce Forsyth 19 July 2010 ( 2010 - 07 - 19 ) 7.22 Rupert Everett 26 July 2010 ( 2010 - 07 - 26 ) 5.97 Dervla Kirwan 2 August 2010 ( 2010 - 08 - 02 ) 5.58 Growing up , Kirwan knew she was related to Irish national hero Michael Collins but did not know how . She discovers he was her great - great uncle : his sister , Margaret Collins O'Driscoll , was the mother of Kirwan 's maternal grandfather . Kirwans seeks to find how her grandfather , Finian O'Driscoll , was involved in the IRA . She travels to Clonakilty , County Cork , birthplace of Michael Collins . On her father 's side , she finds out her great grandfather , Henry Kahn , was a Polish Jew from the Russian Empire who broke with his community to marry an Irish Catholic girl in the late 19th century . Kirwan was surprised to discover they were married in the Protestant Church of Ireland , after the Catholic church refused to marry them . Monty Don 9 August 2010 ( 2010 - 08 - 09 ) 5.95 5 Rupert Penry - Jones 16 August 2010 ( 2010 - 08 - 16 ) 5.68 Penry - Jones travels to India and confirms the family rumour that they have Indian ancestry . His great - great - great grandfather Thomas Johnstone was a sergeant major in the Royal Madras Fusiliers , and was part of the British attempts to quell the Indian Rebellion of 1857 . He discovers Johnstone 's wife , Louisa Collum , was of Anglo - Indian heritage . 6 Alexander Armstrong 23 August 2010 ( 2010 - 08 - 23 ) 6.46 Armstrong traces his mother 's side of the family , who are descended from Irish landed gentry . The McCauslands were originally seated in Drenagh , County Londonderry , Northern Ireland and trace their ancestry through the Rouse - Boughton family , to Edward Somerset , 2nd Marquess of Worcester , a descendant of William the Conqueror via Edward III and the Beauforts , Dukes of Somerset . 7 Jason Donovan 30 August 2010 ( 2010 - 08 - 30 ) 5.55 8 Hugh Quarshie 6 September 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 06 ) 5.42 9 Alan Cumming 13 September 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 13 ) 5.15 Cumming traces the life of his maternal grandfather , whom the family was told died while cleaning his pistol while serving as a British police officer in Malaya . He learns about his grandfather 's terrifying experiences as a war hero during the Battle of Dunkirk in World War II , his battle wounds received while helping stave off the Empire of Japan 's invasion of India during the Burma Campaign , and his psychological problems which led to his death while playing Russian roulette in Malaya . Series 8 ( 2011 ) ( edit ) # Celebrity Original air date Viewers ( millions ) June Brown 10 August 2011 ( 2011 - 08 - 10 ) 6.62 J.K. Rowling 17 August 2011 ( 2011 - 08 - 17 ) 7.00 Rowling researches her mother 's paternal great - grandfather , Louis Volant , a French head waiter who previously worked at Savoy Hotel in the 1920s . Volant had won the Croix de Guerre for his bravery during the First World War . She also learns about Volant 's mother , Salomée Schuch , an unmarried maid working in Paris at the time of his birth . At age 17 , she had fled her hometown of Brumath in Alsace -- which became part of the German Empire during the Franco - Prussian War -- to become a naturalised French citizen when she eventually married Louis ' father . Sebastian Coe 24 August 2011 ( 2011 - 08 - 24 ) 5.45 Larry Lamb 31 August 2011 ( 2011 - 08 - 31 ) 5.45 5 Emilia Fox 7 September 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 07 ) 6.06 Fox researches her family history hoping to discover where the acting bug in her family originated from . Fox 's father believes that Fox 's paternal grandfather , Robin Fox , a theatrical agent , likely would have wanted to be an actor . Fox learns that Robin 's mother was Hilda Hanbury , an actress who appeared on the London stage in the late 1890s . Hanbury traveled to America with theater manager Herbert Beerbohm Tree , though did not find great success and was reduced to small roles . Fox also learns that Sampson Fox , father of Hanbury 's husband Arthur ( `` Willie '' ) was a millionaire who rose to prominence from a child laborer in a textile mill to the owner of the Leeds Forge Company . With his large fortune , Sampson Fox was the sole donor for the Royal College of Music in London . However , Sampson Fox was also involved in a scandal regarding his promotion of watergas as an energy source and the financial success of its investors . 6 Alan Carr 14 September 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 14 ) 5.49 7 Robin Gibb 21 September 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 21 ) 4.37 8 Richard Madeley 28 September 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 28 ) 5.05 9 Len Goodman 5 October 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 05 ) 5.03 10 Tracey Emin 12 October 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 12 ) Unknown ( under 4.21 ) Series 9 ( 2012 ) ( edit ) # Celebrity Original air date Viewers ( millions ) Samantha Womack 15 August 2012 ( 2012 - 08 - 15 ) 5.30 Gregg Wallace 22 August 2012 ( 2012 - 08 - 22 ) 5.46 Patrick Stewart 29 August 2012 ( 2012 - 08 - 29 ) 4.58 Annie Lennox 5 September 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 05 ) 4.86 5 Hugh Dennis 12 September 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 12 ) 4.87 6 Alex Kingston 19 September 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 19 ) 4.97 7 William Roache 26 September 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 26 ) 4.30 8 Celia Imrie 10 October 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 10 ) 4.89 9 John Barnes 17 October 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 17 ) Unknown ( under 4.10 ) 10 John Bishop 6 December 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 06 ) 5.53 Series 10 ( 2013 ) ( edit ) # Celebrity Original air date Viewers ( millions ) Una Stubbs 24 July 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 24 ) 5.24 Nigel Havers 31 July 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 31 ) 5.39 Minnie Driver 7 August 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 07 ) 4.95 Lesley Sharp 14 August 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 14 ) 4.52 5 Gary Lineker 21 August 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 21 ) 5.37 6 Nick Hewer 28 August 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 28 ) 4.52 7 Nitin Ganatra 4 September 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 04 ) 4.31 8 Sarah Millican 11 September 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 11 ) 4.57 9 Marianne Faithfull 18 September 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 18 ) 3.78 10 John Simpson 25 September 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 25 ) 3.99 Series 11 ( 2014 ) ( edit ) # Celebrity Original air date Viewers ( millions ) -- Who Do They Think They Are ? : 10 Years , 100 Shows 6 August 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 06 ) Unknown ( under 3.34 ) Julie Walters 7 August 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 07 ) 5.23 Walters traces her Irish great - grandfather , Anthony Clarke . Brian Blessed 14 August 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 14 ) 5.31 Blessed traces his great - great - great - grandfather , Barnabus Blessed , a bookbinder , and discovers that after moving from London to Portsmouth , his four children were left orphans . Blessed 's great - great - grandfather , Jabez Blessed , became a `` real life Oliver Twist '' . Tamzin Outhwaite 21 August 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 21 ) 4.94 Brendan O'Carroll 28 August 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 28 ) 6.06 5 Sheridan Smith 4 September 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 04 ) 4.74 6 Mary Berry 11 September 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 11 ) 4.75 7 Martin Shaw 18 September 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 18 ) 5.39 8 Reggie Yates 25 September 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 25 ) 4.18 9 Billy Connolly 2 October 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 02 ) 5.74 10 Twiggy 9 October 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 09 ) 5.33 Series 12 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) On 23 June 2015 , the BBC confirmed the lineup for Series 12 , which began on 13 August 2015 . # Celebrity Original air date Viewers ( millions ) Paul Hollywood 13 August 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 13 ) 5.08 Jane Seymour 20 August 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 20 ) 5.14 Seymour traces the lives of two of her Polish Jewish great aunts during World War II . Derek Jacobi 27 August 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 27 ) 4.68 Jacobi , a descendant of Huguenots who fled persecution by Catholics , travels to France , where he discovers the horrors his Protestant ancestors faced during persecution . His sixth great - grandfather Joseph de la Plaigne , a prominent financier of Louis XIV , lived as a covert Protestant following the revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685 . He was uncovered and imprisoned by the king in the Château de Loches in 1701 . He apparently bribed his way out of prison the next year and fled to London . In 1708 , two years before his death , the 70 - year - old de la Plaigne married fellow Huguenot Salomé de la Bastide , sister of Colonel Armand de la Bastide , and 45 years his junior . In 1709 they had a son , Guillaume , who was baptised with William Cavendish , 2nd Duke of Devonshire as his godfather . Guillaume anglicised his name to William Laplain and was chaplain to the Dukes of Devonshire . Jerry Hall 3 September 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 03 ) 4.38 5 Gareth Malone 10 September 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 10 ) 4.56 6 Anne Reid 17 September 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 17 ) 4.70 7 Frank Gardner 24 September 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 24 ) 4.41 8 Anita Rani 1 October 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 01 ) 4.38 9 Mark Gatiss 8 October 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 08 ) Unknown ( under 3.80 ) 10 Frances de la Tour 22 October 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 22 ) 3.83 Actress Frances de la Tour discovers aristocratic lineage . Her great - great - great - great grandmother Maria Elizabeth Adderley , stepdaughter of Robert Hobart , 4th Earl of Buckinghamshire , married captain Alan Gardner in 1796 . They divorced in 1805 after he discovered her affair with Henry Jadis , nephew of the Earl of Strathmore . Lady Gardner had an illegitimate child with Jadis , Henry Fenton Gardner ( born in 1802 ) , who was declared illegitimate by the House of Lords in 1825 following the Gardner Peerage Case , in which Henry unsuccessfully attempted to prove he was the rightful heir to the Gardner peerage . De la Tour visits Doddington Hall and Seaton Delaval Hall to find out more about Jadis ' mother , the Hon . Sophia Ann ( née Delaval ) , daughter of John Delaval , 1st Baron Delaval . De la Tour discovers Sophia 's sad story of becoming pregnant before marriage with Henry , and rushing to marry a man beneath her status , John Jadis . After suffering abuse from a drunken Jadis , Sophia divorced him but became ostracised socially . She developed an addiction to laudanum and died at 38 . Series 13 ( 2016 -- 17 ) ( edit ) On 13 July , the line - up for the 13th series was confirmed . The series started on 24 November 2016 . # Celebrity Original air date Viewers ( millions ) Danny Dyer 24 November 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 24 ) 5.45 Dyer discovers that his 3 × great grandmother had a criminal record for concealing the birth of her baby , who died , that his 15 × great grandfather was Thomas Cromwell , his 14 × great grandmother was Elizabeth Seymour , the sister of Jane Seymour , who was Henry VIII 's third wife and Queen , and that his 22 × great grandfather was Edward III . Amanda Holden 1 December 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 01 ) 4.71 Holden investigates a family rumour that she is of French heritage on her mother 's side . She discovers that her 5 × great - grandfather Collin Thomas served a year 's imprisonment after breaking his apprenticeship as a cordwainer by enlisting in the Royal Navy aged 15 . Following his sentence , he enlisted in the British Army 's 51st ( 2nd Yorkshire West Riding ) Regiment of Foot in 1807 and fought in the Peninsular War . In 1814 , while with his regiment in Bordeaux in South Western France , he met a local woman , Radegonde Charbonnel . He deserted from the army shortly before he was due to muster out , married Radegonde in 1816 and began a family , moving his wife and eldest children back to his home in Cornwall several years afterwards . She also discovers that her paternal grandfather , Frank Holden , a psychiatric nurse , survived the June 1940 bombing of the RMS Lancastria , which sank with the loss of thousands of lives , outside the port of Saint - Nazaire . Liz Bonnin 8 December 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 08 ) 3.94 Bonnin travels to Trinidad to discover her maternal family 's Indian heritage , discovering that her 2 × great - grandfather , Timothy Sirju , travelled to Trinidad from India with his family in 1872 , where he worked as an indentured servant . She then travels to Martinique to trace her paternal family 's French heritage and discovers that her 3 × great - grandfather , François Alexandre Gros Désormeaux , was a plantation and slave owner who married one of his freed slaves , Marie Joseph , in 1835 , and was actually born a slave . He and his mother , Pauline Zoé , were freed by his father , also François Alexandre Gros Désormeaux , and Pauline Zoé was a rare example of a freed female slave inheriting a plantation and becoming a slave owner . Cheryl 15 December 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 15 ) 4.81 Cheryl researches her maternal family . Research shows that her paternal line is from Tyneside and that there were a number of coal miners amongst Cheryl 's forebears . When tracing further back , in one of the branches of her paternal line , researchers find that her ancestry includes several mariners . The investigation into Cheryl 's maternal line shows that her grandmother , Olga Ridley , was one of twin girls born to Edith Annie Burton , the housekeeper for a widower named Joseph Ridley who already had a number of children from his marriage . Joseph Ridley had fought in World War I in the Durham Light Infantry as a pioneer in France and , from an examination of the census , before the war he had been a grocery warehouseman . 5 Ricky Tomlinson 22 December 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 22 ) 4.28 6 Ian McKellen 25 January 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 25 ) 4.21 McKellen discovers that his great uncle , Frank Lowes , was an actor , and his great - great - grandfather , Robert Lowes , campaigned for a half - holiday for Manchester 's workers on Saturdays , an event that led to the evolution of the modern weekend . 7 Greg Davies 1 February 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 01 ) 4.63 8 Warwick Davis 15 February 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 15 ) 5.24 9 Sunetra Sarker 22 February 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 22 ) 3.97 10 Sophie Raworth 8 March 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 08 ) 4.45 Series 14 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) On June 23 , the BBC announced the line - up for the series ' 14th series , which again would comprise 10 episodes and like the previous series would be split into two halves to be broadcast across the year on BBC One . The remaining five episodes feature TV presenter Fearne Cotton , comedienne Ruby Wax , actor and director Noel Clarke , singer Lulu and actress Lisa Hammond . # Celebrity Original air date Viewers ( millions ) Charles Dance 6 July 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 06 ) TBA Craig Revel Horwood 13 July 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 13 ) TBA Clare Balding 20 July 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 20 ) TBA Adil Ray 27 July 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 27 ) TBA 5 Emma Willis 3 August 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 03 ) TBA 6 Lulu 17 August 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 17 ) TBA 7 Fearne Cotton 24 August 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 24 ) TBA 8 Noel Clarke 31 August 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 31 ) TBA 9 Lisa Hammond 7 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 07 ) TBA 10 Ruby Wax 4 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 04 ) TBA Awards and nominations ( edit ) The show was nominated for the 2010 BAFTA Television Award for Best Factual Series . Media releases ( edit ) Series 1 -- 11 of Who Do You Think You Are ? are available on DVD in the UK ( Region 2 ) . In October 2007 , BBC Magazines began issuing Who Do You Think You Are ? Magazine , a monthly publication that includes material from the TV series . The series 1 -- 4 box set of Who Do You Think You Are ? is available , distributed by Acorn Media UK . Complete Series Release dates DVD Extras and Bonus Features Number Of Discs Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 The Complete First Series TBA 5 March 2007 17 September 2008 Unseen Footage , First Steps to Researching Your Family The Complete Second Series TBA 4 September 2007 12 November 2008 Unseen Footage The Complete Third Series TBA 12 January 2009 18 March 2009 None The Complete Fourth Series TBA 3 August 2009 20 May 2009 Special episode in conjunction with the BBC 's `` Family Wanted '' campaign featuring Nicky Campbell , who was adopted a few days after he was born . The Complete Fifth Series TBA 1 February 2010 TBA Three behind - the - scenes features The Complete Sixth Series TBA 6 September 2010 TBA None The Complete Seventh Series TBA 7 March 2011 TBA None The Complete Eighth Series TBA 20 August 2012 TBA None The Complete Ninth Series TBA 5 August 2013 TBA None The Complete Tenth Series TBA 22 September 2014 TBA None The Complete Eleventh Series TBA 10 November 2014 TBA Who Do They Think They Are ? : 10 Years , 100 Shows Other countries ( edit ) See also : Who Do You Think You Are ? ( disambiguation ) The format of the series has proved popular around the world and the BBC has licensed it to many foreign television companies , who have produced their own individual versions : TVP1 has aired a Polish version , called Sekrety rodzinne , which was broadcast from November 2006 to March 2007 . In September 2007 , a first series of Canadian version , consisting of 13 episodes , aired on CBC Television . An Australian version aired on SBS in January 2008 , after six episodes of the BBC version had been shown ; the BBC programmes were those featuring Stephen Fry , Bill Oddie , Julia Sawalha , Jeremy Clarkson , Gurinder Chadha , and Nigella Lawson . In 2008 , ARD 's Das Erste aired the German version , called Das Geheimnis meiner Familie ( `` The secret of my family '' ) . They aired four episodes featuring Marie - Luise Marjan , Armin Rohde , Christine Neubauer and Peter Maffay . Ireland 's national broadcaster RTÉ has aired two series of Irish version of Who Do You Think You Are ? in autumn 2008 and autumn 2009 . The Irish version has included internationally recognised names such as Ardal O'Hanlon , Dana , Rosanna Davison , and Dermot Gavin . The British version of the show already airs on TG4 in Ireland . Sveriges Television , the Swedish public service broadcaster , aired a Swedish version called Vem tror du att du är ? in 2009 . Later that year , in May and June , they also aired the BBC episodes featuring Stephen Fry , Jeremy Irons , Nigella Lawson , John Hurt , and Jane Horrocks . Also on 31 May 2009 , South African station SABC2 premiered its version , split into two parts , featuring local personalities . An American adaptation of the show premiered on 5 March 2010 on NBC . In Britain , this began airing on BBC One on Sunday 13 June 2010 . In 2010 , the Dutch version called Verborgen Verleden ( `` Hidden Past '' ) of the show started . Thus far , eight series have been produced between 2010 and 2017 . From 2005 to 2008 , four series of the show Verre Verwanten ( `` Distant Relatives '' ) were shown on Dutch television . In September 2010 , the Danish TV station Danmarks Radio aired the first episode of the Danish version , called Ved du hvem du er ? . On 1 September 2010 , France 2 aired two episodes of the French version , Retour aux Sources , featuring Vincent Pérez and Clémentine Célarié In January 2011 , the Norwegian TV station NRK started to air the Norwegian version , called Hvem tror du at du er ? Starting on 9 January 2012 , Finland 's national public - broadcasting company , YLE , aired 15 episodes of the Finnish version , called Kuka oikein olet ? , in which local public figures searched for their origins . A furthering of the concept was developed for American public broadcast TV , called Finding Your Roots , with Henry Louis Gates . This series adds DNA profiling to the format ; including Y - chromosome DNA , mitochondrial DNA and autosomal DNA analyses to infer both ancient and recent genetic relationships . The series started airing on 25 March 2012 . In January 2013 , Czech broadcaster ČT started broadcasting their version of this show , called Tajemství rodu ( `` The secret of the lineage '' ) . Starting 15 January 2013 , RTP1 broadcast a Portuguese version called Quem É que Tu Pensas Que És ? ( `` Who Do You Think You Are ? '' ) at the 10 : 30 pm timeslot . The first season featured such names as the comedian Herman José , the actresses Maria do Céu Guerra and Maria João Abreu , the musician Zé Pedro from the Xutos & Pontapés rock band and the fadista Camané . International versions ( edit ) Country Local Name Network Air Dates Australia Who Do You Think You Are ? SBS One January 2008 -- present Canada Quebec Who Do You Think You Are ? CBC Television 11 October 2007 -- 31 January 2008 Qui êtes - vous ? ( Who Are You ? ) ICI Radio - Canada Télé 8 November 2013 Czech Republic Tajemství rodu ( The Secret of the Family ) ČT1 9 January 2013 Denmark Ved du hvem du er ? ( Do You Know Who You Are ? ) DR1 15 September 2010 -- 17 March 2012 Finland Kuka oikein olet ? ( Who Are You ? ) Yle TV1 9 January 2012 France Retour aux Sources ( Back to Basics ) France 2 1 September 2010 Germany Das Geheimnis meiner Familie ( The Secret of My Family ) Das Erste 31 March 2008 -- Ireland Who Do You Think You Are RTÉ One 15 September 2008 -- 19 October 2009 Israel מי אתה חושב שאתה ? ( Mi Ata Hoshev She'ata ) Channel 1 4 February 2010 Netherlands Verborgen verleden ( Hidden Past ) Nederland 2 29 September 2010 -- present Norway Hvem tror du at du er ? NRK1 January 2011 -- present Poland Sekrety rodzinne ( Family Secrets ) TVP1 November 2006 -- March 2007 Portugal Quem É que Tu Pensas Que És ? RTP1 15 January 2013 Russia Моя родословная ( My Family Tree ) Channel One Russia 1 July 2009 -- 12 February 2011 South Africa Who Do You Think You Are ? SABC2 31 May 2009 Sweden Vem tror du att du är ? SVT1 Spring 2009 United States Who Do You Think You Are ? NBC ( 2010 -- 12 ) TLC ( 2013 -- present ) 5 March 2010 -- present Similar programmes ( edit ) BBC Wales has a similar series called Coming Home , which is made by Yellow Duck Productions and features celebrities with a Welsh background . In 2007 , Wall to Wall developed You Do n't Know You 're Born for ITV1 . The series saw various celebrities taking on their ancestors ' jobs . UKTV broadcast My Famous Family in 2007 . A short parody sketch of the show featured in the first series of The Armstrong and Miller Show in which Alexander Armstrong plays a fictionalised version of himself , discovering that his paternal grandfather and maternal grandmother were a child molester and a brothel - owner , respectively . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 6.4 million uncover Davina 's family history '' . Digital Spy. 16 July 2009 . Retrieved 2 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Who Do You Think You Are ? with Nicky Campbell '' . Who Do You Think You Are . 11 July 2007 . BBC . BBC Two . ^ Jump up to : `` Top 30 Programmes '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Retrieved 7 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Nigella Lawson . BBC Who Do You Think You Are ? , 26 September 2006 ; retrieved 5 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Bruce Forsyth Traces Family History '' . BBC News . 17 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Featured Articles -- BBC launching new series of Who Do You Think You Are ? '' . TheGenealogist.co.uk . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ Submitted by mattelton ( 12 April 2011 ) . `` This year 's Who Do You Think You Are ? celebrities revealed '' . Who Do You Think You Are ? Magazine . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ richardm56 ( 1 August 2011 ) . `` Yup . Sep 28 , 9pm BBC1 '' . Twitter . Retrieved 7 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Elton , Matt ( 9 February 2012 ) . `` Who Do You Think You Are ? 2012 : new series celebrities revealed '' . Who Do You Think You Are ? Magazine . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Who Do You Think You Are ? 2013 : new celebrities revealed '' . Who Do You Think You Are ? Magazine . 13 June 2013 . Retrieved 13 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Who Do They Think They Are ? : 10 Years , 100 Shows '' . BBC . 6 August 2014 . Retrieved 7 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Who Do You Think You Are ? Julie Walters '' . BBC . 7 August 2014 . Retrieved 7 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Furness , Hannah ( 9 August 2014 ) . `` Tearful Brian Blessed overcome as he discovers ' real - life Oliver Twist ' in the family '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 11 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Greenwood , Carl ( 22 June 2015 ) . `` Who Do You Think You Are returns with Paul Hollywood , Derek Jacobi and Jerry Hall '' . The Mirror . Retrieved 26 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Who Do You Think You Are ? '' . BBC . Retrieved 7 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BBC reveals WDYTYA ? 2015 running order '' . Who Do You Think You Are Magazine . 5 August 2015 . Retrieved 5 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Methven , Nicola ( 13 July 2016 ) . `` Danny Dyer discovers he is related to royalty during making of BBC documentary '' . Daily Mirror . Retrieved 13 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Television Awards Winners in 2010 '' . BAFTA. 10 May 2010 . Archived from the original on 23 August 2010 . Retrieved 6 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` AcornMediaUk.com is coming soon '' . Archived from the original on 19 January 2016 . Retrieved 7 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Who Do You Think You Are ? Series Eight ( DVD ) : Alan Carr , June Brown , J.K. Rowling , Larry Lamb , Robin Gibb , Emilia Fox : Film & TV '' . Amazon.co.uk. 20 August 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Who Do You Think You Are ? Series Nine ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 11 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Who Do You Think You Are ? Series 10 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 9 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Who Do You Think You Are ? Series 11 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 9 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Who Do You Think You Are % 3F ( Irish TV series ) '' . RTÉ . Archived from the original on 18 August 2010 . Retrieved 2 May 2010 . Jump up ^ About The Show ( Series 2 ) Archived 3 March 2015 at the Wayback Machine . Who Do You Think You Are ? RTÉ Jump up ^ `` Who Do You Think You Are ? ( SA ) '' . TVSA . Retrieved 2 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Retour aux sources , TV Show '' , Facebook . Jump up ^ `` Sarja : Kuka oikein olet ? Ohjelmat Yle.fi '' . YLE . Retrieved 18 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Tajemství rodu '' ( Secrets of the family ) ( in Czech ) . Ceskatelevize.cz. 2013 . Retrieved 7 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Coming Home , Coming Soon '' . South East Wales . BBC Wales . 11 July 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Coming Home Coming Soon '' . Mid Wales . BBC Wales . 28 January 2008 . Jump up ^ YouTube Armstrong and Miller - Who Do You Think You Are Spoof Published on 18 Nov 2007 accessed 15 July 2017 References ( edit ) `` Who Do You Think You Are ? Series one : Celebrity Gallery '' . BBC History . `` Who Do You Think You Are ? Series two : Celebrity Gallery '' . BBC History . `` Who Do You Think You Are ? Series three : Celebrity Gallery '' . BBC History . `` Who Do You Think You Are ? Series four : Celebrity Gallery '' . BBC History . `` Who Do You Think You Are ? Series five : Celebrity Gallery '' . BBC History . `` Who Do You Think You Are ? NBC Info Page With Celebrity Links '' . Footnote.com . External links ( edit ) Who Do You Think You Are ? at BBC Programmes Who Do You Think You Are ? Magazine BBC Who Do You Think You Are ? Story Family History at BBC Online Who Do You Think You Are ? on IMDb ( hide ) Who Do You Think You Are ? United Kingdom ( original ) Australia Canada Czech Republic Denmark Ireland United States Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Who_Do_You_Think_You_Are%3F_(UK_TV_series)&oldid=817124171 '' Categories : 2004 British television programme debuts 2000s British television series 2010s British television series BBC television documentaries Television series about family history Television series by Warner Bros. Television English - language television programs British genealogy Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Czech - language sources ( cs ) Use British English from January 2013 Use dmy dates from January 2013 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk فارسی Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 December 2017 , at 08 : 39 . 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what type of soil do wine grapes like
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List of vineyard soil types
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list of vineyard soil types
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The soil composition of vineyards is one of the most important viticultural considerations when planting grape vines . The soil supports the root structure of the vine and influences the drainage levels and amount of minerals and nutrients that the vine is exposed to . The ideal soil condition for a vine is a layer of thin topsoil and subsoil that sufficiently retains water but also has good drainage so that the roots do not become overly saturated . The ability of the soil to retain heat and / or reflect it back up to the vine is also an important consideration that affects the ripening of the grapes .
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There are several minerals that are vital to the health of vines that all good vineyard soils have . These include calcium which helps to neutralize the Soil pH levels , iron which is essential for photosynthesis , magnesium which is an important component of chlorophyll , nitrogen which is assimilated in the form of nitrates , phosphates which encourages root development , and potassium which improves the vine metabolisms and increases its health for next year 's crop . Contents ( hide ) 1 List of soil terms 1.1 A-C 1.2 D-H 1.3 I-Q 1.4 S-Z 2 References List of soil terms ( edit ) Unless otherwise noted the primary reference for this list is Sotheby 's Wine Encyclopedia 2005 A-c ( edit ) Albariza - Formed by diatomaceous deposits . Found in southern Spain Alluvial soil - Highly fertile soil that has been transported by a river . Often contains gravel , sand and silt . Basalt - Volcanic rock that is high in calcium , iron , and magnesium . Variable potassium and little or no quartz . Boulbènes - Fine siliceous soil that is easily compressed and common in the Entre - Deux - Mers region of Bordeaux . Calcareous soil - Alkaline soil with high levels of calcium and Magnesium carbonate . Typically cool in temperature soil that provides good water retention and drainage . Calcareous clay soils have high limestone content that neutralizes natural acidity of the soil . However the cool temperatures of the soil normally delay ripening in the grape which tends to produce more acidic wines . Carbonaceous soil - Soil produced through the anaerobic decomposition of rotting vegetation . This type of soil includes anthracite , coal , lignite and peat . Chalk - Very porous soft limestone soil that vine roots can easily penetrate . It provides good drainage and works best for grapes with high acidity levels . Clay - Sedimentary rock based soil that has good water retention ability but poor drainage . The soil is often very cool and high in acidity . The Right Bank of Bordeaux is dominated by clay based soils . D-h ( edit ) Dolomite - Calcium - magnesium carbonate soil . Flint - Siliceous stone that reflects and retains heat well . The Pouilly - Fumé wine of the Loire Valley is generally produced from flint - based soil and is said to have `` gun - flint '' smell in the wine . Galestro - Schist based soil found in the Tuscany region of Italy . Granite - Composed of 40 - 60 % quartz , 30 - 40 % Orthoclase and various amounts of hornblende , mica , and other minerals . This soil warms quickly and retains heat well . The soil 's high level of acidity works to minimize the acid levels in the grapes which works well with acidic grapes like Gamay . It is the main soil type of the Brand region of Alsace . Gravel - Loose siliceous pebble soil that has good drainage but poor fertility . Vines planted in this type of soil must penetrate deeply to try to and find nutrients in the subsoil . Wine made from vines produces on clay gravel beds have less acidity than those planted on limestone gravel beds . The Graves and Sauternes regions of Bordeaux consist predominantly of gravel - based soil . Greywacke - Sedimentary soil formed by rivers depositing quartz , mudstone and feldspar . It is found in vineyards of Germany , New Zealand and South Africa . Gypsum - Calcium sulfate based soil that is formed through the evaporation of seawater . It is a high absorbent soil that has average drainage ability . Hardpan - A dense layer of clay or other material that is impermeable to water . In some areas of Bordeaux , a sandy iron - rich layer is located deep enough below the surface to act as a water table for the vine . I-q ( edit ) Keuper - Soil type consisting of marl and limestone common in Alsace , dating to the Upper Triassic period . Kimmeridgian soil - A gray colored limestone based soil originally identified in Kimmeridge , England . Kimmeridgian clay is calcareous clay containing Kimmeridgian limestone . This is the principal soil type of the Loire Valley , Champagne and Burgundy regions . Lignite - Soil type used as fertilizer in Germany and Champagne . It is a brown colored carbonaceous soil that is intermediate between peat and coal . Limestone - Sedimentary based soil consisting of carbonates . The most common colored limestone found in wine producing area is buff - gray in color ( with the exception of white chalk ) . The water retention abilities vary from composition but limestone is consistently alkaline and is generally planted with grapes of high acidity levels . This is the main soil type in the Zinnkoepflé region of Alsace . Llicorella - A soil type found in the Priorat appellation of Spain . The soil is a mix of slate and quartz that dates to the Paleozoic era . The soil is very porous and drains well . Syrah , Grenache and Carignan have done well in this soil type . Loam - Warm , soft , fertile soil composed of roughly equal amounts of silt , sand and clay . It is typically too fertile for high quality wines that need to limit yields in order to concentrate flavors . Loess - A very fine , silt - based soil composed of wind - borne sediment that is typically angular and decalcified . The soil has good water retention and warming properties . Marl - Calcareous clay - based soil that adds acidity to the wine . Vines planted in this type of soil normally ripen later than in other soil types . Marl soil is typically deep and lacking in stone fragments ; it is the main soil type in the Piedmont wine region of Italy . Marlstone is the indurated ( well - cemented ) metamorphic form of Marl . Mica - Silicate based soil composed of fine , decomposed rock formations . Muschelkalk - Soil type consisting of various compositions of sandstone , marl , dolomite , and shingle common in Alsace dating back from the Middle Triassic period . Perlite - A volcanic soil type that is light , powdery and lustrous with properties similar to diatomaceous earth . Quartz - Common material found in most vineyard soils - especially sand and silt based soils . The high Soil pH of quartz can reduce the acidity of the resulting wines but its heat retaining property that stores and reflects heat can increase ripening of the grape which can result in wine of higher alcohol content . S-z ( edit ) Sand - Warm , airy soil that is composed of tiny particles of weathered rocks . One of the few soils that the phylloxera louse does not thrive in , the soil drains well but does not have good water retention . Sandstone is a sedimentary soil composed of sand particles that has been pressured bound by various iron based minerals . This is the main soil type of Kitterlé in Alsace . Schist - Laminated , crystalline rock based soil that retains heat well and is rich in magnesium and potassium but is poor in organic nutrients and nitrogens . Shale - Fine grain sedimentary based soil that can turn into slate when under pressure . The soil is moderately fertile and retains heat well . Siliceous soil - Soil composed of acid rock that are crystalline in nature . The soil has good heat retention but needs the added composition of silt , clay and other sedimentary soils to have any kind of water retention . The range of this soil can include organic materials like Kieselguhr and flint or inorganic materials like quartz . This soil type covers half of the wine regions of Bordeaux . Silt - Soil type consisting of fine grain deposits that offer good water retention but poor drainage . It is more fertile than sand . Silex - A flint and sand based soil type found primarily in the Loire Valley that is a formed from a mixture of clay , limestone and silica . Slate - Soil type that is the most common found in the Mosel region . Slate is a metamorphic , plate - like rock formed when shale , clay , or siltstone is subjected to pressure deep within the earth . The soil retains heat well and warms up relatively quickly . Steige - A schist based soil found in the Andlau region of Alsace . In the Alsace Grand Cru AOC of Kastelberg , the soil has metamorphosed with granite sand to form a hard , dark slate like stone . Terra Rossa - A sedimentary soil , known as `` Red Earth '' , that is formed after carbonates have been leached out of limestone . The breakdown leaves behind iron deposits which oxidizes and turns the soil a rustic red color . This soil type is found in some areas along the Mediterranean and in Coonawarra . The soil drains well and is relatively high in nutrients . Australian winemakers have found some success with Cabernet Sauvignon plantings . Tufa - A highly - friable calcareous bedrock that breaks down into a fine crumb structure . Ultisol - a highly weathered , largely infertile , clay - based soil - usually brilliant red in color - found in the American South . Volcanic soil - Soil that is derived from one of two volcanic activities . 1 . ) Vent - based soil is formed from rock material ( including pumice and tuff ) that has been ejected into the air and cooled before settling to the earth . 2 . ) Lava - based soil is the product of lava flows from the volcano . Ninety percent of lava - based soil is composed of basalt with the other ten percent composed of andesite , pitchstone , rhyolite , and trachyte . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : T. Stevenson `` The Sotheby 's Wine Encyclopedia '' pg 16 Dorling Kindersley 2005 ISBN 0 - 7566 - 1324 - 8 ^ Jump up to : E.S. Brown `` The World 's Top 10 Wine Soils Wine Geeks 7 / 5 / 2007 Soil classification USDA soil taxonomy Alfisols Andisols Aridisols Entisols Gelisols Histosols Inceptisols Mollisols Oxisols Spodosols Ultisols Vertisols World Reference Base for Soil Resources ( 1998 -- ) Acrisols Albeluvisols Alisols Andosols Anthrosols Arenosols Calcisols Cambisols Chernozem Cryosols Durisols Ferralsols Fluvisols Gleysols Gypsisols Histosol Kastanozems Leptosols Lixisols Luvisols Nitisols Phaeozems Planosols Plinthosols Podzols Regosols Solonchaks Solonetz Stagnosol Technosols Umbrisols Vertisols Other systems FAO soil classification ( 1974 -- 98 ) Unified Soil Classification System AASHTO Soil Classification System Référentiel pédologique ( French classification system ) Canadian system of soil classification Australian Soil Classification Polish Soil Classification 1938 USDA soil taxonomy List of U.S. state soils List of vineyard soil types Types of soil Viticulture Biology and horticulture Ampelography Annual growth cycle of grapevines Grape varieties Grapes Hybrid grapes International Grape Genome Program Ripening ( Veraison ) Rootstock Vineyard Vitis Vitis vinifera Environmental variation Climate categories Diurnal temperature variation Drainage Microclimate Regional climate levels Soil types Terroir Topography aspect elevation slope Vineyard planting Grapevine planting Propagation Row orientation Trellis design Vine training Yield Vineyard management Canopy Clos Coulure Erosion control Fertilizer Frost damage prevention Green harvest ( Vendange verte ) Integrated pest management Irrigation Klopotec Millerandage Pruning Weed control Harvest Brix Festivals Noble rot Ripeness Vintage Weather Pests and diseases Birds Black rot Botrytis bunch rot Dead arm Downy mildew Grapevine yellows Great French Wine Blight Lepidoptera Nematodes Phylloxera Pierce 's disease Powdery mildew Uncinula necator Red spider mite Vine moth Approaches and issues Adaptive management Biodynamic wine Climate change Effects of climate change on wine production Environmental stewardship Organic farming Sustainable agriculture See also Glossary of viticulture terms Glossary of wine terms Glossary of winemaking terms Oenology Wine Winemaking Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_vineyard_soil_types&oldid=787187274 '' Categories : Agriculture - related lists Science - related lists Soil science - related lists Types of soil Viticulture Wine - related lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 23 June 2017 , at 23 : 27 . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20vineyard%20soil%20types
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who wrote i don't wanna live forever
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`` I Do n't Wanna Live Forever '' , alternatively titled `` I Do n't Wanna Live Forever ( Fifty Shades Darker ) '' , is a song recorded by English singer - songwriter Zayn and American singer - songwriter Taylor Swift for the soundtrack to the 2017 film Fifty Shades Darker . It was written by Swift , Sam Dew , and Jack Antonoff and produced by Antonoff . The single was released on December 9 , 2016 , by Universal Music Group . The song 's music video was released on January 27 , 2017 .
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Taylor Swift|Sam Dew|Jack Antonoff
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I Do n't Wanna Live Forever
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i don't wanna live forever
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`` I Do n't Wanna Live Forever '' , alternatively titled `` I Do n't Wanna Live Forever ( Fifty Shades Darker ) '' , is a song recorded by English singer - songwriter Zayn and American singer - songwriter Taylor Swift for the soundtrack to the 2017 film Fifty Shades Darker . It was written by Swift , Sam Dew , and Jack Antonoff and produced by Antonoff . The single was released on December 9 , 2016 , by Universal Music Group . The song 's music video was released on January 27 , 2017 .
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Contents 1 Composition 2 Critical reception 3 Commercial performance 4 Music video 4.1 Synopsis 5 Awards and nominations 6 Credits and personnel 7 Charts 7.1 Weekly charts 7.2 Year - end charts 8 Certifications 9 Release history 10 See also 11 References Composition ( edit ) `` I Do n't Wanna Live Forever '' is an electro - R&B ballad . On the track , the pair trade `` romantic overtures '' , while Zayn uses a falsetto on parts of the song , and Swift ponders what the relationship means . `` I Do n't Wanna Live Forever '' is written in the key of A minor and moves at a tempo of 118 beats per minute in common time . The song follows a chord progression of F -- C -- G -- Am -- F -- C -- G -- G ♯ dim -- Am , and the vocals span two octaves , from E to E . Critical reception ( edit ) Nolan Feenery of Entertainment Weekly gave it a B+ rating : `` Welcome to Taylor Swift 's Sexy Side . '' He also praised the vocals of both artists . Lucas Villa of AXS thought the song was not as sexy as Ellie Goulding 's `` Love Me like You Do '' or The Weeknd 's `` Earned It '' , writing , `` Despite the neutered lyricism , Zayn saves the day and manages to maneuver his most magnificent performance to date . '' Commercial performance ( edit ) The song upon release was available only on iTunes and Tidal . It was not serviced on Spotify upon launch but was later added the following week . In the United States , it sold 188,000 in its first week , in addition to a 25 million radio audience and 3 million streams . It debuted at number 6 on the Billboard Hot 100 . It is Zayn 's second top 10 solo single and Taylor Swift 's 20th top 10 , making her the 16th artist and sixth woman to do so . It debuted at number - one on the Digital Songs chart , as Zayn 's fourth song ( second solo song ) and Swift 's 11th song to top the chart , tying Swift with Katy Perry for the second-most in the chart 's history , behind Rihanna . It is also Zayn 's second number - one on the Digital Songs chart in 2016 , making him one of only two artists to top the chart with two songs that year , along with Drake . The song later reached a new peak of number 2 on the Hot 100 , behind Ed Sheeran 's `` Shape of You '' with 109 million radio audience and 25.7 million streams , becoming Zayn 's second top 5 single ( as solo artist ) , Swift 's 11th top 5 single , and the highest - charting Fifty Shades single . It reached over a million in sales by July 2017 , and as of November 2017 , it has sold 1.4 million copies in the United States . The song was the tenth best - selling song of 2017 in the United States , selling 1,108,000 copies in that year . Across European charts , the song debuted at number - one in Spain and Sweden , becoming Swift 's first number - one single in both countries , while becoming Zayn 's first number - one in Spain and his second number - one in Sweden . It was certified platinum there . It reached the top 10 in Austria , Belgium , Czech Republic , Denmark , Finland , France , Germany , Hungary , Ireland , Italy , Netherlands , Norway , Portugal , Scotland , Switzerland , and the United Kingdom . Music video ( edit ) The official music video of the song was released in January 27 , 2017 through both Zayn and Swift 's official YouTube account at the same time , and was later uploaded through the official Fifty Shades Vevo account as well . It was directed by Grant Singer and was produced by Saul Germaine . The music video uploaded on Swift 's Vevo channel has more than 500 million views on YouTube as of October 2018. The music video was named the fourth best music video of 2017 by Vevo . Synopsis ( edit ) The video starts with Zayn emerging from his car on a rainy night as the paparazzi take photos . As Zayn enters a hotel he starts singing his part and as the chorus begins he reaches the elevator with red lights and then pans over to another elevator with Swift singing her part and proceeds to her hotel room . Zayn in his room sings the chorus and Swift pours some champagne in a glass . The rest of the video is Zayn and Swift throwing objects like glasses , lamps , pillows across their rooms in anger with flashing blue and red lights . Zayn and Swift are seen standing together facing backs and singing the chorus together and looking at each other . The video ends with Swift on her bed singing the last part of the song . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Organization Award Result Ref . 2017 Radio Disney Music Awards Best Collaboration Nominated MTV Millennial Awards Best Collaboration of the Year Won Teen Choice Awards Choice Music Collaboration Nominated MTV Video Music Awards Best Collaboration Won 2018 Grammy Awards Best Song Written for Visual Media Nominated Satellite Awards Best Original Song Nominated Brit Awards British Video of the Year Nominated BMI Awards Award - Winning Songs Won Credits and personnel ( edit ) Credits adapted from the liner notes of Fifty Shades Darker : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack . Recording Recorded at Rough Coustumer Studio ( Brooklyn , New York ) Taylor Swift 's vocals recorded at Rough Costumer Studios ( Brooklyn , New York ) Zayn Malik 's vocals recorded at Record Plant ( Los Angeles , California ) Additional vocals engineered at NightBird Recording Studios ( West Hollywood , California ) Mixed at MixStar Studios ( Virginia Beach , Virginia ) Mastered at Sterling Sound Studios ( New York City , New York ) Management Published by Sony / ATV Tree Publishing / Taylor Swift Music ( BMI ) , Sony / ATV Songs LLC / Ducky Donathan Music ( BMI ) , Sony / ATV Sonata / By the Chi Publishing ( SESAC ) , UPG Music Publishing ( BMI ) and 1320 Music Publishing ( SESAC ) Zayn Malik appears courtesy of RCA Records Taylor Swift appears courtesy of Big Machine Records Personnel Taylor Swift -- songwriter , lead vocals Zayn -- lead vocals Jack Antonoff -- songwriter , producer , instruments , vocals recording ( Taylor Swift ) Sam Dew -- songwriter , background vocals Daniel Zaidenstadt -- vocals recording ( Zayn Malik ) Saltwives -- additional vocals engineer Serban Ghena -- mixing Tom Coyne -- mastering Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2016 -- 17 ) Peak position Argentina ( Monitor Latino ) 19 Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 7 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) Canada AC ( Billboard ) 24 Canada CHR / Top 40 ( Billboard ) Canada Hot AC ( Billboard ) Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) 15 Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) Denmark ( Tracklisten ) Europe ( Euro Digital Songs ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 7 France ( SNEP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) Hungary ( Rádiós Top 40 ) 21 Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) Iceland ( RÚV ) 17 Ireland ( IRMA ) Israel ( Media Forest ) 6 Italy ( FIMI ) 5 Lebanon ( Lebanese Top 20 ) Luxembourg Digital Songs ( Billboard ) Malaysia ( RIM ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 7 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 6 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Philippines ( Philippine Hot 100 ) 80 Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) 14 Portugal ( AFP ) Romania ( Media Forest ) 6 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) 15 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 5 US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 16 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) 33 US Dance / Mix Show Airplay ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) 20 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2017 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 17 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 24 Belgium ( Ultratop Flanders ) 47 Belgium ( Ultratop Wallonia ) 22 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 24 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 16 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 32 Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) 53 Hungary ( Stream Top 40 ) 25 Israel ( Media Forest ) 50 Italy ( FIMI ) 30 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 45 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 18 Poland ( ZPAV ) 93 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 21 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 16 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 52 US Billboard Hot 100 26 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 2 × Platinum 140,000 Belgium ( BEA ) Platinum 20,000 Brazil ( Pro-Música Brasil ) 2 × Platinum 80,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) 2 × Platinum 160,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) Platinum 60,000 France ( SNEP ) Diamond 233,333 Germany ( BVMI ) Platinum 400,000 Italy ( FIMI ) 3 × Platinum 150,000 Mexico ( AMPROFON ) Platinum + Gold 90,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Platinum 30,000 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Platinum 40,000 Sweden ( GLF ) Platinum 40,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 600,000 United States ( RIAA ) 4 × Platinum 1,400,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Country Date Format Label Ref . United States December 9 , 2016 Digital download streaming Universal United Kingdom United States December 12 , 2016 Hot adult contemporary radio Big Machine Republic Universal December 13 , 2016 Contemporary hit radio United Kingdom January 6 , 2017 Universal RCA Italy January 13 , 2017 Universal Sony See also ( edit ) List of number - one digital songs of 2017 ( U.S. ) List of Billboard Hot 100 top 10 singles in 2017 Billboard Year - End Hot 100 singles of 2017 List of number - one singles of the 2010s ( Sweden ) List of Canadian Hot 100 top 10 singles in 2017 List of UK top 10 singles in 2017 List of top 25 singles for 2017 in Australia List of top 10 singles in 2017 ( Australia ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` I Do n't Wanna Live Forever ( Fifty Shades Darker ) - Single by ZAYN & Taylor Swift on Apple Music '' . iTunes Store . Universal Studios . Retrieved December 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift and Zayn surprise - drop I Do n't Wanna Live Forever '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved December 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Zayn Malik And Taylor Swift Spotted Filming Fifty Shades Music Video '' . MTV . Retrieved January 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Zayn & Taylor Swift 's ' I Do n't Wanna Live Forever ' : EW Review '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Taylor Swift , Zayn Team Up for Sultry ' Fifty Shades Darker ' Song '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` BPM for ' i do n't wan na ' by zayn songbpm.com '' . songbpm.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Swift , . `` ZAYN & Taylor Swift `` I Do n't Wanna Live Forever '' Sheet Music in A Minor ( transposable ) - Download & Print `` . Musicnotes.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ Villa , Lucas ( December 11 , 2016 ) . `` Review : Zayn saves tame Taylor Swift collaboration ' I Do n't Wanna Live Forever ' '' . AXS . Jump up ^ `` Rae Sremmurd Tops Hot 100 , Zayn & Taylor Swift , J. Cole Debut in Top 10 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Trust , Gary ( December 19 , 2016 ) . `` Rae Sremmurd Tops Hot 100 , Zayn & Taylor Swift , J. Cole Debut in Top 10 '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Watch : J. Cole ' Eyez ' the Top Spot '' . ^ Jump up to : Trust , Gary ( February 21 , 2017 ) . `` Ed Sheeran Tops Hot 100 , Katy Perry Debuts at No. 4 & Bruno Mars , Rihanna & The Weeknd All Hit Top 10 '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran Returns to Top of Hot 100 , Zayn & Taylor Swift Surge to No. 3 '' . Jump up ^ `` Migos Hold Atop Hot 100 , Alessia Cara Hits Top 10 '' . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( 4 July 2017 ) . `` Kendrick Lamar 's ' DAMN . ' & Ed Sheeran 's ' Shape of You ' Lead Nielsen Music 's Mid-Year 2017 Charts '' . Billboard . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Trust , Gary ( November 26 , 2017 ) . `` Ask Billboard : Taylor Swift 's Career Album & Song Sales '' . Retrieved November 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Keith Caulfield ( 3 January 2018 ) . `` Ed Sheeran 's ' Divide ' Is Nielsen Music 's Top Album of 2017 in U.S. '' Billboard . Retrieved 4 January 2018 . Jump up ^ ZAYN , Taylor Swift - I Do n't Wanna Live Forever ( TaylorSwiftVEVO ) on YouTube Jump up ^ `` ZAYN , Taylor Swift - I Do n't Wanna Live Forever ( Fifty Shades Darker ) '' . YouTube . January 26 , 2017 . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Radio Disney Music Awards : complete list of nominees '' . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2017 . Retrieved June 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lista de ganadores de los MTV Millennial Awards 2017 '' ( in Spanish ) . MTV . June 6 , 2017 . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2017 . Retrieved June 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Knapp , Rebecca Rubin , JD ( August 14 , 2017 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2017 : ' Riverdale , ' Fifth Harmony Shut Out Competition '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2017 . Retrieved August 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ France , Lisa Respers ( August 28 , 2017 ) . `` MTV Video Music Awards 2017 : Winners list '' . CNN . Archived from the original on August 27 , 2017 . Retrieved August 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 60th Annual Grammy Awards '' . Grammy Awards . November 28 , 2017 . Archived from the original on November 28 , 2017 . Retrieved November 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pond , Steve ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dunkirk , ' ' The Shape of Water ' Lead Satellite Award Nominations '' . TheWrap . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Telegraph Reporters . `` Brit Awards 2018 nominees : Dua Lipa , Ed Sheeran , Taylor Swift on shortlist '' . Archived from the original on January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mark Ronson Receives the BMI Champion Award at the 66th BMI Pop Awards '' . bmi.com . BMI. 8 May 2018 . Retrieved 22 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Fifty Shades Darker : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ( CD ) . various artists . Republic Records . 2017 . p. 1 . 00602557372571 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Argentina -- Del 13 al 18 de Marzo , 2017 '' ( in Spanish ) . Monitor Latino . 13 March 2017 . Retrieved 1 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Zayn & Taylor Swift -- I Do n't Wanna Live Forever ( Fifty Shades Darker ) '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved December 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Zayn & Taylor Swift -- I Do n't Wanna Live Forever ( Fifty Shades Darker ) '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Zayn & Taylor Swift -- I Do n't Wanna Live Forever ( Fifty Shades Darker ) '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved February 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Zayn & Taylor Swift -- I Do n't Wanna Live Forever ( Fifty Shades Darker ) '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved March 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Canadian Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Zayn Chart History ( Canada AC ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Zayn Chart History ( Canada CHR / Top 40 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Zayn Chart History ( Canada Hot AC ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201713 into search . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Digital Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201702 into search . Retrieved January 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Track Top - 40 Uge 7 , 2017 '' . Hitlisten.NU . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Zayn -- Chart history '' . Billboard Euro Digital Songs for Zayn . Retrieved December 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift & Zayn Malik : I Do n't Wanna Live Forever ( Fifty Shades Darker ) '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved February 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Le Top de la semaine : Top Singles Téléchargés - SNEP ( Week 7 , 2017 ) '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Retrieved February 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Zayn & Taylor Swift -- I Do n't Wanna Live Forever ( Fifty Shades Darker ) '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Rádiós Top 40 játszási lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Single ( track ) Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` I Do n't Wanna Live Forever '' . RÚV . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- I Do n't Wanna Live Forever '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved February 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ZAYN & Taylor Swift -- I Do n't Wanna Live Forever Media Forest '' . Israeli Airplay Chart . Media Forest . Retrieved February 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Classifica settimanale WK 8 '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved February 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Lebanese Top 20 - Taylor Swift '' . The Official Lebanese Top 20 . January 15 , 2017 . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Luxembourg Digital Songs '' . Billboard . February 25 , 2017 . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Most Streamed International & Domestic Singles in Malaysia '' ( PDF ) . Recording Industry Association of Malaysia . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- week 18 , 2017 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 Retrieved December 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Zayn & Taylor Swift -- I Do n't Wanna Live Forever ( Fifty Shades Darker ) '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved February 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.nz -- Zayn & Taylor Swift -- I Do n't Wanna Live Forever ( Fifty Shades Darker ) '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` VG - lista - Zayn & Taylor Swift / I Do n't Wanna Live Forever ( Fifty Shades Darker ) '' . VG - lista . Retrieved February 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BillboardPH Hot 100 '' . Billboard Philippines . 26 June 2017 . Retrieved 26 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Airplay Top 100 . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Portuguesecharts.com -- Zayn & Taylor Swift -- I Do n't Wanna Live Forever ( Fifty Shades Darker ) '' . AFP Top 100 Singles . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Romanian International Top 10 Singles Chart '' . Media Forest . May 28 , 2017 . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201707 into search . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SloTop50 -- Slovenian official singles chart '' . slotop50.si . Retrieved 29 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Zayn & Taylor Swift -- I Do n't Wanna Live Forever ( Fifty Shades Darker ) '' Canciones Top 50 . Retrieved December 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Zayn & Taylor Swift -- I Do n't Wanna Live Forever ( Fifty Shades Darker ) '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Zayn & Taylor Swift -- I Do n't Wanna Live Forever '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved February 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved February 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Zayn Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Zayn Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hot Dance Club Songs -- March 11 , 2017 '' . Billboard . March 11 , 2017 . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dance / Mix Show Airplay '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Zayn Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rhythmic Songs '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA End of Year Singles 2017 '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ö3 Austria Top 40 -- Single - Charts 2017 '' . oe3.orf.at . Retrieved December 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten 2017 '' . Ultratop . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rapports Annuels 2017 '' . Ultratop . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Hot 100 -- Year - End 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Track Top - 100 2017 '' . Hitlisten . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Single - Jahrescharts '' . GfK Entertainment ( in German ) . offiziellecharts.de . Retrieved December 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Single Top 100 - eladási darabszám alapján - 2017 '' . Mahasz . Retrieved 17 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Stream Top 100 - 2017 '' . Mahasz . Retrieved 17 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top 50 Israel airplay 2017 '' . mediaforest.biz . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Classifiche annuali dei dischi più venduti e dei singoli più scaricati nel 2017 '' ( Click on `` Scarica allegato '' and open the `` Classifica annuale 2017 Singoli digital '' file ) ( in Italian ) . FIMI . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten -- Single 2017 '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved December 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top Selling Singles of 2017 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved December 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Airplay 2017 -- w pierwszej trójce Sheeran , Tiësto i Hyży '' ( in Polish ) . Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Årslista Singlar -- År 2017 '' ( in Swedish ) . Sverigetopplistan . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Schweizer Jahreshitparade 2017 -- hitparade.ch '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved December 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` End of Year Singles Chart Top 100 -- 2017 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 Songs -- Year - End 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2017 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved 7 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop − Goud en Platina -- singles 2017 '' . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved 10 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Brazilian single certifications '' ( in Portuguese ) . Associação Brasileira dos Produtores de Discos . Retrieved 15 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Zayn / Taylor Swift -- I Do n't Wanna Live Forever '' . Music Canada . Retrieved 1 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Danish single certifications -- Zayn -- I Do n't Wanna Live Forever '' . IFPI Denmark . Click on næste to go to page if certification is from the official website . Jump up ^ `` French single certifications -- Zayn -- I Do n't Wanna Live Forever '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Retrieved 8 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( ZAYN feat . Taylor Swift ; ' I Do n't Want To Live Forever ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved 28 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Zayn & Taylor Swift -- I Do n't Wanna Live Forever '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved 18 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mexican recording certifications -- April 2017 -- I Do n't Wanna Live Forever '' . Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas . facebook.com. April 20 , 2017 . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- Zayn and Taylor Swift -- I Do n't Wanna Live Forever '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved 3 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Spanish single certifications -- Zayn -- I Do n't Wanna Live Forever '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . Productores de Música de España . Retrieved 23 March 2017 . Select single under `` Chart '' , enter 2017 in the field `` Year '' . Select the certification month in the field `` Semana '' . Click on `` Search Charts '' . Jump up ^ `` Sverige Topplistan : Search for song '' . Sverigetopplistan . Retrieved 20 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Zayn -- I Do n't Wanna Live Forever '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 18 August 2017 . Select singles in the Format field . Select Platinum in the Certification field . Type I Do n't Wanna Live Forever in the `` Search BPI Awards '' field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Zayn & Taylor Swift -- I Do n't Wanna Live Forever '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved 16 June 2018 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH . Jump up ^ White , Jack ( December 9 , 2016 ) . `` Zayn and Taylor Swift release surprise new single I Do n't Wanna Live Forever '' . Official Charts . Official Charts Company . Retrieved December 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hot / Modern / AC Future Releases '' . All Access Media Group . Archived from the original on December 10 , 2016 . Retrieved December 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 40 / M Future Releases '' . All Access Media Group . Archived from the original on December 10 , 2016 . Retrieved December 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` BBC - Radio 1 - Playlist '' . BBC Radio 1 . British Broadcasting Corporation . January 6 , 2017 . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` I Do n't Wanna Live Forever ( Fifty Shades Darker ) - ZAYN & TAYLOR SWIFT RadioDate '' . January 13 , 2017 . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Fifty Shades by E.L. James Novels Original trilogy Fifty Shades of Grey Fifty Shades Darker Fifty Shades Freed Retold Grey : Fifty Shades of Grey as Told by Christian Darker : Fifty Shades Darker as Told by Christian Film series Films Fifty Shades of Grey Fifty Shades Darker Fifty Shades Freed Music Fifty Shades of Grey `` Earned It '' `` Love Me like You Do '' `` I Know You '' Fifty Shades Darker `` I Do n't Wanna Live Forever '' `` Not Afraid Anymore '' `` Helium '' Fifty Shades Freed `` For You '' `` Capital Letters '' `` Heaven '' Parodies Fifty Shades of Oy Vey : A Parody Spank ! The Fifty Shades Parody Fifty Shades of Black Zayn Malik Discography Awards and nominations Albums Mind of Mine Singles `` Pillowtalk '' `` Like I Would '' `` Wrong '' `` I Do n't Wanna Live Forever '' `` Still Got Time '' `` Dusk Till Dawn '' `` Let Me '' `` Entertainer '' `` Sour Diesel '' `` Too Much '' Featured singles `` Back to Sleep ( Remix ) '' `` Cruel '' `` Freedun '' Promotional singles `` It 's You '' `` Befour '' Other songs `` She '' Related articles One Direction Taylor Swift songs Discography Taylor Swift `` Tim McGraw '' `` Picture to Burn '' `` Teardrops on My Guitar '' `` Should 've Said No '' `` Our Song '' Fearless `` Fearless '' `` Fifteen '' `` Love Story '' `` White Horse '' `` You Belong with Me '' `` Breathe '' `` You 're Not Sorry '' `` Forever & Always '' `` Change '' Speak Now `` Mine '' `` Sparks Fly '' `` Back to December '' `` Speak Now '' `` Dear John '' `` Mean '' `` The Story of Us '' `` Innocent '' `` Long Live '' `` Ours '' Red `` State of Grace '' `` Red '' `` I Knew You Were Trouble '' `` All Too Well '' `` 22 '' `` We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together '' `` The Last Time '' `` Everything Has Changed '' `` Begin Again '' `` Welcome to New York '' `` Blank Space '' `` Style '' `` Out of the Woods '' `` Shake It Off '' `` Bad Blood '' `` Wildest Dreams '' `` Wonderland '' `` New Romantics '' Reputation `` ... Ready for It ? '' `` End Game '' `` I Did Something Bad '' `` Delicate '' `` Look What You Made Me Do '' `` Gorgeous '' `` Getaway Car '' `` Call It What You Want '' `` New Year 's Day '' Soundtrack songs `` Crazier '' `` Today Was a Fairytale '' `` Safe & Sound '' `` Eyes Open '' `` Sweeter Than Fiction '' `` I Do n't Wanna Live Forever '' As a featured artist `` Two Is Better Than One '' `` Half of My Heart '' `` Both of Us '' `` Babe '' Other songs `` Ronan '' `` Highway Do n't Care '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Don%27t_Wanna_Live_Forever&oldid=865302938 '' Categories : 2010s ballads 2016 songs 2016 singles Zayn Malik songs Songs written by Jack Antonoff Taylor Swift songs Songs written by Taylor Swift Universal Music Group singles Vocal duets Number - one singles in Sweden Fifty Shades film music Song recordings produced by Jack Antonoff Songs written by Sam Dew Contemporary R&B ballads Songs about suicide Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Polish - language sources ( pl ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadaac Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadachrtop40 Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadahotac Singlechart usages for Czech Republic Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Czechdigital Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Hungary Singlechart usages for Hungarytop10 Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart usages for Israelairplay Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Poland Singlechart usages for Portugal Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Slovakdigital Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Belgium Certification Table Entry usages for Brazil Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark Certification Table Entry usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for Mexico Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Spain Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Հայերեն Hrvatski Italiano Nederlands Português Русский Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 October 2018 , at 01 : 46 ( UTC ) . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%20Don%2527t%20Wanna%20Live%20Forever
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what was the difference between jim crow rules and jim crow laws
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List of Jim Crow law examples by State
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list of jim crow law examples by state
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This is a list of examples of Jim Crow laws , which were state and local laws in the United States enacted between 1876 and 1965 . Jim Crow laws existed mainly in the South and originated from the Black Codes that were enforced from 1865 to 1866 and from prewar segregation on railroad cars in northern cities . The laws sprouted up in the late 19th century after Reconstruction and lasted until the 1960s . They mandated de jure segregation in all public facilities , with a supposedly `` separate but equal '' status for Americans of African descent . In reality , this led to treatment that was usually inferior to that provided for Americans of European descent , systematizing a number of economic , educational and social disadvantages .
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State sponsored school segregation was repudiated by the Supreme Court of the United States in 1954 in Brown v. Board of Education . Generally , segregation and discrimination were outlawed by the Civil Rights Act of 1964 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Alabama 2 Arizona 3 California 4 Colorado 5 Connecticut 6 Florida 7 Georgia 8 Illinois 9 Indiana 10 Kansas 11 Kentucky 12 Louisiana 13 Maryland 14 Mississippi 15 Missouri 16 Montana 17 Nebraska 18 Nevada 19 New Mexico 20 North Carolina 21 North Dakota 22 Ohio 23 Oklahoma 24 Oregon 25 Pennsylvania 26 Rhode Island 27 South Carolina 28 South Dakota 29 Tennessee 30 Texas 31 Utah 32 Virginia 33 Washington 34 West Virginia 35 Wyoming 36 Notes 37 Preferences 38 Bibliography Alabama ( edit ) `` It shall be unlawfully to conduct a restaurant or other place for the serving of food in the city , at which white and colored people are served in the same room , unless such white and colored persons are effectually separated by a solid partition extending from the floor upward to a distance of seven feet or higher , and unless a separate entrance from the street is provided for each compartment . '' Arizona ( edit ) 1864 : Miscegenation ( Statute ) Marriages between whites with `` Negroes , Indians , Mongolians '' were declared illegal and void . The word `` Descendants '' does not appear in the statute . 1901 : Miscegenation ( Statute ) Revision of the 1865 statute which added the word `` descendants '' to the list of minority groups . The revised statutes also stated that marriages would be valid if legal where they were contracted , but noted that Arizona residents could not evade the law by going to another state to perform the ceremony . 1909 : Education ( Statute ) School district trustees were given the authority to segregate black students from white children only where there were more than eight Negro pupils in the school district . The legislature passed the law over a veto by the governor . 1911 - 1962 : Segregation , miscegenation , voting ( Statute ) Passed six segregation laws : four against miscegenation and two school segregation statutes , and a voting rights statute that required electors to pass a literacy test . The state 's miscegenation laws prohibited blacks as well as Indians and Asians from marrying whites , and were not repealed until 1962 . 1927 : Education ( Statute ) In areas with 25 or more black high school students , an election would be called to determine if these pupils should be segregated in separate but equal facilities . 1928 : Miscegenation ( State Code ) Forbid marriages between persons of the Caucasian , Asian and Malay races . 1942 : Miscegenation ( Judicial Decision ) Supreme Court of Arizona interprets anti-miscegenation statute in a manner which prohibits persons of mixed racial heritage from marrying anyone . Court acknowledges that its interpretation is `` absurd '' and recommends that Legislature pass amendment thereto . 1956 : Miscegenation ( Statute ) Marriage of person of `` Caucasian blood with Negro , Mongolian , Malay , or Hindu '' void . Native Americans were originally included in an earlier statute , but were deleted by a 1942 amendment . California ( edit ) In this state , concern about Asian immigration produced more legislation against Chinese immigrants than against African Americans . An 1850 California statute provided that `` no black , mulatto person , or Indian , shall be allowed to give evidence in favor of , or against a white man . '' In 1854 , the Supreme Court of California held that the statute precluded persons of Chinese descent from testifying for or against a white man . `` It can hardly be supposed that any Legislature would ... exclud ( e ) domestic negroes and Indians , ... and turn loose upon the community the more degraded tribes of the same species , who have nothing in common with us . '' California 's constitution stated that `` no native of China '' shall ever exercise the privileges of an elector in the state . '' Similar provisions appeared in the constitutions of Oregon and Idaho . 1866 - 1947 : Segregation , voting ( Statute ) Enacted 17 Jim Crow laws between 1866 and 1947 in the areas of miscegenation ( 6 ) and education ( 2 ) , employment ( 1 ) and a residential ordinance passed by the city of San Francisco that required all Chinese inhabitants to live in one area of the city . Similarly , a miscegenation law passed in 1901 broadened an 1850 law , adding that it was unlawful for white persons to marry `` Mongolians . '' 1870 : Education ( Statute ) African and Indian children must attend separate schools . A separate school would be established upon the written request of the parents of ten such children . `` A less number may be provided for in separate schools in any other manner . '' 1872 : Alcohol sales ( Statute ) Prohibited the sale of liquor to Indians . The act remained legal until its repeal in 1920 . 1879 : Voter rights ( Constitution ) `` No native of China '' would ever have the right to vote in the state of California . Repealed in 1926 . 1879 : Employment ( Constitution ) Prohibited public bodies from employing Chinese and called upon the legislature to protect `` the state ... from the burdens and evils arising from '' their presence . A statewide anti-Chinese referendum was passed by 99.4 percent of voters in 1879 . 1880 : Miscegenation ( Statute ) Made it illegal for white persons to marry a `` Negro , mulatto , or Mongolian . '' 1890 : Residential ( City Ordinance ) The city of San Francisco ordered all Chinese inhabitants to move into a certain area of the city within six months or face imprisonment . The Bingham Ordinance was later found to be unconstitutional by a federal court . 1891 : Residential ( Statute ) Required all Chinese to carry with them at all times a `` certificate of residence . '' Without it , a Chinese immigrant could be arrested and jailed . 1894 : Voter rights ( Constitution ) Any person who could not read the Constitution in English or write his name would be disfranchised . An advisory referendum indicated that nearly 80 percent of voters supported an educational requirement . 1901 : Miscegenation ( Statute ) The 1850 law prohibiting marriage between white persons and Negroes or mulattoes was amended , adding `` Mongolian . '' 1909 : Miscegenation ( Statute ) Persons of Japanese descent were added to the list of undesirable marriage partners of white Californians as noted in the earlier 1880 statute . 1913 : Property ( Statute ) Known as the `` Alien Land Laws , '' Asians immigrants were prohibited from owning or leasing property . The California Supreme Court struck down the Alien Land Laws in 1952 . 1931 : Miscegenation ( State Code ) Prohibited marriages between persons of the Caucasian and Asian races . 1933 : Miscegenation ( Statute ) Broadened earlier miscegenation statute to also prohibit marriages between whites and Malays . 1945 : Miscegenation ( Statute ) Prohibited marriage between whites and `` Negroes , mulattos , Mongolians and Malays . '' 1947 : Miscegenation ( Statute ) Subjected U.S. servicemen and Japanese women who wanted to marry to rigorous background checks . Barred the marriage of Japanese women to white servicemen if they were employed in undesirable occupations . Colorado ( edit ) 1864 : Miscegenation ( Statute ) Marriage between Negroes and mulattoes , and white persons `` absolutely void . '' Penalty : Fine between $50 and $550 , or imprisonment between three months and two years , or both . 1864 - 1908 : ( Statute ) Passed three Jim Crow laws between 1864 and 1908 , all concerning miscegenation . School segregation was barred in 1876 , followed by ending segregation of public facilities in 1885 . Four laws protecting civil liberties were passed between 1930 and 1957 , when the anti-miscegenation statute was repealed . 1908 : Miscegenation ( Statute ) Marriage between Negroes and mulattoes , and whites prohibited . Penalties : Punishable by imprisonment from three months to two years , or a fine of between $50 to $500 . Performing a marriage ceremony punishable by a fine of $50 to $500 , or three months to two years ' imprisonment , or both . 1930 : Miscegenation ( Statute ) Miscegenation declared a misdemeanor . Connecticut ( edit ) 1879 : Military ( Statute ) Authorized state to organize four independent companies of infantry of `` colored men '' . Companies were to receive same pay as other companies , including one company parade in the Spring and one in September . 1925 : Antidefamation ( Statute ) Prohibited motion picture theaters from showing any film which ridiculed the Negro race . 1935 : Education ( Statute ) Upheld school segregation as originally authorized by statute of 1869 . Florida ( edit ) Preserved 1928 - built railroad station in Punta Gorda with separate White and `` Colored '' entrances , a common feature among railroad stations in the Southeast US during the Jim Crow period . `` All courtships between a white person and a Negro or person , or between a white person and a person of Negro descent to the fourth generation inclusive , are hereby forever prohibited . '' `` Any Black man and white woman , or any white man and / or Negro woman , who are not married to each other , who shall habitually live in and occupy in the nighttime the same room shall each be punished by imprisonment not exceeding twelve ( 12 ) months , or by fine not exceeding five hundred ( $500.00 ) dollars . '' `` The schools for white children and the schools for Negro children shall be conducted separately . '' Georgia ( edit ) `` All persons licensed to conduct a restaurant , shall serve either white people exclusively or colored people exclusively and shall not sell to the two races within the same room or serve the two races anywhere under the same license . '' `` It shall be unlawful for any amateur white baseball team to play baseball on any vacant lot or baseball diamond within two blocks of a playground devoted to the Negro race , and it shall be unlawful for any amateur colored baseball team to play baseball in any vacant lot or baseball diamond within two blocks of any playground devoted to the white race . '' - Black and White prisoners were not allowed in the same cell with each other . Illinois ( edit ) 1927 : Housing ( Municipal Code ) Chicago adopted racially restrictive housing covenants beginning in 1927 . In 1948 , the United States Supreme Court ruled that enforcement of racial restrictive covenants was unconstitutional . 1953 : Housing In August 1953 , the first black family moved into Trumbull Park , a formerly all - white project of the Chicago Housing Authority . Indiana ( edit ) Enacted seven Jim Crow laws in the areas of education and miscegenation between 1869 and 1952 . Persons who violated the miscegenation law could be imprisoned between one and ten years . The state barred school segregation in 1877 , followed by a law giving equal access to public facilities in 1885 . 1869 : Education ( Statute ) Separate schools to be provided for black children . If not a sufficient number of students to organize a separate school , trustees were to find other means of educating black children . 1905 : Miscegenation ( Statute ) Miscegenation prohibited . 1952 : Miscegenation ( Statute ) Marriage between whites and Negroes void . 1955 : Adoption ( Statute ) Required that due regard be given to race on adoption petition . Kansas ( edit ) Segregation laws in Kansas dealt primarily with education . The state constitution of 1859 specified separate African American schools . This practice continued until 1954 . Kentucky ( edit ) 1866 : Miscegenation This law prohibited whites from marrying any African American who is more than 12 % African American ( meaning having a blood relation up to the third generation to an African American ) . Penalty of not following this law was a felony that was punishable by imprisonment in the state penitentiary up to five years . 1866 : Education This gave all school district trustees the right to create separate schools for African American children . 1873 : Education It was unlawful for a black child to attend a white school , and vice versa . No separate colored school was allowed to be located within one mile of a separate white school . This law excluded schools in cities and towns but did not allow the schools in those areas within six hundred feet of the other . 1890 : Railroads All railway companies were required to provide separate but equal accommodations for white and colored passengers . Penalty to do so resulted in the passengers or conductors receiving a fine of $25 or imprisonment for 20 days . Any officers and directors of railway companies that fail to follow this law were found guilty of a misdemeanor and could be fined between $100 and $500 . This law excluded streetcars . 1892 : Railroads Railroads were to provide separate coaches for white and colored passengers . Signs stating the race for each car must be posted . Penalty to do so was railway companies that failed could be fined from between $500 to $1,500 . Any conductors who failed to enforce the law were to be fined from $50 to $100 . 1893 : Miscegenation Any marriage between a white person and an African American or mixed citizen was prohibited . 1894 : Railroads Railroad stations must provide separate but equal waiting rooms for the white and colored passengers . A sign posting what race was in what room was to be seeable by everyone . Penalty to do so would end in a fine $25 or imprisoned up to 30 days . Any agents failing to enforce the law were found guilty of misdemeanor that was punishable by a fine of $25 to $50 . 1894 : Miscegenation Any marriage between a person of color and a white person was prohibited . 1902 : Streetcars All streetcars must provide separate but equal accommodations to a passenger of any race . The failure to do so ended with such penalties as passengers or conductors could receive a fine of $25 or imprisonment up to 30 days . Any railway company that refused to follow could receive a fine of $100 or imprisonment between two and six months . 1904 : Education It was unlawful to maintain or operate any college , school , or institution where persons of the white and African American races are both allowed to attend . This law did not prohibit private schools or colleges from maintaining a segregated school in a different location for each race no less than 25 miles . The penalty for not following this law resulted in any violators receiving a $1,000 fine . The United States Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of the statute in Berea College v. Kentucky . 1908 : Public Accommodation It was unlawful for whites and blacks to purchase and consume alcohol on the same location . Penalty for this act was a misdemeanor punishable by a fine from $50 to $500 or an imprisonment in the parish prison or jail up to two years . 1908 : Miscegenation Cohabitation of a white person and an African American without legal marriage is a felony . Penalty for committing such an act resulted in imprisonment from one month to one year , with or without hard labor . 1909 : Health Care An institution for the education of colored deaf mutes was to be established . But segregation in this school was to still be enforced . 1912 : Residential Building permits for building Negro houses in white communities , or any portion of a community inhabited principally by white people , and vice versa prohibited . Penalty : violators fined from $50 to $2,000 , `` and the municipality shall have the right to cause said building to be removed and destroyed . '' 1914 : Public Accommodation All circuses , shows and tent exhibitions were required to provide two ticket offices with individual ticket sellers and two entrances to the performance for each race . 1915 : Education No white children were allowed to attend any graded common school for colored children and vice versa . 1918 : Prisons This law allowed the segregation of races in all municipal , parish , and state prisons . 1921 : Education This law called for separate public schools for the education of white and black children between the ages of six and eighteen . 1921 : Housing This prohibited African American and white families from living in the same home . 1928 : Education This gave separate textbooks for white and African American school children . 1928 : Public Carrier Separate but equal accommodations were required to be provided on all forms of public transportation . 1932 : Residential No person or businesses were allowed to rent an apartment in an apartment complex or other housing buildings to a person who differs in race from the other occupants . 1932 : Miscegenation All interracial marriages were outlawed . Invalidated interracial marriages if the parties went to another legal power where such marriages were legal . Marriages between African Americans and Native Americans were also prohibited . 1933 : Public Accommodations Establishment of segregated libraries for different races was authorized . 1934 : Education All schools were required to be racially segregated . 1942 : Health Care There were to be separate but equal accommodations for whites and African Americans provided in nursing homes . 1944 : Miscegenation Any marriage between a white person and an African American or racially mixed citizen was prohibited . Penalty to follow this law was a fine of $500 to $5,000 . If the people continued to be interracially married the result would be imprisonment in prison from three to twelve months . 1944 : Railroads Separate coaches for white and African American passengers were required . 1948 : Barred School Segregation This law did not allow African American physicians and nurses to take postgraduate courses in public hospitals and Louisville . 1950 : Barred School Segregation African Americans were allowed to attend colleges and universities under two conditions . These conditions are that if comparable courses were not available at Kentucky 's African American College in Frankfort , KY and the school 's governing body had to approve of this act . 1951 : Miscegenation Any intimate relation between whites and African Americans was illegal . Failure to follow this law ended in fines up to $1,000 , up to five years in prison , or both . 1951 : Adoption Interracial adoptions were banned . 1952 : Miscegenation Interracial marriages were prohibited . Penalty of failing to follow this law was Up to $1,000 and / or five years in prison . 1953 : Health Care It was required to establish separate tuberculosis hospitals for each race . This law was then repealed in 1954 . 1956 : Public Carriers This law revised older laws that required common carriers to provide separate waiting rooms for white intrastate passengers and for African American intrastate passengers . 1956 : Employment Provided that all persons , firms , or corporations create separate bathroom facilities for members of the white and African American races employed by them or allowed to come into the business . In addition , separate rooms to eat in as well as separate eating and drinking utensils were required to be provided for members of the white and African American races . Not following this law gave to offender a misdemeanor , a fine of $100 to $1,000 , or 60 days to one year in prison . 1956 : Recreation All businesses were prohibited from permitting any dancing , social functions , entertainments , athletic training , games , sports or contests on their premises in which the participants are members of the white and African American races . 1956 : Public Accommodations All public parks , recreation centers , playgrounds , etc. were required to be segregated . 1956 : Public Carrier All forms of public transportation were to be segregated . 1957 : Education All public schools were required to be racially segregated . 1957 : Education There were to be no state funds to non-segregated schools . 1960 : Voting Rights The races of all candidates were to be written on the ballots . Louisiana ( edit ) `` Any person who shall rent any part of any such building to a Negro person or a Negro family when such building is already in whole or in part in occupancy by a white person or white family , or vice versa when the building is in occupancy by a Negro person or Negro family , shall be guilty of a misdemeanor . '' Maryland ( edit ) 1904 : `` All railroad companies and corporations , and all persons running or operating cars or coaches by steam on any railroad line or track in the State of Maryland , for the transportation of passengers , are hereby required to provide separate cars or coaches for the travel and transportation of the white and colored passengers . '' Laws of the State of Maryland . 1904 . Retrieved June 22 , 2013 . Mississippi ( edit ) `` printed , typewritten or written matter urging or presenting for public acceptance or general information , arguments or suggestions in favor of social equality or of intermarriage between whites and Negroes , shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and subject to fine not exceeding five hundred ( 500.00 ) dollars or imprisonment not exceeding six ( 6 ) months or both . '' `` Every person ... operating ... any public hall , theater , opera house , motion picture show or any place of public entertainment or public assemblage which is attended by both white and colored persons , shall separate the white race and the colored race and shall set apart and designate ... certain seats therein to be occupied by white persons and a portion thereof , or certain seats therein , to be occupied by colored persons . '' `` The conductors or managers on all such railroads shall have power , and are hereby required , to assign to each white or colored passenger his or her respective car , coach or compartment . If the passenger fails to disclose his race , the conductor and managers , acting in good faith , shall be the sole judges of his race . '' Racial Integrity Act of 1924 Missouri ( edit ) `` Separate free schools shall be established for the education of children of African descent ; and it shall be unlawful for any colored child to attend any white school , or any white child to attend a colored ... '' Montana ( edit ) Four Jim Crow laws were enacted in Montana between 1871 and 1921 . The school segregation act was repealed in 1895 . A 1909 miscegenation law prohibited marriage between Caucasians and blacks as well as Chinese and Japanese . 1871 : Education ( Statute ) Children of African descent would be provided separate schools . 1897 : Voting rights ( Statute ) Excluded `` any person living on an Indian or military reservation '' from residency , unless that person had acquired a residence in a county of the state and is in the employment of the government while living on a reservation . Without residency , a person could not vote . 1897 : Residency ( Statute ) An 1897 statute excluded `` any person living on an Indian or military reservation '' from residency , unless that person had acquired a residence in a county of MT and is in the employ of the government while living on a reservation . '' 1909 : Miscegenation ( Statute ) Prohibited intermarriage between whites and Negroes , Chinese and Japanese . Penalty : Misdemeanor , carrying a fine of $500 or imprisonment of one month , or both . 1921 : Miscegenation ( State Code ) Miscegenation prohibited . Nullified interracial marriages if parties went to another jurisdiction where legal . Also prohibited marriages between persons of the Caucasian and Asian races . Nebraska ( edit ) 1865 : Miscegenation ( Statute ) Declared marriage between whites and a Negro or mulatto as illegal . Penalty : Misdemeanor , with a fine up to $100 , or imprisonment in the county jail up to six months , or both . 1911 : Miscegenation ( Statute ) Marriages between a white and colored person declared illegal . Also noted that marriages between whites and those persons with one - quarter or more Negro blood were void . 1929 : Miscegenation ( Statute ) Forbid marriages between persons of the Caucasian race and those persons with one eighth or more Asian blood . 1943 : Miscegenation ( Statute ) Prohibited marriage of whites with anyone with one - eighth or more Negro , Japanese or Chinese blood . Nevada ( edit ) Enacted four miscegenation laws and a school segregation statute between 1865 and 1957 . The education statute declared that blacks , Asians and Indians were prohibited from attending public schools , and that a separate school would be established for them if `` deemed advisable . '' The state 's miscegenation law offered an extensive list of inappropriate marriage candidates by race and color for Caucasians , including blacks , `` Malay or brown race , Mongolian or yellow race , or Indian or red race . '' The miscegenation statute was repealed in 1959 . 1865 : Education ( Statute ) Negroes , Asians , and Indians prohibited from attending public schools . The Board of Trustees of any district could establish a separate school for educating Negroes , Asians , and Indians , if deemed advisable . 1912 : Miscegenation ( Statute ) Unlawful for a white person to intermarry with any person of `` Ethiopian or black race , Malay or brown race , Mongolian or yellow race , or Indian or red race , within the State . '' Penalty : Misdemeanor for participants and the minister who performs such a ceremony . White persons found to be living with the above - mentioned groups would be fined between $100 and $500 , or confined in the county jail from six months to one year , or both . 1929 : Miscegenation ( Statute ) Miscegenation declared a misdemeanor . Also forbid marriages between persons of the Caucasian , Asian and Malay races . 1955 : Miscegenation ( Statute ) Miscegenation illegal . Penalty : $500 to $1,000 and / or six months to one year imprisonment . 1957 : Miscegenation ( Statute ) Gross misdemeanor for white to marry person of black , brown , or yellow race . New mexico ( edit ) `` Separate rooms ( shall ) be provided for the teaching of pupils of African descent , and ( when ) said rooms are so provided , such pupils may not be admitted to the school rooms occupied and used by pupils of Caucasian or other descent . '' North carolina ( edit ) Sign for bus segregation in North Carolina . `` Books shall not be interchangeable between the white and colored schools , but shall continue to be used by the race first using them . '' ( written in 1889 ) `` The state librarian is not directed to fit up and maintain a separate place for the use of the colored people who may come to the library for the purpose of reading books or periodicals . '' North dakota ( edit ) The state passed three Jim Crow laws . A 1943 statute barring miscegenation was repealed in 1955 . An 1899 Constitutional amendment gave the legislature authority to implement educational qualifications for electors . 1933 : Education ( Statute ) Law stated that `` it would not be expedient to have the Indian children mingle with the white children in our educational institutions by reason of the vastly different temperament and mode of living and other differences and difficulties of the two races . 1943 : Miscegenation ( State Code ) Cohabitation between blacks and whites prohibited . Penalty : 30 days to one year imprisonment , or $100 to $500 fine . Ohio ( edit ) Enacted a miscegenation statute in 1877 and a school segregation law in 1878 . Segregation of public facilities was barred in 1884 , and the earlier miscegenation and school segregation laws were overturned in 1887 . However , in 1953 , the state enacted a law requiring that race be considered in adoption decisions . 1877 : Miscegenation ( Statute ) Unlawful for a person of `` pure white blood , who intermarries , or has illicit carnal intercourse , with any Negro or person having a distinct and visible admixture of African blood . '' Penalty : Fined up to $100 , or imprisoned up to three months , or both . Any person who knowingly officiates such a marriage charged with misdemeanor and fined up to $100 or imprisoned in three months , or both . 1878 : Education ( Statute ) School districts given discretion to organize separate schools for colored children if `` in their judgment it may be for the advantage of the district to do so . '' 1953 : Adoption ( Statute ) Race to be taken into account on adoption petitions . Oklahoma ( edit ) 1903 : Mining - bath facilities ( Statute ) `` The baths and lockers for the Negroes shall be separate from the white race , but may be in the same building . '' ( Martin Luther King , Jr . NHS ) 1904 : Education - Teaching ( Statute ) `` Any instructor who shall teach in any school , college or institution where members of the white and colored race are received and enrolled as pupils for instruction shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor , and upon conviction thereof , shall be fined in any sum not less than ten dollars nor more than fifty dollars for each offense . '' ( Martin Luther King , Jr . NHS ) 1907 : Voting ( Constitution ) In 1907 , an amendment passed requiring electors to read and write any section of the state constitution . Exempted were those who were enfranchised on Jan. 1 , 1866 , and lineal descendants of such persons . ( Declared unconstitutional in 1915 ; however , the provision for literacy was upheld . ) NOTE : The Amendment allowed Persons of Indian descent to vote . 1907 : Funerals ( Statute ) Blacks were not allowed to use the same hearse as whites . 1908 : Voting ( State Code ) In 1907 , inmates of institutions were excluded from voting . `` Any person kept in a poorhouse at public expense , except federal , Confederate , and Spanish - American ex-soldiers or sailors . '' 1928 : Recreation -- Fishing , Boating , and Bathing ( Statute ) `` The ( Conservation ) Commission shall have the right to make segregation of the white and colored races as to the exercise of rights of fishing , boating and bathing . '' ( Martin Luther King , Jr . NHS ) 1937 : Telephone Booths ( Statute ) `` The Corporation Commission is hereby vested with power and authority to require telephone companies ... to maintain separate booths for white and colored patrons when there is a demand for such separate booths . That the Corporation Commission shall determine the necessity for said separate booths only upon complaint of the people in the town and vicinity to be served after due hearing as now provided by law in other complaints filed with the Corporation Commission . '' ( Martin Luther King , Jr . NHS ) Oregon ( edit ) Enacted two miscegenation laws in 1867 and 1930 prohibiting intermarriage between whites and blacks , Chinese , Kanakas or any person having more than one half Indian blood . A 1953 statute required that adoption petitions note the race of prospective adopting parents . A 1924 statute required electors to read the Constitution in English . 1867 : Miscegenation ( Statute ) Unlawful for any white person to intermarry with any `` Negro , Chinese , or any person having one - quarter or more Negro , Chinese or kanaka blood , or any person having more than one - half Indian blood . '' Penalty : Imprisonment in the penitentiary or the county jail for between three months and one year . Those who licensed or performed such a ceremony could be jailed for three months to one year , or fined between $100 and $1,000 . 1924 : Voting rights ( State Code ) Required electors to read the Constitution in English and write their name . 1924 : Voting ( Statute ) Statute and constitutional amendment passed in 1924 required electors to read the constitution in English and write their name . 1930 : Miscegenation ( State Code ) Miscegenation declared a felony . Also forbid marriages between persons of the Caucasian race and those persons with one fourth or more Chinese or Kanaka blood . 1953 : Adoption ( Statute ) Adoption petition must state race or color of adopting parents . Pennsylvania ( edit ) 1869 : Education ( Statute ) Black children prohibited from attending Pittsburgh schools . 1956 : Adoption ( Statute ) Petition must state race or color of adopting parents . Rhode island ( edit ) 1872 : Miscegenation ( State Code ) Prohibited intermarriage . Penalty : $1,000 fine , or up to six months ' imprisonment . South carolina ( edit ) `` No persons , firms , or corporations , who or which furnish meals to passengers at station restaurants or station eating houses , in times limited by common carriers of said passengers , shall furnish said meals to white and colored passengers in the same room , or at the same table , or at the same counter . '' `` It shall be unlawful for any parent , relative , or other white person in this State , having the control or custody of any white child , by right of guardianship , natural or acquired , or otherwise , to dispose of , give or surrender such white child permanently into the custody , control , maintenance , or support , of a negro . '' South dakota ( edit ) Enacted three miscegenation laws between 1809 and 1913 , and a 1952 statute that required adoption petitions to state the race of both the petitioner and child . A 1913 miscegenation law broadened the list of races unacceptable as marriage partners for whites to include persons belonging to the `` African , Korean , Malayan , or Mongolian race . '' This law reflected the nation 's growing tension over the massive waves of immigrants entering the country during the early twentieth century . The miscegenation law was repealed in 1957 . 1909 : Miscegenation ( Statute ) Intermarriage or illicit cohabitation forbidden between blacks and whites . Penalty : Felony , punishable by a fine up to $1,000 , or by imprisonment up to ten years , or both . 1913 : Miscegenation ( Statute ) Law expanded to prohibit marriage between whites and persons belonging to the `` African , Corean ( Korean ) , Malayan , or Mongolian race . '' Penalty : Felony , punishable by a fine up to $1,000 , or by imprisonment in state prison up to ten years , or both . 1929 : Miscegenation ( Statute ) Miscegenation declared a felony . Also forbid marriages between persons of the Caucasian , Asian and Malay races . 1952 : Adoption ( State Code ) Adoption petitions must state race of petitioner and child . Tennessee ( edit ) The state of Tennessee enacted 20 Jim Crow laws between 1866 and 1955 , including six requiring school segregation , four which outlawed miscegenation , three which segregated railroads , two requiring segregation for public accommodations , and one which mandated segregation on streetcars . The 1868 law declared that no citizen could be excluded from the University of Tennessee because of race or color but then mandated that instructional facilities for black students be separate from those used by white students . As of 1954 , segregation laws for miscegenation , transportation and public accommodation were still in effect . 1866 : Education ( Statute ) Separate schools required for white and black children . 1869 : Barred school segregation ( Statute ) While no citizen of Tennessee could be excluded from attending the University of Tennessee on account of his race or color , `` the accommodation and instruction of persons of color shall be separate from those for white persons . '' 1870 : Miscegenation ( Constitution ) Intermarriage prohibited between white persons and Negroes , or descendants of Negro ancestors to the third generation . 1870 : Miscegenation ( Statute ) Penalty for intermarriage between whites an blacks was labeled a felony , punishable by imprisonment in the penitentiary from one to five years . 1870 : Education ( Statute ) Schools for white and colored children to be kept separate . 1873 : Education ( Statute ) `` White and colored persons shall not be taught in the same school , but in separate schools under the same general regulations as to management , usefulness and efficiency . '' 1875 : Public accommodations ( Statute ) Hotel keepers , carriers of passengers and keepers of places of amusement have the right to control access and exclude persons as `` that of any private person over his private house . '' 1881 : Railroads ( Statute ) Railroad companies required to furnish separate cars for colored passengers who pay first - class rates . Cars to be kept in good repair , and subject to the same rules governing other first - class cars for preventing smoking and obscene language . Penalty : If companies fail to enforce the law required to pay a forfeit of $100 , half to be paid to the person suing , the other half to be paid to the state 's school fund . 1882 : Railroads ( Statute ) 1881 : law amended to state that railroads required to supply first - class passenger cars to all persons paying first - class rates . Penalty : $300 fine payable to the public school fund . 1885 : Public accommodations ( Statute ) All well - behaved persons to be admitted to theaters , parks , shows , or other public amusements , but also declared that proprietors had the right to create separate accommodations for whites and Negroes . 1891 : Railroads ( Statute ) Railways to provide equal but separate accommodations for the white and colored races . Penalty : Railroad companies that failed to comply with law guilty of a misdemeanor and subject to fines from $100 to $500 . Conductors could be fined from $25 to $50 . 1901 : Education ( Statute ) Unlawful for any school or college to permit white and colored persons to attend the same school . Penalty : $50 fine , or imprisonment from 30 days to six months , or both . 1905 : Streetcars ( Statute ) All street cars required to designate a portion of each car for white passengers and also for colored passengers . Required signs to be posted . Special cars could be run for one race exclusively . Penalty : Streetcar companies could be fined $25 for each offense . Passengers who refused to take the proper seat could be fined $25 . 1925 : Education ( Statute ) Separate elementary and high schools to be maintained for white and Negro children . 1932 : Race classification ( State Code ) Classified `` Negro '' as any person with any Negro blood . 1932 : Miscegenation ( State Code ) Miscegenation declared a felony . 1932 : Education ( State Code ) Required racially segregated high schools . 1953 : Voting rights protected ( Constitution ) Repealed poll tax statute . 1955 : Public carriers ( State Code ) Public carriers to be segregated . 1955 : Employment ( State Code ) Separate washrooms in mines required . 1955 : Health Care ( State Code ) Separate buildings for black and white patients in hospitals for the insane . 1955 : Miscegenation ( State Code ) Prohibited marriage or living together as man and wife between racially mixed persons . Penalty : One to five years imprisonment in county jail , or fine . Texas ( edit ) Twenty - nine Jim Crow laws were passed in Texas . The state enacted one anti-segregation law in 1871 barring separation of the races on public carriers . This law was repealed in 1889 . 1865 : Juneteenth ( Constitution ) The people of Texas are informed that , in accordance with a proclamation from the Executive of the United States , all slaves are free . This involves an absolute equality of personal rights and rights of property between former masters and slaves , and the connection heretofore existing between them becomes that between employer and hired labor . The freedmen are advised to remain quietly at their present homes and work for wages . They are informed that they will not be allowed to collect at military posts and that they will not be supported in idleness either there or elsewhere. ( 8 ) 1866 : Education ( Constitution ) All taxes paid by blacks to go to maintaining African schools . Duty of the legislature to `` encourage colored schools . '' 1866 : Railroads ( Statute ) All railroad companies shall attach one passenger car for the special accommodation of freedmen . 1871 : Barred segregation on public carriers ( Statute ) Public carriers prohibited from making any distinctions in the carrying of passengers . Penalty : Misdemeanor punishable by a fine from $100 to $500 , or imprisonment from 30 to 90 days , or both . 1876 : Voting rights ( Constitution ) Required electors to pay poll tax 1879 : Miscegenation ( Statute ) Confirmed intermarriage law passed in 1858 . Penalty applied equally to both parties . 1889 : Railroads ( Statute ) Railroad companies required to maintain separate coaches for white and colored passengers , equal in comfort . Penalty : Passengers refusing to sit where assigned were guilty of a misdemeanor , and could be fined between $5 and $20 . 1891 : Railroads ( Statute ) Separate coach laws strengthened . Separate coaches for white and Negro passengers to be equal in all points of comfort and convenience . Designed by signage posted in a conspicuous place in each compartment . Trains allowed to carry chair cars or sleeping cars for the exclusive use of either race . Law did not apply to streetcars . Penalty : Conductors who failed to enforce law faced misdemeanor charge punish able by a fine from $5 to $25 . The railroad company could be fined from $100 to $1,000 for each trip . Passengers who refused to sit in designated areas faced fines from $5 to $25 . 1907 : Streetcars ( Statute ) Required all streetcars to comply with the separate coach law passed in 1889 . Penalty : Streetcar companies could be fined from $100 to $1,000 for failing to enact law . A passenger wrongfully riding in an improper coach was guilty of a misdemeanor , and faced fines from $5 to $25 1909 : Railroads ( Statute ) Depot buildings required to provide separate waiting areas for the use of white and Negro passengers . 1914 : Railroads ( Statute ) Negro porters shall not sleep in sleeping car berths nor use bedding intended for white passengers . 1915 : Miscegenation ( State Code ) The penalty for intermarriage is imprisonment in the penitentiary from two to five years . 1919 : Public accommodations ( Statute ) Ordered that Negroes were to use separate branches of county free libraries . 1922 : Voting Rights ( Statute ) `` ... in no event shall a Negro be eligible to participate in a Democratic party primary election held in the State of Texas . '' Overturned in 1927 by U.S. Supreme Court in Nixon v. Herndon . 1925 : Education ( Statute ) Required racially segregated schools . 1925 : Public accommodations ( Statute ) Separate branches for Negroes to be administered by a Negro custodian in all county libraries . 1925 : Miscegenation ( Penal Code ) Miscegenation declared a felony . Nullified interracial marriages if parties went to another jurisdiction where such marriages were legal . 1926 : Public carriers ( Statute ) Public carriers to be segregated . 1935 : Health Care ( Statute ) Established a state tuberculosis sanitarium for blacks . 1935 : Public carriers ( State Code ) Directed that separate coaches for whites and blacks on all common carriers . 1943 : Public carriers ( State Code ) Ordered separate seating on all buses . 1949 : Employment ( Statute ) Coal mines required to have separate washrooms . 1950 : Public accommodations ( Statute ) Separate facilities required for white and black citizens in state parks . 1951 : Voting rights ( Constitution ) Required electors to pay poll tax . 1951 : Miscegenation ( Statute ) Unlawful for person of Caucasian blood to marry person of African blood . Penalty : Two to five years ' imprisonment . 1952 : Health Care ( Statute ) Establishment of TB hospitals for blacks . 1953 : Public carriers ( Penal Code ) Public carriers to be segregated . 1956 : Public accommodations ( Municipal Ordinance ) Abolished previously required segregation in the city of San Antonio 's swimming pools and other recreational facilities . 1958 : Education ( Statute ) No child compelled to attend schools that are racially mixed . No desegregation unless approved by election . Governor may close schools where troops used on federal authority . 1960 : Miscegenation ( State Code ) Strictly Prohibited marriage or living together as man and wife between racially mixed persons . Penalty : One to ten years imprisonment in county jail , or fine Utah ( edit ) Four miscegenation laws were passed in Utah between 1888 and 1953 , prohibiting intermarriage between whites and those of African or Asian descent . School segregation was barred in 1895 . The state 's miscegenation law was repealed in 1963 . 1888 : Miscegenation ( Chapter XLV , Laws of Utah , 1888 . ) Intermarriage prohibit between a Negro and a white person , and between a `` Mongolian '' and a white person . 1907 : Miscegenation ( Chapter 29 , Laws of Utah , 1907 . Amended 1184 , Revised Statutes of Utah , 1898 ) Marriage laws amended , with earlier intermarriage provision remaining the same . 1933 : Miscegenation ( Revised Statute , 1933 . Statute 40 - 1 - 2 . ) Prohibited marriages between persons of the Caucasian and Asian races . 1953 : Miscegenation ( State Code ) Marriage between `` white and Negro , Malayan , mulatto , quadroon , or octoroon void . '' Virginia ( edit ) 1 . Be it enacted by the general assembly of Virginia , That the State registrar of vital statistics may , as soon as practicable after the taking effect of this act , prepare a form whereon the racial composition of any individual , as Caucasian , Negro , Mongolian , American Indian , Asiatic Indian , Malay , or any mixture thereof , or any other non-Caucasic strains , and if there be any mixture , then , the racial composition of the parents and other ancestors , in so far as ascertainable , so as to show in what generation such mixture occurred , may be certified by such individual , which form shall be known as a registration certificate . The State registrar may supply to each local registrar a sufficient number of such forms for the purpose of this act ; each local registrar may ; personally or by deputy , as soon as possible after receiving such forms , have made thereon in duplicate a certificate of the racial composition , as aforesaid , of each person resident in his district , who so desires , born before June 14 , 1912 , which certificate shall be made over the signature of said person , or in the case of children under fourteen years of age , over the signature of a parent , guardian , or other person standing in loco parentis . One of said certificates for each person thus registering in every district shall be forwarded to the State registrar for his files ; the other shall be kept on file by the local registrar . Every local registrar may , as soon as practicable , have such registration certificate made by or for each person in his district who so desires , born before June 14 , 1912 , for whom he has not on file a registration certificate , or a birth certificate . 2 . It shall be a felony for any person wilfully or knowingly to make a registration certificate false as to color or race . The wilful making of a false registration or birth certificate shall be punished by confinement in the penitentiary for one year . 3 . For each registration certificate properly made and returned to the State registrar , the local registrar returning the same shall be entitled to a fee of twenty - five cents , to be paid by the registrant . Application for registration and for transcript may be made direct to the State registrar , who may retain the fee for expenses of his office . 4 . No marriage license shall be granted until the clerk or deputy clerk has reasonable assurance that the statements as to color of both man and woman are correct . If there is reasonable cause to disbelieve that applicants are of pure white race , when that fact is stated , the clerk or deputy clerk shall withhold the granting of the license until satisfactory proof is produced that both applicants are `` white persons '' as provided for in this act . The clerk or deputy clerk shall use the same care to assure himself that both applicants are colored , when that fact is claimed . 5 . It shall hereafter be unlawful for any white person in this State to marry any save a white person , or a person with no other admixture of blood than white and American Indian . For the purpose of this act , the term `` white person '' shall apply only to the person who has no trace whatsoever of any blood other than Caucasian ; but persons who have one - sixteenth or less of the blood of the American Indian and have no other non-Caucasic blood shall be deemed to be white persons . All laws heretofore passed and now in effect regarding the intermarriage of white and colored persons shall apply to marriages prohibited by this act . 6 . For carrying out the purposes of this act and to provide the necessary clerical assistance , postage and other expenses of the State registrar of vital statistics , twenty per cent of the fees received by local registrars under this act shall be paid to the State bureau of vital statistics , which may be expended by the said bureau for the purposes of this act . 7 . All acts or parts of acts inconsistent with this act are , to the extent of such inconsistency , hereby repealed . Washington ( edit ) Enacted a miscegenation statute in 1866 forbidding marriage between whites and Negroes or Indians . This law was repealed in 1887 . Six civil rights laws barring segregation were passed between 1890 and 1956 . 1866 : Miscegenation ( Statute ) Prohibited marriage between white persons and Negroes , Indians , or a person of half or more Negro or Indian blood . 1887 : Barred anti-miscegenation ( Statute ) Repealed anti-miscegenation law . 1896 : Voting rights ( Constitution ) `` Indians not taxed shall never be allowed the elective franchise . '' 1896 : Voting ( Constitution ) A constitutional passed in 1896 requiring electors to read and speak English . In 1912 a statute was passed noting , `` If naturalized , must furnish satisfactory evidence that he is capable of reading and speaking the English language so as to comprehend the meaning of ordinary English prose . '' 1920 : Restrictive Housing Covenants ( Municipal Code ) Beginning in the 1920s , Seattle realtors frequently discriminated against minorities . In November 1927 the Capitol Hill development used a covenant that read : `` The parties ... agree each with the others that no part of the lands owned by them shall ever be used or occupied by or sold , conveyed , leased , rented or given to Negroes or any person of Negro blood . '' An April 1928 covenant for the Broadmoor subdivision read : `` No part of said property hereby conveyed shall ever be used or occupied by any Hebrew or any person of the Ethiopian , Malay or any Asiatic race ... '' Until 1950 , Article 34 of the Code of Ethics for realtors in Seattle included the following clause : `` A Realtor should never be instrumental in introducing into a neighborhood a character of property or occupancy , members of any race or nationality , or any individual whose presence will clearly be detrimental to property values in that neighborhood . '' Voluntary agreements between realtors and homeowners continued well into the 1960s . In 1964 , Seattle voters rejected a referendum that prohibited housing discrimination . In April 1968 , the city council passed an open housing ordinance , making restrictive covenants illegal . West Virginia ( edit ) 1863 : Anti-miscegenation law included in the state constitution . Overturned by Loving v Virginia in 1967 . 1872 : `` White and colored persons shall not be taught in the same school . '' This point - blank requirement for segregated schools was proclaimed in West Virginia 's State Constitution as Article XII Section 8 . In a remarkable show of the persistence of such attitudes extending to the highest levels of state government , numerous attempts to remove this from the constitution were defeated in the state legislature until it was finally repealed in November 1994 . 1873 : Black citizens are prohibited from serving on juries . Overturned by Strauder v West Virginia in 1880 . Wyoming ( edit ) `` All marriages of white persons with Negroes , Mulattos , Mongolians , or Malaya hereafter contracted in the State of Wyoming are and shall be illegal and void . '' 1887 : Education ( Statute ) Separate schools could be provided for colored children when there were fifteen or more colored children within any school district . 1889 : Voting rights ( Constitution ) Required electors to read the state Constitution . 1908 : Intermarriage ( Statute ) All marriages of white persons with Negroes , Mulattos , Mongolians , or Malaya hereafter contracted in the State of Wyoming are and shall be illegal and void . ( Martin Luther King , Jr . NHS ) 1931 : Education ( Statute ) Schools to be segregated only when fifteen or more colored children were in a district . 1931 : Miscegenation ( Statute ) Declared miscegenation a misdemeanor . Also prohibited marriages between persons of the Caucasian , Asian and Malay races . 1945 : Miscegenation ( Statute ) Marriage of whites to Negroes , mulattoes , Mongolians , Malayans void . Penalty : $100 to $1,000 and / or one to five years imprisonment . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jessica McElrath ( 2008 ) `` Creation of the Jim Crow South '' . African American History adrien - About.com . Retrieved 15 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Brogan ( 1999 ) : 371 Jump up ^ Brogan ( 1999 ) : 635 Jump up ^ State v. Pass , 59 Ariz . 16 , 121 P. 2d 882 ( 1942 ) Jump up ^ People v. Hall ( 1854 ) 4 Cal. 399 Jump up ^ Fla . Const. in 1885 , art . XVI , s . 24 . Jump up ^ Illinois Jim Crow Laws , Jump up ^ Indiana Jim Crow Laws Jump up ^ University of Nebraska -- Lincoln `` Encyclopedia of the Great Plains '' . Jump up ^ Beatty , Robert and M.A. Peterson . `` Covert Discrimination : Topeka - Before and After Brown . '' Kansas History 27 ( Autumn 2004 ) : 146 -- 163 . online Jump up ^ James T. Paterson , Brown V. Board of Education , A Civil Rights Milestone and Its Troubled Legacy ( 2002 ) Jump up ^ `` Jim Crow Laws of Kentucky '' . Retrieved 17 October 2011 . Jump up ^ https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Racial_Integrity_Act_of_1924?oldid=4875409 Jump up ^ `` Tennessee State Library & Archives - Tennessee Secretary of State '' ( PDF ) . www.tn.gov . Retrieved 30 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Virginia , West ( 30 August 2017 ) . `` Constitution of West Virginia as Adopted in 1872 : With Amendments Since Made '' . Donnally Publishing Company . Retrieved 30 August 2017 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Jr , Alton Hornsby ( 23 August 2011 ) . `` Black America : A State - by - State Historical Encyclopedia ( 2 volumes ) : A State - by - State Historical Encyclopedia '' . ABC - CLIO . Retrieved 30 August 2017 -- via Google Books . Preferences ( edit ) Jim Crow Laws were made to make life hard and tough for freed slaves . The reconstruction act prohibited these laws , however many states found ways through this law and these laws still existed until the late 1960s . This section is empty . You can help by adding to it . ( September 2015 ) Bibliography ( edit ) Brogan , Hugh ( 1999 ) . The Penguin History of the USA ( 2nd ed . ) . London : Penguin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 025255 - 2 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Jim_Crow_law_examples_by_state&oldid=836674114 '' Categories : History of racial segregation in the United States Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from July 2009 All articles needing additional references All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from June 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2014 Articles to be expanded from September 2015 All articles to be expanded Articles with empty sections from September 2015 All articles with empty sections Articles using small message boxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 16 April 2018 , at 05 : 17 . About Wikipedia
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where does the last name quiroz originate from
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Quiroz
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quiroz
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Quirós or Quiroz , originally a toponym referring to Quirós in Asturias , may refer to :
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Clarita de Quiroz , Scottish singer / songwriter and model of Dutch , Irish , Filipino , Spanish descent from Edzell David Quiróz ( born 1982 ) , Ecuadorian footballer Fernando Quiroz , retired Argentine football midfielder Francisco Quiroz ( 1957 -- 1993 ) , former WBA Lightweight champion Guillermo Quiróz ( born 1981 ) , Major League Baseball catcher Pamela Anne Quiroz ( born 1960 ) , American sociologist Roberto Quiroz , Ecuadorian tennis player Sergio Quiróz , Mexican footballer See also ( edit ) Queiroz , the Portuguese form of the name José Manuel Quiroz District , one of seven districts of the province San Marcos in Peru This page lists people with the surname Quiroz . If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page , you may wish to change that link by adding the person 's given name ( s ) to the link . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quiroz&oldid=799318781 '' Categories : Surnames Hidden categories : All set index articles Talk About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Edit links This page was last edited on 6 September 2017 , at 23 : 56 . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quiroz
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when was the samsung galaxy s6 edge released
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Samsung Galaxy S6
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samsung galaxy s6
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S6 and S6 Edge : Android 5.0. 2 `` Lollipop '' S6 Edge+ : Android 5.1. 1 `` Lollipop ''
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Current : Android 7.0 `` Nougat '' with Samsung Experience System on chip Samsung Exynos 7 Octa 7420 CPU Octa - core 64 - bit 14 nm Quad - core 2.1 GHz Cortex - A57 Quad - core 1.5 GHz Cortex - A53 GPU Mali - T760 MP8 Memory S6 and S6 Edge : 3 GB LPDDR4 S6 Edge+ : 4 GB LPDDR4 Storage 32 , 64 , or 128 GB UFS 2.0 Battery S6 : 2,550 mAh , 3 , 85 V S6 Edge : 2,600 mAh S6 Edge+ : 3,000 mAh Display S6 and S6 Edge : 5.1 '' ( 130 mm ) Quad HD Super AMOLED ( 16 : 9 aspect ratio ) 2560 × 1440 pixel resolution , 577 ppi Gorilla Glass 4 S6 Edge+ : 5.7 '' ( 145 mm ) Quad HD Super AMOLED ( 16 : 9 aspect ratio ) 2560 × 1440 pixel resolution , 518 ppi Gorilla Glass 4 Rear camera 16 megapixel Sony Exmor RS IMX240 / Samsung ISOCELL S5K2P2 , f / 1.9 , 2160p@30 frames per second ( fps ) , 1080p@60fps , 720p@120fps , Auto HDR , optical image stabilization , tracking autofocus , manual focus , LED flash Front camera Samsung ISOCELL S5K4E6 5 MP , 1440p@30fps , Auto HDR Connectivity Wi - Fi 802.11 a / b / g / n / ac ( 2.4 & 5GHz ) , Bluetooth 4 , 4G / LTE SAR 0.33 W / kg Website S6 : www.samsung.com/global/galaxy/galaxys6/galaxy-s6/ S6 Edge : www.samsung.com/global/galaxy/galaxys6/galaxy-s6-edge/ S6 Edge+ : www.samsung.com/global/galaxy/galaxy-s6-edge-plus/ Samsung Galaxy S6 , Samsung Galaxy S6 Edge , and Samsung Galaxy S6 Edge+ are Android smartphones manufactured and marketed by Samsung Electronics . The S6 line serves as a successor to the Galaxy S5 . The S6 and S6 Edge smartphones were officially unveiled in the first `` Samsung Unpacked 2015 '' event at Mobile World Congress on 1 March 2015 , while the bigger S6 Edge+ was officially unveiled together with the Samsung Galaxy Note 5 in the second `` Samsung Unpacked 2015 '' event at New York on 13 August 2015 . Alongside the S6 , Samsung also unveiled the S6 Edge ( and later on the bigger S6 Edge+ ) , a variant whose screen is wrapped along the sides of the device ; the curvature is usable for several additional features . The Galaxy S6 and S6 Edge were released on 10 April 2015 in 20 countries while the S6 Edge+ was released on 21 August 2015 in 20 countries . Although the overall design of the Galaxy S6 still features some similarities to prior models , the construction of the device itself was revamped , with a metal unibody frame and glass backing instead of plastic . The devices also introduced an improved camera , a streamlined user interface , support for both major wireless charging standards , and support for a mobile payments platform that allows the device to emulate the magnetic strip from a credit card . The S6 features other hardware improvements as well , including a 1440p display , a new in - house system - on - chip that utilizes a 14 nm FinFET manufacturing process , and an improved fingerprint scanner . The Galaxy S6 , S6 Edge and S6 Edge+ received mostly positive reviews from critics , who praised the devices ' upgraded build quality over prior models , along with improvements to their displays , performance , camera , and other changes . However , Samsung 's decision to remove the ability to expand their storage or remove the battery was panned as being potentially alienating to power users , and the S6 Edge was also panned for not making enough use of its curved display to justify its increased cost over the standard Samsung Galaxy S6 which resulted in the release of the bigger S6 Edge+ later on . Contents ( hide ) 1 Development 2 Specifications 2.1 Hardware and design 2.2 Software 3 Reception 3.1 Critical reception 3.2 Security issues 3.3 Sales 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Development ( edit ) Rumours surrounding the Galaxy S5 's successor began to surface in January 2015 , it was reported that Samsung would be using an in - house Exynos system - on - chip rather than the Qualcomm Snapdragon 810 on the S6 due to concerns surrounding overheating . Later that month , Qualcomm affirmed in an earnings report that its products would not be included in `` ( a ) large customer 's flagship device '' . Fellow competitor LG Electronics disputed the allegations surrounding the 810 ; although demo units of the 810 - equipped LG G Flex 2 at Consumer Electronics Show experienced signs of possible overheating , the company emphasized that they were pre-release models . In early - February 2015 , Bloomberg News reported that the S6 was to have a metal body , and was to be produced in a normal version , and a version with a screen curved along the left and right sides of the device , similarly to the Galaxy Note Edge . The S6 's design was officially teased in a promotional webpage released by T - Mobile US on 22 February 2015 , which showed a curved body and carried the tagline `` Six Appeal '' . Samsung officially unveiled the Galaxy S6 and S6 Edge during the first Samsung Unpacked 2015 event at Mobile World Congress on 1 March 2015 , for a release on 10 April 2015 in 20 countries . In Japan , the S6 and S6 Edge are marketed solely under the Galaxy brand , with most references to Samsung removed ; sales of Samsung phones have been impacted by historical relations between Japan and South Korea , and a Samsung spokesperson stated that the Galaxy brand was `` well - established '' in the country . The Galaxy S6 models are designed to address criticisms and feedback received from prior models , and target the majority of users ; during its unveiling , Samsung stated that it had placed a particular focus on design , its camera , and wireless charging . As part of these goals , a number of features and capabilities seen on the Galaxy S5 were removed , such as its waterproofing and USB 3.0 port . The S6 's new design approach is the culmination of a shift in practices that began with 2014 's Galaxy Alpha , which was the first Galaxy smartphone to feature metal as part of its construction . A new reflective coating was designed in - house to give the devices ' backings a `` jewel - like '' appearance . The device 's software was also simplified ; a Samsung representative stated that 40 % of the features in TouchWiz were removed or streamlined in comparison to the S5 . Additionally , the Galaxy S6 's battery is no longer user - replaceable ; Samsung had been a major holdout from the trend against removable batteries , but argued that due to the S6 's fast AC charging and its support of both major wireless charging standards , it no longer needs to provide the ability for users to remove and replace the battery . Specifications ( edit ) Hardware and design ( edit ) The Galaxy S6 Edge is similar in concept to the Galaxy Note Edge , although the curvature of the screen is toned down in comparison . The Galaxy S6 Edge+ Galaxy S6 , S6 edge and plus features a glass back . Samsung has moved the flash and heart rate monitor to the left of the camera The Galaxy S6 line retains similarities in design to previous models , but now uses a unibody frame made of aluminium alloy 6013 with a glass backing , a curved bezel with chamfered sides to improve grip , and the speaker grille was moved to the bottom . The devices are available in `` White Pearl '' , `` Black Sapphire '' , and `` Gold Platinum '' color finishes ; additional `` Blue Topaz '' and `` Emerald Green '' finishes are exclusive to the S6 and S6 Edge respectively . The S6 carries some regressions in its design over the S5 ; it is no longer waterproof , does not contain a MicroSD card slot , and reverts to a USB 2.0 port from USB 3.0 . Both also use non-removable batteries ; Galaxy S6 includes a 2550 mAh battery , while the S6 Edge includes a 2600 mAh battery . The Galaxy S6 line supports both the Qi and Power Matters Alliance wireless charging standards . The Galaxy S6 line is powered by a 64 - bit Exynos 7 Octa 7420 system - on - chip , consisting of four 2.1 GHz Cortex - A57 cores , and four 1.5 GHz Cortex - A53 cores , and 3 GB of LPDDR4 RAM for the S6 and S6 Edge while 4 GB of LPDDR4 for the S6 Edge+ . The processor is Samsung 's first to use a 14 nm FinFET manufacturing process , which the company stated would improve its energy efficiency . It is available with 32 , 64 , or 128 GB of non-expandable storage , implementing Universal Flash Storage 2.0 standards . The S6 and S6 Edge features a 5.1 - inch 1440p Super AMOLED display ; similarly to the Galaxy Note Edge while the S6 Edge+ features a 5.7 - inch 1440p Super AMOLED display , the S6 Edge and S6 Edge + 's display is slightly curved around the two lengthwise edges of the device , although not as aggressively as the Note Edge . For its rear - facing camera , Galaxy S6 uses the same image sensor with optical image stabilization as the Galaxy Note 4 , albeit with af / 1.9 aperture , object tracking autofocus , real - time HDR , and using the infrared of the heart rate sensor for calibrating white balance . Samsung claimed that the camera upgrades would allow it to have better low - light performance . The front - facing camera was also upgraded to 5 megapixels with a similar aperture . The fingerprint scanner in the home button now uses a touch - based scanning mechanism rather than swipe - based ; double - tapping the Home button activates the camera app . Software ( edit ) The S6 and S6 Edge were initially released running Android 5.0. 2 `` Lollipop '' while the S6 Edge+ was initially released running Android 5.1. 1 `` Lollipop '' with Samsung 's TouchWiz software suite . TouchWiz has been streamlined on the S6 with a refreshed design and fewer bundled applications . Several Microsoft apps are bundled with the S6 : OneDrive , OneNote and Skype . On the S6 Edge and S6 Edge+ , users can designate up to five contacts for quick access by swiping from one of the edges of the screen . The five contacts are also color - coded ; when the device is face down , the curved sides will also glow in the contact 's color to signify phone calls . The Night Clock feature from the Galaxy Note Edge was carried over to the S6 Edge and S6 Edge+ . The heart rate sensor can also be used as a button for dismissing calls and sending the caller a canned text message reply . The Sprint , Verizon , AT&T and T - Mobile versions remove some features available on the unbranded and unlocked version , like Smart Manager , Simple Sharing ( only AT&T ) and Download Booster ( only Sprint and AT&T ) . The S6 , S6 Edge , and S6 Edge+ are the first devices to include Samsung Pay , a mobile payments service developed from the intellectual property of LoopPay , a crowdfunded startup company that Samsung acquired in February 2015 . Samsung Pay incorporates technology by LoopPay known as `` Magnetic Secure Transmission '' ( MST ) ; it transmits card data to the pay terminal 's swipe slot using an electromagnetic field , causing the terminal to register it as if it were a normally swiped card . LoopPay 's developers noted that its system would not share the limitations of other mobile payment platforms , and would work with `` nearly 90 % '' of all point - of - sale units in the United States . The service will also support NFC - based mobile payments alongside MST . Credit card information is stored in a secure token and payments must be authenticated using a fingerprint scan . Samsung Pay was not immediately available upon the release of the S6 , but enabled in the middle of 2015 . Samsung began to release Android 6.0. 1 `` Marshmallow '' for the S6 in February 2016 . It enables new features such as `` Google Now on Tap '' , which allows users to perform searches within the context of information currently being displayed on - screen , and `` Doze '' , which optimizes battery usage when the device is not being physically handled . On S6 Edge models , the Edge Display feature supports wider panels with a larger amount of functionality similar to those found on the S7 Edge . On March 2017 Samsung began to release Android 7.0 . `` Nougat '' to the European , American , Canadian and Indian Variants After the update the UI ( User Interface ) was redesigned and it is similar to Galaxy S7 except Video Enhancer , Screen Resolution Adjuster , Performance Mode and the ability to take photos while recording video . Reception ( edit ) Critical reception ( edit ) The Galaxy S6 received a generally positive reaction from early reviewers , noting its higher quality design over previous Samsung devices , along with refinements to its camera , the high quality of its display , and the significantly smaller amount of `` bloat '' in the device 's software . Anandtech believed that the S6 's new fingerprint reader was comparable in quality to Apple 's Touch ID system . The Verge concluded that the S6 and S6 Edge were `` the first time I 've felt like Samsung might finally be grappling with the idea of what a smartphone ought to be on an ontological level . '' Some critics raised concerns over the S6 's regressions in functionality over the Galaxy S5 , particularly the lack of removable battery or SD card , arguing that it could alienate power users who were attracted to the Galaxy series due to their inclusion . Wired felt while its dual - sided curved screen was better - designed than that of the Galaxy Note Edge , the S6 Edge 's use of the curved display was a `` dramatic step backwards '' due to the limited number of edge - specific features available in comparison to the Galaxy Note Edge . As such , Samsung was criticized for providing no true justification for purchasing the S6 Edge over the non-curved S6 , explaining that `` it does n't do anything beyond the base model , but it 'll be worth the money to some people because of how it looks and the air of exclusivity it communicates . '' The Verge was similarly critical , arguing that the additional features were `` very forgettable '' . In regards to performance , The Verge felt that the S6 was the `` fastest Android phone I 've ever used '' , and that the company `` solved any slowdowns you might experience in Android with brute force . '' Some users reported issues with the flash on some S6 devices , remaining dimly lit even if the camera is not in use or the device is turned off . Samsung was made aware of the problem , which affects the S6 and S6 Edge , but has not specified when it will be fixed . iFixit upon review of the phone noted it is difficult to repair , as it is using strong adhesive in its rear glass and the battery . Security issues ( edit ) In November 2015 , Google 's Project Zero unit publicized eleven `` high - impact '' security vulnerabilities that it had discovered in Samsung 's distribution of Android on the S6 . Some of these had already been patched as of their publication . Sales ( edit ) In its first month of sales , 6 million Galaxy S6 and S6 Edge units were sold to consumers , exceeding the amount of Galaxy S5 units sold within a similar timeframe , but failing to break the record of 10 million set by the Galaxy S4 . Still , facing competition by other vendors that have led to declining market share , a lower net profit , and foreseeing a `` difficult business environment '' for the second half of the year , Samsung announced during its second quarter earnings report in July 2015 that it would be `` adjusting '' the price of the S6 and S6 Edge . The company stated that sales of the two devices had a `` marginal '' effect on its profits . The S6 Edge+ shared almost a similar fate albeit lagging behind the Note 5 . See also ( edit ) Comparison of Samsung Galaxy S smartphones Comparison of smartphones Samsung Galaxy S6 Active Samsung Galaxy S series References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Samsung Galaxy S6 hands - on : Meet the smartphone to beat in 2015 '' . BGR . Retrieved 1 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Ghosh , Shona . `` Samsung ' eclipses ' rivals with Galaxy S6 campaign '' . Marketing Magazine . Retrieved 20 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Samsung Galaxy S7 vs S7 Edge vs S6 IT PRO Jump up ^ http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-3196778/Samsung-launches-Galaxy-S6-Edge-phablet-curved-screen-16MP-camera-Samsung-Pay.html Jump up ^ http://www.pcadvisor.co.uk/review/smartphones/google-nexus-6p-vs-samsung-galaxy-s6-edge-comparison-preview-uk-3626717/ Jump up ^ `` Samsung Galaxy S6 uses a Sony IMX240 camera sensor '' . GSMArena.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Samsung S6 Edge with curved screen unveiled at MWC '' . BBC News . Retrieved 1 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Qualcomm confirms that a `` large customer '' has dropped the Snapdragon 810 `` . Ars Technica . Retrieved 1 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Report : `` Overheated '' Snapdragon 810 wo n't make it into Samsung 's Galaxy S6 `` . Ars Technica . Retrieved 1 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Samsung Plans 3 - Sided Screen in New Galaxy Smartphone '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved 1 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` T - Mobile shows off the Samsung Galaxy S6 design , curved screen and all '' . Ars Technica . Retrieved 1 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Galaxy S6 Posts Lackluster Sales in Japan , Even without Samsung Logo '' . Business Korea . Retrieved 12 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Samsung ditched its own logo from the Galaxy S6 and S6 edge sold in Japan '' . PhoneArena . Retrieved 12 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Samsung drops branding from Galaxy phones in Japan '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 1 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Samsung Announces the Galaxy S6 and S6 Edge '' . Anandtech . Purch Inc. 1 March 2015 . Retrieved 1 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Samsung ditches all - plastic design with metal Galaxy Alpha '' . The Verge . August 13 , 2014 . Retrieved August 16 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Etherington , Darrell . `` The Story Behind Samsung 's Galaxy S6 And S6 Edge Design Departure '' . TechCrunch . AOL . Retrieved 2 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Samsung 's new Galaxy S6 and S6 Edge put design first '' . The Verge . Retrieved 1 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mophie announces battery case for Galaxy S6 and its non-removable battery '' . The Verge . Retrieved 3 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Alcoa 6013 aerospace aluminum chosen by Samsung for Galaxy S6 smartphone '' . ASM International ( society ) . 2015 - 06 - 09 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` See all the Samsung Galaxy S6 and S6 edge color variants here - which one do you like best ? '' . Phone Arena . phonearena.com . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` Samsung unpacks Galaxy S6 and Galaxy S6 edge at MWC 2015 '' . GSMArena . Retrieved 1 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Samsung takes aim at iPhone 6 's camera , suggests the Galaxy S6 camera is way better in low light '' . PhoneArena . Retrieved 1 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` First Look : Samsung Galaxy S6 , Galaxy S6 Edge Finally Gets a Premium Design '' . Re / code . Retrieved 1 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Samsung 's new flagship smartphones : the Galaxy S6 and Galaxy S6 Edge '' . Ars Technica . Retrieved 2 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Samsung Galaxy S6 edge hands - on : We finally found the Galaxy we 've been looking for '' . BGR . Retrieved 2 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Galaxy S6 Features Being Removed By T - Mobile , AT&T , Verizon , And Sprint : Here 's The List '' . Tech Times . Jump up ^ `` Loop turns almost any point - of - sale system into a mobile payment machine ( hands - on ) '' . Engadget . Retrieved 2 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Android 6.0 Marshmallow , thoroughly reviewed '' . Ars Technica . Conde Nast . Retrieved October 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ James Rogerson . `` Samsung accidentally confirms the Galaxy S7 Edge '' . TechRadar . Retrieved 16 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Collins , Katie . `` Samsung Galaxy S6 , S6 Edge bite into Android Marshmallow '' . CNET . CBS Interactive . Retrieved 27 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` What 's new in the latest Marshmallow Samsung Galaxy edge screen update ? '' . Pocket - lint . Retrieved 17 February 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Bohn , Dieter . `` Samsung Galaxy S6 review '' . The Verge . Retrieved 31 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Miller , Matthew . `` HTC One M9 vs Samsung Galaxy S6 : Focus is on design , but Samsung may have gone too far '' . ZDNet . Retrieved 4 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The two worst things about Samsung 's new Galaxy S6 and Galaxy S6 edge '' . BGR . Retrieved 4 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Pierce , David . `` The Galaxy S6 Edge Is Totally Beautiful -- And Pointless '' . Wired . Retrieved 4 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Some Galaxy S6 Users Report Camera Flash Issues , Samsung Promises Fix '' . NDTV . Retrieved 15 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Galaxy S6 is harder to repair than the Galaxy S5 - The Inquirer Jump up ^ Teardown shows Samsung Galaxy S6 Edge is tough to repair - CNET Jump up ^ `` Google finds severe holes in Galaxy S6 Edge , some remotely exploitable '' . ZDNet . CBS Interactive . Retrieved 7 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Google 's security audit of the Galaxy S6 Edge illustrates Android 's vulnerability '' . The Verge . Retrieved 7 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Samsung Galaxy S6 Sales Fail To Break Records '' . InformationWeek . Retrieved 8 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Samsung plans price cut for Galaxy S6 , S6 Edge '' . CNET . CBS Interactive . Retrieved 8 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Samsung will ' adjust ' Galaxy S6 pricing after disappointing earnings '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved 8 August 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Samsung Galaxy S6 . Official website Preceded by Samsung Galaxy S5 Samsung Galaxy S6 2015 Succeeded by Samsung Galaxy S7 Samsung smartphones by operating system Android Captivate Glide Droid Charge Exhibit 4G Galaxy Galaxy 3 Galaxy 5 Galaxy A A3 2016 2017 A5 2016 2017 A7 2016 2017 A8 2016 A9 A9 Pro Galaxy Ace Plus Galaxy Alpha Galaxy Beam i8520 i8530 Galaxy Core LTE Galaxy E E5 E7 Galaxy Express Galaxy Fame Galaxy Fit Galaxy Gio Galaxy J J1 2016 Mini J2 J5 2016 J7 2016 Galaxy Mini Galaxy Nexus Galaxy Pocket Duos Neo Galaxy Portal Galaxy Prevail Galaxy R Galaxy S ( Duos Duos 2 Duos 3 Plus Advance ) S II Plus S III Mini Relay 4G S4 Mini Active Zoom S5 Mini Active Sport S6 / S6 Edge / S6 Edge+ Active S7 / S7 Edge S8 / S8+ Galaxy Spica Galaxy Star Galaxy W ( Exhibit II 4G ) Galaxy Y ( Duos Pro Duos ) Galaxy Young Galaxy Grand Max Galaxy Win Galaxy Mega Galaxy Note ( Original II Neo Edge 5 7 8 ) Galaxy Round Infuse 4G Intercept Moment Nexus S Replenish Rugby Smart Transform T - Mobile Sidekick 4G Symbian iNNOV8 ( i8510 ) Omnia HD ( i8910 ) Windows Mobile Omnia Omnia II Omnia Lite Omnia Pro ( B7610 B7330 ) Windows Phone Focus Focus Flash Focus S Focus 2 Omnia 7 Omnia W Omnia M Ativ S Ativ Odyssey Ativ SE Tizen ZEQ 9000 Z1 Z2 Z3 Bada Wave II S8500 Wave II S8530 LiMo M1 Vodafone Palm OS SPH - i500 SPH - i300 Samsung Galaxy S series Smartphones Galaxy S L I9003 Plus Player Advance Duos Duos 2 Duos 3 Galaxy S II Galaxy S III Mini Galaxy S4 Mini Active Zoom Galaxy S5 Mini Galaxy S6 Active Galaxy S7 Galaxy S8 Tablets Tab S 8.4 Tab S 10.5 Tab S2 8.0 Tab S2 9.7 Samsung phones by series A127 A167 A177 A300 ( Galaxy A3 ( 2015 ) ) A310 ( Galaxy A3 ( 2016 ) ) A320 ( Galaxy A3 ( 2017 ) ) A460 A500 ( Galaxy A5 ( 2015 ) ) A510 ( Galaxy A5 ( 2016 ) ) A520 ( Galaxy A5 ( 2017 ) ) A503 ( The Drift ) A640 A700 ( Galaxy A7 ( 2015 ) ) A710 ( Galaxy A7 ( 2016 ) ) A720 ( Galaxy A7 ( 2017 ) ) A767 ( Propel ) A800 ( Galaxy A8 ( 2015 ) ) A810 ( Galaxy A8 ( 2016 ) ) A877 ( Impression ) Galaxy A9 A940 Galaxy A8 ( 2018 ) Galaxy A8+ B450 B5200 B5310 ( Genio Slide , Corby Pro ) B7330 ( Omnia Pro ) D500 D600 D807 D900 E250 E250i E715 E900 E1107 ( Crest Solar / Solar Guru ) E1120 E1170 E2130 ( Guru ) E3210 ( Hero ) F210 F480 ( Tocco ) F700 G350E ( Galaxy Star 2 ) G386F ( Galaxy Core LTE ) G388F ( Galaxy Xcover 3 ) G600 G750x ( Galaxy Mega 2 ) G800 G810 G800x ( Galaxy S5 Mini ) G850x ( Galaxy Alpha ) G890A ( Galaxy S6 Active ) G900x ( Galaxy S5 ) G920x ( Galaxy S6 ) G925x ( Galaxy S6 Edge ) G928x ( Galaxy S6 Edge+ ) G930x ( Galaxy S7 ) G935x ( Galaxy S7 Edge ) G1000 G7100 ( Galaxy Grand 2 ) G950x ( Galaxy S8 ) G955x ( Galaxy S8 Plus ) i300 ( Palm OS ) i300 ( Windows Mobile ) i330 i500 i550 i600 i607 ( BlackJack ) i617 ( BlackJack II ) i627 ( Propel Pro ) i637 ( Jack ) i667 ( Focus 2 ) i700 i760 i770 i847 ( Rugby Smart ) i900 ( Omnia ) i907 ( Epix ) i917 ( Focus ) i927 ( Captivate Glide ) i937 ( Focus S ) i997 ( Infuse 4G ) i5500 ( Galaxy 5 ) i5700 ( Galaxy Spica ) i5800 ( Galaxy 3 ) i7500 ( Galaxy ) i8000 ( Omnia II ) i8150 ( Galaxy W ) i8160 ( Galaxy Ace 2 ) i8190 ( Galaxy S3 mini ) i8520 ( Galaxy Beam i8520 ) i8530 ( Galaxy Beam ) i8550 ( Galaxy Win ) i8730 ( Galaxy Express ) i9000 ( Galaxy S ) i9001 ( Galaxy S Plus ) i9070 ( Galaxy S Advance ) i9080 / i9082 ( Galaxy Grand ) i9100 ( Galaxy S II ) i9105 ( Galaxy S II Plus ) i9250 ( Galaxy Nexus ) i9150 ( Galaxy Mega 5.8 ) i9190 / i9192 / i9195 ( Galaxy S4 Mini ) i9200 ( Galaxy Mega 6.3 ) i9295 ( Galaxy S4 Active ) i9300 / i9305 ( Galaxy S III ) i9500 / i9505 / i9506 ( Galaxy S4 ) J J J1 Ace Neo J2 J3 J5 J5 ( 2016 ) J7 J7 ( 2016 ) M100 M300 M310 M520 M540 ( Rant ) M550 ( Exclaim ) M620 ( Upstage ) M800 ( Instinct ) M810 ( Instinct S30 ) M900 ( Moment ) M910 ( Intercept ) M920 ( Transform ) M7500 ( Emporio Armani ) N270 N7000 ( Galaxy Note ) N7100 ( Galaxy Note II ) N9000 ( Galaxy Note 3 ) N7500 ( Galaxy Note 3 Neo ) N9100 ( Galaxy Note 4 ) N9200 ( Galaxy Note 5 ) N9300 ( Galaxy Note 7 ) N9500 ( Galaxy Note 8 ) P520 R810 ( Finesse ) S3650 ( Corby / Corby Classic ) S5230 ( Star ) S5280 ( Galaxy Star ) S5300 ( Galaxy Pocket ) S5310 / S5312 ( Galaxy Pocket Neo ) S5360 ( Galaxy Y ) S5570 ( Galaxy Mini ) S5660 ( Galaxy Gio ) S5670 ( Galaxy Fit ) S5690 ( Galaxy Xcover ) S5830 ( Galaxy Ace ) S6310 ( Galaxy Young ) S6500 ( Galaxy Mini 2 ) S6810 ( Galaxy Fame ) S7270 ( Galaxy Ace 3 ) S7500 ( Galaxy Ace Plus ) S7530 ( Omnia M ) S7560 ( Galaxy Trend ) S7560M ( Galaxy Ace II x ) S7562 ( Galaxy S Duos ) S7582 ( Galaxy S Duos 2 ) S7710 ( Galaxy Xcover 2 ) S8000 ( Jet ) S8300 ( UltraTOUCH ) S8500 ( Wave ) S8530 ( Wave II ) T100 T409 T459 ( Gravity ) T559 ( Comeback ) T639 T669 ( Gravity T ) T699 ( Galaxy S Relay 4G ) T729 ( Blast ) T749 ( Highlight ) T819 T919 ( Behold ) T939 ( Behold II ) U U450 ( Intensity ) U460 ( Intensity 2 ) U470 ( Juke ) U485 ( Intensity 3 ) U520 U600 U700 U740 ( Alias ) U750 ( Alias 2 / Zeal ) U800 ( Soul ) U940 ( Glyde ) U960 ( Rogue ) X X200 X480 X427m X820 Z Z1 Z2 Z3 Series / other Ativ Galaxy Gravity Minikit Omnia Rugby REX Google Nexus ( for Nexus S ) SGH for GSM Handset SCH for CDMA ( non-Sprint ) Handset SPH for CDMA ( Sprint ) Handset GT for Global Telecommunications SM for Samsung Mobile Android smartphones Acer beTouch E110 Liquid A1 Liquid E Liquid Metal Alcatel OT - 980 OT - 990 Asus PadFone ZenFone BlackBerry Priv DTEK50 DTEK60 KEYone Google Android Dev Phone Play editions Nexus One Galaxy 5 6 5X 6P Android One Pixel Pixel 2 HTC Amaze 4G Aria ChaCha Desire Eye 620 HD X Z Dream Droid Incredible 4G LTE HTC Inspire Evo 4G Shift 4G Design 4G 3D 4G LTE Explorer Hero / Droid Eris Incredible S / Droid Incredible 2 J Butterfly / Droid DNA Legend Magic One series V X One One ( M8 ) One M9 One Mini One Mini 2 One Max HTC 10 Raider 4G Rezound Salsa Sensation T - Mobile US G1 myTouch 3G myTouch 3G Slide Desire Z myTouch 4G myTouch 4G Slide Tattoo ThunderBolt Wildfire Huawei T - Mobile Pulse IDEOS U8150 U8800 ( Ideos X5 ) Sonic ( U8650 ) Ascend Honor LG G series 2 Mini G3 Stylus Flex Pro 2 Pro Lite x Flex 2 5 6 GW620 Optimus Optimus 2X Optimus 3D Optimus 4X HD Optimus Black Optimus Chic Optimus G Optimus L9 Optimus LTE Optimus One Optimus Q Optimus Slider Optimus Vu II Optimus Vu Optimus Zip VS740 V series V10 V20 V30 Meizu M9 PRO 5 MX MX4 Pro 5 Misc . Amazon Fire Phone Canonical Ubuntu Edge Casio G'zOne Commando Dell Venue Essential Phone Garmin Nüvifone GeeksPhone One Intel AZ210 Karbonn a15 Kyocera Echo Lenovo LePhone / IdeaPhone Micromax Canvas A1 Nextbit Robin PepsiCo Pepsi P1 Vertu Ti Motorola Atrix 4G Backflip Charm Cliq XT Defy Devour Droid ( Milestone ) Droid Bionic Droid MAXX & Ultra Droid Mini Droid Pro / XPRT ( Milestone Plus ) Droid Razr Maxx HD Maxx HD Droid Turbo Droid X ( Milestone X ) X2 Flipout i1 Moto X 2013 2014 Style Play 2017 Moto G 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Moto E 2014 2015 2016 Moto Z Play Nokia Nokia 3 Nokia 5 Nokia 6 Nokia 7 Nokia 8 Nokia X Nokia X+ Nokia XL Nokia X2 Nokia XL 4G OnePlus One X 3T 5 5T Pantech Vega Racer Vega R3 Vega N ° 6 Vega Iron Razer Razer Phone Samsung Captivate Glide Galaxy Galaxy Spica Galaxy 3 Galaxy 5 Galaxy Ace Plus Galaxy A Alpha A3 2016 2017 A5 2016 2017 A7 2016 2017 A8 2016 2018 + A9 Pro Galaxy Beam Galaxy Core II LTE Galaxy Express Galaxy Express 2 Galaxy Fame Galaxy Fit Galaxy Gio Galaxy Mini Galaxy Mini 2 Galaxy Pocket Galaxy Pocket Plus Galaxy Pocket Neo Galaxy Round Galaxy S series Advance Duos Duos 2 Plus S 4G LTE II II Plus III III Mini 4 Mini 4 Active 5 5 Mini 5 Active 6 6 Active 7 8 Galaxy Star Galaxy W Galaxy Win Galaxy Y Galaxy Young Infuse 4G Transform Intercept Moment Sony Xperia series acro S C3 C4 Go Ion J miro sola SP tipo U V X XA XA Ultra XA1 XA1 Ultra X Performance X Compact XZ XZs XZ Premium Z ZL ZR Z1 Z1 Compact E1 Z2 Z3 E3 Z3 Compact Z3+ / Z4 E4 Z5 Z5 Compact Z5 Premium E5 Sony Ericsson Live with Walkman Xperia active Xperia arc Xperia acro Xperia mini Pro Xperia neo V Xperia Play Xperia pro Xperia ray Xperia X8 Xperia X10 Mini Mini Pro Xiaomi Mi 1 Mi 2 Mi 2A Mi 2S Mi 3 Mi 4 Mi 4i Mi 4c Mi 5 Max 1 MIX 1 Mi Note Pro Redmi Redmi 1S Redmi Note Redmi Note 2 Redmi Note 3 Redmi Note 4 ZTE Blade Racer Skate Engage Android tablets Other Android devices List of features in Android Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samsung_Galaxy_S6&oldid=815156918 '' Categories : Android ( operating system ) devices Mobile phones introduced in 2015 Samsung Galaxy Samsung mobile phones Touchscreen mobile phones Hidden categories : Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Use dmy dates from March 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский کوردی Српски / srpski Suomi ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 December 2017 , at 03 : 12 . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung%20Galaxy%20S6
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who plays the female detective in person of interest
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Jocelyn `` Joss '' Carter ( played by Taraji P. Henson ) is a detective in the New York City Police Department ( NYPD ) 8th Precinct Homicide Task Force . She is a single mother of one son , Taylor , whom she is close to . Formerly a Warrant Officer and an interrogator in the U.S. Army , she did two tours of duty , one in Iraq and one in Afghanistan . She passed the bar examination in 2004 , but gave up practicing law to become a police officer . In 2005 , she had graduated from the police academy and started working in the NYPD as a patrol officer . In 2008 she was promoted to a detective and since 2010 she has worked in the Homicide Task Force at the 8th Precint . Carter crossed paths with homeless John Reese ( `` Pilot '' ) following his encounter with a group of young men on a New York City subway , but she later reconnects with him as the mysterious man in a suit . Carter is initially determined to apprehend Reese as a person of interest ( a person not formally accused of a crime ) even after Reese saves her and her son on separate occasions . However , when the CIA tries to assassinate Reese without due process , she gradually revises her views and starts helping Reese and Finch instead .
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Taraji P. Henson
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List of person of interest characters
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list of person of interest characters
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This is a list of characters in the American science fiction crime drama television series Person of Interest .
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Contents ( hide ) 1 Main characters 1.1 John Reese 1.2 Harold Finch 1.3 Joss Carter 1.4 Lionel Fusco 1.5 Sameen Shaw 1.6 Root 2 Recurring characters 2.1 Friends & Family of Team Machine 2.1. 1 Jessica Arndt 2.1. 2 Grace Hendricks 2.1. 3 Nathan Ingram 2.1. 4 Will Ingram 2.1. 5 Taylor Carter 2.1. 6 Lee Fusco 2.2 Persons of Interest 2.2. 1 Zoe Morgan 2.2. 2 Leon Tao 2.2. 3 Harper Rose 2.2. 4 Caleb Phipps 2.2. 5 Logan Pierce 2.3 Organised Crime figures 2.3. 1 Carl Elias 2.3. 2 Anthony Marconi 2.3. 3 Bruce Moran 2.3. 4 Gianni Moretti 2.3. 5 Peter Yogorov 2.4 The Brotherhood 2.4. 1 Dominic Besson 2.4. 2 Link Cordell 2.4. 3 Floyd 2.5 New York City Police Department 2.5. 1 Cal Beecher 2.5. 2 Bill Szymanski 2.5. 3 Kane 2.5. 4 Dani Silva 2.6 HR 2.6. 1 Alonzo Quinn 2.6. 2 Patrick Simmons 2.6. 3 Artie Lynch 2.6. 4 Womack 2.6. 5 Raymond Terney 2.6. 6 Mike Laskey 2.7 Federal Bureau of Investigation 2.7. 1 Nicholas Donnelly 2.7. 2 Brian Moss 2.8 The Government 2.8. 1 Alicia Corwin 2.8. 2 Denton Weeks 2.8. 3 Special Counsel 2.8. 4 Hersh 2.8. 5 Control 2.8. 6 Devon Grice 2.8. 7 Brooks 2.9 The CIA 2.9. 1 Mark Snow 2.9. 2 Tyrell Evans 2.9. 3 Kara Stanton 2.10 Decima Technologies 2.10. 1 John Greer 2.10. 2 Jeremy Lambert 2.10. 3 Martine Rousseau 2.10. 4 Gabriel Hayward 2.10. 5 Claire Mahoney 2.10. 6 Zachary 2.10. 7 Jeff Blackwell 2.11 Vigilance 2.11. 1 Peter Collier 3 References 4 Sources Main characters ( edit ) Actor Character Seasons Jim Caviezel John Reese Main Michael Emerson Harold Finch Main Taraji P. Henson Jocelyn `` Joss '' Carter Main Guest N / A Kevin Chapman Lionel Fusco Main Sarah Shahi Sameen Shaw N / A Recurring Main Amy Acker `` Root '' / Samantha `` Sam '' Groves Guest Recurring Main John Reese ( edit ) Main article : John Reese ( Person of Interest ) John Reese ( played by Jim Caviezel ) is the name adopted by the former U.S. Army Special Forces soldier and Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ) officer who serves as Finch 's armed enforcer used to stop future crimes . Presumed dead following a failed CIA operation in China , Reese 's real name is unknown . He was nicknamed `` The Man in the Suit '' by law enforcement , who know him only in terms of the description given by witnesses . Harold Finch ( edit ) Main article : Harold Finch ( Person of Interest ) Harold Finch ( played by Michael Emerson ) is a reclusive billionaire software engineer who built a machine that predicts future crimes and outputs either the victim 's or perpetrator 's Social Security number . He is known by a series of bird - themed aliases such as Harold Wren , Harold Crow , and Harold Swift . Finch is very secretive and highly conscious of digital security , and has successfully erased his own digital footprint . A frequent companion of Finch is a dog named Bear ( played by Graubaer 's Boker ) . Bear is a Belgian Malinois with military training who Reese rescues from Aryan Nationalists , who were using him as an attack dog . Joss Carter ( edit ) Jocelyn `` Joss '' Carter ( played by Taraji P. Henson ) is a detective in the New York City Police Department ( NYPD ) 8th Precinct Homicide Task Force . She is a single mother of one son , Taylor , whom she is close to . Formerly a Warrant Officer and an interrogator in the U.S. Army , she did two tours of duty , one in Iraq and one in Afghanistan . She passed the bar examination in 2004 , but gave up practicing law to become a police officer . In 2005 , she had graduated from the police academy and started working in the NYPD as a patrol officer . In 2008 she was promoted to a detective and since 2010 she has worked in the Homicide Task Force at the 8th Precint . Carter crossed paths with homeless John Reese ( `` Pilot '' ) following his encounter with a group of young men on a New York City subway , but she later reconnects with him as the mysterious man in a suit . Carter is initially determined to apprehend Reese as a person of interest ( a person not formally accused of a crime ) even after Reese saves her and her son on separate occasions . However , when the CIA tries to assassinate Reese without due process , she gradually revises her views and starts helping Reese and Finch instead . For nine episodes in season 3 , Carter is demoted to a beat officer after the crime organization HR frames her for shooting an unarmed suspect at the end of season 2 . This incident , and the death of two her fellow detectives -- Bill Szymanski and Cal Beecher -- motivate her to go against HR and arrest its mastermind , Alonzo Quinn , without resorting to the vigilante justice of Reese and Finch . By doing so , she restores her status as a detective . Tragically , soon afterwards , she is killed by Patrick Simmons , the last surviving member of HR , who was trying to ambush Reese . Her death sends Reese and Shaw on a bloody vengeance spree . During most of her screen time , she is unaware of the Machine 's existence and does not know where the tips come from . Only after Carter 's status as a detective is restored does she conclude that Finch must be receiving his info from a computer . Lionel Fusco ( edit ) Lionel P. Fusco ( played by Kevin Chapman ) is a homicide detective who was previously working in the NYPD 51st Precinct Vice Squad . He has an ex-wife and a young son , Lee Fusco . Fusco was a member of the criminal organization HR , although he did it for personal loyalty rather than greed . John Reese gave him a chance for redemption . At first , John had to blackmail him with the death of a murdered fellow officer , but later he arranged for him to be transferred to the 8th Precinct Homicide Task Force where he worked with Carter . Gradually during the first season , Fusco became a loyal friend . Until the finale of the first season , he and Carter are unaware that they have both been helping Finch and Reese . Fusco remained unaware of the Machine 's existence until `` Sotto Voce '' . He calls everyone by nickname : `` Wonder Boy '' , `` Glasses '' and `` Cocoa Puffs '' are nicknames he uses for Reese , Finch and Root , respectively . Sameen Shaw ( edit ) This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( May 2016 ) Sameen Shaw ( played by Sarah Shahi ) is a former U.S. Marine and an ISA operative , first seen as an assassin working for `` The Program '' , the section of the Government dealing with the `` relevant '' numbers found by The Machine ( S2 Ep16 , `` Relevance '' ) . She begins to have doubts after one of her targets proves to be an engineer working for the government ; the assassination is part of the cover - up that conceals the existence of The Machine . As a result , her partner is killed and she becomes a number . Reese and Finch save her life and she subsequently works for them on a regular basis . She likes dogs and buys Bear an expensive collar and other presents . Shaw witnessed her father 's death in an automobile accident at a young age but did not exhibit typical emotional reactions to it . In her first appearance , she claims that she has alexithymia , making her unable to feel and / or express common human emotions like fear or sadness . Shaw once trained as a surgeon ; although very technically capable , she was criticized by her superiors for her indifference and lack of sensitivity to her patients and it is implied that she was removed from the program before she could complete her surgical training because of these emotional characteristics . She is capable of deducing emotionally correct actions , such as rescuing Fusco 's son rather than Fusco ( S3 Ep9 , `` The Crossing '' ) and taking on Genrika as her unofficial ward ( S3 Ep5 , `` Razgovor '' ) . She unexpectedly reveals human emotion by passionately kissing Root before sacrificing herself to save the team ( S4 Ep11 , `` If - Then - Else '' ) . She is later revealed to be alive and is used by Samaritan to bait a trap for the team . ( `` Asylum '' ) Greer then has Shaw subjected to over 7,000 simulations in an attempt to turn her on the team , but Shaw is able to escape , killing Jeremy Lambert in the process . ( `` Reassortment '' ) Shaw returns to New York a week later , but because of the amount of simulations she went through , has a hard time distinguishing reality from simulation . Root is able to get her to rejoin the team , however , which now includes a fully knowledgeable Fusco . ( `` Sotto Voce '' ) Following Finch 's cover being blown , Shaw works with Root to protect him but is separated by a gunfight . She is later devastated to learn of Root 's death . ( `` The Day the World Went Away '' ) Following Root 's death , the Machine reassigns Root 's rotating identities to Shaw and she works with Reese and Fusco to stop a Presidential assassination by domestic terrorists . ( `` Synecdoche '' ) She then infiltrates Fort Meade with Reese to back up Finch in deploying the ICE - 9 virus into Samaritan . ( ``. exe '' ) As the world falls apart from the ICE - 9 virus , Shaw visits Root 's grave in an attempt to say goodbye , but is unable to . She is then contacted by the Machine directly with Root 's voice and it aids her in escaping a Samaritan ambush . During the final battle with Samaritan , Shaw works with Fusco to defend the Machine , capturing Samaritan agent Jeffrey Blackwell in the process . Shaw realizes Blackwell is Root 's killer , but he escapes after seriously wounding Fusco . Before Shaw and Fusco abandon the Machine , the Machine passes on a final message from Root to Shaw who is able to finally say goodbye to Root . A week later , Shaw hunts down and kills Blackwell in revenge for Root . She then meets a recovering Fusco in a café , neither of them knowing if Reese or Finch survived . Shaw then takes Bear and walks down the street before being contacted by the Machine 's copy with a new mission . ( `` return 0 '' ) Root ( edit ) This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( May 2016 ) Root ( played by Amy Acker ) , born Samantha `` Sam '' Groves , is a highly intelligent computer hacker and contract killer , obsessed with Finch and the Machine . Aside from her extraordinary intelligence , she has also displayed an uncanny ability in the use of firearms , a very high threshold for pain ( S2 Ep2 , `` Bad Code '' , where she gets physically assaulted by Denton Weeks ; S3 Ep12 , `` Aletheia '' , where she is severely tortured but not broken by Control ) and a proficiency for social engineering ( she has successfully posed as a high - end psychiatrist ( S1 Ep23 , `` Firewall '' ) , an assistant to the United States Special Counsel ( S2 Ep15 , `` Booked Solid '' ) and as a legitimate FBI agent ( showing up in Lionel Fusco 's New York City Police Department 8th Precinct with a legitimate warrant and an FBI badge , S3 Ep17 , `` Root Path '' ) . She was raised in Bishop , Texas , where she lived until her mother 's death . According to Sam , in discussions with Finch , her mother told her to `` follow her talents '' -- and she was good at inflicting harm on others without guilt or remorse . Also , as a child , computers made more sense to Sam than people , who she sees as `` bad code '' ; admitting she has been waiting for someone who shared her understanding of technology her whole life . In 1991 , Sam and her friend , Hanna Frey , were playing computer games in the local library until it closed for the day . After her friend left , Sam stayed a little longer successfully finishing The Oregon Trail . When she was ready to leave the library , she saw Hanna getting into a car that belonged to Trent Russell , a local man who was a member of the book club . She recognized his car and told the librarian , Barbara , ( played by Margo Martindale ) , who later married Trent Russell , what she had seen . However , as Barbara was in love with Trent , she kept the information to herself to protect him . Two years after Hanna disappeared , Sam hacked into the bank account of a drug lord , and stole $100,000 , using the money to frame Trent for the robbery , setting him up to be killed , as revenge for killing Hanna . Sam later moved to New York and became a professional assassin and ruthless hacker - for - hire under the alias `` Root '' . She has no qualms about killing , murdering or torturing people to get whatever she wants . She was hired by Pete Matheson to assassinate Congressman Michael Delancey . Through the use of a patsy , Scott Powell , Root was successful . However , her plan to kill Powell afterwards was foiled by John Reese . Ultimately , the operation fell apart as Reese took out one of her men and stole his phone while Finch provided a phone recording to the FBI proving Matheson 's involvement . Realizing this , Root killed her client and staged it as a suicide out of guilt for his actions , exonerating Powell . Root cleared out of her location , the dorm room of an uninvolved college student away on winter break , before the FBI , acting on an `` anonymous '' tip ( from Finch ) could apprehend her . She had a brief instant message conversation with Finch , acknowledging him as a worthy opponent and said she was looking forward to the next time . She ended the conversation with `` Harold '' , letting him know that she knew who he was . As part of Root 's plan to come face to face with Finch , Root anonymously contacted HR and put a hit on herself , using the pseudonym `` Dr. Caroline Turing '' . Turing 's Social Security number appeared through the Machine , making her a person of interest . Reese , discovering Turing was a psychologist , became one of her patients . Later that night , Turing was attacked by four assassins hired by Simmons . Reese managed to get her to safety in a hotel for the night , and the two were unknowingly caught on the FBI 's radar . Under Donnelley 's supervision , the FBI staged a full - scale assault on the hotel , while HR was trying to get to Turing . With the help of Joss Carter and Finch , Turing was led to an underground tunnel system under the hotel . Reese instructed her to find Finch at the end of the tunnel , while he was holding off the HR hit men . As Finch was confronted by Alicia Corwin regarding his involvement with the Machine , Root shot Corwin dead . Introducing herself as Root , she tells Harold they have a lot to talk about . Finch drove away at gunpoint , with Corwin 's body left behind . Planning to escape with Finch to Texas , Root stopped in Maryland where she gained access to Denton Weeks ' house . She lured him there to overpower and question him about the whereabouts of the Machine . When he did not tell her what she wanted to hear , she shot him dead . She did not know that Reese had already tracked her down through her friend Hanna 's case . At the train station , Reese managed to save Finch and Root escaped . She called him on his mobile phone later that day to thank him for solving Hanna 's case and told him that she would be in touch . While holding him captive , Root explained to Finch that she does not want to control the Machine but to `` set it free '' to usher in a posthuman future . Several months later , Root , to gain information , began working , as `` Miss May '' , an assistant to the Special Counsel at the Office of Special Counsel . Recurring characters ( edit ) Friends & family of team Machine ( edit ) The following is a list of friends and relatives of team machine Paloma Guzman A girl whose `` John '' is his bodyguard ( S02 E03 ) Jessica Arndt ( edit ) Jessica Arndt ( played by Susan Misner ) was John Reese 's ex-girlfriend and Peter Arndt 's wife . Jessica dated John Reese for approximately six months prior to September 2001 ( `` Pilot '' ) . At this time , she was living in Tacoma , Washington ( `` Many Happy Returns '' ) . While on a vacation in Mexico on September 11 , 2001 , Jessica received a call from her mother . She claimed she was on vacation with a friend , keeping Reese a secret . In bed , Jessica jokingly asked Reese to quit the United States Army , unaware that he already had . Moments later , she witnessed the news coverage about the attacks on the World Trade Center ( `` Pilot '' ) . Years later , Jessica ran into Reese at an airport , and he told her that he had found a new job . She told him that she was engaged to a man named Peter and was moving back East , though she would wait for him if he told her to . Without a response , Reese turned and left . Moments later , he whispered the words to himself ( `` Mission Creep '' ) . At some point after their interaction at the airport , on Reese 's first day as a CIA agent , his handler , Kara Stanton , showed him a surveillance picture of the two of them . Stanton instructed him to forget about Jessica ( `` Foe '' ) . Jessica 's number came up in the Machine during the meeting where Finch and Ingram debated the morality of overlooking the numbers coming up on the irrelevant list ( `` Ghosts '' ) . While operating illegally in New York , Reese met with Peter , who was now married to Jessica , at a bar . As Jessica arrived , Kara convinced Reese to leave just before Peter could `` introduce '' her to him ( `` Blue Code '' ) . Reese and Stanton are in Morocco interrogating a suspect . While Stanton is busy with the suspect , Reese receives a voicemail from Jessica , who sounds distraught . Reese calls Jessica back . She is sitting inside a car at night . Reese can tell something is wrong , something she is not telling him . He informs her that he will be in New York to see her the next day . He tells her to wait for him , and she promises that she will . However , Reese is denied leave , as he and Stanton are commissioned on a special assignment to China by Agent Snow . Jessica called and left a voicemail for Reese . She was in the kitchen in her and Peter 's house . Peter enters the kitchen just as she hangs up the phone and asks her who she was talking to . Peter is angry , enters the kitchen and begins to drink a beer . Jessica is visibly frightened to be near him . Later that month , Peter assaulted and accidentally killed Jessica by bashing her head against their kitchen counter . He originally intended to call an ambulance , but later decided to cover up the murder by staging a car accident . Reese later attempted to contact Jessica after escaping from a trap set by his CIA handlers in China . He went to the hospital she had worked at in New Rochelle to inquire about her , but discovered she had died two months prior . Without knowing it , he encountered a wheelchair - bound Finch in the hospital after learning the news . The Machine had been giving Finch Jessica 's number over the years , but he had originally been unable to ascertain why it kept appearing . He eventually discovered that it was because she was living with someone who was an imminent threat to her . However , the discovery came too late , and Finch was unable to help her before she died . Her death had a significant impact on Reese , leading him to alcoholism and contemplating suicide before his meeting with Finch ( `` Pilot '' ) . Carter began investigating Jessica 's death after the FBI invited her to help investigate Jessica 's husband , who they believed was murdered by Reese for owing money to a loan shark . Although the official autopsy report dated 12 / 07 / 10 suggested Jessica 's death was caused by a car accident , Carter 's investigation leads her to discover Jessica was abused by her husband and was killed prior to the `` accident '' . The cause of death was blunt force trauma to the head and a broken neck . She also discover 's Jessica 's past relationship with Reese and destroys the evidence to keep the FBI from finding out . Grace Hendricks ( edit ) Grace R. Hendricks ( played by Carrie Preston ) was Finch 's former fiancée who believes him to be dead . Grace was born on April 12 , 1969 , in Columbia , South Carolina . In 1987 , she enrolled in Rhode Island School of Design and graduated four years later with a Bachelor of Fine Arts , followed by a Master of Fine Arts from Yale University in 1994 ( `` The High Road '' ) . She spent her college junior year in Venice , Italy ( `` Til Death '' ) . While demonstrating the progress of the Machine to Nathan Ingram , Harold Finch was directed by the computer to Grace , who was painting in a park . Finch assumed the Machine 's direction of him to her was a glitch ( `` The High Road '' ) . After seemingly correcting the glitch , and returning to the park on another day while she was painting , the Machine directed Finch to Grace again . Harold discovered that , because he had asked the Machine to direct him to people who had characteristics one would not expect , it had directed him to Grace because she was the only person in the park who had no `` dark secrets '' , plus with her interest for Charles Dickens ( `` The High Road '' ) . In January , Grace was painting in the park again when Harold approached her eating an ice cream cone . He asked her if she wanted one , too ( `` The High Road '' ) . They started dating soon after . On her birthday in April , Finch sent her on a scavenger hunt taking her to the Guggenheim Museum where he surprised her with her favorite painting ( `` Til Death '' ) . Grace and Finch are in a relationship , and later become engaged . They were living together in Grace 's house near Washington Square Park . In 2010 , she supposedly lost Harold in an accident . He survived , and pretended to be dead to keep Grace safe ( `` No Good Deed '' ) . Grace is working as a cover illustrator for The Boroughs magazine . She keeps a photograph of herself and Harold in her living room unaware that he is watching her from afar in order to protect her from the people protecting the machine . It is implied that , even though her work as a non-digital illustrator is falling out of practice in modern culture , Harold has been assuring her that she will always have work through his many business connections ( `` No Good Deed '' ) . In 2010 , Finch proposed to Grace . He later tells Ingram about it , as well ( `` Zero Day '' ) . After the bombing that killed Ingram and injured Finch , Grace comes to the hospital looking for him . Finch realizes that if the government finds out that Finch is alive , they will kill him and Grace , as well . Concerned for Grace 's safety , Finch hides and leaves the hospital , while Grace finds a book that Finch gave her during his proposal , and cries ( `` God Mode '' ) . In 2013 , Grace is chased by Decima Technologies in order to get at Finch . She is eventually captured and traded for Finch . During the trade , Grace stumbles and is caught by Finch , but because she 's blindfolded , remains unaware of just who helped her . She later leaves for a new life in Italy arranged by Finch . ( `` Beta '' ) In 2016 , the Machine simulated that in a world where it never existed , Finch would 've never met Grace . ( ``. exe '' ) In 2016 , after Samaritan is destroyed , Finch tracks Grace down in Italy where she is painting in a public location . Grace is shocked to see Finch but visibly pleased . ( `` return 0 '' ) Nathan Ingram ( edit ) Nathan C. Ingram ( played by Brett Cullen ) is Harold Finch 's deceased collaborator and business partner who co-created the Machine , and died under circumstances not known until `` God Mode '' . Ingram is the founder of IFT and acted as the interface between the government and their company while the Machine was under development . Ingram was born on June 16 , 1962 , in Freeport , Texas . He enrolled at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology ( MIT ) in 1980 and left with an incomplete Bachelor of Science degree in computer science in 1983 ( `` The High Road '' ) . He founded his company in 1983 ( `` The High Road '' ) along with his best friend and MIT classmate Harold Finch ( known to him as Harold Wren ) , who disguised himself as an ordinary employee ( `` Ghosts '' ) . At some point , Ingram gave Finch a photo of their younger selves , and wrote `` In the beginning ... -- N.I. '' on its back . Finch kept the photo in a copy of Arthur Koestler 's The Ghost in the Machine ( `` Number Crunch '' ) . On September 11 , Ingram visits Finch while he is working on a new program , in order to break the tragic news of the terrorist attack on the World Trade Center earlier that day . As they both watch the news in shock , Ingram tells Finch that while they have changed as they aged , the world has not until this moment . Ingram proposes that they try to change the world for the better ( `` One Percent '' ) . Ingram at some point made contact with the U.S. Government to build the Machine . Ingram acted as the public face of IFT and was the man with whom the government dealt , keeping up the facade that he alone was building the Machine , while in fact , Finch covertly began building it . While the government suspected someone other than Ingram was working on it , Finch was able to keep in hiding and they did not find proof ( `` Ghosts '' ) . On June 10 , 2002 , following another ceremony , and after dismissing half of his company 's staff , Ingram arrived at an abandoned office floor in the building , and discovered Finch 's progress with the Machine . Supplied with the feeds from the NSA , the Machine could track and listen to all the citizens of New York . Finch told Ingram the next step would be teaching the Machine to pick out the terrorists from the general population ( `` Ghosts '' ) . Ingram and his wife Olivia were in the process of getting separated and Nathan was upset about his wife extending the trial separation . He kept on working as that was the only thing that took his mind off of his marital situation . When Finch demonstrates the latest progress with the Machine , Nathan remains a skeptic , until he learns that the Machine had been well aware of his romantic encounter with a student named Molly Cole on May 7 , 2004 ( `` The High Road '' ) . Ingram met with Alicia Corwin , a government worker who supplied the Machine 's various feeds . Corwin requested information regarding the progress of the Machine , and Ingram handed her the Social Security number of a DIA agent . The agent was later found to have been in collusion with the Iranian government to sell weapons - grade uranium . After meeting with Denton Weeks to discuss the fact that the Machine could not track specific people , Weeks threatened to reduce the payment for the Machine . He was dismayed to find that Ingram was providing it for a minuscule one US dollar . Ingram later celebrated with Finch about the Machine 's success in discovering a traitor and got a closer look at how the Machine operated . It was at this time that the Machine considered Ingram as the subject of a potential threat ( `` Super '' ) . Ingram and Olivia separated after she could not take his lies anymore . He admitted to Finch while meeting in a restaurant that he does not even remember all of the lies he has told her . He warns Finch that the truth always catches up to people ( `` Til Death '' ) . Ingram learns of the Machine 's programming to ignore any `` irrelevant '' crimes ; any attacks of a smaller scale than those that present a threat to the nation . Every night at midnight , the Machine would erase the list of potential crimes . Clearly disturbed by this piece of information , Ingram stood by as Finch stated that the Machine was not built to save `` someone '' , but rather `` everyone '' ( `` Ghosts '' ) . Ingram came to realize that the people who were to receive the Machine were not entirely trustworthy . During a meeting with Alicia Corwin , he accidentally let slip that eight people knew about the Machine rather than seven . Later , he tried to convince Finch to make a back door into the machine , only for Finch to refuse . Just prior to shipping the Machine , Ingram used his administrative access to install a new function named `` contingency '' . After creating the back door , the Machine was relocated to its new home ( `` No Good Deed '' ) . After the Machine is shipped out on a freight train , Ingram meets with Finch in their now empty laboratory . Finch tells him that he has been thinking about Ingram 's desire to help people , and proposes they use their wealth to invest in new projects , such as clean water initiatives and sustainable farming . Ingram retorts that they built the `` single most powerful technology known to man , a machine that knows when someone needs help , and you just gave it away . '' He tells him that they had their chance to help people and they missed it . Finch replies that `` we built it , and it saves lives '' . Ingram argues that it does not save enough lives , and Finch responds that the machine is gone . Ingram implies he built a back door into it , which angers Finch as they had agreed not to . He tells Ingram that they agreed not to play God , but Ingram reveals that he is not proud of that agreement . Finch argues that they did what they set out to do , and that `` either we move onto the next thing together , or we do n't '' ( `` One Percent '' ) . Ingram leaves the meeting and the Machine sends him the number of a woman named Anna Sanders . Ingram researches and follows her , discovering that she has a restraining order out against her ex-boyfriend because of domestic violence . While watching her from his car one night , he sees a suspicious looking man with a hood and hat concealing his face . Ingram pulls out a pistol and gets ready to follow them ( `` One Percent '' ) . In 2010 , Finch confronts Ingram about the Contingency , and once again tells him that they can not be playing God . He shuts down the back door and lets the irrelevant list be deleted . Later , they agree to meet up on a ferry . Unknown to them , government assassin Hersh has brought in a terrorist named Asif , who is a suicide bomber . He has explosives in his van , and as Ingram greets Finch , the bombs detonate , killing Ingram and severely injuring Finch , which is the reason behind his present - day injuries that force him to limp and make him unable to turn his head . Finch goes to access the irrelevant list and is horrified to find that Nathan was part of it . He begins to consider that his friend 's idea was not so crazy after all , and reopens the back door that allows him access to the irrelevant list ( `` God Mode '' ) . Will Ingram ( edit ) William `` Will '' Ingram ( played by Michael Stahl - David ) is Nathan Ingram 's son . After his father 's death , Will began to delve into what kind of work his father was working on . In 2012 , Will was bailed out of jail by Finch due to Will 's underground gambling activities . He returned to the loft that he shared with his father and prepared to send some of his father 's things to storage . During this time , Reese began to take an interest in him and assigned Detective Fusco to gather information on both Finch and Will . Later , Will began to go through some documents , including some involving an audit his lawyers had done after he inherited his share of IFT . He discovered that there was an account for services that amounted to only one U.S. dollar , as well as the fact that the employees were given severance . Finch lied and claimed to have no knowledge of the situation ( `` Legacy '' ) . Will began to investigate further , and managed to unearth the name of Alicia Corwin , an employee of the White House who dealt with his father . He also found a note attached to a champagne bottle mentioning the Machine . When he told this to Finch , Finch continued to feign ignorance and secretly cloned his phone . Will met with Corwin outdoors and asked her about the Machine as well as the one dollar transaction . She claimed that IFT was on the verge of bankruptcy and that Corwin struck a deal for Ingram 's patents . Upon her telling him to let it go , he claimed she sounded just like his `` Uncle Harold '' . Spooked , she ended the meeting and fled . Unsatisfied with what he found , Will got an offer to work in Sudan to continue his health services . Accepting , he bade farewell to Finch and left ( `` Wolf and Cub '' ) . Taylor Carter ( edit ) Taylor Carter ( played by Kwoade Cross ) is Detective Joss Carter 's teenaged son , he was kidnapped by Carl Elias after his mom started an investigation into him but was later freed by John Reese . He was sent away to live with his father when his mom decided to go after the HR organization . Lee Fusco ( edit ) Lee Fusco ( played by Sean McCarthy ) is Detective Lionel Fusco 's son , he was held hostage by HR when Fusco refused to say where Carter and Reese ( who had kidnapped the head of HR ) were . Sameen Shaw managed to save him in time but had to sacrifice saving Fusco , but he had luckily managed to get free by himself . Persons of interest ( edit ) The following list of people who were in danger and helped out by team machine . Zoe Morgan ( edit ) Zoe Morgan ( played by Paige Turco ) is a fixer who specializes in crisis management and a possible love interest of John Reese , whom Reese and Finch helped save as The Machine gave them her number . She returns the favor by helping them out with persons of interest that require her skills . Morgan grew up in a nice house in Yonkers , New York . Her father was a city official who got ensnared in a corruption case . The press camped out on her lawn for weeks , only dispersing when a man the party had sent to `` fix '' things showed up . This was what prompted her to become a fixer . She spent the rest of her childhood in a small apartment in Queens with her mother . When Zoe 's number came up , Reese took a job as her driver to investigate . Zoe was hired by Mark Lawson , the CFO of Virtanen Pharmaceuticals , to retrieve an incriminating recording , purportedly revealing an affair . When she returned it to his men , they attempted to kill her , but she was saved by Reese 's intervention . Using her own sources , independent of Reese and Finch , Zoe figured out that the woman in the recording was Dana Miller , a former employee of Virtanen , who was going to blow the whistle about one of their drugs and was killed for her trouble . She chose to take down Virtanen with her information because she knew a girl once whose situation `` kind of reminds ( her ) of Dana '' ( and only partially because they tried to kill her ) . When she and Reese were captured , Zoe appeared to betray him with a kiss , but used the opportunity to slip him a paper clip so that he could escape his handcuffs . She led Mark Lawson to a navy yard , but he figured out that she had never really sent the recording to anyone else . Before he could do anything with this information , Reese showed up to rescue Zoe . She gave Virtanen 's competitor Beecher Pharmaceuticals a tip about the drug , then donated a large sum of the money she earned to Dana Miller 's family for their lawsuit against Virtanen . Zoe helps Reese and Finch again when Finch calls upon her to help him solve a case . She helps Finch and Reese clear the name of a man framed for murder . At the end of the episode , she sees Mr. Reese briefly and flirtatiously suggests he might consider buying her a drink as payment for her services . She later comes to the rescue again while investigating a hit on a professional therapist through HR , but too late . She is the one who discovers that the therapist , Caroline Turing , is really `` Root , '' and therefore the perpetrator , framing herself as the victim . She tells Finch to be careful because she would hate if anything happened to their `` mutual friend '' , Mr. Reese . After Finch is rescued from Root , Zoe once again assists Reese with his latest person of interest , Maxine Angelis , by posing to be one of John 's ex-girlfriends . Maxine recognizes her and commented that every reporter in town would love to interview her . Maxine later had John call her in regards to finding out who the head of HR is and gave them information on two former Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) agents who are working for him . Zoe is called upon again , but this time to pose as John 's wife while living in the suburbs . While `` married '' to John they played poker and kept an eye on Graham Wyler . After Zoe helps John and Harold spot an assassin targeting a maid in a hotel and the danger has ended , John invites Zoe to stay with him in the penthouse suite as Harold has bought the hotel and they can spend some time together . Leon Tao ( edit ) Leon Tao ( Ken Leung ) is a former forensic accountant and financial criminal , as well as a two - time person of interest , who has assisted Reese and Finch in some cases . Leon was targeted to die by the Aryan Brotherhood and the Russian Mafia and is saved both times by the timely intervention of Reese and Finch . Tao returns the favor by helping them out with persons of interest that require his skills . After receiving a Master of Business Administration from New York University , Tao began working as an accountant at the firm of Bear Stearns , until he was downsized when the firm was sold to JPMorgan Chase when the recession hit . He then took a job at what he believed was a small start - up business , which was in fact the corporate arm of the Aryan Brotherhood , and he was laundering money from their methamphetamine sales . The Machine produced his number after he stole eight million dollars from his employers and lost a large portion of it in the stock market . It is hard to say how much he actually lost , as he repeatedly lied about the actual amount . Tao took one million in bearer bonds and attempted to run away . He was captured by operatives of the Aryan Brotherhood , but Reese helped him escape ( `` The Contingency '' ) . Tao 's number came up again after he got involved in gold farming and subsequently found himself in trouble with the Russian Mafia . Reese took care of the assailants after they threw Tao through a window . Tao was then blindfolded and brought to the Library , because Reese did not know how else to protect him while he and Finch were out saving another number . Tao eventually made himself useful by helping Finch track down the people threatening Madeleine . He also made friends with Bear by sharing a bowl of instant noodles with him . After he successfully assisted Finch and Reese , he told them that he was not the kind of guy to let them down ( `` Critical '' ) . Tao posed as an emergency medical technician to help Finch and Reese `` abduct '' Sameen Shaw after she was supposedly murdered by Hersh ( `` Relevance '' ) . Harper Rose ( edit ) Harper Rose ( played by Annie Ilonzeh ) a drifter and opportunistic con artist who first appears as a person of interest when she tries to independently double - cross both a drug cartel and The Brotherhood . At the end of the episode `` Skip '' , it is revealed that The Machine is starting to anonymously use her as an asset . In `` Synecdoche '' , it 's revealed that Harper has become part of a second team working for the Machine in Washington , D.C. with former persons of interest Joey Durban and Logan Pierce . Caleb Phipps ( edit ) Caleb Phipps ( played by Luke Kleintank ) is a computer genius , and an irrelevant number in Season 2 , who helps team machine in Season 4 . Logan Pierce ( edit ) Logan Pierce ( played by Jimmi Simpson ) is an eccentric genius and billionaire who created a social networking site called Friendscar . In season 2 he is an irrelevant number , whom Reese is trying to protect from a potential threat . After the threat is neutralized he remains as person of interest and eventually goes on to work for The Machine in season 5 with a new team of former persons of interests , Joey Durban and Harper Rose . Organised crime figures ( edit ) Carl Elias ( edit ) Carl G. Elias ( played by Enrico Colantoni ) , also known as Charlie Burton , is a nascent crime boss and the illegitimate son of Mafia don Gianni Moretti . Elias is determined to revive the crime families of New York City and to eliminate the Russian mob , with the assistance of HR . In 1981 , a young Carl Elias was implied to have been living with a foster family . He was being treated for wounds sustained during a fight which broke out after he was called a bastard due to his lack of a father . He asked his foster mother if she was willing to help him research his father , but she asked him to let it go ( `` Flesh and Blood '' ) . In 1991 , Elias formally met his father , Don Gianni Moretti , at a restaurant . Moretti recognized his son and promised Elias a place in his organization as long as he remained loyal , tenacious , and capable . Later , Elias found out that Moretti double - crossed him and had ordered his execution . Before he could be executed , Elias fought back . He managed to kill his executioners and escape , though he sustained a wound which later scarred his hands after grabbing razor wire meant for his throat . Elias first showed up on Reese and Finch 's radar when he had Sam Latimer have his men , including an undercover John Reese , retrieve a file titled `` Elias , M . '' Latimer delivered the file to him , but to cover his trail , Elias had him killed and fled . After Elias acquired the file , he found the name of the man who killed his mother and sought revenge on Vincent DeLuca . Elias went to Vincent 's house and stabbed him to death with the same knife he used to kill Elias ' mother , Marlene Elias . Later when Elias realized that the detective investigating the case was on his trail , he went to retired detective Bernie Sullivan 's house and killed him . Unfortunately for Elias , Detective Carter was on her way , and a shootout occurred where Elias ' blood was left at the scene . Reese came into direct contact with Elias for the first time while Elias was pretending to be Charlie Burton , a school teacher trying to avoid getting killed by a rival Russian crime family . Although Elias was to be murdered , Reese was unaware that Elias was a murderer himself . He and Reese became friends while trying to escape from the men that were after Elias . When Reese and Elias succeeded , Elias turned on Reese . Elias captured one of the sons of the rival family that was after him and shot him in the leg . He then forced Reese to tie himself up and left the scene . He was later seen escaping with his men as he expressed his goal to reunite the five crime families of New York City. ( ) Elias was a main suspect when Detective Carter 's number came in from the Machine . It was revealed he was indirectly involved by hiring her confidential informant to complete the hit . Elias left a vase of flowers on Carter 's desk with a message mourning her loss and stole a file marked Elias from her desk . Carl Elias resurfaced after Reese called him using a phone left in a trash can by Anthony `` Scarface '' Marconi who was impersonating a police officer . Upon his father 's release from prison , Elias ordered some of his men to kidnap his father . His plan failed when Carter and Reese intervened and took Moretti into protective custody . Reese later called Elias , requesting his help to find a child kidnapped by an Eastern European gang . Elias agreed to help but threatened the child himself once Reese had found her . Reese was forced to give up Moretti 's location in exchange for the child 's life , and Elias let them both go . Although Reese tried to save Moretti , Elias succeeded in capturing his father . Elias 's plan to unite the five families required him to kill the five Dons . He recruited HR , a cabal of corrupt cops , and used them to help him take down the Dons . After killing one Don with a car bomb planted by Scarface and gunning one Don down in front of Carter , Detectives Carter and Fusco took the remaining three into protective custody , barely escaping Elias 's men . Elias then personally went to where they were hiding out with some HR cops and ordered the kidnapping of Taylor Carter . He was unaware however , that Harold Finch had shown Officer Simmons , an HR cop , photos of Elias 's men watching the families of HR cops . The HR cops severed their ties with Elias and several clean police officers came to the hideout . Carl Elias was forced to surrender . After being processed and put in jail , Elias made one final phone call to Gianni Moretti , telling his father he wished he could be there to see . Moretti 's car was then blown up by Scarface , killing Moretti and his legitimate son Gianni Moretti , Jr . Elias hung up the phone with a slight grin . Several weeks later , Elias received a visit from Finch who asked for his help in one of their cases involving several mafia groups and hit men . Being thankful that Finch and Reese had saved his life , Elias took advantage of his power even from behind bars and helped them . In return , he asked Finch to play chess with him . After several more weeks of living at Rikers Island , Elias noticed that Reese had been arrested on suspicion of being `` The Man in the Suit '' . He told Reese that he knew all about FBI 's investigation and that he would help Reese in any way that he could . When Reese is dumped into the general population in an attempt to get him to reveal his true identity , he is attacked by an inmate and because Reese could not fight back , Elias broke up the fight . When HR attempts to have the Russians kill Elias , Carter rescues him from the trap and helps him to a secure location . She keeps his presence quiet as she goes to him for information . Elias helps Carter take down HR by setting the Russians against the dirty cops , but she rejects his offer to just kill everyone for her . After Carter is murdered by Simmons , Elias pays the debt by having Simmons executed in his hospital bed as he watches . Throughout season 4 , Elias is at war with Dominic Cordell and the Brotherhood . Due to their own war with Samaritan , the Team is unable to help him much and his best friend Anthony dies . Elias is later captured by the Brotherhood along with Reese , Fusco and Harper Rose . Fusco is able to escape , but Dominic prepares to execute Elias and Harper . Elias is saved when the Machine puts Reese into God Mode , enabling him to escape and take down the Brotherhood . The Brotherhood and Elias are arrested by officers led by Fusco , but one of Elias ' men intercepts his transport van and attempts to help him escape . A standoff ensues with Dominic that ends with him surrendering to Fusco moments before both Dominic and Elias are shot by a Samaritan sniper as part of the Correction , killing Dominic and leaving Elias ' fate unknown . In `` B.S.O.D. '' its stated that Elias is dead . In `` ShotSeeker '' , Elias ' old friend Bruce Moran attempts to avenge him only to learn that Elias is still alive . Elias is revealed to be recovering at Finch 's safe house where Fusco took him after saving his life . The bedridden Elias , now aware of at least Samaritan , attempts to convince Moran to go back into hiding but Moran refuses . Over the following episodes , Elias continues to recover from his wounds , appearing to all the world like he is dead . In `` Reassortment '' , after learning of Bruce Moran 's death , Elias supplies Fusco with a lead on a case he is working . He is later confronted by Finch for his actions and tells Finch he needs to let Fusco in on the truth . In `` Sotto Voce '' , Finch enlists Elias ' help to track down the elusive criminal mastermind known as `` the Voice . '' Elias agrees to help in exchange for going along as protection as the Team are the only friends he has left . With Elias ' help , Finch tracks down `` the Voice 's '' hideout only to learn that he 's their person of interest , Terry Easton . As Easton holds a gun on Finch , Elias intervenes and threatens Easton into backing down . The two men allow Easton to drive away before Elias detonates a bomb on Easton 's getaway car , killing him . Elias then implies that Finch brought him along to kill Easton as he had to know what Elias would do . In `` The Day the World Went Away '' , Finch 's cover is blown and Elias offers to protect him while the Team goes on the offensive against Samaritan . Elias takes Finch to the apartment buildings Reese protected him in when they first met and the two reminisce . However , Samaritan figures out where they are and sends agents . With the help of Elias ' men stationed through the building , the two escape outside where they find Elias ' driver has been murdered . Moments later , Elias is shot in the head and killed by a Samaritan agent as he attempts to protect Finch . After being called to the scene of Elias ' death , Reese removes Elias ' glasses and closes his eyes as a sign of respect towards Elias . He is then approached by a gang member with information on the car that took Finch as the gang member respected Elias and Elias respected Finch . The information Reese is given enables Root and Shaw to rescue Finch . Anthony Marconi ( edit ) Anthony S. `` Scarface '' Marconi ( played by David Valcin ) is a member of Elias 's mob group , and is his second - in - command and principal enforcer . He is also informally known as Scarface due to an easily identifiable scar on his right cheek coupled with the fact that his name is never mentioned by any of the characters in any episode he appears in . Marconi is mistaken by many to be a HR officer . He actually only works for Elias , and his police jacket is a disguise . When his boss , Carl Elias , was on the run from a rival mob ( the Yogorovs led by Ivan Yogorov ) Marconi disguised himself as a police officer . While he gathered information on his boss ' whereabouts , Harold Finch became suspicious of him and started following him , thinking that he might actually be Elias . When Elias had finally escaped the Russian mob with the help of John Reese , Marconi rendezvoused with his boss by knocking out Fusco who was waiting to intercept Reese and Elias . Later , Marconi killed Ivan Yogorov and was with Elias as he expressed his desire to reunite the five families . Marconi resurfaced by again impersonating a police officer and dropping a burner phone in a trash can for Reese and Carter to find . Marconi also killed a corrupt Security and Exchange Commission investigator who he 'd taken into `` custody '' . Marconi was present when Reese met with Elias in order to get information on a kidnapper who had taken a baby . Elias agreed to help and had Marconi escort Reese to the location where the baby would be offloaded to be shipped to Eastern Europe . After Reese rescued the child , Marconi ambushed him and brought him back to Elias . Marconi personally took the child to Elias for use as leverage to get the location of Gianni Moretti from Reese . Marconi then severely injured Moretti 's police guard Bill Szymanski and took Moretti captive . Marconi was responsible for a car bomb that killed one of the five dons of the New York crime families in plain view of Reese . He later informed Elias that the remaining Dons had been taken into protective custody by Detectives Carter and Fusco . Marconi then kidnapped Carter 's son Taylor from school on Elias 's orders ; shooting it out with Reese before escaping with Taylor captive . Marconi again fought with Reese during Reese 's rescue attempt of Taylor and successfully escaped once more , though both Taylor and Moretti were rescued . Despite his employer now being imprisoned , Marconi continued his duties and planted a bomb in a car that killed both Gianni Moretti and his legitimate son Gianni Moretti , Jr . Simmons and Fusco later met with Marconi to have him get Elias to bring back HR ; however , Marconi told them in order for that to happen they had to bring Elias the last of the original dons . Despite attempts to capture the last don , the remaining members of HR failed to do this since the don was now working with Elias . Later in the series , he is captured , along with Elias , by Dominic ( `` Mini '' ) Besson , the leader of a rival gang trying to gain control , who has killed or turned several of Elias 's men and now demands the combination for a vault in Bruce Moran 's office . After cautioning Dominic 's second - in - command about the ability to remain in stable power and trust Dominic , he watches on as Dominic relays the numbers ( which were told to him by Elias ) and as Link 's man opens the vault , which then triggers an explosion that blows up the entire floor they are on , killing Marconi in the process . Dominic and his second - in - command escape , but lose some of their men in the process . Later , when Elias is again captured by Dominic , to avenge Scarface 's death , he plays a mind - game with Dominic to get him to believe his # 2 , Link , has betrayed him . Dominic kills Link before he realizes it was a trick . Bruce Moran ( edit ) Bruce Moran ( played by James LeGros ) Elias ' accountant and close friend of both him and Anthony Marconi from boyhood . He is eventually killed by Samaritan agents and discovered by Fusco in a dumping ground for Samaritan victims . Gianni Moretti ( edit ) Don Gianni F. Moretti , Sr. ( played by Mark Margolis ) was a mob boss who was a father to both Gianni Moretti Jr. and Carl Elias . As Elias was born out of wedlock and during an affair Moretti Sr. denied he existed and even tried to have him killed when he was sought out by his illegitimate son . He was killed along with Moretti Jr. in a car bomb set of by Elias 's main enforcer Anthony Marconi ( a.k.a. Scarface ) . Peter Yogorov ( edit ) Peter I. Yogorov ( Played by Morgan Spector ) is the leader of Russian Mafia , who in the first 3 seasons was Elias 's main enemy . The Russian Mafia was originally run by Ivan Yogorov , Peter 's father , until he was killed by , Elias 's enforcer , Anthony Marconi so that Elias could take over Brighton Beach . Peter was freed from Prison by HR but also has a brother , Laszlo Yogorov , who is currently still incarcerated at Rikers Island . The Brotherhood ( edit ) The following characters are involved in the Brotherhood drug gang storyline : Dominic Besson ( edit ) Dominic Besson ( played by Winston Duke ) also known as `` Mini '' ( as he is quite big ) is leader of the Brotherhood . When he was first introduced he was hiding as his own lackey to prove that people underestimate him . He soon becomes Carl Elias 's main enemy . After Reese defeats the Brotherhood using God Mode , Dominic is arrested by Fusco and the NYPD . He is later killed by a Samaritan sniper as part of the Correction . Link Cordell ( edit ) Lincoln `` Link '' Cordell ( played by Jamie Hector ) a violent gang member who acts as Dominic 's right - hand - man . He was at one point arrested by Detective John Riley ( Reese 's new cover identity ) but Dominic paid for someone to take the fall for Link and he is released Floyd ( edit ) Floyd ( played by Jessica Pimentel ) , another of Dominic 's higher - ups , often appearing in place of Link . It is assumed that she is arrested with the remaining Brotherhood members by Detective Lionel Fusco and the rest of NYPD . New York City police Department ( edit ) Cal Beecher ( edit ) New York City Police Department Narcotics Detective Calvin T. Beecher ( played by Sterling K. Brown ) is a narcotics detective who works at Carter 's precinct , whom Carter has begun a relationship with . He helps Carter with the Drakes case ( `` Til Death '' ) . He later asks Carter out on a date when she says that she owes him a favor for helping her with the case . She agrees to go out with him . Beecher is Alonzo Quinn 's godson and gives his godfather information ( `` Shadow Box '' ) . It is unknown if Beecher is aware of Quinn 's activities . Later , when Carter receives a job offer with the FBI pending a polygraph , she is turned down because of her relationship with Beecher . The FBI tells her that Beecher is currently under investigation ( `` Booked Solid '' ) . In `` Trojan Horse '' , it is revealed that Beecher is the godson of HR leader Alonzo Quinn . Realizing Beecher knows too much about his involvement in HR , Quinn orders his godson killed . He chases after some drug dealers , only to be led into a trap , and then a shootout involving him and some HR men . The Machine produces Beecher 's number too late , and he is killed within the shooting . Carter arrives at the scene and is severely devastated to find her friend dead , especially as Fusco cleared him of any involvement in Bill Szymanski 's death . Following Beecher 's murder , part of Carter 's motivation for taking down HR is revenge . In `` Endgame '' , with the help of Finch , Carter is able to record Alonzo Quinn confessing to ordering Beecher 's murder and he is arrested for it along with all of his other crimes . Bill Szymanski ( edit ) New York City Police Department Detective Bill Szymanski ( played by Michael McGlone ) is a police detective in the organized crime division at NYPD 8th Precinct who assisted Carter with a mob murder committed by Carl Elias ( `` Witness '' , `` Baby Blue '' ) . He is an honest cop , that Carter entrusted with the job of guarding Gianni Moretti , Elias ' father . Ultimately , Reese had to reveal Moretti 's location to Elias in order to save a person of interest , and Szymanski was severely injured in the line of duty and taken to the hospital . Fortunately , he survived ( `` Baby Blue '' , `` Identity Crisis '' ) . Szymanski fully recovered and went back to active duty where he worked on the investigation of the murder of George Massey 's son , who was killed by Riley Cavanaugh ( `` Triggerman '' ) . Later , Szymanski and the assistant district attorney are meeting with Alonzo Quinn about testifying against the Yogorov mob family . Since HR is in ties with the Yogorovs , Quinn kills Szymanski and the ADA in order to avoid them from testifying ( `` All In '' ) . In a simulated world where the Machine never existed , Szymanski is still alive and a part of the NYPD 's Homicide Task Force . Kane ( edit ) New York City Police Department Homicide Detective Kane ( played by Anthony Mangano ) is a police detective who sometimes shares his cases with Carter . Dani Silva ( edit ) New York City Police Department Detective Dani Silva was an Internal Affairs Division detective who was undercover trying to find a mole in the NYPD Cadet program when her number as a Person of Interest came up , she found the mole but was framed for her handlers murder at the hands of criminal gang called The brotherhood . After clearing her name with the help of Reese . She later transferred into the Gang Division not long after being exonerated , where she crossed paths with Detective Fusco who was monitoring a Person of Interest . HR ( edit ) The following characters are involved in the HR storyline , in which a group of corrupt police officers work in collaboration with an up - and - coming mob boss to control organized crime in New York . Alonzo Quinn ( edit ) Alonzo D. Quinn ( played by Clarke Peters ) is a political adviser for New York City councilman and mayoral candidate Ed Griffin ( Richard V. Licata ) and the leader of HR . Quinn 's leadership is subtle enough that even Harold Finch only suspects that HR still has someone in charge . With many of his subordinates arrested by the FBI , Quinn tricks a local reporter , Maxine Angelis , into thinking that Christopher Zambrano is the head of HR . This results in Zambrano 's death and Angelis ' career destroyed . Quinn however leads his candidate Ed Griffin to an even greater victory by framing Landon Walker as the leader of HR and restoring Angelis ' career in the process ( `` Bury the Lede '' ) . After the political victory , Quinn becomes Ed Griffin 's chief of staff in the Mayor 's Office . Quinn later asks his number two man , Patrick Simmons , to try and reforge HR 's alliance with Elias by giving them mafia don Luciano Grifoni . This , however does not go as planned when it turns out Grifoni is working with Elias now and has one of his new subordinates killed declaring that Elias is done with HR ( `` C.O.D. '' ) . Quinn starts talking to his godson Detective Cal Beecher for some information with Patrick Simmons guarding him . Quinn meets with Simmons to inform him of his plans to make an alliance with Russian mobster Peter Yogorov . Since Elias refuses to work with them , Quinn decides to strike a deal with the Russian Mafia in order to secure funds for the rebuilding of HR ( `` Shadow Box '' ) . Patrick Simmons ( edit ) New York City Police Department Officer Patrick M. Simmons ( Robert John Burke ) is a uniformed officer who is the right - hand man to Quinn ; he handles HR activities on the street level ( `` C.O.D. '' ) . Simmons was an old friend of Detective Fusco , and in collusion with Elias until learning from Finch that HR families were under Elias ' surveillance . He also periodically meets with Fusco ( `` Flesh and Blood '' ) and blackmails Fusco into working with HR ( `` Firewall '' ) . Simmons has also given an anonymous tip to Detective Carter that another cop murdered Internal Affairs officer Ian Davidson , also an HR cop , as to increase the pressure on Fusco . He is later strangled to death by Scarface , as Elias watches on . ( `` The Devil 's Share '' ) Artie Lynch ( edit ) New York City Police Department Captain Arthur ' Artie ' Lynch ( played by Michael Mulheren ) was a major figure in HR with whom Fusco must appear to be working . Reese forced Lynch to deliver a message to Elias to `` back away from Carter or else Reese would kill him '' ( `` Get Carter '' ) . A man named Andre Wilcox who was receiving protection for HR , not Elias , met with Lynch to arrange for the release of one of his men named Brick from jail . Despite being reluctant , Lynch agreed to do what Andre wanted . Lynch met with Captain Womack , the head of the precinct where Brick was being held , and told him to release Brick , which the captain did because he was a co-conspirator of Lynch ( `` Wolf and Cub '' ) . Lynch is killed by Fusco when Lynch is about to kill Reese ( `` Matsya Nyaya '' ) . Womack ( edit ) New York City Police Department Captain P. Womack ( played by John Fiore ) is the captain in charge of Homicide and Carter and Fusco 's supervisor . Womack protects members of HR when Carter gets too close . Reese blackmails him into transferring Fusco to Carter 's precinct . Despite first appearing in the background ( `` Cura Te Ipsum '' ) , he did something of a more credited role in which he invited CIA agent Mark Snow , Tyrell Evans and Carter into his office to talk about Reese ( `` Number Crunch '' ) . He appears to be a friend and known contact of Artie Lynch , when Lynch went to talk to him about doing something for him , meaning the captain is most likely corrupt . This is later confirmed when Womack is revealed to currently be incarcerated with other HR cops ( `` C.O.D. '' ) . Raymond Terney ( edit ) New York City Police Department Detective Raymond Terney ( played by Al Sapienza ) is a NYPD police detective who has been shown to work with Detective Carter on more than one occasion . He always seems to be very calm and polite . He was investigating the murder of Vincent DeLuca , a former henchman of Don Gianni Moretti , Carl Elias ' father ( `` The Fix '' ) . Later , HR boss Alonzo Quinn is meeting with Detective Bill Szymanski . When he hears Szymanski say they 're testifying against the Russian Yogorov mob family , Quinn kills him and the assistant district attorney to avoid it . Terney , now revealed to be part of HR , comes in , and Quinn tells him to shoot him in the right shoulder so he can survive , and make it look like someone shot all of them ( `` All In '' ) . Later , Carter and Terney are investigating a place supposedly told to have been an HR hideout . Carter shoots an armed suspect , but someone takes the gun away in order to frame Carter . In the police station , Terney reveals his true colors and threatens to kill Carter if she meddles in their business ( `` Zero Day '' ) . Terney and Peter Yogorov are preparing to kill Carl Elias in a dark forest . A masked Carter comes out and wounds Yogorov . Terney begs profusely for his life , and Carter knocks him out and rescues Elias ( `` God Mode '' ) . Terney eventually finds out that Carter wants to take down HR when he discovers she turned Laskey . A shooutout occurs , with Laskey dying instantly , and a dying Terney revealing to Carter that Alonzo Quinn is the head of HR ( `` The Perfect Mark '' ) . Mike Laskey ( edit ) Michael `` Mike '' Laskey , born Mikhail S. Lesnichy ( played by Brian Wiles ) is a rookie cop affiliated with HR who is installed as Carter 's new partner after she is demoted to officer for getting too close to HR . She turns him by threatening to frame him for the death of another dirty cop . While initially only helping because he 's forced to , Laskey comes to see the truth about HR and aids Carter and the Team in stopping a money laundering scheme . In `` The Perfect Mark '' , Laskey follows Simmons around to try to identify the head of HR . He is killed in a shootout with Raymond Terney , but his pictures are used by Terney to identify the head of HR to Carter . Federal Bureau of investigation ( edit ) The following characters are involved in the pursuit for `` The man in the suit '' story - line . Nicholas Donnelly ( edit ) Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) Special Agent Nicholas Donnelly ( played by Brennan Brown ) was a federal agent who becomes interested in Reese when one of his cases crosses one of Reese 's . Donnelly 's intent was to expose the CIA for their illegal actions and crimes and track down `` The Man in the Suit '' . He periodically offers Carter the opportunity to work with him as he pursues Reese . A native of Roanoke , Virginia , Donnelly studied Law at Northwestern University . In August 1998 , he joined the FBI after graduating from the FBI Academy with honors . He began with the Miami , Florida field office in counter-terrorism until he distinguished himself as an investigator and became a highly sought - after agent . In subsequent years , he moved from Miami to Portland , Oregon in 2000 , then to San Diego in 2003 . He was promoted to supervisory special agent for the Boston Field Office in 2007 and worked there until 2011 . He was then transferred to New York City ( `` Prisoner 's Dilemma '' ) . He first appears investigating Scott Powell for the murder of Congressman Michael Delancey . He first encounters The Man in the Suit when he breaks out Scott Powell from the FBI 's custody . Although Powell was later proven innocent , Donnelly started suspecting Reese of being a mercenary ( `` Root Cause '' ) . Donnelly believed that Reese was selling his services to the highest bidder and working for Elias ( `` Identity Crisis '' ) . Donnelly informs Carter that the FBI has information about DNA that ties Reese to a case involving smugglers ( Blue Code ) and a cold case from 2011 in New Rochelle , New York . Donnelly invites Carter to assist on the investigation , and she accepts . In New Rochelle , he discovers the fact that the victim , Peter Arndt , was in debt to loan sharks , and he hypothesizes that the loan sharks had hired Reese to kill him ( `` Many Happy Returns '' ) . Donnelly offers Carter a temporary role with the FBI when he finally manages to track Reese 's phone to a bank . He tells her about his new theory that Reese is working for CIA Agent Snow and is receiving aid of some sort from China to help him further . He then makes his way to the bank with several armed FBI officers and Carter , and arrests four men wearing suits , one of them being Reese . When he asks Carter if she recognizes any of them as `` the man in the suit '' , she tells him that she does not ( `` Shadow Box '' ) . After getting Carter to interrogate the suspects , Donnelly finds out Carter was conspiring against him . He arrests Reese and Carter , planning on taking them to a safe house and incarcerating them shortly after . The Machine , however , identified him as a Person of Interest and informed Finch . Finch tried to warn Donnelly but was too late . Kara Stanton intercepted them , killing Donnelly and kidnapping Reese ( `` Prisoner 's Dilemma '' ) . After the events of `` Dead Reckoning '' , Donnelly 's former partner reveals to Carter that they have identified the `` Man in the Suit '' as Mark Snow , following his death at the hands of Kara Stanton ( `` Dead Reckoning '' ) . Brian Moss ( edit ) Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) Special Agent Brian Moss ( platyed by Brian Hutchison ) is an FBI Special Agent in charge ( SAIC ) of investigating the death of Nicholas Donnelly . He incorrectly came to the conclusion that Mark Snow was `` the man in the suit '' . He then tried to recruit Carter to the FBI but had to reject her due to her relationship to Calvin Beecher , who was under investigation at the time for his involvement with HR . He later appears in `` Proteus '' to bring Carter a series of missing persons files she requested which , unknown to him , were the victims of an identity - stealing serial killer . The government ( edit ) The following characters are tied to a government conspiracy related to the development and use of the Machine . Alicia Corwin ( edit ) Alicia M. Corwin ( played by Elizabeth Marvel ) is a liaison between Ingram and the government while the Machine was being developed . She was the deputy Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs ( APNSA ) and as a former member , she is one of the few to know of the Machine 's existence . Corwin met with Nathan Ingram to determine the progress of the Machine . Ingram gave her a social security number associated with a DIA agent . Later , she introduced Ingram to Denton Weeks who told Ingram that the DIA agent was found to be a traitor . Weeks was curious as to how the Machine actually worked , and was unhappy when he was told that the Machine could not be used to track specific people . He threatened to reduce the payment for the Machine , but Corwin explained to him that Ingram was building it merely for one US dollar ( `` Super '' ) . Alicia met with Nathan in a bar to discuss the transfer of the Machine to its new location . They discussed dissemination and she assured him that nobody would be able to track the data back to the Machine or to Ingram . Yet she was visibly shaken and told Nathan that she was happy to return to her day job once everything related to the Machine was settled ( `` No Good Deed '' ) . Corwin was in Morocco , where she met with CIA agents Mark Snow , John Reese and Kara Stanton . She gave Reese and Stanton orders to retrieve a stolen laptop with secret software from Ordos , China . In reality , whether she knew it or not , the whole operation was nothing more than a ruse to check and make sure that an advance team had eliminated all the software engineers related to The Machine as well as successfully moving the Machine to another location ( `` Matsya Nyaya '' ) . After Ingram died , Corwin quit her job at the government and moved to Green Bank , a small town in West Virginia that does not have cell phones or wireless internet ( `` Wolf and Cub '' ) . Will Ingram , eager to know what his father was working on before he died , tracked Alicia down and questioned her . During their conversation , Will referred to his `` uncle Harold '' . Alicia seemed unnerved at the mention of his name and abruptly ended the conversation . She told Will nothing about her knowledge of the Machine ( `` Wolf and Cub '' ) . Sometime after meeting with Will , Alicia was being contacted by a member of National Security Agency ( NSA ) , Henry Peck who was being attacked by government assassins trying to silence him about The Machine . Peck called Alicia numerous times trying to get information about `` the machine '' . Though they never met in person , Alicia spoke to Peck over the phone . Not answering any of his questions she only mentioned `` Sibilance '' and told him to `` run '' . Apparently through following Peck , Alicia managed to listen in a conversation between Peck and Finch . She was visibly surprised when Finch told Peck that the machine existed and that he had built it ( `` No Good Deed '' ) . Alicia succeeded in tracking down Harold and observed him leaving the Library . She broke into the building and discovered Finch 's headquarters . Not realizing what exactly she was looking at , she seemed overwhelmed seeing the Irrelevant List ( `` Firewall '' ) . Alicia finally found Finch in his car waiting to pick up John Reese and Caroline Turing . Climbing into his car and confronting him at gun point , she stated that Nathan was afraid and stressed about what they had built , and that he was killed by the machine . As guilt was starting to weigh down on her , she claimed she could feel it watching and listening to them at that moment . Alicia told Finch that she was tired of running . Finch told her that she was not running from the machine , but she was running from people they had both trusted . Alicia said he was right , but that it was a good thing she found Finch first . Moments later , she was killed with a gunshot to the head by Root . She was later found dead at the meeting point by Reese ( `` Firewall '' ) . Corwin 's murder attracted much attention from different angles . Reese asked Carter and Fusco to look into the case and find out why Corwin was in New York ( `` The Contingency '' ) . Mark Snow also began an independent investigation under the coercion of Kara Stanton . They all hit a dead end because at the same time Special Counsel and Denton Weeks conspired to corrupt the investigation when they feared that the investigation into Corwin 's death might uncover their secret activities ( `` Bad Code '' ) . Their fixer , Hersh , managed to clean up the majority of the evidence , except for a few objects Fusco removed from her apartment prior to his arrival . Hersh also removed a radio - frequency identification ( RFID ) chip from the right shoulder of Corwin 's body that had been planted in her and could be the reason why she had been running and hiding ( `` Masquerade '' ) . Special Counsel later receives a report stating that the chip was linked to Decima Technologies , the group that was trying to take control of the Machine . ( `` God Mode '' ) Denton Weeks ( edit ) Denton L. Weeks ( played by Cotter Smith ) was the official who commissioned the development of the machine . He worked for the President for National Security Affairs ( APNSA ) and is Alicia Corwin 's supervisor . He was one of the few people to know of the Machine 's existence . He is in league with the Special Counsel . At an unspecified point in time , Weeks was appointed head of a task force on Privacy and Information , reporting directly to the Chief of Staff . Prior to that promotion , he had already been working in corporate law for a decade as a member of the White House legal team and a specialist in security policy ( `` Bad Code '' ) . Weeks and Corwin arrived unannounced at Nathan Ingram 's office to question him about the Social Security number Ingram gave to Corwin in a previous meeting . Demanding an explanation how a computer program could spot a traitor when federal agents could not Weeks tried to gain more knowledge about how the machine worked . He appeared slightly agitated when Ingram did not answer his questions but had to put up with it when he was informed about the price negotiated for the project . He did not know that the Machine had already evaluated him as a possible threat . Finch later revealed to Ingram that Weeks had been unsuccessfully trying to hack into the Machine via NSA feeds for the past six months ( `` Super '' ) . Following the murder of Alicia Corwin by Root , Weeks met with Special Counsel to discuss further steps . They just started to remove all evidence when Weeks received a message from his mistress about an emergency . Not knowing that Root had set it up to lure him to his getaway lodge , he drove there and got knocked out by Root with a sedative ( `` The Contingency '' ) . Root then tortured him using Palestinian hanging , an enhanced interrogation technique that was once authorized in a top - secret Department of Defense memo by Weeks , trying to get him talking about the whereabouts of the Machine . In a suitable moment when Root was away to gas up the car , Weeks recognized Finch and convinced him to help him escape . Weeks managed to free himself and attacked Root when she returned . He beat her up and then turned her gun on Finch threatening to shoot him unless he told him what he knew about how to access the Machine . Just as planned by Root , however , the gun did not fire and Root first tased Weeks and eventually killed him by shooting him in the chest ( `` Bad Code '' ) . Special Counsel ( edit ) Special Counsel ( played by Jay O. Sanders ) is a shadowy figure from the United States Office of Special Counsel and one of the original eight people who know about the Machine . He is in a position which is filled by Presidential appointment , followed by Congressional confirmation . He appears to be the one engineering the activity regarding the Machine , and sees Reese as a threat . He sent out a team of hit men to assassinate Henry Peck after he came too close to finding out about the Machine ( `` No Good Deed '' ) . After Alicia Corwin was murdered , he conspired with Denton Weeks and Hersh to cover - up the case and to make sure that there are no connections to them ( `` The Contingency '' ) . When Weeks went missing , he sent Hersh to look for him , but Hersh only found him dead ( `` Bad Code '' ) . He later sent Hersh to kill the `` Man in the Suit '' but redirected him to the FBI when it appears the FBI captured him . When asked about all four suspects , he tells Hersh to kill them all ( `` Prisoner 's Dilemma '' ) . After Hersh 's failed attempt to kill The Man in the Suit at Rikers Penitentiary , he once again instructs Hersh to find Reese and kill him . This time , Hersh loses in a fist fight with Reese and after recovering in the hospital , Special Counsel calls him in for more important matters . He then begins drafting a letter with his new secretary , who is revealed to be Root ( `` Booked Solid '' ) . In `` God Mode '' , he arrives with Hersh and two other men to confront Finch about the Machine . Reese , Finch , Root , and Shaw leave , and someone calls Counsel . It comes from an unnamed woman who is at a higher rank than Special Counsel . Hersh takes the phone , and the woman orders him to seal the room . Hersh kills Special Counsel and leaves . Hersh ( edit ) Hersh ( played by Boris McGiver ) was Special Counsel 's enforcer and fixer in the clean - up of Alicia Corwin 's murder . He also worked for Control , the head of the ISA . After Alicia Corwin was found dead and the investigation was handed over to the NYPD 8th Precinct , Hersh was sent there to make sure that `` the investigation is a dead end '' . He stole Corwin 's case file and corrupted digital records as well as the ballistics report ( `` The Contingency '' ) . To clean up loose ends , he went to her hotel room and collected personal effects and later gained access to the cold storage room at the morgue where Corwin 's body had been examined to remove an RFID chip from under her skin ( `` Masquerade '' ) . Parallel to corrupting the Corwin investigation , Special Counsel also sent Hersh to track down Denton Weeks , who had disappeared on private business and was later found dead after Root shot him ( `` Bad Code '' ) . When Special Counsel learned of Reese 's recent arrest , Special Counsel instructed him to kill him and the other three people arrested . Following the instruction , he pulled out a gun in front of a group of policemen and shot into the air several times . He was arrested and taken to Rikers Penitentiary where he managed to kill Brian Kelly , one of the four men who were arrested on suspicion of being `` The Man in the Suit '' . He attempted to kill Reese too , but Elias stopped him before he had a chance to do so ( `` Prisoner 's Dilemma '' ) . Hersh is freed from Rikers and tracks Reese to a hotel when he saves the latest person of interest . Hersh and Reese engage in a brief fight with Reese defeating Hersh . Hersh is then seen receiving a call from the Special Counsel telling him there is a situation in Washington , D.C. The Special Counsel then calls in his newly hired assistant Ms. May , who unknown to Special Counsel , is the hacker Root ( `` Booked Solid '' ) . His next appearance is in New York , poisoning Sameen Shaw . However , with the help of Leon Tao , the team is able to fake her death ( `` Relevance '' ) . Hersh leads the effort to prevent Decima Technologies from taking control of the Machine . He later confronts Finch , Reese , Shaw and Root at gunpoint in the Hanford Nuclear Reservation where the Machine had once been stored . After they leave , Hersh is ordered by Control to kill everyone in the room , including Special Counsel . He is also revealed to have orchestrated the ferry bombing that killed Nathan Ingram and left Finch with his permanent injuries . ( `` God Mode '' ) Hersh is later sent by Control to kill Root is a psychiatric hospital . With the help of the Machine , Root escapes and wounds Hersh but spares his life on orders from the Machine . ( `` Lady Killer '' ) After being exposed , Control calls in Hersh in her attempts to get either the Machine or Arthur Claypool 's machine Samaritan . With the help of Root , the team escapes , but Hersh captures Root who is taken for torture by Control . Hersh then leads a SWAT team to the bank where Vigilance is trying to retrieve the Samaritan drives . When Peter Collier refuses to cooperate , Hersh and his team storm the bank , killing several Vigilance members before one blows himself up with a grenade , leaving Hersh 's fate unknown . ( `` Alethia '' ) Hersh survives and is later tracked down by Shaw hunting another relevant number . Shaw drugs Hersh for information about why the government is after Owen Matthews and leaves him alive . Before she departs , Hersh asks if Shaw 's new employers are treating her well , showing concern for Shaw who simply tells him that they have n't tried to kill her and leaves . ( `` 4C '' ) After Vigilance abducts Control and several other important people , Hersh arrives at the hotel where he enters a standoff with Reese and Shaw . After Root tells them Hersh knows where to find Finch , Reese and Shaw convince him to work with them to save their respective bosses . Hersh then leads them to Decima 's hideout only to find it empty and that Peter Collier is running a kangaroo court where everyone is on trial for their connection to the Machine . ( `` A House Divided '' ) After a brief gunfight with Decima operatives , Hersh , Reese and Shaw set out together to find the courthouse . When Shaw needs to get to Root fast , Hersh helps her steal a bike and continues on to a destination specified by Root . There , they meet up with Detective Fusco who brings them Bear and news of a Vigilance operative looting nearby stores . Hersh and Reese are able to trick the operative into giving them the courthouse location before turning him over to Fusco . Near the courthouse , they find a Vigilance guard post slaughtered and Finch testifying on TV about the history of the Machine . Finally reaching the courthouse , Hersh and Reese separate , acknowledging they will likely be enemies the next time they meet . In the basement , Hersh finds a bomb set to go off when the power is restored and sets to work disarming it , refusing help from Reese and telling him to focus on rescuing Finch . Hersh is severely wounded in a gunfight with Decima operatives , but continues his efforts to disarm the bomb . Before he can cut a last wire , the power comes back on and the bomb detonates , killing Hersh , the people kidnapped for the trial and the emergency responders . The next day , Control receives Hersh 's final autopsy report . During her voiceover , Root states that a lot of people who could 've helped them against Samaritan will die as the report is shown , indicating Hersh to be one of those people . ( `` Deux Ex Machina '' ) Control ( edit ) Control ( played by Camryn Manheim ) is the head of the ISA 's operation ( code - named Northern Lights ) regarding the Machine . She is a forty - year - old single mother with a ten - year - old daughter , Julia . Control is shrewd but ruthless and combat - minded . According to herself , until episode 12 of the fourth season , she has executed 854 individuals whom she suspected of being criminal threatening the national security . In case of the 854th individual , there was no evidence to prove free of reasonable doubt that he was engaged in bomb - making . She killed him anyway , simply because she had never absolved anyone before . Control personally tortured Root and rendered her deaf in one ear . Devon Grice ( edit ) Devon Grice ( played by Nick Tarabay ) is a Crimson 6 agent who was trained by Sameen Shaw herself when she was still working as an ISA operative . When they meet in New York whilst both on different ends of the same mission , Grice lets her live . But Samaritan has him killed for his betrayal . Brooks ( edit ) Brooks is another Crimson 6 agent and Grice 's partner . The CIA ( edit ) The following characters are part of Reese 's back story relating to his time with the CIA . Mark Snow ( edit ) Mark Snow ( played by Michael Kelly ) is the alias of a CIA operative , partnered with Tyrell Evans and once worked with John Reese , and is now trying to find and kill him . He once claimed to be Reese 's best friend ( `` Number Crunch '' ) . In 2008 , Snow was with CIA agents John Reese and Kara Stanton , operating in New York City . They had a government employee in their custody who had committed treason by attempting to sell some software to the Chinese . Positive they were not going to get a call regarding their prisoner , he allowed Reese to head out to the city for some rest ( `` Blue Code '' ) . In 2010 , Snow was in Morocco while Reese and Stanton were interrogating a suspect . Alongside Alicia Corwin , they gave orders to Reese and Stanton to go to Ordos to retrieve a laptop containing information pertaining to a computer virus that could disable nuclear programs . Snow had been ordered to tell both agents secretly that the other was compromised and retire each other . The plan , however , failed when Reese realized they 'd been set up after Stanton shoots him , and tells him it was because he was compromised . Reese then tells her that he was ordered to do the same thing to her . They realize they were set up and escape just minutes before a gunship shelled their supposed extraction point ( `` Matsya Nyaya '' ) . When Reese 's fingerprints were run through the system after he is arrested , the CIA was alerted to the fact that Reese had survived the shelling in Ordos. Snow visited the precinct where Detective Carter worked and asked her a few questions about Reese . Both Snow and his partner began to follow her , but she eventually caught them . Snow had a talk with Carter at a diner afterwards in which he showed Carter that Reese was a cold blooded killer . He convinced her to set a trap to capture Reese , though his true intention was , in fact , to have him killed . However , the trap failed as his partner Evans went for non-lethal shots , allowing Reese to escape with the help of Carter to Finch 's car ( `` Number Crunch '' ) . In 2012 , Snow , along with his CIA partner , initiated surveillance on Carter , believing she helped Reese escape . He constantly had operatives tailing her , though they were unable to track her effectively , and she managed to lose them . Later , he received information that Reese had escaped to northern Connecticut where his fingerprints were found on a prescription bottle at a veterinary clinic ( planted by Lionel Fusco at Finch 's request ) , and immediately left New York ( `` Super '' ) . Snow eventually returned to New York and confronted Carter , who he was still suspicious of after realizing Reese was never in Connecticut . Later , Snow had to bail out a CIA operative known as L.O.S. who was selling drugs for the CIA in a scheme to fund the War on Terror . Bluntly telling L.O.S. that he warned him about getting caught `` behind enemy lines '' , he had his head bagged and presumably killed in the back seat of an SUV ( `` Blue Code '' ) . When the FBI established a task force to catch Reese , Special Agent Donnelly informed Carter that he did not just want to apprehend Reese , but also expose Snow and the CIA 's illegal operations . He claimed that Snow was the man who swept the CIA 's domestic operations under the rug ( `` Identity Crisis '' ) . Unhappy with the FBI 's investigation into Reese , Snow paid another visit to Carter with Evans and warned her not to cooperate with Agent Donnelly . The next day , he received some information supposedly regarding Reese from a North Korean contact who had aided a CIA agent who escaped from China . Both he and Evans entered a hotel room , but were ambushed by Stanton , who had also survived the Ordos shelling . Evans was killed , while Snow was wounded as Stanton approached him , wanting to `` catch - up '' ( `` Matsya Nyaya '' ) . Following the ambush , Snow has been held captive by Stanton , who locked him up in a storage room and forced him to wear a bomb vest to prevent him from escaping . From time to time , he would be released to `` run errands '' for Stanton , presumably to help her find out who had set her up in the Ordos mission . While at the morgue looking into the Alicia Corwin case , Snow accidentally ran into Carter . He told her that he had been reassigned and was no longer trying to catch Reese . When Carter tried to call Snow 's CIA phone , she was redirected to another man who appeared to be looking for Snow , too ( `` Masquerade '' ) . Snow killed a janitor named Dusan Babic on Stanton 's orders , so that he could use his ID to get into Fujima Techtronics . As he had no other way of communicating with her , Snow left Carter 's card in the dead man 's pocket with Fujima Techtronics address on it . Carter followed Snow 's clues to Fujima Techtronics and saw him leaving the building . Carter followed and confronted him . Snow revealed that he is rigged with an explosive vest and tells Carter to tell John that , `` she is planning something big '' ( `` Critical '' ) . Snow is present when Reese wakes up in the back of a moving bus after being kidnapped and drugged at the end of `` Prisoner 's Dilemma '' by Stanton . He informs Reese that they are wearing similar bomb vests and that Stanton holds the trigger to both . Kara then sends them to perform a few tasks for her . After retrieving the drive that Mark earlier stole from Fujima Techtronics Stanton sends them to steal the car of two Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco , Firearms and Explosives ( ATF ) agents . Snow nearly kills one of the agents but is stopped by Reese . Snow and Reese then take the place of the two agents and enter an office building housing a secret DOD facility on the 21st floor . While going up the elevator Stanton informs them that they would be facing two Delta Force operatives with M4s . The doors open and Reese and Snow take out the two men and tie them up . One of them hits Snow and he prepares to kill the man , but Reese stops him again . Kara warns that there may be signal interference so she arms the bombs on a 15 - minute timer . Reese and Snow then enter an electronics lab and with the help of Kevin , a technician , prepare to download a computer virus . Reese tells Snow that Stanton can not hear them in the lab and suggests that they do something . However Snow says that they do not have enough time . Reese upon Kevin 's advice starts removing the drives to trigger a security breach , Snow discovers what Reese is doing and attacks him . The two engage in a vicious fist fight but Reese holds Snow off . Just then Stanton arrives and tells them that she only needed them to clear the way and uploads a malware on the DOD servers . She then triggers a five - minute timer on the bomb vests , locks them in the lab and leaves . With the help of Kevin , Reese and Snow manage to open the lab door and escape . Reese says that they have to get up to the roof so no one else is killed but Snow clubs him down . He says that the CIA has a safe house two blocks away . Reese warns him that the CIA will consider him compromised and all that is waiting for him is a black hood . Reese tries to get through to him but Snow simply wishes him luck and leaves . As Finch arrives and disarms Reese 's bomb vest just in the nick of time , Kara returns to her car ; however , to her surprise , she finds Snow in the back seat . Snow tells Stanton that she was right about him that he would be very good at dying . Kara lunges at him in desperation but the car explodes killing them both . Up on the roof Reese realizes what Snow has done . After Snow 's death , the FBI informs Carter that they believe Snow to be `` The Man in the Suit '' that Donnelly was chasing and consider the case now closed ( `` Dead Reckoning '' ) . The Machine puts a white square on Snow indicating that he does not know about its existence ( `` Super '' ) . Snow does not know about the Machine . Strangely , Snow is not listed by the machine as a threat to an asset ( Reese ) , even though he tries many times to kill him . Tyrell Evans ( edit ) Tyrell Evans ( played by Darien Sills - Evans ) is the alias of a CIA Operative , partnered with Mark Snow and assisted him in trying to retire Reese along with other assignments . He was shown to be an expert sniper and good with computers . He appeared many times with his partner , Snow ( `` Number Crunch '' ) . He shoots Reese in the torso while his partner Mark Snow distracts Reese , almost killing him , but fails to find him afterwards as the lights are shot out by John right after ( `` Super '' ) . When he and Snow receive a tip about a possible location on Reese at a hotel in the city . The two enter the room guns drawn . However , they are for some reason unable to correctly cover the room , and are shot by an assailant standing behind the door before they can return fire . The assailant turns out not to be Reese but Stanton ( `` Matsya Nyaya '' ) . Kara Stanton ( edit ) Kara Stanton ( played by Annie Parisse ) is the alias of a former CIA operative and John Reese 's former handler and partner . Before joining the CIA , Kara graduated from U.S. Naval Academy and served as an officer in the U.S. Marine Corps . Unlike John , Kara loved her work as an assassin and seemed to have some sadistic tendencies . She was very ruthless and her boss Mark Snow stated that Kara was a disturbing person `` in a class all by herself `` . In 2006 , Stanton met with Reese for the first time in Hungary to interrogate two men about the whereabouts of Alim Nazir . Prior to this meeting , Stanton was apparently informed by a reliable , anonymous source that the men were involved in getting Nazir out of the country . On this information , Stanton executed them in front of a shocked Reese , who expected them to be questioned before any action was taken . She also had a photo of Jessica Arndt talking to Reese at the airport . Upon showing this to Reese , she told him that he could not go back to her , and that he no longer had any old friends . Telling him to dispose of the body and gun , Stanton assigned him the cover name `` Reese '' ( `` Foe '' ) . In 2007 , in Prague , Reese and Stanton posed as a couple and shot three men down ( one man selling plans on a drone to two Chinese nationals ) . Reese wanted to finish the mission as fast as possible but Stanton told him that he should learn to love his work as a killer ( `` Prisoner 's Dilemma '' ) . In 2008 , Stanton , Reese , and Mark Snow were operating illegally in New York City , holding a government employee captive after he tried to sell some software to the Chinese . When Reese was given permission for time off , Stanton followed him to a bar and found him meeting with Jessica 's husband Peter . She gave him a lecture , telling him that they 're no longer like other people , and Reese reluctantly left with her before Jessica spotted them ( `` Blue Code '' ) . In 2009 , Stanton and Reese were assigned to kill a couple in Paris . They followed the couple to a bar . Stanton did not care why they have been ordered to kill them and advises Reese to act more credible since they were posing as a married couple . When the bar 's other patron left , Stanton shot out the camera while Reese approached the couple . Back in their apartment , after having killed the couple , they tried to remove all the traces that would ever prove they have been there . Stanton told him that they could take a break , but Reese said that he was fine . So Stanton drew out a gun on him and wanted him to choose between being a boy scout or a killer because she was tired of working with both . She also reminded him that he chose this life . Reese slammed her into the wall and told her that he loved his work and they kissed ( `` Prisoner 's Dilemma '' ) . In 2010 , Reese and Stanton were in Morocco interrogating a suspect . A few hours later Mark Snow and Alicia Corwin arrived and informed them that they were being sent to China to retrieve a high - profile Stuxnet - like computer program from the Chinese . As Stanton left the room , Snow secretly ordered Reese to retire her , claiming she had been in contact with a terrorist . The pair arrived in Ordos and discovered the site where the program was found . On arrival , they discovered the corpses of many software engineers , and much of the building 's servers had been emptied . Reese found a survivor whom Stanton conversed with in Chinese . He said that men had turned up and took away the Machine . Upon hearing that , she promptly executed him and withheld what he had said from Reese . With much of what they came for already taken , Reese and Stanton had no choice but to wait for their extraction at nightfall . When nightfall came , Stanton marked the landing zone with infrared glow sticks . Reese had readied his gun to shoot her in the back , but lowered it at the last moment , only for Stanton to turn and shoot him . She apologized , saying she had orders from Snow , and was told Reese had ties to terrorists . Reese laughed , telling her he had the same orders and that they were being set up , with the beacon actually signaling for a shelling , not extraction . Reese then made his escape , leaving Stanton standing in shock . Overhead , a drone observed as an incoming cruise missile targeted the beacons . The wounded Reese managed to escape the blast radius , and turned back to see the explosion apparently killing his partner . Stanton however , had managed to clear the explosion and escape China with the help of a dissident group ( `` Matsya Nyaya '' ) . While recuperating , she was turned by a mysterious intelligence operator who was tracking her CIA activities ( `` Dead Reckoning '' ) . Snow revealed to Detective Carter that over the course of their partnership , Reese and Stanton worked on numerous missions and often saved each other 's lives . However , he lies and tells Carter Stanton was killed by Reese before he went off the grid ( `` Number Crunch '' ) . Snow and his partner Evans were led to a hotel room after receiving some intelligence from one of their North Korean contacts . Upon their entry and subsequent search of the room , Stanton emerged from the shadows and ambushed them both , killing Evans and injuring Snow ( `` Matsya Nyaya '' ) . Meaning to `` catch up '' with Snow , she kept him locked in a storage room with a bomb vest strapped onto him so that he would not escape . After he presented her proof that Alicia Corwin , the person who set her up in the mission to Ordos , was dead , she told him that she needed him to run a few more errands for her ( `` Masquerade '' ) . Snow was seen by Carter , leaving Fujima Techtronics . Carter followed and confronted him . Snow revealed that he is rigged with an explosive vest and tells Carter to tell John that , `` she is planning something big '' . Snow flees when a shooter fires upon them ( presumably Stanton ) interrupting their meeting ( `` Critical '' ) . Nicholas Donnelly 's number came up and Finch called him to warn him . At this point Stanton rams the vehicle that Donnelly is using to transport Reese and Carter to a safe - house . As the trio are recovering from the collision 's impact , Stanton shoots Donnelly twice , before approaching Reese and asking if he missed her . She then plunges a syringe into his neck , presumably laden with some form of sedative as Reese goes limp after being injected ( `` Prisoner 's Dilemma '' ) . After rigging him with an explosive vest as well , she sends Reese and Snow out to run more errands for her . While fetching a hard drive , Stanton remotely instructs them to kill the sellers when they demand a higher price , but Reese refuses . Before the seller can press the matter further , Stanton who had been observing them , shoots the sellers with a sniper rifle from a rooftop . She then orders Reese and Snow to steal the gear of two ATF agents who were about to be called in a bomb threat Stanton orchestrated in a nearby office building . The building houses a computer security installation and cyberwarfare development lab and by activating a fifteen - minute detonation timer , Stanton drives the team to clear the entry for her to access a Sensitive Compartmented Information Facility containing the weapons cache where she uploads the contents of the drive Reese and Snow retrieved earlier . Before she leaves , she triggers the bomb vests and locks the team in the room . On the way back to her car , she calls Greer to inform him that the mission has been completed . He tells her the name of the man who sold the laptop ( alleged to be Harold Finch ) , which was the cause for what happened in Ordos . Before she can act on the information , she is cornered by Snow , who escaped the building and hides in the backseat of her car , and then gets his revenge by killing her in his bomb 's explosion ( `` Dead Reckoning '' ) . Decima Technologies ( edit ) The following characters are involved in the Decima Technologies storyline , a shadowy organization that is in possession of the Samaritan AI : John Greer ( edit ) John Greer ( played by John Nolan ) . Greer is a former MI6 agent who is trying to destroy the Machine with a rival A.I. In 2010 , he sent one of three interested parties to Ordos , China to retrieve a laptop with stolen `` Machine '' code . The other teams were `` The CIA '' ( John Reese and Kara Stanton ) and the Chinese ( `` Ram '' ( 2014 ) , `` Aletheia '' ( 2014 ) , `` Zero Day '' ( 2013 ) , `` Trojan Horse '' ( 2013 ) , and `` Dead Reckoning '' ( 2013 ) ) . He is very much present from second half of season 3 to the end of season 5 as the main villain , getting Samaritan , a totalitarian artificial intelligence , online , to track down and kill any opponent , especially Finch , Reese , their friends , and the Machine . In the penultimate episode ``. exe '' , Greer confronts Finch as he tries to destroy Samaritan with the Ice 9 computer virus . Greer sacrifices himself in an attempt to kill Finch by locking them in a sealed room and having Samaritan remove the oxygen . Greer dies from lack of oxygen , but Finch is rescued by the Machine with the help of Reese and Shaw who had been given Greer 's number by the Machine . Jeremy Lambert ( edit ) Jeremy Lambert ( played by Julian Ovenden ) is an operative for Decima Technologies , and Greer 's right - hand man . He is shot dead by Shaw in `` Reassortment . '' Martine Rousseau ( edit ) Martine Rousseau ( played by Cara Buono ) a very sadistic woman and former investigator for the United Nations who is a Samaritan operative for Decima Technologies . She is killed by Root at the end of season 4 . Gabriel Hayward ( edit ) Gabriel Hayward ( played by Oakes Fegley ) a young boy who acts as Samaritan 's `` analog interface '' . Claire Mahoney ( edit ) Claire Mahoney ( played by Quinn Shephard ) is a former college student and Samaritan asset after completing a complex puzzle it designed . In the episode `` Nautilus '' the team attempt to stop her when it is revealed that the puzzle is a recruiting device for Samaritan . She returns later in the series to attempt to convince Finch that Samaritan is trying to help people . Zachary ( edit ) Zachary ( played by Robert Manning , Jr ) an operative for Decima Technologies who later becomes a Samaritan agent . He is killed by John Reese in ``. exe '' . Jeff Blackwell ( edit ) Jeff Blackwell ( played by Joshua Close ) an ex-con who is recruited by Samaritan . He is killed by Shaw in `` return 0 '' in revenge for murdering Root . Vigilance ( edit ) The following character is involved in the Vigilance storyline , in which a violent organization professes to protect people 's privacy . Peter Collier ( edit ) Peter Collier ( played by Leslie Odom , Jr . ) is a field agent whose job is to protect the organization . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Graubaer 's Boker Home page '' . Graubaers-boker.com . Retrieved September 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Walker , Jodi ( 2013 - 11 - 20 ) . `` ' Person of Interest ' shocker : Taraji P. Henson on Carter 's ( SPOILER ) Inside TV EW.com '' . Insidetv.ew.com . Retrieved 27 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Fowler , Matt ( October 22 , 2013 ) . `` Person of Interest : `` Разговор '' Review `` . IGN . Retrieved October 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bad Code '' , Season 2 , Episode 2 Jump up ^ `` The Contingency '' , Season 2 , Episode 2 Jump up ^ `` Root Cause '' , Season 1 , Episode 13 Jump up ^ `` Firewall '' , Season 1 , Episode 23 Jump up ^ `` Bad Code '' , Season 2 , Episode 2 Jump up ^ `` The Contingency '' , Season 2 , Episode 1 Jump up ^ `` Booked Solid '' Season 2 , Episode 15 Jump up ^ `` The Fix '' , Season 1 , Episode 6 Jump up ^ `` Root Cause '' , Season 1 , Episode 13 Jump up ^ `` Firewall '' Season 1 , Episode 23 Jump up ^ `` Bury the Lede '' , Season 2 , Episode 5 Jump up ^ `` The High Road '' , Season 2 , Episode 6 Jump up ^ `` Booked Solid '' , Season 2 , Episode 15 Jump up ^ `` The Fix '' , Season 1 , Episode 6 Jump up ^ `` Root Cause '' , Season 1 , Episode 13 Jump up ^ `` Firewall '' , Season 1 , Episode 23 Jump up ^ `` The High Road '' Season 1 , Episode 6 Jump up ^ `` Booked Solid '' , Season 2 , Episode 15 Jump up ^ `` Flesh and Blood '' , Season 1 , Episode 19 Jump up ^ `` Mission Creep '' , Season 1 , Episode 3 Jump up ^ `` The Fix '' , Season 1 , Episode 6 Jump up ^ `` Witness '' , Season 1 , Episode 7 Jump up ^ `` Get Carter '' , Season 1 , Episode 9 Jump up ^ `` Risk '' , Season 1 , Episode 16 Jump up ^ `` Baby Blue '' , Season 1 , Episode 17 Jump up ^ `` Flesh and Blood '' , Season 1 , Episode 19 Jump up ^ `` Triggerman '' , Season 2 , Episode 4 Jump up ^ `` Prisoner 's Dilemma '' , Season 2 , Episode 12 Jump up ^ `` Witness '' , Season 1 , Episode 7 Jump up ^ `` Risk '' , Season 1 , Episode 16 Jump up ^ `` Baby Blue '' , Season 1 , Episode 17 Jump up ^ `` Flesh and Blood '' , Season 1 , Episode 19 Jump up ^ `` C.O.D. '' , Season 2 , Episode 9 Sources ( edit ) As of this edit , this article uses content from `` Pedia of Interest ( Wikia ) '' , which is licensed in a way that permits reuse under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License , but not under the GFDL . All relevant terms must be followed . ( hide ) Person of Interest Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` Ghosts '' `` Mission Creep '' `` Cura Te Ipsum '' `` Judgment '' `` The Fix '' `` Witness '' `` Foe '' `` Get Carter '' `` Number Crunch '' `` Super '' `` Legacy '' `` Root Cause '' `` Wolf and Cub '' `` Blue Code '' `` Risk '' `` Baby Blue '' `` Identity Crisis '' `` Flesh and Blood '' `` Matsya Nyaya '' `` Many Happy Returns '' `` No Good Deed '' `` Firewall '' Season 2 `` The Contingency '' `` Bad Code '' `` Masquerade '' `` Triggerman '' `` Bury the Lede '' `` The High Road '' `` Critical '' `` Prisoner 's Dilemma '' `` Relevance '' `` God Mode '' Season 3 `` The Devil 's Share '' Season 4 `` If - Then - Else '' Characters John Reese Harold Finch Soundtrack Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 & 4 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Person_of_Interest_characters&oldid=843333926 '' Categories : Lists of drama television characters Lists of American television series characters Person of Interest ( TV series ) Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles in need of updating from August 2014 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Wikipedia articles in need of updating from May 2016 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2014 Articles with imported Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike 3.0 text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 28 May 2018 , at 13 : 07 . 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which city is famous for its large cinco de mayo celebration
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In a 1998 study in the Journal of American Culture it was reported that there were more than 120 official US celebrations of Cinco de Mayo in 21 different states . An update in 2006 found that the number of official Cinco de Mayo events was 150 or more , according to José Alamillo , a professor of ethnic studies at Washington State University in Pullman , who has studied the cultural impact of Cinco de Mayo north of the border . Los Angeles ' Fiesta Broadway has been billed as the largest Cinco de Mayo celebration in the world , which it most certainly was at its peak in the 1990s when it attracted crowds of 500,000 or more . In recent years attendance has seen a dramatic decrease .
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Cinco de Mayo
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Cinco de Mayo ( pronounced ( ˈsiŋko ðe ˈmaʝo ) in Latin America , Spanish for `` Fifth of May '' ) is an annual celebration held on May 5 . The date is observed to commemorate the Mexican Army 's unlikely victory over the French Empire at the Battle of Puebla , on May 5 , 1862 , under the leadership of General Ignacio Zaragoza .
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In the United States , Cinco de Mayo has taken on a significance beyond that in Mexico . More popularly celebrated in the United States than Mexico , the date has become associated with the celebration of Mexican - American culture . In Mexico , the commemoration of the battle continues to be mostly ceremonial , such as through military parades or battle reenactments . Cinco de Mayo is sometimes mistaken for Mexico 's Independence Day -- the most important national holiday in Mexico -- which is celebrated on September 16 , commemorating the Cry of Dolores that initiated the war of Mexican independence from Spain . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Events leading to the Battle of Puebla 1.2 French invasion and Mexican victory 1.3 Events after the battle 1.4 Significance 2 History of the holiday 2.1 United States 2.2 Mexico 2.3 Elsewhere 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Background ( edit ) `` May 5 , 1862 and the siege of Puebla '' , a 1901 image from the Biblioteca del Niño Mexicano , a series of booklets for children detailing the history of Mexico Events leading to the Battle of Puebla ( edit ) Cinco de Mayo has its roots in the Second French intervention in Mexico , which took place in the aftermath of the 1846 -- 48 Mexican -- American War and the 1858 -- 61 Reform War . The Reform War was a civil war that pitted Liberals ( who believed in separation of church and state , and freedom of religion ) against Conservatives ( who favored a tight bond between the Catholic Church and the Mexican state ) . These wars nearly bankrupted the Mexican Treasury . On July 17 , 1861 , Mexican President Benito Juárez issued a moratorium in which all foreign debt payments would be suspended for two years . In response , Britain , France , and Spain sent naval forces to Veracruz to demand reimbursement . Britain and Spain negotiated with Mexico and withdrew , but France , at the time ruled by Napoleon III , decided to use the opportunity to establish an empire in Mexico that would favor French interests , the Second Mexican Empire . The empire was part of an envisioned `` Latin America '' ( term used to imply cultural kinship of the region with France ) that would rebuild French influence in the American continent and exclude Anglophone American territories . French invasion and Mexican victory ( edit ) Main article : Battle of Puebla Late in 1861 , a well - armed French fleet stormed Veracruz , landing a large French force and driving President Juárez and his government into retreat . Moving on from Veracruz towards Mexico City , the French army encountered heavy resistance from the Mexicans close to Puebla , at the Mexican forts of Loreto and Guadalupe . The French army of 8,000 attacked the poorly equipped Mexican army of 4,000 . On May 5 , 1862 , the Mexicans decisively defeated the French army . The victory represented a significant morale boost to the Mexican army and the Mexican people at large and helped establish a sense of national unity and patriotism . Events after the Battle ( edit ) The Mexican victory , however , was short - lived . A year later , with 30,000 troops , the French were able to defeat the Mexican army , capture Mexico City , and install Emperor Maximilian I as ruler of Mexico . The French victory was itself short - lived , lasting only three years , from 1864 to 1867 . By 1865 , `` with the American Civil War now over , the U.S. began to provide more political and military assistance to Mexico to expel the French '' . Upon the conclusion of the American Civil War , Napoleon III , facing a persistent Mexican guerilla resistance , the threat of war with Prussia , and `` the prospect of a serious scrap with the United States '' , retreated from Mexico starting in 1866 . The Mexicans recaptured Mexico City , and Maximilian I was apprehended and executed , along with his Mexican generals Miguel Miramón and Tomás Mejía Camacho in Cerro de las Campanas , Querétaro . `` On June 5 , 1867 , Benito Juárez finally entered Mexico City where he installed a new government and reorganized his administration . '' Significance ( edit ) The Battle of Puebla was significant , both nationally and internationally , for several reasons . First , although considerably outnumbered , the Mexicans defeated a much - better - equipped French army . `` This battle was significant in that the 4,000 Mexican soldiers were greatly outnumbered by the well - equipped French army of 8,000 that had not been defeated for almost 50 years . '' Second , since the Battle of Puebla , some have argued that no country in the Americas has subsequently been invaded by any other European military force . Historian Justo Sierra has written in his Political Evolution of the Mexican People that , had Mexico not defeated the French in Puebla on May 5 , 1862 , France would have gone to the aid of the Confederacy in the U.S. Civil War and the United States ' destiny would have been different . History of the holiday ( edit ) United States ( edit ) Cinco de Mayo performers at the White House According to a paper published by the UCLA Center for the Study of Latino Health and Culture about the origin of the observance of Cinco de Mayo in the United States , the modern American focus on that day first started in California in 1863 in response to the resistance to French rule in Mexico . `` Far up in the gold country town of Columbia ( now Columbia State Park ) Mexican miners were so overjoyed at the news that they spontaneously fired off rifle shots and fireworks , sang patriotic songs and made impromptu speeches . '' A 2007 UCLA Newsroom article notes that , `` the holiday , which has been celebrated in California continuously since 1863 , is virtually ignored in Mexico . '' TIME magazine reports that `` Cinco de Mayo started to come into vogue in 1940s America during the rise of the Chicano Movement . '' The holiday crossed over from California into the rest of the United States in the 1950s and 1960s but did not gain popularity until the 1980s when marketers , especially beer companies , capitalized on the celebratory nature of the day and began to promote it . It grew in popularity and evolved into a celebration of Mexican culture and heritage , first in areas with large Mexican - American populations , like Los Angeles , Chicago , Houston and San Jose . In a 1998 study in the Journal of American Culture it was reported that there were more than 120 official US celebrations of Cinco de Mayo in 21 different states . An update in 2006 found that the number of official Cinco de Mayo events was 150 or more , according to José Alamillo , a professor of ethnic studies at Washington State University in Pullman , who has studied the cultural impact of Cinco de Mayo north of the border . Los Angeles ' Fiesta Broadway has been billed as the largest Cinco de Mayo celebration in the world , which it most certainly was at its peak in the 1990s when it attracted crowds of 500,000 or more . In recent years attendance has seen a dramatic decrease . Cinco de Mayo celebration in Saint Paul , Minnesota On June 7 , 2005 , the United States Congress issued a concurrent resolution calling on the President of the United States to issue a proclamation calling upon the people of the United States to observe Cinco de Mayo with appropriate ceremonies and activities . To celebrate , many display Cinco de Mayo banners while school districts hold special events to educate students about its historical significance . Special events and celebrations highlight Mexican culture , especially in its music and regional dancing . Examples include baile folklórico and mariachi demonstrations held annually at the Plaza del Pueblo de Los Ángeles , near Olvera Street . Commercial interests in the United States have capitalized on the celebration , advertising Mexican products and services , with an emphasis on alcoholic beverages , foods , and music . According to Nielsen , in 2013 more than $600 million worth of beer was purchased in the United States for Cinco de Mayo , more than for the Super Bowl or St. Patrick 's Day . Mexico ( edit ) The former Forts of Guadalupe and Loreto now house a museum . On May 9 , 1862 , President Juárez declared that the anniversary of the Battle of Puebla would be a national holiday regarded as `` Battle of Puebla Day '' or `` Battle of Cinco de Mayo '' . Today , the commemoration of the battle is not observed as a national holiday in Mexico ( i.e. not a statutory holiday ) . However , all public schools are closed nationwide in Mexico on May 5 . The day is an official holiday in the State of Puebla , where the Battle took place , and also a full holiday ( no work ) in the neighboring State of Veracruz . In Puebla , historical reenactments , parades , and meals take place to commemorate the battle . Parade participants dress as French and Mexican soldiers to reenact the battle . Every year the city also hosts the Festival Internacional de Puebla , which gathers national and international artists , traditional musicians and dancers . As well as the Festival Internacional del Mole , with an emphasis on the city 's iconic mole poblano . In Mexico City , military commemoration is occasionally held at the Campo Marte . A street , Avenida Cinco de Mayo , in the Historic Center of Mexico City was named after the battle in 1862 by Benito Juárez . Elsewhere ( edit ) Events tied to Cinco de Mayo also occur outside Mexico and the United States . As in the United States , celebrations elsewhere also emphasize Mexican cuisine , culture and music . For example , Windsor , Ontario , Canada , holds a `` Cinco de Mayo Street Festival '' , some Canadian pubs play Mexican music and serve Mexican food and drink , and a sky - diving club near Vancouver holds a Cinco de Mayo skydiving event . In the Cayman Islands , in the Caribbean , there is an annual Cinco de Mayo air guitar competition , and at Montego Bay , Jamaica , there is a Cinco de Mayo celebration . The city of Brisbane , Queensland , Australia , holds an annual Mexican Festival to honor the day , and celebrations are held in London and New Zealand . Other celebrations of the day can also be found in Cape Town , South Africa , Lagos , Nigeria , and in Paris . Cinco de Mayo is celebrated in Japan in Osaka and in Tokyo 's Yoyogi Park Event Space as a celebration of Latin American culture . See also ( edit ) Siege of Puebla ( 1863 ) , fall of Puebla to the Imperialists Third Battle of Puebla ( 1867 ) , recapture of Puebla and decisive victory for the restoration of the Republic References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ Other sources give the size of the French force as 6,500. ( 1 ) Jump up ^ According to Mexico 's National Institute of Historical Studies on the Mexican Revolution the Mexican force consisted of 4,802 soldiers. ( 2 ) And Peter Hicks of the French Fondation Napoléon and other French sources state the size of the Mexican force was 12,000 men . ( 3 ) ( 4 ) . Hayes - Batista clarifies on page 60 of his El Cinco de Mayo : An American Tradition that after the smaller Mexican force had defeated the French on May 5 , they received reinforcements on May 6 and 7 of approximately 12,000 additional Mexican soldiers . Jump up ^ It has been pointed out that , contrary to reports on PBS and in Philadelphia 's The Bulletin , the French were in fact considered to have been defeated by the Russians at the Siege of Petropavlovsk in 1854 . Jump up ^ The statement in The Bulletin is , `` This was the last time any army from another continent invaded the Americas . '' Note it says `` invaded '' , and not `` attacked . '' Thus , since Cinco de Mayo no army from another continent has invaded the Americas . The War of the Falklands War , for example , was fought in the Americas but the Islands were invaded by a military from the Americas ( the Argentine military ) . They were subsequently attacked ( not invaded ) by the UK . Another example , Pearl Harbor , experienced an attack , not an invasion by the Japanese . The only possible exception to the Cinco de Mayo claim above might be the brief occupation / invasion of two of the Alaskan Aleutian Islands by the Japanese military during WWII . This event , however , was so insignificant as to be virtually negligible : the islands invaded had a total population of 12 Americans and some 45 natives , the invasion was short - lived , and the battle fought there had no notoriety other than the psychological effect on the Americans that the Japanese had invaded American territory again ( Alaska was not yet a full - fledged state ) . In short , the military importance of these small pieces of land was nowhere comparable to the superior military significance of the Battle of Puebla . Citations ^ Jump up to : Lovgren , Stefan ( May 5 , 2006 ) . `` Cinco de Mayo , From Mexican Fiesta to Popular U.S. Holiday '' . National Geographic News . Jump up ^ `` RECOGNIZING THE SIGNIFICANCE OF CINCO DE MAYO '' . Congress.gov . House of Representatives . May 4 , 2009 . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cinco de Mayo '' . University of California at Los Angeles . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2006 . Retrieved May 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Cinco de Mayo celebrations run all weekend '' . Deseret News . Retrieved May 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Cinco de Mayo has become a day for celebrating Mexican culture in the United States , and celebrations there easily outshine those in Mexico '' . About.com . Retrieved May 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Krogstad , Jens ( May 5 , 2003 ) . `` University community celebrates Cinco de Mayo '' . The Minnesota Daily . University of Minnesota . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2007 . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . Today , the holiday is celebrated more in the United States than in Mexico Jump up ^ `` Why is Cinco de Mayo More Popular in America Than in Mexico ? '' . US News & World Report . Retrieved 5 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Lauren Effron ( May 5 , 2010 ) . `` Cinco de Mayo : NOT Mexico 's Independence Day '' . Discovery Channel . Retrieved May 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Minster , Christopher ( December 16 , 2013 ) . `` Cinco De Mayo / The Battle of Puebla '' . About.com . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Herz , May . `` Cinco de Mayo '' . Inside Mexico . Retrieved May 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Cinco de Mayo '' . History.com . Retrieved May 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Cinco de Mayo '' . Mexico Online . April 25 , 2007 . Retrieved May 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Cinco de Mayo : What 's all the fuss about ? '' Julia Goralka . The Washington Times . May 2 , 2012 . Retrieved November 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Happy Cinco de Mayo -- Sorta . Ray Suarez . PBS News Hour . May 4 , 2012 . Retrieved October 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Cinco de Mayo . Mexico Online : The Oldest and most trusted online guide to Mexico . Retrieved November 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Cinco de Mayo . 2011 . The History Channel website . Retrieved May 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ The Significance of `` Cinco de Mayo '' . Ignacio González. 1996 . Retrieved November 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Cinco de Mayo - The Backstory . Archived May 13 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Tony Azios . ' Llero . Jaws Communications . 2010 . Retrieved November 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Cheryl VanBuskirk ( May 7 , 2009 ) . `` Cinco De Mayo : Join In The Celebration On The Fifth Of May '' . The Bulletin : Philadelphia 's Family Newspaper . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2009 . Retrieved May 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ History Channel.com . Retrieved May 14 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Happy Cinco de Mayo : Top 10 Drunkest Holidays ... Time . By Frances Romero . Wednesday , May . 05 , 2010 ... Retrieved May 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Cinco de Mayo '' . Mexico Online . April 25 , 2007 . Retrieved May 5 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cinco de Mayo '' . Mexico Online : The Oldest and most trusted online guide to Mexico . Jump up ^ Michael C. Meyer ; William H. Beezley ( 2000 ) . The Oxford History of Mexico . Oxford University Press . pp. 387 -- 8 . ^ Jump up to : Cinco De Mayo : Join In The Celebration On The Fifth Of May . Archived May 11 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Cheryl VanBuskirk . The Bulletin : Philadelphia 's Family Newspaper . Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , US . May 7 , 2009 . Retrieved June 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ The Battle of Puebla and Cinco de Mayo . PBS . Retrieved February 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Cinco De Mayo : Join In The Celebration On The Fifth Of May . Archived May 11 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Cheryl VanBuskirk . The Bulletin : Philadelphia 's Family Newspaper , May 7 , 2009 . Retrieved June 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Mexico 's Lasting European Influence . By Jose Antonio Burciaga . Free Lance - Star Publishing . May , 2007 . ( First released in The Hispanic News Link. 1981 . ) '' . Banderasnews.com . Retrieved May 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Robert L. Bidwell ( Apr 1971 ) . `` The Political Evolution of the Mexican People . By Justo Sierra . Translated by Charles Ramsdell . Austin , TX : The University of Texas Press . 1969 '' . Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs . Center for Latin American Studies at the University of Miami . 13 ( 2 ) : 306 -- 308 . JSTOR 174689 . ^ Jump up to : Southern California Quarterly `` Cinco de Mayo 's First Seventy - Five Years in Alta California : From Spontaneous Behavior to Sedimented Memory , 1862 to 1937 '' Spring 2007 ( see American observation of Cinco de Mayo started in California ) Retrieved October 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Hayes - Bautista , David E. ( April 2009 ) . `` Cinco de Mayo : The Real Story '' . EGP News . Eastern Group Publications . Retrieved June 2 , 2016 . Far up in the gold country town of Columbia ( now Columbia State Park ) Mexican miners were so overjoyed at the news that they spontaneously fired off rifles shots and fireworks , sang patriotic songs and made impromptu speeches . Jump up ^ Cinco de Mayo minor holiday in Mexico . UPI . World News . May 5 , 2010 . Retrieved May 15 , 2010 . Verified March 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cesares , Oscar ( May 5 , 2010 ) . `` Holiday of Cinco de Mayo is minor event in Mexico '' . Houston Chronicle . Retrieved May 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Cinco de Mayo '' . History.com . Retrieved March 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lovgren , Stefan . `` Cinco de Mayo History : From Bloodshed to Beer Fest '' . National Geographic . Los Angeles . Retrieved May 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Canalis , John ( April 26 , 1992 ) . L.A. hosts nation 's biggest Cinco de Mayo party . UPI Archives . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jamison , Peter ( April 24 , 2016 ) . With thinner crowds in a smaller space , Fiesta Broadway feels deeply diminished . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Library of Congress ( U.S.A. ) Declaration . Retrieved February 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Kane , Courtney ( May 2 , 2003 ) . `` Marketers extend their holiday efforts to a Mexican celebration and even to Lent '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . ( Cinco de Mayo ) gives us an opportunity ... to really get a jump - start on the summer beer - selling season Jump up ^ `` Constellation Brands and Crown Imports Ring in Cinco de Mayo at New York Stock Exchange '' . ACNNewswire.com . Victor , New York : Asian Corporate News Network . May 3 , 2012 . Retrieved May 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Salem , Nancy ( May 4 , 2007 ) . `` Cinco de Mayo 's history neglected ; it 's an excuse to party '' . The Albuquerque Tribune . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2007 . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . From my perspective as a marketing professional , Cinco de Mayo has morphed into a national holiday designed by Fifth Avenue to sell alcohol and excite consumership around a party - type theme Jump up ^ Alamillo , José M. `` Contesting Cinco de Mayo : Cultural Politics and Commercialization of Ethnic Festivals , 1930 -- 1950 '' . Smithsonian Institution . Retrieved May 8 , 2007 . Cinco de Mayo is not just a fiesta anymore , the gringos have taken it on as a good sales pitch Jump up ^ `` What Is Cinco de Mayo ? '' . The New York Times . 5 May 2018 . Retrieved 6 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Did You Know ? Cinco de Mayo is more widely celebrated in USA than Mexico . Tony Burton . Mexconnect . Retrieved May 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cultural adaptation : the Cinco de Mayo holiday is far more widely celebrated in the USA than in Mexico . Geo - Mexico . May 2 , 2011 . Retrieved May 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ 25 Latino Craft Projects : Celebrating Culture in Your Library . Ana Elba Pabon . Diana Borrego. 2003 . American Library Association . Page 14 . Retrieved May 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ 7 Things You May Not Know About Cinco de Mayo . Jesse Greenspan . May 3 , 2012 . Retrieved May 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Congressional Record -- House . Page 7488 . 9 May 2001 . Retrieved May 8 , 2013 . Note that contrary to most other sources , this source states the date Juarez declared Cinco de Mayo to be a national holiday was September 8 , 1862 . Jump up ^ Holidays 2013 . Archived May 13 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . U.S. Consulate in Mexico . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Los días de 2013 que , por ley , debes descansar . January 9 , 2013 . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Calendario Escolar 2012 -- 2013 . Archived April 13 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Secretaria de Educacion Publica . Government of Mexico . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Calendario Puebla 2012 ... Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Circular 0077 - 13 Calendario Oficial de Días Festivos 2013 . Adelante . Gobierno del Estado de Veracruz . January 16 , 2013 . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` How people actually celebrate Cinco de Mayo in Mexico '' . Business Insider . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Peña Nieto no estará en Puebla para desfile del 5 de Mayo ; conmemora Batalla en Campo Marte '' . SDPnoticias.com ( in Spanish ) . May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cinco de Mayo at Kensington Court -- Eyes on Windsor '' . eyesonwindsor.com . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Windsor Cinco de Mayo Celebration 2017 Windsor , CA -- Official Website '' . www.townofwindsor.com . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Canadian celebration Archived August 27 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine. ; St. Albert , Canada 2012 celebration ; Montreal celebration . Retrieved May 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cinco de Mayo Skydiving Boogie 2008 '' . Abbotsford , British Columbia , Canada . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2008 . Retrieved May 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Cayman Cinco de Mayo air guitar Archived January 16 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved May 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Jamaica celebration Archived July 18 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved May 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Brisbane Cinco de Mayo Mexican Festival '' ; Brisbane celebration Archived July 9 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Where to Celebrate Cinco de Mayo in London '' . Retrieved May 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mexican Ambassador to New Zealand honors Cinco de Mayo . Retrieved May 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Cinco de Mayo in South Africa Retrieved May 5 , 2016 Jump up ^ Cinco de Mayo in Lagos , Nigeria Retrieved May 5 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` El cinco de mayo -- Paris -- jeudi 05 mai '' After Work . Retrieved May 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Cinco de Mayo festivals in Osaka and Tokyo Retrieved May 5 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` Cinco De Mayo Festival in Tokyo '' Archived February 22 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . JapanBases.com . Retrieved August 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cinco de Mayo 2013 : Celebrating the Americas '' Cinco de Mayo Festival . Retrieved August 16 , 2013 . Sources Hayes - Bautista , David E. El Cinco de Mayo : An American Tradition ( University of California Press ; 2012 ) 293 pages External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cinco de Mayo . Cinco De Mayo Videos on The History Channel Cinco De Mayo Quick Facts `` Cinco de Mayo is NOT Mexican Independence Day ? '' on The Law Library of Congress 's blog `` Origin of the Cinco De Mayo celebration '' -- Mexican American News / Xcano Media Public holidays in Mexico Statutory holidays Año Nuevo Día de la Constitución Natalicio de Benito Juárez Día del Trabajo Día de Independencia Día de la Revolución Transmisión del Poder Ejecutivo Federal Navidad Civic holidays Día del Ejército Día de la Bandera Aniversario de la Expropiación petrolera Heroica Defensa de Veracruz Cinco de Mayo Natalicio de Miguel Hidalgo Día de la Marina Grito de Dolores Día de los Niños Héroes Consumación de la Independencia Natalicio de José Ma . Morelos y Pavón Descubrimiento de América Festivities Día de los Santos Reyes Día de San Valentín Día del Niño Día de las Madres Día del Maestro Día del estudiante Día del Padre Día de Todos los Santos Día de los Fieles Difuntos Día de la Virgen de Guadalupe Las Posadas Nochebuena Dia de los Santos Inocentes Holidays , observances , and celebrations in the United States January New Year 's Day ( federal ) Martin Luther King Jr . Day ( federal ) Confederate Heroes Day ( TX ) Fred Korematsu Day ( CA , FL , HI , VA ) Idaho Human Rights Day ( ID ) Inauguration Day ( federal quadrennial , DC area ) Kansas Day ( KS ) Lee -- Jackson Day ( formerly Lee -- Jackson -- King Day ) ( VA ) Robert E. Lee Day ( FL ) Stephen Foster Memorial Day ( 36 ) The Eighth ( LA , former federal ) January -- February Super Bowl Sunday February American Heart Month Black History Month Washington 's Birthday / Presidents ' Day ( federal ) Valentine 's Day Georgia Day ( GA ) Groundhog Day Lincoln 's Birthday ( CA , CT , IL , IN , MO , NJ , NY , WV ) National Girls and Women in Sports Day National Freedom Day ( 36 ) Primary Election Day ( WI ) Ronald Reagan Day ( CA ) Rosa Parks Day ( CA , MO ) Susan B. Anthony Day ( CA , FL , NY , WI , WV , proposed federal ) February -- March Mardi Gras Ash Wednesday ( religious ) Courir de Mardi Gras ( religious ) Super Tuesday March Irish - American Heritage Month National Colon Cancer Awareness Month Women 's History Month St. Patrick 's Day ( religious ) Spring break ( week ) Casimir Pulaski Day ( IL ) Cesar Chavez Day ( CA , CO , TX , proposed federal ) Evacuation Day ( Suffolk County , MA ) Harriet Tubman Day ( NY ) Holi ( NY , religious ) Mardi Gras ( AL ( in two counties ) , LA ) Maryland Day ( MD ) National Poison Prevention Week ( week ) Prince Jonah Kūhiō Kalanianaʻole Day ( HI ) Saint Joseph 's Day ( religious ) Seward 's Day ( AK ) Texas Independence Day ( TX ) Town Meeting Day ( VT ) March -- April Easter ( religious ) Palm Sunday ( religious ) Passover ( religious ) Good Friday ( CT , NC , PR , religious ) Easter Monday ( religious ) April Confederate History Month 420 Day April Fools ' Day Arbor Day Confederate Memorial Day ( AL , MS ) Days of Remembrance of the Victims of the Holocaust ( week ) Earth Day Emancipation Day ( DC ) Thomas Jefferson 's Birthday ( AL ) Pascua Florida ( FL ) Patriots ' Day ( MA , ME ) San Jacinto Day ( TX ) Siblings Day Walpurgis Night ( religious ) May Asian Pacific American Heritage Month Jewish American Heritage Month Memorial Day ( federal ) Mother 's Day ( 36 ) Cinco de Mayo Harvey Milk Day ( CA ) Law Day ( 36 ) Loyalty Day ( 36 ) Malcolm X Day ( CA , IL , proposed federal ) May Day Military Spouse Day National Day of Prayer ( 36 ) National Defense Transportation Day ( 36 ) National Maritime Day ( 36 ) Peace Officers Memorial Day ( 36 ) Truman Day ( MO ) June Lesbian , Gay , Bisexual and Transgender Pride Month Father 's Day ( 36 ) Bunker Hill Day ( Suffolk County , MA ) Carolina Day ( SC ) Emancipation Day In Texas / Juneteenth ( TX ) Flag Day ( 36 , proposed federal ) Helen Keller Day ( PA ) Honor America Days ( 3 weeks ) Jefferson Davis Day ( AL , FL ) Kamehameha Day ( HI ) Odunde Festival ( Philadelphia , PA ) Senior Week ( week ) West Virginia Day ( WV ) July Independence Day ( federal ) Lā Hoʻihoʻi Ea ( HI , unofficial ) Parents ' Day ( 36 ) Pioneer Day ( UT ) July -- August Summer vacation August American Family Day ( AZ ) Barack Obama Day ( IL ) Bennington Battle Day ( VT ) Hawaii Admission Day / Statehood Day ( HI ) Lyndon Baines Johnson Day ( TX ) National Aviation Day ( 36 ) Service Reduction Day ( MD ) Victory over Japan Day ( RI , former federal ) Women 's Equality Day ( 36 ) September Prostate Cancer Awareness Month Labor Day ( federal ) California Admission Day ( CA ) Carl Garner Federal Lands Cleanup Day ( 36 ) Constitution Day ( 36 ) Constitution Week ( week ) Defenders Day ( MD ) Gold Star Mother 's Day ( 36 ) National Grandparents Day ( 36 ) National Payroll Week ( week ) Native American Day ( CA , TN , proposed federal ) Patriot Day ( 36 ) September -- October Hispanic Heritage Month Oktoberfest Rosh Hashanah ( religious ) Yom Kippur ( religious ) October Breast Cancer Awareness Month Disability Employment Awareness Month Filipino American History Month LGBT History Month Columbus Day ( federal ) Halloween Alaska Day ( AK ) Child Health Day ( 36 ) General Pulaski Memorial Day German - American Day Indigenous Peoples ' Day ( VT ) International Day of Non-Violence Leif Erikson Day ( 36 ) Missouri Day ( MO ) National School Lunch Week Native American Day ( SD ) Nevada Day ( NV ) Sweetest Day White Cane Safety Day ( 36 ) October -- November Diwali ( religious ) November Native American Indian Heritage Month Veterans Day ( federal ) Thanksgiving ( federal ) Day after Thanksgiving ( 24 ) Election Day ( CA , DE , HI , KY , MT , NJ , NY , OH , PR , WV , proposed federal ) Family Day ( NV ) Hanukkah ( religious ) Lā Kūʻokoʻa ( HI , unofficial ) Native American Heritage Day ( MD , WA ) Obama Day ( Perry County , AL ) December Christmas ( religious , federal ) Alabama Day ( AL ) Christmas Eve ( KY , NC , SC ) Day after Christmas ( KY , NC , SC , TX ) Festivus Hanukkah ( religious , week ) Indiana Day ( IN ) Kwanzaa ( religious , week ) National Pearl Harbor Remembrance Day ( 36 ) New Year 's Eve Pan American Aviation Day ( 36 ) Rosa Parks Day ( OH , OR ) Wright Brothers Day ( 36 ) Varies ( year round ) Eid al - Adha ( religious ) Eid al - Fitr ( religious ) Ramadan ( religious , month ) Legend : ( federal ) = federal holidays , ( state ) = state holidays , ( religious ) = religious holidays , ( week ) = weeklong holidays , ( month ) = monthlong holidays , ( 36 ) = Title 36 Observances and Ceremonies Bold indicates major holidays commonly celebrated in the United States , which often represent the major celebrations of the month . See also : Lists of holidays , Hallmark holidays , public holidays in the United States , New Jersey , New York , Puerto Rico and the United States Virgin Islands . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cinco_de_Mayo&oldid=842489882 '' Categories : Public holidays in Mexico Public holidays in the United States May observances Mexican - American culture Second French intervention in Mexico Remembrance days Spring ( season ) events in Mexico Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2018 Use mdy dates from May 2018 Infobox holiday fixed day Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Magyar Malti मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Türkçe 中文 25 more Edit links This page was last edited on 22 May 2018 , at 20 : 05 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinco%20de%20Mayo
| 299 |
who is the present governor of cross river state
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South - Eastern State Title Took Office Left Office Party Notes Uduokaha Esuene Governor 28 May 1967 July 1975 ( Military ) Paul Omu Governor 3 February 1976 July 1978 ( Military ) Cross River State Title Took Office Left Office Party Notes Paul Omu Governor 3 February 1976 July 1978 ( Military ) Babatunde Elegbede Governor July 1978 October 1979 ( Military ) Clement Isong Governor October 1979 October 1983 NPN Donald Etiebet Governor October 1983 December 1983 NPN NAVY CAPTAIN EDET AKPAN ARCHIBONG ; MILITARY GOVERNOR FROM JANUARY 1984 - MAY 1984 Dan Archibong Governor MAY 1984 1986 ( Military ) Eben Ibim Princewill Governor 1986 December 1989 ( Military ) Ernest Attah Governor December 1989 January 1992 ( Military ) Clement Ebri Governor January 1992 November 1993 NRC Ibrahim Kefas Administrator 9 December 1993 14 September 1994 ( Military ) Gregory Agboneni Administrator 14 September 1994 22 August 1996 ( Military ) Umar Farouk Ahmed Administrator 22 August 1996 August 1998 ( Military ) Christopher Osondu Administrator August 1998 May 1999 ( Military ) Donald Duke Governor 29 May 1999 29 May 2007 PDP Liyel Imoke Governor 29 May 2007 29 May 2015 PDP Benedict Ayade Governor 29 May 2015 Till Date PDP
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Benedict Ayade
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List of governors of Cross River State
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list of governors of cross river state
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This is a list of administrators and governors of Cross River State , Nigeria , including leaders of South - Eastern State . South - Eastern State was formed on 1967 - 05 - 27 when Eastern Region was split into East - Central , Rivers and South - Eastern states . The state was renamed Cross River State in 1976 .
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South - Eastern State Title Took Office Left Office Party Notes Uduokaha Esuene Governor 28 May 1967 July 1975 ( Military ) Paul Omu Governor 3 February 1976 July 1978 ( Military ) Cross River State Title Took Office Left Office Party Notes Paul Omu Governor 3 February 1976 July 1978 ( Military ) Babatunde Elegbede Governor July 1978 October 1979 ( Military ) Clement Isong Governor October 1979 October 1983 NPN Donald Etiebet Governor October 1983 December 1983 NPN NAVY CAPTAIN EDET AKPAN ARCHIBONG ; MILITARY GOVERNOR FROM JANUARY 1984 - MAY 1984 Dan Archibong Governor MAY 1984 1986 ( Military ) Eben Ibim Princewill Governor 1986 December 1989 ( Military ) Ernest Attah Governor December 1989 January 1992 ( Military ) Clement Ebri Governor January 1992 November 1993 NRC Ibrahim Kefas Administrator 9 December 1993 14 September 1994 ( Military ) Gregory Agboneni Administrator 14 September 1994 22 August 1996 ( Military ) Umar Farouk Ahmed Administrator 22 August 1996 August 1998 ( Military ) Christopher Osondu Administrator August 1998 May 1999 ( Military ) Donald Duke Governor 29 May 1999 29 May 2007 PDP Liyel Imoke Governor 29 May 2007 29 May 2015 PDP Benedict Ayade Governor 29 May 2015 Till Date PDP See also ( edit ) States of Nigeria List of state governors of Nigeria References ( edit ) `` Nigerian Federal States '' . WorldStatesmen . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 30 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Governors_of_Cross_River_State&oldid=746366463 '' Categories : Lists of state governors of Nigeria Cross River State Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 27 October 2016 , at 00 : 09 . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Governors%20of%20Cross%20River%20State
| 1,316 |
when did the movie knock knock come out
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Knock Knock is a 2015 American erotic horror - thriller film directed by Eli Roth , who also co-wrote the script with Guillermo Amoedo and Nicolás López . The film stars Keanu Reeves , Lorenza Izzo , and Ana de Armas . The film was released on October 9 , 2015 , by Lionsgate Premiere . Knock Knock is a remake of the 1977 film Death Game , which was directed by Peter S. Traynor and starred Sondra Locke and Colleen Camp . All three individuals had a hand in the production of Knock Knock , while Camp also had a cameo in the newer film .
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2015
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Knock Knock ( 2015 film )
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knock knock ( 2015 film )
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Knock Knock is a 2015 American erotic horror - thriller film directed by Eli Roth , who also co-wrote the script with Guillermo Amoedo and Nicolás López . The film stars Keanu Reeves , Lorenza Izzo , and Ana de Armas . The film was released on October 9 , 2015 , by Lionsgate Premiere . Knock Knock is a remake of the 1977 film Death Game , which was directed by Peter S. Traynor and starred Sondra Locke and Colleen Camp . All three individuals had a hand in the production of Knock Knock , while Camp also had a cameo in the newer film .
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Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Release 4.1 Critical reception 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) Architect and happily married man Evan Webber ( Keanu Reeves ) has the house to himself and his dog Monkey on Father 's Day weekend due to work and a physical therapy appointment for a shoulder injury while his wife and children go on a family - planned beach trip . His wife Karen ( Ignacia Allamand ) , a successful artist , leaves their assistant Louis ( Aaron Burns ) in charge of her sculpture that needs to be moved to an art gallery . Two women , Genesis ( Lorenza Izzo ) and Bel ( Ana de Armas ) knock on Evan 's door . He opens the door and they say that they are looking for the address of a party . As they have no means of communication , Evan allows them in to use the Internet and get hold of the party 's host . The girls make themselves at home and Evan plays a few of his old vinyl records he has from when he was a DJ . They then disappear to the bathroom when their driver arrives . Evan tries to convince them to leave , but as they start forcing themselves upon him , he gives in and has a threesome with them . Evan finds out that his wife 's sculpture has been vandalized by the girls . When Evan threatens to call the police , the girls reveal they are underage . Vivian ( Colleen Camp ) , a friend of Karen 's , stops by to see if Evan needs help . Seeing Genesis , Vivian angrily leaves . When Evan threatens to report a break - in , they give in and agree to be taken home . He then returns home , cleans the mess , and tries to go back to his work . Just as he is getting closer to completing his project , he hears a shattering noise . He finds a broken picture frame of his family and Genesis knocks him out with one of his wife 's sculptures . Bel climbs onto him trying to arouse him while role - playing as a school girl in his daughter 's school uniform . Evan initially refuses , but the girls threaten to FaceTime his wife with him unless he agrees with their methods . Bel rapes him , and Genesis records everything . However , Evan releases himself , knocking Bel off . He charges at Genesis , but is then disarmed by her and Bel who tie him up to a chair with an electrical cord . Louis arrives to collect the sculpture and finds Evan tied up to a chair , but before he can help him he hears the girls smashing the vandalized sculpture . He runs to stop them , but then has an asthma attack and realizes they took his inhaler . As he tries to get it back , he slips on a piece of the sculpture , hits his head while falling , and becomes unconscious . They turn Louis ' body into a red sculpture and dig a makeshift grave in the backyard for Evan . They tie him up with a hose , then bury him in the hole , leaving only his head above ground . Genesis shows Evan the video she recorded earlier with his phone of him and Bel having sex . As Evan watches on , she uploads it to his Facebook profile . They depart and take Monkey with them , leaving Evan to his fate . Karen and the kids arrive home to the entire house ruined while speechless . In an alternate ending , Evan is seen getting out of a car parked outside a house . Inside the house Bel and Genesis are torturing their next victim . Evan knocks on the door and the girls stop when they hear it , he knocks again and they ask ' Who 's there ? ' . Cast ( edit ) Keanu Reeves as Evan Webber Lorenza Izzo as Genesis Ana de Armas as Bel Ignacia Allamand as Karen Alvarado Aaron Burns as Louis Colleen Camp as Vivian Production ( edit ) On April 4 , 2014 , Keanu Reeves was added to the cast to play Evan Webber , a happily married family man and architect . The shooting was filmed in Santiago de Chile . Eli Roth stated that filming in Chile is easier than in the US . Chilean actress Ignacia Allamand also joined the film . Release ( edit ) On January 26 , 2015 Lionsgate acquired the distribution rights to the film . Knock Knock premiered at the 2015 Sundance Film Festival on January 23 , 2015 . The film was released on October 9 , 2015 in the United States . Critical reception ( edit ) Knock Knock received negative reviews from critics . Review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reports a rating of 33 % , based on 60 reviews , with an average rating of 5.2 / 10 . The site 's consensus states : `` Knock Knock brings a lot of talent to bear on its satirical approach to torture horror , but not effectively enough to overcome its repetitive story or misguidedly campy tone . '' On Metacritic , the film has a score of 55 out of 100 , based on 20 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Dread Central awarded it a score of four out of five , saying `` what we do have is a home invasion film for the social media generation ( yes , it does feature social media in its plot ) that should make you think twice before offering warmth and shelter to a stranger on a dark and stormy night . '' See also ( edit ) List of films featuring home invasions References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` KNOCK KNOCK ( 18 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . June 11 , 2015 . Retrieved August 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ( 02 - 21 - 2014 ) . `` Eli Roth to Direct , Co-Write Horror Movie ' Knock Knock ' ( Exclusive ) '' , www.thewrap.com . Retrieved 28 - 06 - 2015 . Jump up ^ Jagernauth , Kevin ( 04 - 04 - 2014 ) . `` Keanu Reeves Joins Eli Roth 's ' Knock Knock , ' Benicio Del Toro Joins Denis Villeneuve 's ' Sicario ' & More '' , blogs.indiewire.com . Retrieved 28 - 06 - 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Knock Knock ( 2015 ) '' . the - numbers . Retrieved October 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brian Formo ( 2015 - 10 - 09 ) . `` Review : The Keanu Reeves - Starring Erotic Thriller ' Knock Knock ' Is a Steaming Pile of Sexy Garbage '' . Complex . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ Gingold , Michael ( October 7 , 2015 ) . `` Q&A : `` KNOCK KNOCK '' ! Who 's There ? Director Eli Roth , on Keanu , `` Free Pizza '' and More `` . Fangoria . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 02 . Jump up ^ King , Susan ( October 3 , 2015 ) . `` In ' Knock Knock , ' actress Colleen Camp has a cameo -- and a producer credit '' . The Los Angeles Times . Los Angeles , California : Tronc . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 02 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( April 4 , 2014 ) . `` Keanu Reeves , Eli Roth To Team On Thriller ' Knock Knock ' '' . deadline.com . Retrieved August 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Chaka ( April 14 , 2014 ) . `` Eli Roth New Movie : ' Knock Knock ' To Star Keanu Reeves ; Film To Debut In September ? '' . latinpost.com . Retrieved August 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Keanu Reeves finished filming his movie `` Knock Knock '' in Chile `` . twitter.com . May 11 , 2014 . Retrieved August 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( January 26 , 2015 ) . `` Lionsgate Closes Eli Roth - Keanu Reeves Thriller ' Knock Knock ' At $2.5 Million '' . deadline.com . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jason Segel 's ' The End of the Tour ' wows at Sundance '' . NY Daily News . Retrieved 25 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lionsgate Publicity '' . Lionsgate Publicity . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Knock Knock ( 2015 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved October 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Knock Knock Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved October 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gelmini , David ( 2015 - 07 - 02 ) . `` Knock Knock ( 2015 ) '' . Dread Central . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 29 . External links ( edit ) Knock Knock on IMDb Knock Knock at Box Office Mojo Knock Knock at Rotten Tomatoes Knock Knock at Metacritic ( hide ) Films by Eli Roth Director Cabin Fever ( 2002 ) Hostel ( 2005 ) Hostel : Part II ( 2007 ) Grindhouse ( segment `` Thanksgiving '' , 2007 ) The Green Inferno ( 2013 ) Knock Knock ( 2015 ) Death Wish ( 2017 ) The House with a Clock in Its Walls ( 2018 ) Producer only 2001 Maniacs ( 2005 ) The Last Exorcism ( 2010 ) The Man with the Iron Fists ( 2012 ) Aftershock ( 2012 ) The Last Exorcism Part II ( 2013 ) Clown ( 2014 ) Cabin Fever ( 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Knock_Knock_(2015_film)&oldid=810194004 '' Categories : 2015 films English - language films American films American film remakes Chilean films 2015 horror films American erotic films American horror films American thriller films American horror thriller films 2010s erotic films 2010s horror thriller films Films directed by Eli Roth Films produced by Eli Roth Films shot in Chile Home invasions in film Screenplays by Eli Roth Horror film remakes Adultery in films Erotic thriller films Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from August 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Basa Jawa 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Slovenščina Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 November 2017 , at 21 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knock%20Knock%20%282015%20film%29
| 1,317 |
what is the average grade for a 8th grader
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Eighth grade
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eighth grade
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Eighth grade is the term used for the year of education in the US . In England , the equivalent is Year 9 . Usually , students will be 13 - 14 years old . Students are usually in their ninth year ( Kindergarten included ) of education at the time they enter eighth grade . It is typically the last year for Middle school .
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In the United States , eighth grade is usually the second or third year of middle school ( junior high school ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Africa 2 Asia 3 Europe 4 North America 4.1 Canada and the United States 5 Oceania 6 South America 7 See also Africa ( edit ) In Nigeria Grade 8 ( JSS2 ) is the second to last year of Junior high , as there are no Middle Schools in the Nigerian education system , elementary school ( primary school ) ends in grade 6 . Pupils ( called learners by the Department of Education ) are between the ages of 13 and 14 . In Somalia , the eighth grade , which pupils are between the age of 12 and 14 , is typically the final grade before high school . In South Africa , Grade 8 is the first year of high school . Asia ( edit ) In Iran , 8th grade is second year of Highschool A. There are 2 stages of Highschool in Iran , A and B. A ranges from Grade 7 ( 13 years old ) across Grade 8 ( 14 years old ) to Grade 9 ( 15 years old ) . In India , 8th grade is the last grade before High School . 8th grade exam is the last year the respective school will be setting the examination . Thereafter ( ninth grade and after ) the examinations are conducted by state or national boards . In India , 8th class education falls under the middle education system . In Sri Lanka , 8th grade is the last grade before High School . 8th grade exam is the last year the respective school will be setting the examination . Thereafter ( ninth grade and after ) the examinations are conducted by state or national board . In Pakistan , Grade 8 is one of the years in middle school . Students in this class are thirteen to fourteen years old. 8th grade exams are conducted and managed by the Boards of Education in Pakistan . In Nepal Grade 8 is last grade before Secondary Education . In Grade 8 , District Level Examination is conducted by District Education Office . In the Philippines , Grade 8 is the second year of Junior High School . Topics mainly discussed are the following subjects like , for the major subjects are Intermediate Algebra ( Math in Grade 8 ) , Biology ( Science in Grade 8 ) , Filipino subject with Florante at Laura , English and Asian History ( Political Studies in Grade 8 ) . Values Education , World Literature , MAPEH ( Music , Arts , Physical Education and Health ) , Computer and TLE ( Technology and Livelihood Education ) are some of the minor subjects . Students are usually 13 -- 14 years old . In Singapore , 8th grade is equivalent of Secondary 2 level . In Malaysia , 8th grade also known as Form 2 in secondary school . The students at this stage are 14 years old , and it is the second year in the secondary school . In Indonesia , 8th grade is known as Kelas 2 SMP ( Indonesian for the number 2 ) . Pupils usually are aged from 13 to 14 years old and graduate from Kelas 1 SMP in the middle of the year ( June 18 but the promotion to the next grade is at June 28 ) . In Hong Kong , 8th grade is called Form 2 . In Oman pupils usually are aged from 14 to 15 years old . Europe ( edit ) In Spain , eighth grade is equivalent to the segundo curso de Educación Secundaria Obligatoria or ESO . In Denmark , eighth grade is called 8 . Klasse being the second last year before being enrolled into a Gymnasium , which is similar to high school . In France , eighth grade is equivalent to the third year of collège , the Quatrième or ' 4ème ' . In Germany , eighth grade is called 8 . Klasse . In Poland , eighth grade is equivalent to the second year of junior high school ( gimnazjum ) . Pupils are aged 14 -- 15 . In Hungary , eighth grade is called 8 . osztály , commonly the last year of elementary school . Other systems to group the grades are also present : for example , six years of elementary school then six years of high school ; or four years of elementary then eight years of high school . In Finland , children aged 14 -- 15 are usually in 8th grade . In Iceland , eighth grade is called 8. bekkur . Pupils are aged 14 -- 15 . In Ireland , eighth grade is equivalent to 2nd Year . Students are between 13 and 14 years old at the beginning of the year . In Italy , eighth grade is the final year of middle school . It is equivalent to what is colloquially referred to as terza media or terzo anno delle scuole medie ( officially Scuola secondaria di primo grado ) . In Latvia , eighth grade is called 8 . Klase and is the last year of elementary school . Children are aged 14 -- 15 . In the Netherlands , eight grade is equivalent to the second year in middle school ( known as de tweede klas ) . In Belgium , eight grade is also equivalent to the second year in middle school ( called `` 2e middelbaar '' or `` 2e secondaire '' ) . In the United Kingdom : In the English and Welsh school systems , eighth grade is equivalent to Year 9 ( Form 3 ) . These children are aged 13 -- 14 . In Scotland eighth grade is equivalent to S2 , where ' S ' represents Secondary ; or 2nd year . As a reminder in Scotland students start primary education at an age of 4 -- 5 and then move to high school when 11 -- 12 . Children are between 13 and 14 years old in this year . In Northern Ireland , children aged 13 -- 14 are in year 10 or 3rd year ( secondary school ) . In Romania , 8th grade is called `` Clasa a VIII - a '' , and it is the last year of Gymnasium , followed by high school . Children usually aged between 13 -- 14 are in this grade . In Croatia 8th grade is called `` Osmi razred '' and it is the last year of middle school before going to high school . Children are ages between 13 and 14 . In Slovenia , 8th grade is the second to last year of primary school , with students 13 - 14 years of age . After primary school , students attend different High Schools . North america ( edit ) In Belize , Std. 6 is the last year in elementary school . In Mexico , eighth grade is equivalent to the second year of middle school for those who are aged 13 -- 14 . Canada and the United States ( edit ) In the United States , Eighth Grade is most commonly thought to be a child 's eighth year of education . However , for some , 8th Grade may be thought of as a child 's 9th , 10th , or , possibly , 11th year of education . Though this depends upon whether or not the child attended Kindergarten and Preschool , and for how many years they attended Preschool ( usually , a child attends Preschool for one year , but two years is somewhat common as well ) . Yet , most disagree to this because Preschool and Kindergarten are considered to be years of preparation , rather than actual education . In some parts of Canada ( such as Newfoundland ) , and much of British Columbia , 8th grade is the first year of high school , or secondary school . Students are usually 13 - 14 years old . In Quebec , eighth Grade is equivalent to Secondary II ( French : 2 Secondaire ( `` Seconde '' ) ) or Secondary Cycle 1 , Year 2 . The eighth grade mathematics curriculum in Canada and the United States usually includes either Pre-algebra or Algebra I. Occasionally , Geometry , or Algebra II are also taught in very advanced schools . In some schools , especially the ones that are witnessing the required Basic Standards Test , basic everyday `` real world '' mathematical skills such as check writing , money management , and geometry are taught as well . In cultural and language curriculum , many students may opt to take a foreign language course , either for a semester or the full school year . In the United States , American history is often the primary focus in eighth grade social studies . Other schools may also focus on other subject areas such as geography and world history . Oceania ( edit ) In most states in Australia , eighth grade is the equivalent of Year 8 , which is the second year of high school . In Western Australia and South Australia , Year 8 is the first year of high school . In New Zealand , Year 9 ( formerly Form 3 ) is the equivalent of eighth grade , with students aged 13 or 14 during the year . It is the first year of secondary school and the ninth year of compulsory education . Students in Year 9 typically study English , mathematics , science , social science , health and physical education , the arts , technology , and a learning language . South america ( edit ) In Brazil the minimum age required for eighth grade was recently changed from 12 to 13 years old . In Chile , eighth grade is equivalent to 8 ° Básico the last year of Enseñanza básica for those who are aged 13 -- 14 . See also ( edit ) Educational stage Secondary education Preceded by Seventh grade Eighth grade age 13 - 14 Succeeded by Ninth grade ( hide ) Educational years Pre-kindergarten / Preschool Kindergarten First grade Second grade Third grade Fourth grade Fifth grade Sixth grade Seventh grade Eighth grade Ninth grade Tenth grade Eleventh grade Twelfth grade Thirteenth grade Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eighth_grade&oldid=800908610 '' Categories : Educational years Secondary education Hidden categories : Articles lacking sources from July 2007 All articles lacking sources Articles needing cleanup from May 2016 All pages needing cleanup Cleanup tagged articles with a reason field from May 2016 Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from May 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 September 2017 , at 13 : 13 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eighth%20grade
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who sings jingle bells in a christmas story
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Jingle Bells
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jingle bells
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`` Jingle Bells '' is one of the best - known and commonly sung American songs in the world . It was written by James Lord Pierpont ( 1822 -- 1893 ) and published under the title `` One Horse Open Sleigh '' in the autumn of 1857 . It has been claimed that it was originally written to be sung by a Sunday school choir ; however , historians dispute this , stating that it was much too `` racy '' ( and secular ) to be sung by a children 's church choir in the days it was written .
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Although originally intended for the Thanksgiving season , and having no connection to Christmas , it became associated with Christmas music and the holiday season in general decades after it was first performed on Washington Street in Boston in 1857 . Some area choirs adopted it as part of their repertoire in the 1860s and 1870s , and it was featured in a variety of parlor song and college anthologies in the 1880s . It was first recorded in 1889 on an Edison cylinder . Contents ( hide ) 1 Composition 2 Lyrics 2.1 Original lyrics 3 Melody 4 Recordings and performances 4.1 First song in outer space 5 Parodies and homages 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Composition ( edit ) Plaque at 19 High Street , Medford , Massachusetts Historical marker in Savannah , Georgia One Horse Open Sleigh Title page First half of the chorus Second half of the chorus and other verses Musical notations of the original version It is an unsettled question where and when Pierpont originally composed the song that would become known as `` Jingle Bells '' . A plaque at 19 High Street in the center of Medford Square in Medford , Massachusetts commemorates the `` birthplace '' of `` Jingle Bells , '' and claims that Pierpont wrote the song there in 1850 , at what was then the Simpson Tavern . According to the Medford Historical Society , the song was inspired by the town 's popular sleigh races during the 19th century . `` Jingle Bells '' was originally copyrighted with the name `` One Horse Open Sleigh '' on September 16 , 1857 . Mrs. Otis Waterman , one of Pierpoint 's friends , described the song as a `` merry little jingle '' , which became part of its new name when published in 1859 under the revised title of `` Jingle Bells , or the One Horse Open Sleigh . '' The song has since passed into the public domain . The date of the song 's copyright casts some doubt on the theory that Pierpont wrote the song in Medford , since by that date he was the organist and music director of the Unitarian Church in Savannah , Georgia , where his brother , Rev. John Pierpont Jr. , was employed . In August of the same year , James Pierpont married the daughter of the mayor of Savannah . He stayed on in the city even after the church closed due to its abolitionist leanings . `` Jingle Bells '' was often used as a drinking song at parties : people would jingle the ice in their glasses as they sang . The double - meaning of `` upsot '' was thought humorous , and a sleigh ride gave an unescorted couple a rare chance to be together , unchaperoned , in distant woods or fields , with all the opportunities that afforded . Lyrics ( edit ) Music historian James Fuld notes that `` the word jingle in the title and opening phrase is apparently an imperative verb . '' In the winter in New England in pre-automobile days , it was common to adorn horses ' harnesses with straps bearing bells as a way to avoid collisions at blind intersections , since a horse - drawn sleigh in snow makes almost no noise . The rhythm of the tune mimics that of a trotting horse 's bells . However , `` jingle bells '' is commonly taken to mean a certain kind of bell . Jingle Bells Dashing through the snow In a one - horse open sleigh O'er the fields we go Laughing all the way Bells on bob tail ring Making spirits bright What fun it is to ride and sing A sleighing song tonight ! Jingle bells , jingle bells , Jingle all the way . Oh ! what fun it is to ride In a one - horse open sleigh . Jingle bells , jingle bells , Jingle all the way ; Oh ! what fun it is to ride In a one - horse open sleigh . Although less well - known than the opening , the remaining verses depict high - speed youthful fun . In the second verse , the narrator takes a ride with a girl and loses control of the sleigh : A day or two ago I thought I 'd take a ride And soon , Miss Fanny Bright Was seated by my side , The horse was lean and lank Misfortune seemed his lot He got into a drifted bank And then we got upsot . : chorus :| In the next verse ( which is often skipped ) , he falls out of the sleigh and a rival laughs at him : A day or two ago , The story I must tell I went out on the snow , And on my back I fell ; A gent was riding by In a one - horse open sleigh , He laughed as there I sprawling lie , But quickly drove away . : chorus :| In the last verse , after relating his experience , he gives advice to a friend to pick up some girls , find a faster horse , and take off at full speed : Now the ground is white Go it while you 're young , Take the girls tonight and sing this sleighing song ; Just get a bobtailed bay Two forty as his speed Hitch him to an open sleigh And crack ! you 'll take the lead . : chorus :| Notes to lyrics Jump up ^ `` Upsot '' is an alternative poetic version of `` upset '' . Jump up ^ Two forty refers to a mile in two minutes and forty seconds at the trot , or 22.5 miles per hour . This is a good speed , and suggests the horse should be a Standardbred . Original lyrics ( edit ) The two first stanzas and chorus of the original 1857 lyrics differed slightly from those we know today . It is unknown who replaced the words with those of the modern version . Dashing thro ' the snow , In a one - horse open sleigh , O'er the hills we go , Laughing all the way ; Bells on bob tail ring , Making spirits bright , Oh what sport to ride and sing A sleighing song tonight . : chorus :| Jingle bells , jingle bells , Jingle all the way ; Oh ! what joy it is to ride In a one - horse open sleigh . A day or two ago I tho 't I 'd take a ride And soon Miss Fannie Bright Was seated by my side . The horse was lean and lank Misfortune seemed his lot He got into a drifted bank And we -- we got upsot . Jingle Bells , Or The One Horse Open Sleigh Original melody Jingle Bells Performed on Piano , flute , clarinet , French horn Jingle Bells Performed on Celesta and Violin Problems playing these files ? See media help . Melody ( edit ) The original 1857 `` Jingle Bells '' had a slightly different chorus featuring a more classical - style melody . The `` IV vi iii IV IV I '' chord progression is a common theme in classical music ; except for the final two chord changes , the melody as originally written follows the same chord progression as Pachelbel 's Canon ; the tune would later become more closely associated with another Christmas song , `` Jolly Old Saint Nicholas , '' which appeared about twenty years after `` Jingle Bells '' . The `` Jingle Bells '' tune is used in French and German songs , although the lyrics are unrelated to the English lyrics . Both songs celebrate winter fun , as in the English version . The French song , titled `` Vive le vent '' ( `` Long Live the Wind '' ) , was written by Francis Blanche and contains references to Father Time , Baby New Year , and New Year 's Day . There are several German versions of `` Jingle Bells '' , including the popular Roy Black versions of Christkindl and Christmastime . In Spanish , the lyrics reference Christmas . Religious and secular lyrics both exist for the same melody , though the chorus in both contexts remains the same : Navidad , Navidad / hoy es Navidad / Es un día de alegría / y felicidad ( `` Christmas , Christmas / today is Christmas / it is a day of joy and happiness . '' ) The Swedish version titled Bjällerklang ( Bell Clang ) contains a few extra lines , eight bars long , in the chorus which are followed by a repetition of the last two lines of the chorus . Those were added by the Swedish lyricists , Eric Sandström and Gösta Westerberg . Chorus in Swedish Translation Bjällerklang , bjällerklang , hör dess dingelidong Flingor som det virvlar om i munter vintersång Följ oss ut , följ oss ut , Blacken travar på I hans spår vår släde går där höga furor står Vi sitter under fällen och snön omkring oss yr Och inte förr'n till kvällen vi färden hemåt styr Bjällerklang , bjällerklang , hör dess dingelidong Flingor som det virvlar om i munter vintersång Bell clang , bell clang , hear its dingelidong Snow flakes that twirl around in joyous winter song Follow us out , follow us out , Blackie trots on In his trails , our sleigh goes where tall pines stand We sit under our pelt and the snow whirls around us And it is not until the evening , that we will be going home Bell clang , bell clang , hear its dingelidong Snow flakes that twirl around in joyous winter song Recordings and performances ( edit ) See also : List of artists who have recorded `` Jingle Bells '' James Lord Pierpont 's 1857 composition `` Jingle Bells '' became one of the most performed and most recognizable secular holiday songs ever written , not only in the United States , but around the world . In recognition of this achievement , James Lord Pierpont was voted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame . `` Jingle Bells '' was first recorded by Will Lyle on October 30 , 1889 on an Edison cylinder however no surviving copies are known . The earliest surviving recording was made by the Edison Male Quartette in 1898 , also on an Edison cylinder as part of a Christmas medley entitled `` Sleigh Ride Party . '' In 1902 , the Hayden Quartet recorded `` Jingle Bells '' . The song became a Christmas favorite in the early twentieth century . In 1943 , Bing Crosby and the Andrews Sisters recorded `` Jingle Bells '' as Decca 23281 which reached No. 19 on the charts and sold over a million copies . In 1941 , Glenn Miller and His Orchestra with Tex Beneke , Marion Hutton , Ernie Caceres , and the Modernaires on vocals had a No. 5 hit with `` Jingle Bells '' on RCA Victor , as Bluebird 11353 . In 1935 , Benny Goodman and His Orchestra reached No. 18 on the charts with their recording of `` Jingle Bells . '' In 1951 , Les Paul had a No. 10 hit with a multi-tracked version on guitar . In 2006 , Kimberley Locke had a No. 1 hit on the Billboard Adult Contemporary chart with a recording of the song . `` Jingle Bells '' has been performed and recorded by a wide variety of musical artists , including Louis Armstrong , The Beatles , The Chipmunks , Judy Collins , Nat King Cole ( also using the melody at the end of his hit song `` The Christmas Song '' ) , Perry Como , Plácido Domingo , Duke Ellington , Ella Fitzgerald , Jo Stafford , Spike Jones , Barry Manilow , The Million Dollar Quartet ( Johnny Cash , Jerry Lee Lewis , Carl Perkins , and Elvis Presley ) , NSync , Luciano Pavarotti , Laura Pausini , Smokey Robinson and the Miracles , Frank Sinatra , Gwen Stefani , Barbra Streisand , Fats Waller , and Yello , among many others . Wally Schirra and Tom Stafford of Gemini VI ( 1965 ) In 1955 , Don Charles , from Copenhagen , Denmark , recorded a novelty version with dogs barking to the melody of `` Jingle Bells '' as RCA 6344 , and a version credited simply to `` St. Nick '' called `` Jingle Bells ( Laughing All the Way ) '' features someone laughing , rather than singing , the entire song . First song in Outer space ( edit ) `` Jingle Bells '' was the first song broadcast from space , in a Christmas - themed prank by Gemini 6 astronauts Tom Stafford and Wally Schirra . While in space on December 16 , 1965 , they sent this report to Mission Control : Gemini VII , this is Gemini VI . We have an object , looks like a satellite going from north to south , up in a polar orbit . He 's in a very low trajectory traveling from north to south and has a very high climbing ratio . It looks like it might even be a ... Very low . Looks like he might be going to reenter soon . Stand by one ... You might just let me try to pick up that thing . The astronauts then produced a smuggled harmonica and sleigh bells and broadcast a rendition of `` Jingle Bells . '' The harmonica , shown to the press upon their return , was a Hohner `` Little Lady '' , a tiny harmonica approximately one inch long , by 3 / 8 of an inch wide . Radio transmission between Gemini VI , Gemini VII and Mission Control in Houston Parodies and homages ( edit ) Like many simple , catchy , and popular melodies , `` Jingle Bells '' is often the subject of parody . `` Jingle Bells , Batman Smells '' has been a well - known parody since the mid-1960s , with many variations on the lyrics . Bart Simpson sings this version on The Simpsons , the first time being on `` Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire '' . The Joker himself also sings it in the Batman : The Animated Series episode `` Christmas With the Joker '' right before he `` got away '' . These lyrics were included in the 2013 film Prisoners starring Hugh Jackman ; also Mike Nelson , Tom Servo , and Crow sang those lyrics over the opening credits of Santa Claus in episode # 521 of Mystery Science Theater 3000 . Comedian Phil Snyder recorded a full - length version of the song , adding new verses utilising other comic superheroes . This same parody was also done in an episode of SpongeBob SquarePants with the lyrics being changed to refer to the characters Mermaid Man and Barnacle Boy . Parodies or novelty versions of `` Jingle Bells '' have been recorded by many artists , and include Yogi Yorgesson 's `` Yingle Bells , '' Da Yoopers ' `` Rusty Chevrolet , '' Bucko and Champs ' `` Aussie Jingle Bells , '' The Three Stooges ' `` Jingle Bell Drag '' , and Jeff Dunham 's `` Jingle Bombs , '' performed in his `` Achmed the Dead Terrorist '' sketch . Another popular spoof of the song is `` Pumpkin Bells , '' a `` Pumpkin Carol '' which celebrates Halloween and the `` Great Pumpkin . '' It originated in The Peanuts Book of Pumpkin Carols , a booklet based on the `` Peanuts '' comic strip and published by Hallmark Cards in the 1960s . The Australian `` Aussie Jingle Bells '' broadly translates the idea of the original song to the summertime Christmas of the Southern hemisphere : Aussie Jingle Bells Dashing through the bush , in a rusty Holden ute , Kicking up the dust , esky ( thermal cooler - box ) in the boot ( trunk ) , Kelpie ( an Australian sheep herding dog breed ) by my side , singing Christmas songs , It 's Summer time and I am in my singlet ( undershirt ) , shorts and thongs ( sandals ) Oh ! Jingle bells , jingle bells , jingle all the way , Christmas in Australia on a scorching summers day , Hey ! Jingle bells , jingle bells , Christmas time is beaut ! , Oh what fun it is to ride in a rusty Holden ute . Other verses add further details about what happens when the Ute arrives at the family Christmas . Musical notation for the chorus of `` Jingle Bells '' Play ( help info ) `` Jingle Bell Rock '' by Bobby Helms pays homage to `` Jingle Bells '' , directly referencing the source song 's lyrics , but with a different melody . Originally recorded and released by Helms in a rockabilly style , `` Jingle Bell Rock '' has itself since become a Christmas standard . In the Brian Setzer Orchestra version of the song , the first occurrence of `` one - horse open sleigh '' in the chorus is changed to `` ' 57 Chevrolet '' , most likely to better suit the band 's throwback rock ' n ' roll / big band style . The first notes in the chorus have become a motif that has been inserted into recordings other Christmas songs , most notably a guitar passage at the end of Nat King Cole 's `` The Christmas Song '' and Clarence Clemons performing a saxophone solo in the middle of Bruce Springsteen 's `` Merry Christmas Baby '' ; a piano is also heard playing these notes at the end of Springsteen 's version of `` Santa Claus is Coming to Town . '' A slow version of the chorus opening forms the conclusion of Stan Freberg 's 1957 `` Green Chri $ tma $ , '' interspersed with cash - register noises . Mariah Carey utilizes a bit of the melody in her song `` When Christmas Comes '' . The Tijuana Brass version of `` America '' , which is not a Christmas song , nonetheless begins with the first few notes of `` Jingle Bells '' . This song was sung as `` Dingillerrr '' ( `` The prick '' in Turkish slang ) by Grup Vitamin in 2015 album , Endoplazmik Retikulum , for satirizing such as consequences of Istanbul 's enormous growth ; Turks gradually get the jitters ; and deforestation of Turkish cities . In 2010 the Israeli satirical website Latma produced a parody titled `` Jihad Bells '' , where the Palestinian Minister of Uncontrollable Rage explains the persecution of Christians in the Muslim world . See also ( edit ) Jingle bell ( sleigh bell ) Jingle Bell Rock Jingle Belle Music in space References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Browne , Ray B. and Browne , Pat . The Guide to United States Popular Culture Popular Press , 2001 . ISBN 0879728213 . p. 171 Jump up ^ Collins , Ace . Stories Behind the Best - Loved Songs of Christmas Zondervan , 2004 . ISBN 0310264480 . p. 104 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Thanksgiving Carol '' . snopes.com . December 18 , 2014 . Retrieved December 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Doyle , Steven ( September 16 , 2017 ) . `` This day in history : Sept. 16 , 1857 '' . Greensboro News & Record . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Brown , Joel ( December 8 , 2016 ) . `` History of Jingle Bells '' . BU Today . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Staff ( December 5 , 2013 ) . `` Earliest surviving recording of ' Jingle Bells ' '' . The Yule Blog . Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wilcox , Kris ( December 15 , 2014 ) . `` James Lord Pierpont and the mystery of ' Jingle Bells ' '' . UU World . Retrieved September 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pierpont , J. ( September 16 , 1857 ) . `` One Horse Open Sleigh '' . Boston : Oliver Ditson & Co . Retrieved December 26 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Nobbmann , Dale V. ( 2000 ) Christmas Music Companion Fact Book : The Chronological History of Our Most Well - Known Traditional Christmas Hymns , Carols , Songs and the Writers & Composers Who Created Them , Anaheim , California : Centerstream Publishing . pp. 42 - 43 . ISBN 1574240676 Jump up ^ `` James Lord Pierpont ( 1822 -- 1893 ) Author of ' Jingle Bells ' '' on the Hymns and Carols of Christmas website Jump up ^ Frederick , Kym ( December 6 , 2014 ) . `` Jingle Bells - James Lord Pierpont '' . NewportCityRadio.org . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Loboy , Jim ( November 30 , 2017 ) . `` Nugget of Knowledge : Jingle Bells a drinking song ? '' . WYTV.com . Nexstar Broadcasting . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Fuld , James J. ( 2012 ) The Book of World - Famous Music ( Fifth Edition ) New York : Dover Publications p. 313 . ISBN 9780486414751 Jump up ^ `` Vive le vent ( French chorus and literal English translation ) '' . About.com . Retrieved December 26 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Vive le vent ( with verses and augmented refrain ) '' . Paroles.net . Retrieved December 26 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Roy Black 's version of `` Jingle Bells in German '' ( German lyrics and literal English translation ) `` . About.com . Retrieved December 26 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` A Bing Crosby Discography '' . BING magazine . International Club Crosby . Retrieved December 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1986 ) . Joel Whitburn 's Pop Memories 1890 - 1954 . Wisconsin , USA : Record Research Inc. p. 113 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 083 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Gemini VI Voice Communications '' ( PDF ) . NASA . p. 116 , timestamp 23 : 57 : 30 . ^ Jump up to : Edwards , Owen ( December 2005 ) `` The Day Two Astronauts Said They Saw a UFO Wearing a Red Suit '' Smithsonian Magazine . p. 25 . Jump up ^ `` The song from Outer Space '' . YouTube . December 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Studwell , William Emmett ( 1994 ) . The Popular Song Reader : A Sampler of Well - Known Twentieth Century - Songs . Routledge . p. 224 . ISBN 1560230290 . Jump up ^ Bronner , Simon J. ( 1988 ) . American Children 's Folklore . August House . p. 105 . Jump up ^ Groening , Matt ( 2001 ) . The Simpsons season 1 DVD commentary for the episode ' Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire ' ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox . Jump up ^ `` ' Jingle Bells Batman Smells ' Christmas Song with New Verses by Phil Snyder '' . YouTube . 2009 . Jump up ^ The Peanuts Book of Pumpkin Carols , Ambassador Cards Jump up ^ Lind , Stephen ( 2015 ) . A Charlie Brown Religion . University Press of Mississippi . p. 222 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4968 - 0468 - 6 . Jump up ^ Collins , Ace ( 2010 ) . Stories Behind the Greatest Hits of Christmas . Zondervan . pp. 101 -- 103 . Jump up ^ `` Herb Alpert 's Tijuana Brass - America '' . YouTube . February 6 , 2010 . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Grup Vitamin - Dingiller Şarkı Sözü '' . alternatifim.com . Retrieved September 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ben Gedalyahu , Tzvi ( December 26 , 2010 ) ' Jihad Bells , Jihad Bells ' -- Latest Satire from Israel 's ' Latma ' , Arutz Sheva External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Jingle Bells Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jingle Bells ( song ) . Allmusic search showing over 5,500 artists have recorded this song Lyrics to `` Jingle Bells '' An original arrangement of `` The One Horse Open Sleigh '' at The Library of Congress The Story of `` Jingle Bells '' Free arrangements for piano and voice from Cantorion.org James Lord Pierpont -- discussion of the song 's history Complete lyrics to `` Jingle Bells '' Story of the Singing Dogs Jingle Belles Jingle Belles on santur ( hammered dulcimer ) Christmas Christmas Eve Children 's Day Boxing Day Nochebuena Saint Nicholas Day St. Stephen 's Day Sol Invictus Yule In Christianity Biblical Magi Adoration of the Magi Adoration of the Shepherds Advent Angel Gabriel Annunciation Annunciation to the shepherds Baptism of the Lord Bethlehem Christingle Christmastide Epiphany Herod the Great Jesus Joseph Mary Massacre of the Innocents flight into Egypt Nativity Fast Nativity of Jesus in art in later culture Nativity scene Saint Nicholas Star of Bethlehem Twelfth Night In folklore Badalisc La Befana Belsnickel Caganer Christkind Ded Moroz Elves Father Christmas Grýla Jack Frost Joulupukki Knecht Ruprecht Korvatunturi Krampus Mikulás Miner 's figure Mrs. Claus Nisse / Tomte North Pole Old Man Winter Olentzero Père Fouettard Père Noël Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer Saint Lucy Santa 's reindeer Santa 's workshop Sinterklaas Tió de Nadal Vertep Yule Cat Yule Lads Zwarte Piet Gift - bringers Saint Nicholas Santa Claus List of Christmas gift - bringers by country Traditions Advent calendar Advent candle Advent wreath Boar 's Head Feast Candle arches Cards Carols by Candlelight Cavalcade of Magi Crackers Decorations Events and celebrations Feast of the Seven Fishes Flying Santa Google Santa Tracker Hampers Las Posadas Letters Lights Markets Meals and feasts Moravian star Nine Lessons and Carols NORAD Tracks Santa Nutcrackers dolls Ornaments Parades list Piñatas Pyramids Räuchermann Seals Secret Santa Spanbaum Stamps Stockings Tree Twelve Days Wassailing Windows Yule Goat Yule log By country Australia and New Zealand Denmark Germany Hawaii Hungary Iceland Indonesia Ireland Mexico Norway Philippines Poland Romania Russia Scotland Serbia Sweden Ukraine Music Carols list Hit singles UK Hit singles US Music books Carols for Choirs The Oxford Book of Carols The New Oxford Book of Carols Piae Cantiones Other media Films Poetry `` Old Santeclaus with Much Delight '' `` A Visit from St. Nicholas '' Television specials Yule Log In modern society Advent Conspiracy Black Friday ( partying ) Black Friday ( shopping ) Bronner 's Christmas Wonderland Christmas club Christmas creep Christmas Day ( Trading ) Act 2004 Christmas Lectures Christmas Mountains Christmas truce Controversies Cyber Monday Economics Giving Tuesday El Gordo Holiday season In July In August Leon Day NBA games NFL games Puritan New England American Civil War Post-War United States Running of the Santas SantaCon Santa 's Candy Castle Small Business Saturday Super Saturday Virginia O'Hanlon White Christmas Winter festivals WWE Tribute to the Troops Xmas Food and drink Dinner Joulupöytä Julebord Kūčios Réveillon Twelve - dish supper Smörgåsbord Wigilia Sweets bûche de Noël Cake Candy cane Cookies Fruitcake Gingerbread Kourabiedes Melomakarono Mince pie Pavlova Pecan pie Pumpkin pie Pudding Rosca de reyes Szaloncukor Turrón Soup Menudo Sauce Cranberry sauce Beverages Apple cider Champurrado Eggnog Mulled wine Smoking Bishop Ponche crema Dumpling Hallaca Tamale Meat Ham Roast goose Romeritos Turkey Stuffing Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jingle_Bells&oldid=820248970 '' Categories : 1857 songs American Christmas songs Christmas carols Thanksgiving songs Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from November 2017 Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Azərbaycanca Български Brezhoneg Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ქართული Magyar മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська Vèneto Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 January 2018 , at 22 : 02 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jingle%20Bells
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what the difference between mini album and album
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A mini-LP or mini-album is a short vinyl record album or LP , usually retailing at a lower price than an album that would be considered full - length . It is distinct from an EP due to containing more tracks and a slightly longer running length . A mini-LP is not to be confused with the unique to Japan `` mini LP sleeve '' or `` paper jacket '' CD .
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Mini-LP
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mini - lp
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A mini-LP or mini-album is a short vinyl record album or LP , usually retailing at a lower price than an album that would be considered full - length . It is distinct from an EP due to containing more tracks and a slightly longer running length . A mini-LP is not to be confused with the unique to Japan `` mini LP sleeve '' or `` paper jacket '' CD .
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History ( edit ) Mini-LPs became popular in the early 1980s with record companies who targeted consumers who were reluctant to buy full - length and full - priced albums . Several mini-LPs had been released in the late 1970s , including John Cooper Clarke 's Walking Back to Happiness , which used the 10 - inch format . The format was usually 12 - inch or 10 - inch vinyl , with a playing time of between twenty and thirty minutes , and around seven tracks . They were often used as a way of introducing new acts to the market or as a way of releasing interim albums by established acts between their main albums . Epic Records introduced the 10 - inch Nu - Disk format in the early 1980s but they found it difficult to merchandise , and 12 - inch mini-LPs became more common . Notable mini-LPs of the early 1980s included U2 's Under a Blood Red Sky , which reached number 2 on the UK Albums Chart in 1983 , and The Honeydrippers ' Volume 1 , which reached number 4 on the Billboard 200 in 1984 . Independent record labels often released mini-LPs by artists before releasing full - length albums . In 1987 , 4AD took this approach with both Pixies Come on Pilgrim debut and the second album by Throwing Muses , The Fat Skier . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Grein , Paul ( 1982 ) `` Retailers , Labels Predict Greater Role for Mini-LPs '' , Billboard , 30 October 1982 , p. 1 , 67 Jump up ^ Gimarc , George ( 2005 ) Punk Diary : The Ultimate Trainspotter 's Guide to Underground Rock 1970 - 1982 , Backbeat Books , ISBN 0 - 87930 - 848 - 6 , p. 215 ^ Jump up to : Strong , Martin C. ( 2002 ) The Great Rock Discography , 6th edition , Canongate , ISBN 1 - 84195 - 312 - 1 Jump up ^ U2 - Under a Blood Red Sky , Chart Stats , retrieved 15 December 2009 Jump up ^ Denberg , Jody ( 1985 ) `` Dancing in the Streets '' , Texas Monthly , December 1985 , p. 198 Jump up ^ Strong , Martin C. ( 2003 ) The Great Indie Discography , Canongate , ISBN 1 - 84195 - 335 - 0 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mini-LP&oldid=787296003 '' Categories : Album types Audio storage Recorded music Hidden categories : Use British English from January 2014 Use dmy dates from January 2014 Talk About Wikipedia Español Italiano Nederlands Norsk Português Slovenščina Edit links This page was last edited on 24 June 2017 , at 16 : 02 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mini-LP
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when does a mineral become a mineral resources
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A ' Mineral Resource ' is a concentration or occurrence of material of intrinsic economic interest in or on the earth 's crust in such form , quality and quantity that there are reasonable prospects for eventual economic extraction . Mineral Resources are further sub-divided , in order of increasing geological confidence , into inferred , Indicated and measured Categories .
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Mineral resource classification
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mineral resource classification
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Mineral resource classification is the classification of mineral resources based on an increasing level of geological knowledge and confidence .
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A `` McKelvey diagram '' showing the relation of mineral resource classifications to economics and geologic certainty . Mineral deposits can be classified as : Mineral resources that are potentially valuable , and for which reasonable prospects exist for eventual economic extraction . Mineral reserves or Ore reserves that are valuable and legally and economically and technically feasible to extract In common mining terminology , an `` ore deposit '' by definition must have an ' ore reserve ' , and may or may not have additional ' resources ' . Classification , because it is an economic function , is governed by statutes , regulations and industry best practice norms . There are several classification schemes worldwide , however the Canadian CIM classification ( see NI 43 - 101 ) , the Australasian Joint Ore Reserves Committee Code ( JORC Code ) , the South African Code for the Reporting of Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves ( SAMREC ) and the `` chessboard '' classification scheme of mineral deposits by H.G. Dill are the general standards . Contents ( hide ) 1 Mineral resources 2 Mineral reserves and Ore Reserves 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Mineral resources ( edit ) A ' Mineral Resource ' is a concentration or occurrence of material of intrinsic economic interest in or on the earth 's crust in such form , quality and quantity that there are reasonable prospects for eventual economic extraction . Mineral Resources are further sub-divided , in order of increasing geological confidence , into inferred , Indicated and measured Categories . Inferred Mineral Resource is the part of a mineral resource for which tonnage , grade and mineral content can be estimated with a low level of confidence . It is inferred from geological evidence and assumed but not verified geological or grade continuity . It is based on information gathered through appropriate techniques from locations such as outcrops , trenches , pits , workings and drill holes which may be of limited or uncertain quality and reliability . Indicated resources are simply economic mineral occurrences that have been sampled ( from locations such as outcrops , trenches , pits and drillholes ) to a point where an estimate has been made , at a reasonable level of confidence , of their contained metal , grade , tonnage , shape , densities , physical characteristics . Measured resources are indicated resources that have undergone enough further sampling that a ' competent person ' ( defined by the norms of the relevant mining code ; usually a geologist ) has declared them to be an acceptable estimate , at a high degree of confidence , of the grade , tonnage , shape , densities , physical characteristics and mineral content of the mineral occurrence . Mineral reserves and Ore reserves ( edit ) Mineral reserves are resources known to be economically feasible for extraction . Reserves are either Probable Reserves or Proved Reserves . A Probable Ore Reserve is the part of indicated , and in some circumstances , measured mineral resources that can be mined in an economically viable fashion . It includes diluting material and allowances for losses which may occur when the material is mined . A Probable Ore Reserve has a lower level of confidence than a Proved Ore Reserve but is of sufficient quality to serve as the basis for decision on the development of deposit . A Proved Ore Reserve is the part of Measured resources that can be mined in an economically viable fashion . It includes diluting materials and allowances for losses which occur when the material is mined . A Proved Ore Reserve represents the highest confidence category of reserve estimate . The style of mineralization or other factors could mean that Proved Ore Reserves are not achievable in some deposits . Generally the conversion of resources into reserves requires the application of various modifying factors , including : mining and geological factors , such as knowledge of the geology of the deposit sufficient that it is predictable and verifiable ; extraction and mine plans based on ore models ; quantification of geotechnical risk -- basically , managing the geological faults , joints , and ground fractures so the mine does not collapse ; and consideration of technical risk -- essentially , statistical and variography to ensure the ore is sampled properly : metallurgical factors , including scrutiny of assay data to ensure accuracy of the information supplied by the laboratory -- required because ore reserves are bankable . Essentially , once a deposit is elevated to reserve status , it is an economic entity and an asset upon which loans and equity can be drawn -- generally to pay for its extraction at ( hopefully ) a profit ; economic factors ; environmental factors ; marketing factors ; legal factors ; political factors ; and social factors See also ( edit ) Mineral exploration Ore genesis Ore Drilling rig National Instrument 43 - 101 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The International Reporting Template '' ( PDF ) . www.CRIRSCO.com . CRIRSCO . November 2013 . Retrieved 5 January 2017 . Jump up ^ US Geological Survey , 1980 , Principles of a Resource / Reserve classification for Minerals , Circular 831 . ^ Jump up to : Staff ( 2012 ) . `` Home '' . SAMCODE - South African Mineral Codes . SAMCODE - South African Mineral Codes . Retrieved 27 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Dill , Harald G. ( June 2010 ) . `` The `` chessboard '' classification scheme of mineral deposits : Mineralogy and geology from aluminum to zirconium `` . Earth - Science Reviews . 100 ( 1 - 4 ) : 1 -- 420 . doi : 10.1016 / j. earscirev. 2009.10. 011 . External links ( edit ) JORC Code University of Western Australia Mining Law Centre U.S. Geological Survey Circular 831 , Principles of a Resource / Reserve Classification for Minerals Canadian Institute of Mining , Metallurgy and Petroleum - CIM Definition Standards - On Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves ( PDF Format ) The Canadian Council of Professional Geoscientists CCPG National Instrument ( NI ) 43 - 101 Standards for Disclosure of Mineral Properties ( Canada ) The South African SAMVAL and SAMREC Codes Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mineral_resource_classification&oldid=799007301 '' Categories : Economic geology Mineral economics Hidden categories : Wikipedia introduction cleanup from October 2014 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from October 2014 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify NPOV disputes from October 2014 All NPOV disputes Articles needing additional references from October 2014 All articles needing additional references Articles needing expert attention with no reason or talk parameter Articles needing expert attention from October 2014 All articles needing expert attention All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from October 2014 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Deutsch Español Français Кыргызча Монгол Română Русский Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 5 September 2017 , at 02 : 52 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral%20resource%20classification
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where is the pro football hall of fame located
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Pro Football Hall of Fame Location of Pro Football Hall of Fame Established 1963 Location 2121 George Halas Dr NW , Canton , Ohio Coordinates 40 ° 49 ′ 16 '' N 81 ° 23 ′ 52 '' W / 40.82111 ° N 81.39778 ° W / 40.82111 ; - 81.39778 Coordinates : 40 ° 49 ′ 16 '' N 81 ° 23 ′ 52 '' W / 40.82111 ° N 81.39778 ° W / 40.82111 ; - 81.39778 Type Professional sports hall of fame Visitors 191,943 ( 2010 ) President C. David Baker Website profootballhof.com
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2121 George Halas Dr NW , Canton , Ohio
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Pro Football Hall of Fame
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pro football hall of fame
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The Pro Football Hall of Fame is the hall of fame for professional American football , located in Canton , Ohio . Opened in 1963 , the Hall of Fame enshrines exceptional figures in the sport of professional football , including players , coaches , franchise owners , and front - office personnel , almost all of whom made their primary contributions to the game in the National Football League ( NFL ) ; the Hall inducts between four and eight new enshrinees each year . The Hall of Fame 's Mission is to `` Honor the Heroes of the Game , Preserve its History , Promote its Values & Celebrate Excellence EVERYWHERE . ''
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With the election of the Class of 2018 -- Bobby Beathard , Robert Brazile , Brian Dawkins , Jerry Kramer , Ray Lewis , Randy Moss , Terrell Owens , and Brian Urlacher -- there are a total of 318 members of the Hall of Fame . Part of the American football series on History of American football Origins of American football Early history of American football First game Walter Camp First pro player First pro league Modern history of American football Close relations : Medieval football Old division football Rugby football Association football Canadian football Black players in professional American football Homosexuality in American football Concussions in American football Rugby union comparison Rugby league comparison Canadian football comparison Pro Football Hall of Fame College Football Hall of Fame Years in American football NFL season - by - season College football season - by - season Glossary of American football American football Portal Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Executive Directors / Presidents of Hall of Fame 2 Inductees 2.1 Selection process 2.1. 1 Selection Committee 2.1. 2 Voting procedure 2.2 Enshrinement ceremony 3 Hall of Fame Game 4 Criticism 5 See also 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) Old entrance to The Pro Football Hall of Fame in Canton , Ohio The community of Canton , Ohio successfully lobbied the NFL to have the Hall of Fame built in their city for two reasons : first , the NFL was founded in Canton in 1920 ( at that time it was known as the American Professional Football Association ) ; second , the now - defunct Canton Bulldogs were a successful NFL team based in Canton during the first few years of the league . Groundbreaking for the building was held on August 11 , 1962 . The original building contained just two rooms , and 19,000 square feet ( 1,800 m ) of interior space . In April 1970 , ground was broken for the first of many expansions . This first expansion cost $ 620,000 , and was completed in May 1971 . The size was increased to 34,000 square feet ( 3,200 m ) by adding another room . The pro shop opened with this expansion . This was also an important milestone for the Pro Football Hall of Fame , as yearly attendance passed the 200,000 mark for the first time . This was at least in some part due to the increase in popularity of professional football caused by the advent of the American Football League and its success in the final two AFL - NFL World Championship games . Inside the original structure in 2008 . In November 1977 , work began on another expansion project , costing US $1,200,000 . It was completed in November 1978 , enlarging the gift shop and research library , while doubling the size of the theater . The total size of the hall was now 50,500 square feet ( 4,690 m ) , more than 2.5 times the original size . The building remained largely unchanged until July 1993 . The Hall then announced yet another expansion , costing US $9,200,000 , and adding a fifth room . This expansion was completed in October 1995 . The building 's size was increased to 82,307 square feet ( 7,647 m ) . The most notable addition was the GameDay Stadium , which shows an NFL Films production on a 20 - foot ( 6.1 m ) by 42 - foot ( 13 m ) Cinemascope screen . In 2013 , the Hall of Fame completed its largest expansion and renovation today . Currently , the Hall of Fame consists of 118,000 square feet . An $800 million expansion project , Johnson Controls Hall of Fame Village , is underway and will be completed to coincide with the NFL 's Centennial in 2020 . Executive Directors / Presidents of Hall of Fame ( edit ) Dick McCann ( April 4 , 1962 -- November 1967 ) Dick Gallagher ( April 1968 -- December 31 , 1975 ) Pete Elliott ( February 1979 -- October 31 , 1996 ) John Bankert ( November 1 , 1996 -- December 31 , 2005 ) Steve Perry ( April 24 , 2006 -- January 2014 ) David Baker ( January 6 , 2014 -- present ) Inductees ( edit ) The Hall is made up of several sections , at heart is the display of inductees . Main article : List of Pro Football Hall of Fame inductees Through 2017 , all inductees except one , played some part of their professional career in the NFL ( the lone exception is Buffalo Bills guard Billy Shaw , who played his entire career in the American Football League ( AFL ) prior to the 1970 AFL -- NFL merger ) . Though several Hall of Famers have had AFL , Canadian Football League , World Football League , United States Football League , Arena Football League and / or Indoor Football League experience , and there is a division of the Hall devoted to alternative leagues such as this , to this point no players have made the Hall without having made significant contributions to either the NFL , AFL or All - America Football Conference . For CFL stars , there is a parallel Canadian Football Hall of Fame ; only one player ( Warren Moon ) and one coach ( Bud Grant ) are in both halls . The Chicago Bears have the most Hall of Famers among the league 's franchises with either 34 or 28 enshrinees depending on whether you count players that only played a small portion of their careers with the team . Selection Process ( edit ) Selection Committee ( edit ) www.profootballhof.com/heroes-of-the-game/becoming-a-hall-of-famer/ Enshrinees are selected by a 48 - person committee , largely made up of media members , officially known as the Selection Committee . Each city that has a current NFL team sends one representative from the local media to the committee . A city with more than one franchise sends a representative for each franchise . There are also 15 at - large delegates including one representative from the Pro Football Writers Association . Except for the PFWA representative , who is appointed to a two - year term , all other appointments are open - ended and terminated only by death , incapacitation , retirement , or resignation . Voting procedure ( edit ) Tom Benson Hall of Fame Stadium with the Hall of Fame in lower right To be eligible for the nominating process , a player or coach must have been retired for at least five years . Any other contributor such as a team owner or executive can be voted in at any time . Fans may nominate any player , coach or contributor by simply writing to the Pro Football Hall of Fame via letter or email . The Selection Committee is then polled three times by mail to eventually narrow the list to 25 semifinalists : once in March , once in September , and once in October . In November , the committee then selects 15 finalists by mail balloting . A Seniors and Contributors Committee , subcommittees of the overall Selection Committee , nominate Seniors ( those players who completed their careers more than 25 years ago ) and Contributors ( individuals who made contributions to the game in areas other than playing or coaching ) . The Seniors Committee and Contributors Committee add two or one finalist ( s ) on alternating years which makes a final ballot of 18 finalists under consideration by the full committee each year . Committee members are instructed to only consider a candidate 's professional football contributions and to disregard all other factors . The Selection Committee then meets on `` Selection Saturday , '' the day before each Super Bowl game to elect a new class . To be elected , a finalist must receive at least 80 percent support from the Board , with at least four , but no more than eight , candidates being elected annually . Once a contributor is inducted into the Hall , they can not be banished and remain an inductee forever . Enshrinement ceremony ( edit ) A football signed by the 1974 Pro Football Hall of Fame enshrinement class The enshrinement ceremony is usually held during the first full weekend in August . An enshrinement celebration is held throughout the week in Canton surrounding the enshrinement ceremony . Enshrinees do not go into the Pro Football Hall of Fame as a member of a certain team . Rather , all of an enshrinee 's affiliations are listed equally . While the Baseball Hall of Fame plaques generally depict each of their inductees wearing a particular club 's cap ( with a few exceptions , such as Catfish Hunter and Greg Maddux ) , the bust sculptures of each Pro Football Hall of Fame inductee make no reference to any specific team . In addition to the bust that goes on permanent display at the Hall of Fame , inductees receive a distinctive Gold Jacket and previous inductees nearly always wear theirs when participating at new inductee ceremonies . Previous induction ceremonies were held during the next day ( Sunday from 1999 -- 2005 , Saturday in 2006 ) , situated on the steps of the Hall of Fame building . Starting in 2002 , the ceremony was moved to Fawcett Stadium , where it was held from 1963 to 1965 . Since 2007 , the enshrinement ceremony has been held on the Saturday night . Hall of Fame game ( edit ) Main article : Pro Football Hall of Fame Game The Hall of Fame Game , the annual NFL preseason opener , is played in Tom Benson Hall of Fame Stadium in Canton , Ohio . In 2017 , the Hall of Fame Game was held for the first time on Thursday night . The preseason classic kicks off Enshrinement Week Powered by Johnson Controls and officially kicks off the NFL preseason . Criticism ( edit ) The `` Other Leagues '' display includes the USFL ; inductee Jim Kelly 's jersey is in the foreground . The Pro Football Hall of Fame uses only media representatives to select inductees . This , along with its policy of inducting only a maximum of seven players a year ( six in certain years past ) , with a current maximum of two `` senior '' candidates and five `` non-seniors , '' has been criticized by sports columnists , former players , and football fans . Such critics would like to see solutions such as expanding the number of selectors , rotating panel members on and off the selection committee , and allowing former players to participate in the voting . The small number of candidates elected each year has helped foster what some perceive as an inequality of representation at certain positions or in certain categories of player , with defensive players in general and defensive backs and outside linebackers in particular , special teams players , wide receivers , deserving players who primarily played on bad teams , and those from the `` seniors '' category , being slighted . This has included a 2009 New York Times article which criticized the Hall for not including punter Ray Guy on its ballot , also noting that the Hall did not have an inductee at the time representing the position . ( At least two inductees , Sammy Baugh and Yale Lary , punted in addition to playing other positions . ) Guy was eventually inducted as part of the 2014 class for the Hall of Fame . There has also been criticism that certain players get overlooked because their team underproduced during their careers . The Pro Football Hall of Fame is unique among North American major league sports halls of fame in that officials have generally been excluded from the Hall ; only one , 1966 inductee Hugh `` Shorty '' Ray , has been enshrined . The National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum , Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame and Hockey Hall of Fame have each inducted game officials as members . In part to rectify the lack of officials and other off - field contributors , the Hall of Fame added a `` Contributors '' committee beginning with the class of 2015 , which will nominate officials , general managers , owners and other positions that have historically been overlooked by the committee at large . Another prominent absence from the Hall is sports - journalist Howard Cosell , who has yet to be awarded the Pete Rozelle Radio - Television Award despite his well - known association with Monday Night Football . An August 2010 Sports Illustrated article hints that Cosell may have even been `` blacklisted '' by the NFL . As the late 2010s approached , a number of controversial and polarizing figures began to reach eligibility for the Hall . Terrell Owens 's exclusion from the Hall in his first two years of eligibility despite his strong individual statistics was a subject of public debate . Owens was elected to the Hall of Fame in 2018 . Pro Football Hall of Fame ( old entrance ) . See also ( edit ) Touchdown Club Charities Hall of Fame Canadian Football Hall of Fame Arena Football Hall of Fame Dick McCann Memorial Award -- sometimes referred to as the `` writer 's wing '' of the Pro Football Hall of Fame Pete Rozelle Radio - Television Award References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` History of the Pro Football Hall of Fame '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2012 . Retrieved February 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Class of 2018 Pro Football Hall of Fame Official Site '' . www.profootballhof.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` List of Hall of Fame members '' . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2012 . Retrieved February 6 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Pro Football Hall of Fame : Then and Now '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . January 1 , 2005 . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2012 . Retrieved February 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Tendler , Alexandra . `` $800 million ' Disneyland ' for football will open in 2020 , NFL Hall of Fame pres. says '' . FoxBusiness.com . Retrieved 27 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` History of the Pro Football Hall of Fame '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Bears : Team History '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2012 . Retrieved February 6 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Selection Process '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2012 . Retrieved February 6 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Selection Process FAQ '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2012 . Retrieved February 6 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Canton welcome mat still out for O.J. Simpson '' . ESPN.com . July 21 , 2017 . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2012 Pro Football Hall of Fame Enshrinement Festival Schedule '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2012 . Retrieved February 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Class of 2007 Presenters '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . July 2 , 2007 . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2012 . Retrieved February 6 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Joyner , KC ( January 25 , 2009 ) . `` A Case for Ray Guy Belonging in Pro Football Hall of Fame '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Barall , Andy ( February 16 , 2012 ) . `` How to Fix Football 's Hall of Fame Voting System '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ King , Peter ( October 21 , 2014 ) . Behind the HOF 's New Contributor Committee . SI.com . Retrieved October 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Billson , Marky ( August 4 , 2010 ) . `` As strange as it sounds , Howard Cosell has never won Rozelle award '' . Sports Illustrated . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2010 . Retrieved August 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Researcher , NFL ( February 4 , 2013 ) . `` Cronyism on the part of the NFL and the Pro Football Hall of Fame ? '' . NFL Sports Blog . Jump up ^ `` One Hall of Fame voter sheds light on why Terrell Owens did n't make it in '' . External links ( edit ) Official website Media related to Pro Football Hall of Fame at Wikimedia Commons National Football League ( 2018 ) AFC East North South West Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New England Patriots New York Jets Baltimore Ravens Cincinnati Bengals Cleveland Browns Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Texans Indianapolis Colts Jacksonville Jaguars Tennessee Titans Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders NFC East North South West Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings Atlanta Falcons Carolina Panthers New Orleans Saints Tampa Bay Buccaneers Arizona Cardinals Los Angeles Rams San Francisco 49ers Seattle Seahawks Seasons Seasons ( by team ) Preseason Hall of Fame Game American Bowl Regular season Kickoff game Monday Night Football International Series London Toronto Bills Series List of games played outside the U.S. Thanksgiving games Christmas games Playoffs Streaks Droughts AFC Championship NFC Championship Super Bowl champions quarterbacks Pro Bowl History League history Executive history Championship history Timeline Defunct franchises Franchise moves and mergers Los Angeles team history Proposed stadiums 1995 -- 2016 American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Playoffs Merger NFL Championship ( 1920 -- 1969 ) Playoff Bowl Records individual team Super Bowl All time win -- loss Last undefeated Tied games Canceled games Controversies Business Owners Properties Management Council Competition Committee Collective Bargaining Agreement National Football League Players Association Lockouts Media TV NFL Network NFL RedZone Radio NFL Films Other Officials Stadiums Chronology Awards All - Pro Hall of Fame Foreign players NFL Europe Player conduct Suspensions Player misconduct Combine Draft Training camp Rivalries NFL Foundation Culture Cheerleading Color Rush Mascots Lore Nicknames Numbers Retired hide Members of the Pro Football Hall of Fame Quarterbacks Pre-modern era Baugh Clark Conzelman Driscoll Friedman Herber Luckman A. Parker Modern era Aikman Blanda Bradshaw L. Dawson Elway Favre Fouts Graham Griese Jurgensen J. Kelly Layne Marino Montana Moon Namath Stabler Starr Staubach Tarkenton Tittle Unitas Van Brocklin Warner Waterfield Young Running backs Pre-modern era Battles Canadeo Dudley Grange Guyon Hinkle Lambeau Leemans McAfee McNally Nagurski Nevers Pollard Strong Thorpe Van Buren Modern era M. Allen Bettis J. Brown Campbell Csonka T. Davis Dickerson Dorsett Faulk Gifford Harris Hornung J.H. Johnson L. Kelly F. Little Martin Matson McElhenny Moore Motley Payton Perry Riggins B. Sanders Sayers Simpson E. Smith Jim Taylor T. Thomas Tomlinson Trippi Walker Wide receivers / ends Pre-modern era Badgro Chamberlin Flaherty Halas Hewitt Hutson Millner Modern era Alworth Berry Biletnikoff T. Brown Carter Fears Harrison Hayes Hirsch Irvin Joiner Largent Lavelli Lofton Maynard McDonald Mitchell Monk Moss Owens Pihos Reed Rice Stallworth Swann C. Taylor Warfield Tight ends Casper Ditka Mackey Newsome C. Sanders Sharpe J. Smith Winslow Offensive linemen L. Allen B. Brown R. Brown Creekmur D. Dawson DeLamielleure Dierdorf Gatski Gregg Grimm Hannah Hickerson S. Jones W. Jones Kramer Langer L. Little Mack Matthews McCormack McDaniel Mix Munchak Muñoz Ogden Otto Pace J. Parker Ringo Roaf Shaw Shell Shields Slater St. Clair Stanfel Stephenson Tingelhoff Upshaw Webster Wright Yary Zimmerman Pre-modern era two - way players Edwards Fortmann Healey Hein Henry Hubbard Kiesling Kinard Lyman Michalske Musso Owen Stydahar Trafton Turner Wojciechowicz Defensive linemen Atkins Bethea Buchanan Culp W. Davis Dean Dent Doleman Donovan Eller Ford J. Greene Haley Hampton Humphrey D. Jones Jordan Kennedy Lilly Long Marchetti Nomellini Olsen Page Randle Robustelli Sapp Selmon B. Smith Stautner Strahan Ja . Taylor Weinmeister Ra . White Re . White Willis Youngblood Linebackers Bednarik Bo . Bell Brazile Brooks Buoniconti Butkus Carson Connor George K. Greene Ham Hanburger Hendricks Huff Jackson Lambert Lanier Lewis Nitschke Richter Robinson Schmidt Seau Singletary L. Taylor D. Thomas Tippett Urlacher Wilcox Defensive backs Adderley Barney Blount W. Brown Butler Christiansen Dawkins Easley Green Haynes Houston J. Johnson Krause Lane Lary LeBeau Lott Renfro D. Sanders E. Thomas Tunnell Wehrli Williams L. Wilson Wood Woodson Placekickers and punters Andersen Groza Guy Stenerud Coaches G. Allen P. Brown Chamberlin Conzelman Dungy Ewbank Flaherty Gibbs Gillman Grant Halas Lambeau Landry Levy Lombardi Madden Neale Noll Owen Parcells Shula Stram Walsh Contributors Beathard Be . Bell Bidwill Carr A. Davis DeBartolo Finks Halas Hunt J. Jones Lambeau T. Mara W. Mara Marshall Polian Ray Reeves A. Rooney D. Rooney Rozelle Sabol Schramm R. Wilson Wolf Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pro_Football_Hall_of_Fame&oldid=844892393 '' Categories : Pro Football Hall of Fame American football museums and halls of fame Buildings and structures in Canton , Ohio Halls of fame in Ohio History of American football American national museums in Ohio Museums in Stark County , Ohio Sports museums in Ohio Tourist attractions in Canton , Ohio Awards established in 1963 1963 establishments in Ohio Halls of fame in the United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara Français 한국어 Italiano עברית 日本 語 Norsk Polski Simple English Suomi Svenska 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 7 June 2018 , at 21 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro%20Football%20Hall%20of%20Fame
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which channel does riverdale come on in india
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Colors Infinity
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colors infinity
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Colors Infinity is an English language general entertainment channel , part of Viacom 18 family , which was announced on 1 July 2015 . It is an international channel . It was launched on 31 July 2015 simultaneously with its HD channel . It is co-curated by Karan Johar and Alia Bhatt . Colors Infinity , from September 2015 onward has started airing TV series within 12 hours after their airing in America . Till date they have various segments such as Back - to - back episodes , Instant Premieres , Live binge , Infinity - On - Demand and Original shows . It mainly airs American and British TV Series .
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It is Available on all major DTH , IPTV and cable Platforms such as Tata Sky , Airtel Digital TV , Videocon D2H , Dish TV , Reliance Digital TV , Sun Direct , DEN Networks , PEO TV and GTPL . Contents ( hide ) 1 Original Series 2 Programming 2.1 Currently broadcast 2.2 Formerly broadcast 3 References Original series ( edit ) Along with airing syndicated TV Series from all s also started producing its own original series . Till date it has produced Four original series . The Stage is the first ever home grown English language singing show and premeried on 10 October 2015 . The show provided a platform to 20 raw talent from around the country in a quest to find India 's best English language singer . Season 1 was hosted by Shibani Dandekar and was judged by Vishal Dadlani , Monica Dogra , Ehsaan Noorani , and Devraj Sanyal . The winner of first season was Yatharth Ratnum . Season 2 of The Stage premiered on 17 September 2016 . British boy band The Vamps guest starred in one of the episodes this season . Born Stylish was the homegrown celebrity talk show dedicated to fashion and style was premiered on Saturday , 28 November 2015 at 8 : 30 PM on Colors Infinity and Vh1 simultaneously . Bollywood style icons like Akshay Kumar , Sonakshi Sinha and Anil Kapoor appeared on the show and spilled the beans on their evolution of style through the years . Additionally , international fashion pioneers like Jean Paul Gaultier , Anna Zegna of the Ermenegildo Zegna family , Massimiliano Giornetti of Salvatore Ferragamo and more were also seen . It was hosted by ace designer Pria Kataaria Puri . They have also produced a one - episode special show called Journeys of a Lifetime . Journeys of a Lifetime was a special one hour show highlighting the journeys of a few travelers . It was aired on 27 December 2015 at 8 PM . The show featured the life changing journeys of Fatima Bhutto , Homi Adajania , Chandrahas Choudhury , Kesri Khambatta and Veda Hrudya Nadendla who set their life to explore and dream . From a deep sea dive to explore a wrecked ship or even a pursuit of a daughter to fulfil her dying father 's wish , everything was recorded and aesthetically captured in the show . Vogue BFFs is a new - format talk show , where a Bollywood celeb is joined by his / her lesser known BFF ( Best Friend Forever ) , was premiered on Saturday , 24 September 2016 at 9 PM on Colors Infinity . The show host Kamal Sidhu facilitates a candid light - hearted chat with the two guests about their story and life . Besides the talk , the show also features some fun games with the guests . Top Model India is the English language modeling show and will be premiering on 4 February 2018 . The show provided a platform to raw model from around the country in to become India 's Top Model . The show is hosted by Lisa Haydon . Programming ( edit ) Currently broadcast ( edit ) Allegiance America 's Got Talent Arrow Bachelor in Paradise Beat Shazam Chicago P.D. DC 's Legends of Tomorrow Heroes Imposters Junior Bake Off Mr. Robot My Kitchen Rules Riverdale Shark Tank So You Think You Can Dance S.W.A.T The Flash The Great British Bake Off Formerly broadcast ( edit ) The Blacklist : Redemption Blindspot Born Stylish Damages Journeys of a Lifetime Emerald City Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce Gossip Girl Kingdome Manhattan Orange Is the New Black Riverdale Southland The Stage Timeless Vogue BFFs iZombie References ( edit ) Jump up ^ , Wanvari , Anil . `` Indian Television Dot Com Viacom 18 strengthens English entertainment portfolio ; launches Colors Infinity '' . www.indiantelevision.com . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Viacom 18 enters English GEC space with Colors Infinity Best Media Info , News and Analysis on Indian Advertising , Marketing and Media Industry '' . www.bestmediainfo.com . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ Wanvari , Anil . `` Indian Television Dot Com Viacom18 bullish on English entertainment ; launches Colors Infinity '' . www.indiantelevision.com . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Colors Infinity looks to push the envelope with ' The Stage ' '' . Indian Television Dot Com . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Stage ' winner Yatharth Ratnum says he loves old Bollywood songs Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis '' . dna. 2015 - 12 - 19 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Bigger - Better - Brighter : The Stage season 2 goes on air from 17 Sept '' . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` The Vamps visit the sets of Colors Infinity 's ' The Stage 2 ' '' . Jump up ^ `` Colors Infinity and Vh1 to launch homegrown celebrity talk show ' Born Stylish ' TelevisionPost.com '' . www.televisionpost.com . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Colors Infinity to air ' Journeys of a lifetime ' on 27 December '' . Indian Television Dot Com . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 23 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Colors_Infinity&oldid=829538341 '' Categories : Television stations in Mumbai English - language television programs Network18 Group Television channels and stations established in 2015 English - language television stations in India Television stations in New Delhi Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from August 2015 Use Indian English from August 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia हिन्दी Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 9 March 2018 , at 07 : 24 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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who played miranda frost in die another day
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Rosamund Mary Ellen Pike ( born 27 January 1979 ) is an English actress who began her acting career by appearing in stage productions such as Romeo and Juliet and Skylight . After her screen debut in the television film A Rather English Marriage ( 1998 ) and television roles in Wives and Daughters ( 1999 ) and Love in a Cold Climate ( 2001 ) , she received international recognition for her film debut as Bond girl Miranda Frost in Die Another Day ( 2002 ) , for which she received the Empire Award for Best Newcomer . Following her breakthrough , she won the BIFA Award for Best Supporting Actress for The Libertine ( 2004 ) and portrayed Jane Bennet in Pride & Prejudice ( 2005 ) .
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Rosamund Mary Ellen Pike
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Rosamund Pike
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rosamund pike
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Rosamund Mary Ellen Pike ( born 27 January 1979 ) is an English actress who began her acting career by appearing in stage productions such as Romeo and Juliet and Skylight . After her screen debut in the television film A Rather English Marriage ( 1998 ) and television roles in Wives and Daughters ( 1999 ) and Love in a Cold Climate ( 2001 ) , she received international recognition for her film debut as Bond girl Miranda Frost in Die Another Day ( 2002 ) , for which she received the Empire Award for Best Newcomer . Following her breakthrough , she won the BIFA Award for Best Supporting Actress for The Libertine ( 2004 ) and portrayed Jane Bennet in Pride & Prejudice ( 2005 ) .
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Pike had film appearances in the sci - fi film Doom ( 2005 ) , the crime - mystery thriller film Fracture ( 2007 ) , the drama film Fugitive Pieces ( 2007 ) , the coming - of - age drama An Education ( 2009 ) , for which she was nominated for the London Film Critics Circle Award for British Supporting Actress of the Year , and sci - fi comedy The World 's End ( 2013 ) . She also received British Independent Film Award nominations for An Education , Made in Dagenham ( 2010 ) , and was nominated for a Genie Award for Barney 's Version ( 2010 ) . In 2014 , her performance in the psychological thriller film Gone Girl was met with widespread critical acclaim and she was awarded the Saturn Award for Best Actress and was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress , the BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role , and the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress -- Motion Picture Drama . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Activism 5 Filmography 5.1 Film 5.2 Television 6 Stage 7 Awards and nominations 8 References 9 External links Early life ( edit ) Pike , born on 27 January 1979 in London , England , is the only daughter of opera singers Caroline and Julian Pike . Pike 's father is currently a professor of music and head of operatic studies at the Birmingham Conservatoire . The family travelled across Europe until she was seven , following wherever her parents ' performing careers took them . Pike won a scholarship to Badminton School in Bristol , and while appearing as Juliet in a production of Romeo and Juliet at the National Youth Theatre , was noticed by an agent , who helped her embark upon a professional career . After being turned down by each stage school to which she applied , she gained a place to read English literature at Wadham College , Oxford , from which she graduated . She took a year off to pursue her acting career , garnering stage experience in David Hare 's Skylight , Arthur Miller 's All My Sons , and several plays by Shakespeare ; she achieved an Upper Second class degree in 2001 . Career ( edit ) While she was still at Oxford , Pike acted in and directed various plays , including one by Simon Chesterman , who was then a graduate student . She also made appearances on British television shows , including A Rather English Marriage ( 1998 ) , Wives and Daughters ( 1999 ) , and Love in a Cold Climate ( 2001 ) , a miniseries based on Nancy Mitford 's novels The Pursuit of Love and Love in a Cold Climate . She also appeared as a CIA agent in the pilot of the science fiction series , Seven Days ( 1998 ) , and as Sarah Beaumont in an episode of the series Foyle 's War . Pike at the premiere of Barney 's Version during the 2010 Toronto International Film Festival After graduating , she considered working at Waterstone 's bookshop due to a lack of acting opportunities , but was offered a role as a Bond girl and MI6 agent assigned to aid James Bond in Die Another Day . She also appeared in the special show Bond Girls Are Forever and , shortly afterwards , the BAFTA tribute to the James Bond series . She was the first Bond girl to have attended Oxford . Pike then played Elizabeth Malet in The Libertine ( 2004 ) , co-starring Johnny Depp , which won her the Best Supporting Actress award at the British Independent Film Awards . In the same year , she portrayed Rose in The Promised Land , a film about Israel , and starred as scientist Samantha Grimm in the cinematic adaptation of the computer game series Doom . In 2005 , she appeared as Jane , the elder sister of Elizabeth ( played by Keira Knightley ) , in Pride & Prejudice . Pike then starred in the film adaptation of Anne Michaels 's novel Fugitive Pieces . She also starred as a successful attorney in the film Fracture , opposite Anthony Hopkins and Ryan Gosling . Pike was a judge at the 2008 Costa Book Awards . Her stage credits include Hitchcock Blonde by Terry Johnson ( in a role requiring her to appear completely nude on stage with only a pair of high heels ) and Tennessee Williams ' Summer and Smoke , both in London 's West End , and Gaslight at London 's Old Vic Theatre . Pike has said that she would be happy to do at least one play every year . In 2009 , she played the title character in Madame De Sade during the Donmar 's West End season . She appeared in the British film Made in Dagenham and in the Canadian film Barney 's Version where she plays Miriam . In 2010 , she starred in a production of Hedda Gabler on UK tour . Pike has recorded voicework for a lead role in the film Jackboots on Whitehall and lent her voice to a new series of James Bond audio - books , narrating The Spy Who Loved Me . In 2010 Pike played the part of Pussy Galore in the BBC Radio 4 adaptation of Fleming 's Goldfinger . In 2011 , Pike played the part of Kate Sumner in the 2011 Bond spoof film Johnny English Reborn , playing a psychologist and English 's love interest . The film is a sequel to the 2003 film Johnny English and was a box office success , taking over $160 million . In 2012 , she played the role of Queen Andromeda in the fantasy epic Wrath of the Titans . She replaced Alexa Davalos , who had played the role in Clash of the Titans and had dropped out due to a scheduling conflict . Taking the role in Wrath of the Titans meant she had to drop out of consideration for a role in the forthcoming Superman film . Although the film was not well received by critics , it grossed over $300 million and critics considered her performance to be one of the film 's highlights . She also starred as Helen Rodin , the female lead alongside Tom Cruise in the thriller Jack Reacher , an adaptation of the novel One Shot by author Lee Child . The film opened to positive critical reception and had grossed over $218 million . After a supporting role in the critically acclaimed The World 's End ( 2013 ) , Pike was seen in the David Fincher - directed thriller Gone Girl ( 2014 ) , a film adaptation of Gillian Flynn 's novel of the same name . Featuring opposite Ben Affleck , Pike was cast as Amy Dunne , a woman who goes missing on her fifth wedding anniversary . According to Fincher , Pike was his first choice for the role because he wanted someone who was not widely known , Pike having not appeared in any major leading role prior to the film 's commencement , and because he found her enigmatic and could n't easily read her . The film emerged as a box office hit , earning over $356 million in global ticket sales . The movie and Pike 's performance both earned widespread acclaim from critics . Richard Lawson of Vanity Fair wrote that the film is `` Smartly shot , detailed ... and performed '' and called Pike 's portrayal `` a star - makingly good performance , spellbinding in its operatic mix of tones and temperatures . '' Todd McCarthy of The Hollywood Reporter reviewed that she `` is powerful and commanding ... Physically and emotionally , Pike looks to have immersed herself in this profoundly calculating character , and the results are impressive . '' She received numerous awards and nominations , including for the Academy Award for Best Actress , the BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role , the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress -- Motion Picture Drama and the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role . Since 2015 , she has voiced Lady Penelope Creighton - Ward in the remake of Gerry Anderson 's Thunderbirds Are Go produced by ITV in conjunction with Weta Workshop . In February 2016 , she starred in the music video for Voodoo in My Blood by Massive Attack directly inspired by the subway scene with Isabelle Adjani in the movie Possession ( 1981 ) directed by Andrzej Żuławski . Personal life ( edit ) Since December 2009 , Pike has been in a relationship with Robie Uniacke , a mathematical researcher . They have two sons . In 2015 , when they visited China to promote Gone Girl , Pike mentioned that Uniacke had given her a Chinese name 裴淳华 ( pinyin : Péi Chúnhuá ) , and being a fan of Chinese culture , they request the media to use this as her Chinese name rather than the transliteration of her English name . Activism ( edit ) In 2015 , she signed an open letter for which the ONE Campaign had been collecting signatures ; the letter was addressed to Angela Merkel and Nkosazana Dlamini - Zuma , urging them to focus on women as they serve as the head of the G7 in Germany and the AU in South Africa , respectively , which will start to set the priorities in development funding before a main UN summit in September 2015 that will establish new development goals for the generation . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2002 Die Another Day Miranda Frost 20th James Bond film Promised Land Rose The Libertine Elizabeth Malet 2005 Pride & Prejudice Jane Bennet 2005 Doom Dr. Samantha Grimm 2007 Fracture Nikki Gardner 2007 Fugitive Pieces Alex 2009 Education , An An Education Helen 2009 Surrogates Maggie Greer 2009 Yesterday We Were in America Narrator Documentary Burning Palms Dedra Davenport Jackboots on Whitehall Daisy Voice role Barney 's Version Miriam Grant - Panofsky Made in Dagenham Lisa Hopkins 2011 The Organ Grinder 's Monkey Rochelle Short film 2011 Johnny English Reborn Kate Sumner 2011 The Big Year Jessica 2012 Wrath of the Titans Queen Andromeda Replaces Alexa Davalos due to schedule conflicts 2012 Jack Reacher Helen Rodin 2013 The Devil You Know Zoe Hughes 2013 The World 's End Sam Chamberlain 2014 A Long Way Down Penny 2014 Hector and the Search for Happiness Clara 2014 What We Did on Our Holiday Abi 2014 Gone Girl Amy Elliott Dunne 2015 Return to Sender Miranda Wells 2016 A United Kingdom Ruth Williams Khama 2017 The Man with the Iron Heart Lina Heydrich 2017 Hostiles Rosalie Quaid 2017 High Wire Act In post-production 2018 Entebbe In post-production Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1998 Seven Days CIA Agent Pilot 1998 Rather English Marriage , AA Rather English Marriage Celia Movie 1999 Wives and Daughters Lady Harriet Cumnor Miniseries ( 3 episodes ) 2000 Trial & Retribution Lucy Episode : `` Trial & Retribution IV Part 1 '' Love in a Cold Climate Fanny 2 episodes 2002 Bond Girls Are Forever Herself Documentary 2002 Foyle 's War Sarah Beaumont Episode : `` The German Woman '' 2008 The Tower Olivia Wynn Pilot 2009 Freefall Anna Movie 2011 Women in Love Gudrun Brangwen 2 episodes 2015 -- present Thunderbirds Are Go Lady Penelope Creighton - Ward / Captain Ridley O'Bannon Voice role 2019 Moominvalley Moominmamma Voice role Stage ( edit ) Year Title Role 2002 Hitchcock Blonde The Blonde 2006 Summer and Smoke Alma Winemiller 2007 Gaslight Bella Manningham 2009 Madame de Sade Madame de Sade Hedda Gabler Hedda Gabler Awards and nominations ( edit ) Main article : List of awards and nominations received by Rosamund Pike References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Brady , Tara ( 17 November 2016 ) . `` Rosamund Pike : from Bond girl to Gone Girl to leading woman '' . The Irish Times . Retrieved 22 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rosamund Pike Biography '' . Biography . Retrieved 27 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Cavendish , Lucy ( 18 March 2009 ) . `` Rosamund Pike interview '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 22 May 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Judith Woods ( 24 September 2010 ) . `` Rosamund Pike : From reluctant English rose to Britain 's new screen queen '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 25 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The name 's Pike , Rosamund Pike '' . The Guardian . 13 October 2002 . Retrieved 25 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Review of `` Everything Before the ' But ' Is a Lie '' in the `` Daily Info , Oxford '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Rosamund Pike - Biography '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Archived from the original on 27 March 2012 . Retrieved 24 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Husband , Stuart ( 12 October 2002 ) . `` The name 's Pike , Rosamund Pike '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Weitzman , Elizabeth ( 9 March 2006 ) . `` Actress Pike knows how to take her roles to extremes '' . Milwaukee Journal Sentinel . Google News Archive . Retrieved 17 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2005 Winners announced 8th British Independent Film Awards '' . British Independent Film Awards . 30 November 2005 . Archived from the original on 2 September 2012 . Retrieved 17 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Murray , Rebecca . `` Interview with Rosamund Pike at the Hollywood Premiere of `` Doom '' `` . About.com . Retrieved 24 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Pandora : Tendulkar ton is news to Shilpa '' . The Independent . 19 December 2008 . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Mail on Sunday , 18 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Trueman , Matt ( 4 September 2012 ) . `` London 's Old Vic challenges celebrities to stage a musical in 24 hours '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 24 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Bamigboye , Baz ( 13 September 2007 ) . `` Rosamund Pike : A theatre girl at heart '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 26 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Jury , Louise ( 19 August 2008 ) . `` The man with the Midas touch '' . London Evening Standard . Archived from the original on 22 August 2008 . Retrieved 26 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Bamigboye , Baz ( 11 September 2009 ) . `` With a little luck Keira Knightly will have sharpened up enough for My Fair Lady '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 18 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Rosamund Pike narrates ' The Spy Who Loved Me ' for new Ian Fleming audiobooks '' . mi6.co.uk. 12 January 2011 . Retrieved 12 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Rosamund Pike Joins ' Wrath of the Titans ' as Andromeda '' . screenrant.com. 2011 . Retrieved 13 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Rosamund Pike signs up for Wrath of the Titans , drops out of Superman race '' . denofgeek.com. 9 February 2011 . Retrieved 6 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Review : ' Wrath Of The Titans ' represents a big step forward from the first film '' . hitfix.com. 28 March 2012 . Retrieved 6 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Even a Cyclops could see this is bad : Wrath of the Titans is titanically awful '' . Daily Mail . 29 March 2012 . Retrieved 6 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jack Reacher ( 2012 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 28 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Gone Girl ' starts filming in Cape Girardeau '' . kfvs12.com. 12 September 2013 . Retrieved 5 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Mottram , James ( 30 September 2014 ) . `` Gone Girl film director David Fincher on his potential Oscar contender '' . The Independent . Retrieved 19 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` David Fincher : A Life in Pictures '' . BAFTA Guru . 19 September 2014 . Retrieved 17 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Gone Girl ( 2014 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 19 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` GONE GIRL ( 2014 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 19 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Lawson , Richard ( 1 October 2014 ) . `` Gone Girl , Fall 's Most Anticipated Thriller , Does n't Disappoint '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved 19 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Massive Attack Recruit Rosamund Pike for Haunting New Video '' . Rolling Stone . 23 February 2016 . Retrieved 24 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Sawer , Patrick ( 20 September 2014 ) . `` Rosamund Pike : How my ex-addict lover ( age 53 ) gave me new lease of life '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 13 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Roach , Vicky ( 4 February 2015 ) . `` Gone Girl star Rosamund Pike talks Oscars , babies and her new film What We Did on Our Holiday '' . news.com.au . Retrieved 22 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 消失 的 爱人 '' 女 主角 裴淳华 访 华 '' ( in Chinese ) . Mtimes.com. 20 June 2015 . Retrieved 16 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 裴淳华 是 什么 鬼 ? 《 消失 爱人 》 女 主 给 自己 取 了 个 中文 名 '' . ifeng ( in Chinese ) . 31 March 2015 . Retrieved 16 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Tracy McVeigh . `` Poverty is sexist : leading women sign up for global equality Life and style '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 8 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Parker actor back for Thunderbirds remake '' . BBC News . Retrieved 1 October 2013 . Jump up ^ https://www.thunderbirds.com/en/news/article/19 Jump up ^ Clarke , Stewart ( 2017 - 09 - 12 ) . `` Kate Winslet , Rosamund Pike , Taron Egerton Sign Up for Moomins Animated Series '' . Variety . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 14 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rosamund Pike . Rosamund Pike on IMDb Awards for Rosamund Pike Empire Award for Best Actress Nicole Kidman ( 1996 ) Frances McDormand ( 1997 ) Joan Allen ( 1998 ) Cate Blanchett ( 1999 ) Gwyneth Paltrow ( 2000 ) Connie Nielsen ( 2001 ) Nicole Kidman ( 2002 ) Kirsten Dunst ( 2003 ) Uma Thurman ( 2004 ) Julie Delpy ( 2005 ) Thandie Newton ( 2006 ) Penélope Cruz ( 2007 ) Keira Knightley ( 2008 ) Helena Bonham Carter ( 2009 ) Zoe Saldana ( 2010 ) Noomi Rapace ( 2011 ) Olivia Colman ( 2012 ) Jennifer Lawrence ( 2013 ) Emma Thompson ( 2014 ) Rosamund Pike ( 2015 ) Alicia Vikander ( 2016 ) Felicity Jones ( 2017 ) Empire Award for Best Newcomer Bryan Singer ( 1996 ) Ewen Bremner ( 1997 ) Gary Oldman ( 1998 ) Vinnie Jones ( 1999 ) Carrie - Anne Moss / Damien O'Donnell ( 2000 ) Jamie Bell ( 2001 ) Orlando Bloom ( 2002 ) Rosamund Pike ( 2003 ) Martine McCutcheon ( 2004 ) Freddie Highmore ( 2005 ) Kelly Reilly ( 2006 ) Brandon Routh / Eva Green ( 2007 ) Sam Riley ( 2008 ) Gemma Arterton ( 2009 ) Aaron Johnson ( 2010 ) Chloë Grace Moretz ( 2011 ) London Film Critics ' Circle Award for British Actress of the Year Miranda Richardson ( 1993 ) Crissy Rock ( 1994 ) Kate Winslet ( 1995 ) Brenda Blethyn ( 1996 ) Judi Dench ( 1997 ) Helena Bonham Carter ( 1998 ) Emily Watson ( 1999 ) Julie Walters ( 2000 ) Judi Dench ( 2001 ) Lesley Manville ( 2002 ) Anne Reid ( 2003 ) Eva Birthistle / Kate Winslet ( 2004 ) Rachel Weisz ( 2005 ) Helen Mirren ( 2006 ) Julie Christie ( 2007 ) Kristin Scott Thomas ( 2008 ) Carey Mulligan ( 2009 ) Lesley Manville ( 2010 ) Olivia Colman ( 2011 ) Andrea Riseborough ( 2012 ) Judi Dench ( 2013 ) Rosamund Pike ( 2014 ) Saoirse Ronan ( 2015 ) Kate Beckinsale ( 2016 ) Saturn Award for Best Actress Katharine Ross ( 1974 / 75 ) Blythe Danner ( 1976 ) Jodie Foster ( 1977 ) Margot Kidder ( 1978 ) Mary Steenburgen ( 1979 ) Angie Dickinson ( 1980 ) Karen Allen ( 1981 ) Sandahl Bergman ( 1982 ) Louise Fletcher ( 1983 ) Daryl Hannah ( 1984 ) Coral Browne ( 1985 ) Sigourney Weaver ( 1986 ) Jessica Tandy ( 1987 ) Catherine Hicks ( 1988 ) Demi Moore ( 1989 / 90 ) Linda Hamilton ( 1991 ) Virginia Madsen ( 1992 ) Andie MacDowell ( 1993 ) Sandra Bullock / Jamie Lee Curtis ( 1994 ) Angela Bassett ( 1995 ) Neve Campbell ( 1996 ) Jodie Foster ( 1997 ) Drew Barrymore ( 1998 ) Christina Ricci ( 1999 ) Téa Leoni ( 2000 ) Nicole Kidman ( 2001 ) Naomi Watts ( 2002 ) Uma Thurman ( 2003 ) Blanchard Ryan ( 2004 ) Naomi Watts ( 2005 ) Natalie Portman ( 2006 ) Amy Adams ( 2007 ) Angelina Jolie ( 2008 ) Zoe Saldana ( 2009 ) Natalie Portman ( 2010 ) Kirsten Dunst ( 2011 ) Jennifer Lawrence ( 2012 ) Sandra Bullock ( 2013 ) Rosamund Pike ( 2014 ) Charlize Theron ( 2015 ) Mary Elizabeth Winstead ( 2016 ) VIAF : 56899857 LCCN : no2005028691 GND : 142417815 SUDOC : 121100618 BNF : cb15065235h ( data ) NKC : xx0042784 BNE : XX5122369 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rosamund_Pike&oldid=804379993 '' Categories : 1979 births 20th - century English actresses 21st - century English actresses Actresses from London Alumni of Wadham College , Oxford Best Newcomer Empire Award winners English Shakespearean actresses English film actresses English stage actresses English television actresses English voice actresses Living people National Youth Theatre members People educated at Badminton School Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from February 2017 CS1 Chinese - language sources ( zh ) EngvarB from July 2017 Use dmy dates from July 2017 Articles with hCards Articles containing Chinese - language text Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Frysk Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar मैथिली Македонски მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 中文 डोटेली Edit links This page was last edited on 8 October 2017 , at 16 : 43 . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosamund%20Pike
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who plays steve on american dad when he sings
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Steve Smith ( American Dad ! )
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steve smith ( american dad! )
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Steven Anita `` Steve '' Smith is a fictional character in the animated television series American Dad ! , voiced by Scott Grimes . He is Stan and Francine Smith 's only son and Hayley 's younger brother as well as the youngest of the series ' six main characters .
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Steve only has 3 human friends that always stand by his side no matter what crazy scenario is going on . However , he has the biggest bond with Roger because they are always going from one crazy adventure to another . They even made a fake detective agency where they came up with their own nicknames . Steve is `` Wheels '' and Roger is `` The Legman '' . Steve 's original design was much geekier and gawky and he was voiced by Ricky Blitt . Halfway through production , Grimes replaced Blitt and Steve 's design was made to be more attractive , so he would be less comparable to Neil Goldman from Family Guy . Contents ( hide ) 1 Personality 2 Friends 3 Romance 4 References 5 External links Personality Steve Smith is the baby of the family , Stan and Francine 's high - school aged son . He attends Pearl Bailey High School . Steve is portrayed as an enthusiastic , ambitious , and wimpy nerd . In the official series , he is not presented as nerdy as he is in the show 's unaired precursory pilot when his appearance , voice and manner greatly contrasted from what they would eventually become . In the precursory pilot , Steve was also gawkier , scrawnier and voiced by Ricky Blitt ( as opposed to Scott Grimes ) . In the official series , he 's become emphasized as soft , emotional , cute and endearing . As part of his emotional and sensitive character , Steve is combined with a screechy wail . Despite his wimpy and nerdy characteristics , Steve is particularly conceited and obnoxious . He is all too often a showman , always ready to put on a performance and show off his `` talents '' , typically singing / dance wise . Steve is usually accompanied by his equally uncool friends : `` Snot '' , Steve 's closest friend with whom he shares a bromance , the two once even having shared in a kiss together ( in the episode `` License to Till '' ) ; Toshi , who is an Asian American and only speaks Japanese ; and Barry , who is morbidly obese with an inarticulate , strident , and sloppy vocal quality . Steve possesses a keen , yet shallow and lustful interest in the opposite sex , though he has had an obese girlfriend , Debbie , to which Stan disapproved . Steve 's relationship with his father is strained with Stan often behaving judgmentally and intolerantly over Steve 's nerdiness , immaturity and sensitivity . Steve has been known to cop attitude , sometimes rightfully so at Stan over his offensive acts . Steve was born on October 7 . He is portrayed as a stereotypical geek : he is a bit of a social outcast , wears thick glasses and harbors a strong academic interest in science , especially chemistry . More typically geeky traits of Steve 's include his interests in Dungeons & Dragons , Harry Potter and Star Wars . Like most unpopular students , Steve is often physically and verbally picked on by the bullies of the more popular social circle . Steve 's father , Stan , is often frustrated with Steve , as he would prefer that Steve engage in activities that would improve his social standing , like sports , a conflict that was first explored in the first season episode `` All About Steve '' . Stan sometimes attempts to change Steve , usually unsuccessfully , as when he once gave Steve an experimental performance enhancer . The steroid caused Steve to grow female breasts but also ironically made him more popular at school . Steve looks up to his dad as a role model but his naïvete often leads him to follow his dad 's advice or convictions , seemingly blindly . This led him to once openly display homophobia . Another time Steve received a failing grade on a presentation about fossils using information he got from Stan because he thought his dad was intelligent , despite Roger 's attempts to convince him otherwise . Steve 's mother , Francine , does not care that Steve is a geek , and is more protective of him , seeing him as her `` baby '' , a status she once attempted to prolong by using a special drug to keep him from reaching puberty . Steve 's red hair comes from Francine , who actually dyes her hair blonde . Steve does not share many interests with his sister , Hayley , but has occasionally collaborated with her on schemes , such as when they tried to break up a young couple so Hayley could get the guy and Steve the girl , which ended up backfiring on both of them getting the couple killed . They have also tried to teach both of their parents individual lessons , like when they tried to teach Francine not to be racist , only to learn that she was actually prejudiced against left - handed people , or when they exacted revenge against Stan for turning a homeless shelter into a bumfight business . Steve and Roger play video games together , get advice from each other and come up with schemes together . For example , he once planned to make a Girls Gone Wild - type video and market it in order to generate money to buy a video game console . In another scheme , Steve and Roger ran away to New York City to make their fortunes , while the rest of the family thought killed when lightning set the family 's treehouse on fire . Steve 's tendency to inflate his own ego , combined with Roger 's easily irritated and vindictive nature , often leads the latter to physically abuse or play a prank on Steve because of a real or perceived slight or insult . Occasionally , Steve gets even , like when he once conned Roger out of $50,000 . Despite their love - hate relationship , Steve considers Roger his best friend , even once intervening to rescue the alien from an abusive relationship . A freshman at Pearl Bailey High School , Steve is a highly capable musician , having taken up the cello to once impress a girl . In a later episode , however , Steve says that he has been playing the cello since he was nine . Steve also plays guitar and sings , which he did as part of a band in the episode `` American Dream Factory . '' In fact , both of the songs Steve 's band rehearses ( `` Livin ' on the Run '' and `` Sunset Blvd '' ) , were originally recorded by Scott Grimes , who voices Steve . Among Steve 's other talents are being able to read Elvish , use Morse code , and communicate with dolphins . While academically skilled , Steve is also quite naïve and not socially savvy . For example , he knows more about the New York Stock Exchange than about prostitution . As a result , he can sometimes be tricked into believing outrageously implausible lies . Roger typically takes advantage of this , especially when he is upset with Steve or when he is simply bored . Once Roger made Steve believe he was not really Stan and Francine 's biological child . Another time Roger tricked Steve into believing he was an adolescent wizard , and took him to a drug dealer 's house , telling him it was secretly a wizard 's school , and the drug lab inside a Potions class . Although normally even - tempered and relatively tolerant , Steve cries when he is notably upset , but he has also had uncontrolled bursts of rage , during which he breaks nearby objects and screams very loudly . If pressed hard enough , Steve will also hit or attack people , such as when he beat up Beauregard La Fontaine for insulting his father , even though he is generally not aggressive or an adept fighter , as he was unable to even make a fist in `` Bully for Steve '' , for example . He also uses childhood paraphernalia that teenagers have typically outgrown , such as the teddy bear he is implied to sleep with in `` Live and Let Fry '' , and the Care Bears towel he is revealed to use in `` Camp Refoogee '' . Steve has also been shown to occasionally struggle with both substance abuse and an addiction to power . In An Apocalypse to Remember , Steve claims to be hooked on `` hallucinogenic berries '' , which ultimately turn out to be poisonous . In a later episode , Steve develops an addiction to the energy drink Cougar Boost , at one point going as far as to defraud his friends with fake tickets in order to obtain money to procure more of the beverage . In the episode Virtual In - Stanity , Francine derides Stan for picking up a drug bunny as a last minute gift , in the process reminding Stan that they just barely got Steve off the heroin from Stan 's previous last second gift . In both the pilot episode and You Debt Your Life , Steve demonstrates an addiction to power ; in the former case by taking over the school after being turned down by a girl he was trying to impress , in the latter case due to his obsession with making the morning announcements and deciding what is worth broadcasting to the high school . Furthermore , as shown in the episode Jenny Fromdabloc , it is revealed that among his four friends Steve is considered to be the leader of the group going as far back as elementary school , prompting Roger to call Steve the `` King of the Nerds '' . In most cases when his role as the leader of the group is threatened Steve 's drive to maintain this position of power results in erratic behavior such as humiliating his friends with personal or compromising information or threats of physical violence against himself or others . In nearly every case outside of his immediate circle of friends , Steve 's position of power or authority ends up stripped or removed from him , or in rare cases , remains with him in a curtailed capacity , as was the case in I am the Walrus . In Hurricane ! , it appeared that Steve might have a fetish for Asians and pregnant women , either separately or even both , when Francine found multiple magazines in Steve 's bedroom . `` Stanny Slickers II : The Legend of Ollie 's Gold '' and `` Stan Time '' also imply that Steve has a fetish for robotic women ( in the former episode , he tried to build a date out of a vacuum cleaner and was shown to have a fully functioning female robot in Stan 's vision of the future where Stan is famous after death , but everyone makes rude comments about his children being freaks . In the later episode , one of Steve 's porno movie ideas depicts two women making out and turning into robots in a hot tub ) . Steve has pursued many women but he is said to become `` super gay '' in the future in the episode Roger Passes the Bar . Friends Steve ( left ) , shown without his glasses , after Barry ( center ) has taken them to complete his Jonah Hill costume , in the 2010 Halloween episode , `` Best Little Horror House in Langley Falls '' . At right is Snot , another of Steve 's friends . Steve has a small group of friends from school that he regularly spends time with . The boys frequently engage in activities which most teenage boys have outgrown , such as slumber parties . The group includes : Snot , a teenager with curly hair , some noticeable stubble and acne , he is Steve 's best friend . His character appears to be based on Booger from Revenge of the Nerds ; he is even voiced by Curtis Armstrong . Snot who is Jewish , once had an affair with Steve 's then - girlfriend , Gretchen . It is implied in `` Roger Passes The Bar '' that Snot has joined the army and turned gay , marrying his commanding officer , LT Randall Santana . Barry , a morbidly obese and apparently simple - minded boy , he has an inarticulate , strident , and sloppy vocal quality . In the episode `` With Friends Like Steve 's '' he is revealed to be a maniacal , demonic genius made to take special `` vitamins '' to inhibit these evil tendencies , and cause mental retardation . Without taking the pills , he also speaks in an English accent . It is implied in `` Roger Passes The Bar '' that he grows up to become a gay poet working at Ithaca College , dating his male students . Toshi , a multilingual Japanese teenager . Although he seems to understand English , he has yet to speak it , with the exception of `` Finances with Wolves '' , in which he yells `` Werewolf ! '' in unison with Snot and Barry , and `` Francine 's Flashback '' , in which he yells `` Godzilla ! '' . When he speaks Japanese ( generally with a very condescending tone ) , Steve believes he can understand him , though he really does not . In the season 9 episode `` Independent Movie '' he says `` Go on without me '' in Japanese , then saying `` please go '' in perfect English . Toshi has spoken Russian and speaks Spanish when talking on the phone to Francine ( though that could be Francine ignorantly thinking Toshi 's Japanese is Spanish ) . Though they are friends , Toshi 's greatest wish is to one day kill Steve . Toshi 's parents speak perfect English , as does his younger sister , Akiko , who acts as Toshi 's translator in episodes such as `` Weiner of Our Discontent '' and `` The Best Little Horror House in Langley Falls '' . Toshi apparently knows of Roger Smith being an alien as he once called him `` that alien in the wig '' . It is implied in `` Roger Passes The Bar '' , that he has moved to Kyoto , Japan to become an exotic dancer . Romance Lisa Silver -- a cheerleader whom Steve asks out in the `` Pilot '' episode . He then runs for school president and when he wins , she starts dating him because of his power . When Steve tries to kiss her , she rejects him by calling him repulsive , leaving Steve heartbroken . Steve then has Stan deport Lisa and her family . Later , in `` 1600 Candles '' , Steve asks her out to the school dance . When Stan injects Steve with an aging formula , Steve shows up to meet Lisa as an old man and a little kid . She is about to dump him but gives him another chance . Steve then shows up at the dance normal and they dance . Then Roger arrives and pulls Steve 's pants down , revealing his one pubic hair , causing some bullies including a member of the football team to give him a swirly . Kim -- In `` Stan Knows Best '' , Steve has Roger dress up like Hayley and pretend to be a burn victim to get a date with Kim . But when Kim spends more time with Roger , Steve calls Roger ugly , causing Kim to leave . Lindsay Coolidge -- a girl that Steve asks out in `` Francine 's Flashback '' . She only agrees to go out with him if he can find a date for Lindsay 's ugly friend , Jewel . Steve tricks Roger to go on a double date with him . When Jewel finds out that Roger is an alien , she tells Lindsay , causing Roger to knock them out . Then Stan has their memories of the date erased . Lindsay returns in `` Big Trouble in Little Langley '' , where she becomes attracted to Steve after he blows things up with the fireworks his grandparents gave him . She said that if he blew up a person , she 'd let him touch her boobs . Steve then tries to blow up Roger , but it fails and blasts his fingers off . Paramedics arrive and reattach Steve 's fingers , after which Lindsay lets Steve touch her breasts but because of the medication the paramedics gave him , Steve could n't feel her breasts . Lindsay takes it as an insult and leaves . She next appears in `` Choosy Wives Choose Smith '' , where Steve begins playing the cello to impress her . After his recital , Steve rejects Lindsay and chooses Simon , a stray cat that got run over because of Steve . Betsy White -- the daughter of Chuck and Christie White , whom Steve develops a crush on in `` Deacon Stan , Jesus Man '' . Later , Betsy ( who had herself become interested in Steve ) kisses Steve and because Steve was pregnant with Roger 's baby at the time , the baby transferred into Betsy . It causes her parents to disown her and send her to her aunt 's farm in Iowa . She became happy to be a teenage mother because it freed her from gymnastics . It is implied that she still loves Steve . Svetlana -- a Russian mail - order bride that Steve and his friends accidentally receive in `` Of Ice and Men '' . They later planned on skinny - dipping with her until Hayley shows up and tells them that one of them must marry her . The boys hold a contest to see who will marry Svetlana and Snot wins . But later at the wedding , Toshi woos her over by learning Russian . Gretchen Grossbard -- an old woman that Steve meets after Steve 's fake grandpa , Lou , dies . The two make out and start dating . Later , when Steve goes to visit her , he finds out she made out with Snot and they break up . Makeva -- an African girl that Steve falls in love with when he and Stan get sent to a refugee camp in `` Camp Refoogee '' . Later , Makeva gets kidnapped by the men keeping them hostage . Steve defeats the leader in a race and wins back Makeva , only to find out she has developed Stockholm syndrome and fallen in love with her captor . Hayley Smith -- Steve 's sister , whom he lusts after . In `` Stannie Get Your Gun '' , Roger tricks Steve into thinking he 's adopted so he French kisses Hayley . Then , in `` Meter Made '' , Steve masturbates to a painting of Hayley nude but he was unaware it was her because her face was n't shown on the painting . This shows that he finds his sister 's body attractive . Debbie Hyman -- an overweight , goth girl that Steve meets in `` The American Dad After - School Special '' . Steve later asks her out but when Stan meets Debbie , he develops anorexia . Steve thinks Debbie is the cause of his father 's condition and breaks up with her . Later , Steve tells Stan that Debbie was the best thing that ever happened to him . Debbie was in the room and heard so the two got back together . She next appears in `` Iced , Iced Babies '' , where she breaks up with Steve . They get back together in `` Escape from Pearl Bailey '' . When Lisa Silver and her friends make fun of Debbie , Steve gets revenge on them . When Debbie finds out , she breaks up with Steve , but Steve claims he was defending her honor and they get back together . Later , in `` Bar Mitzvah Hustle '' , she dumps Steve for Snot 's bar mitzvah study partner , Etan , for being more mature . When Steve exposes Etan 's true immaturity , she dumps Etan and gets back together with Steve . Later , she finds out Steve was the one who stole Etan 's presents and ends her relationship with him again . Jenny Bowen -- a girl that Steve flirts with in `` Failure is Not a Factory - Installed Option '' . Jenny only dates guys with cars and when a salesman tricks Stan into buying eight cars , he and his friends invite Jenny and her friends over . When Roger accidentally shows a movie on the neighbor 's house , Steve tells her it 's a drive - in movie and they watch the movie together . Jenny is disappointed when Steve does n't make a move . The next night , Steve invites her over but a repo man shows up and takes the cars away . Jenny and her friends later drive off with the repo man . Becky Arangino -- a cruise director that Steve meets in `` The Vacation Goo '' , when the Smiths go on vacation . She likes young guys and taking their virginity causing Steve to like her . When Francine jumps overboard , Becky helps the family find her but a storm strands them on a deserted island . When they go in a cave , a cave - in occurs and kills Becky . The Smith are then forced to eat her corpse to survive . Carmen Selectra -- when Roger 's alter ego Scotch Bingeington hosts a Spring Break party in `` Spring Breakup '' , Carmen comes over to crown him as King of Spring Break . Steve then asks her to take his virginity . She agrees , but when Steve asks for her medical records , she leaves . She then gives Steve her medical records but when Steve finds out she has breast implants , Steve rejects her . When Carmen is about to crown Roger , she tells Steve that she had flown her doctor over to get rid of the implants and is ready to take his virginity . Then the stage collapses and kills her ; tragically , if she had kept her implants , she would have survived . Jewel -- an ugly girl that Steve makes out with when he gets drunk in `` Daddy Queerest '' . Jeanine Winthrop -- a girl that Steve meets in class in `` A Jones for a Smith '' . The two become attracted to each other and when he goes over to her house . They were about to have sex when Jeanine 's father steps in . He tells Steve that he 's on board with Steve having sex with Jeanine and gives him a condom . Steve then has his family meet Jeanine 's family . Stan was addicted to crack at the time and ruined the dinner , causing Jeanine 's father to kick them out . Amy -- a girl in Steve 's science class in `` Merlot Down Dirty Shame '' . When Hayley and Klaus convince Steve is in a dream , he goes to school , kisses Amy then convinces her to jump out the window with him . She is then impaled on a fencepost but she survives . Akiko Yoshida -- Toshi 's sister that Steve develops a crush on . When Akiko slaps Steve in `` Weiner of Our Discontent '' , Steve gets an erection . Later , Steve goes trick - or - treating with Akiko and flirts with her in `` Best Little Horror House in Langley Falls '' but she rejects him for a guy named Doug . In the episode `` Spelling Bee My Baby '' , Steve and Akiko are shown openly flirting when an argument between Francine and Mrs. Yoshida turns them into rivals in the national spelling bee . Later , they meet and kiss , and Akiko convinces Steve to sneak out before the bee to meet , but she is kidnapped by Francine and imprisoned , and when Steve goes to meet with Akiko , he reads a note ( left by Francine ) that shoots him down . Heartbroken , Steve becomes more ruthless when he next sees Akiko at the Spelling Bee ( having been released by Mrs. Yoshida ) and the two face off . Akiko misspells a word and is eliminated from contention , but after finding out from Francine that she had kidnapped her , Steve intentionally misspells a word to keep Akiko in the competition after she is reprimanded for misspelling her word by her mother . The two continue to misspell words romantically the rest of the night back and forth , to the chagrin of the judges but to the satisfaction of their parents ( until they resume their violent confrontation ) . Ashley -- a crazy girl that Steve meets in `` Stan 's Food Restaurant '' . Steve begins dating her so she will have sex with him . When he and Snot go on a double date with her , Ashley 's friend turns out to be a doll named Julia . Steve is about to say something until Ashley kisses him . When Ashley accuses Snot of raping Julia , the date ends . Steve decides he ca n't take it anymore and hangs Julia and forges a suicide note . Ashley does n't buy it and goes to find her murderer and puts off having sex with Steve . Steve leaves her and calls her weird . Reshma -- the nicest girl in school that Steve beats up in `` License to Till '' to become popular , but it backfires . Later , at Vince Chung 's party , she kisses Steve and says that when her breasts mature , they 're all his . Phyllis -- a virtual avatar that Stan creates to bond with Steve in `` Virtual In - Stanity '' . Steve later goes on a date with her to a baseball game ; she refuses to kiss him so Steve thinks she wants to be friends and decides to hook up with Chelsea . Stan is determined not to lose Steve so he has Phyllis offer Steve to have sex with her . When Francine finds out , she convinces Stan to accept his life with Steve as it is . Stan then has Phyllis break - up with Steve . Chelsea -- a girl that Steve meets in the above episode . When Steve 's date with Phyllis is a bust , he finds out Chelsea speaks Orc and he becomes attracted to her and is about to ask her out , but then Phyllis offers Steve to have sex with her and he jumps at the chance . When Francine snaps him out of it , he decides to go out with Chelsea who rejects him for his superficiality . Alicia Wilkner -- A girl Steve met at a spin - the - bottle party , who turns out to be Roger in a disguise . Steve dated `` Alicia '' seven times , though it was actually nine , as Roger drugged Steve with Rohypnol for two of those dates and sarcastically claimed that `` nothing happened '' . In the episode `` Roger Passes The Bar '' , after noting where the three of his friends are in the future , he states that he is `` very gay '' , bringing speculation that he will eventually swing the other way at some point . References Jump up ^ Written by Erik Durbin . Directed by Chris Bennett ( May 22 , 2011 ) . `` Gorillas in the Mist '' . American Dad ! . Season 7 . Episode 19 . FOX . Jump up ^ `` Random American Dad Trivia . '' TVTDB.com . Retrieved on 2009 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Tom 's DVD Review Page - American Dad Volume 6 '' . Imemine98.com . Retrieved April 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` FOX Broadcasting Company - American Dad TV Show - American Dad TV Series - American Dad Episode Guide '' . Fox.com . August 20 , 2012 . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2013 . Retrieved September 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Encyclopedia of Television Shows , 1925 Through 2010 - Vincent Terrace - Google Books . Books.google.com. 2011 . ISBN 9780786486410 . Retrieved May 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McFarland , Kevin ( December 3 , 2012 ) . `` '' Why Ca n't We Be Friends ? '' American Dad TV Club TV `` . The A.V. Club . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Written by Dan Vebber . Directed by Joe Daniello . `` A.T. The Abusive Terrestrial '' . American Dad ! . Season 2 . Episode 35 . FOX . Jump up ^ Written by Steve Hely . Directed by Pam Cooke and Jansen Yee ( April 26 , 2009 ) . `` Every Which Way But Lose '' . American Dad ! . Season 4 . Episode 17 . FOX . ^ Jump up to : Written by Matt McKenna and Chris McKenna . Directed by Mike Kim ( September 25 , 2005 ) . `` All About Steve '' . American Dad ! . Season 4 . Episode 4 . FOX . ^ Jump up to : Directed by Mike Kim . Written by Matt McKenna and Chris McKenna ( April 30 , 2006 ) . `` All About Steve '' . American Dad ! . Season 1 . FOX . Jump up ^ Written by Nahnatchka Khan . Directed by Caleb Meurer ( April 30 , 2006 ) . `` Helping Handis '' . American Dad ! . Season 1 . Episode 21 . FOX . Jump up ^ Written by Rick Wiener , Kenny Schwartz , Nahnatchka Khan . Directed by Brent Woods . `` Lincoln Lover '' . American Dad ! . Season 2 . Episode 4 . FOX . ^ Jump up to : Written by Chris McKenna and Matt McKenna . Directed by Pam Cooke . `` Irregarding Steve '' . American Dad ! . Season 2 . Episode 31 . FOX . Jump up ^ Written by Rick Wiener and Kenny Schwartz . Directed by Caleb Meurer. `` 1600 Candles '' . American Dad ! . Season 4 . Episode 1 . FOX . Jump up ^ Written by Erik Durbin . Directed by Tim Parsons . `` Star Trek '' . American Dad ! . Season 2 . Episode 8 . FOX . Jump up ^ Written by Rick Wiener and Kenny Schwartz . Directed by Anthony Lioi ( April 23 , 2006 ) . `` Roger ' n ' Me '' . American Dad ! . Season 1 . Episode 20 . FOX . Jump up ^ Written by Laura McCreary . Directed by Brent Woods ( May 4 , 2008 ) . `` Office Spaceman '' . American Dad ! . Season 3 . Episode 14 . FOX . ^ Jump up to : Written by David Zuckerman . Directed by Brent Woods . `` Threat Levels '' . American Dad ! . Season 1 . Episode 2 . FOX . Jump up ^ Written by Erik Sommers . Directed by John Aoshima ( March 29 , 2009 ) . `` Wife Insurance '' . American Dad ! . Season 4 . Episode 15 . FOX . Jump up ^ Written by Michael Shipley and Jim Bernstein . Directed by Pam Cooke ( May 6 , 2007 ) . `` I Ca n't Stan You '' . American Dad ! . Season 2 . Episode 17 . FOX . Jump up ^ Written by Matt Fusfeld and Alex Cuthbertson . Directed by Joe Daniello ( November 2 , 2008 ) . `` Choosy Wives Choose Smith '' . American Dad ! . Season 4 . Episode 4 . FOX . Jump up ^ Written by Matt Fusfeld and Alex Cuthbertson . Directed by Joe Daniello ( April 19 , 2009 ) . `` Delorean Story - An '' . American Dad ! . Season 4 . Episode 16 . FOX . Jump up ^ Written by Nahnatchka Khan . Directed by Rodney Clouden ( January 28 , 2007 ) . `` American Dream Factory '' . American Dad ! . Season 2 . Episode 11 . FOX . ^ Jump up to : Written by Erik Durbin . Directed by John Aoshima . `` With Friends Like Steve 's '' . American Dad ! . Season 1 . Episode 22 . FOX . Jump up ^ Written by Brian Boyle . Directed by John Aoshima . `` Stannie Get Your Gun '' . American Dad ! . Season 1 . Episode 14 . FOX . Jump up ^ Written by Michael Shipley . Directed by Caleb Meurer ( October 14 , 2007 ) . `` Dope & Faith '' . American Dad ! . Season 3 . Episode 3 . FOX . Jump up ^ Written by Erik Durbin . Directed by Tim Parsons . `` Family Affair '' . American Dad ! . Season 4 . Episode 10 . FOX . Jump up ^ Written by Erik Durbin . Directed by John Aoshima . `` An Apocalypse to Remember '' . American Dad ! . Season 3 . Episode 14 . FOX . Jump up ^ Written by Rick Wiener & Kenny Schwartz . Directed by Rodney Clouden . `` When a Stan Loves a Woman '' . American Dad ! . Season 3 . Episode 16 . FOX . Jump up ^ Written by Jordan Blum & Parker Deay . Directed by Shawn Murray . `` Virtual In - Stanity '' . American Dad ! . Season 8 . Episode 5 . FOX . ^ Jump up to : Written by Seth MacFarlane , Mike Barker & Matt Weitzman . Directed by Ron Hughart . `` Pilot '' . American Dad ! . Season 1 . Episode 1 . FOX . ^ Jump up to : Written by Erik Sommers . Directed by Chris Bennett . `` You Debt Your Life '' . American Dad ! . Season 6 . Episode 12 . FOX . ^ Jump up to : Written by Laura McCreary . Directed by Bob Bowen . `` Jenny Fromdabloc '' . American Dad ! . Season 6 . Episode 16 . FOX . Jump up ^ Written by Keith Heisler . Directed by Tim Parsons . `` I am the Walrus '' . American Dad ! . Season 6 . Episode 13 . FOX . Jump up ^ Written by Chris and Matt McKenna . Directed by Bob Bowen and Jacob Hair ( February 13 , 2011 ) . `` A Pinata Named Desire '' . American Dad ! . Season 6 . Episode 11 . FOX . Jump up ^ Written by Steve Hely . Directed by Albert Calleros . `` Con Heir '' . American Dad ! . Season 1 . Episode 11 . FOX . Jump up ^ Written by Brian Boyle . Directed by John Aoshima . `` Of Ice and Men '' . American Dad ! . Season 2 . Episode 30 . FOX . Jump up ^ Written by Neal Boushell and Sam O'Neal . Directed by Albert Calleros . `` Finances With Wolves '' . American Dad ! . Season 1 . Episode 19 . FOX . Jump up ^ `` May the Best Stan Win '' . American Dad ! . Season 5 . Episode 12 . February 14 , 2010 . Fox . External links Television portal Comedy portal United States portal Steve Smith at Fox.com ( hide ) American Dad ! Characters Stan Smith Francine Smith Steve Smith Hayley Smith Roger Klaus Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' Season 2 `` All About Steve '' `` Stan of Arabia : Part 1 '' `` Stan of Arabia : Part 2 '' `` Stannie Get Your Gun '' `` Finances with Wolves '' Season 3 `` Camp Refoogee '' `` The American Dad After School Special '' `` Lincoln Lover '' Season 4 `` The Vacation Goo '' `` Surro-Gate '' `` Tearjerker '' Season 5 `` The One That Got Away '' `` Pulling Double Booty '' Season 6 `` In Country ... Club '' `` Moon Over Isla Island '' `` My Morning Straitjacket '' `` G - String Circus '' `` Rapture 's Delight '' `` Do n't Look a Smith Horse in the Mouth '' `` Cops and Roger '' `` Bully for Steve '' Season 7 `` Best Little Horror House in Langley Falls '' `` Stan 's Food Restaurant '' `` White Rice '' `` For Whom the Sleigh Bell Tolls '' `` Fart - Break Hotel '' `` Stanny Boy and Frantastic '' `` A Piñata Named Desire '' `` You Debt Your Life '' `` I Am the Walrus '' `` Jenny Fromdabloc '' `` Home Wrecker '' `` Flirting with Disaster '' Season 8 `` Hot Water '' `` Hurricane ! '' `` A Ward Show '' `` Virtual In - Stanity '' `` The Scarlett Getter '' `` Ricky Spanish '' `` Toy Whorey '' Season 9 `` National Treasure 4 : Baby Franny : She 's Doing Well : The Hole Story '' `` The Missing Kink '' `` Lost in Space '' `` Da Flippity Flop '' Season 10 `` Minstrel Krampus '' Season 11 `` Blagsnarst , a Love Story '' Season 12 Season 13 `` The Two Hundred '' Season 14 Season 15 Related Night of the Hurricane Family Guy The Cleveland Show Animation Domination Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steve_Smith_(American_Dad!)&oldid=828297948 '' Categories : American Dad ! characters Child characters in television Teenage characters in television Fictional characters introduced in 2005 Animated human characters Fictional characters from Virginia Hidden categories : Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Articles lacking reliable references from January 2012 All articles lacking reliable references Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from January 2012 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Articles with multiple maintenance issues Pages using deprecated image syntax Pages using infobox character with unknown parameters Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Italiano Português Русский Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 1 March 2018 , at 19 : 13 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve%20Smith%20%28American%20Dad%21%29
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what are the two fundamental protocols that can describe modern telecom networks
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Network architecture
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network architecture
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`` NETWORK ARCHITECTURE = LAYER + PROTOCOLS '' .
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Network architecture is the design of a communication network . It is a framework for the specification of a network 's physical components and their functional organization and configuration , its operational principles and procedures , as well as data formats use . This concept was brought by Shreyas Dhakal In telecommunication , the specification of a network architecture may also include a detailed description of products and services delivered via a communications network , as well as detailed rate and billing structures under . The network architecture of the Internet is predominantly expressed by its use of the Internet Protocol Suite , rather than a specific model for interconnecting networks or nodes in the network , or the usage of specific types of hardware links . PROTOCOL : - A set of rules and regulations are formed for smooth communication between two entiites Contents ( hide ) 1 OSI network model 1.1 Physical layer 1.2 Data - linking layer 1.3 Network layer 1.4 Transport layer 1.5 Session layer 1.6 Presentation layer 1.7 Application layer 2 Distributed computing 3 References 4 External links OSI network model ( edit ) OSI model by layer 7 . Application layer ( show ) NNTP SIP SSI DNS FTP Gopher HTTP NFS NTP SMPP SMTP SNMP Telnet DHCP Netconf more ... 6 . Presentation layer ( show ) MIME XDR 5 . Session layer ( show ) Named pipe NetBIOS SAP PPTP RTP SOCKS SPDY 4 . Transport layer ( show ) TCP UDP SCTP DCCP SPX 3 . Network layer ( show ) IP IPv4 IPv6 ICMP IPsec IGMP IPX AppleTalk X. 25 PLP 2 . Data link layer ( show ) ATM ARP IS - IS SDLC HDLC CSLIP SLIP GFP PLIP IEEE 802.2 LLC MAC L2TP IEEE 802.3 Frame Relay ITU - T G.hn DLL PPP X. 25 LAPB Q. 921 LAPD Q. 922 LAPF 1 . Physical layer ( show ) EIA / TIA - 232 EIA / TIA - 449 ITU - T V - Series I. 430 I. 431 PDH SONET / SDH PON OTN DSL IEEE 802.3 IEEE 802.11 IEEE 802.15 IEEE 802.16 IEEE 1394 ITU - T G.hn PHY USB Bluetooth RS - 232 RS - 449 Main article : OSI model The Open Systems Interconnection model ( OSI model ) is a product of the Open Systems Interconnection effort at the International Organization for Standardisation ( ISO ) . It is a way of sub-dividing a communications system further into smaller parts called layers . A layer is a collection of similar functions that provide services to the layer above it and receives services from the layer below it . On each layer , an instance provides services to the instances at the layer above and requests service from the layer below . Physical layer ( edit ) Main article : Physical layer The physical layer defines the electrical and physical specifications for devices . In particular , it defines the relationship between a device and a transmission medium , such as a copper or optical cable . This includes the layout of pins , voltages , cable specifications , hubs , repeaters , network adapters , host bus adapters ( HBA used in storage area networks ) and more . Its main task is the transmission of a stream of bits over a communication channel . Data - linking layer ( edit ) Main article : Data link layer The data link layer provides the functional and procedural means to transfer data between network entities and to detect and possibly correct errors that may occur in the physical layer . Originally , this layer was intended for point - to - point and point - to - multipoint media , characteristic of wide area media in the telephone system . Local area network architecture , which included broadcast - capable multi-access media , was developed independently of the ISO work in IEEE Project 802 . IEEE work assumed sublayering and management functions not required for WAN use . In modern practice , only error detection , not flow control using sliding window , is present in data link protocols such as Point - to - Point Protocol ( PPP ) , and , on local area networks , the IEEE 802.2 LLC layer is not used for most protocols on the Ethernet , and on other local area networks , its flow control and acknowledgment mechanisms are rarely used . Sliding - window flow control and acknowledgment is used at the transport layer by protocols such as TCP , but is still used in niches where X. 25 offers performance advantages . Simply , its main job is to create and recognize the frame boundary . This can be done by attaching special bit patterns to the beginning and the end of the frame . The input data is broken up into frames . Network layer ( edit ) Main article : Network layer The network layer provides the functional and procedural means of transferring variable length data sequences from a source host on one network to a destination host on a different network , while maintaining the quality of service requested by the transport layer ( in contrast to the data link layer which connects hosts within the same network ) . The network layer performs network routing functions , and might also perform fragmentation and reassembly , and report delivery errors . Routers operate at this layer -- sending data throughout the extended network and making the Internet possible . This is a logical addressing scheme ; values are chosen by the network engineer . The addressing scheme is not hierarchical . It controls the operation of the subnet and determine the routing strategies between IMP and ensures that all the packs are correctly received at the destination in the proper order . Transport layer ( edit ) Main article : Transport layer The transport layer provides transparent transfer of data between end users , providing reliable data transfer services to the upper layers . The transport layer controls the reliability of a given link through flow control , segmentation / desegmentation , and error control . Some protocols are state and connection oriented . This means that the transport layer can keep track of the segments and re-transmit those that fail . The transport layer also provides the acknowledgement of the successful data transmission and sends the next data if no errors occurred . Some transport layer protocols ( such as TCP , but not UDP ) support virtual circuits that provide connection - oriented communication over an underlying packet - oriented data - gram network , where it assures the delivery of packets in the order in which they were sent and that they are free of errors . The data - gram transportation deliver the packets randomly and broadcast it to multiple nodes . The transport layer multiplexes several streams on to one physical channel . The transport headers indicate which message belongs to which connection . Session layer ( edit ) Main article : Session layer This layer provides a user interface to the network where the user negotiates to establish a connection . The user must provide the remote address to be contacted . The operation of setting up a session between two processes is known as `` binding '' . In some protocols , it is merged with the transport layer . Its main work is to transfer data from the other application to this application so this application is mainly used for transferred layer . Presentation layer ( edit ) Main article : Presentation layer The presentation layer establishes context between entities on the application layer , in which the higher - layer entities may use different syntax and semantics if the presentation service provides a mapping between them . If a mapping is available , presentation service data units are encapsulated into session protocol data units , and passed down the stack . This layer provides independence from data representation ( e.g. encryption ) by translating between application and network formats . The presentation layer transforms data into the form that the application accepts . This layer formats and encrypts data to be sent across a network . It is sometimes called the syntax layer . The original presentation structure used the basic encoding rules of Abstract Syntax Notation One ( ASSN ) , with capabilities such as converting an BODICE - coded text file to an ASCII - coded file , or serialization of objects and other data structures from and to XML . Application layer ( edit ) Main article : Application layer The application layer is the OSI layer closest to the end user , which means that both the OSI application layer and the user interact directly with the software application . This layer interacts with software applications that implement a communicating component . Such application programs fall outside the scope of the OSI model . Application layer functions typically include identifying communication partners , determining resource availability , and synchronizing communication . When identifying communication partners , the application layer determines the identity and availability of communication partners for an application with data to transmit . Distributed computing ( edit ) Main article : Distributed computing In distinct usage in distributed computing , the term `` network architecture '' often describes the structure and classification of a distributed application architecture , as the participating nodes in a distributed application are often referred to as a `` network '' . For example , the applications architecture of the public switched telephone network ( PSTN ) has been termed the Advanced Intelligent Network . There are any number of specific classifications but all lie on a continuum between the dumb network ( e.g. Internet ) and the intelligent computer network ( e.g. the telephone network ) . Other networks contain various elements of these two classical types to make them suitable for various types of applications . Recently the context aware network , which is a synthesis of two , has gained much interest with its ability to combine the best elements of both . A popular example of such usage of the term in distributed applications , as well as PVCs ( permanent virtual circuits ) , is the organization of nodes in peer - to - peer ( P2P ) services and networks . P2P networks usually implement overlay networks running over an underlying physical or logical network . These overlay network may implement certain organizational structures of the nodes according to several distinct models , the network architecture of the system . Network architecture is a broad plan that specifies everything necessary for two application programs on different networks on an Internet to be able to work together effectively . References ( edit ) This article incorporates public domain material from the General Services Administration document `` Federal Standard 1037C '' ( in support of MIL - STD - 188 ) . External links ( edit ) Computer Network Architects at the US Department of Labor . ( hide ) Major fields of computer science Note : This template roughly follows the 2012 ACM Computing Classification System . Hardware Printed circuit board Peripheral Integrated circuit Very - large - scale integration Energy consumption Electronic design automation Computer systems organization Computer architecture Embedded system Real - time computing Dependability Networks Network architecture Network protocol Network components Network scheduler Network performance evaluation Network service Software organization Interpreter Middleware Virtual machine Operating system Software quality Software notations and tools Programming paradigm Programming language Compiler Domain - specific language Modeling language Software framework Integrated development environment Software configuration management Software library Software repository Software development Software development process Requirements analysis Software design Software construction Software deployment Software maintenance Programming team Open - source model Theory of computation Model of computation Formal language Automata theory Computational complexity theory Logic Semantics Algorithms Algorithm design Analysis of algorithms Randomized algorithm Computational geometry Mathematics of computing Discrete mathematics Probability Statistics Mathematical software Information theory Mathematical analysis Numerical analysis Information systems Database management system Information storage systems Enterprise information system Social information systems Geographic information system Decision support system Process control system Multimedia information system Data mining Digital library Computing platform Digital marketing World Wide Web Information retrieval Security Cryptography Formal methods Security services Intrusion detection system Hardware security Network security Information security Application security Human -- computer interaction Interaction design Social computing Ubiquitous computing Visualization Accessibility Concurrency Concurrent computing Parallel computing Distributed computing Multithreading Multiprocessing Artificial intelligence Natural language processing Knowledge representation and reasoning Computer vision Automated planning and scheduling Search methodology Control method Philosophy of artificial intelligence Distributed artificial intelligence Machine learning Supervised learning Unsupervised learning Reinforcement learning Multi-task learning Cross-validation Graphics Animation Rendering Image manipulation Graphics processing unit Mixed reality Virtual reality Image compression Solid modeling Applied computing E-commerce Enterprise software Computational mathematics Computational physics Computational chemistry Computational biology Computational social science Computational engineering Computational healthcare Digital art Electronic publishing Cyberwarfare Electronic voting Video game Word processing Operations research Educational technology Document management Book Portal WikiProject Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Network_architecture&oldid=801685748 '' Categories : Network architecture Telecommunications engineering Hidden categories : Articles lacking sources from June 2009 All articles lacking sources All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2011 Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the Federal Standard 1037C Wikipedia articles incorporating text from MIL - STD - 188 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Български Čeština Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Polski Português Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 21 September 2017 , at 05 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network%20architecture
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intramuscular injection in gluteal region is given in
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Intramuscular injection
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intramuscular injection
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Intramuscular ( also IM or im ) injection is the injection of a substance directly into muscle . In medicine , it is one of several alternative methods for the administration of medications ( see route of administration ) . Muscles have larger and more blood vessels than subcutaneous tissue and injections here usually have faster rates of absorption than subcutaneous injections or intradermal injections . Depending on the injection site , an administration is limited to between 2 and 5 milliliters of fluid .
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Contents ( hide ) 1 Uses 2 Injection sites 2.1 Deltoid muscle 2.2 Ventrogluteal site 2.3 Vastus lateralis muscle 2.4 Dorsogluteal site 3 Procedure 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Uses ( edit ) Examples of medications that are sometimes administered intramuscularly are : Haloperidol ( Haldol ) Aripiprazole ( Abilify ) Paliperidone ( Invega ) Chlorpromazine ( Thorazine ) Lorazepam ( Ativan ) Fulvestrant ( Faslodex ) Codeine Morphine Methotrexate Metoclopramide Olanzapine Streptomycin Diazepam Prednisone Penicillin Interferon beta - 1a Sex hormones , such as testosterone , estradiol valerate , and medroxyprogesterone acetate ( as Depo Provera ) Dimercaprol Ketamine Leuprorelin Naloxone Quinine , in its gluconate form Vitamin B12 , as cyanocobalamin , hydroxocobalamin or methylcobalamin Risperidone Vaccines are often administered as IM injections . In addition , some vaccines are administered intramuscularly : Gardasil Hepatitis A vaccine Rabies vaccine Influenza vaccines based on inactivated viruses are commonly administered intramuscularly ( although there is active research being conducted as to the best route of administration ) . Platelet - rich plasma injections can be administered intramuscularly . Certain substances ( e.g. ketamine ) are injected intramuscularly for recreational purposes . Injection sites ( edit ) Possible sites for IM injection include : deltoid , dorsogluteal , rectus femoris , vastus lateralis and ventrogluteal muscles . Sites that are bruised , tender , red , swollen , inflamed or scarred are avoided . Deltoid muscle ( edit ) Diagram showing the deltoid site for intramuscular injection The deltoid muscle site ( upper arm ) is recommended for use with injections of small volume , usually equal or less than 1 ml , including vaccinations . This site is not recommended for repeated injections , due to its small area , it is difficult to rotate the injection site . To locate the site , palpate the lower edge of the acromion process . Inject in the upside down triangle that forms with its base at the acromion process and its midpoint in line with the axilla . Ventrogluteal site ( edit ) Ventrogluteal site and rectus femoris sites for intramuscular injection The ventrogluteal site ( hip ) is recommended for injections requiring a larger volume to be administered , greater than 1 ml , and for medications known to be irritating , viscous or oily . It is also given for narcotic , antibiotic , sedative and anti-emetic medications . To locate the ventrogluteal site , place the palm of your hand over the greater trochanter , with the fingers facing the patient 's head . The right hand is used for the left hip and left hand is used for the right hip . Place the index finger on the anterior superior iliac spine and run the middle finger back along the iliac crest . The injection is given in the center of the triangle that is formed . Vastus lateralis muscle ( edit ) Vatus lateralis site for intramuscular injection The vastus lateralis site is the recommended site for infants less than 7 months old and those unable to walk , with loss of muscular tone . To locate the site , divide the front thigh into thirds vertically and horizontally to make nine squares and inject in the outer middle square . Dorsogluteal site ( edit ) The dorsogluteal ( buttock ) site is not recommended for use in any patient population due to its location near major blood vessels and nerves , as well as having inconsistent depth of adipose tissue , with very few injections in this area injected to the correct depth to administer as a true intramuscular injection . Use of this site is associated with skin and tissue trauma , muscle fibrosis and contracture , haematoma , nerve palsy and paralysis , as well as infectious processes such as abscess and gangrene . Despite the goal of healthcare in many countries to follow evidence based practice s , this site is commonly preferred by healthcare professionals against research recommendation , often due to a lack of knowledge surrounding alternative sites for injection . The injection site is located by dividing the buttock into four with a plus ( + ) shaped cross , and administering the injection in the upper outer quadrant . This is the only intramuscular injection site for which research recommends aspiration ( drawing back ) of the syringe prior to injection , due to higher likelihood of accidental intravenous administration in this area . Procedure ( edit ) The selected site is cleansed with an antimicrobial and is allowed to dry . It is injected with the dominant hand using a quick , darting motion perpendicular to the patient 's body at an angle between 72 and 90 degrees , as a faster injection is less painful . The needle is then stabilized with the nondominant hand while the dominant hand slides to the plunger to slowly instill the medication , as a rapid injection causes more discomfort . The CDC does not recommend the outdated practice of aspirating for blood to rule out injecting into a blood vessel . The needle is withdrawn at the same angle inserted . Using the `` Z track '' or zigzag technique is recommended , where the skin is pulled and held down to one side with the nondominant hand about an inch and after the needle is withdrawn the displaced skin is allowed to return to its normal position . This is to ensure that the medication does not leak back along the needle track . Gentle pressure is applied with a gauze but the site is not massaged to prevent forcing the medication into subcutaneous tissue . See also ( edit ) Subcutaneous injection Intravenous injection References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Taylor , C.R. , Lillis , C. , LeMone , P. , Lynn , P. ( 2011 ) Fundamentals of nursing : The art and science of nursing care . Philadelphia : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins , page 751 . ^ Jump up to : Mann , E. ( 2016 ) . Injection ( Intramuscular ) : Clinician Information . The Johanna Briggs Institute . Jump up ^ Farley , H.F. , Joyce , N. , Long , B. , & Roberts , R. ( 1986 ) . Will that IM needle reach the muscle ? American Journal of Nursing , 86 ( 12 ) , 1327 - 1331 Jump up ^ Cocoman , A. , & Murray , J. ( 2010 ) . Recognizing the evidence and changing practice on injection sites . British Journal of Nursing , 19 ( 18 ) , 1170 - 1174 . Jump up ^ Lynn , P. ( 2011 ) Lippincott 's photo atlas of medication administration . Philadelphia : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins , pages 39 - 40 . External links ( edit ) Injections , Intramuscular at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings ( MeSH ) Prevention and Control of Influenza , Recommendations of ACIP ( hide ) Routes of administration , dosage forms Oral Digestive tract ( enteral ) Solids Pill Tablet Capsule Pastille Time release technology Osmotic delivery system ( OROS ) Liquids Decoction Elixir Electuary Emulsion Extended - release syrup Effervescent powder or tablet Herbal tea Hydrogel Molecular encapsulation Powder Softgel Solution Suspension Syrup Syrup Concentrate for dilution and / or addition of carbonated water Tincture Buccal ( sublabial ) , sublingual Solids Orally disintegrating tablet ( ODT ) Film Lollipop Sublingual drops Lozenges Effervescent buccal tablet Chewing gum Liquids Mouthwash Toothpaste Ointment Oral spray Respiratory tract Solids Smoking device Dry - powder inhaler ( DPI ) 0 0 Liquids Anaesthetic vaporizer Vaporizer Nebulizer Metered - dose inhaler ( MDI ) Gas Oxygen mask and Nasal cannula Oxygen concentrator Anaesthetic machine Relative analgesia machine Ophthalmic , otologic , nasal Nasal spray Ear drops Eye drops Ointment Hydrogel Nanosphere suspension Insufflation Mucoadhesive microdisc ( microsphere tablet ) Urogenital Ointment Pessary ( vaginal suppository ) Vaginal ring Vaginal douche Intrauterine device ( IUD ) Extra-amniotic infusion Intravesical infusion Rectal ( enteral ) Ointment Suppository Enema Solution Hydrogel Murphy drip Nutrient enema Dermal Ointment Topical cream Topical gel Liniment Paste Film DMSO drug solution Electrophoretic dermal delivery system Hydrogel Liposomes Transfersome vesicles Cream Lotion Lip balm Medicated shampoo Dermal patch Transdermal patch Contact ( rubbed into break in the skin ) Transdermal spray Jet injector Injection , infusion ( into tissue / blood ) Skin Intradermal Subcutaneous Transdermal implant Organs Intracavernous Intravitreal Intra-articular injection Transscleral Central nervous system Intracerebral Intrathecal Epidural Circulatory , musculoskeletal Intravenous Intracardiac Intramuscular Intraosseous Intraperitoneal Nanocell injection Patient - Controlled Analgesia pump PIC line WikiProject Pharmacy portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Intramuscular_injection&oldid=799735022 '' Categories : Medical treatments Routes of administration Dosage forms Injection ( medicine ) Muscular system Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Slovenščina Suomi Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 September 2017 , at 14 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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did elvis ever write any of his own songs
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Category : songs written by Elvis Presley
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category : songs written by elvis presley
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Songs written , or co-written , by Elvis Presley .
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Pages in category `` songs written by Elvis Presley '' The following 9 pages are in this category , out of 9 total . This list may not reflect recent changes ( learn more ) . All Shook Up I Did n't Make It On Playing Guitar Let Me ( 1956 song ) Love Me Tender ( song ) Paralyzed ( Elvis Presley song ) Poor Boy ( Elvis Presley song ) That 's Someone You Never Forget We 're Gonna Move Y You 'll Be Gone Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Songs_written_by_Elvis_Presley&oldid=796004298 '' Categories : Songs by songwriter Elvis Presley Talk Help About Wikipedia Norsk nynorsk ไทย Edit links This page was last edited on 17 August 2017 , at 21 : 31 . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category%3ASongs%20written%20by%20Elvis%20Presley
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endangered birds in india with pictures and information
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List of endangered animals in India
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list of endangered animals in india
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According to the Red Data List of International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) , there are 48 critically endangered species in India ( as of 5 September 2011 ) .
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The Red List of 2012 was released at the Rio + 20 Earth Summit . It contains 132 species of plants and animals in India listed as critically endangered . Contents 1 Critically endangered in India 2 Endangered 3 Vulnerable 4 Notes 5 See also 6 References Critically endangered in India ( edit ) Arthropoda Rameshwaram parachute spider ( Poecilotheria hanumavilasumica ) Peacock tarantula ( Poecilotheria metallica ) Birds White - bellied heron ( Ardea insignis ) Great Indian bustard ( Ardeotis nigriceps ) Forest owlet ( Athene blewitti ) Baer 's pochard ( Aythya baeri ) Spoon - billed sandpiper ( Calidris pygmaea ) Siberian crane ( Grus leucogeranus ) White - rumped vulture ( Gyps bengalensis ) Indian vulture ( Gyps indicus ) Slender - billed vulture ( Gyps tenuirostris ) Bengal florican ( Houbaropsis bengalensis ) Bugun liocichla ( Liocichla bugunorum ) Himalayan quail ( Ophrysia superciliosa ) Jerdon 's courser ( Rhinoptilus bitorquatus ) Pink - headed duck ( Rhodonessa caryophyllacea ) Red - headed vulture ( Sarcogyps calvus ) Sociable lapwing ( Vanellus gregarius ) Fish Wayanad mahseer ( Barbodes wynaadensis ) Pondicherry shark ( Carcharhinus hemiodon ) Ganges shark ( Glyphis gangeticus ) Glyptothorax kashmirensis ( Glyptothorax kashmirensis ) Kudremukh glyptothorax ( Glyptothorax kudremukhensis ) Nilgiri Mystus ( Hemibagrus punctatus ) Horalabiosa arunachalami ( Horalabiosa arunachalami ) Hypselobarbus pulchellus ( Hypselobarbus pulchellus ) Red Canarese barb ( Hypselobarbus thomassi ) Deccan labeo ( Labeo potail ) Mesonoemacheilus herrei ( Mesonoemacheilus herrei ) Bovany barb ( Neolissochilus bovanicus ) Deolali minnow ( Parapsilorhynchus prateri ) Pookode Lake barb ( Pethia pookodensis ) Common sawfish ( Pristis pristis ) Largetooth sawfish ( Pristis microdon ) Longcomb sawfish ( Pristis zijsron ) Psilorhynchus tenura ( Psilorhynchus tenura ) Deccan barb ( Puntius deccanensis ) Schistura papulifera ( Schistura papulifera ) Insects Pygmy Hog Sucking Louse ( Haematopinus oliveri ) Data deficient ( `` Data inadequate to determine a threat category '' ) Reptiles and amphibians Madras spotted skink ( Barkudia insularis ) Northern river terrapin ( Batagur baska ) Red - crowned roofed turtle ( Batagur kachuga ) Cnemaspis anaikattiensis ( Cnemaspis anaikattiensis ) Hawksbill sea turtle ( Eretmochelys imbricata ) Gharial ( Gavialis gangeticus ) Ghats wart frog ( Fejervarya murthii ) Jeypore ground gecko ( Geckoella jeyporensis ) Gundia Indian frog ( Indirana gundia ) Toad - skinned frog ( Indirana phrynoderma ) Charles Darwin 's frog ( Ingerana charlesdarwini ) Rao 's torrent frog ( Micrixalus kottigeharensis ) Dattatreya night frog ( Nyctibatrachus dattatreyaensis ) Sacred grove bushfrog ( Philautus sanctisilvaticus ) Amboli bush frog ( Pseudophilautus amboli ) White - spotted bush frog ( Raorchestes chalazodes ) Green eyed bushfrog ( Raorchestes chlorosomma ) Griet bush frog ( Raorchestes griet ) Kaikatti bushfrog ( Raorchestes kaikatti ) Mark 's bushfrog ( Raorchestes marki ) Munnar bush frog ( Raorchestes munnarensis ) Ponmudi bush frog ( Raorchestes ponmudi ) Resplendent shrubfrog ( Raorchestes resplendens ) Shillong bubble - nest frog ( Raorchestes shillongensis ) Anaimalai flying frog ( Rhacophorus pseudomalabaricus ) Sushil 's bushfrog ( Raorchestes sushili ) Amboli toad ( Xanthophryne tigerina ) Ghats wart frog ( Zakerana murthii ) Mammals ( asiatic cheetah ) ( Acinonyx jubatus venaticus ) Namdapha flying squirrel ( Biswamoyopterus biswasi ) Himalayan wolf ( `` Canis himalayensis '' ) Elvira rat ( Cremnomys elvira ) Andaman shrew ( Crocidura andamanensis ) Jenkins ' shrew ( Crocidura jenkinsi ) Nicobar shrew ( Crocidura nicobarica ) Northern Sumatran rhinoceros ( Dicerorhinus sumatrensis lasiotis ) Chinese pangolin ( Manis pentadactyla ) Kondana soft - furred rat ( Millardia kondana ) Pygmy hog ( Porcula salvania ) Indian Javan rhinoceros ( Rhinoceros sondaicus inermis ) Malabar large - spotted civet ( Viverra civettina ) Endangered ( edit ) Fish Knifetooth sawfish ( Anoxypristis cuspidata ) Asian arowana ( Scleropages formosus ) Red line torpedo barb ( Sahyadria denisonii ) Golden Mahaseer ( Tor putitora ) Birds Steppe Eagle ( Aquila nipalensis ) Great Knot ( Calidris tenuirostris ) Masked Finfoot ( Heliopais personatus ) Greater Adjutant ( Leptoptilos dubius ) White - bellied Blue Robin ( Myiomela albiventris ) Nilgiri Blue Robin ( Myiomela major ) White - headed Duck ( Oxyura leucocephala ) Green Peafowl ( Pavo muticus ) Narcondam hornbill ( Rhyticero ) Spotted Greenshank ( Tringa guttifer ) Banasura Laughingthrush ( Trochalopteron jerdoni ) Reptiles Perrotet 's Vine Snake ( Ahaetulla perroteti ) Three - striped Roofed Turtle ( Batagur dhongoka ) Green Turtle ( Chelonia mydas ) Indian Narrow - headed Softshell Turtle ( Chitra indica ) Goan Day Gecko ( Cnemaspis goaensis ) Wyanad Day Gecko ( Cnemaspis wynadensis ) Keeled Box Turtle ( Cuora mouhotii ) Boulenger 's Dasia ( Dasia subcaerulea ) Poona Skink ( Eurylepis poonaensis ) Inger 's Mabuya ( Eutropis clivicola ) Yellow - headed Tortoise ( Indotestudo elongata ) Asian forest tortoise ( Manouria emys ) Indian Kangaroo Lizard ( Otocryptis beddomii ) Assam Roofed Turtle ( Pangshura sylhetensis ) Asian Giant Softshell Turtle ( Pelochelys cantorii ) Travancore Hills Thorntail Snake ( Platyplectrurus madurensis ) Travancore Earth Snake ( Rhinophis travancoricus ) Cochin Forest Cane Turtle ( Vijayachelys silvatica ) Mammals Red panda ( Ailurus fulgens ) Sei whale ( Balaenoptera borealis ) Blue whale ( Balaenoptera musculus ) Fin whale ( Balaenoptera physalus ) Banteng ( Bos javanicus ) Wild water buffalo ( Bubalus arnee ) Hispid hare ( Caprolagus hispidus ) Dhole ( Cuon alpinus ) Indian elephant ( Elephas maximus indicus ) Woolly flying squirrel ( Eupetaurus cinereus ) Kolar leaf - nosed bat ( Hipposideros hypophyllus ) Lion - tailed macaque ( Macaca silenus ) White - bellied musk deer ( Moschus leucogaster ) Servant mouse ( Mus famulus ) Mandelli 's mouse - eared bat ( Myotis sicarius ) Nilgiri tahr ( Nilgiritragus hylocrius ) Asiatic lion ( Panthera leo persica ) Bengal tiger ( Panthera tigris tigris ) Ganges river dolphin ( Platanista gangetica gangetica ) Gee 's golden langur ( Trachypithecus geei ) Nicobar treeshrew ( Tupaia nicobarica ) Vulnerable ( edit ) Listed by the IUCN As of 2012 : This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( April 2016 ) Mammals Gaur ( Bos gaurus ) Yak ( Bos grunhniens ) Takin ( Budorcas taxicolor ) ( ( abcdefghijklmnopatstuvwxyZ ) ) ( Rucervus duvaucelii ) Clouded leopard ( Neofelis nebulosa ) Dugong ( Dugong dugon ) Sun bear ( Helarctos malayanus ) Stump - tailed macaque ( Macaca arctoides ) Marbled cat ( Pardofelis marmorata ) Sperm whale ( Physeter macrocephalus ) Rusty - spotted cat ( Prionailurus rubiginosus ) Indian rhinoceros ( Rhinoceros unicornis ) Snow leopard ( Uncia uncia ) Nilgiri Marten ( Martes gwatkinsii ) Birds Sarus crane ( Antigone antigone ) Nicobar megapode ( Megapodius nicobariensis ) Dalmatian pelican ( Pelecanus crispus ) Reptiles and amphibians Olive ridley sea turtle Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Extinct from India See also ( edit ) Fauna of India Mammals of India Endangered mammals of India References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Extinction Animals ( Press Release ) '' . Ministry of Environment and Forests , Government of India . 2012 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ Red list has 132 species of plants , animals from India Jump up ^ http://www.iucnredlist.org/current-news Jump up ^ Extinction threat ' a call to world leaders ' at Rio Earth Summit Jump up ^ `` Endangered Mammal List '' . Wildlife Institute of India ( WII ) . Archived from the original on 2007 - 07 - 04 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 06 . Threatened species by region By region Blue - listed Environmental Vulnerability Index Regional Red List Australasia Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 ROTAP Threatened Species Protection Act 1995 Threatened ecological community Trade in Endangered Species Act 1989 Canada Species at Risk Act Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada Europe European Endangered Species Programme Funds for Endangered Parrots South Africa Endangered Wildlife Trust United States Distinct population segment Endangered Species Act of 1973 Endangered Species Act Amendments of 1978 Endangered species recovery plan Endangered Wolf Center National Wildlife Refuge NatureServe conservation status The Nature Conservancy Lists Asia List of endangered and protected species of China Endangered mammals of India List of endangered animals in India List of endangered species in Pakistan List of threatened species of the Philippines List of endangered species in Vietnam Europe Threatened mammals of Europe Endangered plants of Europe List of United Kingdom Biodiversity Action Plan species List of extinct and endangered species of Italy List of extinct and endangered species of Lithuania North America List of endangered plants in North America List of endangered species in North America Endangered mammals and birds of the United States List of threatened mammals of the United States List of threatened birds of the United States List of threatened reptiles and amphibians of the United States Elsewhere Threatened fauna of Australia List of threatened flora of Australia List of endangered flora of Brazil List of threatened mammals of Brazil List of threatened birds of Brazil Threatened species Template : Threatened species by region IUCN Red List Categories Extinct Extinct ( EX ) Extinct in the Wild ( EW ) Threatened Critically Endangered ( CR ) Endangered ( EN ) Vulnerable ( VU ) Lower risk Near Threatened ( NT ) Least Concern ( LC ) Lower Risk ( LR ) Conservation Dependent ( LR / cd ) Not fully assessed Data Deficient ( DD ) Not Evaluated ( NE ) Species Lists Extinct Extinct in the Wild Critically Endangered Endangered Vulnerable Near Threatened Least Concern Data Deficient WP categories Extinct Extinct in the Wild Critically Endangered Endangered Vulnerable Near Threatened Least Concern Data Deficient CITES Appendix I Appendix II Appendix III By taxa Endangered arthropods / spiders Threatened Banksia / rays / sharks / Fungi / Chromista The World 's 25 Most Endangered Primates The world 's 100 most threatened species Conservation Biodiversity action plan Biodiversity threats Conservation biology CITES ARKive Bird conservation Conservation status Conservation - reliant species Ecoregion conservation status Habitat destruction Latent extinction risk Rare species Vulnerability and susceptibility Pre-2001 categories and subcategories shown in italics . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_endangered_animals_in_India&oldid=853417435 '' Categories : Lists of fauna of India Lists of endangered species Fauna of India Endangered biota of Asia Wildlife conservation in India Lists of endangered animals Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles in need of updating from April 2014 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Articles containing potentially dated statements from September 2011 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2012 Articles to be expanded from April 2016 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Use dmy dates from September 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia മലയാളം தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 4 August 2018 , at 17 : 08 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20endangered%20animals%20in%20India
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old trafford cricket ground to old trafford football ground
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The cricket ground is near the Old Trafford football stadium ( a five - minute walk away down Warwick Road and Sir Matt Busby Way ) , in the borough of Trafford in Greater Manchester , approximately two miles south west of Manchester city centre . Its capacity is 22,000 for Test matches , for which temporary stands are erected , and 15,000 for other matches . Since 1884 , it has hosted 74 Tests , the third highest number in England , behind Lord 's and The Oval .
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Old Trafford cricket ground
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old trafford cricket ground
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Old Trafford , known for sponsorship reasons as Emirates Old Trafford , is a cricket ground in Old Trafford , Greater Manchester , England . It opened in 1857 as the home of Manchester Cricket Club and has been the home of Lancashire County Cricket Club since 1864 .
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Old Trafford is England 's second oldest Test venue and one of the most renowned . It was the venue for the first ever Ashes Test to be held in England in July 1884 and has hosted two Cricket World Cup semi-finals . In 1956 , the first 10 - wicket haul in a single innings was achieved by England bowler Jim Laker who achieved bowling figures of 19 wickets for 90 runs -- a bowling record which is unmatched in Test and first - class cricket . In the 1993 Ashes Test at Old Trafford , leg - spinner Shane Warne bowled Mike Gatting with the Ball of the Century . Extensive redevelopment of the ground to increase capacity and modernise facilities began in 2009 in an effort to safeguard international cricket at the venue . The pitch at Old Trafford has historically been the quickest in England , but will take spin later in the game . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Early history 1.2 Post-Second World War 2 The ground 2.1 The Pavilion 2.2 The Point 2.3 Media and Players Centre 2.4 Cricket practice school 2.5 The Old Trafford Lodge 3 Redevelopment 2003 -- 2017 4 Uses 4.1 Cricket 4.2 Musical venue 4.3 Other 5 Transport 6 Notes 7 See also 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) Early history ( edit ) The site was first used as a cricket ground in 1857 , when the Manchester Cricket Club moved onto the meadows of the de Trafford estate . Despite the construction of a large pavilion ( for the amateurs -- the professionals used a shed at the opposite end of the ground ) , Old Trafford 's first years were rocky : accessible only along a footpath from the railway station , the ground was situated out in the country , and games only attracted small crowds . It was not until the Roses match of 1875 that significant numbers attended a game . When W.G. Grace brought Gloucestershire in 1878 , Old Trafford saw 28,000 spectators over three days , and this provoked improvements to access and facilities . In 1884 , Old Trafford became the second English ground , after The Oval , to stage Test cricket : with the first day being lost to rain , England drew with Australia . Expansion of the ground followed over the next decade , with the decision being taken to construct a new pavilion in 1894 . The ground was purchased outright from the de Traffords in 1898 , for £ 24,372 , as crowds increased , with over 50,000 spectators attending the 1899 Test match . In 1902 , the Australian Victor Trumper hit a hundred before lunch on the first day ; Australia went on to win the Test by 3 runs -- the third closest Test result in history . Crowds fell through the early 20th Century , and the ground was closed during the First World War ; however , in the conflict 's aftermath , crowd numbers reached new heights . Investment followed throughout the inter-war period , and during this time , Lancashire experienced their most successful run to date , gaining four Championship titles in five years . During the Second World War , Old Trafford was used as a transit camp for troops returning from Dunkirk , and as a supply depot . In December 1940 , the ground was hit by bombs , damaging or destroying several stands . Despite this damage -- and the failure of an appeal to raise funds for repairs -- cricket resumed promptly after the war , with German PoWs being paid a small wage to prepare the ground . The ' Victory Test ' between England and Australia of August 1945 proved to be extremely popular , with 76,463 seeing it over three days . Post-second World War ( edit ) Differences of opinion between the club 's committee and players led to a bad run of form in the 1950s and early 1960s ; this consequently saw gate money drop , and a lack of investment . After 1964 , however , the situation was reversed , and 1969 saw the first Indoor Cricket Centre opened . In 1956 Jim Laker became the first person to take all 10 wickets in a Test match innings , achieving figures of 10 for 53 in the fourth Test against Australia ( the only other bowler to take all 10 wickets in an innings is Anil Kumble of India in 1999 ) . Having also taken 9 for 37 in the first innings , Laker ended the match with record figures of 19 for 90 , which remain unmatched to this day . On 1 May 1963 the first ever one day cricket match took place at Old Trafford , as the Gillette Cup was launched . Lancashire beat Leicestershire in a preliminary knock - out game , as 16th and 17th finishers in the Championship the previous year , to decide who would fill the 16th spot in the one - day competition . Following Lancashire 's reign as One Day champions in the 1970s , a programme of renovation and replacement was initiated in 1981 . This changed the face of the ground to the extent that , now , only the Pavilion `` is recognisable to a visitor who last watched or played a game in , say , the early 1980s '' . In 1981 Ian Botham hit 118 , including six sixes ( the second greatest number in an Ashes innings ) , which he has called `` one of the three innings I would like to tell my grandchildren about '' . England went on to win the Ashes after being lampooned in the national media for such poor performances . In 1990 Sachin Tendulkar scored his first Test hundred at the age of 17 -- becoming the second youngest centurion -- to help India draw In 1993 Shane Warne bowled the `` Ball of the Century '' to Mike Gatting at the ground . In the same game , Graham Gooch was out handled the ball for 133 -- only the sixth out of nine times this has ever happened . and in 1995 -- Dominic Cork took a hat trick for England vs West Indies . In 2000 both Mike Atherton and Alec Stewart played their hundredth Tests , against the West Indies . In the third Test of the 2005 Ashes series the match ended in a nailbiting draw , with 10,000 fans shut out of the ground on the final day as tickets were sold out . England went on to win the series regaining the Ashes for the first time in over 20 years . The ground ( edit ) The cricket ground is near the Old Trafford football stadium ( a five - minute walk away down Warwick Road and Sir Matt Busby Way ) , in the borough of Trafford in Greater Manchester , approximately two miles south west of Manchester city centre . Its capacity is 22,000 for Test matches , for which temporary stands are erected , and 15,000 for other matches . Since 1884 , it has hosted 74 Tests , the third highest number in England , behind Lord 's and The Oval . The two ends of the ground are the James Anderson End to the north and the Brian Statham End to the south , renamed in honour of the former Lancashire and England player . A section of Warwick Road to the east is also called Brian Statham Way . Immediately abutting the ground to the south - east is the Old Trafford tram stop . Old Trafford has a reputation for unpredictable weather . Old Trafford is the only ground in England where a Test match has been abandoned without a ball being bowled -- and this has happened here twice in 1890 and 1938 , though before 5 day test matches were introduced . Before Cardiff hosted its first Test match in July 2009 , Old Trafford was reputedly the wettest Test ground in the country ; Manchester is situated to the west of the Pennines and faces prevailing winds and weather fronts from the Atlantic . These prevailing conditions have encouraged Lancashire to keep the ground as well - drained as possible , most recently through the acquisition of a Hover Cover in 2007 , and the installation of new drains towards the end of the 2008 season . In the second Test of 1938 in a desperate effort to ensure play after heavy rain the groundstaff moved the turf from the practice pitch to the square -- a unique attempt.In 2010 -- 11 the wickets were relaid , changing their extremely unusual East - West axis to a more conventional North - South layout . The Brian Statham End to the East , and Stretford End to the West , were replaced by the Pavilion End to the North , and the Brian Statham End to the South . The pavilion ( edit ) The Pavilion before and after redevelopment August 2009 September 2013 The three - tiered Victorian members ' pavilion was built in 1895 for £ 10,000 . Hit by a bomb in 1940 -- which destroyed the Members ' Dining Room and groundsman 's quarters -- most of the pavilion was rebuilt. £ 1 million was spent on a new roof after it began to leak in 2003 . It is currently undergoing renovation , due to be completed in 2013 , when it is envisaged that the players will be housed in the new ' Media and Players ' stand , leaving the pavilion solely for the use of members . The Pavilion 's position was noteworthy in that , until 2010 , it sat parallel to the wickets , rather than behind them , presenting the members with one of the worst viewing angles possible . It contains batting and bowling Honours Boards , unveiled during the 2004 Test match . The pavilion underwent redevelopment at the start of 2012 and was reopened for the YB40 game against Scotland . The Point ( edit ) The Point , almost completed , June 2010 The Point , Old Trafford 's distinctive £ 12 million conference centre , and at 1,000 seats one of the largest multi-purpose conference facilities in North West England , opened in 2010 . Media and Players centre ( edit ) The Media and Players Centre which opened in September 2012 . Old Trafford was unusual in that there were two media stands at opposite ends of the ground prior to the new Media Centre which opened in September 2012 . Television and radio commentators previously operated in temporary television studios and commentary boxes at the Stretford End which were perched on hospitality boxes . Cricket practice School ( edit ) The idea of an indoor school was born in 1951 , when nets were strung up in the Members ' Dining Room in the pavilion . A permanent facility was built in 1969 , and replaced in 1997 . The current building stands to the north - west of the pitch ; it contains five 60 metre lanes on various surfaces , several conference rooms , and a large shop . The Old Trafford Lodge ( edit ) The Lodge The Old Trafford Lodge opened in 1999 , bringing to fruition a concept from 1981 . The hotel had 68 rooms , 36 having unobstructed views of the playing surface . It has been demolished as part of the redevelopment of the ground Redevelopment 2003 -- 2017 ( edit ) Following rejection of plans , in 2003 , to sell Old Trafford , and move the club to a new purpose - built stadium in East Manchester , the focus was switched to upgrading the current ground . Lancashire CCC , with a coalition of businesses , are in the process of making the cricket ground the centre of an anticipated 750,000 sq ft ( 70,000 m ) development , in a mixed - use scheme involving business , residential , retail , hotel and leisure facilities . The north - western corner of the ground before construction of The Point , August 2008 The first phase of redevelopment saw the laying of new drains in Autumn 2008 . In 2009 , the Stretford end of the ground was closed to facilitate destruction of the County Suite , Tyldesley Suite , ' K ' and ' L ' Stands and the scoreboard ; The Point , overshadowing new seating to the west of the pavilion , opened in June 2010 . During the 2010 / 11 winter the wickets were turned from their previous east -- west axis to a more typical north -- south alignment , which prevents the low evening sun from interfering with matches , and increased the number of available wickets by five , to sixteen . Many of Lancashire 's home games for the 2011 season were transferred to out grounds while the new wickets ' bedded in ' . The main planning process began in September 2008 , but faced stiff legal opposition . Since Tesco pledged £ 21 million to the redevelopment , the stadium 's planning application included a request for a new supermarket nearby . Trafford Council gave this joint proposal permission in March 2010 -- a decision which was initially called in by the Communities Secretary for Judicial Review , before the go - ahead was given in September 2010 . Derwent Holdings , a property development company denied permission to build a supermarket at the nearby White City retail park , then called for a Judicial Review . Although this was turned down by the High Court in March 2011 , the case went to the Court of Appeal . Lancashire took the risky decision to begin work ahead of the matter being resolved , in order to qualify for grants from the North West Development Agency before it was wound up . However , the Court of Appeal ruled in Lancashire 's favour in July 2011 , and denied leave to further appeal . Work therefore began on this main phase in summer 2011 , beginning with the installation of permanent floodlights and a new video screen . A new ' Players and Media ' facility , mimicking to some degree the design of The Point , has been built on the site of the demolished Washbrook - Statham stand , with a 2 - tiered cantilever stand being erected on either side . The Pavilion has been renovated to have its sloped roof replaced with two modern glass storeys , finished in April 2013 . The media facilities and corporate boxes on the western side of the ground have been demolished , leaving an empty space , which will be used for temporary seating or a stage when required . The Old Trafford Lodge opened in 1999 , however it will be demolished and construction will begin on the Hilton Garden Inn Emirates Old Trafford . It will be a Hilton Garden Inn 150 bedroom hotel for Hilton Worldwide . It is expected to be completed by July 2017 . Uses ( edit ) Cricket ( edit ) The ground is used heavily throughout the summer as the base of Lancashire County Cricket Club , with other home games being played at Stanley Park , Blackpool , Birkdale in Southport and at Aigburth in Liverpool . Until 2008 , Old Trafford commonly hosted a Test match each year ; none were hosted in 2009 , 2011 or 2012 due to sub-standard facilities , although following redevelopment , Old Trafford hosted an Ashes Test in 2013 , and further Tests in 2014 and 2016 . One Day Internationals and / or International Twenty20s continue to be hosted every year . In Tests , the highest team score posted here is 656 / 8 dec by Australian national cricket team against English national cricket team on 23 July , 1964 . The leading run scorers here are Denis Compton - 818 runs , Mike Atherton - 729 runs and Alec Stewart - 704 runs . The leading wicket takers are Alec Bedser - 51 wickets , James Anderson - 28 wickets and Jim Laker - 27 wickets . In ODIs , the highest team score posted here is 318 / 7 by Sri Lanka national cricket team against English national cricket team on 28 June , 2006 . The leading run scorers here are Graham Gooch - 405 runs , Allan Lamb - 341 runs and David Gower - 309 runs . The leading wicket takers are RGD Willis - 15 wickets , James Anderson - 14 wickets and Darran Gough - 13 wickets . Musical venue ( edit ) The ground is occasionally used as a venue for large - scale concerts , with a maximum capacity of 50,000 . Although the old stage location , in front of the Indoor Cricket School , has been built on , buildings on the western side of the ground will be cleared by 2013 to again allow space for a stage . The concert capacity will increase to 65,000 after redevelopment . Date Event Headline Act ( s ) Supporting Act ( s ) July 2002 Move Festival David Bowie , New Order , Green Day N / A September 2002 Heathen Chemistry Tour Oasis Richard Ashcroft May 2003 The Rising Tour Bruce Springsteen N / A July 2003 Move Festival R.E.M. John Squire , Badly Drawn Boy , Idlewild July 2004 Move Festival Madness , the Cure , Morrissey Pixies , the Stranglers , Jimmy Cliff , Goldfrapp , Tim Booth , New York Dolls June 2006 N / A Richard Ashcroft Razorlight , the Feeling June 2006 In Your Honor Tour Foo Fighters the Strokes , Angels & Airwaves , the Subways , Eagles of Death Metal July 2007 ' Mini-festival ' Arctic Monkeys Supergrass , the Coral , the Parrots , Amy Winehouse May 2008 Magic Tour Bruce Springsteen N / A June 2008 In Rainbows Tour Radiohead Bat For Lashes , MGMT August 2008 Accelerate Tour R.E.M. Guillemots , Editors June 2009 Take That Present : The Circus Live Take That the Script , Lady Gaga September 2009 Viva la Vida Tour Coldplay Jay - Z June 2010 21st Century Breakdown World Tour Green Day Joan Jett & the Blackhearts , Frank Turner September 2010 The Resistance Tour Muse Editors , Band of Skulls , Pulled Apart by Horses June 2011 Bon Jovi Live Bon Jovi Vintage Trouble , Xander and the Peace Pirates June 2011 Come Around Sundown World Tour Kings of Leon White Lies , Mona May 2015 Sonic Highways World Tour Foo Fighters Teenage Fanclub , God Damn June 2016 Anti World Tour Rihanna Big Sean July 2016 The Formation World Tour Beyoncé DJ Magnum May 2017 N / A The Courteeners The Charlatans , Blossoms , Cabbage 4 June 2017 One Love Manchester Ariana Grande , Justin Bieber , Coldplay , Katy Perry , Miley Cyrus , Pharrell Williams , Take That , Niall Horan , Little Mix , Liam Gallagher , Robbie Williams , the Black Eyed Peas July 2017 A Moon Shaped Pool Tour Radiohead 18 August 2018 Rize presents Liam Gallagher Liam Gallagher Other ( edit ) The Old Trafford Lodge , The Point , and other corporate facilities are open all year round , as are the ground 's car parks , situated to the north and west of the ground . Transport ( edit ) The ground is served by the adjacent Old Trafford tram stop on the Manchester Metrolink 's Altrincham Line . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Gunning for greatness : Cook knows that clinching Ashes now will prove England 's class '' . 31 July 2013 . Retrieved 5 August 2013 . It would be stretching a point to say that this famous old ground now looks easy on the eye after the rebuilding work that has lifted the capacity to 26,000 Jump up ^ `` Manchester attack : Ariana Grande to play benefit concert on Sunday '' . BBC News . 30 May 2017 . Retrieved 30 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Pavilion End renamed The James Anderson End at Emirates Old Trafford '' . Lancashire County Cricket Club . Retrieved 30 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Old Trafford : Lancashire ground renamed in Emirates deal '' . BBC News . 28 February 2013 . Retrieved 28 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Old Trafford '' . Cricinfo . March 2005 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 28 . Old Trafford has hosted Tests since 1884 and remains a special venue with a rich history . It guaranteed itself a place in cricket 's eternal hall of fame when the permanently understated Jim Laker destroyed Australia , in 1956 , on an old - fashioned ' sticky wicket ' , with match figures of 19 for 90 . Jump up ^ `` Biggest day in Old Trafford 's rich history as ground is saved '' . The Independent . 5 July 2011 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Emirates Old Trafford '' . Sky Sports . 1 July 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` The Old Trafford Story , Part 1 '' . LCCC . Retrieved 27 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Mortimer , Old Trafford , ix -- x . Jump up ^ Mortimer , Old Trafford , 2 -- 4 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Old Trafford Story , Part 2 '' . LCCC . Retrieved 27 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Mortimer , Old Trafford , 21 -- 23 . Jump up ^ `` Smallest margin of victories '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 27 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 20 great Ashes moments No11 : Last - gasp drama at Old Trafford , 1902 '' . The Guardian . 3 June 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Old Trafford Story , Part 3 '' . LCCC . Retrieved 27 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Mortimer , Old Trafford , xii -- xiv . ^ Jump up to : `` The Old Trafford Story , Part 4 '' . LCCC . Retrieved 27 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Best figures in a match '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 27 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Ashdown , John ( 13 May 2013 ) . `` 20 great Ashes moments No5 : Jim Laker takes 19 wickets in match , 1956 '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ Ross , The Gillette Cup , 18 -- 19 . ^ Jump up to : Mortimer , Old Trafford , xxi . ^ Jump up to : Mortimer , Old Trafford , centre photos . Jump up ^ Mortimer , Old Trafford , 148 -- 150 . Jump up ^ `` Tendulkar 's Timeline '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 18 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Ronay , Barney ( 29 April 2013 ) . `` 20 great Ashes moments No1 : Shane Warne 's ball of the century , 1993 '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Unusual dismissals '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 27 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Mortimer , Old Trafford , 191 -- 193 Jump up ^ `` Crowds flock to third Test climax '' . BBC Sport. 15 August 2005 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Cricinfo Statsguru '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 27 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Rose Bowl awarded Test in 2011 '' . BBC Sport. 11 April 2008 . Retrieved 11 April 2008 . Jump up ^ www.lccc.co.uk/cricket/news/2017-news/the-pavilion-end-renamed-the-james-anderson-end-at-emirates-old-trafford/ Jump up ^ `` Abandoned Matches '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 27 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Mortimer , Old Trafford , xvi . Jump up ^ `` The Hover Cover '' . Kenyon Textiles Ltd . Retrieved 27 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` New Hover Cover for Old Trafford '' . Bolton Evening News . Retrieved 27 August 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Old Trafford Re-Development '' . LCCC . Retrieved 23 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The New Old Trafford Unveiled '' . LCCC . Retrieved 27 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Brenkley , Stephen ( 15 August 2004 ) . `` Old Trafford Diary '' . London : The Independent . Retrieved 27 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Point '' . LCCC . Retrieved 17 June 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Point is Open for Business '' . LCCC . Retrieved 6 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Indoor Cricket School Facilities '' . LCCC . Retrieved 27 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Old Trafford Lodge '' . LCCC . Retrieved 26 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Lancashire Announce Profitable 2008 '' . cricketworld.com . Retrieved 27 August 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hilton Garden Inn at Emirates Old Trafford '' . e-architect . Retrieved 2 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Four - way agreement on Old Trafford future '' . LCCC . Retrieved 27 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` New ' Ends ' Named '' . LCCC . Retrieved 6 July 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lancashire Unveils the New Old Trafford '' . LCCC . Retrieved 23 September 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Lancashire Gain Planning Permission '' . LCCC . Retrieved 12 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Old Trafford Redevelopment Gets Go - Ahead '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 6 July 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Brenkley , Stephen ( 5 July 2011 ) . `` Biggest Day in Old Trafford 's History '' . London : The Independent . Retrieved 6 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Latest Legal Challenge to the Club '' . LCCC . Retrieved 6 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Lancashire CCC Starts Work '' . BBC . 20 April 2011 . Retrieved 6 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Day of Destiny Ends in Victory '' . LCCC . Retrieved 6 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Lancashire under the spotlight '' . Manchester Evening News . 2 June 2011 . Retrieved 27 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Let There Be Lights '' . LCCC . Archived from the original on 9 August 2011 . Retrieved 6 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Trafford Council Planning Application Documents '' . Trafford Council . Retrieved 12 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Cardiff to stage first Ashes Test '' . BBC Sport. 11 April 2008 . Retrieved 27 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Old Trafford gets Bangladesh Test '' . BBC Sport. 11 September 2009 . Retrieved 31 October 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ashes Return to Old Trafford '' . ECB Sport. 22 September 2011 . Retrieved 22 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Arctic Monkeys confirm festival plans '' . NME. 26 January 2007 . Retrieved 5 February 2007 . Jump up ^ NME.COM . `` NME Reviews -- Radiohead NME.COM '' . NME.COM . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` R.E.M. Timeline '' . www.remtimeline.com . Retrieved 3 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Old Trafford parking '' ( PDF ) . LCCC . Retrieved 27 August 2009 . See also ( edit ) Lancashire County Cricket Club in 2005 List of cricket grounds in England and Wales List of Test cricket grounds List of international cricket centuries at Old Trafford References ( edit ) Mortimer , David ( 2005 ) . Old Trafford : Test Match Cricket Since 1884 . Gloucestershire : Sutton Publishing . ISBN 0 - 7509 - 3667 - 3 . Ross , Gordon ( 1981 ) . The Gillette Cup 1963 to 1980 . London : Queen Anne Press . ISBN 0 - 362 - 00538 - 9 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Old Trafford Cricket Ground . Old Trafford Cricket Ground on Cricinfo Old Trafford Cricket Ground on ECB Lancashire County Cricket Club ( hide ) Test cricket grounds in England and Wales Current Test grounds : The Oval ( 1880 ) Old Trafford ( 1884 ) Lord 's ( 1884 ) Trent Bridge ( 1899 ) Headingley ( 1899 ) Edgbaston ( 1902 ) Riverside ( 2003 ) Sophia Gardens ( 2009 ) Rose Bowl ( 2011 ) Former Test grounds : Bramall Lane ( 1902 ) Parentheses denote year of first Test match Coordinates : 53 ° 27 ′ 22.85 '' N 2 ° 17 ′ 12.34 '' W / 53.4563472 ° N 2.2867611 ° W / 53.4563472 ; - 2.2867611 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Old_Trafford_Cricket_Ground&oldid=833179165 '' Categories : Buildings and structures in Trafford Sports venues in Greater Manchester Cricket grounds in Greater Manchester Test cricket grounds in England Stretford Music venues in Greater Manchester Sports venues completed in 1857 1857 establishments in England Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Coordinates on Wikidata Use dmy dates from September 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Deutsch Français हिन्दी Italiano मराठी Nederlands 日本 語 پنجابی Português Svenska اردو 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 March 2018 , at 02 : 48 . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old%20Trafford%20Cricket%20Ground
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apple bottom jeans boots with the fur flo rida
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Low ( Flo Rida song )
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low ( flo rida song )
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`` Low '' is the debut single by American rapper Flo Rida , featured on his debut studio album Mail on Sunday and also featured on the soundtrack to the 2008 film Step Up 2 : The Streets . The song features and was co-written by fellow American rapper T - Pain . There is also a remix in which the hook is sung by Nelly rather than T - Pain . An official remix was made which features Pitbull and T - Pain . With its catchy , up - tempo and club - oriented Southern hip hop rhythms , the song peaked at the summit of the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 .
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The song was a massive success worldwide and was the longest - running number - one single of 2008 in the United States , spending ten consecutive weeks atop the Billboard Hot 100 . With over six million digital downloads , it has been certified 8 × Platinum by the RIAA , and was the most downloaded single of the 2000s decade , measured by paid digital downloads . The song was named third on the Billboard Hot 100 Songs of the Decade . Contents ( hide ) 1 Music and lyrics 2 Music video 3 Track listing 4 Chart performance 5 Charts and certifications 5.1 Weekly charts 5.2 Certifications 5.3 Year - end charts 5.4 Decade - end charts 5.5 All - time charts 6 Cover versions and media usage 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Music and lyrics ( edit ) `` Low '' Flo Rida featuring T - Pain 's `` Low '' from Mail on Sunday and Step Up 2 : The Streets Problems playing this file ? See media help . Several of T - Pain 's stylistic effects are present in this song , including Auto - Tune and call and answer during the chorus . It contains electronic elements featuring 808 - style drums and an arpeggiated note sequence instead of a chord progression . Flo Rida has sexually charged ( but not explicit ) lyrics , for example he refers to a woman 's buttocks as `` birthday cakes '' which `` stole the show '' . T - Pain also relies heavily on synthesizers . The song is written in the key of E ♭ minor . A Harmonic minor melody is played over the E ♭ minor , and at different times different instrumentation cycles , i.e. sometimes only the synthesizer plays , sometimes only the bass , sometimes only the vocals . Flo Rida uses a style that is common in 1990s hip - hop party music . `` Low '' is written in common time with a moderate tempo of 120 beats per minute while T - Pain 's vocal range spans nearly two to three octaves from B ♭ to F ♯ . The song makes references to a `` Shawty '' in a club who is wearing Apple Bottom jeans and boots with fur . `` Shawty '' also wears baggy sweat pants and Reeboks with the straps . The lyrics repeatedly suggest that Shawty is extremely attractive and possesses great skill in dancing provocatively . In particular , the song describes one of her more memorable dance sequences as giving her buttocks ( colloquially referred to as a booty ) a smack prior to `` getting low '' . Music Video ( edit ) The music video of `` Low '' was directed by Bernard Gourley and contains certain clips from Step Up 2 : The Streets . It also contains cameos from Rick Ross , DJ Khaled , Cool & Dre , Briana Evigan , Torch and Gunplay of Triple C 's and Jermaine Dupri . Also , T - Pain and Flo Rida are in a nightclub in a few scenes . The music video reached the number one spot on 106 & Park for five days and 22 days on TRL . The music video was also nominated at the 2008 MTV Video Music Awards for Best Male Video and Best Hip - Hop Video , but lost to Chris Brown 's `` With You '' ( Best Male Video ) and Lil Wayne 's `` Lollipop '' ( Best Hip - Hop Video ) music videos . Track listing ( edit ) European CD single `` Low '' -- 3 : 53 `` Low '' ( Travis Barker Remix ) -- 4 : 15 Europe maxi - CD `` Low '' -- 3 : 53 `` Low '' ( Instrumental ) -- 3 : 53 `` Birthday '' ( Amended Version ) `` Low '' ( Video ) Chart performance ( edit ) The song debuted at number 91 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 for the week of November 6 , 2007 , and reached number one for the week of December 30 , 2007 . The song generated the second greatest one - week digital sales in the history of Billboard 's Digital Songs chart ( behind Flo Rida 's `` Right Round '' ) , with 467,000 digital copies in one week . `` Low '' was number one on the Billboard Hot 100 for ten weeks and remained in the top ten of the chart for 23 weeks , making it both T - Pain and Flo Rida 's most successful single to date . The song stayed on the Hot 100 for 39 weeks , before dropping out in June 2008 . The song was dethroned on the Hot 100 by Usher 's `` Love in This Club '' featuring Young Jeezy . As the first number one on the Hot 100 of 2008 , `` Low '' held the top position longer than any song did in 2008 ( see List of Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles of 2008 ) , and was the longest - running Hot 100 number one single since Beyoncé 's `` Irreplaceable . '' The song is also the longest - running number one single in the history of the Billboard Digital Songs chart , topping the chart for 13 weeks , and also on the now - defunct Pop 100 chart , where it ruled for 12 weeks . For the week of June 29 , 2008 , it became the first song ever to sell four million digital copies in the US , and then for the week of June 21 , 2009 , the first to sell over five million copies . It was best - selling digitally - downloaded song of all time until it was surpassed by The Black Eyed Peas ' `` I Gotta Feeling '' in May 2010 . The song sold over six million in digital sales by August 7 , 2011 , and reached its seven millionth sales mark in sales in June 2014 . The physical release of the single occurred in the UK for the week of March 24 , 2008 . For the week of July 20 , 2008 , the song moved up to number 19 on the UK Singles Chart , several months after its official release . Although it failed to reach number one in the UK , it amassed 53 weeks inside the UK top 75 ( making it the joint 20th longest - runner of all - time ) , and 75 weeks inside the top 100 . As of January 2012 , the song has sold 613,434 copies in the UK . The song was ranked at number 26 on Billboard 's All Time Hot 100 . The song was also ranked the number - one song for 2008 in Billboard 's ranking of the Billboard Year - End Hot 100 singles of 2008 . For the week of December 28 , 2008 , it was listed at number 11 on the UK Singles Chart year - end countdown and was named the highest - selling single in Australia in 2008 . Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2007 -- 08 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 9 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 7 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 24 Brazil ( Billboard Hot 100 ) Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) 12 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 9 Europe ( European Hot 100 Singles ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 9 France ( SNEP ) 33 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 13 Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Norway ( VG - lista ) 12 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) 19 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 13 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 17 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) 9 US Hot Rap Songs ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 3 × Platinum 210,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) 3 × Platinum 240,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) Gold 30,000 Germany ( BVMI ) Gold 200,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) 2 × Platinum 0 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) Platinum 30,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 600,000 United States ( RIAA ) 8 × Platinum 7,300,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2008 ) Position Australian Singles Chart Canadian Hot 100 German Singles Chart 54 UK Singles Chart 11 US Billboard Hot 100 Chart ( 2009 ) Position Hungarian Singles Chart 146 UK Singles Chart 148 Decade - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2000 -- 2009 ) Rank Australia ( ARIA ) 13 UK Singles Chart 81 US Billboard Hot 100 All - time charts ( edit ) Chart Position US Billboard Hot 100 26 Cover versions and Media usage ( edit ) The song was performed live with the band Simple Plan at the 2008 MuchMusic Video Awards . Albuquerque , New Mexico based Crunkcore group Brokencyde released a cover of this song on `` THA $ C3N3 MiXTaPe '' in 2008 . Blink - 182 drummer Travis Barker added a drum version cover of the song . On October 23 , 2012 , the cast of The Big Bang Theory made a flashmob during the live taping of an episode , featuring the song as well as others . The song was featured in Suburgatory . The song was also featured in Tropic Thunder and Zookeeper . See also ( edit ) 2000s portal List of best - selling singles List of best - selling singles in the United States List of Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles of 2008 List of number - one R&B / hip - hop songs of 2008 ( U.S. ) List of Canadian Hot 100 number - one singles of 2008 List of number - one singles of 2008 ( Australia ) List of number - one singles of 2008 ( New Zealand ) List of number - one singles of 2008 ( Ireland ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` FLO RIDA HAS DECADE 'S TOP - SELLING DIGITAL SONG : ' Low ' claims more than 5 million downloads '' . EURweb . Archived from the original on 2010 - 01 - 13 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ Hot 100 Decade Songs Jump up ^ `` Flo Rida and T - Pain - Low worldwide chart positions and trajectories '' . aCharts.us . Retrieved December 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Exclusive Music Interviews - Music Artist Interviews - Band Interview Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Billboard 200 . Retrieved March 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 05 - 20 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 24 . The long and short of it . Retrieved February 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 05 - 20 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 24 . Lower and lowest . Retrieved February 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Paul Grein ( January 7 , 2011 ) . `` Chart Watch Extra : Thank You , Daniel Powter '' . Yahoo Music ( Chart Watch ) . Archived from the original on 2012 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ Week Ending June 21 , 2009 : JoBros ' `` Mo '' Slows Yahoo Music Blog ( written by Paul Grein ) : Retrieved June 24 , 2009 Jump up ^ Daniel Kreps ( May 3 , 2010 ) . `` Black Eyed Peas ' `` I Gotta Feeling '' Named Bestselling Digital Track `` . Rolling Stone . Jump up ^ Grein , Paul ( 2011 - 08 - 10 ) . `` Week Ending Aug. 7 , 2011 . Songs : Place Your Bets '' . Yahoo ! Chart Watch . new.music.yahoo.com . Retrieved August 11 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Grein , Paul ( June 4 , 2014 ) . `` Chart Watch : ' Rude , ' ' Summer ' Hit Top 10 '' . Yahoo Music . Retrieved June 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Stats - Low by Flo Rida '' . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ Jones , Alan ( 30 January 2012 ) . `` Official Chart Analysis : Sales slow , but Sheeran and Cover Drive reign '' . Music Week . Retrieved 2 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Greatest of All Time Hot 100 Singles : Page 1 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Flo Rida feat . T - Pain -- Low '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Flo Rida feat . T - Pain -- Low '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Flo Rida feat . T - Pain -- Low '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Flo Rida feat . T - Pain -- Low '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil '' ( PDF ) . ABPD . October 6 , 2001 . Retrieved April 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Flo Rida Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 200828 into search . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Flo Rida feat . T - Pain -- Low '' . Tracklisten . Jump up ^ `` Flo Rida -- Chart history '' European Hot 100 for Flo Rida . Jump up ^ `` Flo Rida feat . T - Pain : Low '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Flo Rida feat . T - Pain -- Low '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- Flo Rida Feat . T - Pain Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Single ( track ) Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 13 , 2008 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Flo Rida feat . T - Pain -- Low '' . VG - lista . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Flo Rida feat . T - Pain -- Low '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 200822 into search . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Flo Rida feat . T - Pain -- Low '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Flo Rida feat . T - Pain -- Low '' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Flo Rida Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Flo Rida Chart History ( Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Flo Rida Chart History ( Hot Rap Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Flo Rida Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Flo Rida Chart History ( Rhythmic ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2010 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Flo Rida -- Low '' . Music Canada . Jump up ^ `` Danish single certifications -- Flo Rida feat . T - Pain -- Low '' . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved November 15 , 2010 . Click on næste to go to page 21 if certification from official website Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Flo Rida ; ' Low ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Jump up ^ `` Latest Gold / Platinum Singles '' . Radioscope . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2011 . Retrieved October 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( Flo Rida feat . T - Pain ; ' Low ' ) '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Flo Rida feat . T - Pain -- Low '' . British Phonographic Industry . Enter Low in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Flo Rida feat . T - Pain -- Low '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- End Of Year Charts -- Top 100 Singles 2008 '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Archived from the original on 13 April 2010 . Retrieved 19 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Hot 100 Year - End 2008 '' . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 29 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived March 11 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` End of Year Singles Chart Top 100 - 2008 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 12 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Éves összesített listák - MAHASZ Rádiós TOP 100 ( súlyozott ) '' . Mahasz . Mahasz . Jump up ^ `` Charts Plus Year end 2009 '' ( PDF ) . Charts Plus . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA End of Decade Singles '' ( PDF ) . ARIA . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` The Billboard Hot 100 Singles & Tracks - Decade Year End Charts '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved April 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Greatest Of All Time - Hot 100 Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . 12 November 2015 . Retrieved 13 November 2015 . Jump up ^ NommiX ( 2012 - 11 - 16 ) , The Big Bang Theory Flash mob ! ( Full version compilation ) , retrieved 2017 - 03 - 15 Jump up ^ `` Music Lounge - Suburgatory '' . ABC.com . January 15 , 2013 . Retrieved April 8 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) `` Low '' music video at YouTube `` Low '' Music Video at MTV Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Billboard Year - End number one singles ( 2000 -- 2019 ) 2000 : `` Breathe '' -- Faith Hill 2001 : `` Hanging by a Moment '' -- Lifehouse 2002 : `` How You Remind Me '' -- Nickelback 2003 : `` In da Club '' -- 50 Cent 2004 : `` Yeah ! '' -- Usher featuring Lil Jon and Ludacris 2005 : `` We Belong Together '' -- Mariah Carey 2006 : `` Bad Day '' -- Daniel Powter 2007 : `` Irreplaceable '' -- Beyoncé 2008 : `` Low '' -- Flo Rida featuring T - Pain 2009 : `` Boom Boom Pow '' -- The Black Eyed Peas 2010 : `` Tik Tok '' -- Kesha 2011 : `` Rolling in the Deep '' -- Adele 2012 : `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' -- Gotye featuring Kimbra 2013 : `` Thrift Shop '' -- Macklemore & Ryan Lewis featuring Wanz 2014 : `` Happy '' -- Pharrell Williams 2015 : `` Uptown Funk '' -- Mark Ronson featuring Bruno Mars 2016 : `` Love Yourself '' -- Justin Bieber 2017 : `` Shape of You '' -- Ed Sheeran Complete list ( 1946 -- 1959 ) ( 1960 -- 1979 ) ( 1980 -- 1999 ) ( 2000 -- 2019 ) Flo Rida Discography Studio albums Mail on Sunday R.O.O.T.S. Only One Flo ( Part 1 ) Wild Ones EPs Good Feeling My House Singles `` Low '' `` Elevator '' `` In the Ayer '' `` Right Round '' `` Shone '' `` Sugar '' `` Jump '' `` Be on You '' `` Club Ca n't Handle Me '' `` Turn Around ( 5 , 4 , 3 , 2 , 1 ) '' `` Who Dat Girl '' `` Good Feeling '' `` Wild Ones '' `` Whistle '' `` I Cry '' `` Sweet Spot '' `` Let It Roll '' `` G.D.F.R. '' `` I Do n't Like It , I Love It '' `` My House '' Other songs `` Ca n't Believe It '' `` How I Feel '' `` Hello Friday '' `` Zillionaire '' Featured singles `` Move Shake Drop '' `` Starstruck '' `` We Break the Dawn '' `` Running Back '' `` Feel It '' `` Ruff Me Up '' `` Bad Boys '' `` Kick It Out '' `` Heartbreaker '' `` Good Girls Go Bad ( Frank E Remix ) '' `` Feel It '' `` iYiYi '' `` You Make the Rain Fall '' `` Boom Shacka '' `` Higher '' `` Dance with Me '' `` Where Them Girls At '' `` I 'm Alright '' `` Club Rocker '' `` Hangover '' `` Get Low '' `` Goin ' In '' `` Troublemaker '' `` Change Your Life '' `` Say You 're Just a Friend '' `` Tonight Belongs to U ! '' `` Greenlight '' Tours I Am ... Tour Planet Pit World Tour T - Pain singles discography Discography Rappa Ternt Sanga `` I 'm Sprung '' `` I 'm ' n Luv ( wit a Stripper ) '' Epiphany `` Buy U a Drank ( Shawty Snappin ' ) '' `` Bartender '' `` Church '' Three Ringz `` Ca n't Believe It '' `` Chopped ' n ' Skrewed '' `` Freeze '' RevolveЯ `` Best Love Song '' `` 5 O'clock '' `` Turn All the Lights On '' T - Pain Presents Happy Hour : The Greatest Hits `` Up Down ( Do This All Day ) '' `` Drankin Patna '' Non-album singles `` Booty Wurk ( One Cheek at a Time ) '' Promotional singles `` Take Your Shirt Off '' `` Reverse Cowgirl '' `` Rap Song '' Featured singles `` U and Dat '' `` I 'm a Flirt ( Remix ) '' `` Outta My System '' `` Pop , Lock & Drop It ( Remix ) '' `` 2 Step ( Remix ) '' `` Shawty '' `` Cyclone '' `` I 'm So Hood '' `` Kiss Kiss '' `` Good Life '' `` Low '' `` Who the Fuck Is That ? '' `` Baby Do n't Go '' `` Shawty Get Loose '' `` The Boss '' `` She Got It '' `` I Ca n't Wait '' `` Cash Flow '' `` Moon of Dreams '' `` Got Money '' `` Cuddy Buddy '' `` Go Hard '' `` One More Drink '' `` Blame It '' `` I 'm on a Boat '' `` Hustler 's Anthem ' 09 '' `` Feel It '' `` All the Above '' `` Download '' `` Til da Sun Come Up '' `` Overtime '' `` Number One ( Remix ) '' `` Maybach Music 2 '' `` Body Language '' `` Imagínate '' `` All I Do Is Win '' `` Trillionaire '' `` Hey Baby ( Drop It to the Floor ) '' `` Move That Body '' `` Black & Yellow ( G - Mix ) '' `` No Dejemos Que se Apague '' `` Welcome to My Hood '' `` Boom '' `` The Way You Move '' `` Bag of Money '' `` So Listen '' `` Algo Me Gusta de Ti '' Featured promotional singles `` Know What I 'm Doin ' '' `` Go Girl '' `` Holla Holla '' `` My Own Step '' `` Shake Señora '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Low_(Flo_Rida_song)&oldid=841217972 '' Categories : 2007 singles 2008 singles Flo Rida songs T - Pain songs Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Canadian Hot 100 number - one singles Number - one singles in Australia Irish Singles Chart number - one singles Number - one singles in New Zealand Debut singles Songs written by T - Pain Songs written for films Songs written by Flo Rida Songs about buttocks 2007 songs Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Webarchive template wayback links Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart usages for Czech Republic Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for Billboardeuropeanhot100 Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Hungarytop10 Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Slovakia Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardrandbhiphop Singlechart usages for Billboardrapsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Pages using Certification Table Entry - Sales with missing information Certification Table Entry usages for Switzerland Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano Polski Português Slovenčina Suomi Tagalog Türkçe Tiếng Việt 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 14 May 2018 , at 17 : 05 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low%20%28Flo%20Rida%20song%29
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who was eliminated from dancing with the stsrs
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Sharna Burgess
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sharna burgess
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Sharna May Burgess ( born June 21 , 1985 ) is an Australian ballroom dancer who is best known for being a professional partner and troupe member on the ABC series Dancing with the Stars . She is a two time runner - up on the show .
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Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 With celebrity partner : Andy Dick ( average : 19.3 ) 2.2 With celebrity partner : Keyshawn Johnson ( average : 17.5 ) 2.3 With celebrity partner : Charlie White ( average : 27.0 ) 2.4 With celebrity partner : Tavis Smiley ( average : 28.5 ) 2.5 With celebrity partner : Noah Galloway ( average : 32.9 ) 2.6 With celebrity partner : Nick Carter ( average : 27.2 ) 2.7 With celebrity partner : Antonio Brown ( average : 24.7 ) 2.8 With celebrity partner : James Hinchcliffe ( average : 36.6 ) 2.9 With celebrity partner : Bonner Bolton ( average : 28.9 ) 2.10 With celebrity partner : Derek Fisher ( average : 20.0 ) 3 Personal life 4 References 5 External links Early life ( edit ) Sharna Burgess was born in Wagga Wagga , New South Wales to Ray and Lucy Burgess . Despite being a tomboy , Burgess found a love for dance . Growing up , she was involved in several sports and different styles of dance . At the age of five , she began training in ballet , jazz and gymnastics . When she turned eight , her study of ballroom began , and she went on to win many local and national titles . At age 15 , she was chosen to represent Australia at the World Championships in both the Standard and Latin styles , and performed in the 2000 Sydney Olympic Games closing ceremony . Career ( edit ) At age 18 , Burgess moved to London , where she collected numerous titles and appeared in a UK tour with the show , Simply Ballroom . Post Simply Ballroom , choreographer Jason Gilkison gave her a spot on tour with Burn the Floor . She was in the cast for six years . Burgess was a member of the Burn the Floor cast when the show moved to Broadway . Burgess ' first television appearances were on the Australian Dancing with the Stars and So You Think You Can Dance in Belgium and the Netherlands . She joined the cast of season 13 of Dancing with the Stars as a troupe member . While on the troupe , she also assisted So You Think You Can Dance choreographer Jason Gilkison on both the Australian and American versions of the show . She remained on the troupe until the end of season 15 . For season 16 , Burgess was bumped to regular pro and was partnered with Andy Dick . She returned as a professional for season 17 , this time partnered with retired NFL star Keyshawn Johnson . They were the first couple eliminated . For season 18 , she was paired with Olympic ice dancer Charlie White . They were eliminated during week 9 ( the semi-finals ) and ended in 5th place despite raves from the judges and high scores throughout the season . Sharna was then confirmed for season 19 on August 27 . For season 19 , she paired with talk - show host Tavis Smiley . They were eliminated on week 2 , finishing in 12th place . For season 20 , Burgess was paired with combat veteran and motivational speaker , Noah Galloway . The pair made it to the finals and finished in third place . For season 21 , she was paired with Backstreet Boys singer Nick Carter . The couple made it to the finals and ended in second place behind winners Bindi Irwin , and her partner Derek Hough . For season 22 , she was paired with NFL player Antonio Brown . The couple made it to the semi-finals but were eliminated and finished in 4th place . For season 23 , Burgess was partnered with race car driver James Hinchcliffe . Due to a knee injury from the previous week 's dress rehearsal , Burgess had to sit out during week 8 - 9 . Jenna Johnson substituted for her as Hinchcliffe 's partner . The couple made it to the finals , and finished in 2nd place behind winners Laurie Hernandez and her partner Valentin Chmerkovskiy . For season 24 , Burgess was partnered with professional bull rider Bonner Bolton . The couple were eliminated on week 8 , and finished in fifth place . Burgess returned for season 25 and is paired with former NBA player , Derek Fisher . The couple were eliminated on week 4 , and finished in eleventh place . Season Partner Place 16 Andy Dick 7th 17 Keyshawn Johnson 12th 18 Charlie White 5th 19 Tavis Smiley 12th 20 Noah Galloway 3rd 21 Nick Carter 2nd 22 Antonio Brown 4th 23 James Hinchcliffe 2nd 24 Bonner Bolton 5th 25 Derek Fisher 11th With Celebrity partner : Andy Dick ( average : 19.3 ) ( edit ) In an interview with Access Hollywood , Burgess admitted she knew nothing of Dick 's wild past , due to the fact that she was living out of the country . Andy and Sharna continually received low scores and harsh criticisms from the judges . However , Burgess was praised for her work with him . ( show ) Week # Dance / Song Judges ' score Result Inaba Goodman Tonioli Foxtrot / `` Witchcraft '' 6 5 6 No Elimination Jazz / `` Poker Face '' 7 6 7 Safe Cha - cha - cha / `` Da Ya Think I 'm Sexy ? '' 6 6 6 Bottom Two Viennese Waltz / `` Hallelujah '' 7 7 7 Safe 5 Paso Doble / `` The Plaza of Execution '' 6 6 6 Safe 6 Samba / `` Signed , Sealed , Delivered I 'm Yours '' Team Samba / `` Superstition '' 6 8 6 9 6 8 Safe 7 Rumba / `` Cherry Pink ( and Apple Blossom White ) '' Cha - cha - cha Dance off / `` Brokenhearted '' 5 Lost 6 This 6 Event Eliminated With celebrity partner : Keyshawn Johnson ( average : 17.5 ) ( edit ) ( show ) Week # Dance / Song Judges ' score Result Inaba Goodman Tonioli Cha - cha - cha / `` Treasure '' 6 5 6 No Elimination Samba / `` Get Up Offa That Thing '' 6 6 6 Eliminated With Celebrity partner : Charlie White ( average : 27.0 ) ( edit ) ( show ) Week # Dance / Song Judges ' score Result Inaba Goodman Tonioli Guest Judge Contemporary / `` Let Her Go '' 9 9 9 - No Elimination Tango / `` Addicted to You '' 9 7 9 - Safe Jive / `` Happy '' 9 9 9 9 Safe Rumba / `` Wildest Moments '' 7 8 9 9 No Elimination 5 Jazz / `` Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious '' 9 10 9 9 Safe 6 Cha - cha - cha / `` Gonna Make You Sweat ( Everybody Dance Now ) '' 9 9 9 9 Safe 7 Paso Doble / `` Sail '' Team Freestyle / `` The Cup of Life '' 9 8 8 8 9 9 10 10 Safe 8 Quickstep / `` My Heart Goes Boom '' Celebrity Dance Duel ( Contemporary ) / `` Stay with Me '' 10 9 10 9 10 10 10 10 Safe 9 Semi-Finals Foxtrot / `` New York , New York '' Samba / `` Mo Money Mo Problems '' 10 9 10 9 10 9 10 9 Eliminated Score from guest judge Robin Roberts For this week only , as part of the `` Partner Switch - Up '' , White did not perform with Sharna Burgess and instead performed with Peta Murgatroyd . Score from guest judge Julianne Hough . Score from guest judge Donny Osmond . Score from guest judge Redfoo . Scores from guest judge Ricky Martin . Score from guest judge Abby Lee Miller . Score from guest judge Kenny Ortega . With celebrity partner : Tavis Smiley ( average : 28.5 ) ( edit ) ( show ) Week # Dance / Song Judges ' score Result Inaba Goodman Hough Tonioli Foxtrot / `` Pride and Joy '' 7 7 8 7 Safe Cha - cha - cha / `` Boogie Wonderland '' 7 7 7 7 Eliminated With celebrity partner : Noah Galloway ( average : 32.9 ) ( edit ) ( show ) Week # Dance / Song Judges ' score Result Inaba Goodman Hough Tonioli Cha - cha - cha / `` I Lived '' 7 6 6 7 No Elimination Samba / `` Homegrown Honey '' 7 6 7 7 Safe Argentine Tango / `` Rather Be '' 7 7 8 8 Safe Contemporary / `` American Soldier '' 8 8 8 8 Safe 5 Foxtrot / `` A Whole New World '' 7 7 7 7 Safe 6 Rumba / `` Waves '' Team Freestyle / `` Wipe Out '' 7 10 7 9 7 10 8 10 Safe 7 Jazz / `` Super Bad '' Cha - cha - cha Dance - Off / `` Dance with Me '' 10 Awarded 8 9 Extra 9 Points Safe 8 Tango / `` Geronimo '' Trio Salsa / `` Mr. Put It Down '' 8 8 7 8 8 8 8 8 Last to be called safe 9 Semi-Finals Viennese Waltz / `` The Time of My Life '' Paso Doble / `` Unstoppable '' 9 - 9 10 9 10 9 10 Safe 10 Finals Argentine Tango / `` Rather Be '' Freestyle / `` Titanium '' & `` Fix You '' Argentine Tango & Cha - cha - cha Fusion / `` Surrender '' 8 10 9 8 10 9 8 10 9 8 10 9 Third Place With Celebrity partner : Nick Carter ( average : 27.2 ) ( edit ) ( show ) Week # Dance / Song Judges ' score Result Inaba Hough Tonioli Cha - cha - cha / `` I Do n't Like It , I Love It '' 8 8 8 No Elimination Jive / `` Boogie Woogie Bugle Boy '' Foxtrot / `` Coming Home '' 7 8 7 8 7 8 Safe Viennese Waltz / `` Did I Make the Most of Loving You ? '' 9 9 / 9 9 Safe Jazz / `` Everybody ( Backstreet 's Back ) '' 9 9 9 Safe 5 Paso Doble / `` Do n't Look Down '' 9 9 / 8 9 No Elimination 6 Samba / `` You Should Be Dancing '' 9 10 / 10 10 Safe 7 Argentine Tango / `` Bring Me to Life '' Team Freestyle / `` This Is Halloween '' 8 10 8 10 8 10 Safe 8 Contemporary / `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' 10 10 10 Safe ( Immunity ) 9 Quickstep / `` A Cool Cat in Town '' Team - Up Dance ( Rumba ) / `` Hey Jude '' 9 9 9 9 10 9 Safe 10 Semifinals Tango / `` Scars '' Samba Dance - off / `` Lean On '' Trio Salsa / `` No Doubt About It '' 8 No 10 8 Extra 10 8 Points 10 Last to be called safe 11 Finals Jive / `` Runaway Baby '' Freestyle / `` Larger than Life '' Salsa & Tango Fusion / `` Turn Up the Music '' 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 Runner - Up Score given by guest judge Alfonso Ribeiro . This week only , for `` Partner Switch - Up '' week , Carter performed with Witney Carson instead of Burgess . Burgess performed with Andy Grammer . Score given by guest judge Maksim Chmerkovskiy Score given by guest judge Olivia Newton - John . With Celebrity partner : Antonio Brown ( average : 24.7 ) ( edit ) ( show ) Week # Dance / Song Judges ' score Result Inaba Goodman Tonioli Quickstep / `` Bad Man '' 8 6 7 No Elimination Rumba / `` Adorn '' 6 6 7 Safe Foxtrot / `` 7 Years '' 7 6 7 Safe Jazz / `` Friend Like Me '' 9 8 / 9 9 Safe 5 Cha - cha - cha / `` Son of a Preacher Man '' 7 6 / 6 7 No Elimination 6 Jive / `` Footloose '' 9 9 9 Safe 7 Tango / `` Paint It Black '' Team Freestyle / `` Super Bad '' , `` Living in America '' & `` I Got You ( I Feel Good ) '' 8 9 8 9 8 10 Safe 8 Viennese Waltz / `` Love On the Brain '' Team - up Dance ( Paso Doble ) / `` Everybody Wants to Rule the World '' 9 9 9 10 9 10 Safe 9 Semifinals Trio Argentine Tango / `` Mi Confesion '' Contemporary / `` Hall of Fame '' 9 9 9 9 9 10 Eliminated Score given by guest judge Zendaya . For this week only , as part of `` America 's Switch Up '' , Brown performed with Karina Smirnoff instead of Burgess . Burgess performed with Nyle DiMarco . Score given by guest judge Maksim Chmerkovskiy . Due to Inaba being the judge coaching Brown 's team during the team - up dance , the viewers scored the dance in her place with the averaged score being counted alongside the remaining judges . With Celebrity partner : James Hinchcliffe ( average : 36.6 ) ( edit ) ( show ) Week # Dance / Song Judges ' score Result Inaba Goodman Hough Tonioli Foxtrot / `` Live Life '' 8 8 7 8 No Elimination Paso Doble / `` The Walking Dead Theme '' 7 7 7 8 Safe Cha - cha - cha / `` Big Trouble '' 7 7 8 7 Safe ( Immunity ) Quickstep / `` The Hollywood Wiz '' 9 -- 9 10 Safe 5 Tango / `` The Right Time '' 10 -- 9 10 No Elimination 6 Rumba / `` Need the Sun to Break '' 10 9 9 10 Safe 7 Jitterbug / `` In the Mood '' Team Freestyle / `` The Skye Boat Song '' 9 10 9 9 9 9 9 10 Safe 8 Viennese Waltz / `` You Do n't Own Me '' 10 -- 10 10 Safe ( Immunity ) 9 Jazz / `` A Brand New Day '' Team - Up Dance ( Paso Doble ) / `` No Good '' 9 9 9 9 9 10 9 9 Safe 10 Semifinals Argentine Tango / `` Santa Maria '' Trio Jive / `` Gimme Some Lovin ' '' 9 10 -- -- 10 10 10 10 Safe 11 Finals Foxtrot / `` It Had to Be You '' Freestyle / `` Beethoven 's 5 Secrets '' Viennese Waltz & Foxtrot Fusion / `` Over and Over Again '' 9 10 10 9 10 10 9 10 10 10 10 10 Runner - Up Score given by guest judge Pitbull . Due to a knee injury , Burgess was unable to perform with Hinchcliffe , but did choreograph the dances . Hinchcliffe instead danced with Jenna Johnson ( dancer ) . Score given by guest judge Idina Menzel With celebrity partner : Bonner Bolton ( average : 28.9 ) ( edit ) ( show ) Week # Dance / Song Judges ' score Result Inaba Goodman Hough Tonioli Cha - cha - cha / `` Move '' 6 5 5 6 No Elimination Viennese Waltz / `` Unlove You '' 8 6 8 7 Safe Charleston / `` A Little Party Never Killed Nobody ( All We Got ) '' 6 6 6 6 Safe Foxtrot / `` Feeling Good '' 8 8 8 8 Safe 5 Tango / `` When Can I See You Again ? '' 7 8 8 7 Safe 6 Rumba / `` I Want It That Way '' Team Freestyle / `` Dancing Machine '' , `` You Got It ( The Right Stuff ) '' & `` Best Song Ever '' 8 8 7 8 8 9 7 8 Safe 7 Paso Doble / `` Rodeo : Four Episodes '' Rumba Dance - Off / `` I Will Always Love You '' 7 Awarded 7 8 Extra 7 Points Safe 8 Argentine Tango / `` Believer '' Trio Jazz / `` That 's What I Like '' 8 7 7 7 8 7 7 7 Eliminated Score given by guest judge Nick Carter . Score given by guest judge Mandy Moore . With celebrity partner : Derek Fisher ( average : 20.0 ) ( edit ) ( show ) Week # Dance / Song Judges ' score Result Inaba Goodman Tonioli Salsa / `` Basketball '' 6 6 6 No Elimination Foxtrot / `` Hallelujah I Love Her So '' Paso Doble / `` Diablo Rojo '' 6 7 6 6 7 6 Safe Cha - cha - cha / `` The Fresh Prince of Bel - Air '' 7 7 7 No Elimination Jazz / `` Move On Up '' 7 8 8 Eliminated Personal life ( edit ) After her performance in the World Championships semi-finals , Burgess discovered she had a small tear in her knee ligament . Rather than take immediate action , she insisted on finishing the competition . She needed knee ligament reconstruction surgery because she ripped two ligaments in half and lost all the meniscus in one knee . She dated choreographer and dancer Paul Kirkland from 2010 to 2015 . Burgess also dances disco , club / freestyle , hip hop , jazz , and swing . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ About Sharna Sharna Burgess Archived 2013 - 05 - 27 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Sharna Burgess '' . Jump up ^ Dancing With The Stars - ABC.com Archived 2013 - 04 - 10 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Hodges , Ben , and Scott Denny . Theatre World , Volume 66 : 2009 - 2010 . Vol. 66 . Applause Theatre & Cinema Books , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Burn The Floor : Maksim Chmerkovskiy & Kym Johnson join cast '' . newyorktheatreguide.com . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 09 - 27 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Sharna Burgess - Wetpaint , Inc '' . Wetpaint , Inc . Jump up ^ `` Instagram '' . Instagram . Jump up ^ ABC News . `` ' Dancing With the Stars ' 2015 : Season 20 Celebrity Cast Announced '' . ABC News . Jump up ^ `` Dancing with the Stars Season 21 Cast Announcement '' . ABC . September 2 , 2015 . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dancing With the Stars ' Sharna Burgess Sidelined With Knee Injury - eonline.com - 31 - 10 - 2016 Jump up ^ http://watch.accesshollywood.com/video/andy-dick-on-dancing-with-the-stars:-is-he-still-contemplating-quitting/2270184520001 Archived 2013 - 04 - 05 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Dancing with the Stars Elimination : D.L. Hughley Ecits : People.com '' . PEOPLE.com . Jump up ^ Gomez , Patrick ( October 7 , 2015 ) . `` The Dancing with the Stars Switch - Up Week Couples Revealed ! '' . People.com . Retrieved October 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Scoop : DANCING WITH THE STARS on ABC - Monday , May 8 , 2017 '' . BroadwayWorld.com . May 4 , 2017 . Retrieved May 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Clocked Out - Sharna Burgess Interview . YouTube . 5 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` IMDb Resume for Sharna Burgess '' . IMDb . External links ( edit ) Dancing with the Stars ( U.S. TV series ) Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Participants List of competitors Winners Celebrity Kelly Monaco Drew Lachey Emmitt Smith Apolo Anton Ohno Hélio Castroneves Kristi Yamaguchi Brooke Burke Shawn Johnson Donny Osmond Nicole Scherzinger Jennifer Grey Hines Ward J.R. Martinez Donald Driver Melissa Rycroft Kellie Pickler Amber Riley Meryl Davis Alfonso Ribeiro Rumer Willis Bindi Irwin Nyle DiMarco Laurie Hernandez Rashad Jennings Jordan Fisher Professional Alec Mazo Cheryl Burke Julianne Hough Mark Ballas Derek Hough Kym Johnson Karina Smirnoff Peta Murgatroyd Tony Dovolani Maksim Chmerkovskiy Witney Carson Valentin Chmerkovskiy Emma Slater Lindsay Arnold Spin - off Dancing with the Stars Junior Games Dancing with the Stars We Dance ! Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sharna_Burgess&oldid=804695447 '' Categories : 1985 births Australian ballroom dancers Living people People from Wagga Wagga Participants in American reality television series Australian emigrants to the United States Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links BLP articles lacking sources from July 2015 All BLP articles lacking sources Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 10 October 2017 , at 15 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharna%20Burgess
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which term refers to changes in a microbial dna sequence by way of rare replication mistakes
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Carcinogenesis
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carcinogenesis
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Carcinogenesis , also called oncogenesis or tumorigenesis , is the formation of a cancer , whereby normal cells are transformed into cancer cells . The process is characterized by changes at the cellular , genetic , and epigenetic levels and abnormal cell division . Cell division is a physiological process that occurs in almost all tissues and under a variety of circumstances . Normally the balance between proliferation and programmed cell death , in the form of apoptosis , is maintained to ensure the integrity of tissues and organs . According to the prevailing accepted theory of carcinogenesis , the somatic mutation theory , mutations in DNA and epimutations that lead to cancer disrupt these orderly processes by disrupting the programming regulating the processes , upsetting the normal balance between proliferation and cell death . This results in uncontrolled cell division and the evolution of those cells by natural selection in the body . Only certain mutations lead to cancer whereas the majority of mutations do not .
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Variants of inherited genes may predispose individuals to cancer . In addition , environmental factors such as carcinogens and radiation cause mutations that may contribute to the development of cancer . Finally random mistakes in normal DNA replication may result in cancer causing mutations . A series of several mutations to certain classes of genes is usually required before a normal cell will transform into a cancer cell . On average , for example , 15 `` driver mutations '' and 60 `` passenger '' mutations are found in colon cancers . Mutations in genes that regulate cell division , apoptosis ( cell death ) , and DNA repair may result in uncontrolled cell proliferation and cancer . Cancer is fundamentally a disease of regulation of tissue growth . In order for a normal cell to transform into a cancer cell , genes that regulate cell growth and differentiation must be altered . Genetic and epigenetic changes can occur at many levels , from gain or loss of entire chromosomes , to a mutation affecting a single DNA nucleotide , or to silencing or activating a microRNA that controls expression of 100 to 500 genes . There are two broad categories of genes that are affected by these changes . Oncogenes may be normal genes that are expressed at inappropriately high levels , or altered genes that have novel properties . In either case , expression of these genes promotes the malignant phenotype of cancer cells . Tumor suppressor genes are genes that inhibit cell division , survival , or other properties of cancer cells . Tumor suppressor genes are often disabled by cancer - promoting genetic changes . Finally Oncovirinae , viruses that contain an oncogene , are categorized as oncogenic because they trigger the growth of tumorous tissues in the host . This process is also referred to as viral transformation . Contents ( hide ) 1 Causes 1.1 Genetic and epigenetic 1.2 DNA damage 1.3 Contribution of field defects 1.4 Genome instability 1.5 Non-mainstream theories 2 Cancer cell biology 2.1 Clonal evolution 2.2 Biological properties of cancer cells 2.3 Cancer as a defect in cell interactions 2.4 In fishes 3 Mechanisms 3.1 Oncogenes 3.2 Proto - oncogenes 3.3 Tumor suppressor genes 3.4 Multiple mutations 3.5 Non-mutagenic carcinogens 3.6 Role of infections 3.6. 1 Bacterial 3.6. 2 Viral 3.6. 3 Helminthiasis 3.7 Epigenetics 3.8 Cancer stem cells 3.9 Clonal evolution 4 References 5 Further reading Causes ( edit ) Genetic and epigenetic ( edit ) There is a diverse classification scheme for the various genomic changes that may contribute to the generation of cancer cells . Many of these changes are mutations , or changes in the nucleotide sequence of genomic DNA . There are also many epigenetic changes that alter whether genes are expressed or not expressed . Aneuploidy , the presence of an abnormal number of chromosomes , is one genomic change that is not a mutation , and may involve either gain or loss of one or more chromosomes through errors in mitosis . Large - scale mutations involve the deletion or gain of a portion of a chromosome . Genomic amplification occurs when a cell gains many copies ( often 20 or more ) of a small chromosomal region , usually containing one or more oncogenes and adjacent genetic material . Translocation occurs when two separate chromosomal regions become abnormally fused , often at a characteristic location . A well - known example of this is the Philadelphia chromosome , or translocation of chromosomes 9 and 22 , which occurs in chronic myelogenous leukemia , and results in production of the BCR - abl fusion protein , an oncogenic tyrosine kinase . Small - scale mutations include point mutations , deletions , and insertions , which may occur in the promoter of a gene and affect its expression , or may occur in the gene 's coding sequence and alter the function or stability of its protein product . Disruption of a single gene may also result from integration of genomic material from a DNA virus or retrovirus , and such an event may also result in the expression of viral oncogenes in the affected cell and its descendants . DNA damage ( edit ) The central role of DNA damage and epigenetic defects in DNA repair genes in carcinogenesis DNA damage is considered to be the primary cause of cancer . More than 60,000 new naturally occurring DNA damages arise , on average , per human cell , per day , due to endogenous cellular processes ( see article DNA damage ( naturally occurring ) ) . Additional DNA damages can arise from exposure to exogenous agents . As one example of an exogenous carcinogeneic agent , tobacco smoke causes increased DNA damage , and these DNA damages likely cause the increase of lung cancer due to smoking . In other examples , UV light from solar radiation causes DNA damage that is important in melanoma , helicobacter pylori infection produces high levels of reactive oxygen species that damage DNA and contributes to gastric cancer , and the Aspergillus metabolite , aflatoxin , is a DNA damaging agent that is causative in liver cancer . DNA damages can also be caused by endogenous ( naturally occurring ) agents . Macrophages and neutrophils in an inflamed colonic epithelium are the source of reactive oxygen species causing the DNA damages that initiate colonic tumorigenesis , and bile acids , at high levels in the colons of humans eating a high fat diet , also cause DNA damage and contribute to colon cancer . Such exogenous and endogenous sources of DNA damage are indicated in the boxes at the top of the figure in this section . The central role of DNA damage in progression to cancer is indicated at the second level of the figure . The central elements of DNA damage , epigenetic alterations and deficient DNA repair in progression to cancer are shown in red . A deficiency in DNA repair would cause more DNA damages to accumulate , and increase the risk for cancer . For example , individuals with an inherited impairment in any of 34 DNA repair genes ( see article DNA repair - deficiency disorder ) are at increased risk of cancer with some defects causing up to 100 % lifetime chance of cancer ( e.g. p53 mutations ) . Such germ line mutations are shown in a box at the left of the figure , with an indication of their contribution to DNA repair deficiency . However , such germline mutations ( which cause highly penetrant cancer syndromes ) are the cause of only about 1 percent of cancers . The majority of cancers are called non-hereditary or `` sporadic cancers '' . About 30 % of sporadic cancers do have some hereditary component that is currently undefined , while the majority , or 70 % of sporadic cancers , have no hereditary component . In sporadic cancers , a deficiency in DNA repair is occasionally due to a mutation in a DNA repair gene , but much more frequently reduced or absent expression of DNA repair genes is due to epigenetic alterations that reduce or silence gene expression . This is indicated in the figure at the 3rd level from the top . For example , for 113 colorectal cancers examined in sequence , only four had a missense mutation in the DNA repair gene MGMT , while the majority had reduced MGMT expression due to methylation of the MGMT promoter region ( an epigenetic alteration ) . When expression of DNA repair genes is reduced , this causes a DNA repair deficiency . This is shown in the figure at the 4th level from the top . With a DNA repair deficiency , more DNA damages remain in cells at a higher than usual level ( 5th level from the top in figure ) , and these excess damages cause increased frequencies of mutation and / or epimutation ( 6th level from top of figure ) . Experimentally , mutation rates increase substantially in cells defective in DNA mismatch repair or in Homologous recombinational repair ( HRR ) . Chromosomal rearrangements and aneuploidy also increase in HRR defective cells During repair of DNA double strand breaks , or repair of other DNA damages , incompletely cleared sites of repair can cause epigenetic gene silencing . The somatic mutations and epigenetic alterations caused by DNA damages and deficiencies in DNA repair accumulate in field defects . Field defects are normal appearing tissues with multiple alterations ( discussed in the section below ) , and are common precursors to development of the disordered and improperly proliferating clone of tissue in a cancer . Such field defects ( second level from bottom of figure ) may have multiple mutations and epigenetic alterations . It is impossible to determine the initial cause for most specific cancers . In a few cases , only one cause exists ; for example , the virus HHV - 8 causes all Kaposi 's sarcomas . However , with the help of cancer epidemiology techniques and information , it is possible to produce an estimate of a likely cause in many more situations . For example , lung cancer has several causes , including tobacco use and radon gas . Men who currently smoke tobacco develop lung cancer at a rate 14 times that of men who have never smoked tobacco , so the chance of lung cancer in a current smoker being caused by smoking is about 93 % ; there is a 7 % chance that the smoker 's lung cancer was caused by radon gas or some other , non-tobacco cause . These statistical correlations have made it possible for researchers to infer that certain substances or behaviors are carcinogenic . Tobacco smoke causes increased exogenous DNA damage , and these DNA damages are the likely cause of lung cancer due to smoking . Among the more than 5,000 compounds in tobacco smoke , the genotoxic DNA damaging agents that occur both at the highest concentrations and which have the strongest mutagenic effects are acrolein , formaldehyde , acrylonitrile , 1 , 3 - butadiene , acetaldehyde , ethylene oxide and isoprene . Using molecular biological techniques , it is possible to characterize the mutations , epimutations or chromosomal aberrations within a tumor , and rapid progress is being made in the field of predicting prognosis based on the spectrum of mutations in some cases . For example , up to half of all tumors have a defective p53 gene . This mutation is associated with poor prognosis , since those tumor cells are less likely to go into apoptosis or programmed cell death when damaged by therapy . Telomerase mutations remove additional barriers , extending the number of times a cell can divide . Other mutations enable the tumor to grow new blood vessels to provide more nutrients , or to metastasize , spreading to other parts of the body . However , once a cancer is formed it continues to evolve and to produce sub clones . For example , a renal cancer , sampled in 9 areas , had 40 ubiquitous mutations , 59 mutations shared by some , but not all regions , and 29 `` private '' mutations only present in one region . The cells in which all these DNA alterations accumulate are difficult to trace , but two recent lines of evidence suggest that normal stem cells may be the cells of origin in cancers . First , there exists a highly positive correlation ( Spearman 's rho = 0.81 ; P < 3.5 × 10 − 8 ) between the risk of developing cancer in a tissue and the number of normal stem cell divisions taking place in that same tissue . The correlation applied to 31 cancer types and extended across five orders of magnitude . This correlation means that if the normal stem cells from a tissue divide once , the cancer risk in that tissue is approximately 1X . If they divide 1,000 times , the cancer risk is 1,000 X . And if the normal stem cells from a tissue divide 100,000 times , the cancer risk in that tissue is approximately 100,000 X . This strongly suggests that the main reason we have cancer is that our normal stem cells divide , which implies that cancer originates in normal stem cells . Second , statistics show that most human cancers are diagnosed in aged people . A possible explanation is that cancers occur because cells accumulate damage through time . DNA is the only cellular component that can accumulate damage over the entire course of a life , and stem cells are the only cells that can transmit DNA from the zygote to cells late in life . Other cells can not keep DNA from the beginning of life until a possible cancer occurs . This implies that most cancers arise from normal stem cells . Contribution of field defects ( edit ) Longitudinally opened freshly resected colon segment showing a cancer and four polyps . Plus a schematic diagram indicating a likely field defect ( a region of tissue that precedes and predisposes to the development of cancer ) in this colon segment . The diagram indicates sub-clones and sub-sub - clones that were precursors to the tumors . The term `` field cancerization '' was first used in 1953 to describe an area or `` field '' of epithelium that has been preconditioned by ( at that time ) largely unknown processes so as to predispose it towards development of cancer . Since then , the terms `` field cancerization '' and `` field defect '' have been used to describe pre-malignant tissue in which new cancers are likely to arise . Field defects have been identified in association with cancers and are important in progression to cancer . However , it was pointed out by Rubin that `` the vast majority of studies in cancer research has been done on well - defined tumors in vivo , or on discrete neoplastic foci in vitro . Yet there is evidence that more than 80 % of the somatic mutations found in mutator phenotype human colorectal tumors occur before the onset of terminal clonal expansion ... '' More than half of somatic mutations identified in tumors occurred in a pre-neoplastic phase ( in a field defect ) , during growth of apparently normal cells . It would also be expected that many of the epigenetic alterations present in tumors may have occurred in pre-neoplastic field defects . In the colon , a field defect probably arises by natural selection of a mutant or epigenetically altered cell among the stem cells at the base of one of the intestinal crypts on the inside surface of the colon . A mutant or epigenetically altered stem cell may replace the other nearby stem cells by natural selection . This may cause a patch of abnormal tissue to arise . The figure in this section includes a photo of a freshly resected and lengthwise - opened segment of the colon showing a colon cancer and four polyps . Below the photo there is a schematic diagram of how a large patch of mutant or epigenetically altered cells may have formed , shown by the large area in yellow in the diagram . Within this first large patch in the diagram ( a large clone of cells ) , a second such mutation or epigenetic alteration may occur so that a given stem cell acquires an advantage compared to other stem cells within the patch , and this altered stem cell may expand clonally forming a secondary patch , or sub-clone , within the original patch . This is indicated in the diagram by four smaller patches of different colors within the large yellow original area . Within these new patches ( sub-clones ) , the process may be repeated multiple times , indicated by the still smaller patches within the four secondary patches ( with still different colors in the diagram ) which clonally expand , until stem cells arise that generate either small polyps or else a malignant neoplasm ( cancer ) . In the photo , an apparent field defect in this segment of a colon has generated four polyps ( labeled with the size of the polyps , 6mm , 5mm , and two of 3mm , and a cancer about 3 cm across in its longest dimension ) . These neoplasms are also indicated ( in the diagram below the photo ) by 4 small tan circles ( polyps ) and a larger red area ( cancer ) . The cancer in the photo occurred in the cecal area of the colon , where the colon joins the small intestine ( labeled ) and where the appendix occurs ( labeled ) . The fat in the photo is external to the outer wall of the colon . In the segment of colon shown here , the colon was cut open lengthwise to expose the inner surface of the colon and to display the cancer and polyps occurring within the inner epithelial lining of the colon . If the general process by which sporadic colon cancers arise is the formation of a pre-neoplastic clone that spreads by natural selection , followed by formation of internal sub-clones within the initial clone , and sub-sub - clones inside those , then colon cancers generally should be associated with , and be preceded by , fields of increasing abnormality reflecting the succession of premalignant events . The most extensive region of abnormality ( the outermost yellow irregular area in the diagram ) would reflect the earliest event in formation of a malignant neoplasm . In experimental evaluation of specific DNA repair deficiencies in cancers , many specific DNA repair deficiencies were also shown to occur in the field defects surrounding those cancers . The Table , below , gives examples for which the DNA repair deficiency in a cancer was shown to be caused by an epigenetic alteration , and the somewhat lower frequencies with which the same epigenetically caused DNA repair deficiency was found in the surrounding field defect . Frequency of epigenetic changes in DNA repair genes in sporadic cancers and in adjacent field defects Cancer Gene Frequency in Cancer Frequency in Field Defect Reference Colorectal MGMT 46 % 34 % Colorectal MGMT 47 % 11 % Colorectal MGMT 70 % 60 % Colorectal MSH2 13 % 5 % Colorectal ERCC1 100 % 40 % Colorectal PMS2 88 % 50 % Colorectal XPF 55 % 40 % Head and Neck MGMT 54 % 38 % Head and Neck MLH1 33 % 25 % Head and Neck MLH1 31 % 20 % Stomach MGMT 88 % 78 % Stomach MLH1 73 % 20 % Esophagus MLH1 77 % -- 100 % 23 % -- 79 % Some of the small polyps in the field defect shown in the photo of the opened colon segment may be relatively benign neoplasms . Of polyps less than 10mm in size , found during colonoscopy and followed with repeat colonoscopies for 3 years , 25 % were unchanged in size , 35 % regressed or shrank in size while 40 % grew in size . Genome instability ( edit ) Cancers are known to exhibit genome instability or a mutator phenotype . The protein - coding DNA within the nucleus is about 1.5 % of the total genomic DNA . Within this protein - coding DNA ( called the exome ) , an average cancer of the breast or colon can have about 60 to 70 protein altering mutations , of which about 3 or 4 may be `` driver '' mutations , and the remaining ones may be `` passenger '' mutations . However , the average number of DNA sequence mutations in the entire genome ( including non-protein - coding regions ) within a breast cancer tissue sample is about 20,000 . In an average melanoma tissue sample ( where melanomas have a higher exome mutation frequency ) the total number of DNA sequence mutations is about 80,000 . These high frequencies of mutations in the total nucleotide sequences within cancers suggest that often an early alteration in the field defect giving rise to a cancer ( e.g. yellow area in the diagram in the preceding section ) is a deficiency in DNA repair . Large field defects surrounding colon cancers ( extending to about 10 cm on each side of a cancer ) are found to frequently have epigenetic defects in 2 or 3 DNA repair proteins ( ERCC1 , XPF and / or PMS2 ) in the entire area of the field defect . When expression of DNA repair genes is reduced , DNA damages accumulate in cells at a higher than normal level , and these excess damages cause increased frequencies of mutation and / or epimutation . Mutation rates strongly increase in cells defective in DNA mismatch repair or in homologous recombinational repair ( HRR ) . A deficiency in DNA repair , itself , can allow DNA damages to accumulate , and error - prone translesion synthesis past some of those damages may give rise to mutations . In addition , faulty repair of these accumulated DNA damages may give rise to epimutations . These new mutations and / or epimutations may provide a proliferative advantage , generating a field defect . Although the mutations / epimutations in DNA repair genes do not , themselves , confer a selective advantage , they may be carried along as passengers in cells when the cell acquires an additional mutation / epimutation that does provide a proliferative advantage . Non-mainstream theories ( edit ) There are a number of theories of carcinogenesis and cancer treatment that fall outside the mainstream of scientific opinion , due to lack of scientific rationale , logic , or evidence base . These theories may be used to justify various alternative cancer treatments . They should be distinguished from those theories of carcinogenesis that have a logical basis within mainstream cancer biology , and from which conventionally testable hypotheses can be made . Several alternative theories of carcinogenesis , however , are based on scientific evidence and are increasingly being acknowledged . Some researchers believe that cancer may be caused by aneuploidy ( numerical and structural abnormalities in chromosomes ) rather than by mutations or epimutations . Cancer has also been considered as a metabolic disease in which the cellular metabolism of oxygen is diverted from the pathway that generates energy ( oxidative phosphorylation ) to the pathway that generates reactive oxygen species ( figure ) . This causes an energy switch from oxidative phosphorylation to aerobic glycolysis ( Warburg 's hypothesis ) and the accumulation of reactive oxygen species leading to oxidative stress ( oxidative stress theory of cancer ) . All these theories of carcinogenesis may be complementary rather than contradictory . Aberrant DNA methylation patterns -- hypermethylation and hypomethylation compared to normal tissue -- have been associated with a large number of human malignancies . ( See DNA methylation in cancer ) A number of authors have questioned the assumption that cancers result from sequential random mutations as oversimplistic , suggesting instead that cancer results from a failure of the body to inhibit an innate , programmed proliferative tendency . A related theory developed by astrobiologists suggests that cancer is an atavism , an evolutionary throwback to an earlier form of multicellular life . The genes responsible for uncontrolled cell growth and cooperation between cancer cells are very similar to those that enabled the first multicellular life forms to group together and flourish . These genes still exist within the genome of more complex metazoans , such as humans , although more recently evolved genes keep them in check . When the newer controlling genes fail for whatever reason , the cell can revert to its more primitive programming and reproduce out of control . The theory is an alternative to the notion that cancers begin with rogue cells that undergo evolution within the body . Instead they possess a fixed number of primitive genes that are progressively activated , giving them finite variability . Another evolutionary theory puts the roots of cancer back to the origin of the eukarote ( nucleated ) cell by massive horizontal gene transfer , when the genomes of infecting viruses were cleaved ( and thereby attenuated ) by the host , but their fragments integrated into the host genome as immune protection . Cancer now originates when a rare somatic mutation recombines such fragments into a functional driver of cell proliferation . Cancer cell Biology ( edit ) Tissue can be organized in a continuous spectrum from normal to cancer . Often , the multiple genetic changes that result in cancer may take many years to accumulate . During this time , the biological behavior of the pre-malignant cells slowly change from the properties of normal cells to cancer - like properties . Pre-malignant tissue can have a distinctive appearance under the microscope . Among the distinguishing traits are an increased number of dividing cells , variation in nuclear size and shape , variation in cell size and shape , loss of specialized cell features , and loss of normal tissue organization . Dysplasia is an abnormal type of excessive cell proliferation characterized by loss of normal tissue arrangement and cell structure in pre-malignant cells . These early neoplastic changes must be distinguished from hyperplasia , a reversible increase in cell division caused by an external stimulus , such as a hormonal imbalance or chronic irritation . The most severe cases of dysplasia are referred to as `` carcinoma in situ . '' In Latin , the term `` in situ '' means `` in place '' , so carcinoma in situ refers to an uncontrolled growth of cells that remains in the original location and has not shown invasion into other tissues . Nevertheless , carcinoma in situ may develop into an invasive malignancy and is usually removed surgically , if possible . Clonal evolution ( edit ) Main article : Somatic evolution in cancer Just like a population of animals undergoes evolution , an unchecked population of cells also can undergo evolution . This undesirable process is called somatic evolution , and is how cancer arises and becomes more malignant . Most changes in cellular metabolism that allow cells to grow in a disorderly fashion lead to cell death . However once cancer begins , cancer cells undergo a process of natural selection : the few cells with new genetic changes that enhance their survival or reproduction continue to multiply , and soon come to dominate the growing tumor , as cells with less favorable genetic change are out - competed . This is exactly how pathogens such as MRSA can become antibiotic - resistant ( or how HIV can become drug - resistant ) , and the same reason why crop blights and pests can become pesticide - resistant . This evolution is why cancer recurrences will have cells that have acquired cancer - drug resistance ( or in some cases , resistance to radiation from radiotherapy ) . Biological properties of cancer cells ( edit ) When normal cells are damaged beyond repair , they are eliminated by apoptosis ( A ) . Cancer cells avoid apoptosis and continue to multiply in an unregulated manner ( B ) . In a 2000 article by Hanahan and Weinberg , the biological properties of malignant tumor cells were summarized as follows : Acquisition of self - sufficiency in growth signals , leading to unchecked growth . Loss of sensitivity to anti-growth signals , also leading to unchecked growth . Loss of capacity for apoptosis , in order to allow growth despite genetic errors and external anti-growth signals . Loss of capacity for senescence , leading to limitless replicative potential ( immortality ) Acquisition of sustained angiogenesis , allowing the tumor to grow beyond the limitations of passive nutrient diffusion . Acquisition of ability to invade neighbouring tissues , the defining property of invasive carcinoma . Acquisition of ability to build metastases at distant sites , the classical property of malignant tumors ( carcinomas or others ) . The completion of these multiple steps would be a very rare event without : Loss of capacity to repair genetic errors , leading to an increased mutation rate ( genomic instability ) , thus accelerating all the other changes . These biological changes are classical in carcinomas ; other malignant tumors may not need to achieve them all . For example , tissue invasion and displacement to distant sites are normal properties of leukocytes ; these steps are not needed in the development of leukemia . The different steps do not necessarily represent individual mutations . For example , inactivation of a single gene , coding for the p53 protein , will cause genomic instability , evasion of apoptosis and increased angiogenesis . Not all the cancer cells are dividing . Rather , a subset of the cells in a tumor , called cancer stem cells , replicate themselves and generate differentiated cells . Cancer as a defect in cell interactions ( edit ) Normally , once a tissue is injured or infected , damaged cells elicit inflammation , by stimulating specific patterns of enzyme activity and cytokine gene expression on surrounding cells . Discrete clusters of molecules are secreted , which act as mediators , inducing the activity of subsequent cascades of biochemical changes . Each cytokine binds to specific receptors on various cell types , and each cell type responds differently by altering the activity of intracellular signal transduction pathways , depending on the receptors that the cell expresses and the signaling molecules present inside the cell . Collectively , this reprogramming process induces a stepwise change in cell phenotypes , which will ultimately lead to restoration of tissue function and toward regaining essential structural integrity . A tissue can thereby heal , depending on the productive communication between the cells present at the site of damage , and the immune system . Key factor in healing is the regulation of cytokine gene expression , which enables complementary groups of cells to respond to inflammatory mediators in a manner that gradually produces essential changes in tissue physiology . Cancer cells have either permanent ( genetic ) or reversible ( epigenetic ) changes on their genome , which partly inhibit their communication with surrounding cells and with the immune system . Cancer cells do not communicate with their tissue microenvironment in a manner that protects tissue integrity ; instead , the movement and the survival of cancer cells become possible in locations where they can impair tissue function . Cancer cells survive by rewiring signal pathways that normally protect the tissue from the immune system . One example for rewiring of tissue function in cancer is the activity of transcription factor NF - κB . NF - κB activates the expression of numerous genes that are involved in the transition between inflammation and regeneration , which encode cytokines , adhesion factors , and other molecules that can change cell fate . This reprogramming of cellular phenotypes normally allows the development of a fully functional intact tissue . NF - κB activity is tightly controlled by multiple proteins , which collectively ensure that only discrete clusters of genes are induced by NF - κB in a given cell and at a given time . This tight regulation of signal exchange between cells , protects the tissue from excessive inflammation , and ensures that different cell types would gradually acquire complementary functions , and specific positions . Failure of this mutual regulation between genetic reprogramming and cell interactions allows cancer cells to give rise to metastasis . Cancer cells respond aberrantly to cytokines , and activate signal cascades that can protect them from the immune system . In fishes ( edit ) The role of iodine in marine fishes ( rich in iodine ) and freshwater fishes ( iodine - deficient ) is not completely understood , but it has been reported that freshwater fishes are more susceptible to infectious and , in particular , neoplastic and atherosclerotic diseases , of marine fishes . Marine elasmobranch fishes such as sharks , stingrays etc. are much less affected by cancer than freshwater fishes , and therefore have stimulated medical research to better understand carcinogenesis so it can be useful in other animals and especially in humans . Mechanisms ( edit ) In order for cells to start dividing uncontrollably , genes that regulate cell growth must be dysregulated . Proto - oncogenes are genes that promote cell growth and mitosis , whereas tumor suppressor genes discourage cell growth , or temporarily halt cell division to carry out DNA repair . Typically , a series of several mutations to these genes is required before a normal cell transforms into a cancer cell . This concept is sometimes termed `` oncoevolution . '' Mutations to these genes provide the signals for tumor cells to start dividing uncontrollably . But the uncontrolled cell division that characterizes cancer also requires that the dividing cell duplicates all its cellular components to create two daughter cells . The activation of anaerobic glycolysis ( the Warburg effect ) , which is not necessarily induced by mutations in proto - oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes , provides most of the building blocks required to duplicate the cellular components of a dividing cell and , therefore , is also essential for carcinogenesis . Oncogenes ( edit ) Oncogenes promote cell growth through a variety of ways . Many can produce hormones , a `` chemical messenger '' between cells that encourage mitosis , the effect of which depends on the signal transduction of the receiving tissue or cells . In other words , when a hormone receptor on a recipient cell is stimulated , the signal is conducted from the surface of the cell to the cell nucleus to affect some change in gene transcription regulation at the nuclear level . Some oncogenes are part of the signal transduction system itself , or the signal receptors in cells and tissues themselves , thus controlling the sensitivity to such hormones . Oncogenes often produce mitogens , or are involved in transcription of DNA in protein synthesis , which creates the proteins and enzymes responsible for producing the products and biochemicals cells use and interact with . Mutations in proto - oncogenes , which are the normally quiescent counterparts of oncogenes , can modify their expression and function , increasing the amount or activity of the product protein . When this happens , the proto - oncogenes become oncogenes , and this transition upsets the normal balance of cell cycle regulation in the cell , making uncontrolled growth possible . The chance of cancer can not be reduced by removing proto - oncogenes from the genome , even if this were possible , as they are critical for growth , repair and homeostasis of the organism . It is only when they become mutated that the signals for growth become excessive . One of the first oncogenes to be defined in cancer research is the ras oncogene . Mutations in the Ras family of proto - oncogenes ( comprising H - Ras , N - Ras and K - Ras ) are very common , being found in 20 % to 30 % of all human tumours . Ras was originally identified in the Harvey sarcoma virus genome , and researchers were surprised that not only is this gene present in the human genome but also , when ligated to a stimulating control element , it could induce cancers in cell line cultures . Proto - oncogenes ( edit ) Proto - oncogenes promote cell growth in a variety of ways . Many can produce hormones , `` chemical messengers '' between cells that encourage mitosis , the effect of which depends on the signal transduction of the receiving tissue or cells . Some are responsible for the signal transduction system and signal receptors in cells and tissues themselves , thus controlling the sensitivity to such hormones . They often produce mitogens , or are involved in transcription of DNA in protein synthesis , which create the proteins and enzymes is responsible for producing the products and biochemicals cells use and interact with . Mutations in proto - oncogenes can modify their expression and function , increasing the amount or activity of the product protein . When this happens , they become oncogenes , and , thus , cells have a higher chance to divide excessively and uncontrollably . The chance of cancer can not be reduced by removing proto - oncogenes from the genome , as they are critical for growth , repair and homeostasis of the body . It is only when they become mutated that the signals for growth become excessive . It is important to note that a gene possessing a growth - promoting role may increase carcinogenic potential of a cell , under the condition that all necessary cellular mechanisms that permit growth are activated . This condition includes also the inactivation of specific tumor suppressor genes ( see below ) . If the condition is not fulfilled , the cell may cease to grow and can proceed to die . This makes knowledge of the stage and type of cancer cell that grows under the control of a given oncogene crucial for the development of treatment strategies . Tumor suppressor genes ( edit ) Many tumor suppressor genes effect signal transduction pathways that regulate apoptosis , also known as `` programmed cell death '' . Tumor suppressor genes code for anti-proliferation signals and proteins that suppress mitosis and cell growth . Generally , tumor suppressors are transcription factors that are activated by cellular stress or DNA damage . Often DNA damage will cause the presence of free - floating genetic material as well as other signs , and will trigger enzymes and pathways that lead to the activation of tumor suppressor genes . The functions of such genes is to arrest the progression of the cell cycle in order to carry out DNA repair , preventing mutations from being passed on to daughter cells . The p53 protein , one of the most important studied tumor suppressor genes , is a transcription factor activated by many cellular stressors including hypoxia and ultraviolet radiation damage . Despite nearly half of all cancers possibly involving alterations in p53 , its tumor suppressor function is poorly understood . p53 clearly has two functions : one a nuclear role as a transcription factor , and the other a cytoplasmic role in regulating the cell cycle , cell division , and apoptosis . The Warburg hypothesis is the preferential use of glycolysis for energy to sustain cancer growth . p53 has been shown to regulate the shift from the respiratory to the glycolytic pathway . However , a mutation can damage the tumor suppressor gene itself , or the signal pathway that activates it , `` switching it off '' . The invariable consequence of this is that DNA repair is hindered or inhibited : DNA damage accumulates without repair , inevitably leading to cancer . Mutations of tumor suppressor genes that occur in germline cells are passed along to offspring , and increase the likelihood for cancer diagnoses in subsequent generations . Members of these families have increased incidence and decreased latency of multiple tumors . The tumor types are typical for each type of tumor suppressor gene mutation , with some mutations causing particular cancers , and other mutations causing others . The mode of inheritance of mutant tumor suppressors is that an affected member inherits a defective copy from one parent , and a normal copy from the other . For instance , individuals who inherit one mutant p53 allele ( and are therefore heterozygous for mutated p53 ) can develop melanomas and pancreatic cancer , known as Li - Fraumeni syndrome . Other inherited tumor suppressor gene syndromes include Rb mutations , linked to retinoblastoma , and APC gene mutations , linked to adenopolyposis colon cancer . Adenopolyposis colon cancer is associated with thousands of polyps in colon while young , leading to colon cancer at a relatively early age . Finally , inherited mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 lead to early onset of breast cancer . Development of cancer was proposed in 1971 to depend on at least two mutational events . In what became known as the Knudson two - hit hypothesis , an inherited , germ - line mutation in a tumor suppressor gene would cause cancer only if another mutation event occurred later in the organism 's life , inactivating the other allele of that tumor suppressor gene . Usually , oncogenes are dominant , as they contain gain - of - function mutations , while mutated tumor suppressors are recessive , as they contain loss - of - function mutations . Each cell has two copies of the same gene , one from each parent , and under most cases gain of function mutations in just one copy of a particular proto - oncogene is enough to make that gene a true oncogene . On the other hand , loss of function mutations need to happen in both copies of a tumor suppressor gene to render that gene completely non-functional . However , cases exist in which one mutated copy of a tumor suppressor gene can render the other , wild - type copy non-functional . This phenomenon is called the dominant negative effect and is observed in many p53 mutations . Knudson 's two hit model has recently been challenged by several investigators . Inactivation of one allele of some tumor suppressor genes is sufficient to cause tumors . This phenomenon is called haploinsufficiency and has been demonstrated by a number of experimental approaches . Tumors caused by haploinsufficiency usually have a later age of onset when compared with those by a two hit process . Multiple mutations ( edit ) Multiple mutations in cancer cells In general , mutations in both types of genes are required for cancer to occur . For example , a mutation limited to one oncogene would be suppressed by normal mitosis control and tumor suppressor genes , first hypothesised by the Knudson hypothesis . A mutation to only one tumor suppressor gene would not cause cancer either , due to the presence of many `` backup '' genes that duplicate its functions . It is only when enough proto - oncogenes have mutated into oncogenes , and enough tumor suppressor genes deactivated or damaged , that the signals for cell growth overwhelm the signals to regulate it , that cell growth quickly spirals out of control . Often , because these genes regulate the processes that prevent most damage to genes themselves , the rate of mutations increases as one gets older , because DNA damage forms a feedback loop . Mutation of tumor suppressor genes that are passed on to the next generation of not merely cells , but their offspring , can cause increased likelihoods for cancers to be inherited . Members within these families have increased incidence and decreased latency of multiple tumors . The mode of inheritance of mutant tumor suppressors is that affected member inherits a defective copy from one parent , and a normal copy from another . Because mutations in tumor suppressors act in a recessive manner ( note , however , there are exceptions ) , the loss of the normal copy creates the cancer phenotype . For instance , individuals that are heterozygous for p53 mutations are often victims of Li - Fraumeni syndrome , and that are heterozygous for Rb mutations develop retinoblastoma . In similar fashion , mutations in the adenomatous polyposis coli gene are linked to adenopolyposis colon cancer , with thousands of polyps in the colon while young , whereas mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 lead to early onset of breast cancer . A new idea announced in 2011 is an extreme version of multiple mutations , called chromothripsis by its proponents . This idea , affecting only 2 -- 3 % of cases of cancer , although up to 25 % of bone cancers , involves the catastrophic shattering of a chromosome into tens or hundreds of pieces and then being patched back together incorrectly . This shattering probably takes place when the chromosomes are compacted during normal cell division , but the trigger for the shattering is unknown . Under this model , cancer arises as the result of a single , isolated event , rather than the slow accumulation of multiple mutations . Non-mutagenic carcinogens ( edit ) Many mutagens are also carcinogens , but some carcinogens are not mutagens . Examples of carcinogens that are not mutagens include alcohol and estrogen . These are thought to promote cancers through their stimulating effect on the rate of cell mitosis . Faster rates of mitosis increasingly leave fewer opportunities for repair enzymes to repair damaged DNA during DNA replication , increasing the likelihood of a genetic mistake . A mistake made during mitosis can lead to the daughter cells ' receiving the wrong number of chromosomes , which leads to aneuploidy and may lead to cancer . Role of infections ( edit ) Bacterial ( edit ) Main article : Cancer bacteria Heliobacter pylori is known to cause MALT lymphoma . Other types of bacteria have been implicated in other cancers . Viral ( edit ) Main article : Oncovirus Furthermore , many cancers originate from a viral infection ; this is especially true in animals such as birds , but less so in humans . 12 % of human cancers can be attributed to a viral infection . The mode of virally induced tumors can be divided into two , acutely transforming or slowly transforming . In acutely transforming viruses , the viral particles carry a gene that encodes for an overactive oncogene called viral - oncogene ( v - onc ) , and the infected cell is transformed as soon as v - onc is expressed . In contrast , in slowly transforming viruses , the virus genome is inserted , especially as viral genome insertion is obligatory part of retroviruses , near a proto - oncogene in the host genome . The viral promoter or other transcription regulation elements , in turn , cause over-expression of that proto - oncogene , which , in turn , induces uncontrolled cellular proliferation . Because viral genome insertion is not specific to proto - oncogenes and the chance of insertion near that proto - oncogene is low , slowly transforming viruses have very long tumor latency compared to acutely transforming virus , which already carries the viral - oncogene . Viruses that are known to cause cancer such as HPV ( cervical cancer ) , Hepatitis B ( liver cancer ) , and EBV ( a type of lymphoma ) , are all DNA viruses . It is thought that when the virus infects a cell , it inserts a part of its own DNA near the cell growth genes , causing cell division . The group of changed cells that are formed from the first cell dividing all have the same viral DNA near the cell growth genes . The group of changed cells are now special because one of the normal controls on growth has been lost . Depending on their location , cells can be damaged through radiation , chemicals from cigarette smoke , and inflammation from bacterial infection or other viruses . Each cell has a chance of damage . Cells often die if they are damaged , through failure of a vital process or the immune system , however sometimes damage will knock out a single cancer gene . In an old person , there are thousands , tens of thousands or hundreds of thousands of knocked - out cells . The chance that any one would form a cancer is very low . When the damage occurs in any area of changed cells , something different occurs . Each of the cells has the potential for growth . The changed cells will divide quicker when the area is damaged by physical , chemical , or viral agents . A vicious circle has been set up : Damaging the area will cause the changed cells to divide , causing a greater likelihood that they will suffer knock - outs . This model of carcinogenesis is popular because it explains why cancers grow . It would be expected that cells that are damaged through radiation would die or at least be worse off because they have fewer genes working ; viruses increase the number of genes working . One concern is that we may end up with thousands of vaccines to prevent every virus that can change our cells . Viruses can have different effects on different parts of the body . It may be possible to prevent a number of different cancers by immunizing against one viral agent . It is likely that HPV , for instance , has a role in cancers of the mucous membranes of the mouth . Helminthiasis ( edit ) Certain parasitic worms are known to be carcinogenic . These include : Clonorchis sinensis ( the organism causing Clonorchiasis ) and Opisthorchis viverrini ( causing Opisthorchiasis ) are associated with cholangiocarcinoma . Schistosoma species ( the organisms causing Schistosomiasis ) is associated with bladder cancer . Epigenetics ( edit ) Epigenetics is the study of the regulation of gene expression through chemical , non-mutational changes in DNA structure . The theory of epigenetics in cancer pathogenesis is that non-mutational changes to DNA can lead to alterations in gene expression . Normally , oncogenes are silent , for example , because of DNA methylation . Loss of that methylation can induce the aberrant expression of oncogenes , leading to cancer pathogenesis . Known mechanisms of epigenetic change include DNA methylation , and methylation or acetylation of histone proteins bound to chromosomal DNA at specific locations . Classes of medications , known as HDAC inhibitors and DNA methyltransferase inhibitors , can re-regulate the epigenetic signaling in the cancer cell . Epimutations include methylations or demethylations of the CpG islands of the promoter regions of genes , which result in repression or de-repression , respectively of gene expression . Epimutations can also occur by acetylation , methylation , phosphorylation or other alterations to histones , creating a histone code that represses or activates gene expression , and such histone epimutations can be important epigenetic factors in cancer . In addition , carcinogenic epimutation can occur through alterations of chromosome architecture caused by proteins such as HMGA2 . A further source of epimutation is due to increased or decreased expression of microRNAs ( miRNAs ) . For example , extra expression of miR - 137 can cause downregulation of expression of 491 genes , and miR - 137 is epigenetically silenced in 32 % of colorectal cancers > Cancer stem cells ( edit ) Main article : Cancer stem cell A new way of looking at carcinogenesis comes from integrating the ideas of developmental biology into oncology . The cancer stem cell hypothesis proposes that the different kinds of cells in a heterogeneous tumor arise from a single cell , termed Cancer Stem Cell. Cancer stem cells may arise from transformation of adult stem cells or differentiated cells within a body . These cells persist as a subcomponent of the tumor and retain key stem cell properties . They give rise to a variety of cells , are capable of self - renewal and homeostatic control . Furthermore , the relapse of cancer and the emergence of metastasis are also attributed to these cells . The cancer stem cell hypothesis does not contradict earlier concepts of carcinogenesis . The cancer stem cell hypothesis has been a proposed mechanism that contributes to tumour heterogeneity . Clonal evolution ( edit ) Main article : Somatic evolution in cancer While genetic and epigenetic alterations in tumor suppressor genes and oncogenes change the behavior of cells , those alterations , in the end , result in cancer through their effects on the population of neoplastic cells and their microenvironment . Mutant cells in neoplasms compete for space and resources . Thus , a clone with a mutation in a tumor suppressor gene or oncogene will expand only in a neoplasm if that mutation gives the clone a competitive advantage over the other clones and normal cells in its microenvironment . Thus , the process of carcinogenesis is formally a process of Darwinian evolution , known as somatic or clonal evolution . 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The Journal of Neuroscience. 35 ( 50 ) : 16431 -- 42 . doi : 10.1523 / JNEUROSCI. 2119 - 15.2015 . PMID 26674868 . Jump up ^ Seifert AW , Maden M ( 2014 ) . `` New insights into vertebrate skin regeneration '' . International Review of Cell and Molecular Biology . 310 : 129 -- 69 . doi : 10.1016 / B978 - 0 - 12 - 800180 - 6.00004 - 9 . PMID 24725426 . Jump up ^ Kwon MJ , Shin HY , Cui Y , Kim H , Thi AH , Choi JY , Kim EY , Hwang DH , Kim BG ( December 2015 ) . `` CCL2 Mediates Neuron - Macrophage Interactions to Drive Proregenerative Macrophage Activation Following Preconditioning Injury '' . The Journal of Neuroscience. 35 ( 48 ) : 15934 -- 47 . doi : 10.1523 / JNEUROSCI. 1924 - 15.2015 . PMID 26631474 . Jump up ^ Hajishengallis G , Chavakis T ( January 2013 ) . `` Endogenous modulators of inflammatory cell recruitment '' . Trends in Immunology. 34 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 6 . doi : 10.1016 / j. it. 2012.08. 003 . PMC 3703146 . PMID 22951309 . Jump up ^ Nelson AM , Katseff AS , Ratliff TS , Garza LA ( February 2016 ) . `` Interleukin 6 and STAT3 regulate p63 isoform expression in keratinocytes during regeneration '' . Experimental Dermatology. 25 ( 2 ) : 155 -- 7 . doi : 10.1111 / exd. 12896 . PMID 26566817 . Jump up ^ Vidal PM , Lemmens E , Dooley D , Hendrix S ( February 2013 ) . `` The role of `` anti-inflammatory '' cytokines in axon regeneration `` . Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews . 24 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 12 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cytogfr. 2012.08. 008 . PMID 22985997 . Jump up ^ Hsueh YY , Chang YJ , Huang CW , Handayani F , Chiang YL , Fan SC , Ho CJ , Kuo YM , Yang SH , Chen YL , Lin SC , Huang CC , Wu CC ( October 2015 ) . `` Synergy of endothelial and neural progenitor cells from adipose - derived stem cells to preserve neurovascular structures in rat hypoxic - ischemic brain injury '' . Scientific Reports . 5 : 14985 . doi : 10.1038 / srep14985 . PMC 4597209 . PMID 26447335 . Jump up ^ Yaniv M ( September 2014 ) . `` Chromatin remodeling : from transcription to cancer '' . Cancer Genetics . 207 ( 9 ) : 352 -- 7 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cancergen. 2014.03. 006 . PMID 24825771 . Jump up ^ Zhang X , He N , Gu D , Wickliffe J , Salazar J , Boldogh I , Xie J ( October 2015 ) . `` Genetic Evidence for XPC - KRAS Interactions During Lung Cancer Development '' . Journal of Genetics and Genomics = Yi Chuan Xue Bao. 42 ( 10 ) : 589 -- 96 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jgg. 2015.09. 006 . PMID 26554912 . Jump up ^ Dubois - Pot - Schneider H , Fekir K , Coulouarn C , Glaise D , Aninat C , Jarnouen K , Le Guével R , Kubo T , Ishida S , Morel F , Corlu A ( December 2014 ) . `` Inflammatory cytokines promote the retrodifferentiation of tumor - derived hepatocyte - like cells to progenitor cells '' . Hepatology. 60 ( 6 ) : 2077 -- 90 . doi : 10.1002 / hep. 27353 . PMID 25098666 . Jump up ^ Finkin S , Yuan D , Stein I , Taniguchi K , Weber A , Unger K , et al. ( December 2015 ) . `` Ectopic lymphoid structures function as microniches for tumor progenitor cells in hepatocellular carcinoma '' . Nature Immunology. 16 ( 12 ) : 1235 -- 44 . doi : 10.1038 / ni. 3290 . PMID 26502405 . ^ Jump up to : Vlahopoulos SA , Cen O , Hengen N , Agan J , Moschovi M , Critselis E , Adamaki M , Bacopoulou F , Copland JA , Boldogh I , Karin M , Chrousos GP ( August 2015 ) . `` Dynamic aberrant NF - κB spurs tumorigenesis : a new model encompassing the microenvironment '' . Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews . 26 ( 4 ) : 389 -- 403 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cytogfr. 2015.06. 001 . PMC 4526340 . PMID 26119834 . Jump up ^ Grivennikov SI , Karin M ( February 2010 ) . `` Dangerous liaisons : STAT3 and NF - kappaB collaboration and crosstalk in cancer '' . Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews . 21 ( 1 ) : 11 -- 9 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cytogfr. 2009.11. 005 . PMC 2834864 . PMID 20018552 . Jump up ^ Rieger S , Zhao H , Martin P , Abe K , Lisse TS ( January 2015 ) . `` The role of nuclear hormone receptors in cutaneous wound repair '' . Cell Biochemistry and Function. 33 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 13 . doi : 10.1002 / cbf. 3086 . PMC 4357276 . PMID 25529612 . Jump up ^ Lu X , Yarbrough WG ( February 2015 ) . `` Negative regulation of RelA phosphorylation : emerging players and their roles in cancer '' . Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews . 26 ( 1 ) : 7 -- 13 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cytogfr. 2014.09. 003 . PMID 25438737 . Jump up ^ Sionov RV , Fridlender ZG , Granot Z ( December 2015 ) . `` The Multifaceted Roles Neutrophils Play in the Tumor Microenvironment '' . Cancer Microenvironment. 8 ( 3 ) : 125 -- 58 . doi : 10.1007 / s12307 - 014 - 0147 - 5 . PMC 4714999 . PMID 24895166 . Jump up ^ Venturi , Sebastiano ( 2011 ) . `` Evolutionary Significance of Iodine '' . Current Chemical Biology -. 5 ( 3 ) : 155 -- 162 . doi : 10.2174 / 187231311796765012 . ISSN 1872 - 3136 . Jump up ^ Venturi S ( 2014 ) . `` Iodine , PUFAs and Iodolipids in Health and Disease : An Evolutionary Perspective '' . Human Evolution. 29 ( 1 -- 3 ) : 185 -- 205 . ISSN 0393 - 9375 . Jump up ^ Walsh CJ , Luer CA , Bodine AB , Smith CA , Cox HL , Noyes DR , Maura G ( December 2006 ) . `` Elasmobranch immune cells as a source of novel tumor cell inhibitors : Implications for public health '' . Integrative and Comparative Biology . 46 ( 6 ) : 1072 -- 1081 . doi : 10.1093 / icb / icl041 . PMC 2664222 . PMID 19343108 . Jump up ^ Vogelstein B , Kinzler KW ( August 2004 ) . `` Cancer genes and the pathways they control '' . Nature Medicine . 10 ( 8 ) : 789 -- 99 . doi : 10.1038 / nm1087 . PMID 15286780 . Jump up ^ Brand KA , Hermfisse U ( April 1997 ) . `` Aerobic glycolysis by proliferating cells : a protective strategy against reactive oxygen species '' . FASEB Journal . 11 ( 5 ) : 388 -- 95 . PMID 9141507 . Jump up ^ Bos JL ( September 1989 ) . `` ras oncogenes in human cancer : a review '' . Cancer Research . 49 ( 17 ) : 4682 -- 9 . PMID 2547513 . Jump up ^ Chang EH , Furth ME , Scolnick EM , Lowy DR ( June 1982 ) . `` Tumorigenic transformation of mammalian cells induced by a normal human gene homologous to the oncogene of Harvey murine sarcoma virus '' . Nature . 297 ( 5866 ) : 479 -- 83 . doi : 10.1038 / 297479a0 . PMID 6283358 . Jump up ^ Vlahopoulos SA , Logotheti S , Mikas D , Giarika A , Gorgoulis V , Zoumpourlis V ( April 2008 ) . `` The role of ATF - 2 in oncogenesis '' . BioEssays. 30 ( 4 ) : 314 -- 27 . doi : 10.1002 / bies. 20734 . PMID 18348191 . Jump up ^ Matoba S , Kang JG , Patino WD , Wragg A , Boehm M , Gavrilova O , Hurley PJ , Bunz F , Hwang PM ( June 2006 ) . `` p53 regulates mitochondrial respiration '' . Science . 312 ( 5780 ) : 1650 -- 3 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1126863 . PMID 16728594 . Jump up ^ Knudson AG ( April 1971 ) . `` Mutation and cancer : statistical study of retinoblastoma '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 68 ( 4 ) : 820 -- 3 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 68.4. 820 . PMC 389051 . PMID 5279523 . Jump up ^ Fodde R , Smits R ( October 2002 ) . `` Cancer biology . A matter of dosage '' . Science . 298 ( 5594 ) : 761 -- 3 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1077707 . PMID 12399571 . Jump up ^ Stephens PJ , Greenman CD , Fu B , Yang F , Bignell GR , Mudie LJ , et al. ( January 2011 ) . `` Massive genomic rearrangement acquired in a single catastrophic event during cancer development '' . Cell. 144 ( 1 ) : 27 -- 40 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cell. 2010.11. 055 . PMC 3065307 . PMID 21215367 . Lay summary -- The New York Times ( 10 January 2011 ) . Jump up ^ Carrillo - Infante C , Abbadessa G , Bagella L , Giordano A ( June 2007 ) . `` Viral infections as a cause of cancer ( review ) '' . International Journal of Oncology. 30 ( 6 ) : 1521 -- 8 . doi : 10.3892 / ijo. 30.6. 1521 . PMID 17487374 . Jump up ^ Safdar A ( 2011 - 06 - 01 ) . Management of Infections in Cancer Patients . Springer . pp. 478 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60761 - 643 - 6 . Retrieved 17 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Samaras V , Rafailidis PI , Mourtzoukou EG , Peppas G , Falagas ME ( June 2010 ) . `` Chronic bacterial and parasitic infections and cancer : a review '' . Journal of Infection in Developing Countries. 4 ( 5 ) : 267 -- 81 . doi : 10.3855 / jidc. 819 . PMID 20539059 . Jump up ^ Daniel FI , Cherubini K , Yurgel LS , de Figueiredo MA , Salum FG ( February 2011 ) . `` The role of epigenetic transcription repression and DNA methyltransferases in cancer '' . Cancer . 117 ( 4 ) : 677 -- 87 . doi : 10.1002 / cncr. 25482 . PMID 20945317 . Review . Jump up ^ Kanwal R , Gupta S ( April 2012 ) . `` Epigenetic modifications in cancer '' . Clinical Genetics . 81 ( 4 ) : 303 -- 11 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1399 - 0004.2011. 01809. x . PMC 3590802 . PMID 22082348 . Jump up ^ Pattani KM , Soudry E , Glazer CA , Ochs MF , Wang H , Schussel J , Sun W , Hennessey P , Mydlarz W , Loyo M , Demokan S , Smith IM , Califano JA ( 2012 ) . Tao Q , ed . `` MAGEB2 is activated by promoter demethylation in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma '' . PLoS One . 7 ( 9 ) : e45534 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0045534 . PMC 3454438 . PMID 23029077 . Jump up ^ Sampath D , Liu C , Vasan K , Sulda M , Puduvalli VK , Wierda WG , Keating MJ ( February 2012 ) . `` Histone deacetylases mediate the silencing of miR - 15a , miR - 16 , and miR - 29b in chronic lymphocytic leukemia '' . Blood . 119 ( 5 ) : 1162 -- 72 . doi : 10.1182 / blood - 2011 - 05 - 351510 . PMC 3277352 . PMID 22096249 . Jump up ^ Hitchler MJ , Oberley LW , Domann FE ( December 2008 ) . `` Epigenetic silencing of SOD2 by histone modifications in human breast cancer cells '' . Free Radical Biology & Medicine . 45 ( 11 ) : 1573 -- 80 . doi : 10.1016 / j. freeradbiomed. 2008.09. 005 . PMC 2633123 . PMID 18845242 . Jump up ^ Baldassarre G , Battista S , Belletti B , Thakur S , Pentimalli F , Trapasso F , Fedele M , Pierantoni G , Croce CM , Fusco A ( April 2003 ) . `` Negative regulation of BRCA1 gene expression by HMGA1 proteins accounts for the reduced BRCA1 protein levels in sporadic breast carcinoma '' . Molecular and Cellular Biology . 23 ( 7 ) : 2225 -- 38 . doi : 10.1128 / MCB. 23.7. 2225 - 2238.2003 . PMC 150734 . PMID 12640109 . Jump up ^ Dalerba P , Cho RW , Clarke MF ( 2007 ) . `` Cancer stem cells : models and concepts '' . Annual Review of Medicine . 58 : 267 -- 84 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. med. 58.062105. 204854 . PMID 17002552 . Jump up ^ Zhang W , Hanks AN , Boucher K , Florell SR , Allen SM , Alexander A , Brash DE , Grossman D ( January 2005 ) . `` UVB - induced apoptosis drives clonal expansion during skin tumor development '' . Carcinogenesis. 26 ( 1 ) : 249 -- 57 . doi : 10.1093 / carcin / bgh300 . PMC 2292404 . PMID 15498793 . Further reading ( edit ) Tokar EJ , Benbrahim - Tallaa L , Waalkes MP ( 2011 ) . `` Chepter 14 . Metal Ions in Human Cancer Development '' . In Astrid Sigel , Helmut Sigel and Roland K.O. Sigel . Metal ions in toxicology : effects , interactions , interdependencies . Metal Ions in Life Sciences . 8 . RSC Publishing . pp. 375 -- 401 . doi : 10.1039 / 9781849732116 - 00375 . Dixon K , Kopras E ( December 2004 ) . `` Genetic alterations and DNA repair in human carcinogenesis '' . Seminars in Cancer Biology . 14 ( 6 ) : 441 -- 8 . doi : 10.1016 / j. semcancer. 2004.06. 007 . PMID 15489137 . Kleinsmith LJ ( 2006 ) . Principles of cancer biology . San Francisco : Pearson Benjamin Cummings . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8053 - 4003 - 7 . Sarasin A ( November 2003 ) . `` An overview of the mechanisms of mutagenesis and carcinogenesis '' . Mutation Research . 544 ( 2 -- 3 ) : 99 -- 106 . doi : 10.1016 / j. mrrev. 2003.06. 024 . PMID 14644312 . Schottenfeld D , Beebe - Dimmer JL ( 2005 ) . `` Advances in cancer epidemiology : understanding causal mechanisms and the evidence for implementing interventions '' . Annual Review of Public Health . 26 : 37 -- 60 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. publhealth. 26.021304. 144402 . PMID 15760280 . Tannock I , Hill R , Bristow R , Harrington L ( 2005 ) . The basic science of oncology ( 4th ed . ) . New York : McGraw - Hill . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 138774 - 3 . Wicha MS , Liu S , Dontu G ( February 2006 ) . `` Cancer stem cells : an old idea -- a paradigm shift '' . Cancer Research . 66 ( 4 ) : 1883 -- 90 ; discussion 1895 -- 6 . doi : 10.1158 / 0008 - 5472. CAN - 05 - 3153 . PMID 16488983 . ( hide ) Overview of tumors , cancer and oncology ( C00 -- D48 , 140 -- 239 ) Conditions Benign tumors Hyperplasia Cyst Pseudocyst Hamartoma Malignant progression Dysplasia Carcinoma in situ Cancer Metastasis Primary tumor Sentinel lymph node Topography Head / Neck ( Oral , Nasopharyngeal ) Digestive system Respiratory system Bone Skin Blood Urogenital Nervous system Endocrine system Histology Carcinoma Sarcoma Blastoma Papilloma Adenoma Other Precancerous condition Paraneoplastic syndrome Staging / grading TNM Ann Arbor Prostate cancer staging Gleason grading system Dukes classification Carcinogenesis Cancer cell Carcinogen Tumor suppressor genes / oncogenes Clonally transmissible cancer Oncovirus Carcinogenic bacteria Misc . Research Index of oncology articles History Cancer pain Cancer and nausea Biology portal Medicine portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carcinogenesis&oldid=816850114 '' Categories : Carcinogenesis Radiation health effects Carcinogens Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from July 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Italiano Қазақша Lietuvių Magyar नेपाल भाषा Norsk Polski Português Русский Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 December 2017 , at 04 : 01 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcinogenesis
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edie brickell shooting rubberbands at the stars album
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Shooting Rubberbands at the Stars
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shooting rubberbands at the stars
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Shooting Rubberbands at the Stars is the debut album by the American alternative rock band Edie Brickell & New Bohemians , released in 1988 . The album went 2x platinum in the United States .
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`` What I Am '' was the lead single and big hit from the album , reaching # 7 on the Billboard Hot 100 . The follow - up single , `` Circle , '' was about strained relationships . Although described by author Brent Mann as `` the perfect follow up single to ' What I Am ' '' and which `` had ' smash ' written all over it , '' it stalled at # 48 on the Billboard Hot 100 and fared slightly better on the Billboard Mainstream Rock chart , reaching # 32 . Another song from the album , `` Little Miss S . '' was inspired by Edie Sedgwick and reached # 38 on the Mainstream Rock chart and # 14 on the Modern Rock Tracks chart . Contents ( hide ) 1 Track listing 2 Song notes 3 Personnel 4 Production 5 Reception 6 Charts 6.1 Weekly charts 6.2 Year - end charts 6.3 Certifications 7 References Track listing ( edit ) No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 1 . `` What I Am '' Edie Brickell , Kenny Withrow 4 : 54 2 . `` Little Miss S . '' Brickell , Withrow , Brad Houser , Brandon Aly , John Bush 3 : 37 3 . `` Air of December '' Brickell , Withrow , Houser , Aly , Bush 5 : 54 4 . `` The Wheel '' Brickell , Withrow , Houser , Aly , Bush 3 : 53 5 . `` Love Like We Do '' Brickell 3 : 13 6 . `` Circle '' Brickell , Withrow 3 : 11 7 . `` Beat the Time '' Brickell , Withrow 2 : 58 8 . `` She '' Brickell , Withrow 5 : 06 9 . `` Nothing '' Brickell , Withrow , Houser , Aly , Bush 4 : 49 10 . `` Now '' Brickell , Withrow , Houser , Aly , Bush 6 : 00 11 . `` Keep Coming Back '' Brickell 2 : 42 12 . `` I Do '' ( Hidden track ) Brickell 2 : 00 Song notes ( edit ) Excerpted from a `` songbook '' included with a box set of the `` What I Am '' single , presumed to be annotated and illustrated by Brickell herself : What I Am `` What I Am is a smart - alec 's way out of a deep discussion on the universe as it relates to the self . '' Little Miss S. `` Little Miss S. is just another one of those famous dead people . '' Air of December `` People change & affect you just like the weather . '' The Wheel `` Your kind 's always gon na be a-round . '' Love Like We Do `` We 're broke & we 're ugly . '' Circle `` That weird lost feeling can get you even when you 're hangin ' round with friends . '' Beat the Time `` Time Divides . '' She `` She 's just about a homegirl . '' Nothing `` There 's something about nothing -- but it 's nothing I wan na talk about . '' Now `` When your heart occupies your head . '' Keep Coming Back `` Some people get right on your mind & just stay there . '' I Do `` I Do is a song for my cat . '' Personnel ( edit ) NEW BOHEMIANS Edie Brickell - vocals Kenny Withrow - guitar Brad Houser - bass Brandon Aly - drums ( fired from the band by the label during the sessions ) John Bush - percussion with : Robbie Blunt - guitar John Henry - background vocals Chris Whitten - drums Paul `` Wix '' Wickens - keyboards Both Chris Whitten and Paul `` Wix '' Wickens were / are members of Paul McCartney 's Band . Whitten , from 1989 - 1990 , and Wickens from 1989 - present . Production ( edit ) Producer : Pat Moran Engineer : Pat Moran Mastering : George Marino Design : Terry Robertson Cover illustration : Edie Brickell Photography : Bob Cook Tracks 6 & 8 published by Geffen Music - Withrow Publishing - Edie Brickell Songs . Tracks 11 & 12 published by Geffen Music - Edie Brickell Songs . All Other Tracks Published By Geffen Music - Strangemind Productions - Enlightened Kitty - Withrow Publishing - Edie Brickell Songs . Reception ( edit ) `` Shooting Rubberbands at the Stars is almost impossible to be cynical about ( I tried ) , '' remarked Time Out , `` and the band are so likeable it 's almost unreal . '' Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart Position Australian Albums Chart 31 Austrian Albums Chart 12 Dutch Mega Albums Chart 33 German Media Control Albums Chart 29 Italian Albums Chart 5 New Zealand Albums Chart 10 UK Albums Chart 25 United States Billboard 200 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1989 ) Position Australian Albums Chart 81 Canadian Albums Chart 26 Italian Albums Chart 16 U.S. Billboard 200 18 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification United States ( RIAA ) 2 × Platinum References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Allmusic review Jump up ^ Christgau , Robert ( December 27 , 1988 ) . `` Consumer Guide '' . The Village Voice . New York . Retrieved April 13 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Shooting Rubberbands awards '' . Allmusic . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : McCartney , K. `` Shooting Rubberbands at the Stars '' . Allmusic . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ Mann , B. ( 2003 ) . 99 Red Balloons And 100 Other All - Time Great One - Hit Wonders . Citadel . p. 33 . ISBN 9780806525167 . Jump up ^ http://discogs.com/Edie-Brickell-New-Bohemians-What-I-Am/release/1522993 Jump up ^ Publishing Information as found at discogs Jump up ^ Time Out , June 21 -- 28 , 1989 Jump up ^ `` australian-charts.com Edie Brickell and New Bohemians - Shooting Rubberbands at the Stars '' ( ASP ) . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Edie Brickell and New Bohemians - Shooting Rubberbands at the Stars -- austriancharts.at '' ( ASP ) ( in German ) . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` dutchcharts.nl Edie Brickell and New Bohemians - Shooting Rubberbands at the Stars '' ( ASP ) . dutchcharts.nl ( in Dutch ) . MegaCharts . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Album Search : Edie Brickell and New Bohemians - Shooting Rubberbands at the Stars '' ( ASP ) ( in German ) . Media Control . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hit Parade Italia - Gli album più venduti del 1989 '' ( in Italian ) . hitparadeitalia.it . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` charts.org.nz - Edie Brickell and New Bohemians - Shooting Rubberbands at the Stars '' ( ASP ) . Recording Industry Association of New Zealand . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Stats - Edie Brickell and New Bohemians - Shooting Rubberbands at the Stars '' ( PHP ) . UK Albums Chart . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ Allmusic - Shooting Rubberbands at the Stars > Charts & Awards > Billboard Albums Jump up ^ `` The ARIA Australian Top 100 Albums Chart -- 1989 ( 61 -- 100 ) ( from The ARIA Report Issue No. 1 ) '' . Imgur.com ( original document published by ARIA ) . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` RPM Top 100 Albums of 1989 '' . RPM . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard.BIZ '' . billboard.biz . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` American album certifications -- Edie Brickell -- Shooting Rubberbands at the Stars '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Album , then click SEARCH ( hide ) Edie Brickell & New Bohemians Edie Brickell Brandon Aly John Bush Brad Houser Kenny Withrow Carter Albrecht Wes Burt - Martin Eric Presswood Studio albums It 's Like This Shooting Rubberbands at the Stars Ghost of a Dog The Live Montauk Sessions Stranger Things Singles `` What I Am '' `` Circle '' `` Love Like We Do '' `` A Hard Rain 's a-Gonna Fall '' `` Mama Help Me '' `` Black and Blue '' `` One Last Time '' Compilation albums The Ultimate Collection Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shooting_Rubberbands_at_the_Stars&oldid=833012732 '' Categories : Edie Brickell & New Bohemians albums 1988 debut albums Geffen Records albums Albums produced by Pat Moran Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Track listings with deprecated parameters Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 29 March 2018 , at 05 : 44 . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shooting%20Rubberbands%20at%20the%20Stars
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what kind of engines are in nascar cars
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The cars are powered by EFI V8 engines with compacted graphite iron blocks and pushrod valvetrain s actuating two - valves per cylinder , and are limited to 358 cubic inches ' ( about 5.8 liters ) displacement . However , modern technology has allowed power outputs near 900 horsepower ( 670 kW ) in unrestricted form while retaining the conventional basic engine design . In fact , before NASCAR instituted the gear rule , Cup engines were capable of operating more than 10,000 rpm . A NASCAR Cup Series engine with the maximum bore of 4.185 inches ( 106.3 millimeters ) and stroke of 3.25 inches ( 82.55 millimeters ) at 9,000 rpm has a mean piston speed of 80.44 fps ( 24.75 m / s ) . Contemporary Cup engines run 9,800 rpm , 87.59 fps ( 26.95 m / s ) , at the road course events on Pocono Pennsylvania 's long front stretch and at the . 526 - mile short - track Martinsville Speedway . At the backbone 1.5 - to 2.0 - mile tri-oval tracks of NASCAR , the engines produce over 850 hp running 92 -- 9400 rpm for 500 miles , 600 mi for the Coca - Cola 600 Charlotte race .
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EFI V8
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Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series
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monster energy nascar cup series
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The Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series ( often shortened to the Cup Series ) is the top racing series of the National Association for Stock Car Auto Racing ( NASCAR ) . It is named for the current sponsor , Monster Energy , but has been known by other names in the past . The series began in 1949 as the Strictly Stock Series , and from 1950 to 1970 it was known as the Grand National Series . In 1971 , when the series began leasing its naming rights to the R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company , it was referred to as the Winston Cup Series . A similar deal was made with Nextel in 2003 , and it became the Nextel Cup Series ( 2004 -- 2007 ) . Sprint acquired Nextel in 2005 , and in 2008 the series was renamed the Sprint Cup Series , which lasted until 2016 . In December 2016 , it was announced that Monster Energy would become the new title sponsor starting in 2017 .
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The championship is determined by a points system , with points being awarded according to finish placement and number of laps led . The season is divided into two segments . After the first 26 races , 16 drivers , selected primarily on the basis of wins during the first 26 races , are seeded based on their total number of wins . They compete in the last ten races , where the difference in points is greatly minimized . This is called the NASCAR playoffs . The series holds strong roots in the Southeastern United States , with half of the races in the 36 - race season being held in that region . The current schedule includes tracks from around the United States . Regular season races were previously held in Canada , and exhibition races were held in Japan and Australia . The Daytona 500 , the most prestigious race , had a television audience of about 11.9 million U.S. viewers in 2017 . Cup Series cars are unique in automobile racing . The engines are powerful enough to reach speeds of over 200 mph ( 320 km / h ) , but their weight coupled with a relatively simple aerodynamic package make for poor handling . The bodies and chassis of the cars are strictly regulated to ensure parity , and electronics are traditionally spartan in nature . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Strictly Stock and Grand National 1.2 Winston Cup 1.3 Nextel and Sprint 1.3. 1 Chase for the Cup 1.4 Monster Energy 2 Drivers ' Championship 3 Owners ' Championship 4 Manufacturers ' Championship 4.1 Representation 5 Cup cars 5.1 Evolution of Cup cars 5.1. 1 1949 -- 1980 5.1. 2 1981 -- 2007 5.1. 3 Car of Tomorrow ( 2007 -- 2012 ) 5.1. 4 Generation 6 car ( 2013 -- present ) 5.2 Setup 5.3 Specifications 6 Cup tracks 7 Cup Series records 8 See also 9 References 10 External links History ( edit ) Strictly stock and Grand National ( edit ) In 1949 , NASCAR introduced the Strictly Stock division , after sanctioning Modified and Roadster division races in 1948 . Eight races were run on seven dirt ovals and on the Daytona Beach beach / street course . The first NASCAR `` Strictly Stock '' race was held at Charlotte Speedway on June 19 , 1949 . Jim Roper was declared the winner of that race after Glenn Dunaway was disqualified for having altered the rear springs on his car ; the first series champion was Red Byron . The division was renamed `` Grand National '' for the 1950 season , reflecting NASCAR 's intent to make the sport more professional and prestigious . It retained this name until 1971 . The 1949 Strictly Stock season is regarded in NASCAR 's record books as the first season of GN / Cup history . Martinsville Speedway is the only track on the 1949 schedule that remains on the current schedule . Seven - time Winston Cup champion Richard Petty . Rather than having a fixed schedule of one race per weekend with most entrants appearing at every event , the Grand National schedule has included over sixty events in some years . Often there are two or three races on the same weekend and occasionally two races on the same day in different states . In the early years , most Grand National races were held on dirt - surfaced short oval tracks that ranged in lap length from under a quarter - mile to over a half - mile , or on dirt fairgrounds ovals usually ranging from a half - mile to a mile in lap length . One hundred ninety - eight of the first 221 Grand National races were run on dirt tracks . Darlington Raceway , opened in 1950 , was the first completely paved track on the circuit over one mile ( 1.6 km ) long . In 1959 , when Daytona International Speedway was opened , the schedule still had more races on dirt racetracks than on paved ones . In the 1960s as superspeedways were built and old dirt tracks were paved , the number of races run on dirt tracks was reduced . The last NASCAR race on a dirt track was held on September 30 , 1970 at the half - mile State Fairgrounds Speedway in Raleigh , North Carolina . Richard Petty won that race in a Plymouth that had been sold by Petty Enterprises to Don Robertson and rented back by Petty Enterprises for the race . Winston Cup ( edit ) The Winston Cup Series logo from 2000 to 2003 . Between 1971 and 2003 , NASCAR 's premier series was called the Winston Cup Series . It was sponsored by R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company cigarette brand Winston . In 1971 , the Public Health Cigarette Smoking Act banned television advertising of cigarettes . As a result , tobacco companies began to sponsor sporting events as a way to spend their excess advertising dollars and to circumvent the Public Health Cigarette Smoking Act 's ban on television advertising . RJR 's sponsorship became more controversial in the wake of the 1998 Tobacco Industry Settlement that sharply restricted avenues for tobacco advertising , including sports sponsorships . The changes that resulted from RJR 's involvement in the series as well as from the reduction in schedule from 48 to 31 races per year established 1972 as the beginning of NASCAR 's `` modern era . '' The season was made shorter , and the points system was modified several times during the next four years . Races on dirt tracks and on oval tracks shorter than 250 miles ( 402 kilometers ) were removed from the schedule , and transferred to the short - lived NASCAR Grand National East Series . NASCAR 's founder , Bill France Sr. , turned over control of NASCAR to his oldest son , Bill France Jr . In August 1974 , France Jr. asked series publicist Bob Latford to design a points system with equal points being awarded for all races regardless of length or prize money . This system ensured that the top drivers would have to compete in all the races in order to become the series champion . This system remained unchanged from 1975 until the Chase for the Championship was instituted in 2004 . Seven - time Winston Cup champion Dale Earnhardt Since 1982 , the Daytona 500 has been the first non-exhibition race of the year . ABC Sports aired partial or full live telecasts of Grand National races from Talladega , North Wilkesboro , Darlington , Charlotte , and Nashville in 1970 . Because these events were perceived as less exciting than many Grand National races , ABC abandoned its live coverage . Races were instead broadcast , delayed and edited , on the ABC sports variety show Wide World of Sports . In 1979 , the Daytona 500 became the first stock car race that was nationally televised from flag to flag on CBS . The leaders going into the last lap , Cale Yarborough and Donnie Allison , wrecked on the backstretch while dicing for the lead , allowing Richard Petty to pass them both for the win . Immediately , Yarborough , Allison , and Allison 's brother Bobby were engaged in a fistfight on national television . This underlined the drama and emotion of the sport and increased its broadcast marketability . Fortunately for NASCAR , the race coincided with a major snowstorm along the United States ' eastern seaboard , successfully introducing the sport to a captive audience . In 1981 , an awards banquet began to be held in New York City on the first Friday evening in December . The first banquets were held in the Waldorf - Astoria 's Starlight Room and in 1985 were moved to the much larger Grand Ballroom . But in 2001 , the banquet portion was dropped in favor of a simpler awards ceremony . And in 2002 , the awards ceremony was moved to the Hammerstein Ballroom at the Manhattan Center . However , in 2003 , the festivities returned to the Waldorf 's Grand Ballroom , and the banquet format was reinstated . In 1985 , Winston introduced a new awards program called the Winston Million . From 1985 to 1997 , any driver who won three of the four most prestigious races in the series was given one million dollars . The prize was only won twice ; Bill Elliott won in 1985 , Darrell Waltrip nearly won in 1989 , Dale Jarrett nearly won in 1996 , and Jeff Gordon won in 1997 . The Winston Million was replaced with a similar program , the Winston No Bull Five , in 1998 . This program awarded one million dollars to any driver who won a prestigious race after finishing in the top five of the most previous prestigious race . The series underwent a large boom in popularity in the 1990s . In 1994 , NASCAR held the first Brickyard 400 at Indianapolis Motor Speedway . Between 1997 and 1998 , the winner 's prize money for the Daytona 500 tripled . This coincided with a decline of popularity in American Championship Car Racing . In 1999 , NASCAR made a new agreement with Fox Broadcasting , Turner Broadcasting , and NBC . The contract , signed for eight years for Fox and six years for NBC and Turner , was valued at $2.4 billion . In 2001 , Pixar visited NASCAR tracks as research for the 2006 animated film Cars , which included the voices of NASCAR drivers Richard Petty and Dale Earnhardt Jr . To avoid advertising tobacco in a Disney film , `` Piston Cup '' served as Pixar 's allusion to the Winston Cup . Nextel and Sprint ( edit ) The Nextel Cup Series logo from 2004 to 2007 . At the end of 2003 , R.J. Reynolds Tobacco 's sponsorship contract expired , and NASCAR negotiated a contract with Nextel , a telecommunications company . In 2004 , the series became known as the Nextel Cup Series . The 2006 merger between Sprint and Nextel resulted in the Cup Series being renamed the Sprint Cup , beginning with the 2008 season . The Sprint Cup trophy was designed by Tiffany & Co. and is silver , with a pair of checkered flags in flight . See also : Criticism of NASCAR By 2009 , the popularity boom of the 1990s had ended , and television ratings over the previous ten years had become more or less stagnant . Some long - time fans have criticized the series for losing its traditional appeal because of abandoning venues in the southeastern United States in favor of newer markets . They have also voiced discontent over Toyota 's presence in the series . Japanese telecommunications corporation SoftBank acquired Sprint in July 2013 . While NASCAR was suspicious of diversity promotion and aware of the negative implications of the redneck image , it also recognized the opportunities to expand the sport . NASCAR CEO Brian France has become a prime target for criticism among fans . In 2016 , NASCAR announced the creation of a charter system , which would guarantee 36 teams entry to all 36 races . Eligibility for a charter would depend on a team 's attempts to qualify for every race within the previous three seasons . In conjunction with this rule , NASCAR also reduced the size of the Cup field to 40 cars . The Sprint Cup Series logo from 2008 to 2016 . Chase for the Cup ( edit ) Main article : NASCAR playoffs Seven - time NASCAR Cup Series champion , Jimmie Johnson . Along with the change in title sponsorship for the series , the 2004 season also introduced a new system for determining the series champion , influenced by the system used in the USAR Hooters Pro Cup Series . Originally known as the Chase for the Nextel Cup ( or simply `` The Chase '' , and later changed to Sprint branding ) , the ten highest - scoring drivers and teams ( plus ties ) in the first 26 races of the season became eligible to win the championship by competing in a playoff held within the final ten races . This number was increased to 12 teams in 2007 . The Chase participants had their points increased to a level mathematically unattainable by anyone outside this field ( roughly 1,800 points ahead of the first driver outside the Chase ) . From the inaugural Chase in 2004 to the 2006 Chase , the drivers were seeded based on points position at the end of the regular season , with first place starting with 5,050 points and tenth place starting with 5,005 . From 2007 to 2010 , the points totals of each driver who made the Chase were reset to 5,000 points , plus ten additional points for each race victory during the first 26 races . Points would still be awarded as usual during the affected races . The driver leading in points after the 36th race would be declared the champion . As part of a major change in the points system that took effect in 2011 , the qualifying criteria and the points reset were changed as well . From 2011 to 2013 , the ten drivers with the most points automatically qualified for the Chase . They were joined by two `` wild card '' qualifiers , specifically the two drivers with the most race wins who were ranked between 11th and 20th in drivers ' points . Their base point totals were then reset to 2,000 points , a level more than 1,000 points higher than that of the first driver outside the Chase . ( Under the new point system , a race winner can earn a maximum of 48 points , as opposed to 195 in the pre-2011 system . ) The ten automatic qualifiers received a bonus of three points for each win during the regular season , while the two wild card qualifiers received no such bonus . As in the past , the race layouts for the remaining ten races were the same , with no changes to the scoring system . On November 20 , 2011 , Tony Stewart and Carl Edwards ended the season in a first - ever points tie . Stewart 's five season wins over Edwards ' one win gave Stewart the tie - breaker . Hence he was named the winner of the 2011 NASCAR Cup Series Championship . For 2014 , NASCAR announced wide - ranging changes to the Chase format : The group of drivers in the Chase officially became the NASCAR Sprint Cup Chase Grid . The number of drivers qualifying for the Chase Grid ranges from 12 to 16 . Fifteen of the 16 spots in the Chase Grid are reserved for the drivers with the most race wins over the first 26 races . The remaining spot is reserved for the points leader after 26 races , but only if that driver does not have a victory . If fewer than 16 drivers have wins in the first 26 races , the remaining Chase Grid spots are filled by winless drivers in order of points earned due that season . All drivers on the Chase Grid continue to have their driver points reset to 2,000 before the Chase , with a three - point bonus for each win in the first 26 races . The Chase is now divided into four rounds . After each of the first three rounds , the four Chase Grid drivers with the fewest number of points for the season are eliminated from the Grid and from Championship contention . Any driver on the Grid who wins a race in the first three rounds automatically advances to the next round . All drivers eliminated from the Chase have their points readjusted back to the points they started with at the beginning of the Round of 16 , ( race 27 ) plus any points earned after , using the regular season points scheme only ( no Round of 12 , or Round of Eight reset points ) . In 2016 , the Chase for the Championship , formerly known as the Challenger , Contender , and Eliminator round , were changed to a Round of 16 , Round of 12 , and Round of 8 . Round of 16 ( Races 27 -- 29 ) Begins with 16 drivers , each with 2,000 points , plus a 3 - point bonus for each win in the first 26 races Round of 12 ( Races 30 -- 32 ) Begins with 12 drivers , each with 3,000 points Round of Eight ( Races 33 -- 35 ) Begins with eight drivers , each with 4,000 points Championship Four ( final race ) The last four drivers in contention for the season title start the race with 5,000 points , with the highest finisher in the race winning the Cup Series title . No bonus points are awarded for laps led or most laps led for these four drivers . If one of the Championship Four drivers wins the race , the maximum points they can get is 40 . To encourage continued competition among all drivers , a number of awards are given to drivers finishing outside the Chase . The highest finishing non-Chase driver ( 13th place at the end of the season from 2007 to 2013 and potentially anywhere from fifth to 17th place starting in 2014 ) is awarded a bonus of approximately one million dollars , and was originally given a position on stage at the post-season awards banquet . The awards banquet now focuses solely on the Chase , with all of the series ' sponsored and contingency awards moved to a luncheon at Cipriani the day before the banquet . This playoff system was implemented primarily to make the points race more competitive late in the season , and indirectly , to increase television ratings during the NFL season , which starts around the same time as the Chase begins . The Chase also forces teams to perform at their best during all three stages of the season , the first half of the regular season , the second half of the regular season , and the Chase . Previously , the champion could have been determined before the last race , or even several races before the end of the season , because it was mathematically impossible for any other driver to gain enough points to overtake the leader . Monster Energy ( edit ) The title sponsorship with Sprint ended after the 2016 season . On December 1 , NASCAR announced it had reached an agreement with Monster Energy to become the new sponsor of NASCAR 's premier series . On December 19 , NASCAR announced the new name for the series , Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series as well as the new series logo and new NASCAR logo . In 2017 , stage racing was introduced . Races were broken up into three stages , four in the case of the Monster Energy Cup Series ' longest race , the Coca - Cola 600 . ( 1 ) A stage consists of normal green flag racing followed by a stoppage on a designated lap signified by the waving of a green and white checkered flag , then a yellow flag . ( 2 ) The top - 10 finishers in each of the first two stages are awarded bonus championship points , 10 points to the winner , 9 points for the 2nd place car , down to 1 point for the 10th place car . The points earned are added to a driver / owner 's regular season points total , while the winner of the stage receives an additional point that is added to their point total , after the reset , if they get into the NASCAR playoffs. ( 3 ) The stage lengths vary by track , but the first two stages usually combine to equal about half of the race . The final stage ( which still pays out championship points to all drivers ) usually equals the other half . Also , a regular season points championship is awarded to the driver who scored the most points in the first 26 races ( regular season ) . This championship does not award any bonus points to the winning driver . Otherwise , the points system and playoff format remained the same . Drivers ' Championship ( edit ) Main article : List of Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series champions The Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series Drivers ' Championship is awarded by the Chairman of NASCAR to the most successful Cup Series driver over a season , as determined by a points system based on race results and victories . First awarded in 1949 to Red Byron , 31 different drivers have won the Championship . The first driver to win multiple Championships was Herb Thomas in 1951 and 1953 , while the record for the most Championships , seven , is shared by Richard Petty , Dale Earnhardt and Jimmie Johnson . Johnson has the record for most consecutive Championships ; he won five Championships from 2006 to 2010 . So far every Champion has originated from the United States . Owners ' Championship ( edit ) The Cup Series Owner 's Championship operates in the same manner as the Driver 's Championship , except that points are awarded to each individual car . If an owner enters more than one car , each car is viewed and scored as a separate entity . The points in the Owners Championship is identical to the Drivers ' list , with one minor exception : Drivers who are not eligible to earn points toward the Drivers ' title can still earn points toward the Owners ' Championship . An example of this occurred in the first race under the current points system , the 2011 Daytona 500 . Under another rule newly implemented for the 2011 season , drivers are only allowed to earn drivers ' points in one of NASCAR 's three national series . Trevor Bayne , who won the race , did not earn any drivers ' points because he chose to run for the Nationwide Series championship . However , he earned 47 owner 's points for Wood Brothers Racing ( 43 base points , three bonus points for the win , and one bonus point for leading a lap ) . Before a major change to the points system was implemented in 2011 , there was a slightly different addition to the system of allocating owner 's points . If more than 43 cars attempted to qualify for a race , owner 's points were awarded to each car in the following manner : the fastest non-qualifier ( in essence , 44th position ) received 31 points , three points fewer than the car in th 43rd position . If more than one car did not qualify , owners ' points continued to be assigned in the manner described , decreasing by three for each position . Under the post-2010 point system , only cars that actually start in a given race earn owner 's points . There is a separate `` Chase for the Championship '' for the owners ' points . A 2005 rule change in NASCAR 's three national series , which will be revoked with the 2013 season , affects how the owner 's points are used . Through the 2012 season , the top 35 ( NASCAR Cup Series ) or top 30 ( other series ) full - time teams in owner points are awarded exemptions for the next race , guaranteeing them a position in that race . These points determine who is in and who is out of the next race and have become crucial since the exemption rule was changed to its current format . At the end of each season , the top 35 contenders in owner 's points are also locked into the first five races of the next season . Beginning in 2013 , the rules will revert to a system more similar to the pre-2005 rules . In the NASCAR Cup Series , the first 36 places in the field will be determined strictly by qualifying speed . The next six places will be awarded on owner points , with the final place reserved for a past Series Champion . If the final exemption is not used because all past Champions are already in the field , it will pass to another car based on the number of owner points . In some circumstances , a team 's owners ' points will differ from the corresponding driver 's points . In 2005 , after owner Jack Roush fired Kurt Busch during the next - to - last race weekend of the season , the No. 97 team finished in eighth place in owner 's points , while Busch ended up tenth in driver 's points . In 2002 , when Sterling Marlin was injured , the No. 40 team finished eighth in owner 's points , while Marlin was 18th in driver 's points , because of substitute drivers Jamie McMurray and Mike Bliss , who continued to earn owner points for the No. 40 . Another example was in the aforementioned 2011 Daytona 500 . Manufacturers ' Championship ( edit ) Main article : List of NASCAR Manufacturers ' champions A Manufacturer 's Championship is awarded each year , although the Driver 's Championship is considered more prestigious . In the past , manufacturer 's championships were prestigious because of the number of manufacturers involved , and the manufacturer 's championship was a major marketing tool . In the Xfinity Series , the championship is known as the Bill France Performance Cup . Up to the 2013 season , points were scored in a 1960 -- 1990 Formula One system , with the winner 's manufacturer scoring nine points , six for the next manufacturer , four for the manufacturer third among makes , three for the fourth , two for the fifth , and one point for the sixth positioned manufacturer . This meant that if Chevrolets placed first through tenth in a given race and a Ford was 11th and a Dodge 12th , Chevrolet earned 9 points , Ford 6 and Dodge 4 . Starting in 2014 , NASCAR changed the system to mimic the Owner 's Championship . Under this system , each manufacturer 's best finishing representative effectively earned them the same amount of points as that team earned , including any bonus points from leading a lap or winning the event . Representation ( edit ) In NASCAR 's earliest years , there was a diverse array of machinery , with little support from the car companies themselves , but by the mid 1960s , participation was exclusively American manufacturers with factory support . Chrysler , Ford and General Motors were the primary , if not only , competitors for much of NASCAR 's history . Plymouth , while somewhat successful in the 1960s with the Hemi , never won a Manufacturers Championship until Ford pulled out of racing in the early 1970s . GM was still using four different brands in NASCAR in 1991 , but within three years , Buick and Oldsmobile were gone . Pontiac survived until 2004 , leaving only Chevrolet . 2007 saw the first new brand since 1971 , when Japanese manufacturer Toyota joined . Chrysler 's Dodge brand returned after a 15 - year hiatus in 2001 , but departed after 2012 , leaving just Chevrolet , Ford and Toyota . Chevrolet has been the most successful manufacturer as of August 2015 , with 749 race wins and 38 manufacturers championships . Ford ranks second with 636 victories and 15 manufacturers championships . Dodge is third in wins with 217 , Plymouth fourth with 190 , and Pontiac fifth with 155 . Toyota currently ranks 9th all time , with 74 victories . Cup cars ( edit ) Cup Series cars ( often called `` Cup cars '' ) adhere to a front engine rear - wheel - drive design . A roll cage serves as a space frame chassis and is covered by a 24 - gauge sheet metal body . They have a closed cockpit , fenders , a rear spoiler , and an aerodynamic splitter . Fielding a car for one season usually costs $ 10 -- 20 million . Each team may build its own cars and engines ( per NASCAR 's specifications ) or purchase cars and engines from other teams . The cars are powered by EFI V8 engines with compacted graphite iron blocks and pushrod valvetrain s actuating two - valves per cylinder , and are limited to 358 cubic inches ' ( about 5.8 liters ) displacement . However , modern technology has allowed power outputs near 900 horsepower ( 670 kW ) in unrestricted form while retaining the conventional basic engine design . In fact , before NASCAR instituted the gear rule , Cup engines were capable of operating more than 10,000 rpm . A NASCAR Cup Series engine with the maximum bore of 4.185 inches ( 106.3 millimeters ) and stroke of 3.25 inches ( 82.55 millimeters ) at 9,000 rpm has a mean piston speed of 80.44 fps ( 24.75 m / s ) . Contemporary Cup engines run 9,800 rpm , 87.59 fps ( 26.95 m / s ) , at the road course events on Pocono Pennsylvania 's long front stretch and at the . 526 - mile short - track Martinsville Speedway . At the backbone 1.5 - to 2.0 - mile tri-oval tracks of NASCAR , the engines produce over 850 hp running 92 -- 9400 rpm for 500 miles , 600 mi for the Coca - Cola 600 Charlotte race . The front suspension is a double wishbone design , while the rear suspension is a two - link live axle design utilizing trailing arms . Brake rotors must be made of magnetic cast iron or steel and may not exceed 12.72 inches ( 32.3 centimeters ) in diameter . The only aerodynamic components on the vehicles are the front splitter , spoiler , NACA ducts in the windows only , and side skirts . The use of rear diffusers , vortex generators , canards , wheel well vents , hood vents , and undertrays is strictly prohibited . While the cars may reach speeds of about 200 mph ( 321.8 km / h ) on certain tracks , Russ Wicks drove a stock car built to NASCAR 's specifications 244.9 mph ( 394.1 km / h ) during a speed record attempt at the Bonneville Salt Flats in October 2007 . NASCAR Cup Series engines carry a Freescale - provided electronic control unit , but traction control and anti-lock brakes are prohibited . Live telemetry is used only for television broadcasts , but the data can be recorded from the ECU to the computer if the car is in the garage and not on the track . Cup cars are required to have at least 1 working windshield wiper installed on the car for the 2 road courses ( Sonoma and Watkins Glen ) , as part of the road racing rules package . Evolution of Cup cars ( edit ) 1949 -- 1980 ( edit ) A Studebaker driven by Dick Linder in the 1951 Daytona Beach Road Course race . When the series was formed under the name , strictly stock , the cars were just that , production vehicles with no modifications allowed . The term stock car implied that the vehicles racing were unmodified street cars . Drivers would race with factory installed bench seats and AM radios still in the cars . To prevent broken glass from getting on the race track , windows would be rolled down , external lights would be removed or taped over , and wing mirrors would be removed . The 1957 fuel injected 150 model Chevrolet ( known as `` the black widow '' ) was the first car to be outlawed by NASCAR . The 1957 Chevrolet won the most races , with 59 wins , more than any car to ever race in the cup series . Before the mid-1960s , cars were typically based on full sized cars such as the Chevrolet Bel Air and Ford Galaxie . Beginning in 1966 , mid-size cars including the Ford Fairlane and Plymouth Belvedere were adopted and soon became the norm . Richard Petty 's Plymouth Superbird NASCAR once enforced a homologation rule that at various times stated that at least 500 cars had to be produced , or as many as one car for every make 's dealership in the nation had to be sold to the general public to allow it to be raced . Eventually , cars were made expressly for NASCAR competition , including the Ford Torino Talladega , which had a rounded nose , and the Dodge Charger Daytona and Plymouth Superbird which had a rear wing raised above roof level and a shark shaped nose - cap which enabled race speeds of exactly 200 mph . The Ford - based Mercury Spoiler powered by a Ford Boss 429 engine was timed at 199.6 mph . Beginning in 1971 , NASCAR rewrote the rules to effectively force the Ford and Chrysler specialty cars out of competition by limiting them to 305ci ( 5.0 L ) . The cars affected by this rule include the Ford Talladega , Mercury Spoiler II , Dodge Charger 500 , Dodge Charger Daytona and the Plymouth Superbird . This rule was so effective in limiting performance that only one car that season ever attempted to run in this configuration . In 1971 , NASCAR handicapped the larger engines with a restrictor plate . By 1972 , NASCAR phased in a rule to lower the maximum engine displacement from 429 cubic inches ( 7.0 liters ) to its present 358 cubic inches ( 5.8 liters ) . The transition was not complete until 1974 and coincided with American manufacturers ending factory support of racing and the 1973 oil crisis . 1981 -- 2007 ( edit ) The pit road at Richmond International Raceway in 1985 . The downsizing of American cars in the late 1970s presented a challenge for NASCAR . Rules mandated a minimum wheelbase of 115 inches ( 2,900 mm ) , but after 1979 , none of the models approved for competition met the standard , as mid-sized cars now typically had wheelbases between 105 and 112 inches . After retaining the older models ( 1977 for the GM makes , and 1979 for Ford and Dodge ) through 1980 , for the 1981 season the wheelbase requirement was reduced to 110 inches ( 2,800 mm ) , which the newer model cars could be stretched to meet without affecting their appearance . The Buick Regal with its swept - back `` shovel '' nose initially dominated competition , followed by the rounded , aerodynamic 1983 Ford Thunderbird . The Chevrolet Monte Carlo and Pontiac Grand Prix adopted bubble back windows to stay competitive . Amid its financial woes , and after dropping its poor performing ( both on the race track and for consumer sales ) Dodge Mirada and Chrysler Cordoba in 1983 , Chrysler Corporation left NASCAR entirely at the end of the 1985 season . 1987 marked an incredible , but then unfortunate milestone for NASCAR Cup Series cars . The incredible happened during Winston 500 qualifying when Bill Elliott established a world stock - car record when he posted a speed of 212.809 mph ( 342 km / h ) . Then the unfortunate happened ; during the 22nd lap of the race , driver Bobby Allison suffered a flat tire in the middle of Talladega Superspeedway 's tri-oval . Allison 's car hit the catch fence and tore a hole in the fence approximately 100 feet ( 30 m ) long . Several spectators were injured in the accident , including one woman who lost an eye . In the aftermath of the crash , NASCAR mandated the use of a restrictor plate at Talladega Superspeedway and Daytona International Speedway to reduce speeds . By 1989 , GM had switched its mid-sized models to V6 engines and front - wheel - drive , but the NASCAR racers only kept the body shape , with the old V8 rear - wheel - drive running gear , rendering obsolete the `` stock '' nature of the cars . When the Ford Thunderbird was retired after 1997 , without Ford having any two - door intermediate bodies , the four - door Ford Taurus body was used ( although NASCAR racers actually have no opening doors ) . The green flag at Infineon Raceway ( now Sonoma Raceway ) in 2005 While the manufacturers and models of automobiles used in racing were named for production cars ( Dodge Charger R / T , Chevrolet Impala SS , Toyota Camry , and the Ford Fusion ) , the similarities between NASCAR Cup Series cars and actual production cars were limited to a small amount of shaping and painting of the nose , headlight and tail light decals , and grill areas . Until 2003 , the hood , roof , and decklid were still required to be identical to their stock counterparts . Matt Kenseth 's 2007 Ford Fusion at Texas Motor Speedway . It was in this time that NASCAR engaged in the practice of mandating rule changes during the season if one particular car model became overly dominant . This often led to claims that some teams would attempt sandbagging to receive more favorable handicaps . Because of the notorious manner of the Ford Taurus race car and how the manufacturer turned the car into an `` offset '' car ( the car was notoriously asymmetrical in race trim because of its oval shape ) , NASCAR ended this practice to put more emphasis on parity and based new body rules in 2003 , similar to short track racing , where offset cars had become a burden for race officials , resulting in the `` Approved Body Configuration '' design . Car of Tomorrow ( 2007 -- 2012 ) ( edit ) Main article : Car of Tomorrow Jimmie Johnson 's 2009 COT in the Garage at Las Vegas Motor Speedway . In 2007 , NASCAR introduced a radically new vehicle specification known as the `` Car of Tomorrow '' ( CoT ) . The CoT made its debut at Bristol Motor Speedway in March 2007 . Initially , it was only used at 16 selected events . While NASCAR had originally planned to wait until the start of the 2009 season to use the CoT in every race , the date was changed to the start of the 2008 season . Many drivers still had complaints about the CoT , but this new timeline was intended to help teams save money by giving them only one car specification to work on . The design of the CoT has focused on cost control , parity , and driver safety . The car 's width was increased by 4 inches ( 10 centimeters ) , the bumpers were re-designed to render bump and run tactics less effective , and the height of the car has increased by 2 inches ( 5 centimeters ) to accommodate taller drivers and increase aerodynamic drag . The driver 's seat was moved closer to the center of the car . The change most notable to fans was the addition of a rear wing replacing the familiar spoiler . The wings could be adjusted between 0 and 16 degrees and used with multiple configurations of end plates . The new rules eliminate the asymmetrical bodies on cars , which had run rampant since the 1998 Taurus release . However , almost all advantages of using one car over another have been nullified . NASCAR requires all CoTs to conform to common body templates , regardless of make and model . The rear wing remained a controversial feature for several years . Its appearance was often criticized , and it was accused of forcing cars to become airborne in high - speed spins such as the one experienced by Carl Edwards during the 2009 Aaron 's 499 at Talladega Superspeedway . In 2010 NASCAR decided to replace the wing with the original spoiler . The switch began with the 2010 Goody 's Fast Pain Relief 500 at Martinsville Speedway . Jimmie Johnson leads a pack of cars three - wide multiple rows back in the 2015 Daytona 500 . In 2011 , NASCAR altered the nose of the car once more , with the splitter being reduced in size and the braces being replaced by a solid front valence . A major engine change occurred in 2012 with NASCAR 's introduction of fuel injection technology . Initially NASCAR indicated that it would transition to fuel injection midway through the 2011 season but decided before that season to put off the change until 2012 . Generation 6 car ( 2013 -- present ) ( edit ) Main article : Generation 6 ( NASCAR ) In 2013 , manufacturers were given increased leeway for branding their NASCAR Cup Series cars , creating the Generation Six race car . These changes were made so the cars would resemble their street counterparts more closely , as was done in the Xfinity Series in 2011 . All NASCAR Cup Series cars began utilizing a digital dash sold by McLaren in 2016 . This dash includes sixteen customizable preset screens , allowing the driver to monitor all the previous info with several additional elements such as lap time and engine diagnostics , for a total of twenty - four data elements . Information can be displayed as a gauge , numeral , bar graph or LED . A Generation 6 Chevrolet SS Cup Series vehicle . Setup ( edit ) The automobiles ' suspension , brakes , and aerodynamic components are also selected to tailor the cars to different racetracks . A car that understeers is said to be `` tight , '' or `` pushing , '' causing the car to keep going up the track with the wheel turned all the way left , while one that oversteers is said to be `` loose '' or `` free , '' causing the back end of the car to slide around , which can result in the car spinning out if the driver is not careful . The adjustment of front and rear aerodynamic downforce , spring rates , track bar geometry , brake proportioning , the wedge ( also known as cross-weight ) , changing the camber angle , and changing the air pressure in the tires can all change the distribution of forces among the tires during cornering to correct for handling problems . Recently , coil bind setups have become popular among teams . These characteristics are also affected by tire stagger ( tires of different circumference at different positions on the car , the right rear having the most influence in left turns ) and rubber compounds used in tire construction . These settings are determined by NASCAR and Goodyear engineers and may not be adjusted by individual teams . Changing weather conditions may also affect a car 's handling . In a long race , it is sometimes advantageous to prepare a car to handle well at the end of an event while surrendering the advantage of speed at the start . Without electronic controls , the carburetor must be tuned manually according to the expected air temperature and barometric pressure . Rain forces a race to be halted immediately because there is no current provision for rain tires . While rain tires were developed for the series in the late 1990s , NASCAR abandoned them because there were not enough road courses on the schedule to justify the cost of making more tires to replace them as they aged . Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series cars have used these tires in practice sessions , but only the Xfinity Series has used them under actual race conditions . There was , however , one case of a NASCAR Cup Series race being held in the rain . In 1956 a race at Road America was held in rain ; Tim Flock won the race . Specifications ( edit ) A typical NASCAR Cup Series engine . Chassis : Steel tube frame with integral safety roll cage -- must meet NASCAR standards Engine displacement : 5.86 L ( 358 cu in ) Pushrod V8 Transmission : 4 - speed manual Weight : 3,325 lb ( 1,508 kg ) minimum without driver and fuel ; 3,450 lb ( 1,565 kg ) minimum with driver and fuel Power output : 725 hp ( 541 kW ) unrestricted ; 445 hp ( 332 kW ) with restrictor plate ( 2015 ) Torque : 720 N ⋅ m ( 530 ft ⋅ lb ) Fuel : Sunoco 260 GTX 90 MON , 98 RON , 94 AKI unleaded 85 % + Sunoco Green Ethanol E15 Fuel capacity : 17.75 US gal ( 67 L ) most tracks Fuel delivery : Port fuel injection Fuel injection type : McLaren ECU provider : MES Freescale TAG - 400N Compression ratio : 12 : 1 Aspiration : Naturally aspirated Wheelbase : 110 in ( 2,794 mm ) Steering : Power , recirculating ball Tires : Slick tire provided by Goodyear Safety equipment : HANS device , seat belt 6 - point supplied by Willans , Sabelt ( Optional : seven - point seat belt ) Cup tracks ( edit ) See also : List of NASCAR race tracks Homestead Loudon Watkins Glen Pocono Indianapolis Bristol Kansas Sonoma Fontana Texas Dover Richmond Chicago Michigan Kentucky Atlanta Talladega Martinsville Charlotte Darlington Daytona Phoenix Las Vegas Presently , the Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series is held mainly in eastern states , with only six tracks located west of the Mississippi River . NASCAR Cup Series races are not conducted on standardized tracks ; the 2017 season included 21 oval tracks and 2 road courses . The lap length of the oval tracks vary from . 526 miles ( 0.847 km ) at Martinsville Speedway to 2.66 miles ( 4.28 km ) at Talladega Superspeedway . The majority of the oval tracks are paved with asphalt , while 3 tracks are wholly or partially paved with concrete . Although the series historically raced on dirt tracks , it has not done so since 1970 . A satellite view of Charlotte Motor Speedway , a typical NASCAR track with a D - oval configuration . Beginning in 2018 , the infield roval will also host a Cup Series event . While some tracks are true ovals , such as Bristol Motor Speedway , over half the tracks currently in Cup competition are a form of tri-oval . Other configurations include Darlington Raceway 's characteristic uneven `` egg '' shape , the triangular Pocono Raceway , and the rectangle of Indianapolis Motor Speedway . While NASCAR is known for primarily running counter-clockwise on oval tracks , Sonoma Raceway and Watkins Glen International are complex road courses which are raced clockwise . The series ' first road course event was held in 1954 , at Linden Airport in New Jersey . Since 1963 , the series has raced on at least one road course every year . Courses have a wide range of banking in the corners . New Hampshire Motor Speedway , with 7 degrees of banking , has the flattest corners , while the steepest banking is Talladega Superspeedway 's 33 degrees . Tracks also vary in amount of banking on the straightaways , from entirely flat on many courses to 9 degrees at Dover International Speedway . Bill Elliott 's Melling Racing car that set the record for the fastest lap in a stock car -- 212.809 mph ( 342.483 km / h ) , 44.998 seconds at Talladega Superspeedway . Race speeds vary widely depending on the track . The fastest track is Talladega Superspeedway , where the record average speed is 188.354 mph ( 303.126 km / h ) and the record qualifying lap is 212.809 mph ( 342.483 km / h ) , set by Bill Elliott in 1987 . The record stands unlikely to be broken , as restrictor plates were made mandatory at superspeedways in 1988 to reduce speeds . The slowest tracks are Sonoma Raceway , a road course with a record average speed of only 83.6 mph ( 134.5 km / h ) and a record qualifying lap of 99.3 mph ( 159.8 km / h ) , and Martinsville Speedway , a short , nearly flat `` paper clip '' oval , with a record average speed of 82.2 mph ( 132.3 km / h ) and a record qualifying lap of 99.9 mph ( 160.8 km / h ) . The average speed of a race is determined by dividing the winner 's race time ( from the waving of the green flag to the waving of the checkered flag , including laps spent under caution ) by the distance of the race . Time elapsed during red flag periods is not included in the calculation of the average speed . Cup Series records ( edit ) Most championships : 7 ( tied ) -- Richard Petty , Dale Earnhardt , Jimmie Johnson Active driver with most championships : 7 -- Jimmie Johnson Most consecutive championships : 5 -- Jimmie Johnson ( 2006 -- 2010 ) Fewest victories in a championship season : 1 ( tied ) -- Benny Parsons , Bill Rexford , Ned Jarrett , Matt Kenseth Most championships by a car owner : 12 -- Rick Hendrick Manufacturer with most total championships : Chevrolet -- 39 ( Ford is second with 15 ) Most wins for one year model car : 59 ( 1957 -- 1960 ) -- 1957 Chevrolet 150 Most career wins : 200 -- Richard Petty Most career poles : 123 -- Richard Petty Most career poles in the modern era ( 1972 -- present ) : 81 -- Jeff Gordon Most active career poles : 51 -- Ryan Newman ( 2002 -- present ) Most total career last place finishes : 33 -- Joe Nemechek Most career starts without a win : 653 ( 1963 -- 1991 ) -- J.D. McDuffie Most wins in a season : 27 -- Richard Petty ( 1967 ) Most wins in a modern era season : 13 ( tied ) -- Richard Petty ( 1975 ) , Jeff Gordon ( 1998 ) Most career starts : 1,184 -- Richard Petty Most consecutive starts : 797 -- Jeff Gordon Most career top 10 's : 712 -- Richard Petty Most top 10 's in a season : 45 ( tied ) -- Joe Weatherly ( 1962 ) , Ned Jarrett ( 1964 , 1965 ) Most Top 10 's in a modern era season : 30 -- Jeff Gordon ( 2007 ) Most career laps led : 51,406 -- Richard Petty Most Daytona 500 victories : 7 -- Richard Petty Most career laps led in the modern era : 27,243 -- Cale Yarborough Smallest margin of victory : 0.002 seconds ( tied ) -- Ricky Craven ( 2003 Carolina Dodge Dealers 400 ) , Jimmie Johnson ( 2011 Aaron 's 499 ) Largest margin of victory by laps : 22 laps -- Ned Jarrett ( Spartanburg 1965 ) Largest margin of victory by distance : 19.25 miles ( 30.98 km ) -- Ned Jarrett ( 1965 Southern 500 ) Most consecutive seasons with at least one win : 18 -- Richard Petty ( 1960 -- 1977 ) Most consecutive wins : 10 -- Richard Petty ( 1967 ) Most consecutive 1.5 - mile course wins : 4 -- Martin Truex Jr. ( 2016 -- 2017 ) Fastest qualifying speed : 212.809 mph ( 1987 Winston 500 ) -- Bill Elliott Oldest race winner : Harry Gant , 7004192120000000000 ♠ 52 years , 219 days ( 1992 Champion Spark Plug 400 ) Most lead changes in a race : 2010 Aaron 's 499 -- 88 lead changes among 29 drivers Youngest Daytona 500 winner : Trevor Bayne , 7003730600000000000 ♠ 20 years , 1 day ( 2011 Daytona 500 ) Most career Top 10 's by a female driver : 7 -- Danica Patrick Most laps led by a female driver : 64 -- Danica Patrick Most career starts by a female driver : 190 -- Danica Patrick Most stage wins in a single season ( 2017 -- present ) : 20 -- Martin Truex Jr . Most 3 - stage sweeps wins in a season ( 2017 -- present ) : 2 -- Martin Truex Jr. ( 2017 Kobalt 400 , 2017 Quaker State 400 ) Highest single - season stages win - rate ( 2017 -- present ) : 18.5 % ( 20 of 108 ) -- Martin Truex Jr . See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series . Book : NASCAR 2017 Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series List of Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series champions List of all - time NASCAR Cup Series winners List of NASCAR teams List of NASCAR drivers List of NASCAR race tracks Stock car racing Can - Am Duel Daytona 500 Xfinity Series Camping World Truck Series Sprint Cup ( trophy ) NASCAR rules and regulations References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` NASCAR : NASCAR Drivers , Race Standings & News -- NASCAR.com '' . nascar.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` NASCAR Announces Chase for the Sprint Cup Format Change '' ( Press release ) . NASCAR . January 30 , 2014 . Retrieved January 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) 2017 NASCAR Sprint Cup TV Ratings ' Retrieved June 11 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` Strictly Stock Standings and Statistics for 1949 '' page of Racing - Reference website ( 2 ) , retrieved May 9 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Fielden , Greg , `` NASCAR Cleans Up '' , Speedway Illustrated , September 2004 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Jason , `` How Do They Do That ? : Winston Cup Point System '' , Stock Car Racing ( ISSN 0734 - 7340 ) , Volume 36 , Number 10 , October 2001 . Jump up ^ Fielden , Greg . NASCAR Chronicle . Publications International , Ltd. , Lincolnwood , Illinois , USA , 2006 . p. 36 . Jump up ^ DarlingtonRaceway.com `` Darlington Legends : Million Dollar Bill '' Retrieved 7 / 5 / 09 Jump up ^ TheAutoChannel.com `` Winston to Substitute `` No Bull 5 '' for `` Winston Million '' '' Retrieved 7 / 5 / 09 Jump up ^ Autoracing1.com `` NASCAR 's Greatest Moments -- Part 3 '' Retrieved March 12 , 2009 Jump up ^ Forbes.com `` NASCAR Pulls into Prime Time '' Retrieved August 22 , 2009 Jump up ^ Daly , Steve ( 2006 - 06 - 19 ) . `` Meet the Mater '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Conheça os atores de Carros '' ( in Portuguese ) . Fast Driver . 2006 - 06 - 29 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ Racingone.com , `` Nextel Cup Unveiled '' Retrieved 8 -- 4 -- 08 Jump up ^ Desertnews.com `` Is NASCAR losing traditional fan base ? '' Retrieved March 12 , 2009 Jump up ^ Insider Racing News.com `` NASCAR 's Brian France : Finally Answering the Clue Phone ? '' Retrieved March 2 , 2009 Jump up ^ Bruce , Kenny ( February 9 , 2016 ) . `` NASCAR ANNOUNCES LANDMARK NEW OWNERSHIP STRUCTURE '' . NASCAR . Retrieved February 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Circletrack.com `` The USAR Championship Trail '' Retrieved 8 -- 4 -- 08 Jump up ^ `` 10 - race Chase for the Cup crowns series champ '' . NASCAR 101 . NASCAR . January 28 , 2011 . Retrieved March 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ USATODAY.com `` Nextel Cup finale gets big ratings '' Retrieved 8 -- 4 -- 08 Jump up ^ Gluck , Jeff ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` Monster Energy replaces Sprint as title sponsor for NASCAR 's top series '' . USA Today . Las Vegas : Gannett Company . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NASCAR unveils new brand identity and Premier Series mark , name '' . NASCAR.com . NASCAR Wire Service . December 19 , 2016 . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NHOF : New Class Unveiled Tonight '' . Speed . Fox Sports . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2012 . Retrieved December 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Richard Petty Information '' . NASCAR . Turner Sports . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2011 . Retrieved December 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Earnhardt Information '' . Sports Illustrated . CNN Sports . Retrieved December 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Biebrich , Richard ( November 21 , 2010 ) . `` Jimmie Johnson wins fifth straight NASCAR Sprint Cup championship '' . Homestead , Florida : New York Daily News . Retrieved December 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NASCAR announces 2013 competition changes '' ( Press release ) . NASCAR . October 16 , 2012 . Retrieved October 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` CHEVROLET CLINCHES BILL FRANCE PERFORMANCE CUP IN NASCAR NATIONWIDE SERIES '' . Speedway Media . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` NASCAR simplifies manufacturer points system '' . nascar.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ NASCAR.com `` Waltrip race team finds important asset in partner '' 2 / 15 / 08 Jump up ^ USAToday `` Debut of new rules could offer glimpse at road ahead '' Retrieved 8 / 25 / 08 Jump up ^ NASCAR.com Article explaining brake systems Jump up ^ Russwicks.com article on the speed record Jump up ^ Racing-Reference.info `` 1951 - 01 '' Retrieved 6 / 30 / 09 Jump up ^ ESPN.com `` Wallace wins Daytona 's first truck race '' Retrieved March 19 , 2009 ^ Jump up to : NASCAR.com `` Harvick pleased after testing Car of Tomorrow '' Retrieved August 29 , 2005 Jump up ^ espn.com `` Drivers take spoiler for spin at Charlotte '' Retrieved 3 / 26 / 10 Jump up ^ Joe Gibbs Racing `` 5 Things You Should Know About NASCAR 's New Nose . '' Retrieved November 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Rodman , Dave ( January 22 , 2011 ) . `` NASCAR defers fuel injection to 2012 season '' . NASCAR.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Tom ( 2013 - 02 - 14 ) . `` CUP : Automakers Help NASCAR Find G Spot '' . Speed . Fox Sports . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Digital dashboards aim to improve racing for NASCAR drivers ... and fans '' . USA TODAY. 18 February 2016 . Retrieved 30 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Lemasters Jr. , Ron ( January 5 , 2015 ) . `` NASCAR feels carbon fiber impact '' . NASCAR.com . NASCAR Media Group , LLC . Retrieved 30 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Reid Spencer ( 18 February 2016 ) . `` Digital dash amplifies communication between teams , drivers '' . Retrieved 30 April 2016 . Jump up ^ MainStreetNewsSports.com `` Flock Won Rainy Race Back in 1956 '' Retrieved 6 / 26 / 09 Jump up ^ Race Engine Technology Issue 027 Jump up ^ `` Richard Petty recalls last NASCAR dirt race '' . nascar.com . Retrieved August 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` gnextinc.com '' . gnextinc.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` CUP : Most Last - Place Finishes ( 1949 -- present ) '' . brock.lastcar.info . Retrieved August 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ NASCAR ( 2015 - 11 - 02 ) , Shifting Gears : Jeff Gordon and road courses , retrieved 2017 - 08 - 06 Jump up ^ `` NASCAR '' . www.facebook.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 20 . External links ( edit ) Official website Racing Reference Links to related articles NASCAR Chairmen and presidents Bill France Sr . Bill France Jr . Mike Helton Brian France Major national racing series Monster Energy Cup Series Daytona 500 Xfinity Series Camping World Truck Series Regional / local racing series K&N Pro Series East West Whelen Modified NASCAR Whelen Modified Tour Weekly Short Track Racing NASCAR Whelen All - American Series International series NASCAR Canada Pinty 's Series NASCAR Europe Whelen Euro Series NASCAR Mexico PEAK Mexico Series Online racing series NASCAR iRacing Series NASCAR iRacing.com Series NASCAR Peak Antifreeze Series Former series NASCAR Australia NASCAR in Australia AUSCAR AutoZone Elite Division Midwest Series Northwest Series Southeast Series Southwest Series Other series Baby Grand National / Dash Series Busch All - Star Tour Convertible Division Grand American Grand National East Mini Stocks Speedway Division NASCAR Whelen Southern Modified Tour Special events Toyota All - Star Showdown UNOH Battle at the Beach Television and radio CBS ESPN / ABC Fox / Fox Sports 1 Hot Pass IndyCar Radio Network Motor Racing Network NBC / NBCSN Performance Racing Network Speed TNT Lists Drivers Female drivers Fatalities Champions Cup Series Xfinity Series Truck Series Closest races Cup Series Xfinity Series Truck Series Cup Series Manufacturers ' champions All - time Cup Series winners Triple Threat winners Seasons Series Teams Former teams Tracks Video games Topics Buschwhacker Car of Tomorrow Generation 6 ( NASCAR ) Criticism Dash 4 Cash Drive for Diversity Fuel injection Hall of Fame Lore Playoffs Race Team Alliance Road course ringer Rookie of the Year Rules and regulations Safety in NASCAR Start and park Streamline Hotel Book Category Commons Portal Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series seasons 1940s 1949 1950s 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990s 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Races in the Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series Current Daytona Atlanta Las Vegas Phoenix California Martinsville Texas Bristol Richmond Talladega Dover Kansas Charlotte Pocono Michigan Sonoma Chicagoland Daytona Kentucky New Hampshire Pocono Watkins Glen Michigan Bristol Darlington Indianapolis Playoffs : Las Vegas Richmond Charlotte Dover Talladega Kansas Martinsville Texas Phoenix Homestead Exhibition Advance Auto Parts Clash Can - Am Duels Monster Energy NASCAR All - Star Race Previous North Wilkesboro North Carolina Riverside Nashville Texas World North Wilkesboro North Carolina Riverside Nashville Texas World Texas World Ontario Darlington Trenton Atlanta California New Hampshire Previous exhibition Suzuka Motegi Calder Park Note : The Cup Series has multiple events at the same racing venue . Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series race venues Current ISC Auto Club Chicagoland Darlington Daytona Homestead Kansas Martinsville Michigan Phoenix Richmond Talladega Watkins Glen ✝ SMI Atlanta Bristol Charlotte Kentucky Las Vegas New Hampshire Sonoma ✝ Texas Other Dover Indianapolis Pocono Phoenix Former Arizona State Ascot Park Asheville - Weaverville Augusta ( oval ) Beltsville Bloomsburg Bridgehampton Bowman Gray California State Canfield Central City Champion Charlotte Speedway Cleveland County Columbia Concord Davenport Dayton Daytona Beach Road Course § Dixie Dog Track Dominion Fairgrounds Five Flags Fort Miami Funk 's / Winchester Gamecock Golden Gate Greenville - Pickens Hamburg Harris Harnett Hayloft Heidelberg Hickory Islip Lakeview Lakewood Langhorne Lincoln Lincoln City Marchbanks Memphis - Arkansas Michigan State Fairgrounds Montgomery Air Base § Monroe County Morristown Myrthe Beach New Asheville Newberry North Wilkesboro Oakland Stadium Occoneechee Old Bridge Palm Beach Piedmont Interstate Powell Princess Anne Raleigh Rambi Rapid Valley Reading Riverside ✝ Savannah Smoky Mountain Southern States Southside Speedway Park Tar Heel Thompson Trenton Tri-City Valdosta 75 Vernon Willow Springs ( oval ) Wilson Note : All tracks are ovals unless otherwise noted : ✝ = Road course , § = Street circuit . Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series Drivers ' Champions 1949 R. Byron 1950 B. Rexford 1951 H. Thomas 1952 T. Flock 1953 H. Thomas 1954 L. Petty 1955 T. Flock 1956 B. Baker 1957 B. Baker 1958 L. Petty 1959 L. Petty 1960 R. White 1961 N. Jarrett 1962 J. Weatherly 1963 J. Weatherly 1964 R. Petty 1965 N. Jarrett 1966 D. Pearson 1967 R. Petty 1968 D. Pearson 1969 D. Pearson 1970 B. Isaac 1971 R. Petty 1972 R. Petty 1973 B. Parsons 1974 R. Petty 1975 R. Petty 1976 C. Yarborough 1977 C. Yarborough 1978 C. Yarborough 1979 R. Petty 1980 D. Earnhardt 1981 D. Waltrip 1982 D. Waltrip 1983 B. Allison 1984 T. Labonte 1985 D. Waltrip 1986 D. Earnhardt 1987 D. Earnhardt 1988 B. Elliott 1989 R. Wallace 1990 D. Earnhardt 1991 D. Earnhardt 1992 A. Kulwicki 1993 D. Earnhardt 1994 D. Earnhardt 1995 J. Gordon 1996 T. Labonte 1997 J. Gordon 1998 J. Gordon 1999 D. Jarrett 2000 B. Labonte 2001 J. Gordon 2002 T. Stewart 2003 M. Kenseth 2004 Ku . Busch 2005 T. Stewart 2006 J. Johnson 2007 J. Johnson 2008 J. Johnson 2009 J. Johnson 2010 J. Johnson 2011 T. Stewart 2012 B. Keselowski 2013 J. Johnson 2014 K. Harvick 2015 Ky . Busch 2016 J. Johnson 2017 M. Truex Jr . Classes of auto racing Formula racing F1 F2 F3 F4 F500 Formula 1000 Formula Atlantic Formula Car Challenge Formula Continental Formula E Formula Ford FF1600 Formula Libre Formula Vee IndyCar Super Formula Supermodified BOSS GP Monoposto Racing Club Defunct Formula racing F3000 F5000 Formula A ( SCCA ) Formula B ( SCCA ) Formula C ( SCCA ) FCJ Formula Dream Formula Holden Formula Junior Formula Mondial Formula Pacific Formula Super Vee Australian National Formula Grand Prix Masters Tasman Formula One - make formulae CFGP Formula Abarth Formula Car Challenge Formula LGB Swift Hyundai Formula Maruti Formula Masters China Formula Mazda Formula Renault Formula Toyota GP3 Indy Lights SRF USF2000 FIA Formula 2 Championship Defunct one - make formulae A1GP ADAC Formel Masters Auto GP Barber Pro FA1 Formula Alfa Formula Asia Formula BMW FC Euro Series Formula König Formula Lightning Formula Nissan Formula Opel / Vauxhall Formula Palmer Audi Formula RUS Formula Rolon Formula SCCA Grand Prix Masters GP2 International Formula Master Superleague Formula World Series Formula V8 3.5 Karting KF1 KF2 KF3 KZ1 KZ2 Superkart Touring car racing DTM WTCC BTCC Group F Group G Group H Super 2000 Diesel 2000 NGTC ( TCN - 1 ) TCR ( TCN - 2 ) Supercars TC2000 Defunct touring car racing Appendix J BTC - T Group 1 Group 2 Group 5 Group A Group C ( Australia ) Group E Group N Group N ( Australia ) Group S Class 1 Super Touring ( Class 2 ) Superstars V8Star Stock car racing ARCA Allison Legacy Series AUSCAR IMCA Sport Compact Late model Legends Modifieds NASCAR Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Xfinity Truck Pinty 's Whelen Euro Series PEAK Mexico Super Stock Street Stock Brasil Turismo Carretera Oval racing BriSCA F1 BriSCA F2 Hot Rods Superstocks Sprint car racing Midget car racing Quarter Midget racing V8 Hotstox Rallying Group R Group R - GT Super 2000 Super 1600 WRC Defunct rallying Group 1 Group 2 Group 4 Group A Group B Group N Group S Sports prototypes Clubmans DP Group 3 Group 4 Group 5 Group 6 Group 7 Group A Sports Cars Group C GC GC - 21 Group CN IMSA GTP LMP LMPC S2000 Grand touring LM GTE ( GT2 ) GT3 GT4 GT500 GT300 Trans - Am Appendix K Group D GT Cars Defunct grand touring Group 3 Group 4 Group 5 Group B Group D Production Sports Cars GT1 ( 1993 -- 99 ) GT2 ( 1993 -- 99 ) FIA GT1 ( 2000 - 12 ) IMSA AAGT IMSA GTO / GTS IMSA GTU IMSA GTX Drag racing Top Fuel Dragster ( TF / D ) Top Alcohol Dragster ( TA / D ) Top Fuel Funny Car ( TF / FC ) Pro Stock ( PS ) Pro Modified ( Pro Mod ) Pro FWD Super Comp / Quick Rod Top Doorslammer Defunct drag racing Top Gas Modified Altered Competition Super Stock Off - road racing Baja Bug Dune buggy Rallycross Trophy Truck Group T4 Truggy Side by Side ( UTV ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Monster_Energy_NASCAR_Cup_Series&oldid=817908052 '' Categories : Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series Recurring sporting events established in 1949 Hidden categories : CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Use mdy dates from March 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2010 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2009 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Български Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Basa Jawa Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Português Русский Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 31 December 2017 , at 07 : 28 . 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Richard Nixon 37th President of the United States In office January 20 , 1969 -- August 9 , 1974 Vice President Spiro Agnew ( 1969 -- 1973 ) None ( Oct -- Dec. 1973 ) Gerald Ford ( 1973 -- 1974 ) Preceded by Lyndon B. Johnson Succeeded by Gerald Ford 36th Vice President of the United States In office January 20 , 1953 -- January 20 , 1961 President Dwight D. Eisenhower Preceded by Alben W. Barkley Succeeded by Lyndon B. Johnson United States Senator from California In office December 1 , 1950 -- January 1 , 1953 Preceded by Sheridan Downey Succeeded by Thomas Kuchel Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from California 's 12th district In office January 3 , 1947 -- December 1 , 1950 Preceded by Jerry Voorhis Succeeded by Patrick J. Hillings Personal details Richard Milhous Nixon ( 1913 - 01 - 09 ) January 9 , 1913 Yorba Linda , California , U.S. April 22 , 1994 ( 1994 - 04 - 22 ) ( aged 81 ) Manhattan , New York , U.S. Cause of death Stroke and cerebral edema Resting place Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum Yorba Linda , California , U.S. Political party Republican Spouse ( s ) Pat Ryan ( m . 1940 ; d . 1993 ) Children Patricia `` Tricia '' and Julie Parents Frank Nixon Hannah Milhous Nixon Alma mater Whittier College Duke University Profession Lawyer Nickname Dick Signature Military service Allegiance United States Service / branch United States Navy Reserve Years of service 1942 -- 1946 , active duty 1946 -- 1966 , inactive duty Rank Commander Battles / wars World War II South Pacific theater Awards Navy and Marine Corps Commendation Medal ( 2 )
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Lyndon B. Johnson
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Richard Nixon
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richard nixon
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South Pacific theater Awards Navy and Marine Corps Commendation Medal ( 2 ) This article is part of a series about Richard Nixon Birthplace Early Life 1946 U.S. House election 1950 U.S. Senate election `` Checkers speech '' Vice President of the United States Motorcade attack Kitchen Debate Operation 40 1960 presidential election Post-Vice - Presidency 1962 gubernatorial bid `` Last press conference '' President of the United States Presidency First term 1968 presidential election Campaign 1st Inauguration Nixon Doctrine War policy Visit to China Nixonomics Nixon shock Silent majority EPA Environmental policy Clean Water NOAA War on Cancer War on Drugs Second term 1972 presidential election Convention 2nd Inauguration Détente Paris Peace Accords Endangered Species Act Watergate Scandal Scandal Timeline Tapes U.S. v. Nixon Watergate Committee Impeachment process Resignation Speech Post-Presidency Pardon The Nixon Interviews Nixon v. General Services Administration Funeral Electoral history Library Foundation Center Six Crises Bibliography Richard Milhous Nixon ( January 9 , 1913 -- April 22 , 1994 ) was the 37th President of the United States from 1969 until 1974 , when he resigned from office , the only U.S. president to do so . He had previously served as the 36th Vice President of the United States from 1953 to 1961 , and prior to that as a U.S. Representative and also Senator from California . Nixon was born in Yorba Linda , California . After completing his undergraduate studies at Whittier College , he graduated from Duke University School of Law in 1937 and returned to California to practice law . He and his wife Pat moved to Washington in 1942 to work for the federal government . He subsequently served on active duty in the U.S. Navy Reserve during World War II . Nixon was elected to the House of Representatives in 1946 and to the Senate in 1950 . His pursuit of the Hiss Case established his reputation as a leading anti-communist and elevated him to national prominence . He was the running mate of Dwight D. Eisenhower , the Republican Party presidential nominee in the 1952 election . Nixon served for eight years as vice president -- at 40 , the second - youngest vice president in history . He waged an unsuccessful presidential campaign in 1960 , narrowly losing to John F. Kennedy , and lost a race for Governor of California to Pat Brown in 1962 . In 1968 , he ran for the presidency again and was elected , defeating incumbent Vice President Hubert Humphrey . Nixon ended American involvement in the war in Vietnam in 1973 and brought the American POWs home , and ended the military draft . Nixon 's visit to China in 1972 eventually led to diplomatic relations between the two nations , and he initiated détente and the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty with the Soviet Union the same year . His administration generally transferred power from Washington D.C. to the states . He imposed wage and price controls for ninety days , enforced desegregation of Southern schools and established the Environmental Protection Agency . Nixon also presided over the Apollo 11 moon landing , which signaled the end of the moon race . He was reelected in one of the largest electoral landslides in U.S. history in 1972 when he defeated George McGovern . In his second term , Nixon ordered an airlift to resupply Israeli losses in the Yom Kippur War , resulting in the restart of the Middle East peace process and an oil crisis at home . The Nixon administration supported a coup in Chile that ousted the government of Salvador Allende and propelled Augusto Pinochet to power . By late 1973 , the Watergate scandal escalated , costing Nixon much of his political support . On August 9 , 1974 , he resigned in the face of almost certain impeachment and removal from office . After his resignation , he was issued a pardon by his successor , Gerald Ford . In 20 years of retirement , Nixon wrote nine books and undertook many foreign trips , helping to rehabilitate his image into that of elder statesman . He suffered a debilitating stroke on April 18 , 1994 and died four days later at the age of 81 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 1.1 Primary and secondary education 1.2 Collegiate and law school education 2 Early career and marriage 3 World War II 4 Rising politician 4.1 Congressional career ( 1947 -- 1953 ) 4.1. 1 House of Representatives 4.1. 2 Senate 4.2 Vice Presidency ( 1953 -- 1961 ) 4.3 1960 and 1962 elections ; wilderness years 5 1968 presidential election 6 Presidency ( 1969 -- 1974 ) 6.1 Foreign policy 6.1. 1 China 6.1. 2 Vietnam War 6.1. 3 Latin American policy 6.1. 4 Soviet Union 6.1. 5 Middle Eastern policy 6.2 Domestic policy 6.2. 1 Economy 6.2. 2 Governmental initiatives and organization 6.2. 3 Civil rights 6.3 Space policy 6.4 Reelection , Watergate scandal , and resignation 6.4. 1 1972 presidential campaign 6.4. 2 Watergate 6.4. 3 Resignation 7 Later years and death 7.1 Pardon and illness 7.2 Return to public life 7.3 Author and elder statesman 7.4 Death and funeral 8 Legacy 9 Personality and public image 10 See also 11 Notes 11.1 Explanatory notes 11.2 Citations 12 References 12.1 Bibliography 12.2 Nixon Library 12.3 Other sources 13 Further reading 14 External links Early Life Richard Milhous Nixon was born on January 9 , 1913 in Yorba Linda , California , in a house that was built by his father . His parents were Hannah ( Milhous ) Nixon and Francis A. Nixon . His mother was a Quaker , and his father converted from Methodism to the Quaker faith . Nixon was a descendant of the early American settler , Thomas Cornell , who was also an ancestor of Ezra Cornell , the founder of Cornell University , as well as of Jimmy Carter and Bill Gates . Nixon 's upbringing was marked by evangelical Quaker observances of the time , such as refraining from alcohol , dancing , and swearing . Nixon had four brothers : Harold ( 1909 -- 33 ) , Donald ( 1914 -- 87 ) , Arthur ( 1918 -- 25 ) , and Edward ( born 1930 ) . Four of the five Nixon boys were named after kings who had ruled in historical or legendary Britain ; Richard , for example , was named after Richard the Lionheart . Nixon ( second from right ) makes his newspaper debut in 1916 , contributing five cents to a fund for war orphans . Donald is to the left of his brother . Nixon 's early life was marked by hardship , and he later quoted a saying of Eisenhower to describe his boyhood : `` We were poor , but the glory of it was we did n't know it '' . The Nixon family ranch failed in 1922 , and the family moved to Whittier , California . In an area with many Quakers , Frank Nixon opened a grocery store and gas station . Richard 's younger brother Arthur died in 1925 at the age of seven after a short illness . At the age of twelve , a spot was found on Richard 's lung , and , with a family history of tuberculosis , he was forbidden to play sports . Eventually , the spot was found to be scar tissue from an early bout of pneumonia . Primary and secondary Education Young Richard attended East Whittier Elementary School , where he was president of his eighth - grade class . His parents believed that attending Whittier High School had caused Richard 's older brother Harold to live a dissolute lifestyle before he fell ill of tuberculosis ( he died of the disease in 1933 ) , and so they sent Richard to the larger Fullerton Union High School . He had to ride a school bus for an hour each way during his freshman year , and he received excellent grades . Later , he lived with an aunt in Fullerton during the week . He played junior varsity football , and seldom missed a practice , even though he was rarely used in games . He had greater success as a debater , winning a number of championships and taking his only formal tutelage in public speaking from Fullerton 's Head of English , H. Lynn Sheller . Nixon later remembered Sheller 's words , `` Remember , speaking is conversation ... do n't shout at people . Talk to them . Converse with them . '' Nixon stated that he tried to use the conversational tone as much as possible . Nixon at Whittier High School , 1930 At the start of his junior year beginning in September 1928 , Richard 's parents permitted him to transfer to Whittier High School . At Whittier High , Nixon suffered his first electoral defeat , for student body president . He often rose at 4 a.m. , to drive the family truck into Los Angeles and purchase vegetables at the market . He then drove to the store to wash and display them , before going to school . Harold had been diagnosed with tuberculosis the previous year ; when their mother took him to Arizona in the hopes of improving his health , the demands on Richard increased , causing him to give up football . Nevertheless , Richard graduated from Whittier High third in his class of 207 students . Collegiate and law School Education Nixon was offered a tuition grant to attend Harvard University , but Harold 's continued illness and the need for their mother to care for him meant Richard was needed at the store . He remained in his hometown and attended Whittier College , his expenses there covered by a bequest from his maternal grandfather . Nixon played for the basketball team ; he also tried out for football but lacked the size to play . He remained on the team as a substitute and was noted for his enthusiasm . Instead of fraternities and sororities , Whittier had literary societies . Nixon was snubbed by the only one for men , the Franklins ; many members of the Franklins were from prominent families , but Nixon was not . He responded by helping to found a new society , the Orthogonian Society . In addition to the society , schoolwork , and work at the store , Nixon found time for a large number of extracurricular activities , becoming a champion debater and gaining a reputation as a hard worker . In 1933 , he became engaged to Ola Florence Welch , daughter of the Whittier police chief . The two broke up in 1935 . After his graduation from Whittier in 1934 , Nixon received a full scholarship to attend Duke University School of Law . The school was new and sought to attract top students by offering scholarships . It paid high salaries to its professors , many of whom had national or international reputations . The number of scholarships was greatly reduced for second - and third - year students , forcing recipients into intense competition . Nixon not only kept his scholarship but was elected president of the Duke Bar Association , inducted into the Order of the Coif , and graduated third in his class in June 1937 . Early career and marriage After graduating from Duke , Nixon initially hoped to join the Federal Bureau of Investigation . He received no response to his letter of application and learned years later that he had been hired , but his appointment had been canceled at the last minute due to budget cuts . Instead , he returned to California and was admitted to the bar in 1937 . He began practicing with the law firm Wingert and Bewley in Whittier , working on commercial litigation for local petroleum companies and other corporate matters , as well as on wills . In later years , Nixon proudly stated that he was the only modern president to have previously worked as a practicing attorney . Nixon was reluctant to work on divorce cases , disliking frank sexual talk from women . In 1938 , he opened up his own branch of Wingert and Bewley in La Habra , California , and became a full partner in the firm the following year . In January 1938 , Nixon was cast in the Whittier Community Players production of The Dark Tower . There he played opposite a high school teacher named Thelma `` Pat '' Ryan . Nixon described it in his memoirs as `` a case of love at first sight '' -- for Nixon only , as Pat Ryan turned down the young lawyer several times before agreeing to date him . Once they began their courtship , Ryan was reluctant to marry Nixon ; they dated for two years before she assented to his proposal . They wed in a small ceremony on June 21 , 1940 . After a honeymoon in Mexico , the Nixons began their married life in Whittier . They had two daughters , Tricia ( born 1946 ) and Julie ( born 1948 ) . World War II In January 1942 , the couple moved to Washington , D.C. , where Nixon took a job at the Office of Price Administration . In his political campaigns , Nixon would suggest that this was his response to Pearl Harbor , but he had sought the position throughout the latter part of 1941 . Both Nixon and his wife believed he was limiting his prospects by remaining in Whittier . He was assigned to the tire rationing division , where he was tasked with replying to correspondence . He did not enjoy the role , and four months later , applied to join the United States Navy . As a birthright Quaker , he could have claimed exemption from the draft ; he might also have been deferred because he worked in government service . But instead of exploiting his circumstance , Nixon sought a commission in the navy . His application was successful , and he was appointed a lieutenant junior grade in the U.S Naval Reserve ( U.S. Navy Reserve ) on June 15 , 1942 . In October 1942 , he was assigned as aide to the commander of the Naval Air Station Ottumwa in Iowa until May 1943 . On October 1 , 1943 , Nixon was promoted to lieutenant . Seeking more excitement , he requested sea duty and was reassigned as the naval passenger control officer for the South Pacific Combat Air Transport Command , supporting the logistics of operations in the South West Pacific theater ; he was the Officer in Charge of the Combat Air Transport Command at Guadalcanal in the Solomons and in March 1944 at Green Island ( Nissan Island ) just north of Bougainville . His unit prepared manifests and flight plans for C - 47 operations and supervised the loading and unloading of the cargo aircraft . For this service , he received a Navy Letter of Commendation ( awarded a Navy Commendation Ribbon which was later updated to the Navy and Marine Corps Commendation Medal ) from his commanding officer for `` meritorious and efficient performance of duty as Officer in Charge of the South Pacific Combat Air Transport Command '' . Upon his return to the U.S. , Nixon was appointed the administrative officer of the Alameda Naval Air Station in California . In January 1945 , he was transferred to the Bureau of Aeronautics office in Philadelphia to help negotiate the termination of war contracts , and received his second letter of commendation , from the Secretary of the Navy for `` meritorious service , tireless effort , and devotion to duty '' . Later , Nixon was transferred to other offices to work on contracts and finally to Baltimore . On October 3 , 1945 , he was promoted to lieutenant commander . On March 10 , 1946 , he was relieved of active duty . He resigned his commission on New Year 's Day 1946 . On June 1 , 1953 , he was promoted to commander . He retired in the U.S. Naval Reserve on June 6 , 1966 . Navy and Marine Corps Commendation Medal American Campaign Medal Asiatic - Pacific Campaign Medal with two stars World War II Victory Medal Armed Forces Reserve Medal with silver hourglass device Rising Politician Richard and Pat Nixon introduce General Dwight D. Eisenhower -- Richard Nixon 's running mate -- to their daughters Tricia ( standing ) and Julie ( carried by her father ) , Washington National Airport , September 10 , 1952 . Congressional career ( 1947 -- 1953 ) For more information on Nixon 's congressional election campaigns , see California 's 12th congressional district election , 1946 and United States Senate election in California , 1950 . House of Representatives Nixon 's congressional campaign flyer In 1945 , Republicans in California 's 12th congressional district , frustrated by their inability to defeat Democratic Congressman Jerry Voorhis , sought a consensus candidate who would run a strong campaign against him . They formed a `` Committee of 100 '' to decide on a candidate , hoping to avoid internal dissensions which had led to Voorhis victories . After the committee failed to attract higher - profile candidates , Herman Perry , Whittier 's Bank of America branch manager , suggested Nixon , a family friend with whom he had served on the Whittier College Board of Trustees before the war . Perry wrote to Nixon in Baltimore . After a night of excited talk between the Nixons , the naval officer responded to Perry with enthusiasm . Nixon flew to California and was selected by the committee . When he left the Navy at the start of 1946 , Nixon and his wife returned to Whittier , where Nixon began a year of intensive campaigning . He contended that Voorhis had been ineffective as a congressman and suggested that Voorhis 's endorsement by a group linked to communists meant that Voorhis must have radical views . Nixon won the election , receiving 65,586 votes to Voorhis ' 49,994 . Nixon campaigning for the Senate , 1950 In Congress , Nixon supported the Taft -- Hartley Act of 1947 , a federal law that monitors the activities and power of labor unions , and he served on the Education and Labor Committee . He was part of the Herter Committee , which went to Europe to report on the need for U.S. foreign aid . Nixon was the youngest member of the committee and the only Westerner . Advocacy by Herter Committee members , including Nixon , led to congressional passage of the Marshall Plan . In his memoirs , Nixon recounts that he joined the House Un-American Activities Committee ( HUAC ) `` at the end of 1947 . '' However , he was already a HUAC member in early February 1947 , when he heard `` Enemy Number One '' Gerhard Eisler and his sister Ruth Fischer testify . On February 18 , 1947 , Nixon referred to Eisler 's belligerence toward HUAC in his maiden speech to the House . Also by early February 1947 , fellow U.S. Representative Charles J. Kersten had introduced him to Father John Francis Cronin in Baltimore , who shared with Nixon his 1945 privately circulated paper `` The Problem of American Communism in 1945 , '' with much information from the FBI 's William C. Sullivan ( who by 1961 would head domestic intelligence under Hoover ) . By May 1948 , Nixon had co-sponsored a `` Mundt - Nixon Bill '' to implement `` a new approach to the complicated problem of internal communist subversion ... It provided for registration of all Communist Party members and required a statement of the source of all printed and broadcast material issued by organizations that were found to be Communist fronts . '' He served as floor manager for the Republican Party ; Vito Marcantonio served as floor manager for the Democratic Party . On May 19 , 1948 , the bill passed the House by 319 to 58 but failed to pass the Senate . ( The Nixon Library cites this bill 's passage as Nixon 's first significant victory in Congress . ) Nixon first gained national attention in August 1948 when as a HUAC member , his persistence helped break the Alger Hiss spy case . While many doubted Whittaker Chambers ' allegations that Hiss , a former State Department official , had been a Soviet spy , Nixon believed them to be true and pressed for the committee to continue its investigation . Under suit for defamation filed by Hiss , Chambers produced documents corroborating his allegations . These included paper and microfilm copies that Chambers turned over to House investigators after having hidden them overnight in a field ; they became known as the `` Pumpkin Papers '' . Hiss was convicted of perjury in 1950 for denying under oath he had passed documents to Chambers . In 1948 , Nixon successfully cross-filed as a candidate in his district , winning both major party primaries , and was comfortably reelected . Senate Nixon on his `` station wagon tour '' in Sausalito , California , 1950 In 1949 , Nixon began to consider running for the United States Senate against the Democratic incumbent , Sheridan Downey , and entered the race in November . Downey , faced with a bitter primary battle with Representative Helen Gahagan Douglas , announced his retirement in March 1950 . Nixon and Douglas won the primary elections and engaged in a contentious campaign in which the ongoing Korean War was a major issue . Nixon tried to focus attention on Douglas ' liberal voting record . As part of that effort , a `` Pink Sheet '' was distributed by the Nixon campaign suggesting that , as Douglas ' voting record was similar to that of New York Congressman Vito Marcantonio ( believed by some to be a communist ) , their political views must be nearly identical . Nixon won the election by almost twenty percentage points . During this campaign , Nixon was first called `` Tricky Dick '' by his opponents for his campaign tactics . In the Senate , Nixon took a prominent position in opposing global communism , traveling frequently and speaking out against it . He maintained friendly relations with his fellow anti-communist , the controversial Wisconsin senator , Joseph McCarthy , but was careful to keep some distance between himself and McCarthy 's allegations . Nixon also criticized President Harry S. Truman 's handling of the Korean War . He supported statehood for Alaska and Hawaii , voted in favor of civil rights for minorities , and supported federal disaster relief for India and Yugoslavia . He voted against price controls and other monetary restrictions , benefits for illegal immigrants , and public power . Vice presidency ( 1953 -- 1961 ) General Dwight D. Eisenhower was nominated for president by the Republicans in 1952 . He had no strong preference for a vice presidential candidate , and Republican officeholders and party officials met in a `` smoke - filled room '' and recommended Nixon to the general , who agreed to the senator 's selection . Nixon 's youth ( he was then 39 ) , stance against communism , and political base in California -- one of the largest states -- were all seen as vote - winners by the leaders . Among the candidates considered along with Nixon were Ohio Senator Robert A. Taft , New Jersey Governor Alfred Driscoll and Illinois Senator Everett Dirksen . On the campaign trail , Eisenhower spoke to his plans for the country , leaving the negative campaigning to his running mate . Front cover of literature for the Eisenhower -- Nixon campaign , 1952 In mid-September , the Republican ticket faced a major crisis . The media reported that Nixon had a political fund , maintained by his backers , which reimbursed him for political expenses . Such a fund was not illegal , but it exposed Nixon to allegations of possible conflict of interest . With pressure building for Eisenhower to demand Nixon 's resignation from the ticket , the senator went on television to deliver an address to the nation on September 23 , 1952 . The address , later termed the Checkers speech , was heard by about 60 million Americans -- including the largest television audience up to that point . Nixon emotionally defended himself , stating that the fund was not secret , nor had donors received special favors . He painted himself as a man of modest means ( his wife had no mink coat ; instead she wore a `` respectable Republican cloth coat '' ) and a patriot . The speech would be remembered for the gift which Nixon had received , but which he would not give back : `` a little cocker spaniel dog ... sent all the way from Texas . And our little girl -- Tricia , the 6 - year - old -- named it Checkers . '' The speech prompted a huge public outpouring of support for Nixon . Eisenhower decided to retain him on the ticket , which proved victorious in the November election . Eisenhower gave Nixon responsibilities during his term as vice president -- more than any previous vice president . Nixon attended Cabinet and National Security Council meetings and chaired them when Eisenhower was absent . A 1953 tour of the Far East succeeded in increasing local goodwill toward the United States and prompted Nixon to appreciate the potential of the region as an industrial center . He visited Saigon and Hanoi in French Indochina . On his return to the United States at the end of 1953 , Nixon increased the amount of time he devoted to foreign relations . Biographer Irwin Gellman , who chronicled Nixon 's congressional years , said of his vice presidency : Eisenhower radically altered the role of his running mate by presenting him with critical assignments in both foreign and domestic affairs once he assumed his office . The vice president welcomed the president 's initiatives and worked energetically to accomplish White House objectives . Because of the collaboration between these two leaders , Nixon deserves the title , `` the first modern vice president '' . Despite intense campaigning by Nixon , who reprised his strong attacks on the Democrats , the Republicans lost control of both houses of Congress in the 1954 elections . These losses caused Nixon to contemplate leaving politics once he had served out his term . On September 24 , 1955 , President Eisenhower suffered a heart attack ; his condition was initially believed to be life - threatening . Eisenhower was unable to perform his duties for six weeks . The 25th Amendment to the United States Constitution had not yet been proposed , and the Vice President had no formal power to act . Nonetheless , Nixon acted in Eisenhower 's stead during this period , presiding over Cabinet meetings and ensuring that aides and Cabinet officers did not seek power . According to Nixon biographer Stephen Ambrose , Nixon had `` earned the high praise he received for his conduct during the crisis ... he made no attempt to seize power '' . His spirits buoyed , Nixon sought a second term , but some of Eisenhower 's aides aimed to displace him . In a December 1955 meeting , Eisenhower proposed that Nixon not run for reelection in order to give him administrative experience before a 1960 presidential run and instead become a Cabinet officer in a second Eisenhower administration . Nixon believed such an action would destroy his political career . When Eisenhower announced his reelection bid in February 1956 , he hedged on the choice of his running mate , stating that it was improper to address that question until he had been renominated . Although no Republican was opposing Eisenhower , Nixon received a substantial number of write - in votes against the President in the 1956 New Hampshire primary election . In late April , the President announced that Nixon would again be his running mate . Eisenhower and Nixon were reelected by a comfortable margin in the November 1956 election . Vice President Nixon and Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev speak as the press looks on in part of what came to be known as the Kitchen Debate , July 24 , 1959 . In early 1957 , Nixon undertook another major foreign trip , this time to Africa . On his return , he helped shepherd the Civil Rights Act of 1957 through Congress . The bill was weakened in the Senate , and civil rights leaders were divided over whether Eisenhower should sign it . Nixon advised the President to sign the bill , which he did . Eisenhower suffered a mild stroke in November 1957 , and Nixon gave a press conference , assuring the nation that the Cabinet was functioning well as a team during Eisenhower 's brief illness . On April 27 , 1958 , Richard and Pat Nixon embarked on a goodwill tour of South America . In Montevideo , Uruguay , Nixon made an impromptu visit to a college campus , where he fielded questions from students on U.S. foreign policy . The trip was uneventful until the Nixon party reached Lima , Peru , where he was met with student demonstrations . Nixon went to the campus , got out of his car to confront the students , and stayed until forced back into the car by a volley of thrown objects . At his hotel , Nixon faced another mob , and one demonstrator spat on him . In Caracas , Venezuela , Nixon and his wife were spat on by anti-American demonstrators and their limousine was attacked by a pipe - wielding mob . According to Ambrose , Nixon 's courageous conduct `` caused even some of his bitterest enemies to give him some grudging respect '' . In July 1959 , President Eisenhower sent Nixon to the Soviet Union for the opening of the American National Exhibition in Moscow . On July 24 , while touring the exhibits with Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev , the two stopped at a model of an American kitchen and engaged in an impromptu exchange about the merits of capitalism versus communism that became known as the `` Kitchen Debate '' . 1960 and 1962 elections ; wilderness years Main article : United States presidential election , 1960 1960 electoral vote results In 1960 , Nixon launched his first campaign for President of the United States . He faced little opposition in the Republican primaries and chose former Massachusetts Senator Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. as his running mate . His Democratic opponent was John F. Kennedy , and the race remained close for the duration . Nixon campaigned on his experience , but Kennedy called for new blood and claimed the Eisenhower -- Nixon administration had allowed the Soviet Union to overtake the U.S. in ballistic missiles ( the `` missile gap '' ) . A new political medium was introduced in the campaign : televised presidential debates . In the first of four such debates , Nixon appeared pale , with a five o'clock shadow , in contrast to the photogenic Kennedy . Nixon 's performance in the debate was perceived to be mediocre in the visual medium of television , though many people listening on the radio thought that Nixon had won . Nixon lost the election narrowly , with Kennedy ahead by only 112,827 votes ( 0.2 percent ) in the popular vote . Outgoing Vice President Nixon and incoming Vice President Lyndon Johnson leave the White House on the morning of January 20 , 1961 , for the Kennedy -- Johnson inauguration ceremonies There were charges of vote fraud in Texas and Illinois , both states won by Kennedy ; Nixon refused to consider contesting the election , feeling a lengthy controversy would diminish the United States in the eyes of the world , and the uncertainty would hurt U.S. interests . At the end of his term of office as vice president in January 1961 , Nixon and his family returned to California , where he practiced law and wrote a bestselling book , Six Crises , which included coverage of the Hiss case , Eisenhower 's heart attack , and the Fund Crisis , which had been resolved by the Checkers speech . Local and national Republican leaders encouraged Nixon to challenge incumbent Pat Brown for Governor of California in the 1962 election . Despite initial reluctance , Nixon entered the race . The campaign was clouded by public suspicion that Nixon viewed the office as a stepping - stone for another presidential run , some opposition from the far - right of the party , and his own lack of interest in being California 's governor . Nixon hoped that a successful run would confirm him in his status as the nation 's leading active Republican politician , and ensure he remained a major player in national politics . Instead , he lost to Brown by more than five percentage points , and the defeat was widely believed to be the end of his political career . In an impromptu concession speech the morning after the election , Nixon blamed the media for favoring his opponent , saying , `` You wo n't have Nixon to kick around anymore because , gentlemen , this is my last press conference '' . The California defeat was highlighted in the November 11 , 1962 , episode of ABC 's Howard K. Smith : News and Comment entitled `` The Political Obituary of Richard M. Nixon '' . Alger Hiss appeared on the program , and many members of the public complained that it was unseemly to allow a convicted felon air time to attack a former vice president . The furor drove Smith and his program from the air , and public sympathy for Nixon grew . Nixon shows his papers to an East German officer to cross between the sectors of the divided city of Berlin , 1963 The Nixon family traveled to Europe in 1963 , where Nixon gave press conferences and met with leaders of the countries he visited . The family moved to New York City , where Nixon became a senior partner in the leading law firm Nixon , Mudge , Rose , Guthrie & Alexander . Nixon had pledged , when announcing his California campaign , not to run for president in 1964 ; even if he had not , he believed it would be difficult to defeat Kennedy , or after his assassination , Kennedy 's successor , Lyndon Johnson . In 1964 , he supported Arizona Senator Barry Goldwater for the Republican nomination for president ; when Goldwater was successful in gaining the nomination , Nixon was selected to introduce the candidate to the convention . Although he thought Goldwater unlikely to win , Nixon campaigned for him loyally . The election was a disaster for the Republicans ; Goldwater 's landslide loss to Johnson was matched by heavy losses for the party in Congress and among state governors . Nixon was one of the few leading Republicans not blamed for the disastrous results , and he sought to build on that in the 1966 congressional elections . He campaigned for many Republicans seeking to regain seats lost in the Johnson landslide and received credit for helping the Republicans make major gains in the midterm election . 1968 presidential election Main articles : Richard Nixon presidential campaign , 1968 and United States presidential election , 1968 Nixon and Johnson meet at the White House before Nixon 's nomination , July 1968 Facsimile of a Nixon campaign poster At the end of 1967 , Nixon told his family he planned to run for president a second time . Although Pat Nixon did not always enjoy public life ( for example , she had been embarrassed by the need to reveal how little the family owned in the Checkers speech ) , she was supportive of her husband 's ambitions . Nixon believed that with the Democrats torn over the issue of the Vietnam War , a Republican had a good chance of winning , although he expected the election to be as close as in 1960 . Text on automobile trash bag given away by the Nixon campaign in California , 1968 1968 electoral vote results One of the most tumultuous primary election seasons ever began as the Tet Offensive was launched , followed by the withdrawal of President Johnson as a candidate after doing unexpectedly poorly in the New Hampshire primary ; it concluded with the assassination of one of the Democratic candidates , Senator Robert F. Kennedy , just moments after his victory in the California primary . On the Republican side , Nixon 's main opposition was Michigan Governor George Romney , though New York Governor Nelson Rockefeller and California Governor Ronald Reagan each hoped to be nominated in a brokered convention . Nixon secured the nomination on the first ballot . He selected Maryland Governor Spiro Agnew as his running mate , a choice which Nixon believed would unite the party , appealing to both Northern moderates and Southerners disaffected with the Democrats . Nixon 's Democratic opponent in the general election was Vice President Hubert Humphrey , who was nominated at a convention marked by violent protests . Throughout the campaign , Nixon portrayed himself as a figure of stability during a period of national unrest and upheaval . He appealed to what he later called the `` silent majority '' of socially conservative Americans who disliked the hippie counterculture and the anti-war demonstrators . Agnew became an increasingly vocal critic of these groups , solidifying Nixon 's position with the right . Nixon waged a prominent television advertising campaign , meeting with supporters in front of cameras . He stressed that the crime rate was too high , and attacked what he perceived as a surrender by the Democrats of the United States ' nuclear superiority . Nixon promised `` peace with honor '' in the Vietnam War and proclaimed that `` new leadership will end the war and win the peace in the Pacific '' . He did not release specifics of how he hoped to end the war , resulting in media intimations that he must have a `` secret plan '' . His slogan of `` Nixon 's the One '' proved to be effective . Johnson 's negotiators hoped to reach a truce in Vietnam prior to the election . Nixon received astute analysis on the talks from Henry Kissinger , then a consultant to U.S. negotiator Averell Harriman , and his campaign was in regular contact with Anna Chennault ( at a July 1968 meeting in Nixon 's New York apartment with South Vietnamese ambassador Bùi Diễm , he had been informed that Chennault would represent Nixon during the campaign ) . She advised South Vietnamese president Thieu not to go to Paris to join the talks , hinting that Nixon would give him a better deal if elected . Johnson was aware of what was going on , as he had both Chennault and the South Vietnamese ambassador to Washington bugged , and was enraged by what he considered an attempt by Nixon to undermine U.S. foreign policy . On October 31 , with no agreement , Johnson announced a unilateral halt to the bombing , and that peace negotiations would start in Paris on November 6 , the day after Election Day . On November 2 , after speaking with Chennault again , Thieu stated he would not go to Paris . Johnson telephoned Nixon , who denied any involvement ; the President did not believe him . Johnson felt he could not publicly mention Chennault 's involvement , which had been obtained by wiretapping , but told Humphrey , who chose not to use the information . In late 2016 , historian John Farrell publicized notes in which Haldeman wrote down Nixon 's instructions during the campaign ( these notes had been provided to the Nixon library by the Nixon estate in 2007 ) . In an October 22 , 1968 phone call with Nixon , Haldeman wrote , `` Any other way to monkey wrench it ? Anything RN can do , '' and `` Keep Anna Chennault working on SVN '' ( South Vietnam ) . It is not clear whether the government of South Vietnam needed much encouragement to opt out of a peace process they considered disadvantageous . In a three - way race between Nixon , Humphrey , and American Independent Party candidate former Alabama Governor George Wallace , Nixon defeated Humphrey by nearly 500,000 votes ( seven - tenths of a percentage point ) , with 301 electoral votes to 191 for Humphrey and 46 for Wallace . In his victory speech , Nixon pledged that his administration would try to bring the divided nation together . Nixon said : `` I have received a very gracious message from the Vice President , congratulating me for winning the election . I congratulated him for his gallant and courageous fight against great odds . I also told him that I know exactly how he felt . I know how it feels to lose a close one . '' Presidency ( 1969 -- 1974 ) Main article : Presidency of Richard Nixon Nixon is sworn in as the 37th President by Chief Justice Earl Warren on January 20 , 1969 , with the new First Lady , Pat , holding the family Bibles . Nixon was inaugurated as president on January 20 , 1969 , sworn in by his onetime political rival , Chief Justice Earl Warren . Pat Nixon held the family Bibles open at Isaiah 2 : 4 , which reads , `` They shall beat their swords into plowshares , and their spears into pruning hooks . '' In his inaugural address , which received almost uniformly positive reviews , Nixon remarked that `` the greatest honor history can bestow is the title of peacemaker '' -- a phrase that would later be placed on his gravestone . He spoke about turning partisan politics into a new age of unity : In these difficult years , America has suffered from a fever of words ; from inflated rhetoric that promises more than it can deliver ; from angry rhetoric that fans discontents into hatreds ; from bombastic rhetoric that postures instead of persuading . We can not learn from one another until we stop shouting at one another , until we speak quietly enough so that our words can be heard as well as our voices . Foreign policy Nixon and Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai toast during Nixon 's 1972 visit to China China Main article : 1972 Nixon visit to China President Nixon shakes hands with Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai upon arriving in Beijing , 1972 Nixon laid the groundwork for his overture to China before he became president , writing in Foreign Affairs a year before his election : `` There is no place on this small planet for a billion of its potentially most able people to live in angry isolation . '' Assisting him in this venture was his National Security Advisor and future Secretary of State , Henry Kissinger , with whom the President worked closely , bypassing Cabinet officials . With relations between the Soviet Union and China at a nadir -- border clashes between the two took place during Nixon 's first year in office -- Nixon sent private word to the Chinese that he desired closer relations . A breakthrough came in early 1971 , when Chairman Mao invited a team of American table tennis players to visit China and play against top Chinese players . Nixon followed up by sending Kissinger to China for clandestine meetings with Chinese officials . On July 15 , 1971 , it was simultaneously announced by Beijing and by Nixon ( on television and radio ) that the President would visit China the following February . The announcements astounded the world . The secrecy allowed both sets of leaders time to prepare the political climate in their countries for the contact . In February 1972 , Nixon and his wife traveled to China . Kissinger briefed Nixon for over 40 hours in preparation . Upon touching down , the President and First Lady emerged from Air Force One and greeted Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai . Nixon made a point of shaking Zhou 's hand , something which then - Secretary of State John Foster Dulles had refused to do in 1954 when the two met in Geneva . Over 100 television journalists accompanied the president . On Nixon 's orders , television was strongly favored over printed publications , as Nixon felt that the medium would capture the visit much better than print . It also gave him the opportunity to snub the print journalists he despised . Nixon and Kissinger met for an hour with Mao and Zhou at Mao 's official private residence , where they discussed a range of issues . Mao later told his doctor that he had been impressed by Nixon , whom he considered forthright , unlike the leftists and the Soviets . He said he was suspicious of Kissinger , though the National Security Advisor referred to their meeting as his `` encounter with history '' . A formal banquet welcoming the presidential party was given that evening in the Great Hall of the People . The following day , Nixon met with Zhou ; the joint communique following this meeting recognized Taiwan as a part of China , and looked forward to a peaceful solution to the problem of reunification . When not in meetings , Nixon toured architectural wonders including the Forbidden City , Ming Tombs , and the Great Wall . Americans received their first glimpse into Chinese life through the cameras which accompanied Pat Nixon , who toured the city of Beijing and visited communes , schools , factories , and hospitals . The visit ushered in a new era of Sino - American relations . Fearing the possibility of a Sino - American alliance , the Soviet Union yielded to pressure for détente with the United States . Vietnam War Main articles : Vietnam War , Vietnamization , and Role of the United States in the Vietnam War Nixon delivers an address to the nation about the Cambodian incursion When Nixon took office , about 300 American soldiers were dying each week in Vietnam , and the war was broadly unpopular in the United States , with violent protests against the war ongoing . The Johnson administration had agreed to suspend bombing in exchange for negotiations without preconditions , but this agreement never fully took force . According to Walter Isaacson , soon after taking office , Nixon had concluded that the Vietnam War could not be won and he was determined to end the war quickly . He sought some arrangement which would permit American forces to withdraw , while leaving South Vietnam secure against attack . Nixon approved a secret B - 52 carpet bombing campaign of North Vietnamese ( and , later , allied Khmer Rouge ) positions in Cambodia in March 1969 ( code - named Operation Menu ) , without the consent of Cambodian leader Norodom Sihanouk . In mid-1969 , Nixon began efforts to negotiate peace with the North Vietnamese , sending a personal letter to North Vietnamese leaders , and peace talks began in Paris . Initial talks , however , did not result in an agreement . In May 1969 he publicly proposed to withdraw all American troops from South Vietnam provided North Vietnam also did so and for South Vietnam to hold internationally supervised elections with Viet Cong participation . In July 1969 , Nixon visited South Vietnam , where he met with his U.S. military commanders and President Nguyễn Văn Thiệu . Amid protests at home demanding an immediate pullout , he implemented a strategy of replacing American troops with Vietnamese troops , known as `` Vietnamization '' . He soon instituted phased U.S. troop withdrawals but authorized incursions into Laos , in part to interrupt the Ho Chi Minh trail , used to supply North Vietnamese forces , that passed through Laos and Cambodia . Nixon announced the ground invasion of Cambodia to the American public on April 30 , 1970 . His responses to protesters included an impromptu , early morning meeting with them at the Lincoln Memorial on May 9 , 1970 . Documents uncovered from the Soviet archives after 1991 reveal that the North Vietnamese attempt to overrun Cambodia in 1970 was launched at the explicit request of the Khmer Rouge and negotiated by Pol Pot 's then - second - in - command , Nuon Chea . Nixon 's campaign promise to curb the war , contrasted with the escalated bombing , led to claims that Nixon had a `` credibility gap '' on the issue . It is estimated that between 50,000 and 150,000 people were killed during the bombing of Cambodia between 1970 and 1973 . In 1971 , excerpts from the `` Pentagon Papers '' , which had been leaked by Daniel Ellsberg , were published by The New York Times and The Washington Post . When news of the leak first appeared , Nixon was inclined to do nothing ; the Papers , a history of United States ' involvement in Vietnam , mostly concerned the lies of prior administrations and contained few real revelations . He was persuaded by Kissinger that the papers were more harmful than they appeared , and the President tried to prevent publication . The Supreme Court eventually ruled for the newspapers . As U.S. troop withdrawals continued , conscription was reduced and in 1973 ended ; the armed forces became all - volunteer . After years of fighting , the Paris Peace Accords were signed at the beginning of 1973 . The agreement implemented a cease fire and allowed for the withdrawal of remaining American troops without requiring the 160,000 North Vietnam Army regulars located in the South to withdraw . Once American combat support ended , there was a brief truce , before fighting broke out again . North Vietnam conquered South Vietnam in 1975 . Latin American policy See also : U.S. intervention in Chile § 1973 coup Nixon and Mexican president Gustavo Díaz Ordaz riding a presidential motorcade in San Diego , California , September 1970 Nixon had been a firm supporter of Kennedy in the 1961 Bay of Pigs Invasion and 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis ; on taking office he stepped up covert operations against Cuba and its president , Fidel Castro . He maintained close relations with the Cuban - American exile community through his friend , Bebe Rebozo , who often suggested ways of irritating Castro . These activities concerned the Soviets and Cubans , who feared Nixon might attack Cuba and break the understanding between Kennedy and Khrushchev which had ended the missile crisis . In August 1970 , the Soviets asked Nixon to reaffirm the understanding ; despite his hard line against Castro , Nixon agreed . The process had not yet been completed when the Soviets began expanding their base at the Cuban port of Cienfuegos in October 1970 . A minor confrontation ensued , which was concluded with an understanding that the Soviets would not use Cienfuegos for submarines bearing ballistic missiles . The final round of diplomatic notes , reaffirming the 1962 accord , were exchanged in November . The election of Marxist candidate Salvador Allende as President of Chile in September 1970 spurred Nixon and Kissinger to pursue a vigorous campaign of covert resistance to Allende , first designed to convince the Chilean congress to confirm Jorge Alessandri as the winner of the election and then messages to military officers in support of a coup . Other support included strikes organized against Allende and funding for Allende opponents . It was even alleged that `` Nixon personally authorized '' $700,000 in covert funds to print anti-Allende messages in a prominent Chilean newspaper . Following an extended period of social , political , and economic unrest , General Augusto Pinochet assumed power in a violent coup d'état on September 11 , 1973 ; among the dead was Allende . Soviet Union Nixon used the improving international environment to address the topic of nuclear peace . Following the announcement of his visit to China , the Nixon administration concluded negotiations for him to visit the Soviet Union . The President and First Lady arrived in Moscow on May 22 , 1972 and met with Leonid Brezhnev , the General Secretary of the Communist Party ; Alexei Kosygin , the Chairman of the Council of Ministers ; and Nikolai Podgorny , the head of state , among other leading Soviet officials . Nixon meets with Brezhnev during the Soviet leader 's trip to the U.S. , 1973 . Nixon engaged in intense negotiations with Brezhnev . Out of the summit came agreements for increased trade and two landmark arms control treaties : SALT I , the first comprehensive limitation pact signed by the two superpowers , and the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty , which banned the development of systems designed to intercept incoming missiles . Nixon and Brezhnev proclaimed a new era of `` peaceful coexistence '' . A banquet was held that evening at the Kremlin . Seeking to foster better relations with the United States , both China and the Soviet Union cut back on their diplomatic support for North Vietnam and advised Hanoi to come to terms militarily . Nixon later described his strategy : I had long believed that an indispensable element of any successful peace initiative in Vietnam was to enlist , if possible , the help of the Soviets and the Chinese . Though rapprochement with China and détente with the Soviet Union were ends in themselves , I also considered them possible means to hasten the end of the war . At worst , Hanoi was bound to feel less confident if Washington was dealing with Moscow and Beijing . At best , if the two major Communist powers decided that they had bigger fish to fry , Hanoi would be pressured into negotiating a settlement we could accept . Having made considerable progress over the previous two years in U.S. - Soviet relations , Nixon embarked on a second trip to the Soviet Union in 1974 . He arrived in Moscow on June 27 to a welcome ceremony , cheering crowds , and a state dinner at the Grand Kremlin Palace that evening . Nixon and Brezhnev met in Yalta , where they discussed a proposed mutual defense pact , détente , and MIRVs . While he considered proposing a comprehensive test - ban treaty , Nixon felt he would not have time as president to complete it . There were no significant breakthroughs in these negotiations . Middle Eastern policy Nixon meets with President Anwar Sadat of Egypt , June 1974 As part of the Nixon Doctrine that the U.S. would avoid direct combat assistance to allies where possible , instead giving them assistance to defend themselves , the U.S. greatly increased arms sales to the Middle East -- particularly Israel , Iran and Saudi Arabia -- during the Nixon administration . The Nixon administration strongly supported Israel , an American ally in the Middle East , but the support was not unconditional . Nixon believed that Israel should make peace with its Arab neighbors and that the United States should encourage it . The president believed that -- except during the Suez Crisis -- the U.S. had failed to intervene with Israel , and should use the leverage of the large U.S. military aid to Israel to urge the parties to the negotiating table . The Arab - Israeli conflict was not a major focus of Nixon 's attention during his first term -- for one thing , he felt that no matter what he did , American Jews would oppose his reelection . On October 6 , 1973 , an Arab coalition led by Egypt and Syria , supported with arms and materiel by the Soviet Union , attacked Israel in the Yom Kippur War . Israel suffered heavy losses and Nixon ordered an airlift to resupply Israeli losses , cutting through inter-departmental squabbles and bureaucracy and taking personal responsibility for any response by Arab nations . More than a week later , by the time the U.S. and Soviet Union began negotiating a truce , Israel had penetrated deep into enemy territory . The truce negotiations rapidly escalated into a superpower crisis ; when Israel gained the upper hand , Egyptian President Sadat requested a joint U.S. - USSR peacekeeping mission , which the U.S. refused . When Soviet Premier Brezhnev threatened to unilaterally enforce any peacekeeping mission militarily , Nixon ordered the U.S. military to DEFCON 3 , placing all U.S. military personnel and bases on alert for nuclear war . This was the closest that the world had come to nuclear war since the Cuban Missile Crisis . Brezhnev backed down as a result of Nixon 's actions . Because Israel 's victory was largely due to U.S. support , the Arab OPEC nations retaliated by refusing to sell crude oil to the U.S. , resulting in the 1973 oil crisis . The embargo caused gasoline shortages and rationing in the United States in late 1973 , and was eventually ended by the oil - producing nations as peace in the Middle East took hold . After the war , and under Nixon 's presidency , the U.S. reestablished relations with Egypt for the first time since 1967 . Nixon used the Middle East crisis to restart the stalled Middle East Peace Negotiations ; he wrote in a confidential memo to Kissinger on October 20 : I believe that , beyond a doubt , we are now facing the best opportunity we have had in 15 years to build a lasting peace in the Middle East . I am convinced history will hold us responsible if we let this opportunity slip by ... I now consider a permanent Middle East settlement to be the most important final goal to which we must devote ourselves . Nixon made one of his final international visits as president to the Middle East in June 1974 , and became the first President to visit Israel . Domestic policy At the Washington Senators ' 1969 Opening Day at RFK Stadium . To the right of Nixon is team owner Bob Short and then Baseball Commissioner Bowie Kuhn . Marine Corps Aide to the President Jack Brennan sits in uniform behind Nixon . Economy Further information : Nixon shock and 1970s energy crisis At the time Nixon took office in 1969 , inflation was at 4.7 percent -- its highest rate since the Korean War . The Great Society had been enacted under Johnson , which , together with the Vietnam War costs , was causing large budget deficits . Unemployment was low , but interest rates were at their highest in a century . Nixon 's major economic goal was to reduce inflation ; the most obvious means of doing so was to end the war . This could not be accomplished overnight , and the U.S. economy continued to struggle through 1970 , contributing to a lackluster Republican performance in the midterm congressional elections ( Democrats controlled both Houses of Congress throughout Nixon 's presidency ) . According to political economist Nigel Bowles in his 2011 study of Nixon 's economic record , the new president did little to alter Johnson 's policies through the first year of his presidency . Nixon was far more interested in foreign affairs than domestic policies , but believed that voters tend to focus on their own financial condition , and that economic conditions were a threat to his reelection . As part of his `` New Federalism '' views , he proposed grants to the states , but these proposals were for the most part lost in the congressional budget process . However , Nixon gained political credit for advocating them . In 1970 , Congress had granted the President the power to impose wage and price freezes , though the Democratic majorities , knowing Nixon had opposed such controls through his career , did not expect Nixon to actually use the authority . With inflation unresolved by August 1971 , and an election year looming , Nixon convened a summit of his economic advisers at Camp David . He then announced temporary wage and price controls , allowed the dollar to float against other currencies , and ended the convertibility of the dollar into gold . Bowles points out , by identifying himself with a policy whose purpose was inflation 's defeat , Nixon made it difficult for Democratic opponents ... to criticize him . His opponents could offer no alternative policy that was either plausible or believable since the one they favored was one they had designed but which the president had appropriated for himself . Nixon 's policies dampened inflation through 1972 , although their aftereffects contributed to inflation during his second term and into the Ford administration . After Nixon won re-election , inflation was returning . He reimposed price controls in June 1973 . The price controls became unpopular with the public and businesspeople , who saw powerful labor unions as preferable to the price board bureaucracy . The controls produced food shortages , as meat disappeared from grocery stores and farmers drowned chickens rather than sell them at a loss . Despite the failure to control inflation , controls were slowly ended , and on April 30 , 1974 , their statutory authorization lapsed . Governmental initiatives and organization Nixon advocated a `` New Federalism '' , which would devolve power to state and local elected officials , though Congress was hostile to these ideas and enacted few of them . He eliminated the Cabinet - level United States Post Office Department , which in 1971 became the government - run United States Postal Service . Nixon was a late convert to the conservation movement . Environmental policy had not been a significant issue in the 1968 election ; the candidates were rarely asked for their views on the subject . He saw that the first Earth Day in April 1970 presaged a wave of voter interest on the subject , and sought to use that to his benefit ; in June he announced the formation of the Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) . Nixon broke new ground by discussing environment policy in his State of the Union speech ; other initiatives supported by Nixon included the Clean Air Act of 1970 and Occupational Safety and Health Administration ( OSHA ) ; the National Environmental Policy Act required environmental impact statements for many Federal projects . Nixon vetoed the Clean Water Act of 1972 -- objecting not to the policy goals of the legislation but to the amount of money to be spent on them , which he deemed excessive . After Congress overrode his veto , Nixon impounded the funds he deemed unjustifiable . In 1971 , Nixon proposed health insurance reform -- a private health insurance employer mandate , federalization of Medicaid for poor families with dependent minor children , and support for health maintenance organizations ( HMOs ) . A limited HMO bill was enacted in 1973 . In 1974 , Nixon proposed more comprehensive health insurance reform -- a private health insurance employer mandate and replacement of Medicaid by state - run health insurance plans available to all , with income - based premiums and cost sharing . Concerned about the prevalence of drug use both domestically and among American soldiers in Vietnam , Nixon called for a War on Drugs , pledging to cut off sources of supply abroad , and to increase funds for education and for rehabilitation facilities . As one policy initiative , Nixon called for more money for sickle - cell research , treatment , and education in February 1971 and signed the National Sickle Cell Anemia Control Act on May 16 , 1972 . While Nixon called for increased spending on such high - profile items as sickle - cell disease and for a War on Cancer , at the same time he sought to reduce overall spending at the National Institutes of Health . Civil Rights The Nixon presidency witnessed the first large - scale integration of public schools in the South . Nixon sought a middle way between the segregationist Wallace and liberal Democrats , whose support of integration was alienating some Southern whites . Hopeful of doing well in the South in 1972 , he sought to dispose of desegregation as a political issue before then . Soon after his inauguration , he appointed Vice President Agnew to lead a task force , which worked with local leaders -- both white and black -- to determine how to integrate local schools . Agnew had little interest in the work , and most of it was done by Labor Secretary George Shultz . Federal aid was available , and a meeting with President Nixon was a possible reward for compliant committees . By September 1970 , less than ten percent of black children were attending segregated schools . By 1971 , however , tensions over desegregation surfaced in Northern cities , with angry protests over the busing of children to schools outside their neighborhood to achieve racial balance . Nixon opposed busing personally but enforced court orders requiring its use . In addition to desegregating public schools , Nixon implemented the Philadelphia Plan in 1970 -- the first significant federal affirmative action program . He also endorsed the Equal Rights Amendment after it passed both houses of Congress in 1972 and went to the states for ratification . Nixon had campaigned as an ERA supporter in 1968 , though feminists criticized him for doing little to help the ERA or their cause after his election . Nevertheless , he appointed more women to administration positions than Lyndon Johnson had . Space policy Nixon visits the Apollo 11 astronauts in quarantine aboard USS Hornet . Further information : Space policy of the United States After a nearly decade - long national effort , the United States won the race to land astronauts on the Moon on July 20 , 1969 , with the flight of Apollo 11 . Nixon spoke with Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin during their moonwalk . He called the conversation `` the most historic phone call ever made from the White House '' . Nixon was unwilling to keep funding for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA ) at the high level seen during the 1960s as NASA prepared to send men to the Moon . NASA Administrator Thomas O. Paine drew up ambitious plans for the establishment of a permanent base on the Moon by the end of the 1970s and the launch of a manned expedition to Mars as early as 1981 . Nixon rejected both proposals due to the expense . Nixon also canceled the Air Force Manned Orbital Laboratory program in 1969 , because unmanned spy satellites were a more cost - effective way to achieve the same reconnaissance objective . On March 7 , 1970 , Nixon announced the end of the Kennedy - Johnson era 's massive efforts in the space race , stating `` We must think of ( space activities ) as part of a continuing process ( ... ) and not as a series of separate leaps , each requiring a massive concentration of energy . ( ... ) We must also realize that space expenditures must take their proper place within a rigorous system of national priorities . What we do in space from here on in must become a normal and regular part of our national life and must therefore be planned in conjunction with all of the other undertakings which are also important to us . '' He then cancelled the last three planned Apollo lunar missions to place Skylab in orbit more efficiently and free money up for the design and construction of the Space Shuttle . On May 24 , 1972 , Nixon approved a five - year cooperative program between NASA and the Soviet space program , culminating in the 1975 joint mission of an American Apollo and Soviet Soyuz spacecraft linking in space . Reelection , Watergate scandal , and resignation Nixon announces the release of edited transcripts of the Watergate tapes , April 29 , 1974 . 1972 presidential campaign Main article : United States presidential election , 1972 1972 electoral vote results Nixon believed his rise to power had peaked at a moment of political realignment . The Democratic `` Solid South '' had long been a source of frustration to Republican ambitions . Goldwater had won several Southern states by opposing the Civil Rights Act of 1964 but had alienated more moderate Southerners . Nixon 's efforts to gain Southern support in 1968 were diluted by Wallace 's candidacy . Through his first term , he pursued a Southern Strategy with policies , such as his desegregation plans , that would be broadly acceptable among Southern whites , encouraging them to realign with the Republicans in the aftermath of the Civil Rights Movement . He nominated two Southern conservatives , Clement Haynsworth and G. Harrold Carswell to the Supreme Court , but neither was confirmed by the Senate . Nixon meets the public during the 1972 presidential campaign . Nixon entered his name on the New Hampshire primary ballot on January 5 , 1972 , effectively announcing his candidacy for reelection . Virtually assured the Republican nomination , the President had initially expected his Democratic opponent to be Massachusetts Senator Ted Kennedy ( brother of the late president ) , but he was largely removed from contention after the 1969 Chappaquiddick incident . Instead , Maine Senator Edmund Muskie became the front runner , with South Dakota Senator George McGovern in a close second place . On June 10 , McGovern won the California primary and secured the Democratic nomination . The following month , Nixon was renominated at the 1972 Republican National Convention . He dismissed the Democratic platform as cowardly and divisive . McGovern intended to sharply reduce defense spending and supported amnesty for draft evaders as well as abortion rights . With some of his supporters believed to be in favor of drug legalization , McGovern was perceived as standing for `` amnesty , abortion and acid '' . McGovern was also damaged by his vacillating support for his original running mate , Missouri Senator Thomas Eagleton , dumped from the ticket following revelations that he had received treatment for depression . Nixon was ahead in most polls for the entire election cycle , and was reelected on November 7 , 1972 in one of the largest landslide election victories in American history . He defeated McGovern with over 60 percent of the popular vote , losing only in Massachusetts and the District of Columbia . Watergate Main articles : Watergate scandal and Impeachment process of Richard Nixon Nixon fields questions at a press conference , October 26 , 1973 . The term Watergate has come to encompass an array of clandestine and often illegal activities undertaken by members of the Nixon administration . Those activities included `` dirty tricks , '' or bugging the offices of political opponents and the harassment of activist groups and political figures . The activities were brought to light after five men were caught breaking into Democratic party headquarters at the Watergate complex in Washington , D.C. on June 17 , 1972 . The Washington Post picked up on the story ; reporters Carl Bernstein and Bob Woodward relied on an informant known as `` Deep Throat '' -- later revealed to be Mark Felt , associate director at the FBI -- to link the men to the Nixon administration . Nixon downplayed the scandal as mere politics , calling news articles biased and misleading . A series of revelations made it clear that the Committee to Re-elect President Nixon , and later the White House , was involved in attempts to sabotage the Democrats . Senior aides such as White House Counsel John Dean faced prosecution ; in total 48 officials were convicted of wrongdoing . In July 1973 , White House aide Alexander Butterfield testified under oath to Congress that Nixon had a secret taping system that recorded his conversations and phone calls in the Oval Office . These tapes were subpoenaed by Watergate Special Counsel Archibald Cox ; Nixon provided transcripts of the conversations but not the actual tapes , citing executive privilege . With the White House and Cox at loggerheads , Nixon had Cox fired in October in the `` Saturday Night Massacre '' ; he was replaced by Leon Jaworski . In November , Nixon 's lawyers revealed that an audio tape of conversations held in the White House on June 20 , 1972 featured an 181⁄2 minute gap . Rose Mary Woods , the President 's personal secretary , claimed responsibility for the gap , alleging that she had accidentally wiped the section while transcribing the tape , though her tale was widely mocked . The gap , while not conclusive proof of wrongdoing by the President , cast doubt on Nixon 's statement that he had been unaware of the cover - up . A demonstrator demands Nixon 's impeachment , October 1973 . Though Nixon lost much popular support , even from his own party , he rejected accusations of wrongdoing and vowed to stay in office . He insisted that he had made mistakes , but had no prior knowledge of the burglary , did not break any laws , and did not learn of the cover - up until early 1973 . On October 10 , 1973 , Vice President Agnew resigned -- unrelated to Watergate -- and was convicted on charges of bribery , tax evasion and money laundering during his tenure as Governor of Maryland . Nixon chose Gerald Ford , Minority Leader of the House of Representatives , to replace Agnew . One researcher suggested Nixon effectively disengaged from his own administration after the swearing in of Gerald Ford as Vice President on December 6 , 1973 . On November 17 , 1973 , during a televised question and answer session with the press , Nixon said , `` People have got to know whether or not their President is a crook . Well , I 'm not a crook . I 've earned everything I 've got . '' The legal battle over the tapes continued through early 1974 , and in April 1974 Nixon announced the release of 1,200 pages of transcripts of White House conversations between him and his aides . The House Judiciary Committee opened impeachment hearings against the President on May 9 , 1974 , which were televised on the major TV networks . These hearings culminated in votes for impeachment . On July 24 , the Supreme Court ruled unanimously that the full tapes , not just selected transcripts , must be released . The scandal grew to involve a slew of additional allegations against the President , ranging from the improper use of government agencies to accepting gifts in office and his personal finances and taxes ; Nixon repeatedly stated his willingness to pay any outstanding taxes due , and paid $465,000 in back taxes in 1974 . Nixon Oval Office meeting with H.R. Haldeman `` Smoking Gun '' Conversation June 23 , 1972 Full Transcript Even with support diminished by the continuing series of revelations , Nixon hoped to fight the charges . However , one of the new tapes , recorded soon after the break - in , demonstrated that Nixon had been told of the White House connection to the Watergate burglaries soon after they took place , and had approved plans to thwart the investigation . In a statement accompanying the release of what became known as the `` Smoking Gun Tape '' on August 5 , 1974 , Nixon accepted blame for misleading the country about when he had been told of White House involvement , stating that he had a lapse of memory . Senate Minority Leader Hugh Scott , Senator Barry Goldwater , and House Minority Leader John Jacob Rhodes met with Nixon soon after . Rhodes told Nixon that he faced certain impeachment in the House . Scott and Goldwater told the president that he had , at most , only 15 votes in his favor in the Senate -- far fewer than the 34 he needed to avoid removal from office . Resignation Richard Nixon resigns Resignation speech of President Richard Nixon , delivered August 8 , 1974 . Problems playing this file ? See media help . In light of his loss of political support and the near - certainty that he would be impeached and removed , Nixon resigned the presidency on August 9 , 1974 , after addressing the nation on television the previous evening . Nixon chose to resign after realizing public opinion was not in his favor to remain in office . The resignation speech was delivered from the Oval Office and was carried live on radio and television . Nixon stated that he was resigning for the good of the country and asked the nation to support the new president , Gerald Ford . Nixon went on to review the accomplishments of his presidency , especially in foreign policy . He defended his record as president , quoting from Theodore Roosevelt 's 1910 speech Citizenship in a Republic : Sometimes I have succeeded and sometimes I have failed , but always I have taken heart from what Theodore Roosevelt once said about the man in the arena , `` whose face is marred by dust and sweat and blood , who strives valiantly , who errs and comes up short again and again because there is not effort without error and shortcoming , but who does actually strive to do the deed , who knows the great enthusiasms , the great devotions , who spends himself in a worthy cause , who at the best knows in the end the triumphs of high achievements and who at the worst , if he fails , at least fails while daring greatly '' . Nixon 's speech received generally favorable initial responses from network commentators , with only Roger Mudd of CBS stating that Nixon had not admitted wrongdoing . It was termed `` a masterpiece '' by Conrad Black , one of his biographers . Black opined that `` What was intended to be an unprecedented humiliation for any American president , Nixon converted into a virtual parliamentary acknowledgement of almost blameless insufficiency of legislative support to continue . He left while devoting half his address to a recitation of his accomplishments in office . '' Later years and death President Ronald Reagan meets with his three predecessors , Ford , Carter and Nixon at the White House , October 1981 ; the three former presidents represented the United States at the funeral of Egyptian President Anwar Sadat . Pardon and illness Further information : Pardon of Richard Nixon President Ford announces his decision to pardon Nixon , September 8 , 1974 , in the Oval Office . Following his resignation , the Nixons flew to their home La Casa Pacifica in San Clemente , California . According to his biographer , Aitken , after his resignation , `` Nixon was a soul in torment '' . Congress had funded Nixon 's transition costs , including some salary expenses , though reducing the appropriation from $850,000 to $200,000 . With some of his staff still with him , Nixon was at his desk by 7 a.m. -- with little to do . His former press secretary , Ron Ziegler , sat with him alone for hours each day . Nixon 's resignation had not put an end to the desire among many to see him punished . The Ford White House considered a pardon of Nixon , though it would be unpopular in the country . Nixon , contacted by Ford emissaries , was initially reluctant to accept the pardon , but then agreed to do so . Ford insisted on a statement of contrition , but Nixon felt he had not committed any crimes and should not have to issue such a document . Ford eventually agreed , and on September 8 , 1974 , he granted Nixon a `` full , free , and absolute pardon '' , which ended any possibility of an indictment . Nixon then released a statement : I was wrong in not acting more decisively and more forthrightly in dealing with Watergate , particularly when it reached the stage of judicial proceedings and grew from a political scandal into a national tragedy . No words can describe the depth of my regret and pain at the anguish my mistakes over Watergate have caused the nation and the presidency , a nation I so deeply love , and an institution I so greatly respect . In October 1974 , Nixon fell ill with phlebitis , the inflammation of the walls of a vein . Told by his doctors that he could either be operated on or die , a reluctant Nixon chose surgery , and President Ford visited him in the hospital . Nixon was under subpoena for the trial of three of his former aides -- Dean , Haldeman , and John Ehrlichman -- and The Washington Post , disbelieving his illness , printed a cartoon showing Nixon with a cast on the `` wrong foot '' . Judge John Sirica excused Nixon 's presence despite the defendants ' objections . Congress instructed Ford to retain Nixon 's presidential papers -- beginning a three - decade legal battle over the documents that was eventually won by the former president and his estate . Nixon was in the hospital when the 1974 midterm elections were held , and Watergate and the pardon were contributing factors to the Republican loss of 43 seats in the House and three in the Senate . Return to public Life In December 1974 , Nixon began planning his comeback despite the considerable ill - will against him in the country . He wrote in his diary , referring to himself and Pat , So be it . We will see it through . We 've had tough times before and we can take the tougher ones that we will have to go through now . That is perhaps what we were made for -- to be able to take punishment beyond what anyone in this office has had before particularly after leaving office . This is a test of character and we must not fail the test . Nixon ( right ) joins Gerald Ford ( center ) and President Jimmy Carter ( left ) at the White House for the funeral of former Vice President Hubert Humphrey , 1978 . By early 1975 , Nixon 's health was improving . He maintained an office in a Coast Guard station 300 yards from his home , at first taking a golf cart and later walking the route each day ; he mainly worked on his memoirs . He had hoped to wait before writing his memoirs ; the fact that his assets were being eaten away by expenses and lawyer fees compelled him to begin work quickly . He was handicapped in this work by the end of his transition allowance in February , which compelled him to part with many of his staff , including Ziegler . In August of that year , he met with British talk - show host and producer David Frost , who paid him $600,000 ( equivalent to $2,670,000 in 2016 ) for a series of sit - down interviews , filmed and aired in 1977 . They began on the topic of foreign policy , recounting the leaders he had known , but the most remembered section of the interviews was that on Watergate . Nixon admitted that he had `` let down the country '' and that `` I brought myself down . I gave them a sword and they stuck it in . And they twisted it with relish . And , I guess , if I 'd been in their position , I 'd have done the same thing . '' The interviews garnered 45 -- 50 million viewers -- becoming the most - watched program of their kind in television history . The interviews helped improve Nixon 's financial position -- at one point in early 1975 he had only $500 in the bank -- as did the sale of his Key Biscayne property to a trust set up by wealthy Nixon friends such as Bebe Rebozo . In February 1976 , Nixon visited China at the personal invitation of Mao . Nixon had wanted to return to China , but chose to wait until after Ford 's own visit in 1975 . Nixon remained neutral in the close 1976 primary battle between Ford and Reagan . Ford won , but was defeated by Georgia Governor Jimmy Carter in the general election . The Carter administration had little use for Nixon and blocked his planned trip to Australia , causing the government of Prime Minister Malcolm Fraser to withhold its official invitation . In 1976 , Nixon was disbarred by the New York State Bar Association for obstruction of justice in the Watergate affair . Nixon chose not to present any defense . In early 1978 , Nixon went to the United Kingdom . He was shunned by American diplomats and by most ministers of the James Callaghan government . He was welcomed , however , by the Leader of the Opposition , Margaret Thatcher , as well as by former prime ministers Lord Home and Sir Harold Wilson . Two other former prime ministers , Harold Macmillan and Edward Heath declined to meet him . Nixon addressed the Oxford Union regarding Watergate : Some people say I did n't handle it properly and they 're right . I screwed it up . Mea culpa . But let 's get on to my achievements . You 'll be here in the year 2000 and we 'll see how I 'm regarded then . Author and elder statesman Nixon speaks with Chinese Vice Premier Deng Xiaoping and U.S. President Jimmy Carter at the White House , 1979 . In 1978 , Nixon published his memoirs , RN : The Memoirs of Richard Nixon , the first of ten books he was to author in his retirement . The book was a bestseller and attracted a generally positive critical response . Nixon visited the White House in 1979 , invited by Carter for the state dinner for Chinese Vice Premier Deng Xiaoping . Carter had not wanted to invite Nixon , but Deng had stated he would visit Nixon in California if the former president was not invited . Nixon had a private meeting with Deng and visited Beijing again in mid-1979 . On August 10 , 1979 , the Nixons purchased a New York City townhouse at 817 Fifth Avenue after being rejected by two Manhattan co-ops . When the former Shah of Iran died in Egypt in July 1980 , Nixon defied the State Department , which intended to send no U.S. representative , by attending the funeral . Though Nixon had no official credentials , as a former president he was seen as the American presence at its former ally 's funeral . Nixon supported Ronald Reagan for president in 1980 , making television appearances portraying himself as , in biographer Stephen Ambrose 's words , `` the senior statesman above the fray '' . He wrote guest articles for many publications both during the campaign and after Reagan 's victory . After eighteen months in the New York City townhouse , Nixon and his wife moved in 1981 to Saddle River , New Jersey . Nixon in 1992 Throughout the 1980s , Nixon maintained an ambitious schedule of speaking engagements and writing , traveled , and met with many foreign leaders , especially those of Third World countries . He joined former Presidents Ford and Carter as representatives of the United States at the funeral of Egyptian President Anwar Sadat . On a trip to the Middle East , Nixon made his views known regarding Saudi Arabia and Libya , which attracted significant U.S. media attention ; The Washington Post ran stories on Nixon 's `` rehabilitation '' . Nixon visited the Soviet Union in 1986 and on his return sent President Reagan a lengthy memorandum containing foreign policy suggestions and his personal impressions of Mikhail Gorbachev . Following this trip , Nixon was ranked in a Gallup poll as one of the ten most admired men in the world . Nixon visits President Bill Clinton in the White House family quarters , March 1993 . In 1986 , Nixon addressed a convention of newspaper publishers , impressing his audience with his tour d'horizon of the world . At the time , political pundit Elizabeth Drew wrote , `` Even when he was wrong , Nixon still showed that he knew a great deal and had a capacious memory , as well as the capacity to speak with apparent authority , enough to impress people who had little regard for him in earlier times . '' Newsweek ran a story on `` Nixon 's comeback '' with the headline `` He 's back '' . On July 19 , 1990 , the Richard Nixon Library and Birthplace in Yorba Linda , California opened as a private institution with the Nixons in attendance . They were joined by a large crowd of people , including Presidents Ford , Reagan , and George H.W. Bush , as well as their wives , Betty , Nancy , and Barbara . In January 1991 , the former president founded the Nixon Center ( today the Center for the National Interest ) , a Washington policy think tank and conference center . Pat Nixon died on June 22 , 1993 , of emphysema and lung cancer . Her funeral services were held on the grounds of the Richard Nixon Library and Birthplace . Former President Nixon was distraught throughout the interment and delivered a tribute to her inside the library building . Death and funeral Main article : Death and funeral of Richard Nixon Nixon suffered a severe stroke on April 18 , 1994 , while preparing to eat dinner in his Park Ridge , New Jersey home . A blood clot resulting from the atrial fibrillation he had suffered for many years had formed in his upper heart , broken off , and traveled to his brain . He was taken to New York Hospital -- Cornell Medical Center in Manhattan , initially alert but unable to speak or to move his right arm or leg . Damage to the brain caused swelling ( cerebral edema ) , and Nixon slipped into a deep coma . He died at 9 : 08 p.m. on April 22 , 1994 , with his daughters at his bedside . He was 81 years old . Five U.S. presidents ( including then - incumbent president Bill Clinton ) and their wives attend the funeral of Richard Nixon , April 27 , 1994 . Nixon 's funeral took place on April 27 , 1994 , in Yorba Linda , California . Eulogists at the Nixon Library ceremony included President Bill Clinton , former Secretary of State Henry Kissinger , Senate Minority Leader Bob Dole , California Governor Pete Wilson , and the Reverend Billy Graham . Also in attendance were former Presidents Ford , Carter , Reagan , George H.W. Bush , and their wives . Richard Nixon was buried beside his wife Pat on the grounds of the Nixon Library . He was survived by his two daughters , Tricia and Julie , and four grandchildren . In keeping with his wishes , his funeral was not a full state funeral , though his body did lie in repose in the Nixon Library lobby from April 26 to the morning of the funeral service . Mourners waited in line for up to eight hours in chilly , wet weather to pay their respects . At its peak , the line to pass by Nixon 's casket was three miles long with an estimated 42,000 people waiting . John F. Stacks of Time magazine said of Nixon shortly after his death , An outsize energy and determination drove him on to recover and rebuild after every self - created disaster that he faced . To reclaim a respected place in American public life after his resignation , he kept traveling and thinking and talking to the world 's leaders ... and by the time Bill Clinton came to the White House ( in 1993 ) , Nixon had virtually cemented his role as an elder statesman . Clinton , whose wife served on the staff of the committee that voted to impeach Nixon , met openly with him and regularly sought his advice . Tom Wicker of The New York Times noted that Nixon had been equalled only by Franklin Roosevelt in being five times nominated on a major party ticket and , quoting Nixon 's 1962 farewell speech , wrote , Richard Nixon 's jowly , beard - shadowed face , the ski - jump nose and the widow 's peak , the arms upstretched in the V - sign , had been so often pictured and caricatured , his presence had become such a familiar one in the land , he had been so often in the heat of controversy , that it was hard to realize the nation really would not ' have Nixon to kick around anymore ' . Ambrose said of the reaction to Nixon 's death , `` To everyone 's amazement , except his , he 's our beloved elder statesman . '' Upon Nixon 's death , almost all of the news coverage mentioned Watergate , but for the most part , the coverage was favorable to the former president . The Dallas Morning News stated , `` History ultimately should show that despite his flaws , he was one of our most farsighted chief executives . '' This offended some ; columnist Russell Baker complained of `` a group conspiracy to grant him absolution '' . Cartoonist Jeff Koterba of the Omaha World - Herald depicted History before a blank canvas , his subject Nixon , as America looks on eagerly . The artist urges his audience to sit down ; the work will take some time to complete , as `` this portrait is a little more complicated than most '' . Hunter S. Thompson wrote a scathing piece denouncing Nixon for Rolling Stone , entitled `` He Was a Crook '' ( which also appeared a month later in The Atlantic ) . In his article , Thompson described Nixon as `` a political monster straight out of Grendel and a very dangerous enemy . '' Legacy Historian and political scientist James MacGregor Burns observed of Nixon , `` How can one evaluate such an idiosyncratic president , so brilliant and so morally lacking ? '' Nixon 's biographers disagree on how he will be perceived by history . According to Ambrose , `` Nixon wanted to be judged by what he accomplished . What he will be remembered for is the nightmare he put the country through in his second term and for his resignation . '' Irwin Gellman , who chronicled Nixon 's congressional career , suggests that `` he was remarkable among his congressional peers , a success story in a troubled era , one who steered a sensible anti-Communist course against the excess of McCarthy '' . Aitken feels that `` Nixon , both as a man and as a statesman , has been excessively maligned for his faults and inadequately recognised for his virtues . Yet even in a spirit of historical revisionism , no simple verdict is possible . '' The graves of President Richard Nixon ( right ) and First Lady Pat Nixon Nixon 's Southern Strategy is credited by some historians as causing the South to become a Republican stronghold , though others deem economic factors more important to the change . Throughout his career , he was instrumental in moving his party away from the control of isolationists , and as a congressman was a persuasive advocate of containing Soviet communism . According to his biographer , Herbert Parmet , `` Nixon 's role was to steer the Republican party along a middle course , somewhere between the competitive impulses of the Rockefellers , the Goldwaters , and the Reagans . '' Nixon is given credit for his stance on domestic affairs , which resulted in the passage and enforcement of environmental and regulatory legislation . Historian Paul Charles Milazzo in his 2011 paper on Nixon and the environment , points to Nixon 's creation of the EPA and his enforcement of legislation such as the 1973 Endangered Species Act , stating that `` though unsought and unacknowledged , Richard Nixon 's environmental legacy is secure '' . Nixon saw his policies regarding Vietnam , China , and the Soviets as key to his place in history . George McGovern , Nixon 's onetime opponent , commented in 1983 , `` President Nixon probably had a more practical approach to the two superpowers , China and the Soviet Union , than any other president since World War II ... With the exception of his inexcusable continuation of the war in Vietnam , Nixon really will get high marks in history . '' Political scientist Jussi Hanhimäki disagrees , saying Nixon 's diplomacy was merely a continuation of the Cold War policy of containment , using diplomatic rather than military means . Historian Christopher Andrew concludes that `` Nixon was a great statesman on the world stage as well as a shabby practitioner of electoral politics in the domestic arena . While the criminal farce of Watergate was in the making , Nixon 's inspirational statesmanship was establishing new working relationships with both Communist China and the Soviet Union . '' Historian Keith W. Olson has written that Nixon left a negative legacy : fundamental mistrust of government with its roots in Vietnam and Watergate . During the impeachment of Bill Clinton in 1998 , both sides tried to use Nixon and Watergate to their advantage : Republicans suggested that Clinton 's misconduct had been comparable to Nixon 's , while Democrats contended that Nixon 's actions had been far more serious than those of the incumbent . Another legacy , for a time , was a decrease in the power of the presidency as Congress passed restrictive legislation in the wake of Watergate . Olson suggests that grants of power to George W. Bush in the aftermath of the 9 / 11 attacks restored the president 's power . Personality and public image Nixon and Elvis Presley in December 1970 : `` The President & The King '' Nixon 's career was frequently dogged by his persona and the public 's perception of it . Editorial cartoonists and comedians often exaggerated his appearance and mannerisms , to the point where the line between the human and the caricature became increasingly blurred . He was often portrayed with unshaven jowls , slumped shoulders , and a furrowed , sweaty brow . Nixon had a complex personality , both very secretive and awkward , yet strikingly reflective about himself . He was inclined to distance himself from people and was formal in all aspects , wearing a coat and tie even when home alone . Nixon biographer Conrad Black described him as being `` driven '' though also `` uneasy with himself in some ways '' . According to Black , Nixon thought that he was doomed to be traduced , double - crossed , unjustly harassed , misunderstood , underappreciated , and subjected to the trials of Job , but that by the application of his mighty will , tenacity , and diligence , he would ultimately prevail . Biographer Elizabeth Drew summarized Nixon as a `` smart , talented man , but most peculiar and haunted of presidents '' . In his account of the Nixon presidency , author Richard Reeves described Nixon as `` a strange man of uncomfortable shyness , who functioned best alone with his thoughts '' . Nixon 's presidency was doomed by his personality , Reeves argues : He assumed the worst in people and he brought out the worst in them ... He clung to the idea of being ' tough ' . He thought that was what had brought him to the edge of greatness . But that was what betrayed him . He could not open himself to other men and he could not open himself to greatness . Nixon with Bebe Rebozo ( left ) and FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover . The three men relax before dinner , Key Biscayne , Florida , December 1971 . Nixon believed that putting distance between himself and other people was necessary for him as he advanced in his political career and became president . Even Bebe Rebozo , by some accounts his closest friend , did not call him by his first name . Nixon stated of this , Even with close friends , I do n't believe in letting your hair down , confiding this and that and the other thing -- saying , ' Gee , I could n't sleep ' ... I believe you should keep your troubles to yourself . That 's just the way I am . Some people are different . Some people think it 's good therapy to sit with a close friend and , you know , just spill your guts ... ( and ) reveal their inner psyche -- whether they were breast - fed or bottle - fed . Not me . No way . When told that most Americans , even at the end of his career , did not feel they knew him , Nixon replied , `` Yeah , it 's true . And it 's not necessary for them to know . '' See also Murray Chotiner , Nixon 's campaign manager and aide Notes Explanatory notes Jump up ^ Black , pp. 583 -- 585 . In 1972 , Nixon did more than double his percentage of the Jewish vote , from 17 percent to 35 percent . Merkley , p. 68 . ^ Jump up to : voluntary for employees Jump up ^ see especially page 2 ( after introductory material ) in which a bar graph displays NHLBI funding for sickle cell research from FY 1972 through FY 2001 , totaling $923 million for these thirty years , starting at $10 million for 1972 , then about $15 million a year through 1976 , about $20 million for 1977 , etc Citations Jump up ^ Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum http://nixon.archives.gov/thelife/nixonbio.pdf Jump up ^ NPS , Nixon Birthplace . Jump up ^ Ferris , p. 209 . Jump up ^ Reitwiesner , William Addams The Ancestors of Senator John Forbes Kerry ( b . 1943 ) http://www.wargs.com/political/kerry.html Accessed August 31 , 2016 Jump up ^ Nixon Library , Childhood . Jump up ^ Aitken , p. 11 . Jump up ^ `` Nixon Genealogy -- President Richard Nixon Family History '' . archives.com . Jump up ^ Aitken , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Aitken , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Ambrose 1987 , p. 41 . Jump up ^ Aitken , p. 27 . Jump up ^ Ambrose 1987 , pp. 56 -- 57 . Jump up ^ Black , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Morris , p. 89 . Jump up ^ Black , pp. 17 -- 19 . Jump up ^ Morris , p. 91 . Jump up ^ Morris , p. 92 . ^ Jump up to : Aitken , p. 28 . Jump up ^ Black , pp. 20 -- 23 . Jump up ^ Black , pp. 23 -- 24 . Jump up ^ Gellman , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Black , pp. 24 -- 25 . Jump up ^ Ambrose 1987 , p. 61 . Jump up ^ Aitken , pp. 58 -- 63 . ^ Jump up to : Nixon Library , Student & Sailor . ^ Jump up to : Ambrose 1987 , pp. 33 -- 34 . Jump up ^ Aitken , p. 67 . Jump up ^ Parmet , p. 81 . Jump up ^ Nixon Library , Family Collection Guide . Jump up ^ Aitken , p. 76 . Jump up ^ Aitken , pp. 79 -- 82 . Jump up ^ Morris , p. 193 . Jump up ^ Black , p. 44 . Jump up ^ Black , p. 43 . Jump up ^ Nixon 1978 , p. 23 . Jump up ^ Ambrose 1987 , pp. 93 , 99 . Jump up ^ Ambrose 1987 , pp. 100 -- 101 . Jump up ^ Nixon Library , Nixon Family . Jump up ^ Morris , pp. 124 -- 126 . Jump up ^ Kornitzer , pp. 143 -- 144 . ^ Jump up to : `` Naval Profiles : Richard Milhous Nixon '' . Naval History and Heritage Command . U.S. Navy . 2015 - 02 - 18 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 06 . From August through December of 1944 , Nixon was assigned to Fleet Air Wing EIGHT . From December through March 1945 , he served at the Bureau of Aeronautics , Navy Department , Washington , D.C. In March , his next assignment was as the Bureau of Aeronautics Contracting Officer for Terminations in the Office of the Bureau of Aeronautics General Representative , Eastern District , headquartered in New York City . In that capacity he had temporary additional duty at various places , including Washington D.C. , Philadelphia , Buffalo , New York City , and East Hartford , Connecticut . When he was released from active duty on 10 March 1946 . He was promoted to Commander in the Naval Reserve on 1 June 1953 . While on active duty besides the Letter of Commendation , Nixon earned the American Campaign Medal , the Asiatic - Pacific Campaign Medal , and the World War II Victory Medal . He is entitled to two engagement stars on the Asiatic - Pacific Campaign Medal for supporting air action in the Treasury - Bougainville operations from 27 October to 15 December 1943 and for consolidation of the northern Solomons from 15 December 1943 to 22 July 1944 . Nixon transferred to the Retired Reserve of the Naval Reserve on 1 June 1966 . Jump up ^ Aitken , pp. 96 -- 97 . Jump up ^ Naval Historical Center , Commander Nixon . Jump up ^ Black , pp. 58 -- 60 . ^ Jump up to : Black , p. 62 . Jump up ^ Aitken , p. 112 . Jump up ^ Black , pp. 62 -- 63 . Jump up ^ Parmet , pp. 91 -- 96 . Jump up ^ Gellman , pp. 27 -- 28 . Jump up ^ Parmet , pp. 111 -- 113 . Jump up ^ Gellman , p. 82 . Jump up ^ Gellman , pp. 105 -- 107 , 125 -- 126 . Jump up ^ Morris , p. 365 . Jump up ^ Cronin , John Francis ( 29 October 1945 ) . `` The Problem of American Communism in 1945 : Facts and Recommendations '' ( PDF ) . `` A Confidential Study for Private Circulation '' . Retrieved 26 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Ambrose , Stephen E. ( 18 March 2014 ) . Nixon Volume I : The Education of a Politician 1913 - 1962 . Simon and Schuster . pp. 144 -- 147 . Retrieved 26 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Nixon , Richard ( 1978 ) . RN : The Memoirs of Richard Nixon . New York : Grosset & Dunlap . ISBN 978 - 0 - 448 - 14374 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Timeline '' . Nixon Library . Retrieved 2 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Black , pp. 129 -- 135 . Jump up ^ Gellman , pp. 239 -- 241 . Jump up ^ Morris , p. 381 . Jump up ^ Nixon Library , Congressman . Jump up ^ Gellman , p. 282 . Jump up ^ Morris , p. 535 . Jump up ^ Gellman , pp. 296 -- 297 . Jump up ^ Gellman , p. 304 . Jump up ^ Gellman , p. 310 . Jump up ^ Morris , p. 581 . Jump up ^ Gellman , p. 335 . Jump up ^ Gellman , p. 303 . ^ Jump up to : Nixon Library , Senator . Jump up ^ Ambrose 1987 , pp. 211 , 311 -- 312 . ^ Jump up to : Black , p. 178 . Jump up ^ Gellman , pp. 440 -- 441 . Jump up ^ Aitken , pp. 205 -- 206 . ^ Jump up to : Aitken , pp. 222 -- 223 . Jump up ^ John W. Malsberger , `` Dwight Eisenhower , Richard Nixon , and the Fund Crisis of 1952 , '' Historian , 73 ( Fall 2011 ) , pp 526 -- 47 . Jump up ^ Kornitzer , pp. 191 . ^ Jump up to : Aitken , pp. 210 -- 217 . Jump up ^ Thompson , p. 291 . Jump up ^ Aitken , p. 218 . Jump up ^ Morris , p. 846 . Jump up ^ John W. Malsberger , The General and the Politician : Dwight Eisenhower , Richard Nixon , and American Politics ( 2014 ) Jump up ^ Aitken , pp. 225 -- 227 . Jump up ^ Ambrose 1987 , p. 342 . Jump up ^ Gellman , Irwin . `` The Richard Nixon vice presidency : Research without the Nixon manuscripts '' in Small , pp. 102 -- 120 . Jump up ^ Ambrose 1987 , pp. 357 -- 358 . Jump up ^ Aitken , pp. 256 -- 258 . Jump up ^ Ambrose 1987 , pp. 375 -- 376 . Jump up ^ Aitken , pp. 237 -- 241 . Jump up ^ Parmet , p. 294 . Jump up ^ Black , pp. 349 -- 352 . Jump up ^ Black , p. 355 . Jump up ^ Ambrose 1987 , pp. 465 -- 469 . Jump up ^ Ambrose 1987 , pp. 469 -- 479 . Jump up ^ Ambrose 1987 , p. 463 . Jump up ^ Ambrose 1987 , pp. 521 -- 525 . Jump up ^ UPI 1960 in Review . ^ Jump up to : Nixon Library , Vice President . Jump up ^ Museum of Broadcast Communications , `` Kennedy - Nixon Debates '' . Jump up ^ Steel & 2003 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ Foner , p. 843 . Jump up ^ Carlson & 2000 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ Black , p. 431 . Jump up ^ Black , pp. 432 -- 433 . Jump up ^ Aitken , pp. 304 -- 305 . ^ Jump up to : Ambrose 1987 , p. 673 . Jump up ^ Museum of Broadcast Communications , `` Smith , Howard K . '' . Jump up ^ Black , p. 446 . Jump up ^ Aitken , pp. 297 , 321 . Jump up ^ Aitken , pp. 321 -- 322 . Jump up ^ Aitken , pp. 323 -- 326 . ^ Jump up to : Parmet , p. 502 . Jump up ^ Morris , pp. 410 -- 411 . Jump up ^ Parmet , pp. 503 -- 508 . Jump up ^ Parmet , p. 509 . ^ Jump up to : Nixon Library , President . Jump up ^ Morrow & 1996 - 09 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : Black , pp. 513 -- 514 . Jump up ^ Black , p. 550 . ^ Jump up to : Schulzinger , p. 413 . Jump up ^ The Lyndon Johnson tapes : Richard Nixon 's ' treason ' , BBC News , Magazine , David Taylor , March 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Langguth , pp. 524 -- 527 . Jump up ^ Richard Nixon : Campaigns and Elections Archived February 2 , 2017 , at the Wayback Machine. , Miller Center , `` a nonpartisan institute that seeks to expand understanding of the presidency , policy , and political history , '' University of Virginia , Consulting Editor Ken Hughes . Jump up ^ Nixon Tried to Spoil Johnson 's Vietnam Peace Talks in ' 68 , Notes Show , New York Times , Politics Section , Peter Baker , Jan. 2 , 2017 . See also H.R. Haldeman 's Notes from Oct. 22 , 1968 , NY Times , Dec. 31 , 2016 , which reprints four pages of Haldeman 's notes . Jump up ^ Black , p. 558 . Jump up ^ Evans & Novak , pp. 33 -- 34 . Jump up ^ UPI 1968 in Review . Jump up ^ Black , pp. 567 -- 68 . Jump up ^ Frick , p. 189 . Jump up ^ UPI 1969 in Review . ^ Jump up to : Miller Center . Jump up ^ Ambrose 1989 , p. 453 . Jump up ^ Goh , Evelyn . `` The China card '' in Small , pp. 425 -- 443 . Jump up ^ Black , p. 778 . ^ Jump up to : PBS , The Nixon Visit . ^ Jump up to : Black , pp. 780 -- 782 . Jump up ^ Ambrose 1989 , p. 516 . Jump up ^ Dallek , p. 300 . Jump up ^ `` Vietnam War Deaths and Casualties By Month '' . The American War Library . Retrieved June 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Drew , p. 65 . Jump up ^ Black , p. 569 . Jump up ^ Black , p. 591 . ^ Jump up to : Owen , Taylor ; Kiernan , Ben ( October 2006 ) . `` Bombs Over Cambodia '' ( PDF ) . The Walrus : 32 -- 36 . Kiernan and Owen later revised their estimate of 2.7 million tons of U.S. bombs dropped on Cambodia down to the previously accepted figure of roughly 500,000 tons : See Kiernan , Ben ; Owen , Taylor ( 2015 - 04 - 26 ) . `` Making More Enemies than We Kill ? Calculating U.S. Bomb Tonnages Dropped on Laos and Cambodia , and Weighing Their Implications '' . The Asia - Pacific Journal . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ Clymer , Kenton ( 2013 ) . The United States and Cambodia , 1969 - 2000 : A Troubled Relationship . Routledge . pp. 14 -- 16 . ISBN 9781134341566 . Jump up ^ Ambrose 1989 , pp. 281 -- 283 . Jump up ^ Address to the Nation on Vietnam May 14 , 1969 ^ Jump up to : Time & 1971 - 04 - 05 . Jump up ^ AP / St. Peterburg Independent . Jump up ^ Safire , pp. 205 -- 209 Jump up ^ UPI / Beaver County Times & 1970 - 05 - 09 . Jump up ^ Black , pp. 675 -- 676 . Jump up ^ Mosyakov , Dmitry ( 2004 ) . `` The Khmer Rouge and the Vietnamese Communists : A History of Their Relations as Told in the Soviet Archives '' . In Cook , Susan E. Genocide in Cambodia and Rwanda . Yale Genocide Studies Program Monograph Series . p. 54ff . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2013 . In April -- May 1970 , many North Vietnamese forces entered Cambodia in response to the call for help addressed to Vietnam not by Pol Pot , but by his deputy Nuon Chea . Nguyen Co Thach recalls : ' Nuon Chea has asked for help and we have liberated five provinces of Cambodia in ten days . ' Jump up ^ Ambrose 1989 , pp. 446 -- 448 . Jump up ^ Evans . Jump up ^ Ambrose 1991 , pp. 53 -- 55 . Jump up ^ Ambrose 1991 , p. 473 . Jump up ^ Ambrose 1989 , pp. 379 -- 383 . ^ Jump up to : Kornbluh , Peter ( 2003 ) . The Pinochet File : A Declassified Dossier on Atrocity and Accountability . New York : The New Press . ISBN 1 - 56584 - 936 - 1 . Jump up ^ Black , p. 921 . ^ Jump up to : BBC & 1972 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ Gaddis , pp. 294 , 299 . Jump up ^ Guan , pp. 61 , 69 , 77 -- 79 . Jump up ^ Zhai , p. 136 . Jump up ^ Nixon 1985 , pp. 105 -- 106 . ^ Jump up to : Black , p. 963 . ^ Jump up to : Hanhimäki , Jussi M. `` Foreign Policy Overview '' in Small , pp. 345 -- 361 . Jump up ^ `` DEFCON DEFense CONdition '' . fas.org . Jump up ^ Nixon 1978 , p. 938 - 940 . Jump up ^ Black , pp. 923 -- 928 . Jump up ^ Ambrose 1991 , p. 311 . Jump up ^ Tyler , Patrick ( 2010 ) , p. 161 Jump up ^ Black , pp. 951 -- 52 , 959 . ^ Jump up to : Ambrose 1989 , pp. 225 -- 226 . ^ Jump up to : Ambrose 1989 , pp. 431 -- 432 . ^ Jump up to : Bowles , Nigel . `` Economic Policy '' in Small , pp. 235 -- 251 . ^ Jump up to : Aitken , pp. 399 -- 400 . ^ Jump up to : Hetzel , p. 92 . Jump up ^ Aitken , p. 395 . Jump up ^ USPS , Periodicals postage . Jump up ^ Aitken , pp. 397 -- 398 . Jump up ^ Aitken , p. 396 . Jump up ^ NHI : CQ Almanac 1971 . ^ Jump up to : HMO : CQ Almanac 1973 . Jump up ^ NHI : CQ Almanac 1974 . Jump up ^ Ambrose 1989 , p. 418 . Jump up ^ Office of the Federal Register , pp. 179 -- 182 . Jump up ^ The American Presidency Project . Jump up ^ National Heart , Lung , and Blood Institute , p. 2 . Jump up ^ Wailoo , pp. 165 , 170 . Jump up ^ Boger , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Sabia . Jump up ^ Parmet , pp. 595 -- 597 , 603 . Jump up ^ Delaney & 1970 - 07 - 20 . Jump up ^ Frum , p. 246 . Jump up ^ PBS , Nixon , Domestic Politics . Jump up ^ Parmet , p. 563 . Jump up ^ Handlin . Jump up ^ Hepplewhite , pp. 204 -- 205 , ch. 5 . Jump up ^ `` appen - j. htm '' . history.nasa.gov . Jump up ^ `` MIT lecture notes in `` Aircraft Systems Engineering , '' fall 2005 , on early Space Shuttle policy '' ( PDF ) . Massachusetts Institute of Technology . Fall 2005 . p. 7 . Retrieved August 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ezell , p. 192 , ch. 6 -- 11 . ^ Jump up to : Mason , Robert `` Political realignment '' in Small , pp. 252 -- 269 . ^ Jump up to : Black , p. 766 . Jump up ^ Black , p. 795 . Jump up ^ Black , p. 617 . Jump up ^ Black , p. 816 . Jump up ^ Black , p. 834 . Jump up ^ White , p. 123 . Jump up ^ Time & 1972 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ Time & 1970 - 11 - 20 . Jump up ^ Parmet , p. 629 . Jump up ^ The Washington Post , The Post Investigates . ^ Jump up to : The Washington Post , The Government Acts . Jump up ^ Aitken , pp. 511 -- 512 . ^ Jump up to : The Washington Post , Nixon Resigns . Jump up ^ Ambrose 1989 , pp. 231 -- 232 , 239 . Jump up ^ Beckmann , Matthew N. ( 2017 - 04 - 01 ) . `` Did Nixon quit before he resigned ? '' . Research & Politics . 4 ( 2 ) : 2053168017704800 . doi : 10.1177 / 2053168017704800 . ISSN 2053 - 1680 . Jump up ^ Frum , p. 26 . Jump up ^ Kilpatrick & 1973 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ Ambrose 1991 , pp. 394 -- 395 . Jump up ^ Samson . Jump up ^ Ambrose 1991 , pp. 414 -- 416 . Jump up ^ Black , p. 978 . Jump up ^ Schmidt , Steffen W. ( 2013 ) , American Government and Politics Today , 2013 - 2014 Edition , Wadsworth Publishing , p. 181 , ISBN 978 - 1133602132 , In 1974 , President Richard Nixon resigned in the wake of a scandal when it was obvious that public opinion no longer supported him . Jump up ^ Ambrose 1991 , pp. 435 -- 436 . Jump up ^ PBS , Resignation Speech . Jump up ^ Ambrose 1991 , p. 437 . Jump up ^ Black , p. 983 . ^ Jump up to : Nixon Library , Post Presidency . ^ Jump up to : Aitken , p. 529 . Jump up ^ Aitken , pp. 529 -- 530 . Jump up ^ Aitken , p. 532 . Jump up ^ Black , p. 990 . Jump up ^ Aitken , pp. 533 -- 534 . Jump up ^ Black , pp. 994 , 999 . Jump up ^ Black , p. 998 . Jump up ^ Aitken , p. 535 . Jump up ^ Ambrose 1991 , p. 481 . Jump up ^ Aitken , pp. 537 , 539 . Jump up ^ Black , p. 1000 . Jump up ^ Black , p. 1004 . Jump up ^ Drew , p. 138 . Jump up ^ Ambrose 1991 , p. 512 . Jump up ^ Aitken , pp. 539 -- 540 . Jump up ^ Black , p. 1005 . Jump up ^ Aitken , p. 543 . Jump up ^ `` Nixon disbarred in New York in 1st ruling of Watergate guilt '' , Toledo Blade , July 9 , 1976 p. 1 Jump up ^ Aitken , pp. 546 -- 547 . Jump up ^ Ambrose 1991 , p. 525 . Jump up ^ Ambrose 1991 , pp. 524 -- 525 . Jump up ^ `` Nixons Buy Fifth Avenue Condo in N.Y '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . August 11 , 1979 . Jump up ^ Ambrose 1991 , p. 528 . Jump up ^ Ambrose 1991 , p. 533 . Jump up ^ Ambrose 1991 , p. 534 . Jump up ^ Ambrose 1991 , p. 540 . Jump up ^ Ambrose 1991 , p. 545 . Jump up ^ Drew , p. 142 . ^ Jump up to : Drew , p. 144 . Jump up ^ Aitken , pp. 561 -- 562 . Jump up ^ Aitken , pp. 565 -- 568 . Jump up ^ Black , pp. 1045 -- 1046 . Jump up ^ Black , pp. 1049 -- 1050 . ^ Jump up to : Weil & Randolph & 1994 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ Lawrence K. Altman ( April 24 , 1994 ) . `` THE 37TH PRESIDENT : THE LAST DAYS ; Disabled , Yet Retaining Control Over His Care '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Black , pp. 1051 -- 1053 . Jump up ^ BBC & 2004 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ The Deseret News & 1994 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ Frick , p. 206 . Jump up ^ Stacks & 1994 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ Wicker & 1994 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ Sawhill & 2011 - 02 . Jump up ^ Frick , pp. 205 -- 206 . Jump up ^ Frick , pp. 204 -- 205 . Jump up ^ Frick , p. 210 . ^ Jump up to : Thompson , Hunter S. ( July 1994 ) . `` He Was a Crook '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved June 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Skidmore , p. 495 . Jump up ^ Ambrose 1991 , p. 592 . Jump up ^ Gellman , p. 460 . Jump up ^ Aitken , p. 577 . Jump up ^ Black , p. 1053 . Jump up ^ Parmet , p. viii . Jump up ^ Milazzo , Paul Charles . `` Nixon and the Environment '' in Small , pp. 270 -- 291 . Jump up ^ Greider & 1983 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ Andrew 1995 , p. 384 . ^ Jump up to : Olson , Keith W. `` Watergate '' in Small , pp. 481 -- 496 . Jump up ^ Frick , pp. 211 -- 214 . Jump up ^ Reeves , pp. 281 -- 283 . Jump up ^ Drew , p. 150 . Jump up ^ Black , p. 574 . Jump up ^ Black , p. 700 . Jump up ^ Drew , p. 151 . Jump up ^ Reeves , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Reeves , p. 13 . ^ Jump up to : Greene . References Bibliography Aitken , Jonathan ( 1996 ) . Nixon : A Life . Washington , D.C. : Regnery Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89526 - 720 - 7 . Ambrose , Stephen E. ( 1987 ) . Nixon : The Education of a Politician 1913 -- 1962 . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 671 - 52836 - 2 . Ambrose , Stephen E. ( 1989 ) . Nixon : The Triumph of a Politician 1962 -- 1972 . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 671 - 72506 - 8 . Ambrose , Stephen E. ( 1991 ) . Nixon : Ruin and Recovery 1973 -- 1990 . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 671 - 69188 - 2 . Andrew , Christopher ( 1995 ) . For the President 's Eyes Only : Secret Intelligence and the American Presidency from Washington to Bush . New York : HarperCollins . ISBN 0 - 06 - 092178 - 1 . Black , Conrad ( 2007 ) . Richard M. Nixon : A Life in Full . New York : PublicAffairs Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58648 - 519 - 1 . Blythe , Will ( 2006 ) . To Hate Like This is to be Happy Forever . New York : Harper Collins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 074023 - 8 . Boger , John Charles ( 2005 ) . School Resegregation : Must the South Turn Back ? . Chapel Hill , N.C. : University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 5613 - 0 . Dallek , Robert ( 2007 ) . Nixon and Kissinger : Partners in Power . New York : HarperCollins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 072230 - 2 . Drew , Elizabeth ( 2007 ) . Richard M. Nixon . The American Presidents Series . New York : Times Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8050 - 6963 - 1 . Evans , Rowland ; Novak , Robert ( 1971 ) . Nixon in the White House : The Frustration of Power . New York : Random House . ISBN 978 - 0 - 394 - 46273 - 8 . Ezell , Edward Clinton ; Ezell , Linda Neuman ( 1978 ) . The Partnership : A History of the Apollo - Soyuz Test Project . Washington D.C. : NASA History Office . Ferris , Gary W. ( 1999 ) . Presidential Places : A Guide to the Historic Sites of the U.S. Presidents . Winston - Salem , N.C. : John F. Blair . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89587 - 176 - 3 . Foner , Eric ( 2006 ) . Give Me Liberty ! : An American History . 2 . New York : W.W. Norton & Co . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 92784 - 9 . Frick , Daniel ( 2008 ) . Reinventing Richard Nixon . Lawrence , Kans. : University of Kansas Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7006 - 1599 - 5 . Frum , David ( 2000 ) . How We Got Here : The ' 70s . New York : Basic Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 465 - 04195 - 4 . Gaddis , John Lewis ( 1982 ) . Strategies of Containment : A Critical Appraisal of Postwar American National Security Policy . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 503097 - 6 . Gellman , Irwin ( 1999 ) . The Contender . New York : The Free Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4165 - 7255 - 8 . Guan , Ang Cheng ( 2003 ) . Ending the Vietnam War : The Vietnamese Communists ' Perspective . Florence , Ky. : RoutledgeCurzon . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 40619 - 2 . Hepplewhite , T.A. ( 1999 ) . The Space Shuttle Decision : NASA 's Search for a Reusable Space Vehicle . Washington D.C. : NASA History Office . Hetzel , Robert L. ( 2008 ) . The Monetary Policy of the Federal Reserve . New York : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 88132 - 6 . Ingle , H. Larry ( 2015 ) . Nixon 's First Cover - up : The Religious Life of a Quaker President . Columbia , Missouri : University of Missouri Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8262 - 2042 - 4 . Kornitzer , Bela ( 1960 ) . The Real Nixon : An Intimate Biography . New York : Rand McNally & Company . Langguth , A.J. ( 2000 ) . Our Vietnam : The War 1954 -- 1975 . New York : Simon and Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 1244 - 1 . Malsberger , John W . The General and the Politician : Dwight Eisenhower , Richard Nixon , and American Politics ( 2014 ) Merkley , Paul Charles ( 2004 ) . American Presidents , Religion , and Israel : the Heirs of Cyrus . Westport , Conn. : Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 98340 - 6 . Morris , Roger ( 1990 ) . Richard Milhous Nixon : The Rise of an American Politician . New York : Henry Holt & Co . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8050 - 1834 - 9 . Nixon , Richard ( 1978 ) . RN : The Memoirs of Richard Nixon . New York : Grosset & Dunlap . ISBN 978 - 0 - 448 - 14374 - 3 . Nixon , Richard ( 1985 ) . No More Vietnams . Westminster , Md. : Arbor House Publishing Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87795 - 668 - 6 . Parmet , Herbert S. ( 1990 ) . Richard Nixon and His America . Boston : Little , Brown & Co . ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 69232 - 8 . Perlstein , Richard ( 2008 ) . Nixonland : The Rise of a President and the Fracturing of America . New York : Scribner . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 4302 - 5 . Reeves , Richard ( 2001 ) . President Nixon : Alone in the White House . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 684 - 80231 - 2 . Safire , William ( 2005 ) ( 1975 ) . Before The Fall : An Insider View of the Pre-Watergate White House , with a 2005 Preface by the Author . Transaction Publishers . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4128 - 0466 - 0 . Originally published : Garden City , N.Y. : Doubleday , 1975 ( new material 2005 ) Small , Melvin , ed. ( 2011 ) . A Companion to Richard M. Nixon . Oxford : Wiley - Blackwell . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4443 - 3017 - 5 . ; Emphasis on historiography Schulzinger , Robert D. ( 2003 ) . A Companion to American Foreign Relations . Oxford : Blackwell Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4051 - 4986 - 0 . Thompson , John B. ( 2000 ) . Political Scandal : Power and Visibility in the Media Age . Cambridge : Polity Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7456 - 2550 - 8 . Tyler , Patrick ( 2010 ) . A World of Trouble : The White House and the Middle East -- from the Cold War to the War on Terror . New York : Macmillan . White , Theodore H. ( 1973 ) . The Making of the President 1972 . New York : Antheneum . ISBN 978 - 0 - 689 - 10553 - 1 . Zhai , Qiang ( 2000 ) . China and the Vietnam Wars , 1950 -- 1975 . Chapel Hill , N.C. : University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 4842 - 5 . Nixon Library `` Childhood '' . The Life . Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum . Retrieved July 16 , 2011 . `` A Student & Sailor '' . The Life . Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum . Retrieved July 16 , 2011 . `` The Nixon Family '' . The Life . Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum . Retrieved July 16 , 2011 . `` The Congressman '' . The Life . Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum . Retrieved July 17 , 2011 . `` The Senator '' . The Life . Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum . Retrieved July 17 , 2011 . `` The Vice President '' . The Life . Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum . Retrieved July 17 , 2011 . `` The President '' . The Life . Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum . Retrieved July 17 , 2011 . `` Post Presidency '' . The Life . Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum . Retrieved March 5 , 2012 . Lee , Meghan . `` Guide to the Nixon Family Collection ( 1909 -- 1967 ) '' . Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum . Other sources `` 1972 : President Nixon arrives in Moscow '' . BBC . June 11 , 2004 . Retrieved July 17 , 2011 . `` Reagan funeral : Schedule of events '' . BBC . June 11 , 2004 . Retrieved May 11 , 2012 . Delaney , Paul ( July 20 , 1970 ) . `` Nixon Plan for Negro Construction Jobs Is Lagging '' . The New York Times . p. 1 . `` Mourners pay last respects to Nixon '' . The Deseret News . April 27 , 1994 . p. 1 . Retrieved July 16 , 2011 . Steel , Ronald ( May 25 , 2003 ) . `` The World : New Chapter , Old Debate ; Would Kennedy Have Quit Vietnam ? '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 17 , 2011 . Wicker , Tom ( April 24 , 1994 ) . `` From afar : An indomitable man , an incurable loneliness '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 7 , 2011 . Kilpatrick , Carroll ( November 18 , 1973 ) . `` Nixon tells editors , ' I 'm not a crook ' '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved July 17 , 2011 . `` The Post Investigates '' . The Washington Post . The Watergate Story . Retrieved July 17 , 2011 . `` The Government Acts '' . The Washington Post . The Watergate Story . Retrieved July 16 , 2011 . `` Nixon Resigns '' . The Washington Post . The Watergate Story . Retrieved July 16 , 2011 . Weil , Martin ; Randolph , Eleanor ( April 23 , 1994 ) . `` Richard M. Nixon , 37th President , dies '' . The Washington Post . p . A01 . Retrieved July 16 , 2011 . Lardner , George Jr. ; Dobbs , Michael ( October 6 , 1999 ) . `` New tapes reveal depth of Nixon 's anti-Semitism '' . The Washington Post . p . A31 . Retrieved April 4 , 2011 . Carlson , Peter ( November 17 , 2000 ) . `` Another Race to the Finish '' . The Washington Post . p . A01 . `` 8,000 Move Into Cambodia '' . St. Peterburg Independent ( now The Evening Independent ) . AP ( Saigon ) . May 1 , 1970 . p. 20 -- A . `` Nixon Up Early , See Protesters '' . Beaver County Times . Pennsylvania . UPI . May 9 , 1970 . p. one ( presumably late edition ) . Greene , Bob ( April 8 , 2002 ) . `` What Nixon 's best friend could n't buy '' . Jewish World Review . Retrieved July 16 , 2011 . Greider , William ( November 10 , 1983 ) . `` The McGovern factor '' . Rolling Stone : 13 . Kiernan , Ben ; Owen , Taylor ( October 2006 ) . `` Bombs over Cambodia '' ( PDF ) . The Walrus . Retrieved January 29 , 2012 . Noah , Timothy ( October 7 , 1999 ) . `` Nixon : I Am Not an Anti-Semite '' . Slate . Retrieved May 11 , 2012 . Sawhill , Ray ( February 2011 ) . `` The Fall and Rise of an American President '' . Opera News . Retrieved July 16 , 2011 . `` Again , the Credibility Gap ? '' . Time . April 5 , 1971 . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . `` Behavior : Evaluating Eagleton '' . Time . August 14 , 1972 . Retrieved July 23 , 2011 . `` Democrats : The long journey to disaster '' . Time . November 20 , 1972 . Retrieved July 23 , 2011 . Skidmore , Max J. ( 2001 ) . `` Ranking and Evaluating Presidents : The Case of Theodore Roosevelt '' . White House Studies . 1 ( 4 ) . Stacks , John F. ( May 2 , 1994 ) . `` Richard Nixon : Victory in Defeat '' . Time . Retrieved July 16 , 2011 . Morrow , Lance ( September 30 , 1996 ) . `` Naysayer to the nattering nabobs '' . Time . Retrieved July 16 , 2011 . Allen , Erika Tyler . `` The Kennedy - Nixon Presidential Debates , 1960 '' . The Museum of Broadcast Communications . Retrieved May 11 , 2012 . Auster , Albert . `` Smith , Howard K '' . The Museum of Broadcast Communications . Retrieved May 11 , 2012 . Evans , Thomas W. ( 1993 ) . `` The All - Volunteer Army After Twenty Years : Recruiting in the Modern Era '' . Sam Houston State University . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2013 . Retrieved July 17 , 2011 . Handlin , Daniel ( November 28 , 2005 ) . `` Just another Apollo ? Part two '' . The Space Review . Retrieved July 16 , 2011 . `` American President : Richard Milhous Nixon ( 1913 -- 1994 ) , Foreign Affairs '' . Miller Center for Public Affairs , University of Virginia . Archived from the original on August 11 , 2011 . Retrieved July 17 , 2011 . `` Richard M. Nixon Birthplace '' . National Park Service . Retrieved May 11 , 2012 . `` Commander Richard M. Nixon , USNR '' . Naval Historical Center . United States Navy . August 7 , 2006 . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2011 . Retrieved July 16 , 2011 . Nixon , Richard ( August 8 , 1974 ) . `` President Nixon 's Resignation Speech '' . Character Above All . Public Broadcasting Service . Retrieved July 15 , 2011 . `` The Nixon Visit -- ( February 21 -- 28 , 1972 ) '' . American Experience . Public Broadcasting Service . Retrieved July 17 , 2011 . `` Richard M. Nixon , Domestic Politics '' . American Experience . Public Broadcasting Service . Retrieved May 11 , 2012 . Sabia , Joseph J. ( May 31 , 2004 ) . `` Why Richard Nixon Deserves to Be Remembered Along with Brown '' . History News Network . Retrieved May 11 , 2012 . `` Kennedy Wins 1960 Presidential Election '' . 1960 Year In Review . United Press International . Retrieved July 17 , 2011 . `` 1968 Presidential Election '' . 1968 Year in Review . United Press International . Retrieved July 16 , 2011 . `` Nixon Becomes President '' . 1969 Year in Review . United Press International . Retrieved July 16 , 2011 . `` Postage rates for periodicals : A narrative history '' ( PDF ) . United States Postal Service . Retrieved August 6 , 2011 . Office of the Federal Register ( 1999 ) . `` New Actions To Prevent Illnesses And Accidents '' . Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States , Richard Nixon , 1971 . National Archives and Records Service . General Services Administration . ISBN 978 - 0 - 16 - 058863 - 1 . `` Statement on Signing the National Sickle Cell Anemia Control Act '' . The American Presidency Project . University of California , Santa Barbara . May 16 , 1972 . National Heart , Lung , and Blood Institute ( September 2002 ) . `` Sickle Cell Research for Treatment and Cure '' ( PDF ) . National Institutes of Health . 02 - 5214 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 31 , 2012 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Wailoo , Keith ( 2001 ) . Dying in the City of the Blues : Sickle Cell Anemia and the Politics of Race and Health . University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 4896 - 8 . `` Health insurance : hearings on new proposals '' . Congressional Quarterly Almanac . 92nd Congress 1st Session ... 1971 . 27 . Washington , D.C. : Congressional Quarterly . 1972 . pp. 541 -- 544 . ISSN 0095 - 6007 . OCLC 1564784 . `` Limited experimental health bill enacted '' . Congressional Quarterly Almanac . 93rd Congress 1st Session ... 1973 . 29 . Washington , D.C. : Congressional Quarterly . 1974 . pp. 499 -- 508 . ISSN 0095 - 6007 . OCLC 1564784 . `` National health insurance : no action in 1974 '' . Congressional Quarterly Almanac . 93rd Congress 2nd Session ... 1974 . 30 . Washington , D.C. : Congressional Quarterly . 1975 . pp. 386 -- 394 . ISSN 0095 - 6007 . OCLC 1564784 . Samson , William ( 2005 ) . `` President Nixon 's Troublesome Tax Returns '' . TaxAnalysts . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Grier , Peter ( 2011 ) . `` Tax Day 2011 : Why do presidents release tax returns ? '' . Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Further reading Farrell , John A ( 2017 ) Richard Nixon : The Life New York : Doubleday Thomas , Evan ( 2015 ) . Being Nixon : A Man Divided . New York : Random House . ISBN 9780812995367 . OCLC 904756092 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Richard Nixon . Find more aboutRichard Nixonat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Official websites White House biography Nixon Presidential Library and Museum Richard Nixon Foundation Media coverage `` Richard Nixon collected news and commentary '' . The New York Times . Appearances on C - SPAN `` Life Portrait of Richard M. Nixon '' , from C - SPAN 's American Presidents : Life Portraits , November 19 , 1999 Other United States Congress . `` Richard Nixon ( id : N000116 ) '' . Biographical Directory of the United States Congress . Essays on Richard Nixon , each member of his cabinet and First Lady from the Miller Center of Public Affairs Richard Nixon : A Resource Guide from the Library of Congress `` The Presidents : Nixon '' , an American Experience documentary Works by or about Richard Nixon at Internet Archive Works by Richard Nixon at LibriVox ( public domain audiobooks ) Richard Nixon Personal Manuscripts Richard Nixon on IMDb Richard Nixon 37th President of the United States ( 1969 -- 1974 ) 36th Vice President of the United States ( 1953 -- 1961 ) U.S. Senator from California ( 1950 -- 1953 ) U.S. Representative for CA - 12 ( 1947 -- 1950 ) Presidency First inauguration Second inauguration Nixon Doctrine `` Bring Us Together '' Economic policies Nixon shock Tar Baby Option Environmental Protection Agency creation National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Space exploration 1971 National Cancer Act Vietnam War Cambodian bombing Paris Peace Accords `` Peace with Honor '' Silent majority Cold War period Linkage policy 1972 Visit to China Shanghai Communiqué Détente 1972 Moscow Summit Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty SALT I Treaty Prevention of Nuclear War Agreement Threshold Test Ban Treaty Endangered Species Act Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act National Commission on Marihuana and Drug Abuse War on Drugs Drug Enforcement Administration Enemies List list of opponents Operation CHAOS Watergate timeline White House tapes United States v. 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Nixon ( nephew ) Christopher Nixon Cox ( grandson ) Jennie Eisenhower ( granddaughter ) ← Lyndon B. Johnson Gerald Ford → Category Offices and distinctions U.S. House of Representatives Preceded by Jerry Voorhis Member of the House of Representatives from California 's 12th congressional district 1947 -- 1950 Succeeded by Patrick J. Hillings U.S. Senate Preceded by Sheridan Downey United States Senator ( Class 3 ) from California 1950 -- 1953 Served alongside : William Knowland Succeeded by Thomas Kuchel Party political offices Preceded by Frederick F. Houser Republican nominee for U.S. Senator from California ( Class 3 ) 1950 Succeeded by Thomas Kuchel Preceded by Earl Warren Republican nominee for Vice President of the United States 1952 , 1956 Succeeded by Henry Cabot Lodge Jr . Preceded by Dwight D. Eisenhower Republican nominee for President of the United States 1960 Succeeded by Barry Goldwater Preceded by William F. 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Eisenhower VP nominee Richard Nixon Candidates Riley A. Bender George Theodore Mickelson Harold Stassen Robert Taft Earl Warren Democratic Party Convention Primaries Nominee Adlai Stevenson VP nominee John Sparkman Candidates Alben W. Barkley Paul A. Dever W. Averell Harriman Hubert Humphrey Estes Kefauver Robert S. Kerr Richard Russell Jr . Third party and independent candidates Prohibition Party Nominee Stuart Hamblen VP nominee Enoch A. Holtwick Progressive Party Nominee Vincent Hallinan VP nominee Charlotta Bass Socialist Labor Party Nominee Eric Hass Socialist Party Nominee Darlington Hoopes VP nominee Samuel H. Friedman Socialist Workers Party Nominee Farrell Dobbs VP nominee Myra Tanner Weiss Independents and other candidates Edward Longstreet Bodin Henry B. Krajewski Other 1952 elections : House Senate ( 1952 ← ) United States presidential election , 1956 ( → 1960 ) Republican Party Convention Primaries Nominee Dwight D. Eisenhower VP nominee Richard Nixon Democratic Party Convention Primaries Nominee Adlai Stevenson VP nominee Estes Kefauver Candidates John S. Battle Happy Chandler James C. Davis W. Averell Harriman Lyndon B. Johnson Frank Lausche George Bell Timmerman Jr . Third party and independent candidates American Vegetarian Party Nominee Herbert M. Shelton VP nominee Symon Gould Prohibition Party Nominee Enoch A. Holtwick VP nominee Herbert C. Holdridge Socialist Labor Party Nominee Eric Hass VP nominee Georgia Cozzini Socialist Party Nominee Darlington Hoopes VP nominee Samuel H. Friedman Socialist Workers Party Nominee Farrell Dobbs VP nominee Myra Tanner Weiss Independents and other candidates T. Coleman Andrews Gerald L.K. Smith Other 1956 elections : House Senate ( 1956 ← ) United States presidential election , 1960 ( → 1964 ) Democratic Party Convention Primaries Nominee John F. Kennedy ( campaign ) VP nominee Lyndon B. Johnson Candidates Ross Barnett Pat Brown Michael DiSalle Paul C. Fisher Hubert Humphrey Lyndon B. Johnson George H. McLain Robert B. Meyner Wayne Morse Albert S. Porter Adlai Stevenson George Smathers Stuart Symington Republican Party Convention Primaries Nominee Richard Nixon VP nominee Henry Cabot Lodge Jr . Candidates Barry Goldwater Henry Cabot Lodge Jr . James M. Lloyd Nelson Rockefeller Third party and independent candidates American Vegetarian Party Nominee Symon Gould National States ' Rights Party Nominee Orval Faubus VP nominee J.B. Stoner Prohibition Party Nominee Rutherford Decker VP nominee E. Harold Munn Socialist Labor Party Nominee Eric Hass VP nominee Georgia Cozzini Socialist Workers Party Nominee Farrell Dobbs VP nominee Myra Tanner Weiss Independents and other candidates Harry F. Byrd Merritt B. Curtis Lar Daly George Lincoln Rockwell Charles L. Sullivan Other 1960 elections : House Senate ( 1964 ← ) United States presidential election , 1968 ( → 1972 ) United States elections , 1968 Republican Party Convention Primaries Nominee Richard Nixon campaign VP nominee Spiro Agnew Candidates Frank Carlson Clifford P. Case Hiram Fong John Lindsay Ronald Reagan Jim Rhodes Nelson Rockefeller Winthrop Rockefeller George W. Romney campaign Harold Stassen John Volpe Democratic Party Convention Primaries Protests Nominee Hubert Humphrey campaign VP nominee Edmund Muskie Candidates Roger D. Branigin John G. Crommelin Paul C. Fisher Lyndon B. Johnson Robert F. Kennedy ( campaign ) Thomas C. Lynch Eugene McCarthy ( campaign ) George McGovern Dan K. Moore Channing E. Phillips George Smathers Stephen M. Young American Independent Party Nominee George Wallace campaign VP nominee Curtis LeMay Other third party and independent candidates Communist Party Nominee Charlene Mitchell VP nominee Michael Zagarell Peace and Freedom Party Nominee Eldridge Cleaver VP nominee Douglas Fitzgerald Dowd Prohibition Party Nominee E. Harold Munn Socialist Labor Party Nominee Henning A. Blomen Socialist Workers Party Nominee Fred Halstead VP nominee Paul Boutelle Independents and other candidates Dick Gregory Pat Paulsen Pigasus Other 1968 elections : House Senate Gubernatorial ( 1968 ← ) United States presidential election , 1972 ( → 1976 ) Republican Party Convention Primaries Nominee Richard Nixon VP nominee Spiro Agnew Candidates John M. Ashbrook Pete McCloskey Democratic Party Convention Primaries Nominee George McGovern VP nominee Sargent Shriver Candidates Shirley Chisholm Walter E. Fauntroy Fred R. Harris Vance Hartke Wayne Hays Hubert Humphrey Henry M. Jackson John Lindsay Eugene McCarthy Wilbur Mills Patsy Mink Edmund Muskie Terry Sanford George Wallace Sam Yorty Third party and independent candidates American Independent Party Nominee John G. Schmitz VP nominee Thomas J. Anderson Communist Party Nominee Gus Hall VP nominee Jarvis Tyner Libertarian Party Nominee John Hospers VP nominee Tonie Nathan People 's Party Nominee Benjamin Spock VP nominee Julius Hobson Prohibition Party Nominee E. Harold Munn Socialist Labor Party Nominee Louis Fisher Socialist Workers Party Nominee Linda Jenness Alternate nominee : Evelyn Reed VP nominee Andrew Pulley Independent Gabriel Green Other 1972 elections : House Senate Gubernatorial Time Persons of the Year 1927 -- 1950 Charles Lindbergh ( 1927 ) Walter Chrysler ( 1928 ) Owen D. Young ( 1929 ) Mohandas Gandhi ( 1930 ) Pierre Laval ( 1931 ) Franklin D. Roosevelt ( 1932 ) Hugh S. Johnson ( 1933 ) Franklin D. Roosevelt ( 1934 ) Haile Selassie ( 1935 ) Wallis Simpson ( 1936 ) Chiang Kai - shek / Soong Mei - ling ( 1937 ) Adolf Hitler ( 1938 ) Joseph Stalin ( 1939 ) Winston Churchill ( 1940 ) Franklin D. Roosevelt ( 1941 ) Joseph Stalin ( 1942 ) George Marshall ( 1943 ) Dwight D. Eisenhower ( 1944 ) Harry S. Truman ( 1945 ) James F. Byrnes ( 1946 ) George Marshall ( 1947 ) Harry S. Truman ( 1948 ) Winston Churchill ( 1949 ) The American Fighting - Man ( 1950 ) 1951 -- 1975 Mohammed Mosaddeq ( 1951 ) Elizabeth II ( 1952 ) Konrad Adenauer ( 1953 ) John Foster Dulles ( 1954 ) Harlow Curtice ( 1955 ) Hungarian Freedom Fighters ( 1956 ) Nikita Khrushchev ( 1957 ) Charles de Gaulle ( 1958 ) Dwight D. Eisenhower ( 1959 ) U.S. Scientists : George Beadle / Charles Draper / John Enders / Donald A. Glaser / Joshua Lederberg / Willard Libby / Linus Pauling / Edward Purcell / Isidor Rabi / Emilio Segrè / William Shockley / Edward Teller / Charles Townes / James Van Allen / Robert Woodward ( 1960 ) John F. Kennedy ( 1961 ) Pope John XXIII ( 1962 ) Martin Luther King Jr. ( 1963 ) Lyndon B. Johnson ( 1964 ) William Westmoreland ( 1965 ) The Generation Twenty - Five and Under ( 1966 ) Lyndon B. Johnson ( 1967 ) The Apollo 8 Astronauts : William Anders / Frank Borman / Jim Lovell ( 1968 ) The Middle Americans ( 1969 ) Willy Brandt ( 1970 ) Richard Nixon ( 1971 ) Henry Kissinger / Richard Nixon ( 1972 ) John Sirica ( 1973 ) King Faisal ( 1974 ) American Women : Susan Brownmiller / Kathleen Byerly / Alison Cheek / Jill Conway / Betty Ford / Ella Grasso / Carla Hills / Barbara Jordan / Billie Jean King / Susie Sharp / Carol Sutton / Addie Wyatt ( 1975 ) 1976 -- 2000 Jimmy Carter ( 1976 ) Anwar Sadat ( 1977 ) Deng Xiaoping ( 1978 ) Ayatollah Khomeini ( 1979 ) Ronald Reagan ( 1980 ) Lech Wałęsa ( 1981 ) The Computer ( 1982 ) Ronald Reagan / Yuri Andropov ( 1983 ) Peter Ueberroth ( 1984 ) Deng Xiaoping ( 1985 ) Corazon Aquino ( 1986 ) Mikhail Gorbachev ( 1987 ) The Endangered Earth ( 1988 ) Mikhail Gorbachev ( 1989 ) George H.W. Bush ( 1990 ) Ted Turner ( 1991 ) Bill Clinton ( 1992 ) The Peacemakers : Yasser Arafat / F.W. de Klerk / Nelson Mandela / Yitzhak Rabin ( 1993 ) Pope John Paul II ( 1994 ) Newt Gingrich ( 1995 ) David Ho ( 1996 ) Andrew Grove ( 1997 ) Bill Clinton / Ken Starr ( 1998 ) Jeffrey P. Bezos ( 1999 ) George W. Bush ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Rudolph Giuliani ( 2001 ) The Whistleblowers : Cynthia Cooper / Coleen Rowley / Sherron Watkins ( 2002 ) The American Soldier ( 2003 ) George W. Bush ( 2004 ) The Good Samaritans : Bono / Bill Gates / Melinda Gates ( 2005 ) You ( 2006 ) Vladimir Putin ( 2007 ) Barack Obama ( 2008 ) Ben Bernanke ( 2009 ) Mark Zuckerberg ( 2010 ) The Protester ( 2011 ) Barack Obama ( 2012 ) Pope Francis ( 2013 ) Ebola Fighters : Dr. Jerry Brown / Dr. Kent Brantly / Ella Watson - Stryker / Foday Gollah / Salome Karwah ( 2014 ) Angela Merkel ( 2015 ) Donald Trump ( 2016 ) Book National Football Foundation Gold Medal winners 1958 : Dwight D. Eisenhower 1959 : Douglas MacArthur 1960 : Herbert Hoover & Amos Alonzo Stagg 1961 : John F. Kennedy 1962 : Byron `` Whizzer '' White 1963 : Roger Q. Blough 1964 : Donold B. Lourie 1965 : Juan T. Trippe 1966 : Earl H. `` Red '' Blaik 1967 : Frederick L. Hovde 1968 : Chester J. LaRoche 1969 : Richard Nixon 1970 : Thomas J. Hamilton 1971 : Ronald Reagan 1972 : Gerald Ford 1973 : John Wayne 1974 : Gerald B. Zornow 1975 : David Packard 1976 : Edgar B. Speer 1977 : Louis H. Wilson 1978 : Vincent dePaul Draddy 1979 : William P. Lawrence 1980 : Walter J. Zable 1981 : Justin W. Dart 1982 : Silver Anniversary Awards ( NCAA ) - All Honored Jim Brown , Willie Davis , Jack Kemp , Ron Kramer , Jim Swink 1983 : Jack Kemp 1984 : John F. McGillicuddy 1985 : William I. Spencer 1986 : William H. Morton 1987 : Charles R. Meyer 1988 : Clinton E. Frank 1989 : Paul Brown 1990 : Thomas H. Moorer 1991 : George H.W. Bush 1992 : Donald R. Keough 1993 : Norman Schwarzkopf 1994 : Thomas S. Murphy 1995 : Harold Alfond 1996 : Gene Corrigan 1997 : Jackie Robinson 1998 : John H. McConnell 1999 : Keith Jackson 2000 : Fred M. Kirby II 2001 : Billy Joe `` Red '' McCombs 2002 : George Steinbrenner 2003 : Tommy Franks 2004 : William V. Campbell 2005 : Jon F. Hanson 2006 : Joe Paterno & Bobby Bowden 2007 : Pete Dawkins & Roger Staubach 2008 : John Glenn 2009 : Phil Knight & Bill Bowerman 2010 : Bill Cosby 2011 : Robert Gates 2012 : Roscoe Brown 2013 : National Football League & Roger Goodell 2014 : Tom Catena & George Weiss 2015 : Condoleezza Rice 2016 : Archie Manning Cabinet of President Richard Nixon ( 1969 -- 74 ) Vice President Spiro T. Agnew ( 1969 -- 73 ) None ( 1973 ) Gerald R. Ford ( 1973 -- 74 ) Secretary of State William P. Rogers ( 1969 -- 73 ) Henry A. Kissinger ( 1973 -- 74 ) Secretary of the Treasury David M. Kennedy ( 1969 -- 71 ) John B. Connally ( 1971 -- 72 ) George P. Shultz ( 1972 -- 74 ) William E. Simon ( 1974 ) Secretary of Defense Melvin R. Laird ( 1969 -- 73 ) Elliot L. Richardson ( 1973 ) James R. Schlesinger ( 1973 -- 74 ) Attorney General John N. Mitchell ( 1969 -- 72 ) Richard G. Kleindienst ( 1972 -- 73 ) Elliot L. Richardson ( 1973 ) William B. Saxbe ( 1974 ) Postmaster General Winton M. Blount ( 1969 -- 71 ) Secretary of the Interior Walter J. Hickel ( 1969 -- 70 ) Rogers C.B. Morton ( 1970 -- 74 ) Secretary of Agriculture Clifford M. Hardin ( 1969 -- 71 ) Earl L. Butz ( 1971 -- 74 ) Secretary of Commerce Maurice H. Stans ( 1969 -- 72 ) Peter G. Peterson ( 1972 -- 73 ) Frederick B. Dent ( 1973 -- 74 ) Secretary of Labor George P. Shultz ( 1969 -- 70 ) James D. Hodgson ( 1970 -- 73 ) Peter J. Brennan ( 1973 -- 74 ) Secretary of Health , Education , and Welfare Robert H. Finch ( 1969 -- 70 ) Elliot L. Richardson ( 1970 -- 73 ) Caspar W. Weinberger ( 1973 -- 74 ) Secretary of Housing and Urban Development George W. Romney ( 1969 -- 73 ) James T. Lynn ( 1973 -- 74 ) Secretary of Transportation John Volpe ( 1969 -- 73 ) Claude S. Brinegar ( 1973 -- 74 ) VIAF : 44303100 LCCN : n79018757 ISNI : 0000 0001 2279 0777 GND : 11858832X SELIBR : 235970 SUDOC : 027048632 BNF : cb119177538 ( data ) BIBSYS : 90075985 MusicBrainz : 056203cf - 376f - 412a - 86f7 - 3ffa80157ef4 NLA : 35388842 NDL : 00451392 NARA : 1297744 US Congress : N000116 BNE : XX831641 IATH : w6w66hsr Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_Nixon&oldid=808501002 '' Categories : Richard Nixon 1913 births 1994 deaths 20th - century American politicians 20th - century American writers 20th - century Quakers American anti-communists American lawyers American memoirists American military personnel of World War II American military personnel who served in the Pacific theatre of World War II American people of the Vietnam War American Quakers Burials in Orange County , California California lawyers Military personnel from California California Republicans Duke University School of Law alumni Eisenhower administration cabinet members History of the United States ( 1964 -- 80 ) Members of the United States House of Representatives from California People from Saddle River , New Jersey People from San Clemente , California People from Whittier , California People from Yorba Linda , California People of the Laotian Civil War Presidents of the United States Recipients of American presidential pardons Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives Republican Party Presidents of the United States Republican Party ( United States ) presidential nominees Republican Party United States Senators Republican Party ( United States ) vice presidential nominees Republican Party Vice Presidents of the United States United States Navy officers United States presidential candidates , 1960 United States presidential candidates , 1968 United States presidential candidates , 1972 United States Senators from California United States vice-presidential candidates , 1952 United States vice-presidential candidates , 1956 Vice Presidents of the United States Whittier Poets football players Lawyers disbarred in the Watergate scandal Nixon administration personnel involved in the Watergate scandal American people of German descent American people of English descent American people of Irish descent American people of Scottish descent American people of Dutch descent Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use mdy dates from October 2017 Articles with hAudio microformats CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Articles with Internet Archive links Articles with LibriVox links AC with 15 elements Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Featured articles Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Aragonés Arpetan Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Bikol Central Bislama Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Gaelg Gàidhlig Galego 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua IsiZulu Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan ქართული Қазақша Kernowek Kinyarwanda Kiswahili Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Lumbaart Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Piemontèis Plattdüütsch Polski Português Ripoarisch Română Rumantsch Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Tiếng Việt Winaray ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 November 2017 , at 06 : 37 . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20Nixon
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where was the writer and why was he there
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Writer
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writer
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A writer is a person who uses written words in various styles and techniques to communicate their ideas . Writers produce various forms of literary art and creative writing such as novels , short stories , poetry , plays , screenplays , and essays as well as various reports and news articles that may be of interest to the public . Writers ' texts are published across a range of media . Skilled writers who are able to use language to express ideas well often contribute significantly to the cultural content of a society . The word is also used elsewhere in the arts -- such as songwriter -- but as a standalone term , `` writer '' normally refers to the creation of written language . Some writers work from an oral tradition .
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Writers can produce material across a number of genres , fictional or non-fictional . Other writers use multiple media -- for example , graphics or illustration -- to enhance the communication of their ideas . Another recent demand has been created by civil and government readers for the work of non-fictional technical writers , whose skills create understandable , interpretive documents of a practical or scientific nature . Some writers may use images ( drawing , painting , graphics ) or multimedia to augment their writing . In rare instances , creative writers are able to communicate their ideas via music as well as words . As well as producing their own written works , writers often write on how they write ( that is , the process they use ) ; why they write ( that is , their motivation ) ; and also comment on the work of other writers ( criticism ) . Writers work professionally or non-professionally , that is , for payment or without payment and may be paid either in advance ( or on acceptance ) , or only after their work is published . Payment is only one of the motivations of writers and many are never paid for their work . `` The template below ( Check quotation ) is being considered for deletion . See templates for discussion to help reach a consensus . '' The term writer is often used as a synonym of author , although the latter term has a somewhat broader meaning and is used to convey legal responsibility for a piece of writing , even if its composition is anonymous , unknown or collaborative . Contents ( hide ) 1 Types 1.1 Literary and creative 1.1. 1 Poet 1.1. 2 Novelist 1.1. 3 Satirist 1.2 Performative 1.2. 1 Librettist 1.2. 2 Lyricist 1.2. 3 Playwright 1.2. 4 Screenwriter 1.2. 5 Speechwriter 1.3 Interpretive and academic 1.3. 1 Biographer 1.3. 2 Critic 1.3. 3 Editor 1.3. 4 Encyclopaedist 1.3. 5 Essayist 1.3. 6 Historian 1.3. 7 Lexicographer 1.3. 8 Researcher / Scholar 1.3. 9 Translator 1.4 Reportage 1.4. 1 Blogger 1.4. 2 Columnist 1.4. 3 Diarist 1.4. 4 Journalist 1.4. 5 Memoirist 1.5 Utilitarian 1.5. 1 Ghostwriter 1.5. 2 Letter writer 1.5. 3 Report writer 1.5. 4 Scribe 1.5. 5 Technical writer 2 Process and methods 2.1 Writing process 2.1. 1 Sole 2.1. 2 Collaborative 2.1. 3 Committee 2.1. 4 Multimedia 2.1. 5 Crowd sourced 2.2 Motivations 2.2. 1 Command 2.2. 2 Develop skill / explore ideas 2.2. 3 Entertain 2.2. 4 Influence 2.2. 5 Payment 2.2. 6 Teach 2.2. 7 Tell a story 2.2. 8 Woo a lover 3 Authorship 3.1 Pen names 3.2 Fictional writers 3.3 Writers of sacred texts 4 Controversial writing 4.1 Punishment 5 Protection and representation 6 Awards 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Types ( edit ) Writers choose from a range of literary genres to express their ideas . Most writing can be adapted for use in another medium . For example , a writer 's work may be read privately or recited or performed in a play or film . Satire for example , may be written as a poem , an essay , a film , a comic play , or a piece of journalism . The writer of a letter may include elements of criticism , biography , or journalism . Many writers work across genres . The genre sets the parameters but all kinds of creative adaptation have been attempted : novel to film ; poem to play ; history to musical . Writers may begin their career in one genre and change to another . For example , historian William Dalrymple began in the genre of travel literature and also writes as a journalist . Many writers have produced both fiction and non-fiction works and others write in a genre that crosses the two . For example , writers of historical romances , such as Georgette Heyer , invent characters and stories set in historical periods . In this genre , the accuracy of the history and the level of factual detail in the work both tend to be debated . Some writers write both creative fiction and serious analysis , sometimes using different names to separate their work . Dorothy Sayers , for example , wrote crime fiction but was also a playwright , essayist , translator , and critic . Literary and creative ( edit ) Alexander Pushkin recites his poem before Gavrila Derzhavin ( 1815 ) Poet ( edit ) Main article : Poet I Will Write He had done for her all that a man could , And some might say , more than a man should , Then was ever a flame so recklessly blown out Or a last goodbye so negligent as this ? ' I will write to you , ' she muttered briefly , Tilting her cheek for a polite kiss ; Then walked away , nor ever turned about ... Long letters written and mailed in her own head -- There are no mails in a city of the dead . Robert Graves Poets make maximum use of the language to achieve an emotional and sensory effect as well as a cognitive one . To create these effects , they use rhyme and rhythm and they also exploit the properties of words with a range of other techniques such as alliteration and assonance . A common theme is love and its vicissitudes . Shakespeare 's famous love story Romeo and Juliet , for example , written in a variety of poetic forms , has been performed in innumerable theatres and made into at least eight cinematic versions . John Donne is another poet renowned for his love poetry . Novelist ( edit ) Main article : Novelist Novelists write novels -- stories that explore universal themes through fiction . They situate invented characters and plots in a narrative designed to be both credible and entertaining . `` Every novel worthy of the name is like another planet , whether large or small , which has its own laws just as it has its own flora and fauna . Thus , Faulkner 's technique is certainly the best one with which to paint Faulkner 's world , and Kafka 's nightmare has produced its own myths that make it communicable . Benjamin Constant , Stendhal , Eugène Fromentin , Jacques Rivière , Radiguet , all used different techniques , took different liberties , and set themselves different tasks . '' François Mauriac , novelist Satirist ( edit ) Main article : Satire A satirist uses wit to ridicule the shortcomings of society or individuals , with the intent of exposing stupidity . Usually , the subject of the satire is a contemporary issue such as ineffective political decisions or politicians , although human vices such as greed are also a common and universal subject . Philosopher Voltaire wrote a satire about optimism called Candide , which was subsequently turned into an opera , and many well known lyricists wrote for it . There are elements of Absurdism in Candide , just as there are in the work of contemporary satirist Barry Humphries , who writes comic satire for his character Dame Edna Everage to perform on stage . Satirists use various techniques such as irony , sarcasm , and hyperbole to make their point and they choose from the full range of genres -- the satire may be in the form of prose or poetry or dialogue in a film , for example . One of the most famous satirists is Jonathan Swift who wrote the four - volume work Gulliver 's Travels and many other satires , including A Modest Proposal and The Battle of the Books . It is amazing to me that ... our age is almost wholly illiterate and has hardly produced one writer upon any subject . Jonathan Swift , satirist ( 1704 ) Performative ( edit ) Librettist ( edit ) Composer Richard Wagner , who also wrote the libretti for his works Main article : Libretto Libretti ( the plural of libretto ) are the texts for musical works such as operas . The Venetian poet and librettist Lorenzo Da Ponte , for example , wrote the libretto for some of Mozart 's greatest operas . Luigi Illica and Giuseppe Giacosa were Italian librettists who wrote for Giacomo Puccini . Most opera composers collaborate with a librettist but unusually , Richard Wagner wrote both the music and the libretti for his works himself . Chi son ? Sono poeta . Che cosa faccio ? Scrivo . E come vivo ? Vivo . ( `` Who am I ? I 'm a poet . What do I do ? I write . And how do I live ? I live . '' ) Rodolpho , in Puccini 's La bohème Lyricist ( edit ) Main article : Lyricist Usually writing in verses and choruses , a lyricist specializes in writing lyrics , the words that accompany or underscore a song or opera . Lyricists also write the words for songs . In the case of Tom Lehrer , these were satirical . Lyricist Noël Coward , who wrote musicals and songs such as `` Mad Dogs and Englishmen '' and the recited song `` I Went to a Marvellous Party '' , also wrote plays and films and performed on stage and screen as well . Writers of lyrics , such as these two , adapt other writers ' work as well as create entirely original pieces . `` Making lyrics feel natural , sit on music in such a way that you do n't feel the effort of the author , so that they shine and bubble and rise and fall , is very , very hard to do . '' Stephen Sondheim , lyricist Playwright ( edit ) Title page of Shakespeare 's The Tempest from the 1623 First Folio Main article : Playwright A playwright writes plays which may or may not be performed on a stage by actors . A play 's narrative is driven by dialogue . Like novelists , playwrights usually explore a theme by showing how people respond to a set of circumstances . As writers , playwrights must make the language and the dialogue succeed in terms of the characters who speak the lines as well as in the play as a whole . Since most plays are performed , rather than read privately , the playwright has to produce a text that works in spoken form and can also hold an audience 's attention over the period of the performance . Plays tell `` a story the audience should care about '' , so writers have to cut anything that worked against that . Plays may be written in prose or verse . Shakespeare wrote plays in iambic pentameter as does Mike Bartlett in his play King Charles III ( 2014 ) . Playwrights also adapt or re-write other works , such as plays written earlier or literary works originally in another genre . Famous playwrights such as Henrik Ibsen or Anton Chekhov have had their works adapted many times . The plays of early Greek playwrights Sophocles , Euripides , and Aeschylus are still performed . Adaptations of a playwright 's work may be faithful to the original or creatively interpreted . If the writers ' purpose in re-writing the play is to produce a film , they will have to prepare a screenplay . Shakespeare 's plays , for example , while still regularly performed in the original form , are often adapted and abridged , especially for the cinema . An example of a creative modern adaptation of a play that nonetheless used the original writer 's words , is Baz Luhrmann 's version of Romeo and Juliet . The amendment of the name to Romeo + Juliet indicates to the audience that the version will be different from the original . Tom Stoppard 's play Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead is a play inspired by Shakespeare 's Hamlet that takes two of Shakespeare 's most minor characters and creates a new play in which they are the protagonists . Player : It 's what the actors do best . They have to exploit whatever talent is given to them , and their talent is dying . They can die heroically , comically , ironically , slowly , suddenly , disgustingly , charmingly or from a great height . Tom Stoppard Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead ( Act Two ) Screenwriter ( edit ) Main article : Screenwriter Screenwriters write a screenplay -- or script -- that provides the words for media productions such as films , television programs and video games . Screenwriters may start their careers by writing the screenplay speculatively ; that is , they write a script with no advance payment , solicitation or contract . On the other hand , they may be employed or commissioned to adapt the work of a playwright or novelist or other writer . Self - employed writers who are paid by contract to write are known as freelancers and screenwriters often work under this type of arrangement . Screenwriters , playwrights and other writers are inspired by the great themes and often use similar and familiar plot devices to explore them . For example , in Shakespeare 's Hamlet is a `` play within a play '' , which the hero uses to demonstrate the king 's guilt . Hamlet gains the co-operation of the actors to set up the play as a thing `` wherein I 'll catch the conscience of the king '' . teleplay writer Joe Menosky deploys the same `` play within a play '' device in an episode of the science fiction television series Star Trek : Voyager . The bronze - age playwright / hero enlists the support of a Star Trek crew member to create a play that will convince the ruler ( or `` patron '' as he is called ) , of the futility of war . Speechwriter ( edit ) Main article : Speechwriter A speechwriter prepares the text for a speech to be given before a group or crowd on a specific occasion and for a specific purpose . They are often intended to be persuasive or inspiring , such as the speeches given by skilled orators like Cicero ; charismatic or influential political leaders like Nelson Mandela ; or for use in a court of law or parliament . The writer of the speech may be the person intended to deliver it , or it might be prepared by a person hired for the task on behalf of someone else . Such is the case when speechwriters are employed by many senior - level elected officials and executives in both government and private sectors . Interpretive and academic ( edit ) Biographer ( edit ) Main article : List of biographers Biographers write an account of another person 's life . Richard Ellmann ( 1918 -- 1987 ) , for example , was an eminent and award - winning biographer whose work focused on the Irish writers James Joyce , William Butler Yeats , and Oscar Wilde . For the Wilde biography , he won the 1989 Pulitzer Prize for Biography . Critic ( edit ) Main article : Critic Critics consider and assess the extent to which a work succeeds in its purpose . The work under consideration may be literary , theatrical , musical , artistic , or architectural . In assessing the success of a work , the critic takes account of why it was done -- for example , why a text was written , for whom , in what style , and under what circumstances . After making such an assessment , critics write and publish their evaluation , adding the value of their scholarship and thinking to substantiate any opinion . The theory of criticism is an area of study in itself : a good critic understands and is able to incorporate the theory behind the work they are evaluating into their assessment . Some critics are already writers in another genre . For example , they might be novelists or essayists . Influential and respected writer / critics include the art critic Charles Baudelaire ( 1821 -- 1867 ) and the literary critic James Wood ( born 1965 ) , both of whom have books published containing collections of their criticism . Some critics are poor writers and produce only superficial or unsubstantiated work . Hence , while anyone can be an uninformed critic , the notable characteristics of a good critic are understanding , insight , and an ability to write well . We can claim with at least as much accuracy as a well - known writer claims of his little books , that no newspaper would dare print what we have to say . Are we going to be very cruel and abusive , then ? By no means : on the contrary , we are going to be impartial . We have no friends -- that is a great thing -- and no enemies . '' Charles Baudelaire , introducing his Review of the Paris Salon of 1845 Editor ( edit ) Main articles : Editing and Copywriting Flaubert 's heavily edited page of his manuscript for Un Cœur simple An editor prepares literary material for publication . The material may be the editor 's own original work but more commonly , an editor works with the material of one or more other people . There are different types of editor . Copy editors format text to a particular style and / or correct errors in grammar and spelling without changing the text substantively . On the other hand , an editor may suggest or undertake significant changes to a text to improve its readability , sense or structure . This latter type of editor can go so far as to excise some parts of the text , add new parts , or restructure the whole . The work of editors of ancient texts or manuscripts or collections of works results in differing editions . For example , there are many editions of Shakespeare 's plays by notable editors who also contribute original introductions to the resulting publication . Editors who work on journals and newspapers have varying levels of responsibility for the text -- they may write original material , in particular , editorials ; select what is to be included from a range of items on offer ; format the material ; or check its accuracy . Encyclopaedist ( edit ) Sculpture in Berlin depicting a stack of books on which are inscribed the names of great writers : Goethe ; Brecht ; Mann ; Fontane ; Hesse ; Lessing ; Schiller ; Böll ; Marx ; Brothers Grimm ; Hegel ; Seghers ; Kant ; Luther ; Heine ; Arendt ; Grass Main article : Encyclopedia Encyclopaedists create organised bodies of knowledge . Denis Diderot ( 1713 -- 1784 ) is renowned for his contributions to the Encyclopédie . The encyclopaedist Bernardino de Sahagún ( 1499 -- 1590 ) was a Franciscan whose Historia general de las cosas de Nueva España is a vast encyclopedia of Mesoamerican civilisation , commonly referred to as the Florentine Codex , after the Italian manuscript library which holds the best preserved copy . Essayist ( edit ) Main article : List of essayists Essayists write essays , which are original pieces of writing of moderate length in which the author makes a case in support of an opinion . They are usually in prose , but some writers have used poetry to present their argument . Historian ( edit ) See also : List of historians A historian is a person who studies and writes about the past and is regarded as an authority on it . The purpose of a historian is to employ historical analysis to create coherent narratives that explain `` what happened '' and `` why or how it happened '' . Professional historians typically work in colleges and universities , archival centers , government agencies , museums , and as freelance writers and consultants . Edward Gibbon 's six volume History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire influenced the development of historiography . Lexicographer ( edit ) Main article : Lexicography Writers who create dictionaries are called lexicographers . One of the most famous is Samuel Johnson ( 1709 -- 1784 ) , whose Dictionary of the English Language was regarded not only as a great personal scholarly achievement but was also dictionary of such pre-eminence , that would have been referred to by such writers as Jane Austen . Researcher / scholar ( edit ) Main articles : Research and Scholarly method Play media One of many interviews with prolific American writer , philosopher , linguist , scientist , historian and critic Noam Chomsky ( 2009 ) Researchers and scholars who write about their discoveries and ideas sometimes have profound effects on society . Scientists and philosophers are good examples because their new ideas can revolutionise the way people think and how they behave . Three of the best known examples of such a revolutionary effect are Nicolaus Copernicus , who wrote De revolutionibus orbium coelestium ( 1543 ) ; Charles Darwin , who wrote On the Origin of Species ( 1859 ) ; and Sigmund Freud , who wrote The Interpretation of Dreams ( 1899 ) . These three highly influential , and initially very controversial , works changed the way people understood their place in the world . Copernicus 's heliocentric view of the cosmos displaced humans from their previously accepted place at the centre of the universe ; Darwin 's evolutionary theory placed humans firmly within , as opposed to above , the order of nature ; and Freud 's ideas about the power of the unconscious mind overcame the belief that humans were consciously in control of all their own actions . Translator ( edit ) Main article : Translation Translators have the task of finding some equivalence in another language to a writer 's meaning , intention and style . Translators whose work has had very significant cultural effect include Al - Ḥajjāj ibn Yūsuf ibn Maṭar , who translated Elements from Greek into Arabic and Jean - François Champollion , who deciphered Egyptian hieroglyphs with the result that he could publish the first translation of the Rosetta Stone hieroglyphs in 1822 . Difficulties with translation are exacerbated when words or phrases incorporate rhymes , rhythms , or puns ; or when they have connotations in one language that are non-existent in another . For example , the title of Le Grand Meaulnes by Alain - Fournier is supposedly untranslatable because `` no English adjective will convey all the shades of meaning that can be read into the simple ( French ) word ' grand ' which takes on overtones as the story progresses . '' Even if translation is impossible -- we have no choice but to do it : to take the next step and start translating ... The translator 's task is to make us either forget or else enjoy the difference . Robert Dessaix , translator , author Reportage ( edit ) Blogger ( edit ) Main article : Blog Writers of blogs , which have appeared on the World Wide Web since the 1990s , need no authorisation to be published . The contents of these short opinion pieces or `` posts '' form a commentary on issues of specific interest to readers who can use the same technology to interact with the author , with an immediacy hitherto impossible . The ability to link to other sites means that some blog writers -- and their writing -- may become suddenly and unpredictably popular . Malala Yousafzai , a young Pakistani education activist , rose to prominence because of her blog for BBC . A blog writer is using the technology to create a message that is in some ways like a newsletter and in other ways , like a personal letter . `` The greatest difference between a blog and a photocopied school newsletter , or an annual family letter photocopied and mailed to a hundred friends , is the potential audience and the increased potential for direct communication between audience members '' . Thus , as with other forms of letter , the writer knows some of the readers , but one of the main differences is that `` some of the audience will be random '' and `` that presumably changes the way we ( writers ) write . '' It has been argued that blogs owe a debt to Renaissance essayist Michel de Montaigne , whose Essais ( `` attempts '' ) , were published in 1580 , because Montaigne `` wrote as if he were chatting to his readers : just two friends , whiling away an afternoon in conversation '' . Columnist ( edit ) Main article : Columnist Columnists write regular pieces for newspapers and other periodicals , usually containing a lively and entertaining expression of opinion . Some columnists have had collections of their best work published as a collection in a book , so that readers can re-read what would otherwise be no longer available . Columns are quite short pieces of writing so columnists often write in other genres as well . An example is the columnist Elizabeth Farrelly , who besides being a columnist , is also an architecture critic and author of books . Diarist ( edit ) Main article : List of diarists Signature of Anne Frank Writers who record their experiences , thoughts or feelings in a sequential form over a period of time in a diary are known as diarists . Their writings can provide valuable insights into historical periods , specific events or individual personalities . Examples include Samuel Pepys ( 1633 -- 1703 ) , an English administrator and Member of Parliament , whose detailed private diary provides eyewitness accounts of events during the 17th century , most notably of the Great Fire of London . Anne Frank ( 1929 -- 1945 ) was a 13 - year - old girl whose diary from 1942 to 1944 records both her experiences as a persecuted Jew in World War II and an adolescent dealing with intra-family relationships . Journalist ( edit ) Main article : Journalism Journalists write reports about current events after investigating them and gathering information . Some journalists write reports about predictable or scheduled events such as social or political meetings . Others are investigative journalists who need to undertake considerable research and analysis in order to write an explanation or account of something complex that was hitherto unknown or not understood . Often investigative journalists are reporting criminal or corrupt activity which puts them at risk personally and means that what it is likely that attempts may be made to attack or suppress what they write . An example is Bob Woodward , a journalist who investigated and wrote about criminal activities by the US President . Journalism ... is a public trust , a responsibility , to report the facts with context and completeness , to speak truth to power , to hold the feet of politicians and officials to the fire of exposure , to discomfort the comfortable , to comfort those who suffer . Geoffrey Barker , journalist . Memoirist ( edit ) Main article : Memoir Writers of memoirs produce accounts from the memories of their own lives , which are deemed unusual , important , or scandalous enough to be of interest to general readers . Although intended to be factual , readers are alerted to the likelihood of some inaccuracies or bias towards an idiosyncratic perception by the choice of genre . A memoir , for example , is allowed to have a much more selective set of experiences than an autobiography which is expected to be more complete and make a greater attempt at balance . Famous memoirists include Frances Vane , Viscountess Vane , and Giacomo Casanova . Utilitarian ( edit ) Ghostwriter ( edit ) Main article : Ghostwriter Ghostwriters write for , or in the style of , someone else so the credit goes to the person on whose behalf the writing is done . Letter writer ( edit ) Writing Letter ( Photograph by Kusakabe Kimbei ) Main article : Letter ( message ) Writers of letters use a reliable form of transmission of messages between individuals , and surviving sets of letters provide insight into the motivations , cultural contexts , and events in the lives of their writers . Peter Abelard ( 1079 -- 1142 ) , philosopher , logician , and theologian is known not only for the heresy contained in some of his work , and the punishment of having to burn his own book , but also for the letters he wrote to Héloïse d'Argenteuil ( 1090 ? -- 1164 ) . The letters ( or epistles ) of Paul the Apostle were so influential that over the 2000 years of Christian history , Paul became `` second only to Jesus in influence and the amount of discussion and interpretation generated '' . Water damaged unpublished autograph manuscript page of Bligh 's voyage in the launch of HMS Bounty , from the ship to Tofua and from thence to Timor April 28 to June 14 , 1789 , after the Mutiny . It contains notes used later as the basis for his report and all his subsequent narratives . Report writer ( edit ) Main article : Report Report writers are people who gather information , organise and document it so that it can be presented to some person or authority in a position to use it as the basis of a decision . Well - written reports influence policies as well as decisions . For example , Florence Nightingale ( 1820 -- 1910 ) wrote reports that were intended to effect administrative reform in matters concerning health in the army . She documented her experience in the Crimean War and showed her determination to see improvements : `` ... after six months of incredible industry she had put together and written with her own hand her Notes affecting the Health , Efficiency and Hospital Administration of the British Army . This extraordinary composition , filling more than eight hundred closely printed pages , laying down vast principles of far - reaching reform , discussing the minutest detail of a multitude of controversial subjects , containing an enormous mass of information of the most varied kinds -- military , statistical , sanitary , architectural '' became for a long time , the `` leading authority on the medical administration of armies '' . The logs and reports of Master mariner William Bligh contributed to his being honourably acquitted at the court - martial inquiring into the loss of HMS Bounty . Scribe ( edit ) Scribe in India taking instructions from a client Main article : Scribe A scribe writes ideas and information on behalf of another , sometimes copying from another document , sometimes from oral instruction on behalf of an illiterate person , sometimes transcribing from another medium such as a tape recording , shorthand , or personal notes . Being able to write was a rare achievement for over 500 years in Western Europe so monks who copied texts were scribes responsible for saving many texts from classical times . The monasteries , where monks who knew how to read and write lived , provided an environment stable enough for writing . Irish monks , for example , came to Europe in about 600 and `` found manuscripts in places like Tours and Toulouse '' which they copied . The monastic writers also illustrated their books with highly skilled art work using gold and rare colours . Technical writer ( edit ) Main article : Technical writer A technical writer prepares instructions or manuals , such as user guides or owner 's manuals for users of equipment to follow . Technical writers also write various procedures for business , professional or domestic use . Since the purpose of technical writing is practical rather than creative , its most important quality is clarity . The technical writer , unlike the creative writer , is required to adhere to the relevant style guide . Process and methods ( edit ) Writing process ( edit ) Japanese print depicting Thomas Carlyle 's horror at his manuscript burning Main article : Writing process There is a range of approaches that writers take to the task of writing . Each writer needs to find his or her own process and most describe it as more or less a struggle . Sometimes writers have had the bad fortune to lose their work and have had to start again . Before the invention of photocopiers and electronic text storage , a writer 's work had to be stored on paper , which meant it was very susceptible to fire in particular . ( In very early times , writers used vellum and clay which were more robust materials . ) Writers whose work was destroyed before completion include L.L. Zamenhof , the inventor of Esperanto , whose years of work were thrown into the fire by his father because he was afraid that `` his son would be thought a spy working code '' . Essayist and historian Thomas Carlyle , lost the only copy of a manuscript for The French Revolution : A History when it was mistakenly thrown into the fire by a maid . He wrote it again from the beginning . Writers usually develop a personal schedule . Angus Wilson , for example , wrote for a number of hours every morning . Writer 's block is a relatively common experience among writers , especially professional writers , when for a period of time the writer feels unable to write for reasons other than lack of skill or commitment . Happy are they who do n't doubt themselves and whose pens fly across the page Gustave Flaubert writing to Louise Colet Throes of Creation by Leonid Pasternak Sole ( edit ) Most writers write alone -- typically they are engaged in a solitary activity that requires them to struggle with both the concepts they are trying to express and the best way to express it . This may mean choosing the best genre or genres as well as choosing the best words . Writers often develop idiosyncratic solutions to the problem of finding the right words to put on a blank page or screen . `` Did n't Somerset Maugham also write facing a blank wall ? ... Goethe could n't write a line if there was another person anywhere in the same house , or so he said at some point . '' Collaborative ( edit ) Collaborative writing means that multiple authors write and contribute to a piece of writing . In this approach , it is highly likely the writers will collaborate on editing the piece too . The more usual process is that the editing is done by an independent editor after the writer submits a draft version . In some cases , such as that between a librettist and composer , a writer will collaborate with another artist on a creative work . One of the best known of these types of collaborations is that between Gilbert and Sullivan . Librettist W.S. Gilbert wrote the words for the comic operas created by the partnership . Committee ( edit ) Occasionally , a writing task is given to a committee of writers . The most famous example is the task of translating the Bible into English , sponsored by King James VI of England in 1604 and accomplished by six committees , some in Cambridge and some in Oxford , who were allocated different sections of the text . The resulting Authorized King James Version , published in 1611 , has been described as an `` everlasting miracle '' because its writers ( that is , its Translators ) sought to `` hold themselves consciously poised between the claims of accessibility and beauty , plainness and richness , simplicity and majesty , the people and the king '' , with the result that the language communicates itself `` in a way which is quite unaffected , neither literary nor academic , not historical , nor reconstructionist , but transmitting a nearly incredible immediacy from one end of human civilisation to another . '' Multimedia ( edit ) William Blake `` Nurse 's Song '' from Songs of Innocence and of Experience Some writers support the verbal part of their work with images or graphics that are an integral part of the way their ideas are communicated . William Blake is one of rare poets who created his own paintings and drawings as integral parts of works such as his Songs of Innocence and of Experience . Cartoonists are writers whose work depends heavily on hand drawn imagery . Other writers , especially writers for children , incorporate painting or drawing in more or less sophisticated ways . Shaun Tan , for example , is a writer who uses imagery extensively , sometimes combining fact , fiction and illustration , sometimes for a didactic purpose , sometimes on commission . Children 's writers Beatrix Potter , May Gibbs , and Theodor Seuss Geisel are as well known for their illustrations as for their texts . Crowd sourced ( edit ) Main article : Crowdsourcing Some writers contribute very small sections to a piece of writing that cumulates as a result . This method is particularly suited to very large works , such as dictionaries and encyclopaedias . The best known example of the former is the Oxford English Dictionary , under the editorship of lexicographer James Murray , who was provided with the prolific and helpful contributions of W.C. Minor , at the time an inmate of a hospital for the criminally insane . The best known example of the latter -- an encyclopaedia that is crowdsourced -- is Wikipedia which relies on the contributions of thousands of volunteer writers and editors worldwide , such as Simon Pulsifer . Motivations ( edit ) Writers have many different reasons for writing , among which is usually some combination of self - expression and recording facts , history or research results . The many physician writers , for example , have combined their observation and knowledge of the human condition with their desire to write and contributed many poems , plays , translations , essays and other texts . Some writers write extensively on their motivation and on the likely motivations of other writers . For example , George Orwell 's essay `` Why I Write '' ( 1946 ) takes this as its subject . As to `` what constitutes success or failure to a writer '' , it has been described as `` a complicated business , where the material rubs up against the spiritual , and psychology plays a big part '' . The moral I draw is that the writer should seek his reward in the pleasure of his work and in release from the burden of this thoughts ; and , indifferent to aught else , care nothing for praise or censure , failure or success . W. Somerset Maugham in The Moon and Sixpence ( 1919 ) Command ( edit ) Some writers are the authors of specific military orders whose clarity will determine the outcome of a battle . Among the most controversial and unsuccessful was Lord Raglan 's order at the Charge of the Light Brigade , which being vague and misinterpreted , led to defeat with many casualties . Develop skill / explore ideas ( edit ) Some writers use the writing task to develop their own skill ( in writing itself or in another area of knowledge ) or explore an idea while they are producing a piece of writing . Philologist J.R.R. Tolkien , for example , created a new language for his fantasy books . For me the private act of poetry writing is songwriting , confessional , diary - keeping , speculation , problem - solving , storytelling , therapy , anger management , craftsmanship , relaxation , concentration and spiritual adventure all in one inexpensive package . Stephen Fry , author , poet , playwright , screenwriter , journalist Entertain ( edit ) Some genres are a particularly appropriate choice for writers whose chief purpose is to entertain . Among them are limericks , many comics and thrillers . Writers of children 's literature seek to entertain children but are also usually mindful of the educative function of their work as well . I think that I shall never see a billboard lovely as a tree ; Indeed , unless the billboards fall I 'll never see a tree at all . Ogden Nash , humorous poet , reworking a poem by Joyce Kilmer for comic effect . Influence ( edit ) The Ninety - five Theses ( at the All Saints ' Church , Wittenburg ) Anger has motivated many writers , including Martin Luther , angry at religious corruption , who wrote the Ninety - five Theses in 1517 , to reform the church , and Émile Zola ( 1840 -- 1902 ) who wrote the public letter , J'Accuse in 1898 to bring public attention to government injustice , as a consequence of which he had to flee to England from his native France . Such writers have affected ideas , opinion or policy significantly . Payment ( edit ) Even though he is in love with the same woman , Cyrano helps his inarticulate friend , Rageneau , to woo her by writing on his behalf ... CYRANO : What hour is it now , Ragueneau ? RAGUENEAU ( stopping short in the act of thrusting to look at the clock ) : Five minutes after six ! ... ' I touch ! ' ( He straightens himself ) : ... Oh ! to write a ballade ! ... RAGUENEAU : Ten minutes after six . CYRANO : ( nervously seating himself at Ragueneau 's table , and drawing some paper toward him ) : A pen ! ... RAGUENEAU ( giving him the one from behind his ear ) : Here -- a swan 's quill . ... CYRANO ( taking up the pen , and motioning Ragueneau away ) : Hush ! ( To himself ) : I will write , fold it , give it her , and fly ! ( Throws down the pen ) : Coward ! ... But strike me dead if I dare to speak to her , ... ay , even one single word ! ( To Ragueneau ) : What time is it ? RAGUENEAU : A quarter after six ! ... CYRANO ( striking his breast ) : Ay - a single word of all those here ! here ! But writing , ' tis easier done ... ( He takes up the pen ) : Go to , I will write it , that love - letter ! Oh ! I have writ it and rewrit it in my own mind so oft that it lies there ready for pen and ink ; and if I lay but my soul by my letter - sheet , ' tis naught to do but to copy from it . ( He writes ... ) Edmond Rostand , Cyrano de Bergerac Act II , Scene 2 , ( 3 ) Writers may write a particular piece for payment ( even if at other times , they write for another reason ) , such as when they are commissioned to create a new work , transcribe an old one , translate another writer 's work , or write for someone who is illiterate or inarticulate . In some cases , writing has been the only way an individual could earn an income . Frances Trollope is an example of women who wrote to save herself and her family from penury , at a time when there were very few socially acceptable employment opportunities for them . Her book about her experiences in America , called Domestic Manners of the Americans became a great success , `` even though she was over fifty and had never written before in her life '' after which `` she continued to write hard , carrying this on almost entirely before breakfast '' . According to her writer son Anthony Trollope `` her books saved the family from ruin '' . I write for two reasons ; partly to make money and partly to win the respect of people whom I respect . E.M. Forster , novelist , essayist , librettist Teach ( edit ) Aristotle , who was tutor to Alexander the Great , wrote to support his teaching . He wrote two treatises for the young prince : `` On Monarchy '' , and `` On Colonies '' . and his dialogues also appear to have been written either `` as lecture notes or discussion papers for use in his philosophy school at the Athens Lyceum between 334 and 323 BC . '' They encompass both his ' scientific ' writings ( metaphysics , physics , biology , meteorology , and astronomy , as well as logic and argument ) the ' non-scientific ' works ( poetry , oratory , ethics , and politics ) , `` major elements in traditional Greek and Roman education '' . Writers of textbooks also use writing to teach and there are numerous instructional guides to writing itself . For example , many people will find it necessary to make a speech `` in the service of your company , church , civic club , political party , or other organization '' and so , instructional writers have produced texts and guides for speechmaking . Tell a story ( edit ) Many writers use their skill to tell the story of their people , community or cultural tradition , especially one with a personal significance . Examples include Shmuel Yosef Agnon ; Miguel Ángel Asturias ; Doris Lessing ; Toni Morrison ; Isaac Bashevis Singer ; and Patrick White . Writers such as Mario Vargas Llosa , Herta Müller , and Erich Maria Remarque write about the effect of conflict , dispossession and war . Woo a lover ( edit ) Writers use prose , poetry , and letters as part of courtship rituals . Edmond Rostand 's play Cyrano de Bergerac , written in verse , is about both the power of love and the power of the self - doubting writer / hero 's writing talent . Authorship ( edit ) Signature of Mariana Alcoforado ( Maria Anna Alcoforada ) , once thought to be the writer of the epistolary fiction , Letters of a Portuguese Nun . Pen names ( edit ) Writers sometimes use a pseudonym , otherwise known as a pen name or `` nom de plume '' . The reasons they do this include to separate their writing from other work ( or other types of writing ) for which they are known ; to enhance the possibility of publication by reducing prejudice ( such as against women writers or writers of a particular ethnicity ) ; to reduce personal risk ( such as political risks from individuals , groups or states that disagree with them ) ; or to make their name better suit another language . Examples of well - known writers who used a pen name include : George Eliot ( 1819 -- 1880 ) , whose real name was Mary Anne ( or Marian ) Evans ; George Orwell ( 1903 -- 1950 ) , whose real name was Eric Blair ; George Sand ( 1804 -- 1876 ) , whose real name was Lucile Aurore Dupin ; Dr. Seuss ( 1904 -- 1991 ) , whose real name was Theodor Seuss Geisel ; Stendhal ( 1783 -- 1842 ) , whose real name was Marie - Henri Beyle and Mark Twain ( 1835 -- 1910 ) , whose real name was Samuel Langhorne Clemens . Apart from the large numbers of works attributable only to `` Anonymous '' , there are a large number of writers who were once known and are now unknown . Efforts are made to find and re-publish these writers ' works . One example is the publication of books like Japan As Seen and Described by Famous Writers ( a 2010 reproduction of a pre-1923 publication ) by `` Anonymous '' . Another example is the founding of a Library and Study Centre for the Study of Early English Women 's Writing in Chawton , England . Cumaean Sibyl by Michelangelo Fictional writers ( edit ) Some fictional writers are very well known because of the strength of their characterization by the real writer or the significance of their role as writer in the plot of a work . Examples of this type of fictional writer include Edward Casaubon , a fictional scholar in George Eliot 's Middlemarch , and Edwin Reardon , a fictional writer in George Gissing 's New Grub Street . Casaubon 's efforts to complete an authoritative study affect the decisions taken by the protagonists in Eliot 's novel and drive significant parts of the plot . In Gissing 's work , Reardon 's efforts to produce high quality writing put him in conflict with another character , who takes a more commercial approach . Robinson Crusoe is a fictional writer who was originally credited by the real writer ( Daniel Defoe ) as being the author of the confessional letters in the work of the same name . Bridget Jones is a comparable fictional diarist created by writer Helen Fielding . Both works became famous and popular ; their protagonists and story were developed further through many adaptations , including film versions . Cyrano de Bergerac was a real writer who created a fictional character with his own name . The Sibylline Books , a collection of prophecies were supposed to have been purchased from the Cumaean Sibyl by the last king of Rome . Since they were consulted during periods of crisis , it could be said that they are a case of real works created by a fictional writer . Writers of sacred texts ( edit ) John the Evangelist Ethiopian c. 1540 Religious texts or scriptures are the texts which various religious traditions consider to be sacred , or of central importance to their religious tradition . Some religions and spiritual movements believe that their sacred texts are divinely or supernaturally revealed or inspired , while others have individual authors . Controversial writing ( edit ) Leonardo da Vinci c. 1513 Old Man with water studies . In the Royal Library , Windsor . Thought to be a self - portrait , showing Leonardo 's writing and drawing . Skilled writers influence ideas and society , so there are many instances where a writer 's work or opinion has been unwelcome and controversial . In some cases , they have been persecuted or punished . Aware that their writing will cause controversy or put themselves and others into danger , some writers self - censor ; or withhold their work from publication ; or hide their manuscripts ; or use some other technique to preserve and protect their work . Two of the most famous examples are Leonardo da Vinci and Charles Darwin . Leonardo `` had the habit of conversing with himself in his writings and of putting his thoughts into the clearest and most simple form '' . He used `` left - handed or mirror writing '' ( a technique described as `` so characteristic of him '' ) to protect his scientific research from other readers . The fear of persecution , social disgrace , and being proved incorrect are regarded as contributing factors to Darwin 's delaying the publication of his radical and influential work On the Origin of Species . One of the results of controversies caused by a writer 's work is scandal , which is a negative public reaction that causes damage to reputation and depends on public outrage . It has been said that it is possible to scandalise the public because the public `` wants to be shocked in order to confirm its own sense of virtue '' . The scandal may be caused by what the writer wrote or by the style in which it was written . In either case , the content or the style is likely to have broken with tradition or expectation . Making such a departure may in fact , be part of the writer 's intention or at least , part of the result of introducing innovations into the genre in which he or she is working . For example , novelist DH Lawrence challenged ideas of what was acceptable as well as what was expected in form . These may be regarded as literary scandals , just as , in a different way , are the scandals involving writers who mislead the public about their identity , such as Norma Khouri or Helen Darville who , in deceiving the public , are considered to have committed fraud . Writers may also cause the more usual type of scandal -- whereby the public is outraged by the opinions , behaviour or life of the individual ( an experience not limited to writers ) . Poet Paul Verlaine outraged society with his behaviour and treatment of his wife and child as well as his lover . Among the many writers whose writing or life was affected by scandals are Oscar Wilde , Lord Byron , Jean - Paul Sartre , Albert Camus , and H.G. Wells . One of the most famously scandalous writers was the Marquis de Sade who offended the public both by his writings and by his behaviour . Punishment ( edit ) Engraving depicting the death of William Tyndale The consequence of scandal for a writer may be censorship or discrediting of the work , or social ostracism of its creator . In some instances , punishment , persecution , or prison follow . The list of journalists killed in Russia is an example . Others include : The Balibo Five , a group of Australian television journalists who were killed while attempting to report on Indonesian incursions into Portuguese Timor in 1975 . Dietrich Bonhoeffer ( 1906 -- 1945 ) , an influential theologian who wrote The Cost of Discipleship and was hanged for his resistance to Nazism . Antonio Gramsci ( 1891 -- 1937 ) , who wrote political theory and criticism and was imprisoned for this by the Italian Fascist regime . Günter Grass ( 1927 -- 2015 ) , whose poem `` What Must Be Said '' led to his being declared persona non grata in Israel . Peter Greste ( born 1965 ) , a journalist who was imprisoned in Egypt for news reporting which was `` damaging to national security . '' Primo Levi ( 1919 -- 1987 ) who , among many Jews imprisoned during World War II , wrote an account of his incarceration called If This Is a Man . Galileo Galilei ( 1564 -- 1642 ) , who was sentenced to imprisonment for heresy as a consequence of writing in support of the then controversial theory of heliocentrism , although the sentence was almost immediately commuted to house arrest . Sima Qian ( 145 or 135 BC -- 86 BC ) who `` successfully defended a vilified master from defamatory charges '' and was given `` the choice between castration or execution . '' He `` became a eunuch and had to bury his own book ... in order to protect it from the authorities . '' Salman Rushdie ( born 1947 ) , whose novel The Satanic Verses was banned and burned internationally after causing such a worldwide storm that a fatwā was issued against him . Though Rushdie survived , numerous others were killed in incidents connected to the novel . Roberto Saviano ( born 1979 ) , whose best - selling book Gomorrah provoked the Neapolitan Camorra , annoyed Silvio Berlusconi and led to him receiving permanent police protection . Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn ( 1918 -- 2008 ) , who used his experience of imprisonment as the subject of his writing in One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich and Cancer Ward -- the latter , while legally published in the Soviet Union , had to gain the approval of the USSR Union of Writers . William Tyndale ( c. 1494 -- 1536 ) , who was executed because he translated the Bible into English . Simon Sheppard ( born 1957 ) who was imprisoned in the UK for expressing controversial opinions on race and the Holocaust . Protection and representation ( edit ) The organisation Reporters Without Borders ( also known by its French name : Reporters Sans Frontières ) was set up to help protect writers and advocate on their behalf . The professional and industrial interests of writers are represented by various national or regional guilds or unions . Examples include writers guilds in Australia and Great Britain and unions in Arabia , Armenia , Azerbaijan , Canada , Estonia , Hungary , Ireland , Moldova , Philippines , Poland , Québéc , Romania , Russia , Sudan , and the Ukraine . In the United States , there is both a writers guild and a National Writers Union . Awards ( edit ) Nobel Prize Swedish winning poet and translator Tomas Tranströmer signs a book about his work by Modhir Ahmed ( 2007 ) There are many awards for writers whose writing has been adjudged excellent . Among them are the many literary awards given by individual countries , such as the Prix Goncourt and the Pulitzer Prize , as well as international awards such as the Nobel Prize in Literature . Russian writer Boris Pasternak ( 1890 -- 1960 ) , under pressure from his government , reluctantly declined the Nobel Prize that he won in 1958 . See also ( edit ) Writing portal Academic publishing Hack writer Lists of writers List of women writers List of writers ' conferences Genre fiction Professional writing Website content writer Writer 's voice Betty Abah References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Magill , Frank N. ( 1974 ) . Cyclopedia of World Authors . vols . I , II , III ( revised ed . ) . Englewood Cliffs , New Jersey : Salem Press . pp. 1 -- 1973 . ( A compilation of the bibliographies and short biographies of notable authors up to 1974 . ) Jump up ^ Nobel prize winner Rabindranath Tagore is an example . Jump up ^ Nicolson , Adam ( 2011 ) . When God Spoke English : The Making of the King James Bible . London : Harper Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 00 - 743100 - 7 . Jump up ^ See , for example , Will Blythe , ed. ( c. 1998 ) . Why I write : thoughts on the practice of fiction . Boston : Little , Brown . ISBN 0316102296 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Franzen , for example , criticised John Updike for being `` exquisitely preoccupied with his own literary digestive processes ... '' and his `` lack of interest in the bigger postwar , postmodern , socio - technological picture '' Franzen , Jonathan ( 6 September 2013 ) . `` Franzen on Kraus : Footnote 89 '' . The Paris Review ( 206 ) . Retrieved 11 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Graves , Robert ( 1957 ) . Poems Selected by Himself . Penguin Books . p. 204 . Jump up ^ 1936 , 1954 , 1955 , 1966 , 1968 , 1978 , 2013 , 2014 . IMDb listing . Jump up ^ Le Marchand , Jean ( Summer 1953 ) . `` Interviews : François Mauriac , The Art of Fiction No. 2 '' . The Paris Review ( 2 ) . Retrieved 3 May 2013 . Jump up ^ The Epistle Dedicatory of A Tale of a Tub . For text at Wikisource , see A Tale of a Tub Jump up ^ Excerpt of Rodolpho 's aria in Act I of La bohème Jump up ^ Lipton , James ( Spring 1997 ) . `` Interview : Stephen Sondheim , The Art of the Musical '' . The Paris Review ( 142 ) . Retrieved May 3 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bartlett , Mike ( 18 November 2015 ) . `` Mike Bartlett on writing King Charles III '' . Sydney Theatre Company Magazine . Sydney Theatre Company . Retrieved 6 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Stopppard , Tom ( 1967 ) . Rosencrantz and Guildentern Are Dead . Faber and Faber . p. 75 . ISBN 0 - 571 - 08182 - 7 . Jump up ^ The Tragedy of Hamlet , Prince of Denmark / Act 2 , ( Act II , Sc. 2 , line 609 ) Jump up ^ See Season 6 , Episode 22 : `` Muse '' , ( Star Trek : Voyager ) Jump up ^ For example , see Habib , M.A.R. ( 2005 ) . A History of Literary Criticism and Theory . MA , USA ; Oxford , UK ; Victoria , Australia : Blackwell Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 631 - 23200 - 1 . Jump up ^ Baudelaire , Charles ( 1965 ) . `` The Salon of 1845 '' . In Jonathan Mayne ( editor and translator ) . Baudelaire -- Art in Paris 1845 -- 1862 : Reviews of Salons and other exhibitions . London : Phaidon Press . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Warner , Beverley Ellison ( 2012 ) . Famous Introductions to Shakespeare 's Plays by the Notable Editors of the Eighteenth Century ( 1906 ) . HardPress . ISBN 1290807086 . Jump up ^ `` Historian '' . Wordnetweb.princeton.edu . Retrieved 28 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Anthony Grafton and Robert B. Townsend , `` The Parlous Paths of the Profession '' Perspectives on History ( Sept. 2008 ) online Jump up ^ Weinert , Friedel ( 2009 ) . Copernicus , Darwin and Freud : Revolutions in the History and Philosophy of Science . Malden , Massachusetts , USA ; Oxford UK ; : John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4051 - 8184 - 6 . Jump up ^ Gopnik , Adam ( 2007 ) . `` Introduction '' to the English translation of `` Le Grand Meaulnes '' . London : Penguin Books . p. vii -- viii . ISBN 9780141441894 . Jump up ^ Dessaix , Robert ( 1998 ) . `` Dandenongs Gothic : On Translation '' in ( and so forth ) . Sydney : Pan McMillan Australia Ltd. p. 307 . ISBN 0 - 7329 - 0943 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Rettberg , Jill Walker ( 2008 ) . Blogging . Cambridge UK ; Malden , Massachusetts USA : Polity Press . p. 42 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7456 - 4133 - 1 . Jump up ^ Bakewell , Sarah ( 12 November 2010 ) . `` What Bloggers Owe Montaigne '' . The Paris Review . Retrieved 3 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Barker and de Brito , controversially lamenting the preference for looks over experience in televised journalism . Geoffrey Barker ( May 2 , 2013 ) . `` Switch off the TV babes for some real news '' . The Age . Retrieved May 3 , 2013 . Sam de Brito ( May 2 , 2013 ) . `` Reality 's bite worse than Barker '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved May 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ For text see Letters of Abélard and Héloïse Jump up ^ Steven R. Cartwright , ed. ( 2013 ) . A Companion to St. Paul in the Middle Ages . Leiden The Netherlands : Koninklijke , Brill , NV . p. 1 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 23672 - 1 . Jump up ^ William S. Babcock , ed. ( 1990 ) . Paul and the Legacies of Paul . Dallas : Southern Methodist University Press . Jump up ^ Strachey , Lytton ( 1918 ) . `` Florence Nightingale -- 3 '' . Eminent Victorians ( 1981 ed . ) . Penguin Modern Classics . pp. 142 -- 3 . ISBN 0 - 14 - 000649 - 4 . Jump up ^ Nightingale , Florence . `` Notes on matters affecting the health , efficiency , and hospital administration of the British army : founded chiefly on the experience of the late war '' . Adelaide Nutting historical nursing collection , AN 0054 . London : Harrison and Sons , 1858 . Retrieved 26 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Clark , Kenneth ( 1969 ) . Civilisation . London : Penguin Books . pp. 28 -- 29 . ISBN 0 - 14 - 016589 - 4 . Jump up ^ Older , Daniel José . `` Writing Begins With Forgiveness : Why One of the Most Common Pieces of Writing Advice Is Wrong '' . Retrieved 11 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Bryson , Bill ( 1990 ) . Mother Tongue -- The English Language . Penguin Books . p. 185 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 014305 - 8 . Jump up ^ Eliot , Charles William , Ed . `` Introductory Note '' in The Harvard Classics , Vol . XXV , Part 3 . New York : P.F. Collier & Son , 1909 -- 14 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Angus ( 1957 ) . `` Interview with Angus Wilson '' . The Paris Review ( Autumn - Winter No. 17 ) . Retrieved 5 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Plate caption to an image of a much - corrected page of Madame Bovary in the Bibliothèque Municipale de Rouen . In Brown , Frederick ( 2006 ) . Flaubert : a biography . New York : Little , Brown and Co . ISBN 9780316118781 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Ted ( 1995 ) . `` Ted Hughes : The Art of Poetry No. 71 '' . The Paris Review . Spring ( 134 ) . Retrieved 12 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Nicolson , Adam ( 2011 ) . When God Spoke English : The Making of the King James Bible . London : Harper Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 00 - 743100 - 7 . ( p. 240 , 243 ) Jump up ^ Tan , Shaun ( 2012 ) . The Oopsatoreum . Sydney : Powerhouse Publishing . ISBN 9781863171441 . Jump up ^ Winchester , Simon ( 1998 ) . The Surgeon of Crowthorne : a tale of murder , madness and the love of words . London : Viking . ISBN 0670878626 . Jump up ^ Grossman , Lev ( 16 December 2006 ) . `` Simon Pulsifer : The Duke of Data '' . Time . Retrieved 21 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Peter Matthiessen , George Plimpton ( 1954 ) . `` William Styron , The Art of Fiction No. 5 '' . The Paris Review ( Spring ) . Retrieved 27 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Jane ( 27 December 2014 ) . `` JK Rowling on turning failure into success '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 27 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Maugham , Somerset ( 1999 ) . `` 2 '' . The Moon and Sixpence . Vintage . p. 8 . ISBN 9780099284765 . Jump up ^ Fry , Stephen ( 2007 ) . The Ode Less Travelled -- Unlocking the Poet Within . Arrow Books . pp. xii . ISBN 978 - 0 - 09 - 950934 - 9 . Jump up ^ Nash , Ogden , `` Song of the Open Road '' , The Face Is Familiar ( Garden City Publishing , 1941 ) , p. 21 Jump up ^ Rostand , Cyrano de Bergerac : Act II , Scene 2 , ( 3 ) ^ Jump up to : Moore , Katherine ( 1974 ) . Victorian Wives . London , New York : Allison & Busby . pp. 65 -- 71 . ISBN 0 - 85031 - 634 - 0 . Jump up ^ Quoted in the introduction to the author in the 1962 edition of E.M. Forster ( 1927 ) . Aspects of the Novel . Penguin . ^ Jump up to : R.G. Tanner ( 2000 ) . `` Aristotle 's Works : The Possible Origins of the Alexandria Collection '' . In Roy MacLeod . The Library of Alexandria . Cairo , Egypt : The American University in Cairo Press . pp. 79 -- 91 . ISBN 977 - 424 - 710 - 8 . Jump up ^ Dowis , Richard ( 2000 ) . The Lost Art of the Great Speech : How to Write One : How to Deliver It . New York : AMA publications . p. 2 . ISBN 0 - 8144 - 7054 - 8 . Jump up ^ Anonymous ( 2010 ) . Japan As Seen and Described by Famous Writers ( published pre-1923 ) . BiblioLife . ISBN 9781142479084 . Jump up ^ Chawton House Library Home to early English women 's writing Jump up ^ `` Leonardo 's Manuscripts '' in Leonardo de Vinci ( Authoritative work , published in Italy by Istituto Geografico De Agostini , in conjunction with exhibition of Leonardo 's work in Milan in 1938 ( re-edited English translation ) ed . ) . New York : Reynal and Company , in association with William Morris and Company . p. 157 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Colin ; Damon Wilson ( 2011 ) . Scandal ! : An Explosive Exposé of the Affairs , Corruption and Power Struggles of the Rich and Famous . Random House . Jump up ^ `` Egypt crisis : Al - Jazeera journalists arrested in Cairo '' . BBC News . 30 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Battles , Matthew ( 2003 ) . Library -- An Unquiet History . London : William Heinemann . ISBN 0 - 434 - 00887 - 7 . p40 External links ( edit ) Media related to Writers at Wikimedia Commons Texts on Wikisource : Letters of Abélard and Héloïse Luther 's Ninety - Five Theses Hamlet Gulliver 's Travels A Modest Proposal The Battle of the Books Songs of Innocence Songs of Experience The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire Poems J'accuse ... ! Author : E.M. Forster ( hide ) Literary composition General topics Literature Fiction writing Writer Characterization Exposition Description Writer 's block Techniques / devices Linguistic contrast Literary contrast Trope Idiom Cliché Methods Writing process Mimesis Plagiarism Cut - up technique Pastiche Assemblage Features Writing style Stylistics Writer 's voice Setting tone Grammatical mood Tone Register Rhetorical modes Forms Novel Screenplay Short story Poetry Essay Joke Creative nonfiction Beyond the arts Composition studies Technical writing Articulation ( sociological ) GND : 4053309 - 8 BNF : cb11936327s ( data ) NDL : 00573673 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Writer&oldid=804376538 '' Categories : Writers Communication design Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from April 2014 Pages using deprecated image syntax Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch Aragonés Aymar aru Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Bikol Central Български Boarisch བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Furlan Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Lingála Livvinkarjala La . lojban . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writer
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where does the royal family stay in scotland
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List of British royal residences
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list of british royal residences
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This is a list of residences occupied by the British royal family , noting the seasons of the year they are traditionally occupied . Members of the royal family inhabit their range of residences across the United Kingdom . Some are royal palaces , owned by the Crown and held in trust by the monarch ; others are privately owned . Balmoral Castle and Sandringham House have been inherited as private property for several generations . Other royal palaces are no longer residences ( e.g. , the Palace of Westminster , the Palace of Whitehall ) . Some remain in irregular use for royal occasions ( such as Hillsborough Castle ) . The royal palaces enjoy certain legal privileges : for example , there is an exemption from levying duty on alcoholic beverages sold in the bars at the Palace of Westminster and there are exemptions from health and safety legislation . According to Halsbury 's Laws of England , it is not possible to arrest a person within the `` verges '' of a royal palace ( though this assertion is contradicted by a memorandum by the Clerk of the House of Commons in respect of the Palace of Westminster ) and when a royal palace is used as a residence ( regardless of whether the monarch is actually living there at the time ) , judicial processes can not be executed within that palace .
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The occupied royal residences are cared for and maintained by the Royal Household Property Section . The unoccupied royal palaces of England , along with Hillsborough Castle in County Down , are now within the responsibility of Historic Royal Palaces . Contents ( hide ) 1 Current royal residences by members of the royal family 1.1 The Queen and the Duke of Edinburgh 1.1. 1 Crown Estate 1.1. 2 Private 1.2 The Prince of Wales 1.2. 1 Crown Estate 1.2. 2 Duchy of Cornwall 1.2. 3 Private 1.3 Duke and Duchess of Cambridge 1.3. 1 Crown Estate 1.3. 2 Private 1.4 Prince Harry 1.4. 1 Crown Estate 1.5 The Duke of York 1.5. 1 Crown Estate 1.6 Princess Beatrice of York 1.6. 1 Crown Estate 1.7 Princess Eugenie of York 1.7. 1 Crown Estate 1.8 The Earl and Countess of Wessex 1.8. 1 Crown Estate 1.9 The Princess Royal 1.9. 1 Crown Estate 1.9. 2 Private 1.10 The Duke and Duchess of Gloucester 1.10. 1 Crown Estate 1.11 The Duke and Duchess of Kent 1.11. 1 Crown Estate 1.12 Prince and Princess Michael of Kent 1.12. 1 Crown Estate 1.13 Princess Alexandra , The Honourable Lady Ogilvy 1.13. 1 Crown Estate 2 Current royal residences by type of residence 2.1 Crown - owned 2.2 Crown Estate Owner 2.3 Duchy of Cornwall - owned 2.4 Privately owned 3 Former royal residences 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Current royal residences by MEMBERS of the royal family ( edit ) Residence Location Notes The Queen and the Duke of Edinburgh ( edit ) Crown estate ( edit ) Buckingham Palace London , England Official London residence ( Monday to Friday ) Windsor Castle Windsor , Berkshire , England Official country residence ( Most weekends ; a month over Easter ; a week in June for Royal Ascot and the service of the Order of the Garter ; and Christmas . ) Palace of Holyroodhouse Edinburgh , Scotland Official Scottish residence ( whenever the royal family undertake official duties in Scotland : primarily Holyrood week in July ) Hillsborough Castle County Down , Northern Ireland Official residence in Northern Ireland ( whenever the royal family undertake official duties in Northern Ireland ) Private ( edit ) Inherited from the current Queen 's father Sandringham House Sandringham , Norfolk , England Christmas until February Balmoral Castle Aberdeenshire , Scotland August and September Craigowan Lodge Balmoral , Aberdeenshire Delnadamph Lodge Balmoral , Aberdeenshire Being rebuilt for the Prince of Wales and the Duchess of Cornwall ; located on the estate of Balmoral Castle The Prince of Wales ( edit ) Crown Estate ( edit ) Clarence House London Official London residence Duchy of Cornwall ( edit ) Highgrove House Gloucestershire Llwynywermod Myddfai , Llandovery , Carmarthenshire , Wales Usual country residence of the Prince of Wales in Wales Tamarisk Isles of Scilly Private ( edit ) Birkhall Balmoral , Aberdeenshire previously used by Queen Elizabeth , the Queen Mother ; located on the estate of Balmoral Castle Duke and Duchess of Cambridge ( edit ) Crown Estate ( edit ) Kensington Palace London Official London residence Private ( edit ) Anmer Hall Sandringham Estate , Norfolk Located on the grounds of Sandringham House Prince Harry ( edit ) Crown Estate ( edit ) Kensington Palace London The Duke of York ( edit ) Crown Estate ( edit ) Buckingham Palace London Official London residence The Royal Lodge Windsor , Berkshire Official country residence , leased from the Crown Estate Princess Beatrice of York ( edit ) Crown Estate ( edit ) St James 's Palace London The Royal Lodge Windsor , Berkshire Princess Eugenie of York ( edit ) Crown Estate ( edit ) St James 's Palace London The Royal Lodge Windsor , Berkshire The Earl and Countess of Wessex ( edit ) Crown Estate ( edit ) Buckingham Palace London Official London residence Bagshot Park Surrey Official country residence , leased from the Crown Estate The Princess Royal ( edit ) Crown Estate ( edit ) St James 's Palace London Official London residence Private ( edit ) Gatcombe Park Minchinhampton , Gloucestershire Privately owned home The Duke and Duchess of Gloucester ( edit ) Crown Estate ( edit ) Kensington Palace London Official London residence Barnwell Manor Barnwell , Northamptonshire Not in residence - leased to Berenger Antiques since 1995 The Duke and Duchess of Kent ( edit ) Crown Estate ( edit ) Wren House Kensington Palace , London Official London residence Prince and Princess Michael of Kent ( edit ) Crown Estate ( edit ) Kensington Palace London Official London residence Princess Alexandra , The Honourable Lady Ogilvy ( edit ) Crown Estate ( edit ) St James 's Palace London Official London residence Thatched House Lodge Richmond , London Official country residence , leased from the Crown Estate Current royal residences by type of residence ( edit ) Residence Location Member ( s ) Crown - owned ( edit ) Buckingham Palace London The Queen and The Duke of Edinburgh , The Yorks , The Wessexes Clarence House London The Waleses Kensington Palace London The Cambridges , The Gloucesters , Prince and Princess Michael , Prince Harry ( also an Historic Royal Palace ) Wren House Kensington Palace , London The Kents St James 's Palace London The Yorks , The Princess Royal , Sir Timothy Laurence , Princess Alexandra Windsor Castle Windsor , Berkshire Various Palace of Holyroodhouse Edinburgh Various Hillsborough Castle County Down , Northern Ireland Various Crown Estate Owner ( edit ) The Royal Lodge Windsor , Berkshire The Yorks Bagshot Park Surrey The Wessexes Thatched House Lodge Richmond , Surrey Princess Alexandra Duchy of Cornwall - owned ( edit ) Highgrove House Gloucestershire The Waleses Llwynywermod Myddfai , Llandovery , Carmarthenshire The Waleses Tamarisk Isles of Scilly The Waleses Privately owned ( edit ) Sandringham House : Norfolk The Queen ( inherited ) -- Anmer Hall Sandringham Estate , Norfolk The Cambridges Balmoral Castle : Aberdeenshire The Queen ( inherited ) -- Birkhall House Balmoral , Aberdeenshire -- Craigowan Lodge Balmoral , Aberdeenshire -- Delnadamph Lodge Balmoral , Aberdeenshire Gatcombe Park Minchinhampton , Gloucestershire The Princess Royal Former royal residences ( edit ) Residence Location Royal ( s ) & Date ( s ) Abergeldie Castle Abergeldie , Aberdeenshire Queen Victoria to Elizabeth II ( 1848 - 1970 ) Apethorpe Palace Apethorpe , Northamptonshire James I and Charles I Albany Piccadilly , London Prince Frederick , Duke of York ( 1791 -- 1802 ) Allerton Castle North Yorkshire Prince Frederick , Duke of York ( 1786 -- 1789 ) Audley End House Saffron Walden , Essex Charles II ( 1668 -- 1701 ) Banqueting House Whitehall , London Last remaining property of the Palace of Whitehall , now a Historic Royal Palace Barnwell Manor Northamptonshire Princes Henry and Richard , Dukes of Gloucester ( 1938 -- 1995 , still owned ) Palace of Beaulieu Chelmsford , Essex Henry VIII ; Edward VI ; Mary I ; Elizabeth I ( 1517 -- 1622 ) Beaumont Palace Oxford Henry I through Edward II ; 1130 -- 1318 ) Fort Belvedere Windsor Great Park Prince William , Duke of Cumberland ; Prince Arthur , Duke of Connaught ; Edward VIII , Gerald and Angela Lascelles ( 1750 -- 1976 ) Bentley Priory London Queen Adelaide ( leased 1846 / 8 -- 1849 ) Berkhamsted Castle Berkhamsted , Hertfordshire William the Conqueror ( 1066 ) ; Henry I ( 1123 ) ; Edward , the Black Prince ( 1337 ) ; a number of Queens consort ( 1191 -- 1400 ) ; last occupied 1469 -- 1496 by Cecily Neville , Duchess of York Birch Hall Surrey Bought and sold in 1998 by the trustees representing Princesses Beatrice and Eugenie of York . Never occupied by the Princesses nor their mother , who claimed that financial difficulties prevented her from running the house ( 1998 ) Brantridge Park Balcombe , West Sussex Princess Alice , Countess of Athlone ; Princess Beatrice of the United Kingdom ( 1919 -- 1941 ) Bridewell Palace London Henry VIII ; Edward VI ( 1515 -- 1523 , owned ' til 1556 ) Brill Palace Brill , Buckinghamshire Edward the Confessor ; Harold Godwinson ; William the Conqueror ; William II ; Henry I ; Stephen ; Henry II ; John ; Henry III ; Edward I ; Edward II ; Edward III ( c. 1042 -- 1337 ; given to Sir John de Moleyns ) Bushy House Teddington , London William IV ; the FitzClarences ; Mrs Jordan ; Queen Adelaide ( 1797 -- 1849 ; still owned ) Cadzow Castle South Lanarkshire , Scotland Scottish crown ( David I , Alexander II , Alexander III , John , Robert I ) ; Mary , Queen of Scots ( mid-early 12th century - early 14th century , early May 1568 ) Caernarfon Castle Caernarfon , Wales Edward I ( 1283 -- still owned ) Cambridge Cottage Kew Cambridge House Piccadilly , London Official London residence of Prince Adolphus , Duke of Cambridge ( 1829 -- 1850 ) Carisbrooke Castle Newport , Isle of Wight Charles I ; Princess Elizabeth ; Henry Stuart , Duke of Gloucester and Princess Henrietta ; Princess Beatrice of the United Kingdom ( 1647 - c. 1652 , 1896 -- 1944 ; now English Heritage ) Carlton House London George IV ( 1783 -- 1827 ; now Carlton House Terrace , still owned by the Crown Estate ) Castle Hill Lodge Ealing Used by Maria Anne Fitzherbert from October 1795 and George , Prince of Wales then bought by Edward , Duke of Kent ( father of Queen Victoria ) who spent £ 100,000 enhancing the house . His aide - de-camp General Sir Frederick Augustus Wetherall bought the house to rescue the Duchess from creditors following the Duke of Kent 's death . The house was demolished in 1845 by General Sir George Augustus Wetherall . Castlewood House Egham , Surrey Leased by The Duke and Duchess of York ( 1987 -- 1990 ) Chelsea Manor London Princess Elizabeth ; Anne of Cleves ( 1536 -- 1547 , c. 1547 -- 1557 ) Chesterfield House Greenwich London home of Princess Mary ( 1923 -- 1929 ) - owned by the Estate of Harewood Chevening Kent Owned by the Crown Estate and used as the official residence of the Foreign Secretary ( since 1980 ) Chideock Manor Dorset Rented by The Duke and Duchess of York ( 1986 -- 1987 ) Chiswick House Burlington Lane , Chiswick , London Acquired by English Heritage , 1929 Christ Church Oxford Charles I ( 1642 -- 1649 ) Claremont Esher , Surrey Princess Charlotte Augusta of Wales and Prince Leopold of Saxe - Coburg - Saalfeld ; Prince Leopold , Duke of Albany and Princess Helena , Duchess of Albany ( 1816 -- 1831 ; owned ' til 1865 , 1882 -- 1922 ) Clarendon Palace Salisbury , Wiltshire Used for hunting trips during the Middle Ages . Now ruined . Cliveden Buckinghamshire George Sutherland - Leveson - Gower , 3rd Duke of Sutherland Coombe Abbey Warwickshire Owned 16th century -- ? ; Elizabeth of Bohemia ( early 17th ) Coppins Buckinghamshire Princess Victoria ; Princes George and Edward , Dukes of Kent ( 1925 -- 1973 ) Crocker End House Oxfordshire Prince Edward , Duke of Kent ( 1990 - ? ) Crosby Hall Chelsea , London Richard , Duke of Gloucester ( mid-late 15th century ) Cumberland Cottage Cumberland House Pall Mall , London Prince Edward , Duke of York ; Prince Henry , Duke of Cumberland ( c. 1760 -- 1801 ; as York House ' til 1767 ) Cumberland Lodge Windsor Great Park Princes William and Henry , Dukes of Cumberland ; Anne , Duchess of Cumberland ; Prince Augustus , Duke of Sussex ; Princess Helena , Princess Christian of Schleswig - Holstein ( 1746 -- 1803 ; 1830 -- 1843 ; 1872 -- 1923 ; still owned ) Dolphin Square Embankment , London The Princess Royal , at some point or other , but never owned Doune Castle Stirlingshire Seat of the Duke of Albany ( 1380 -- 1603 ) Dover House London Prince Frederick , Duke of York ( 1788 -- 1792 ) Dublin Castle Dublin , Ireland Seat of Lords and Kings of Ireland ( 1171 -- 1922 ) Dunfermline Palace Dunfermline , Fife Seat of the King of Scots ( 1500 -- 1650 ) East Sheen Lodge London Princess Louise , Princess Royal ( 1889 -- 1931 ) Eastwell Park Kent Prince Alfred , Duke of Edinburgh and Maria , Duchess of Edinburgh ( rented 1874 -- 1893 ) Edinburgh Castle Edinburgh A residence of the Kings of Scots from the 11th to the 17th centuries , last used by Charles I in 1633 ( now Historic Scotland ) Eltham Palace Kent The Crown ( Edward II through Henry VIII ; now English Heritage ) Falkland Palace Falkland , Fife Various , including Robert Stewart , Duke of Albany ; David Stewart , Duke of Rothesay ( The Scottish Crown 14th century -- ; now National Trust for Scotland ) Frogmore House Windsor Queen Charlotte and her then - unmarried daughters -- Charlotte , Princess Royal , Princesses Princess Augusta , Elizabeth , Mary , Sophia , Amelia ; Princess Augusta ; Princess Victoria , Duchess of Kent ( leased 1792 -- ) Glamis Castle Glamis , Angus Residence of the Kings of Scots up to Robert II ; much later , three rooms were let to George VI and Queen Elizabeth , The Queen Mother Gloucester House Weymouth Summer residence of Prince William , Duke of Gloucester ( later 18th century ) Gloucester House , London Piccadilly , London Prince William , Duke of Gloucester died here , 1805 , as did his daughter - in - law Princess Mary , last surviving child of George III , on 30 April 1857 Gloucester Lodge Brompton Gunnersbury Park London Summer retreat of Princess Amelia ( 1760 -- 1786 ) Hampton Court Palace London The Crown , since Henry VIII ( 1525 -- ; now a Historic Royal Palace ) Hanworth Manor London Henry VII ; Henry VIII ; Elizabeth I ; also Anne Boleyn and Katherine Parr Hatfield House Hertfordshire The Crown ( residents included Prince Edward and Princess Elizabeth ; 16th century -- 1607 ) Havering Palace Havering , Essex c. 1050 -- c. 1640 Ingestre House Belgrave Square , London Kent House Isle of Wight Princess Louise , Duchess of Argyll ( from 1901 ) Kew House Isle of Wight Alejandro Combarro Martín Kew Palace London Frederick , Prince of Wales ; George III ; The Crown since ( mid-18th century -- ; now a Historic Royal Palace ) Kingsbourne House Wentworth , Surrey Leased by Sarah , Duchess of York ( 1994 -- 1997 ) Kings Langley Palace Hertfordshire Used by the Plantagenet to Tudor Kings ( 1276 -- 1558 ) Lancaster House London Leeds Castle Kent King Edward I and Queen Eleanor of Castile , 1278 ; King Edward II and Isabella of France , 1321 ; King Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon , 1519 Leicester House London Frederick , Prince of Wales ( c. 1730 -- 1751 ) Les Jolies Eaux Mustique , St Vincent Gift to Princess Margaret . Sold by her son Viscount Linley in 2000 . Linlithgow Palace West Lothian Tower of London London Now a Historic Royal Palace Marlborough House London Princess Mary , Duchess of Gloucester and Edinburgh ; Queen Adelaide ( 1837 -- 1849 ) ; Albert Edward , Prince of Wales and Alexandra , Princess of Wales ( 1863 -- 1901 ) ; George , Prince of Wales and Mary , Princess of Wales ( 1901 -- 1910 ) . Occupied by Queen Mary , Dowager Queen 1945 - 1953 . The Castle of Mey nr . John o ' Groats Queen Elizabeth , the Queen Mother ( 1952 -- 2002 ) Nether Lypiatt Manor Stroud , Gloucestershire former country home of Prince and Princess Michael of Kent Nonsuch Palace London built by Henry VIII , later dismantled and sold - off by Barbara Palmer , 1st Duchess of Cleveland Norfolk House London Frederick , Prince of Wales Oak Grove House Sandhurst Oatlands Palace Weybridge , Surrey King Henry VIII ; King Edward VI ; Queen Mary I ; Queen Elizabeth I ( and the Stuart line ) Oatlands Park Weybridge , Surrey Osborne Cottage Isle of Wight Princess Beatrice of the United Kingdom ( 1901 -- 1912 ) Osborne House Isle of Wight Queen Victoria and Prince Albert ( 1846 -- 1901 ) . Queen Victoria died there on 22 January 1901 . Bequeathed to her successor King Edward VII , who gave it to the nation later that year . Palace of Placentia London The Palace at Greenwich , acquired by Margaret of Anjou ( consort to Henry VI ) , last used by Charles I Queen Charlotte 's Cottage Kew ? Queen 's House Greenwich Built in the Gardens of the Palace of Greenwich for Anne of Denmark , consort to James I Ranger 's House Greenwich Ribsden Holt Windlesham , Surrey Princess Louise , Duchess of Argyll ; Princess Patricia of Connaught Richmond Palace London Also known as Palace of Sheen , Royal Residence 1327 to 1649 , little remains Romenda Lodge Wentworth Estate , Surrey Leased by the Duchess of York 1992 - 1994 . The Royal Pavilion , Brighton Brighton , East Sussex George IV ; William IV ; Victoria ( 1786 -- 1838 ) Sagana Lodge Kenya Savile House Leicester Square , London Savoy Palace London Schomberg House Pall Mall , London Princess Helena ( until 1923 ) and daughters Princess Helena Victoria and Princess Marie Louise ( 1920 -- 1939 ) Somerset House London Queen Elizabeth I ; Queen Henrietta Maria Stirling Castle Stirling Kings of Scots Sunninghill Park Ascot , Windsor Prince Andrew , Duke of York and family ( c. 1990 -- 2004 ) Sussex House Upper Mall , Hammersmith , London Prince Augustus , Duke of Sussex Theobalds Palace Hertfordshire The Crown . James I exchanged it by Act of Parliament with Lord Burleigh ; Charles I also lived there ; granted in 1 & 2 William and Mary to William , Duke of Portland Walmer Castle Walmer , Kent Westfield Bonchurch , Isle of Wight Built as hunting lodge for Queen Adelaide in 1825 , now converted into apartments with most of gardens sold off Palace of Westminster London Saxon - 1530 Palace of Whitehall London 1530 -- 1698 White Lodge Richmond Princess Amelia of Great Britain ; King George III and Queen Charlotte ; Princess Mary , Duchess of Gloucester and Edinburgh ; Albert Edward , Prince of Wales ; Princess Mary Adelaide of Cambridge and family ; Prince Albert George , Duke of York and Elizabeth Bowes - Lyon ( c. 1740 -- 1923 ) The King 's House Winchester Proposed royal residence for King Charles II Windlesham Moor Windsor The Princess Elizabeth , Duchess of Edinburgh , Philip , Duke of Edinburgh ( 1947 -- 4 July 1949 ) Witley Court Worcestershire Woodstock Palace Oxfordshire York Cottage In the grounds of Sandringham House , Norfolk Occupied by King George V and his wife Queen Mary as Duke and Duchess of York . They retained use of the small cottage after their accession in 1910 . It was later given to George V 's son , Prince Albert , Duke of York and Elizabeth Bowes - Lyon . York House , St James 's Palace London Various royal residents See also ( edit ) Royalty portal United Kingdom portal Pickering Castle Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Which , following the creation of the Household of Princes William and Harry ( now of the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge and Prince Harry ) , means the Prince of Wales and the Duchess of Cornwall References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jack , Malcolm . `` ARREST OF MEMBERS AND SEARCHING OF OFFICES IN THE PARLIAMENTARY PRECINCTS '' ( PDF ) . Memorandum by the Clerk of the House . Parliament of the United Kingdom . Retrieved 23 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Halsbury 's Laws of England , volume 12 ( 1 ) : `` Crown and Royal Family '' , paragraph 53 Jump up ^ `` Guide to Hillsborough Castle - GOV.UK '' . www.gov.uk . Jump up ^ Ward , Victoria ( 29 July 2013 ) . `` Duke and Duchess of Cambridge ' to move into country bolt - hole ' '' -- via www.telegraph.co.uk . Jump up ^ Royal Borough of Kensington & Chelsea -- Interesting Places -- Crosby Hall Archived 2007 - 08 - 13 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Princess Marie Louise ( née Princess of Schleswig - Holstein - Sonderburg - Augustenberg ) , My Memories of Six Reigns London : Evans Brothers , 1956 Jump up ^ Royal.gov.uk -- 60 Facts , Fact 50 Archived November 27 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . External links ( edit ) Art and residences at the royal family website ( hide ) Royal palaces and residences in the United Kingdom Occupied Bagshot Park Balmoral Castle , Birkhall & Craigowan Lodge Buckingham Palace Gatcombe Park Highgrove House Hillsborough Castle Holyrood Palace St James 's Palace & Clarence House Kensington Palace & Wren House Llwynywermod Sandringham House , Anmer Hall & Wood Farm Tamarisk ( Isles of Scilly ) Thatched House Lodge Windsor Castle & Royal Lodge , Windsor Historical principal royal residences St James 's Palace Hampton Court Palace Tower of London Windsor Castle Historical Abergeldie Castle Albany ( London ) Allerton Castle Audley End House Palace of Beaulieu Barnwell Manor Beaumont Palace Fort Belvedere , Windsor Bentley Priory Berkhamsted Castle Birch Hall , Surrey Brantridge Park Bridewell Palace Brill Palace Bushy House Cadzow Castle Caernarfon Castle Cambridge Cottage , Kew Cambridge House Carisbrooke Castle Carlton House Castle Hill Lodge , Ealing Castlewood House , Surrey Chelsea Manor Chevening Chideock Manor Chiswick House Christ Church , Oxford Claremont Clarendon Palace Cliveden Coombe Abbey Coppins Crocker End House Crosby Hall , London Cumberland Cottage Cumberland House Cumberland Lodge Delnadamph Lodge Dolphin Square Doune Castle Dover House Dublin Castle Dunfermline Palace Eastwell Park Edinburgh Castle Eltham Palace Falkland Palace Frogmore House Gloucester House Gloucester House , London Gloucester Lodge Gunnersbury Park Hampton Court Palace Hanworth Manor Hatfield House Havering Palace Ingestre House Kent House ( Isle of Wight ) Kew House ( Isle of Wight ) Kew Palace Kingsbourne House King 's House , Winchester Kings Langley Palace Lancaster House Leeds Castle Leicester Square Les Jolies Eaux Linlithgow Palace Tower of London Marlborough House Montagu House Castle of Mey Nether Lypiatt Manor Nonsuch Palace Norfolk House Oak Grove House Oatlands Palace Oatlands Park Osborne Cottage Osborne House Palace of Placentia Queen Charlotte 's Cottage , Kew Queen 's House Ranger 's House Ribsden Holt Richmond Palace & White Lodge Romenda Lodge Royal City of Dublin Hospital Royal Pavilion , Aldershot Royal Pavilion , Brighton Sagana Lodge Savile House Savoy Palace Schomberg House Somerset House Stirling Castle Sunninghill Park Sussex House The More Theobalds Palace Villa Guardamangia Walmer Castle Palace of Westminster Palace of Whitehall & the Banqueting House Windlesham Moor Witley Court Woodstock Palace York Cottage , Sandringham York House , St James 's Palace Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_British_royal_residences&oldid=835093037 '' Categories : Royal residences in the United Kingdom British monarchy - related lists Lists of buildings and structures in the United Kingdom Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia articles needing clarification from December 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Norsk Português Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 6 April 2018 , at 14 : 48 . 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20British%20royal%20residences
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the bay delta conservation plan’s twin tunnels have been criticized as a new version of what
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California water Fix and Eco Restore
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california water fix and eco restore
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California Water Fix and Eco Restore , formerly known as the Bay Delta Conservation Plan , is a $15 billion plan proposed by Governor Jerry Brown and the California Department of Water Resources to build two large , four - story tall tunnels to carry fresh water from the Sacramento River under the Sacramento - San Joaquin Delta toward the intake stations for the State Water Project and the Central Valley Project .
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Each tunnel would be 150 feet ( 46 m ) below ground , 40 feet ( 12 m ) in diameter and 30 miles ( 48 km ) in length . The tunnel project is as big or bigger than the English Channel Tunnel and Boston 's Big Dig . The project would also include three new intakes with a capacity of 9000 cubic feet per second ( approx. 255 kilolitres per second ) each , and a total annual yield of 4.9 million acre - feet . The proposed cost for the tunnels is $15 billion , with $8 billion additional devoted to habitat restoration . The project was to be funded by revenue bonds created by the agencies who benefit , and paid by the farmers and urban water users who benefit from the project , not taxpayers as a whole , and thus not requiring legislative or voter approval . However , an audit by the U.S. Department of the Interior released in September 2017 revealed that $50 million of the taxpayers ' money was funneled into the project . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Central Valley Project and State Water Project 1.2 Peripheral Canal 1.3 Bay Delta Conservation Plan 1.4 Responsible agencies 2 Water Fix 3 Eco Restore 4 Financing 4.1 Legislative and voter approval not required 4.2 Westlands fine 4.3 Audit ordered 4.4 Comparable projects 4.5 Benefit - cost study 5 Current legislation 6 Environmental impact 7 Delta islands purchase 8 References 9 External links Background ( edit ) The precipitation in the northern part of California is considered to be vital to the arid southern portion of the state where water demand is met only by importing water from distant locations . In the 1960s , Governor Pat Brown successfully supported two large projects that reallocate water from the wet northern portion of the state to the more arid southern part . In the early 1980s , his son and then Governor Jerry Brown attempted a third , the Peripheral Canal , which failed to gain voter support . After his re-election as Governor in January 2011 Jerry Brown again proposed a project attempting to support this goal . Central Valley project and state water project ( edit ) Dos Amigos Pumping Plant on the California Aqueduct The Central Valley Project ( CVP ) is a federally owned and operated project completed in the 1970s . It has 600 miles ( 970 km ) of canals and moves up to 13 million acre feet per year and generates electricity -- about half of which is used by the system . Overall , depending on the weather and amount of rain , up to 80 % of water in the state is used for agriculture . Before the Central Valley Project Improvement Act ( CVPIA ) in 1992 , the water transported from northern California went primarily to agriculture ( 90 % ) , with the remaining 10 % going to urban users . The CVPIA required that 11 % of the water go to environmental uses , with agriculture getting 79 % of the water and urban users getting 10 % . The State Water Project ( SWP ) is owned and operated by the state and was conceived and supported in the late 1960s by Governor Edmund Pat Brown . The SWP has 700 miles of canals and can move 5.8 million acre feet of water per year . It uses more than twice the amount of electricity it generates . The water transported by the State Water Project is divided 75 % for urban use and 25 % for agriculture . Peripheral Canal ( edit ) Main article : Peripheral Canal When Governor Jerry Brown was previously in office , he championed an earlier version of the tunnels project called the Peripheral Canal . It would have transported water from near Sacramento around the Sacramento - San Joaquin Delta into the Central Valley Project and exported it to southern California . It was submitted to the voters for approval as a ballot referendum in 1982 but was turned down . Bay Delta Conservation plan ( edit ) The Delta viewed from above Sherman Island , with the Sacramento River above and San Joaquin River below The Water Fix and Eco Restore project was previously called the Bay Delta Conservation Plan . When proposed in 2009 , the project as originally conceived included both plans for building the tunnels and restoring the delta . The Bay Delta Conservation Plan included restoring 100,000 acres ( 40,000 ha ) over a 50 - year span . The US Fish and Wildlife Service said it would not issue permits for the plan because the state could not prove that the habitat restoration project would help the salmon , sturgeon , or delta smelt . As a result , the Brown administration drastically reduced the habitat restoration plan and separated the water supply improvement plan , renaming it the Water Fix and Eco Restore project . The revised plan proposes short - term permits for each endangered species encountered . The Eco Restore project only attempts to restore 30,000 acres ( 12,000 ha ) over five years at a cost of $300 million , funded with state bond money and other sources . Proposed Delta Tunnels Responsible agencies ( edit ) Six agencies are responsible for funding the project . The Santa Clara Valley Water District receives 40 % of its water from both the SWP and CVP and serves 1.9 million residents of Silicon Valley . The San Joaquin River Exchange Contractors Water Authority serves 240,000 acres ( 97,000 ha ) and received 50 % of its water from CVP in 2015 . The San Luis & Delta - Mendota Water Authority is a wholesale water provider that delivers CVP largely to farmers covering 2,100,000 acres ( 850,000 ha ) in 29 separate districts . It received no CVP water in 2014 and 2015 . The Kern County Water Agency is a SWP contractor serving 674,000 acres ( 273,000 ha ) . It received 20 % of its normal SWP allotment in 2015 . The powerful Westlands Water District is the largest member of San Luis Authority . The Metropolitan Water District of Southern California is a SWP contractor and one of the largest players in California water politics , serving 19 million urban residents . It is one of the tunnels ' strongest supporters . Water Fix ( edit ) The Water Fix project was proposed to address the issues of the water system infrastructure in California being `` unreliable and outdated '' . The proposal also prepares for possible threats to the water system such as climate change and seismic activity . Currently , water is exported from the Sacramento - San Joaquin Delta to the State Water Project and the Central Valley Project . The water flows through a maze of river channels and sloughs before entering the Clifton Court Forebay north of Tracy . From here , the Banks Pumping Plant pumps water into the California Aqueduct and the South Bay Aqueduct ; the nearby C.W. Bill Jones Pumping Plant pumps water into the Delta - Mendota Canal . If not diverted , the water would flow into San Francisco Bay . The freshwater / saltwater gradient has moved inland because of the 5 to 7 million acre feet ( 6.2 to 8.6 km ) of water being removed from the delta each year for delivery to the Central Valley and Southern California . The Water Fix proposal includes two categories of construction : the north tunnels and the main tunnels . The north tunnels are three separate tunnels , each about 14 miles long , which connect the three intake facilities to the Intermediate Forebay ( IF ) . The main tunnels are intended to connect the Intermediate Forebay to the Clifton Court Forebay . These twin tunnels , depicted in the adjacent image , will be about 30 miles long . The main tunnels are also known as the twin tunnels , but are different from the Peripheral Canals proposed in 1982 . The Water Fix is intended to make conveyance of water for the State Water Project and Central Valley Project more reliable while relieving environmental pressure on the Delta area . The proposal details the planning and construction of the project . It provides that the Department of Water Resources enters a contract with the project manager for the Water Fix and a program director will coordinate with the department . Managing the project would be a board of directors known as the `` Authority Board '' , which would receive and review monthly status updates on the construction of the Water Fix . The `` Authority Board '' has a `` Program Advisory Group '' to advise board members , made up of technical experts from the Department of Water Resources . The director of the Department of Water Resources would have final control of all aspects of the project . To control and monitor each of the facilities the proposal includes a Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition ( SCADA ) system at each location which can be controlled locally or remotely . The system would connect to the Delta Field Division Operations and Maintenance Center as well as to the Joint Operations Center in Sacramento . Though the Water Fix proposal aims to resolve some issues with the California water system , there are many it does not address . The plan does not consider the possibility that there could be less flow in the Sacramento River , nor does it address how to allocate water to fisheries found in the Delta , some of which are already struggling because of current water exports from the Delta . There are also no plans to deal with the extreme subsidence that is happening in the Delta . Eco Restore ( edit ) The Eco Restore plan is to mitigate the effects the California Water Fix will have on the environment either through construction or operation . The planned Eco Restore includes upwards of 30,000 acres ( 12,000 ha ) for restoration ; 1,000 acres ( 400 ha ) will be for upland and habitat protection linked to flood protection , 3,500 acres ( 1,400 ha ) for wetland restoration , 9,000 acres ( 3,600 ha ) for tidal and sub tidal zones , and the last 17,500 acres ( 7,100 ha ) will be permitted for floodplain restoration . Another item to note is that the Design and Construction Enterprise intends to get 2018b permits from the Department of Fish and Wildlife , this permit allows the incidental take of a species listed on the Endangered Species Act . Table of the endangered or threatened species that will be affected by the proposed California Fix Proposition 1 allocated $7.545 billion in general obligation bonds for water projects including surface and groundwater storage , ecosystem and watershed protection and restoration , and drinking water protection . Restoration is viewed by ecologists as an important way to promote the recovery of an ecosystem . The California Water Fix was subject to a biological assessment , which is required for any project that has the potential of having an impact on the environment . The table to the right shows a page from the biological assessment which lists threatened and endangered species that have the potential of being affected by the implementation of the California Water Fix . The table shows that three species of threatened or endangered species of salmon , trout and sturgeon will likely be adversely affected by the project , one over a large area . There are currently 12 environmental commitments that are included in the proposal for the Eco Restore . The Bay Delta Conservation Plan proposal before this included similar mitigation under the name of `` conservation measures '' and there were 21 of these measures ; the 21 have been cut down to 12 measures and are now known as environmental commitments for the Eco Restore . The environmental commitments are as follows : Environmental Commitment Details Environmental Commitment 3 Natural Communities Protection and Restoration Placing land under protection Restoring habitats of species listed on the federal Endangered Species Act or California Endangered Species Act . Includes protection of 13,300 acres ( 5,400 ha ) Environmental Commitment 4 Tidal Natural Communities Restoration Restoring tidal natural communities and uplands ( including transitional uplands & wetland restoration ) Includes restoration of 59 acres ( 24 ha ) ( this is subject to change , but total will not be more than 177 acres ( 72 ha ) ) Environmental Commitment 6 Channel Margin Enhancement Restoring riparian vegetation Includes a total of 251 acres ( 102 ha ) Environmental Commitment 8 : Grassland Natural Community Restoring grassland communities Includes up to 1 , 70 acres Environmental Commitment 9 Vernal Pool and Alkali Seasonal Wetland Complex Restoration Includes up to 34 acres ( 14 ha ) total Environmental Commitment 10 Non-tidal Marsh Restoration Includes up to 832 acres ( 337 ha ) of non-tidal marsh Environmental Commitment 11 Natural Communities Enhancement and Management This actions states that there will be enhancement and management of all protected and restored areas Environmental Commitment 12 Methylmercury Management The goal is decrease the production of methylmercury in restored tidal wetlands This no longer includes monitoring the Yolo Bypass . Environmental Commitment 15 Localized Reduction of Predatory Fishes Reducing populations of predatory fish in the Sacramento River , but only in the portion that is north of the Delta intakes and near the Clifton Court Forebay Environmental Commitment 16 Nonphysical Fish Barrier Installation at Georgiana Slough to alter the direction of juvenile salmon so they avoid channels with more risk Financing ( edit ) According to the Metropolitan Water District , southern California receives about 30 percent of its water supply from delta sources originating in snowmelt from the Sierra Nevada . In 2014 , the state proposed that customers of the project would make billions of dollars in annual fixed payments , even during drought periods when water deliveries would drop or even cease . The state treasurer 's office said the $25 billion financing plan would only be possible if water agencies adopted a set yearly payment plan . The State Treasurer 's Office released a study in November 2014 conducted by consultants who found the project was feasible . According to the plan , the cities , water agencies -- including an estimated 25 million residents -- and farmers of 3 million acres , not taxpayers , would be responsible for the billions of dollars in debt over 50 years , even during dry years while receiving little or no water . The Metropolitan Water District has stated that the project will only cost each homeowner $5 a month , but it has n't provided any analysis to support the figure . Critics say large projects like this tend to go over budget and the actual cost will be much higher . Legislative and voter approval not required ( edit ) The state is planning to fund the project using bonds issued by the water agencies , not the state , which if successful would not require approval by the state legislature or a public vote . The study said the annual payment plan is required to sell revenue bonds at reasonable rates . But several of the agencies who would be required to pay for the construction project have stated they ca n't justify the costs if there 's a chance they 'll end up with less water . On November 8 , 2016 , California voters defeated Proposition 53 , which would have required a public vote on any projects backed by state - issued revenue bonds over $2 billion , including the WaterFix project . Westlands fine ( edit ) In March 2016 , the Securities and Exchange Commission assessed a rare fine on Westlands in a settlement for misleading bond investors about the impact that the drought and water cuts had on its revenues . Their action raised concern about their ability to finance the WaterFix project . Audit ordered ( edit ) After Westlands was fined for its questionable spending and accounting practices , the Joint Legislative Audit Committee in August 2016 requested an audit of the project by the California State Auditor . The audit will be started in April 2017 and take about seven months to complete . In September 2017 , the audit revealed that $50 million of the taxpayers ' money was funneled into the project . Comparable projects ( edit ) The size of the WaterFix project is as large or larger than English Channel Tunnel and Boston 's Big Dig , both of which were significantly more costly than originally anticipated . The Channel Tunnel project at £ 4.65 billion ( about USD $5.10 billion ) was 80 % over its predicted budget . The Boston highway project grew from an original estimate of $2.8 billion in 1982 , and by December 2007 had risen to over $14.6 billion , a cost overrun of about 190 % when adjusted for inflation . This was before a series of significant defects that resulted in several deaths were discovered . The Boston Globe estimated that the project will ultimately cost $22 billion , including interest , and that it would not be paid off until 2038 . Benefit - cost study ( edit ) In August 2016 , a comprehensive benefit - cost analysis conducted by the University of the Pacific 's Center for Business and Policy Research found that the project provided 23 cents in benefit for every dollar spent , or in the most optimistic scenario , 39 cents per dollar . Economist Jeffrey Michael , a professor of policy at the university , wrote that the project would deliver too little additional water for the cost . The study was funded by the Delta Counties Coalition , representing Contra Costa , Sacramento , San Joaquin , Solano , and Yolo county governments . Current legislation ( edit ) The application of the Eco Restore is not guaranteed because of a bill that has been introduced in the House and has currently been assigned to the House Appropriations committee . Bill H.R. 5055 makes it so there is a no funding for restoration along the San Joaquin River and it would make it so that pumping is mandated out of the Sacramento - San Joaquin Delta . If the bill is passed there will be no mitigation for the damage that may occur along the San Joaquin river or in the Delta due to the California Water Fix . Another bill that may change the fate of the California Water Fix and Eco Restore is Assembly Bill 1713 If passed , it would require California voters to approve the Water Fix and Eco Restore . Environmental impact ( edit ) The basis for the project is that a new diversion system and extensive habitat restoration would improve delta conditions , boost the populations of imperiled fish , and ease limits on exports . Those who favor building the tunnels state that pumping water through the tunnels to the pumping plants would mitigate the problem of salt water intrusion into the delta , as the pumps would no longer pump directly from the delta . Proponents also believe that the project would protect the state 's water system from the sea level rise expected to occur due to global warming . It would also `` reinstate a more natural direction of river flows in the South Delta by 46 -- 160 percent '' . However , opponents note that some of the water that would normally flow into the delta is obligated under senior water rights to farmers in the delta . Opponents are concerned that the project will reduce the amount of freshwater flowing through the delta and cause worsening saltwater intrusion . Farmers in the delta are among the most opposed to the project because it would decrease the amount of water available to them for irrigation . The current federal and state delta water projects that fill the big aqueducts with water for southern California have altered natural water flow , causing the water in the estuary to run backward . They have disturbed the natural salinity patterns The flow of freshwater to the sea is about half of what it once was . To attempt to improve the quality of the bay 's fresh water supply , the California State Water Resources Control Board has begun revising the fresh water standards which have not been updated since 1996 . In September 2016 , the board proposed rules that would allow up to 40 percent of the San Joaquin River watershed 's water to flow through into the delta during the winter and spring months . Current rules allow the pumps to suck as much as 90 percent of the water from the river into the canals for Southern California 's use . Even though environmental regulations bar pumping under certain conditions , the pumping has pulled migrating fish away from their intended destinations . The formerly large populations of Delta smelt , Chinook salmon and other native fish have dropped to historically low levels . At least 35 native fish , plants and animal species have been added to federal and state endangered - species lists . The Delta smelt may be near extinction . State biologists conducted a study of Delta smelt in 2015 , and found only six in the study area , where prior surveys netted hundreds . The WaterFix plan does not provide any guarantee how much water the project would produce each year . When the Bay Conservation Development Plan was dropped , so was the 50 - year plan . The current plan relies on a year - to - year environmental permits , which causes uncertainty about the plan 's ability to fulfill its purpose . Environmental groups are unanimously opposed to and / or have voiced strong concerns about the project , including national groups such as : the Center for Biological Diversity , National Resources Defense Council , Defenders of Wildlife , Endangered Species Coalition ; state groups such as Friends of the River , California SportFishing Protection Alliance , Sierra Club CA , Planning and Conservation League , Restore the Delta , Environmental Protection Information Center , California Water Impact Network , Clean Water Action , Citizens Water Watch Environmental Justice Coalition for Water , and Pacific Coast Fed. of Fishermen 's Associations ; and regional groups such as The Bay Institute , Coalition to Save the California Delta , North Coast Rivers Alliance , Water4Fish , AquAlliance , and various Sierra Club chapters . Cities in and near the Delta and farmers in the delta are also opposed to the project because it would worsen the quality of water available for local municipal and agricultural uses . The project would also require filling of 775 acres of wetlands and entail over a decade of construction . Delta islands purchase ( edit ) The Metropolitan Water District of Southern California passed a measure to buy four delta islands for $175 million earlier in 2016 , this buying of delta islands was challenged by many organizations ( including San Joaquin , North Coast Rivers Alliance , Pacific Coast Federation of Fishermen 's Association ) , but a district court did decide that it was legal for the water district to purchase these islands because there are no negative impacts of their purchase as of yet . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` DRAFT Design & Construction Enterprise ( DCE ) Agreement and Exhibits '' ( PDF ) . Department of Water Resources and the Conveyance Project Coordination Agency . September 23 , 2015 . Retrieved March 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Siders , David ( 23 Feb 2015 ) . `` Field Poll : Jerry Brown riding high , but not his big projects '' . Sacramento Bee . Retrieved 10 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Weiser , Matt ( 27 August 2015 ) . `` California officials delay massive Delta water tunnel project '' . Sacramento Bee . Retrieved 10 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` California Water Fix '' . California Water Fix . California Department of Water Resources . Retrieved 10 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Boxall , Bettina ( April 30 , 2015 ) . `` Giant tunnels planned for delta ' must move forward , ' Brown says '' . latimes.com . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 31 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ryan Sabalow , Dale Kasler , Audit finds improper taxpayer subsidies for Delta tunnels . Will it halt the project ? , Sacbee.com , 8 September 2017 Jump up ^ Madrigal , Alexis C. `` American Aqueduct : The Great California Water Saga '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved 4 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Gwynn , Douglas ( February 1983 ) . `` The California Peripheral Canal : who backed it , who fought it '' ( PDF ) . California Agriculture . ^ Jump up to : Rogers , Paul ( 11 April 2015 ) . `` Delta tunnels : Major changes to environmental restoration could endanger Brown 's water plan '' . San Jose Mercury News . Retrieved 8 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` DWR Announces Modified Preferred Alternative '' . Bay Delta Conservation Plan . Archived from the original on 6 May 2015 . Retrieved 8 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jerry Brown 's revised water tunnels plan adds political problems '' . sacbee . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Water -- Twin Tunnels -- LWV of Placer County '' . lwvplacercounty.org . League of Women Voters of Placer County , California . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2016 . Retrieved 31 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` California WaterFix '' . www.californiawaterfix.com . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Gov. Brown 's ' Water Fix ' is not a real solution for the Delta '' . sacbee . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` California Water Action Plan California Natural Resources Agency '' . resources.ca.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ Proposition 1 Jump up ^ `` Ecological Restoration -- a Means of Conserving Biodiversity and Sustaining Livelihoods resources Society for Ecological Restoration '' . www.ser.org . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` New Alternatives : Alternatives 4A , 2D , and 5A '' ( PDF ) . May 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Union - Tribune , San Diego . `` California 's twin tunnels plan should raise concerns for San Diego ratepayers '' . sandiegouniontribune.com . Retrieved 31 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CA officials release financing plan for twin tunnels '' . KCRA. 14 November 2014 . Retrieved 31 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CA Officials Say State Can Afford Twin Tunnel Project '' . NBC Southern California . Retrieved 31 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Decision Time for California Governor 's Big Water Project '' . U.S. News . March 18 , 2016 . Retrieved 31 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Delta legislators ' request for audit of Twin Tunnels approved -- Assemblymember Susan Eggman Representing the 13th California Assembly District '' . asmdc.org. 11 August 2016 . Retrieved 31 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Flyvbjerg , B. ; Buzelius , N. ; Rothengatter , W. ( 2003 ) . Megaprojects and Risk : An Anatomy of Ambition . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . p. 12 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 00946 - 4 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Glen ( 2006 - 07 - 13 ) . `` Governor seeks to take control of Big Dig inspections '' . Boston Globe . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2007 . Retrieved 2006 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Big Dig 's red ink engulfs state '' , Boston Globe , July 17 , 2008 Jump up ^ `` Study says state water tunnels not economically justified '' . www.pacific.edu . University of the Pacific 's Center for Business and Policy Research . August 24 , 2016 . Retrieved 1 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` H.R. 5055 -- Energy and Water Development and Related Agencies Appropriations Act , 2017 '' . Congress.Gov. April 26 , 2016 . Retrieved May 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ AB 1713 Jump up ^ `` California politics archives from April '' . Los Angeles Times . ISSN 0458 - 3035 . Retrieved May 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` If not this California delta plan , then what ? '' . Los Angeles Times . May 7 , 2015 . Retrieved May 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Newton , Jim ( June 25 , 2016 ) . `` Newton : Water ethics and a peripheral canal -- Southern California needs the water , and Northern California has it . But let 's not sacrifice the delta '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Knickmeyer , Ellen ; Smith , Scott ( March 18 , 2016 ) . `` Decision Time for California Governor 's Big Water Project '' . Retrieved 31 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Tobias , Jimmy ( 3 November 2016 ) . `` As Californians Fight Over Fresh Water , the San Francisco Bay Barely Survives '' . Pacific Standard . Retrieved 3 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : McKay , Hollie ( 22 February 2016 ) . `` Critics of California water - tunnel project claim it 's gov 't waste to save tiny smelt '' . Fox News . Retrieved 4 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Cuff , Denis ( August 31 , 2016 ) . `` Delta smelt : California experiment offers hope for fish near extinction '' . The Mercury News . Retrieved 3 November 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/waterrights/water_issues/programs/bay_delta/california_waterfix/exhibits/exhibit3/rdeir_sdeis_public_comments.shtml Jump up ^ http://www.spk.usace.army.mil/Media/Regulatory-Public-Notices/Article/616568/spk-2008-00861-california-waterfix-project/ Jump up ^ `` Delta Islands Buy Averts Challenge in California '' . www.courthousenews.com . Courthouse News . Retrieved May 15 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Bay Delta Conservation Plan The Bay Delta Conservation Plan : An Overview and Local Perspectives in Western City . Bay - Delta Conservation from Save the Bay Restore the Delta Californians For A Fair Water Policy California State Water Project Dams Antelope B.F. 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Bill Jones Pumping Plant California Aqueduct Clifton Court Forebay Contra Costa Canal Delta - Mendota Canal Mokelumne Aqueduct South Bay Aqueduct Peripheral Canal Bay Delta Conservation Plan Designated areas Big Break Regional Shoreline Brannan Island State Recreation Area Franks Tract State Recreation Area Sherman Island Waterfowl Management Area Stone Lakes National Wildlife Refuge Woodbridge Ecological Reserve Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=California_Water_Fix_and_Eco_Restore&oldid=847400272 '' Categories : Agriculture in California Aqueducts in California Irrigation in the United States San Joaquin Valley Sacramento River Transportation buildings and structures in Sacramento County , California Sacramento -- San Joaquin River Delta Central Valley Project Politics of California Canals in California Central Valley ( California ) Water in California Hidden categories : Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from April 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 25 June 2018 , at 02 : 48 ( UTC ) . 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when did kobe bryant win his first ring
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Kobe Bryant Bryant in 2015 ( 1978 - 08 - 23 ) August 23 , 1978 ( age 39 ) Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Nationality American Listed height 6 ft 6 in ( 1.98 m ) Listed weight 212 lb ( 96 kg ) Career information High school Lower Merion ( Ardmore , Pennsylvania ) NBA draft 1996 / Round : 1 / Pick : 13th overall Selected by the Charlotte Hornets Playing career 1996 -- 2016 Position Shooting guard Number 8 , 24 Career history 1996 -- 2016 Los Angeles Lakers Career highlights and awards 5 × NBA champion ( 2000 -- 2002 , 2009 , 2010 ) 2 × NBA Finals MVP ( 2009 , 2010 ) NBA Most Valuable Player ( 2008 ) 18 × NBA All - Star ( 1998 , 2000 -- 2016 ) 4 × NBA All - Star Game MVP ( 2002 , 2007 , 2009 , 2011 ) 11 × All - NBA First Team ( 2002 -- 2004 , 2006 -- 2013 ) 2 × All - NBA Second Team ( 2000 , 2001 ) 2 × All - NBA Third Team ( 1999 , 2005 ) 9 × NBA All - Defensive First Team ( 2000 , 2003 , 2004 , 2006 -- 2011 ) 3 × NBA All - Defensive Second Team ( 2001 , 2002 , 2012 ) 2 × NBA scoring champion ( 2006 , 2007 ) NBA Slam Dunk Contest champion ( 1997 ) NBA All - Rookie Second Team ( 1997 ) Naismith Prep Player of the Year ( 1996 ) Career statistics Points 33,643 ( 25.0 ppg ) Rebounds 7,047 ( 5.2 rpg ) Assists 6,306 ( 4.7 apg ) Stats at Basketball-Reference.com Medals ( hide ) Men 's basketball Representing United States Olympic Games 2008 Beijing Team 2012 London Team FIBA Americas Championship 2007 Las Vegas Team
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Kobe Bryant
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kobe bryant
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Kobe Bean Bryant ( born August 23 , 1978 ) is an American retired professional basketball player and businessman . He played his entire 20 - year career with the Los Angeles Lakers of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . He entered the NBA directly from high school and won five NBA championships with the Lakers . Bryant is an 18 - time All - Star , 15 - time member of the All - NBA Team , and 12 - time member of the All - Defensive team . He led the NBA in scoring during two seasons , and ranks third on the league 's all - time regular season scoring and fourth on the all - time postseason scoring list . He holds the NBA record for the most seasons playing with one franchise for an entire career .
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The son of former NBA player Joe Bryant , Kobe Bryant enjoyed a successful high school basketball career at Lower Merion High School in Pennsylvania , where he was recognized as the top high school basketball player in the country . He declared for the NBA draft upon graduation , and was selected with the 13th overall pick in the 1996 NBA draft by the Charlotte Hornets , who traded him to the Lakers . As a rookie , Bryant earned himself a reputation as a high - flyer and a fan favorite by winning the 1997 Slam Dunk Contest , and he was named an All - Star by his second season . Despite a feud between them , Bryant and Shaquille O'Neal led the Lakers to three consecutive championships from 2000 to 2002 . In 2003 , Bryant was accused of sexual assault in Colorado , but the charges were eventually dropped , and a civil suit was settled out of court . After the Lakers lost the 2004 NBA Finals , O'Neal was traded to the Miami Heat . Bryant became the cornerstone of the Lakers , and he led the NBA in scoring during the 2005 -- 06 and 2006 -- 07 seasons . In 2006 , he scored a career - high 81 points against the Toronto Raptors , the second most points scored in a single game in league history behind Wilt Chamberlain 's 100 - point game in 1962 . Bryant was awarded the regular season 's Most Valuable Player Award ( MVP ) in 2008 . After losing in the 2008 NBA Finals , he led the Lakers to two consecutive championships in 2009 and 2010 , earning the Finals MVP Award on both occasions . He continued to be among the top players in the league through 2013 , when the 34 - year - old Bryant suffered a torn Achilles tendon . Although he recovered , his play was limited the following two years by season - ending injuries to his knee and shoulder , respectively . Citing his physical decline , he announced that he would be retiring after the 2015 -- 16 season . At 34 years and 104 days of age , Bryant became the youngest player in league history to reach 30,000 career points . He became the all - time leading scorer in Lakers franchise history on February 1 , 2010 , when he surpassed Jerry West . Following his second year in the league , Bryant was chosen to start every All - Star Game until his retirement for a record 18 consecutive appearances , and his four All - Star MVP Awards are tied for the most in NBA history . At the 2008 and 2012 Summer Olympics , he won gold medals as a member of the U.S. national team . Sporting News and TNT named Bryant the top NBA player of the 2000s . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life and education 1.1 High school 2 Professional career 2.1 1996 NBA draft 2.2 Adjusting to the NBA ( 1996 -- 1999 ) 2.3 Three - peat ( 1999 -- 2002 ) 2.4 Coming up short ( 2002 -- 2004 ) 2.5 Scoring records and playoff upsets ( 2004 -- 2007 ) 2.6 Back on top ( 2007 -- 2010 ) 2.7 Chasing a sixth championship ( 2010 -- 2013 ) 2.8 Injury - plagued years ( 2013 -- 2015 ) 2.9 Final season ( 2015 -- 2016 ) 3 National team career 4 Player profile 5 NBA career statistics 5.1 Regular season 5.2 Playoffs 6 Legacy 7 Off the court 7.1 Personal life 7.2 Sexual assault allegation 7.3 Endorsements 7.4 Music 7.5 Philanthropy 7.6 Kobe Inc . 7.7 Bryant - Stibel 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Early Life and education Bryant was born in Philadelphia , as the youngest of three children and the only son of former NBA player Joe Bryant and Pamela Cox Bryant . He is also the maternal nephew of basketball player John `` Chubby '' Cox . His parents named him after the famous beef of Kobe , Japan , which they saw on a restaurant menu . His middle name , Bean , is derived from his father 's nickname `` Jellybean '' . Bryant was raised Roman Catholic . When Bryant was six , his father left the NBA and moved his family to Rieti in Italy to continue playing professional basketball . Bryant became accustomed to his new lifestyle and learned to speak fluent Italian . During summers , he would come back to the United States to play in a basketball summer league . Bryant started playing basketball when he was 3 years old , and his favorite team growing up was the Lakers . Bryant 's grandfather would mail him videos of NBA games , which Bryant would study . At an early age , he also learned to play soccer and his favorite team was A.C. Milan . Upon Joe Bryant 's retirement from playing basketball in 1991 , the Bryant family moved back to the United States . High school Bryant 's retired No. 33 jersey and banner at the Lower Merion High School gym . Bryant earned national recognition during a spectacular high school career at Lower Merion High School located in Ardmore , in the Philadelphia suburb of Lower Merion . As a freshman , he played for the varsity basketball team . He became the first freshman in decades to start for Lower Merion 's varsity team , but the team finished with a 4 -- 20 record . The following three years , the Aces compiled a 77 -- 13 record , with Bryant playing all five positions . During his junior year , he averaged 31.1 points , 10.4 rebounds and 5.2 assists and was named Pennsylvania Player of the Year , attracting attention from college recruiters in the process . Duke , Michigan , North Carolina and Villanova were at the top of his list ; however , when Kevin Garnett went in the first round of the 1995 NBA draft , he began considering going directly to the pros . At Adidas ABCD camp , Bryant earned the 1995 senior MVP award , while playing alongside future NBA teammate Lamar Odom . While in high school , then 76ers coach John Lucas invited Bryant to work out and scrimmage with the team , where he played one - on - one with Jerry Stackhouse . In his senior year of high school , Bryant led the Aces to their first state championship in 53 years . During the run , he averaged 30.8 points , 12 rebounds , 6.5 assists , 4.0 steals , and 3.8 blocked shots in leading the Aces to a 31 -- 3 record . Bryant ended his high school career as Southeastern Pennsylvania 's all - time leading scorer at 2,883 points , surpassing both Wilt Chamberlain and Lionel Simmons . Bryant received several awards for his performance his senior year including being named Naismith High School Player of the Year , Gatorade Men 's National Basketball Player of the Year , a McDonald 's All - American , and a USA Today All - USA First Team player . Bryant 's varsity coach , Greg Downer , commented that he was `` a complete player who dominates '' and praised his work ethic , even as the team 's top player . In 1996 , Bryant took R&B singer Brandy to his senior prom , though the two were , and remain , just friends . Ultimately , however , the 17 - year - old Bryant made the decision to go directly into the NBA , only the sixth player in NBA history to do so . Bryant 's news was met with a lot of publicity at a time when prep - to - pro NBA players were not very common ( Garnett being the only exception in 20 years ) . His basketball skills and SAT score of 1080 would have ensured admission to any college he chose , but he did not officially visit any campuses . In 2012 , Bryant was honored as one of the 35 Greatest McDonald 's All - Americans . Professional career 1996 NBA draft The first guard to ever be taken out of high school , Bryant was chosen as the 13th overall draft pick by the Charlotte Hornets in 1996 . According to Arn Tellem , Bryant 's agent at the time , Bryant playing for the Charlotte Hornets was `` an impossibility '' . However , Bill Branch , the Hornets ' head scout at the time , said that the Hornets agreed to trade their draft selection to the Los Angeles Lakers before picking Bryant . The teams agreed to the trade the day before the draft and the Lakers told the Hornets whom to select five minutes before the pick was made . Branch said that prior to the trade agreement , the Hornets never even considered drafting Bryant . Prior to the draft , Bryant had worked out in Los Angeles , where he scrimmaged against former Lakers players Larry Drew and Michael Cooper and , according to then - Laker manager Jerry West , `` marched over these people '' . On July 1 , 1996 , West traded his starting center , Vlade Divac , to the Hornets in exchange for Bryant 's draft rights . Since he was still 17 at the time of the draft , his parents had to cosign his contract with the Lakers until he was able to sign his own when he turned 18 before the season began . Adjusting to the NBA ( 1996 -- 1999 ) Bryant debuted in the Summer Pro League in Long Beach , California , scoring 25 points in front of a standing - room - only crowd . Defenders struggled to get in front of him , and his performance excited West and Lakers coach Del Harris . He scored 36 points in the finale , and finished with averages of 24.5 points and 5.3 rebounds in four game . As a rookie in 1996 -- 97 , Bryant mostly came off the bench behind guards Eddie Jones and Nick Van Exel . At the time he became the youngest player ever to play in an NBA game ( 18 years , 72 days ; a record since broken by Jermaine O'Neal and former teammate Andrew Bynum ) , and also became the youngest NBA starter ever ( 18 years , 158 days ) . Initially , Bryant played limited minutes , but as the season continued , he began to see some more playing time . By the end of the season , he averaged 15.5 minutes a game . During the All - Star weekend , Bryant participated in the Rookie Challenge and won the 1997 Slam Dunk Contest , becoming the youngest dunk champion ever at the age of 18 . Bryant 's performance throughout the year earned him a spot on the NBA All - Rookie Second Team with fellow bench teammate Travis Knight . The Lakers advanced to the Western Conference semifinals in the playoffs against the Utah Jazz , when Bryant was pressed into a lead role at the end of Game 5 . Byron Scott missed the game with a sprained wrist , Robert Horry was ejected for fighting with the Utah 's Jeff Hornacek , and Shaquille O'Neal fouled out with 1 : 46 remaining in the fourth quarter . Bryant shot four air balls at the end of the game ; the Jazz won 98 -- 93 in overtime to eliminate the Lakers 4 -- 1 . He first whiffed a game - winning 2 - point jump shot in the fourth quarter , and then misfired three three - point field goals in overtime , including two tying shots in the final minute . O'Neal commented that `` ( Bryant ) was the only guy who had the guts at the time to take shots like that . '' In Bryant 's second season , he received more playing time and began to show more of his abilities as a talented young guard . As a result , Bryant 's point averages more than doubled from 7.6 to 15.4 points per game . Bryant would see an increase in minutes when the Lakers `` played small '' , which would feature Bryant playing small forward alongside the guards he would usually back up . Bryant was the runner - up for the NBA 's Sixth Man of the Year Award , and through fan voting , he also became the youngest NBA All - Star starter in NBA history . He was joined by teammates O'Neal , Van Exel , and Jones , making it the first time since 1983 that four players on the same team were selected to play in the same All - Star Game . Bryant 's 15.4 points per game was the highest of any non-starter in the season . The 1998 -- 99 season marked Bryant 's emergence as a premier guard in the league . With starting guards Van Exel and Jones traded , Bryant started every game for the lockout - shortened 50 - game season . During the season , Bryant signed a 6 - year contract extension worth $70 million . This kept him with the Lakers until the end of the 2003 -- 04 season . Even at an early stage of his career , sportswriters were comparing his skills to those of Michael Jordan and Magic Johnson . The playoff results , however , were no better , as the Lakers were swept by the San Antonio Spurs in the Western Conference Semifinals . Three - peat ( 1999 -- 2002 ) Bryant was a member of the Lakers teams that won three consecutive NBA Championships from 2000 to 2002 . Bryant 's fortunes would soon change when Phil Jackson became coach for the Lakers in 1999 . After years of steady improvement , Bryant became one of the premier shooting guards in the league , earning appearances in the league 's All - NBA , All - Star , and All - Defensive teams . The Lakers became championship contenders under Bryant and O'Neal , who formed a legendary center - guard combination . Jackson utilized the triangle offense he used to win six championships with the Chicago Bulls , which would help both Bryant and O'Neal rise to the elite class of the NBA . The three resulting championships won consecutively in 2000 , 2001 , and 2002 further proved such a fact . Bryant started the 1999 -- 2000 season sidelined for six weeks due to an injury to his hand suffered during a preseason game against the Washington Wizards . With Bryant back and playing over 38 minutes a game , he saw an increase in all statistical categories in the 1999 -- 2000 season . This included leading the team in assists per game and steals per game . The duo of O'Neal and Bryant backed with a strong bench led to the Lakers winning 67 games , tied for fifth-most in NBA history . This followed with O'Neal winning the MVP and Bryant being named to the All - NBA Team Second Team and All - NBA Defensive Team for the first time in his career ( the youngest player ever to receive defensive honors ) . While playing second fiddle to O'Neal in the playoffs , Bryant had some clutch performances including a 25 - point , 11 rebound , 7 assist , 4 block game in game 7 of the Western Conference finals against the Portland Trail Blazers . He also threw an alley - oop pass to O'Neal to clinch the game and the series . In the 2000 Finals against the Indiana Pacers , Bryant injured his ankle in the second quarter of Game 2 after landing on the Pacers ' Jalen Rose 's foot . Rose later admitted he placed his foot under Bryant intentionally . Bryant did not return to the game , and he also missed Game 3 due to the injury . In Game 4 , Bryant scored 22 points in the second half , and led the team to an OT victory as O'Neal fouled out of the game . Bryant scored the winning shot to put the Lakers ahead 120 -- 118 . With a 116 -- 111 Game 6 victory , the Lakers won their first championship since 1988 . Statistically , the 2000 -- 01 season saw Bryant perform similarly to the previous year , but he averaged 6 more points a game ( 28.5 ) . It was also the year when disagreements between Bryant and O'Neal began to surface . Once again he led the team in assists with 5 per game . The Lakers however , only won 56 games , an 11 - game drop off from last year . The Lakers would respond by going 15 -- 1 in the playoffs . They easily swept the Portland Trail Blazers , Sacramento Kings , and San Antonio Spurs to advance to the Finals , before losing their first game against the Philadelphia 76ers in OT . They would go on to win the next 4 games and bring their second championship to Los Angeles in as many seasons . During the playoffs , Bryant played heavy minutes which brought his stats up to 29.4 points , 7.3 rebounds , and 6.1 assists per game . In the playoffs , teammate O'Neal declared Bryant the best player in the league . Bryant ended up making the All NBA Second team and All NBA Defensive Team for the second year in a row . In addition , he was also voted to start in the NBA All - Star Game for the 3rd year in a row ( no game in 1999 ) . In the 2001 -- 02 season , Bryant played 80 games for the first time in his career . He continued his all - round play by averaging 25.2 points , 5.5 rebounds , and 5.5 assists per game . He also had a career high 46.9 % shooting and once again led his team in assists . He claimed his first All - Star MVP trophy after a 31 - point performance in Philadelphia , when he was loudly booed by fans as they had throughout the game , stemming from his earlier comment to a 76ers heckler during the Finals that the Lakers were `` going to cut your hearts out '' . While making the All - NBA Defensive team again , he was also promoted to the All - NBA First Team for the first time in his career . The Lakers won 58 games that year and finished second place in the Pacific Division behind in - state rival Sacramento Kings . Bryant was suspended one game after he punched Reggie Miller of the Indiana Pacers after the Lakers ' March 1 , 2002 victory over the Pacers . The road to the Finals would prove a lot tougher than the record run the Lakers had the previous year . While the Lakers swept the Blazers and defeated the Spurs 4 -- 1 in the first two rounds of the playoffs , the Lakers did not have home court advantage against the Sacramento Kings . The series would stretch to 7 games , the first time this happened to the Lakers since the 2000 Western Conference Finals . However , the Lakers were able to beat their division rivals and make their third consecutive NBA Finals appearance . In the 2002 Finals against the New Jersey Nets , Bryant averaged 26.8 points , 51.4 % shooting , 5.8 rebounds , 5.3 assists per game , which included scoring a quarter of the teams points . At age 23 , Bryant became the youngest player to win three championships . Bryant 's play was notable and praised for his performance in the 4th quarter of games , specifically the last 2 rounds of the playoffs . This cemented Bryant 's reputation as a `` clutch player '' . Coming up short ( 2002 -- 2004 ) Bryant prepares to shoot a free throw in 2005 . In the 2002 -- 03 season , Bryant set an NBA record for three - pointers on January 7 , 2003 , making 12 against the Seattle SuperSonics . He averaged 30 points per game and embarked on a historic run , posting 40 or more points in nine consecutive games while averaging 40.6 in the entire month of February . In addition , he averaged 6.9 rebounds , 5.9 assists , and 2.2 steals per game , all career highs to that point . Bryant was once again voted to both the All - NBA and All - Defensive 1st teams , and came in third place in voting for the MVP award . After finishing 50 -- 32 in the regular season , the Lakers floundered in the playoffs and lost in the Western Conference semi-finals to the eventual NBA champions San Antonio Spurs in six games . In the following 2003 -- 04 season , the Lakers were able to acquire NBA All - Stars Karl Malone , and Gary Payton to make another push at the NBA Championship . Before the season began , Bryant was arrested for sexual assault . This caused Bryant to miss some games due to court appearances or attend court earlier in the day and travel to play games later in same day . In the final game of the regular season , the Lakers played the Portland Trail Blazers . Bryant made two buzzer beaters to win the game and the Pacific Division title . At the end of the fourth quarter , Bryant made a 3 - pointer with 1.1 seconds left to send it into overtime . The game eventually went to a second overtime , in which Bryant made another 3 - pointer as time expired to lift the Lakers past the Blazers , 105 -- 104 . With a starting lineup of O'Neal , Malone , Payton , and Bryant , the Lakers were able to reach the NBA Finals . However , they were upset in five games by the Detroit Pistons , who won their first championship since 1990 . In that series , Bryant averaged 22.6 points per game and 4.4 assists . He shot 35.1 % from the field . Jackson 's contract as coach was not renewed , and Rudy Tomjanovich took over . O'Neal was traded to the Miami Heat for Lamar Odom , Caron Butler , and Brian Grant . The following day , Bryant declined an offer to sign with the Los Angeles Clippers and re-signed with the Lakers on a seven - year contract . Scoring records and playoff upsets ( 2004 -- 2007 ) Bryant was closely scrutinized and criticized during the 2004 -- 05 season with his reputation badly damaged from all that had happened over the previous year . A particularly damaging salvo came when Jackson wrote The Last Season : A Team in Search of Its Soul . The book detailed the events of the Lakers ' tumultuous 2003 -- 04 season and has a number of criticisms of Bryant . In the book , Jackson called Bryant `` un-coachable '' . Midway through the season , Tomjanovich suddenly resigned as Lakers coach , citing the recurrence of health problems and exhaustion . Without Tomjanovich , stewardship of the remainder of the Lakers ' season fell to career assistant coach Frank Hamblen . Bryant was the league 's second - leading scorer at 27.6 points per game , but he was surrounded by a subpar supporting cast , and the Lakers went 34 -- 48 and missed the playoffs for the first time in over a decade . The year signified a drop in Bryant 's overall status in the NBA , as he did not make the NBA All - Defensive Team and was also demoted to the All - NBA Third Team . During the season , Bryant also engaged in public feuds with Malone and Ray Allen . The 2005 -- 06 NBA season would mark a crossroads in Bryant 's basketball career . Despite past differences with Bryant , Jackson returned to coach the Lakers . Bryant endorsed the move , and by all appearances , the two men worked together well the second time around , leading the Lakers back into the playoffs . Bryant 's individual scoring accomplishments posted resulted in the finest statistical season of his career . On December 20 , 2005 , Bryant scored 62 points in three quarters against the Dallas Mavericks . Entering the fourth quarter , Bryant outscored the entire Mavericks team 62 -- 61 , the only time a player has done this through three quarters since the introduction of the shot clock . When the Lakers faced the Miami Heat on January 16 , 2006 , Bryant and Shaquille O'Neal made headlines by engaging in handshakes and hugs before the game , signifying a change in the feud that had festered between them . A month later , at the 2006 NBA All - Star Game , the two were seen laughing together . Bryant scored a career high of 81 - points against the Toronto Raptors in Staples Center , second - highest single scoring performance in NBA history , surpassed only by Wilt Chamberlain 's 100 - point game in 1962 . On January 22 , 2006 , Bryant scored a career - high 81 points in a 122 -- 104 victory against the Toronto Raptors . In addition to breaking the previous franchise record of 71 set by Elgin Baylor , Bryant 's 81 - point game was the second - highest point total in NBA history , surpassed only by Chamberlain 's 100 - point game in 1962 . Whereas Chamberlain was fed repeatedly by teammates for inside shots in a blowout win , Bryant created his own shot -- mostly from the outside -- in a game which the Lakers trailed at halftime by 14 and did not pull away until the fourth quarter . Chamberlain , playing in an era when the games were paced faster and scoring opportunities were more plentiful , accounted for 59 percent of his team 's points in Philadelphia 's 169 -- 147 win , compared to Bryant scoring 66 percent of the Lakers ' 122 points . In that same month , Bryant also became the first player since 1964 to score 45 points or more in four consecutive games , joining Chamberlain and Baylor as the only players ever to do so . For the month of January , Bryant averaged 43.4 points per game , the eighth highest single month scoring average in NBA history and highest for any player other than Chamberlain . By the end of the 2005 -- 06 season , Bryant set Lakers single - season franchise records for most 40 - point games ( 27 ) and most points scored ( 2,832 ) . He won the league 's scoring title for the first time by averaging 35.4 points per game , becoming just the fifth player in league history to average at least 35 in a season . Bryant finished in fourth place in the voting for the 2006 NBA Most Valuable Player Award , but received 22 first place votes -- second only to winner Steve Nash . Later in the season , it was reported that Bryant would change his jersey number from 8 to 24 at the start of the 2006 -- 07 NBA season . Bryant 's first high school number was 24 before he switched to 33 . After the Lakers ' season ended , Bryant said on TNT that he wanted 24 as a rookie , but it was unavailable , as was 33 , retired with Kareem Abdul - Jabbar . Bryant wore 143 at the Adidas ABCD camp , and chose 8 by adding those numbers . In the first round of the playoffs , the Lakers played well enough to reach a 3 -- 1 series lead over the Phoenix Suns , culminating with Bryant 's overtime - forcing and game - winning shots in Game 4 . They came within six seconds of eliminating the second - seeded Suns in Game 6 , however , they lost that game 126 -- 118 in overtime . Despite Bryant 's 27.9 points per game in the series , the Lakers broke down , and ultimately fell to the Suns in seven games . After scoring 50 points on 20 of 35 shooting in the Game 6 loss , Bryant was criticized for only taking three shots in the second half of the 121 -- 90 Game 7 loss to Phoenix . Bryant scored fifty points or more in four consecutive games and ten total in the 2006 -- 07 season . During the 2006 -- 07 season , Bryant was selected to his 9th All - Star Game appearance , and on February 18 , he logged 31 points , 6 assists , and 6 steals , earning his second career All - Star Game MVP trophy . Over the course of the season , Bryant became involved in a number of on court incidents . On January 28 while attempting to draw contact on a potential game winning jumpshot , he flailed his arm , striking San Antonio Spurs guard Manu Ginóbili in the face with his elbow . Following a league review , Bryant was suspended for the subsequent game at Madison Square Garden against the New York Knicks . The basis given for the suspension was that Bryant had performed an `` unnatural motion '' in swinging his arm backwards . Later , on March 6 , he seemed to repeat the motion , this time striking Minnesota Timberwolves guard Marko Jarić . On March 7 , the NBA handed Bryant his second one - game suspension . In his first game back on March 9 , he elbowed Kyle Korver in the face which was retroactively re-classified as a Type 1 flagrant foul . On March 16 , Bryant scored a season - high 65 points in a home game against the Portland Trail Blazers , which helped end the Lakers 7 - game losing streak . This was the second - best scoring performance of his 11 - year career . The following game , Bryant recorded 50 points against the Minnesota Timberwolves , after which he scored 60 points in a road win against the Memphis Grizzlies -- becoming the second Laker to score three straight 50 - plus point games , a feat not seen since Jordan last did it in 1987 . The only other Laker to do so was Baylor , who also scored 50 + in three consecutive contests in December 1962 . In the following day , in a game against the New Orleans Hornets , Bryant scored 50 points , making him the second player in NBA history to have four straight 50 - point games behind Chamberlain , who achieved it twice with streaks of five and seven . Bryant finished the year with a total of ten 50 - plus point games , matched only by Chamberlain . Bryant also won his second straight scoring title that season . Throughout the 2006 -- 07 season , his jersey became the top selling NBA jersey in the United States and China . A number of journalists have attributed the improved sales to Bryant 's new number , as well as his continuing All - Star performance on the court . In the 2007 NBA playoffs , the Lakers were once again eliminated in the first round by the Phoenix Suns , 4 -- 1 . Back on top ( 2007 -- 2010 ) On May 27 , 2007 , ESPN reported that Bryant stated that he wanted to be traded if Jerry West did not return to the team with full authority . Bryant later confirmed his desire for West 's return to the franchise , but denied stating that he would want to be traded if that does not occur . However , three days later , on Stephen A. Smith 's radio program , Bryant expressed anger over a Lakers `` insider '' who claimed that Bryant was responsible for Shaquille O'Neal 's departure from the team , and publicly stated , `` I want to be traded . '' Three hours after making that statement , Bryant stated in another interview that after having a conversation with head coach Jackson , he has reconsidered his decision and backed off his trade request . Bryant was later shown in an infamous amateur video saying that center Andrew Bynum should have been traded for All - Star Jason Kidd . Bryant 's Lakers lost to the Boston Celtics in 6 games during the 2008 NBA Finals . On December 23 , 2007 , Bryant became the youngest player ( 29 years , 122 days ) to reach 20,000 points , in a game against the New York Knicks , in Madison Square Garden . This record has since been broken by LeBron James . Despite an injury to his shooting hand 's small finger , described as `` a complete tear of the radial collateral ligament , an avulsion fracture , and a volar plate injury at the MCP joint '' that occurred in a game on February 5 , 2008 , Bryant played all 82 games of the regular season instead of opting for surgery . Regarding his injury , he stated , `` I would prefer to delay any surgical procedure until after our Lakers season , and this summer 's Olympic Games . But , this is an injury that myself ( sic ) and the Lakers ' medical staff will just have to continue to monitor on a day - to - day basis . '' In early September 2008 , Bryant decided not to have surgery to repair the injury . Aided by the signing of Spanish All - Star Pau Gasol , Bryant lead his team to a West best 57 -- 25 record . The Lakers swept the Nuggets in the first round and on May 6 , 2008 , and Bryant was officially announced as the league MVP . He said , `` It 's been a long ride . I 'm very proud to represent this organization , to represent this city . '' West , who was responsible for bringing Bryant to the Lakers , was on hand at the press conference to observe Bryant receive his MVP trophy from NBA commissioner David Stern . He stated , `` Kobe deserved it . He 's had just another great season . Does n't surprise me one bit . '' In addition to winning his MVP award , Bryant was the only unanimous selection to the All - NBA team on May 8 , 2008 for the third straight season and sixth time in his career . He would then headline the NBA All - Defensive First Team with Kevin Garnett , receiving 52 points overall including 24 first - place nods , earning his eighth selection . The Lakers concluded the 2007 -- 08 regular season with a 57 -- 25 record , finishing first in the Western Conference and setting up themselves for a first - round contest against the Nuggets . In Game 1 , Bryant , who said he made himself a decoy through most of the game , scored 18 of his 32 points in the final 8 minutes to keep Los Angeles safely ahead . That made Denver the first 50 - win team to be swept out of the first round of the playoffs since the Memphis Grizzlies fell in four games to the San Antonio Spurs in 2004 . In the first game of the next round against the Jazz , Bryant scored 38 points as the Lakers beat the Jazz in Game 1 . The Lakers won the next game as well , but dropped Games 3 and 4 , even with Bryant putting up 33.5 points per game . The Lakers then won the next two games to win the semifinals in 6 . This set up a Western Conference Finals berth against the San Antonio Spurs . The Lakers defeated the Spurs in 5 games , sending themselves to the NBA Finals against the Boston Celtics . This marked the fifth time in Bryant 's career and the first time without O'Neal to go to the NBA Finals . The Lakers then lost to the Boston Celtics in 6 games . Derek Fisher ( left ) and Bryant ( center ) with President Barack Obama during the White House visit honoring their Lakers ' 2009 championship In the 2008 -- 09 season , the Lakers opened the campaign by winning their first seven games . Bryant led the team to tie the franchise record for most wins to start the season going 17 -- 2 , and by the middle of December they compiled a 21 -- 3 record . He was selected to his eleventh consecutive All - Star Game as a starter , and was named the Western Conference Player of the Month for December and January in addition to being named Western Conference Player of the week three times . In a game against the Knicks on February 2 , 2009 , Bryant scored 61 points , setting a record for the most points scored at Madison Square Garden . During the 2009 NBA All - Star Game , Bryant who tallied 27 points , 4 assists , 4 rebounds , and 4 steals was awarded All - Star Game co-MVP with former teammate O'Neal . The Lakers finished the regular season with the best record in the west ( 65 -- 17 ) . Bryant was runner - up in the MVP voting behind LeBron James , and was selected to the All - NBA First Team and All - Defensive First Team for the seventh time in his career . In the playoffs , the Lakers defeated the Utah Jazz in five games and the Houston Rockets in seven games in the opening two rounds . After finishing off the Denver Nuggets in the Conference Finals in six games , the Lakers earned their second straight trip to the NBA Finals where they defeated the Orlando Magic in five games . Bryant was awarded his first NBA Finals MVP trophy upon winning his fourth championship , achieving series averages of 32.4 points , 7.4 assists , 5.6 rebounds , 1.4 steals and 1.4 blocks . He became the first player since West in the 1969 NBA Finals to average at least 32.4 points and 7.4 assists for a finals series and the first since Jordan to average 30 points , 5 rebounds , and 5 assists for a title - winning team in the finals . Bryant shoots a left - handed floater over future teammate Dwight Howard of the Orlando Magic on January 18 , 2010 . During the 2009 -- 10 season , Bryant made six game - winning shots including a buzzer - beating , one - legged 3 - pointer against the Miami Heat on December 4 , 2009 . Bryant considered the shot one of the luckiest he has made . A week later , Bryant suffered an avulsion fracture in his right index finger in a game against the Minnesota Timberwolves . Despite the injury , Bryant elected to continue playing with it , rather than take any time off to rest the injury . Five days after his finger injury , he made another game winning shot , after missing on an opportunity in regulation , this time against the Milwaukee Bucks in an overtime game . Bryant also became the youngest player ( 31 years , 151 days ) to reach 25,000 points during the season , surpassing Chamberlain . He continued his dominant clutch plays making yet another game - winning three - pointer against the Sacramento Kings , and what would be the game - winning field goal against the Boston Celtics . The following day , he surpassed West to become the all - time leading scorer in Lakers franchise history . After being sidelined for five games from an ankle injury , Bryant made his return and made another clutch three - pointer to give the Lakers a one - point lead with four seconds remaining against the Memphis Grizzlies . Two weeks later , he made his sixth game - winning shot of the season against the Toronto Raptors . On April 2 , 2010 , Bryant signed a three - year contract extension worth $87 million . Bryant finished the regular season missing four of the final five games , due to injuries to his knee and finger . Bryant suffered multiple injuries throughout the season and as a result , missed nine games . The Lakers began the playoffs as the number one seed in the Western Conference against the Oklahoma City Thunder , eventually defeating them in six games . The Lakers swept the Utah Jazz in the second round and advanced to the Western Conference Finals , where they faced the Phoenix Suns . In Game 2 , Bryant finished the game with 13 assists , setting a new playoff career high ; it was the most assists by a Laker in the playoffs since Magic Johnson had 13 in 1996 . The Lakers went on to win the series in six games capturing the Western Conference Championship and advancing to the NBA Finals for a third straight season . In a rematch against the 2008 Champion Boston Celtics , Bryant , despite shooting 6 for 24 from the field , led the Lakers back from a thirteen - point third quarter deficit in Game 7 to win the championship ; he scored 10 of his game - high 23 points in the fourth quarter , and finished the game with 15 rebounds . Bryant won his fifth championship and earned his second consecutive NBA Finals MVP award . This marked the first time the Lakers won a Game 7 against the Boston Celtics in the NBA Finals . Bryant said that this was the most satisfying of all of his five championships . Chasing a sixth championship ( 2010 -- 2013 ) Bryant and Lakers meet with President Barack Obama in honor of 2010 championship . Bryant wanted a sixth championship to match Jordan 's total . The Lakers started the 2010 -- 11 season by winning their first eight games . In his ninth game of the season , playing against the Denver Nuggets , Bryant became the youngest player in NBA history to reach 26,000 career points . Bryant also recorded his first triple double since January 21 , 2009 . On January 30 against the Celtics , he became the youngest player to score 27,000 points . On February 1 , 2011 , Bryant became one of seven players with at least 25,000 points , 5,000 rebounds and 5,000 assists . In Boston on February 10 , Bryant scored 20 of his 23 points in the second half as the Lakers rallied from an early 15 - point deficit for a 92 -- 86 win over the Celtics . It was the Lakers ' first victory of the season against one of the league 's top four teams , as they entered the game 0 -- 5 in previous matchups and had been outscored by an average of 11 points . Bryant , selected to his 13th straight All - Star game after becoming the leading vote - getter , had 37 points , 14 rebounds , and three steals in the 2011 All - Star Game and won his fourth All - Star MVP , tying Hall of Famer Bob Pettit for the most All - Star MVP awards . During the season , Bryant moved from 12th to 6th place on the NBA all - time career scoring list , passing John Havlicek , Dominique Wilkins , Oscar Robertson , Hakeem Olajuwon , Elvin Hayes , and Moses Malone . Bryant finished the season averaging less than 20 shots a game , his fewest since the 2003 -- 04 season . On April 13 , 2011 , the NBA fined Bryant $100,000 for directing a gay slur at referee Bennie Adams in frustration in the previous day 's game . The Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation praised the NBA 's decision to fine Bryant , and the Human Rights Campaign said that Bryant 's language was a `` disgrace '' and `` distasteful '' . Bryant stated that he was open to discussing the matter with gay rights groups and wanted to appeal his fine . He later apologized for the use of the word . Bryant and other Lakers appeared in a Lakers public service announcement denouncing his behavior . The team 's quest for another three - peat was ended when they were swept by the Dallas Mavericks in the second round of the playoffs . The Mavericks would go on to win the 2011 NBA Finals . Bryant wearing mask in 2012 after suffering broken nose . Bryant received experimental platelet - rich plasma therapy called Orthokine in Germany to treat the pain on his left knee and ankle , and Mike Brown replaced the retired Jackson as coach of the Lakers in the offseason . Bryant began the season playing with an injured wrist . On January 10 , 2012 , Bryant scored 48 points against the Suns , the most ever by a player in his 16th season . `` Not bad for the seventh - best player in the league '' , said Bryant , referring to a preseason ESPN ranking of the NBA 's top players . He went on to score 40 , 42 , and 42 in his next three games . It was the sixth time in his career he scored 40 or more points in four straight games , a feat exceeded only by Chamberlain ( 19 times ) . At the 2012 NBA All - Star Game , Bryant scored 27 points to pass Jordan as the career scoring leader in the All - Star Game . He also suffered a broken nose and a concussion in the third quarter of the All - Star Game after a hard foul from Dwyane Wade . In April , Bryant missed seven games with a bruised left shin . He returned three games before the end of the regular season . In the last game of the regular season , against Sacramento , he chose not to go for a possible third NBA scoring title , having needed 38 points to surpass Kevin Durant . The Lakers were knocked out of the playoffs by Durant 's Oklahoma City Thunder in the second round of the playoffs , losing in five games . The Lakers in 2012 -- 13 acquired center Dwight Howard and point guard Steve Nash . On November 2 , 2012 , Bryant scored 40 points with two steals , and he passed Magic Johnson ( 1,724 ) as the Lakers career leader in steals . However , the Lakers lost the game to the Clippers and started the season 0 -- 3 for the first time in 34 years and just the fourth time in franchise history . After starting the season 1 -- 4 , coach Brown was fired . He was replaced by Mike D'Antoni , who Bryant knew as a child when Bryant 's father was playing in Italy and D'Antoni was also a star player there . Bryant had grown close with D'Antoni during their time with Team USA . On December 5 against New Orleans , Bryant became the youngest player ( 34 years and 104 days ) in league history to score 30,000 points , joining Hall of Famers Chamberlain , Jordan , Kareem Abdul - Jabbar , and Karl Malone as one of five players to reach that milestone . On December 18 , in a 101 -- 100 win over the Charlotte Bobcats , Bryant scored 30 + points in his seventh consecutive game , the longest streak ever by an NBA player after turning 34 years old ; it was the fourth - longest such streak in his career . His streak would be snapped at 10 on December 28 in a 104 -- 87 win over the Portland Trail Blazers , when he scored 27 points , sitting out the whole fourth quarter . In a move to improve the team 's defense , D'Antoni began having Bryant guard the opponent 's best perimeter player ; Bryant was the primary defender on the Cavaliers ' Kyrie Irving , who was held to 15 points . Bryant acknowledged he was a more focused defender when he had a challenging defensive assignment as opposed to when he played off the ball against weaker players . His defense disrupted opponents and freed Nash from unfavorable matchups . Bryant dunking against the Milwaukee Bucks in 2013 . Bryant was leading the league in scoring through much of the first 42 games . With a disappointing 17 -- 25 start to the season , D'Antoni had Bryant became the primary facilitator on offense and Nash was moved off the ball and became more of a spot - up shooter . In the next three games , Bryant had at least 10 assists in three wins with a three - game total of 39 assists , the most in his career . He missed a triple double in each game with nine rebounds twice and eight in the other . In two crucial wins in March , he scored at least 40 points and had at least 10 assists in back - to - back games , becoming the first Laker to accomplish the feat since West in 1970 . With the Lakers fighting to secure the eighth and final playoff berth in the Western Conference , coupled with injuries on the team , Bryant began playing almost all 48 minutes each game . On April 10 , 2013 , Bryant became the first player in NBA history to get 47 points , eight rebounds , five assists , four blocks , and three steals in an NBA game . On April 12 , Bryant suffered a torn Achilles tendon against the Golden State Warriors , ending his season . His injury came while he was playing seven consecutive quarters and at least 40 minutes for seven consecutive games . The 34 - year - old Bryant was averaging his most minutes ( 38.6 ) in six years , and only Portland rookie Damian Lillard was averaging more minutes . Lakers general manager Mitch Kupchak had spoken to Bryant about his extensive playing time 10 days earlier , but Bryant insisted the minutes needed to continue given the Lakers ' playoff push . Bryant had surgery on April 13 to repair the tear , and it was estimated he would miss six to nine months . He ended the season with his customary numbers scoring average of 27.3 points , 46.3 percent shooting , 5.6 rebounds , and 6 assists . However , The New York Times called his leading of the Lakers back into playoff contention `` perhaps some of the finest work of his career . '' Eight times he reached 40 points during the season , and eleven times he had 10 or more assists in his role as distributor , dubbed `` Magic Mamba '' after the passing skills of Magic Johnson . Bryant 's assists were the second - highest of his career and his field goal percentage was its highest since 2008 -- 09 . The Lakers finished the season at 45 - 37 , good for seventh in the West . Playing without Bryant , the Lakers were swept in four games by the San Antonio Spurs . Injury - plagued years ( 2013 -- 2015 ) Bryant shooting against Marcin Gortat in 2014 Bryant resumed practicing starting in November , after the start of the 2013 -- 14 season . On November 25 , he signed a two - year contract extension with the Lakers at an estimated value of $48.5 million that would make him the first NBA player to play 20 years with the same franchise . He remained the league 's highest - paid player , despite accepting the discounted deal ; he had been eligible to receive an extension starting at $32 million per year . His contract became a polarizing topic , with detractors arguing that stars should take less money to allow their teams more financial freedom , while supporters countered that the NBA 's biggest stars were being paid less than their true value . Bryant resumed playing on December 8 after missing the season 's first 19 games . On December 17 , Bryant matched his season high of 21 points in a 96 -- 92 win over Memphis , but he suffered a lateral tibial plateau fracture in his left knee that was expected to sideline him for six weeks . He had played six games since returning from his Achilles injury , which included time at point guard after injuries to Nash , Steve Blake , and Jordan Farmar . Bryant was averaging 13.8 points , 6.3 assists , and 4.3 rebounds . Despite being sidelined , he was voted by fans to start in his 16th All - Star game . Bryant did not feel he was deserving of the selection , and some likened it to a career achievement award for his past performance . However , he missed playing in the game , still hampered by his knee . On March 12 , 2014 , the Lakers ruled Bryant out for the remainder of the season , citing his need for more rehab and the limited time remaining in the season . At the time , the team was 22 -- 42 and tied for the worst record in the Western Conference . The Lakers finished 27 -- 55 and missed the playoffs for the first time since 2005 . Bryant returned for the 2014 -- 15 season , his 19th season with the Lakers , who had replaced D'Antoni with Bryant 's former Lakers teammate , Byron Scott . On November 30 , 2014 , in a 129 -- 122 overtime victory against the Toronto Raptors , Bryant recorded his 20th career triple - double with 31 points , 12 assists and 11 rebounds . At age 36 , he became the oldest NBA player to ever achieve 30 points , 10 rebounds , and 10 assists in a game . On December 14 , Bryant became the NBA 's third all - time leading scorer , passing Jordan ( 32,292 ) in a 100 -- 94 win against Minnesota . He played in the first 27 games of the season , averaging team - highs with 26.4 points and 35.4 minutes per game while leading the league with 22.4 shots per game . However , Scott held him out for three straight games to rest after one of his worst performances of the season , when Bryant committed nine turnovers and scored 25 points on just 8 - for - 30 shooting in a 108 -- 101 loss to Sacramento . He was suffering from soreness in his knees , feet , back , and Achilles tendons , and Scott planned to reduce his workload going forward . Three times Bryant had exceeded 40 minutes in a game , and the coach blamed himself for overloading him after he started the season in such great shape . For the season , Bryant had been shooting just 37 percent from the field , and the team 's record was only 8 -- 19 . In his second game back after resting , he had 23 points , 11 assists , and 11 rebounds in a 111 -- 103 win over Denver , and became just the third player in league history to record multiple triple - doubles in a season at age 36 or older . On January 21 , 2015 , Bryant suffered a rotator cuff tear in his right shoulder while driving baseline for a two - handed dunk against the New Orleans Pelicans . Though he is right - handed , he returned to play in the game and ran the offense while shooting , dribbling , and passing almost exclusively with his left hand . Prior to the injury , Bryant had been rested in 8 of 16 games . He underwent season - ending surgery for the injury , finishing the season averaging 22.3 points but shooting a career - low 37.3 percent , well below his 45.4 percent career mark to start the season . He was expected to be sidelined for nine months with a return targeted toward the start of the 2015 -- 16 season . Final season ( 2015 -- 2016 ) After recovering to play in the 2015 -- 16 preseason , Bryant suffered a calf injury and missed the final two weeks of exhibition games . However , he played in the season opener to begin his 20th season with the Lakers , surpassing John Stockton 's league record of 19 for the most seasons with the same team . On November 24 , 2015 , the Lakers fell to 2 -- 12 after losing 111 -- 77 to the Warriors . Bryant scored just four points in 25 minutes on 1 - for - 14 shooting , matching the worst - shooting game of his career in which he attempted at least five shots . On December 1 , 2015 , Bryant played his last game against his hometown team , the Philadelphia 76ers , where the Lakers lost 91 - 103 . Bryant against Washington after his retirement announcement On November 29 , 2015 , Bryant announced via The Players ' Tribune that he would be retiring at the end of the season . In his poem titled `` Dear Basketball '' , Bryant wrote that he fell in love with the game at age six ; `` A love so deep I gave you my all / From my mind & body / To my spirit & soul . '' The 2015 -- 16 season `` is all I have left to give. / My heart can take the pounding / My mind can handle the grind / But my body knows it 's time to say goodbye. / And that 's OK. / I 'm ready to let you go . '' In a letter distributed to Lakers ' fans before that evening 's game against the Indiana Pacers , Bryant wrote , `` What you 've done for me is far greater than anything I 've done for you ... My love for this city , this team and for each of you will never fade . Thank you for this incredible journey . '' At the time of his announcement , he was second on the team in minutes ( 30.8 ) behind Jordan Clarkson and leading the team with 16.7 field goal attempts per game , while averaging just 15.7 points and shooting a career - low 31.5 percent . His free throw attempts had dropped from his career average , and his game had become over-reliant on pump fakes and long - range shots , making a league - worst 19.5 percent from three - point range while attempting seven a game , almost double his career average . In his press conference after the announcement , he acknowledged his declining skills . `` Even though I play like shit , I 've worked really , really hard not to play like crap and I do everything I possibly can . And I feel good about that '' , he said . Bryant defending LeBron James in his final Cleveland game Bryant requested that opposing teams on the road not hold any on - court ceremonies in his honor or present him any gifts in public . Prior to announcing his retirement , he had been steadfast about not wanting the fuss of a staged farewell tour , preferring to hear boos instead of cheers . Still , he was honored around the league with video tributes , and fans greeted him with ovations , even at arenas that historically jeered him like TD Garden in Boston and Sleep Train Arena in Sacramento . Previously , Bryant was respected but not beloved , and he was astonished at the cheers he was now receiving . On February 3 , Bryant made seven three - pointers and scored a season - high 38 points , including 14 of the team 's 18 points in the last 5 : 02 of the game , for a 119 -- 115 win over Minnesota . The win ended a 10 - game losing streak , and the Lakers averted establishing the longest losing streak in franchise history . Bryant became just the fourth NBA player over 37 years old to log at least 35 points , five rebounds , and five assists in a game . Bryant was the leading overall vote - getter for the 2016 All - Star Game with 1.9 million votes , ahead of Stephen Curry 's 1.6 million . Having moved to small forward that season , Bryant was selected as a frontcourt starter for the first time . Playing in his first All - Star game since 2013 , Bryant had 10 points , six rebounds , and seven assists . West teammates offered to feed him the ball in an attempt to get him another All - Star MVP , but he declined . On April 13 , 2016 , Bryant played his final NBA game against the Utah Jazz , scoring a season - high 60 points ( the most points scored by a player that season ) , including outscoring the entire Jazz team 23 -- 21 in the fourth quarter , in the Lakers ' 101 -- 96 victory . Bryant became the oldest player to score 60 or more in a game at 37 years and 234 days old . National team career Bryant in a game against China at the 2008 Summer Olympics Bryant declined to play in the 2000 Olympics as he was getting married in the off - season . He also decided not to play in the 2002 FIBA World Championship . Bryant was originally selected for the FIBA Americas Championship in 2003 , but withdrew after undergoing arthroscopic shoulder and knee surgeries . In the following summer , he had to withdraw from the Olympic team because of his sexual assault case . Along with LeBron James , he was one of the first two players to publicly named to the 2006 -- 2008 U.S. preliminary roster in 2006 by Jerry Colangelo . However , he was once again sidelined after knee surgery and did n't participate in the 2006 FIBA World Championship . Bryant 's United States national team career finally began in 2007 . He was a member of the 2007 USA Men 's Senior National Team and USA FIBA Americas Championship Team that finished 10 -- 0 , won gold and qualified the United States men for the 2008 Olympics . He started in all 10 of the USA 's FIBA Americas Championship games . Bryant averaged 15.3 points , 2.9 assists , 2.0 rebounds , and 1.6 steals per game in the tournament . On June 23 , 2008 , he was named to the USA Men 's Senior National Team for the 2008 Summer Olympics . This was his first time going to the Olympics . Bryant scored 20 points , including 13 in the fourth quarter , along with six assists , as Team USA defeated Spain 118 -- 107 in the gold medal game of the 2008 Summer Olympics on August 24 , 2008 , for its first gold medal in a worldwide competition since the 2000 Olympics . He averaged 15.0 points , 2.8 rebounds , and 2.1 assists while shooting . 462 from the field in eight Olympic contests . Bryant rejoined the national team for the 2012 Summer Olympics . He retired from the team after winning another gold medal . Player Profile Bryant shoots a fadeaway over Shane Battier in 2009 . Standing at 6 feet 6 inches tall ( 1.98 m ) and weighing 205 pounds ( 93 kg ) , Bryant primarily played as a shooting guard . Able to create a decent shot at any time , he is often cited as one of the most dangerous scorers in the NBA . Bryant has drawn frequent comparisons to Jordan , after whom he modeled his playing style . Like Jordan , he became most known shooting a fall - away jump shot . Chris Ballard of Sports Illustrated describes another of Bryant 's most famous moves as the `` jab step - and - pause '' : Bryant jabs his non-pivot foot forward to let the defender relax and instead of bringing the jab foot back , pushing off it and driving around his opponent to get to the basket . Bryant established a reputation for taking shots in the closing moments of tight games , even amid double or triple teams , and has been noted as being one of the premier closers in the NBA . In an annual survey of NBA general managers , he was selected in 2012 for the 10th consecutive season as the player they most wanted taking the shot with the game on the line . Bryant enjoys being the villain , and revels in being booed and silencing the crowd with his play . His ability to make difficult shots has also drawn criticism of his shot selection . Throughout his career , he has been disparaged for being a selfish high - volume shooter ; he has missed more field goal attempts in his career than any other player in NBA history . Phil Jackson states that Bryant `` tends to force the action , especially when the game is n't going his way . When his shot is off , Kobe will pound away relentlessly until his luck turns . '' According to Bryant , `` I would go 0 for 30 before I would go 0 for 9 ; 0 for 9 means you beat yourself , you psyched yourself out of the game . '' Aside from his abilities on offense , he has established himself as a standout defender . Bryant rarely draws charges playing defense , which he believes has spared his body and contributed to his longevity . Some critics have suggested that the defensive accolades in his later years were earned more on his reputation than his actual play . His role with the Lakers became more focused on offense and conserving his energy for the playoffs , and Metta World Peace assumed the responsibility of guarding the opponent 's top player on the wing . Bryant is also lauded for his work ethic . Through his first 16 seasons , his body was resilient , and he exhibited a high pain threshold while often playing through injuries . A fierce competitor , opponents and teammates alike have been the object of his scorn . Many players have considered him difficult to play with because of his high level of commitment and performance . According to sportswriter Mark Heisler of Forbes , `` circa 2004 -- 2007 , Kobe was the most alienated superstar the NBA had ever seen . '' He did , however , lead the Lakers to two championships post-O'Neal while becoming more of a mentor to his teammates . Bryant 's longtime head coach Phil Jackson noted that the biggest difference during his second tenure in coaching the Lakers was that `` ( Bryant ) embraced the team and his teammates , calling them up when we were on the road and inviting them out to dinner . It was as if the other players were now his partners , not his personal spear - carriers . '' NBA career statistics Legend GP Games played GS Games started MPG Minutes per game FG % Field goal percentage 3P % 3 - point field goal percentage FT % Free throw percentage RPG Rebounds per game APG Assists per game SPG Steals per game BPG Blocks per game PPG Points per game Bold Career high † Denotes seasons in which Bryant won an NBA championship * Led the league Regular season Year Team GP GS MPG FG % 3P % FT % RPG APG SPG BPG PPG 1996 -- 97 L.A. Lakers 71 6 15.5 . 417 . 375 . 819 1.9 1.3 . 7 . 3 7.6 1997 -- 98 L.A. Lakers 79 26.0 . 428 . 341 . 794 3.1 2.5 . 9 . 5 15.4 1998 -- 99 L.A. Lakers 50 50 37.9 . 465 . 267 . 839 5.3 3.8 1.4 1.0 19.9 1999 -- 00 † L.A. Lakers 66 62 38.2 . 468 . 319 . 821 6.3 4.9 1.6 . 9 22.5 2000 -- 01 † L.A. Lakers 68 68 40.9 . 464 . 305 . 853 5.9 5.0 1.7 . 6 28.5 2001 -- 02 † L.A. Lakers 80 80 38.3 . 469 . 250 . 829 5.5 5.5 1.5 . 4 25.2 2002 -- 03 L.A. Lakers 82 82 41.5 . 451 . 383 . 843 6.9 5.9 2.2 . 8 30.0 2003 -- 04 L.A. Lakers 65 64 37.6 . 438 . 327 . 852 5.5 5.1 1.7 . 4 24.0 2004 -- 05 L.A. Lakers 66 66 40.7 . 433 . 339 . 816 5.9 6.0 1.3 . 8 27.6 2005 -- 06 L.A. Lakers 80 80 41.0 . 450 . 347 . 850 5.3 4.5 1.8 . 4 35.4 * 2006 -- 07 L.A. Lakers 77 77 40.8 . 463 . 344 . 868 5.7 5.4 1.4 . 5 31.6 * 2007 -- 08 L.A. Lakers 82 82 38.9 . 459 . 361 . 840 6.3 5.4 1.8 . 5 28.3 2008 -- 09 † L.A. Lakers 82 82 36.1 . 467 . 351 . 856 5.2 4.9 1.5 . 5 26.8 2009 -- 10 † L.A. Lakers 73 73 38.8 . 456 . 329 . 811 5.4 5.0 1.5 . 3 27.0 2010 -- 11 L.A. Lakers 82 82 33.9 . 451 . 323 . 828 5.1 4.7 1.2 . 1 25.3 2011 -- 12 L.A. Lakers 58 58 38.5 . 430 . 303 . 845 5.4 4.6 1.2 . 3 27.9 2012 -- 13 L.A. Lakers 78 78 38.6 . 463 . 324 . 839 5.6 6.0 1.4 . 3 27.3 2013 -- 14 L.A. Lakers 6 6 29.5 . 425 . 188 . 857 4.3 6.3 1.2 . 2 13.8 2014 -- 15 L.A. Lakers 35 35 34.5 . 373 . 293 . 813 5.7 5.6 1.3 . 2 22.3 2015 -- 16 L.A. Lakers 66 66 28.2 . 358 . 285 . 826 3.7 2.8 . 9 . 2 17.6 Career 1,346 1,198 36.1 . 447 . 329 . 837 5.2 4.7 1.4 . 5 25.0 All - Star 15 15 27.6 . 500 . 324 . 789 5.0 4.7 2.5 . 4 19.3 Playoffs Year Team GP GS MPG FG % 3P % FT % RPG APG SPG BPG PPG 1997 L.A. Lakers 9 0 14.8 . 382 . 261 . 867 1.2 1.2 . 3 . 2 8.2 1998 L.A. Lakers 11 0 20.0 . 408 . 214 . 689 1.9 1.5 . 3 . 7 8.7 1999 L.A. Lakers 8 8 39.4 . 430 . 348 . 800 6.9 4.6 1.9 1.3 19.8 2000 † L.A. Lakers 22 22 39.0 . 442 . 344 . 754 4.5 4.4 1.5 1.5 21.1 2001 † L.A. Lakers 16 16 43.4 . 469 . 324 . 821 7.3 6.1 1.6 . 8 29.4 2002 † L.A. Lakers 19 19 43.8 . 434 . 379 . 759 5.8 4.6 1.4 . 9 26.6 2003 L.A. Lakers 12 12 44.3 . 432 . 403 . 827 5.1 5.2 1.2 . 1 32.1 L.A. Lakers 22 22 44.2 . 413 . 247 . 813 4.7 5.5 1.9 . 3 24.5 2006 L.A. Lakers 7 7 44.9 . 497 . 400 . 771 6.3 5.1 1.1 . 4 27.9 2007 L.A. Lakers 5 5 43.0 . 462 . 357 . 919 5.2 4.4 1.0 . 4 32.8 2008 L.A. Lakers 21 21 41.1 . 479 . 302 . 809 5.7 5.6 1.7 . 4 30.1 2009 † L.A. Lakers 23 23 40.8 . 457 . 349 . 883 5.3 5.5 1.7 . 9 30.2 2010 † L.A. Lakers 23 23 40.1 . 458 . 374 . 842 6.0 5.5 1.3 . 7 29.2 2011 L.A. Lakers 10 10 35.4 . 446 . 293 . 820 3.4 3.3 1.6 . 3 22.8 2012 L.A. Lakers 12 12 39.7 . 439 . 283 . 832 4.8 4.3 1.3 . 2 30.0 Career 220 200 39.3 . 448 . 331 . 816 5.1 4.7 1.4 . 6 25.6 Legacy See also : List of career achievements by Kobe Bryant Bryant handling the ball in 2014 , when he became the first NBA player with over 30,000 points and 6,000 assists Bryant was called `` one of the greatest players in the history of our game '' by NBA commissioner Adam Silver , and The New York Times wrote that he has had `` one of the most decorated careers in the history of the sport . '' Reuters called him `` arguably the best player of his generation '' , while both Sporting News and TNT named him their NBA player of the decade for the 2000s . In 2008 and again in 2016 , ESPN ranked him the second greatest shooting guard of all - time after Jordan . Players including Kevin Durant , Dirk Nowitzki , Dwyane Wade , and Derrick Rose have called Bryant their generation 's version of Jordan . The Press - Enterprise described Bryant as `` maybe the greatest Laker in the organization 's history '' . He is the Lakers ' all - time leading scorer , and his five titles are tied for the most in franchise history . Both numbers he wore during his career , 8 and 24 , are slated to be retired by the Lakers on December 18 , 2017 . With career averages of 25.0 points , 5.2 rebounds , 4.7 assists , and 1.4 steals per game , he is considered one of the most complete players in NBA history . He was the first player in NBA history to have at least 30,000 career points and 6,000 career assists , and is one of only four players with 25,000 points , 6,000 rebounds and 6,000 assists . Bryant led the NBA in scoring during the 2005 -- 06 and 2006 -- 07 seasons . His 81 - point performance against Toronto in 2006 was the second - highest in NBA history , behind only Chamberlain 's 100 . He has scored at least 50 points 24 times in his career , which is third in league history behind Jordan ( 31 ) and Chamberlain ( 118 ) ; six times Bryant scored at least 60 . He was just the third player in NBA history to average 40 points in a calendar month , which he has accomplished four times . Bryant was voted the league MVP in 2008 and led his team to the 2008 NBA Finals as the first seed in the Western Conference . In the 2008 Summer Olympics , he won a gold medal as a member of the U.S. men 's basketball team , occasionally referred to as `` The Redeem Team '' . He won another gold medal at the 2012 Summer Olympics . He led the Lakers to two more championships in 2009 and 2010 , winning the Finals MVP award on both occasions . Bryant is an 18 - time All - Star , which ranks second behind only Kareem Abdul - Jabbar 's 19 . He has been chosen a record 18 straight times , each time as a starter . On four occasions ( 2003 , 2011 , 2013 , 2016 ) he was the leading vote - getter . Four times Bryant was named the All - Star MVP , a record he shares with Bob Pettit . He has been selected to the All - NBA Team on 15 occasions , tied for the most with Abdul - Jabbar and Tim Duncan , and his 11 first - team honors are tied for the most ever with Karl Malone . Bryant is also a 12 - time All - Defensive Team selection , trailing only Duncan 's 15 , and nine times he was named to the All - Defensive First Team , tied with Jordan , Garnett , and Gary Payton for the most all - time . He was the first guard to play 20 seasons in the NBA . He also won the NBA Slam Dunk Contest in 1997 and is its youngest winner . In his career , Bryant has scored 40 - plus points in 121 games , and 21 times he has recorded a triple - double . Off the court Personal Life Bryant at premiere of Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End in 2007 In November 1999 , 21 - year - old Bryant met 17 - year - old Vanessa Laine while she was working as a background dancer on the Tha Eastsidaz music video `` G 'd Up '' . Bryant was in the building working on his debut musical album . The two began dating and became engaged just six months later in May 2000 , while Laine was still a senior at Marina High School in Huntington Beach , California . To avoid media scrutiny , she finished high school through independent study . According to Vanessa 's cousin Laila Laine , there was no prenuptial agreement . Vanessa said Bryant `` loved her too much for one '' . They married on April 18 , 2001 , at St. Edward the Confessor Catholic Church in Dana Point , California . The wedding was not attended by Bryant 's parents , his two sisters , his longtime advisor and agent Arn Tellem , or his Laker teammates . Bryant 's parents were opposed to the marriage for a number of reasons . Reportedly Bryant 's parents had problems with him marrying so young , especially to a woman who was not African - American . This disagreement resulted in an estrangement period of over two years , which ended when the couple 's first daughter was born . In 2013 , Bryant had a legal disagreement with an auction house over memorabilia from his early years that his mother intended to auction . Pamela Bryant received $450,000 from the auction house for the items , and claimed Bryant had given her the rights to the items he had remaining in her home . However , his lawyers asked the auction house to return the items to Bryant . Before the scheduled trial , a settlement was reached allowing the sale of less than 10 % of the original items . Bryant 's parents apologized to him in a written statement , which also acknowledged the financial support Bryant had provided them in the past . In January 2002 , Bryant bought a Mediterranean - style house for $4 million , located on a cul - de-sac in Newport Coast , Newport Beach , which sold in May 2015 . The Bryants ' first child , a daughter named Natalia Diamante Bryant , was born in 2003 . The birth of Natalia influenced Bryant to reconcile his differences with his parents . Vanessa Bryant suffered a miscarriage due to an ectopic pregnancy in the spring of 2005 . Their second daughter , Gianna Maria - Onore Bryant , was born in 2006 . On December 16 , 2011 , Vanessa Bryant filed for divorce citing irreconcilable differences , and the couple requested joint custody of their daughters . On January 11 , 2013 , Bryant and his wife both announced via social media that they had called off their divorce . In an early 2007 interview , it was revealed that Bryant still speaks Italian fluently . He has also conducted press interviews in Spanish . Bryant assigned himself the nickname of `` Black Mamba '' , citing a desire for his basketball skills to mimic the eponymous snake 's ability to `` strike with 99 % accuracy at maximum speed , in rapid succession . '' During the 2012 -- 13 season , he began referring to himself as `` vino '' to describe how his play had been aging like a fine wine . In 2016 , it was announced that Kobe and Vanessa Bryant were going to have their third child , and in early December 2016 , Vanessa gave birth to their third daughter named Bianka . Sexual assault allegation Main article : Kobe Bryant sexual assault case In the summer of 2003 , the sheriff 's office of Eagle , Colorado , arrested Bryant in connection with an investigation of a sexual assault complaint filed by a 19 - year - old hotel employee . Bryant had checked into The Lodge and Spa at Cordillera in Eagle County in advance of undergoing knee surgery nearby . The accuser stated that Bryant raped her in his hotel room the night before Bryant was to have the procedure . Bryant admitted to an adulterous sexual encounter with his accuser , but denied her sexual assault allegation . The accusation tarnished Bryant 's reputation , as the public 's perception of Bryant plummeted , and his endorsement contracts with McDonald 's and Nutella were terminated . Sales for Bryant 's replica jersey fell significantly from their previous highs . However , in September 2004 , the assault case was dropped by prosecutors after the accuser refused to testify in the trial . Afterward , Bryant agreed to apologize to her for the incident , including his public mea culpa : `` Although I truly believe this encounter between us was consensual , I recognize now that she did not and does not view this incident the same way I did . After months of reviewing discovery , listening to her attorney , and even her testimony in person , I now understand how she feels that she did not consent to this encounter . '' The accuser filed a separate civil lawsuit against Bryant , which the two sides ultimately settled with the specific terms of the settlement being undisclosed to the public . Endorsements Bryant at Nike store launch ceremony in Taipei in 2007 Before starting the 1996 -- 97 NBA season , Bryant signed a six - year contract with Adidas worth approximately $48 million . His first signature shoe was the Equipment KB 8 . Bryant 's other earlier endorsements included deals with The Coca - Cola Company to endorse their Sprite soft drink , appearing in advertisements for McDonald 's , promoting Spalding 's new NBA Infusion Ball , Upper Deck , Italian chocolate company Ferrero SpA 's brand Nutella , Russell Corporation , and appearing on his own series of video games by Nintendo . Many companies like McDonald 's and Ferrero SpA terminated his contracts when rape allegations against him became public . A notable exception was Nike , Inc. , who had signed him to a five - year , $40 -- 45 million contract just before the incident . However , they refused to use his image or market a new shoe of his for the year , but eventually did start promoting Bryant once his image recovered 2 years later . He has since resumed endorsement deals with The Coca - Cola Company , through their subsidiary Energy Brands to promote their Vitamin Water brand of drinks . Bryant was also the cover athlete for NBA ' 07 : Featuring the Life Vol. 2 and appeared in commercials for the video games Guitar Hero World Tour ( with Tony Hawk , Michael Phelps , and Alex Rodriguez ) in 2008 and Call of Duty : Black Ops ( alongside Jimmy Kimmel ) in 2010 . In a 2008 video promoting Nike 's Hyperdunk shoes , Bryant appears to jump over a speeding Aston Martin . The stunt was considered to be fake , and the Los Angeles Times said a real stunt would probably be a violation of Bryant 's Lakers contract . After promoting Nike 's Hyperdunk shoes , Bryant came out with the fourth edition of his signature line by Nike , the Zoom Kobe IV . In 2010 Nike launched another shoe , Nike Zoom Kobe V. In 2009 , Bryant signed a deal with Nubeo to market the `` Black Mamba collection '' , a line of sports / luxury watches that range from $25,000 to $285,000 . On February 9 , 2009 , Bryant was featured on the cover of ESPN The Magazine . However , it was not for anything basketball related , rather it was about Bryant being a big fan of FC Barcelona . CNN estimated Bryant 's endorsement deals in 2007 to be worth $16 million a year . In 2010 , Bryant was ranked third behind Tiger Woods and Jordan in Forbes ' list of the world 's highest - paid athletes with $48 million . On December 13 , 2010 , Bryant signed a two - year endorsement deal with Turkey 's national airline , Turkish Airlines . The deal involved Bryant being in a promotional film to be aired in over 80 countries in addition to his being used in digital , print and billboard advertising . Bryant has appeared as the cover athlete for the following video games : Kobe Bryant in NBA Courtside NBA Courtside 2 : Featuring Kobe Bryant NBA Courtside 2002 NBA 3 On 3 Featuring Kobe Bryant NBA ' 07 : Featuring the Life Vol. 2 NBA ' 09 : The Inside NBA 2K10 NBA 2K17 ( Legend Edition ; Legend Edition Gold ) In September 2012 , Bryant shot a commercial for Turkish Airlines with FC Barcelona star Lionel Messi . In the airline 's latest commercial , the duo competes to win the attention of a young boy . In 2013 , Forbes listed Bryant the fifth highest paid sports star in the world behind Floyd Mayweather , Cristiano Ronaldo , LeBron James and Lionel Messi . Music In high school , Bryant was a member of a rap group called CHEIZAW , named after the Chi Sah gang in the martial arts film Kid with the Golden Arm . The group was signed by Sony Entertainment , but the company 's ultimate goal was to eliminate the group and have Bryant record on his own . The label wanted to capitalize on Bryant 's youth and NBA fame . He performed at a 1997 concert by Sway & King Tech and recorded a verse for a remix of Brian McKnight 's `` Hold Me '' . Bryant even appeared on Lakers teammate O'Neal's Respect , starting the track `` 3 X 's Dope '' , though Bryant 's name was not listed on the credits . Sony pushed Bryant from his roots of underground hip hop into a more radio - friendly sound . His debut album , Visions , was scheduled to release in the spring of 2000 . The first single , `` K.O.B.E ' '' , featured supermodel Tyra Banks singing the hook . The single debuted in January 2000 , and was performed at NBA All - Star Weekend that month ; the song was not well received . Sony abandoned plans for the album , which was never released , and dropped Bryant later that year . The Sony president who originally signed Bryant had already left , and Bryant 's other backers had mostly abandoned him . Afterwards , Bryant co-founded an independent record label , Heads High Entertainment , but it folded within a year . Bryant at Sprite commercial event in Shanghai in 2011 . In 2011 , Bryant was featured in Taiwanese singer Jay Chou 's single , `` The Heaven and Earth Challenge '' ( 天地 一 鬥 , pronounced `` Tian Di Yi Dou '' ) . The proceeds for downloads of both the single and ringtones were donated to impoverished schools for basketball facilities and equipment . The music video of the single also features Bryant . The song was also used by Sprite in its 2011 marketing campaign in China . In 2009 , rapper Lil Wayne titled a song `` Kobe Bryant '' . Similarly , in 2010 , the rapper Sho Baraka released a song called `` Kobe Bryant On'em '' , which was featured in his album Lions and Liars . Philanthropy Bryant is the official ambassador for After - School All - Stars ( ASAS ) , an American non-profit organization that provides comprehensive after - school programs to children in 13 US cities . Bryant also started the Kobe Bryant China Fund which partnered with the Soong Ching Ling Foundation , a charity backed by the Chinese government . The Kobe Bryant China Fund raises money within China earmarked for education and health programs . On November 4 , 2010 , Bryant appeared alongside Zach Braff at the Call of Duty : Black Ops launch event at the Santa Monica Airport , where they presented a $1 million check to the Call of Duty Endowment , an Activision - founded nonprofit organization that helps veterans transition to civilian careers after their military service has ended . Kobe Inc. . Bryant established Kobe Inc. to own and grow brands in the sports industry . The initial investment was in the BodyArmor sports drink company in 2014 . The headquarters are in Newport Beach , California . Bryant - Stibel On August 22 , 2016 , Kobe along with his business partner Jeff Stibel launched Bryant - Stibel , a venture capital firm focused on different businesses including media , data , gaming , and technology , with $100 million in funding . The pair have already invested in 15 businesses together since 2013 . See also National Basketball Association portal Shaq -- Kobe feud Kobe Doin ' Work Notes Jump up ^ In 2006 , Bryant said that he was 6 feet 4 inches ( 1.93 m ) . In 2008 , he stated he was `` probably '' 6 feet 5 inches ( 1.96 m ) in shoes . Jump up ^ He joined Chamberlain ( 5 times ) , Baylor , Rick Barry and Jordan ( 2 ) in averaging over 35 points . Jump up ^ Chamberlain had 50 points 45 times in 1961 -- 62 and 30 in 1962 -- 63 . Jump up ^ Larry Bird held the previous record ; he was 35 when he had 49 points , 14 rebounds , and 12 assists on March 15 , 1992 , against Portland . Jump up ^ The others were Chamberlain ( 2 in 1972 -- 73 ) and Kidd ( 2 each in 2009 -- 10 and 2010 -- 11 ) . Jump up ^ He joined Jordan ( 3 times ) , Karl Malone ( 3 ) and Abdul - Jabbar Jump up ^ In 2014 , Bryant passed Havlicek 's previous mark of 13,417 missed shots , and he retired with 14,481 . Jump up ^ Chamberlain did it 15 times , and Baylor once . Jump up ^ Vanessa Bryant 's father is of Mexican and Italian descent and her mother is of Mexican and Filipino descent . References Jump up ^ Mallozzi , Vincent ( December 24 , 2006 ) . `` ' Where 's Kobe ? I Want Kobe . ' '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ding , Kevin ( January 8 , 2008 ) . `` Kobe Bryant 's work with kids brings joy , though sometimes it 's fleeting '' . Orange County Register . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant opens $100 million venture capital tech fund with Jeff Stibel '' . ^ Jump up to : NBA Staff ( n.d. ) . `` Kobe Bryant Bio '' . NBA.com . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2010 . Retrieved August 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Kaplowitz , Aaron ( March 24 , 2006 ) . `` Kobe Bryant : I would n't mind being Jewish '' . The Jerusalem Post . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . If Bryant , a Catholic , ... ^ Jump up to : Golianopoulos , Thomas ( April 12 , 2013 ) . `` The Secret History of Kobe Bryant 's Rap Career '' . grantland.com . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Intervista Kobe Bryant in italiano su Sportitalia 1 ^ PARTE . YouTube . Sportitalia. April 8 , 2007 . Retrieved June 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Winters , Serena ( April 9 , 2015 ) . `` VIDEO : Kobe Bryant Speaks Fluent Italian At Charity Event -- Lakers Nation '' . Jump up ^ Levin , Jason ( March 2001 ) . `` I Wish People Would Let Me Just Be Kobe '' . Basketball Digest . 28 ( 5 ) : 20 . Jump up ^ Owens , Jill . `` Kobe Bryant ( Amazing Athletes ) by Sylvia B. Bashevkin -- Powell 's Books '' . Powells.com . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2010 NBA playoffs : Kobe Bryant perfected his game by watching film -- ESPN '' . ESPN . June 4 , 2010 . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Arroyave , Luis ( 2006 ) . `` NBA 's Kobe Bryant almost became a soccer player '' . Chicago Tribune . ^ Jump up to : `` Before they were stars : Los Angeles Lakers ' Kobe Bryant -- ESPN '' . ESPN . June 1 , 2010 . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Doherty , Bill ( December 20 , 1993 ) . `` Dixon Happy He Stayed With Aces ( 4 -- 0 ) '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . Retrieved January 14 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : JockBio : Kobe Bryant Biography . jockbio.com . Retrieved September 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ABCD Camp '' . Reebokabcdcamp.com . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2010 . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Video '' . CNN . March 23 , 2009 . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2009 . Retrieved May 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant -- ESPN SportsCentury ( 2 of 5 ) '' . YouTube . September 25 , 2006 . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2013 . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bryant continues to hold court '' . USA Today . May 7 , 2002 . Retrieved May 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` History '' . Aces Hoops . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` # 24 Kobe Bryant '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved August 5 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Lee , Michael ( November 30 , 2015 ) . `` As Kobe returns home , his old coach urges Philadelphia to give him proper sendoff '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pak , SuChin . `` Brandy On Growing Up : A Candid Chat '' . MTV . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2012 . Retrieved January 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Thomsen , Ian ( February 1 , 2010 ) . `` Kobe may already be the greatest Laker ever -- and he 's not done yet '' . SI.com . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Wilkins Honored as One of 35 Greatest McDonald 's All Americans '' . NBA . January 31 , 2012 . Retrieved February 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant Bio -- NBA Finals -- ESPNDB '' . Espndb.go.com . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2010 . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Robert , Selena ( June 29 , 2007 ) . `` Destination Portland : A Big Man , a Small Place '' . New York Times . Retrieved December 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Lakers ' trade for Bryant has been misconstrued '' . JournalNow.com . Retrieved October 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Deals Are What Made The Lakers '' . Long Beach Press - Telegram . February 25 , 2000 . Jump up ^ SI Staff ( 2001 ) . `` Say It Ai n't So ( Transactions that broke our hearts ) '' . CNN / Sports Illustrated . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2010 . Retrieved May 7 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kobe Bryant '' . Complex.com . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2010 . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Whicker , Mark ( November 29 , 2015 ) . `` Kobe Bryant 's farewell season has been painful to watch '' . Los Angeles Daily News . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rafferty , Scott ( July 7 , 2015 ) . `` How Kobe , LeBron and other NBA stars fared in Summer League debuts '' . Sporting News . Retrieved December 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Edited by Ashyia Henderson . ( 2008 ) . `` Kobe Bryant . '' . Contemporary Black Biography . Gale Group , 2001 ; Reproduced in Biography Resource Center . Farmington Hills , Mich. : Gale , 2008 . 31 . Retrieved December 6 , 2008 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) http://0-galenet.galegroup.com.sapl.sat.lib.tx.us:80/servlet/BioRC Jump up ^ The Youngest NBA Basketball Player Records Archived January 24 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant 1996 -- 97 Game Log '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Holmes , Baxter ( February 11 , 2016 ) . `` Kobe Bryant : Perfect time for All - Star break as ' everything ' aches '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` All - Rookie Teams '' . NBA.com . Retrieved January 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Medina , Mark ( January 15 , 2016 ) . `` Kobe Bryant 's ' airball game ' in 1997 was as defining moment in his career '' . Los Angeles Daily News . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant 's top ten moments '' . ESPN . May 11 , 2009 . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant Career Stats Page '' . NBA.com . August 23 , 1978 . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ NBA Playoffs ; A Dilemma for Kobe ; NBA playoffs : The Lakers can still go small with Bryant in the frontcourt , but it could come at a price against the bigger Schrempf Los Angeles Times , May 4 , 1998 . Retrieved December 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Basketball - References Staff ( n.d. ) . `` 1997 -- 98 NBA Awards Voting '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved December 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ NBA Staff ( n.d. ) . `` All - Star Player Profile : Kobe Bryant '' . NBA . Retrieved December 7 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` BASKETBALL : N.B.A. ROUNDUP -- LOS ANGELES ; Lakers ' Bryant Signs for $71 million '' . The New York Times . January 30 , 1999 . Retrieved May 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Smith , Sam ( January 27 , 2009 ) . `` KOBE BRYANT : THE AIR APPARENT ? '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved January 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Thomsen , Ian ( January 27 , 2009 ) . `` Showtime ! '' . Sports Illustrated . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2008 . Retrieved January 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1998 -- 99 Los Angeles Lakers Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved June 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1999 -- 00 Los Angeles Lakers Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved June 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ NBA Staff ( May 1 , 2002 ) . `` Bryant , McGrady Highlight All - NBA Selections '' . NBA . Retrieved December 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Garnett , Bryant top NBA All - Defensive selections '' . The Raw Story . Agence France - Presse . May 12 , 2008 . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` LAKERS : Los Angeles Lakers History '' . NBA.com . Retrieved June 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ N.B.A. : NOTEBOOK -- LOS ANGELES LAKERS ; Bryant Out Six Weeks With a Broken Hand October 15 , 1999 , The New York Times Jump up ^ `` LAKERS : Los Angeles Lakers History '' . Nba.com . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Portland Trail Blazers at Los Angeles Lakers Box Score , June 4 , 2000 '' . Basketball-Reference.com . June 4 , 2000 . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Bresnahan , Mike ( March 14 , 2013 ) . `` Kobe Bryant sprains left ankle in Lakers loss , out indefinitely '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Chris ( March 14 , 2013 ) . `` Jalen Rose on That Time He Intentionally Tried to Injure Kobe Bryant '' . grantland.com . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Finals : Pacers vs. Lakers '' ... indystar.com . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2010 . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Plaschke , Bill . That Was No Dream , That Was Kobe , Los Angeles Times , June 15 , 2000 . Retrieved June 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Article : No doubt : It 's Bryant 's team. ( Chicago Tribune ) AccessMyLibrary -- Promoting library advocacy '' . AccessMyLibrary . May 22 , 2002 . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant greatest games ( 2001 playoffs ) : 36pts 9rbds 8asts in game 3 vs Spurs '' . YouTube . September 3 , 2008 . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Lou Williams - led 76ers spoil Kobe Bryant 's milestone night '' . ESPN.com . February 6 , 2012 . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Smallwood , John ( February 6 , 2012 ) . `` Love him or not , Kobe Bryant a Philly player '' . Philly.com . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Springer , Steve ( March 3 , 2002 ) . `` Bryant Fight Remains a No Decision '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Beck , Howard ( March 2 , 2002 ) . `` Punch - uation Mark '' . Los Angeles Daily News . Retrieved April 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bryant 's heroics , deference pay off for Lakers '' . USA Today . June 14 , 2002 . Retrieved May 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` PLAYOFFS 2002 '' . NBA.com . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Playoffs 2003 -- Los Angeles Lakers vs. San Antonio Spurs '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved June 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Lakers Sign Free Agents Gary Payton and Karl Malone , nba.com , July 16 , 2003 . Retrieved June 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Associated Press . Kobe Bryant Arrested For Alleged Sexual Assault Archived April 30 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine. , KMGH - TV , July 6 , 2003 . Retrieved June 19 , 2010 . Archived April 30 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Saraceno , Jon . Bryant 's , Lakers ' survival go hand in hand , USA Today , April 21 , 2004 . Retrieved June 19 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Associated Press . Kobe sends game to OT , wins it in 2OT , sports.espn.go.com , April 14 , 2004 . Retrieved June 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Minnesota Timberwolves ( 1 ) vs. Los Angeles Lakers ( 2 ) '' . NBA.com . Retrieved June 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Bucher , Ric . Lakers ' wrongs making things right , sports.espn.go.com , June 15 , 2004 . Retrieved June 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Finals 2004 '' . NBA.com . Retrieved June 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Rudy Tomjanovich Coach Info '' . NBA.com . Retrieved June 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ DuPree , David ( July 14 , 2004 ) . `` It 's Official : Shaq traded to Heat for three players , draft pick '' . USAToday . Retrieved June 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Associated Press . Kobe remains with Lakers , sports.espn.go.com , July 16 , 2004 . Retrieved July 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Beck , Howard ( May 6 , 2006 ) . `` Coach and Star Savor Success in Collaboration '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Associated Press . Decision was made Monday , sports.espn.go.com , February 3 , 2005 . Retrieved June 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Lakers Announce Coaching Change '' . nba.com/lakers . February 2 , 2005 . Retrieved August 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Hoffman , Benjamin ( January 12 , 2013 ) . `` Off the Dribble : Bryant Now Deals with Mediocrity '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved August 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Frank . Allen primed for Kobe showdown , sports.espn.go.com , December 14 , 2004 . Retrieved June 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Associated Press . Kobe ' upset ' about Malone 's comments to wife , sports.espn.go.com , December 15 , 2004 . Retrieved June 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Phil Jackson '' . NBA.com . Retrieved June 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Basketball : Kobe Bryant Profile and Information '' . authenticbasketball.com . Retrieved June 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` O'Neal Squashes Feud With Bryant '' . The Washington Post . January 18 , 2006 . Retrieved January 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Wurst , Matthew D. ( February 19 , 2006 ) . `` 55 Things About the 55th All - Star Game '' . Nba.com . Retrieved July 28 , 2010 . What happened after Shaq and Kobe got entangled in the lane during the first quarter ? Nothing but laughter all around . Jump up ^ basketball-reference.com , 2005 -- 06 NBA Season Summary , accessed , December 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Eighty - One ! Bryant Erupts as Lakers Roll '' . NBA.com . Retrieved June 25 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Hoffman , Benjamin ( November 30 , 2015 ) . `` In Most Areas , Good or Bad , Kobe Bryant Has Simply Done More '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Helin , Kurt ( March 2 , 2012 ) . `` What was more impressive : Chamberlain 's 100 point game or Kobe 's 81 ? '' . Pro Basketball Talk . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Young , Royce ( March 2 , 2012 ) . `` Better scoring night : Kobe 's 81 or Wilt 's 100 ? '' . CBSSports.com . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tramel , Barry ( January 26 , 2006 ) . `` Kobe vs. Wilt '' . The Oklahoman . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Chase , Chris ( December 1 , 2015 ) . `` 40 stats you wo n't believe about Kobe Bryant 's historic NBA career '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ NBA.com ( February 1 , 2006 ) . Billups , Bryant Named Players of the Month . Retrieved May 25 , 2007 Jump up ^ `` Kobe 's big month sets high expectations '' . MSNBC . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2008 . Retrieved June 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Basketball : Kobe Bryant Profile and Information '' . Authenticbasketball.com . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` LAKERS : # 24 Kobe Bryant '' . NBA.com . Retrieved June 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Povtak , Tim ( April 9 , 2006 ) . `` Billups brushes off MVP chatter '' . Orlando Sentinel . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bryant passes Jordan , has shot to be No. 1 '' . ESPN . December 14 , 2014 . Archived from the original on December 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Suns ' Steve Nash Wins Second Consecutive MVP Award '' . NBA.com . Retrieved June 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` From 8 to 24 '' . Los Angeles Lakers . November 16 , 2006 . Retrieved January 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Rovell , Darren ( April 26 , 2006 ) . `` Bryant will hang up his No. 8 jersey , sources say '' . ESPN . Retrieved May 25 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Phoenix Suns ( 2 ) vs. Los Angeles lakers ( 7 ) '' . NBA.com . Retrieved June 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ McMenamin , Dave . `` Unfounded stigma still following Bryant '' . ESPN . Retrieved July 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Kang , Jay Capian ( January 23 , 2012 ) . `` Person of Interest : Kobe Bryant '' . Grantland . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NBA All - Star Game '' . NBA.com . Retrieved June 25 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bryant assessed flagrant foul for elbow in Philly '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved June 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Sheridan , Chris ( January 31 , 2007 ) . `` Kobe serves suspension against Knicks '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved June 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Sheridan , Chris ( March 8 , 2007 ) . `` Kobe serves one - game suspension against Bucks '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved June 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Bryant Scores NBA Season - Best 65 in Lakers Win '' . NBA.com . Retrieved June 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Scores 50 to Lead Lakers Past Wolves '' . NBA.com . Retrieved June 25 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bryant Scores 60 as Lakers Defeat Grizzlies '' . NBA.com . Retrieved June 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Thomsen , Ian ( March 24 , 2007 ) . `` Kobe 's 50 - point run more important because of wins '' . SportsIllustrated.com . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2012 . Retrieved July 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Statistics '' . NBA.com . Archived from the original on April 9 , 2008 . Retrieved June 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ NBA.com . Kobe Bryant has Top - Selling Jersey in China , nba.com , March 20 , 2007 , Retrieved May 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Oller , Rob ( February 12 , 2007 ) . `` A star is reborn : Bryant 's stats , dunks have made him marketable again '' . The Columbus Dispatch -- via HighBeam . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Denver Post ( March 15 , 2007 ) . For Kobe , turnaround is flair play . The Bonham Group . Retrieved May 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Suns Top Lakers , Move On to Second Round '' . NBA.com . Retrieved June 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe wants West to return to Lakers with full authority '' . May 28 , 2007 . Retrieved October 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe says he 's just suggesting West 's return , not demanding it '' . May 30 , 2007 . Retrieved October 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Bryant asks for trade , then backtracks slightly '' . ESPN . July 31 , 2007 . Retrieved July 18 , 2010 ... as a Lakers insider notes , it was Bryant 's insistence on getting away from Shaquille O'Neal that got them in this mess . Jump up ^ `` NBA : Kobe retracts his trade request '' . May 31 , 2007 . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2007 . Retrieved October 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Markazi , Arash ( July 19 , 2007 ) . `` Playing the video game : Underground Kobe film ai n't all it 's cracked up to be '' . SI.com . CNN . Archived from the original on September 20 , 2007 . Retrieved July 18 , 2010 . Are you kidding me ? Andrew Bynum ? F -- ing ship his ass out . Jump up ^ Witz , Billy ( May 17 , 2010 ) . `` Suns Can Still Bring Out Snarl in Bryant and Lakers '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 1 , 2010 . There was the infamous video by the self - described Kobe Video Guys , when Bryant profanely vented to a couple of men at a Newport Beach shopping mall , who happened to be recording it , about the Lakers holding on to Andrew Bynum when they could have dealt him for Jason Kidd . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant youngest to hit 20,000 points '' . CBC Sports . December 23 , 2007 . Retrieved February 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` KOBE BRYANT INJURY UPDATE '' . February 14 , 2008 . Retrieved May 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Bryant : No surgery on pinkie finger '' . Associated Press . September 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ NBA Staff . Kobe Bryant Wins Most Valuable Player Award , nba.com , May 7 , 2008 . Retrieved June 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Jerry West attends Bryant 's MVP press conference , Los Angeles Times , accessed May 7 , 2008 Jump up ^ Kobe 's MVP award not a surprise to West , accessed May 9 , 2008 Archived July 30 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Bryant unanimous pick for All - NBA team , ESPN , Retrieved May 10 , 2008 Jump up ^ Kobe , Garnett Headline All - Defensive Team , NBA . Retrieved January 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` NBA.com : Gasol Powers Lakers Past Nuggets '' . NBA.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Nuggets Put Up a Fight , but Lakers Get Sweep '' . NBA.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` NBA.com : Bryant Scores 38 as Lakers Beat Jazz in Game 1 '' . NBA.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` NBA.com : Bryant Lifts Lakers Into Conference Finals '' . NBA.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` NBA.com : Finals 2008 Spurs at Lakers Game Info '' . NBA.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Celtics Capture 17th NBA Title With Record Win Over Lakers '' . NBA.com Kobe Bryant now holds four NBA titles . Retrieved June 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Lakers -- Schedule -- NBA -- Yahoo ! Sports '' . Sports.yahoo.com . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Lakers equal best 19 - game start in franchise history '' . CBSSports.com . December 8 , 2008 . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2011 . Retrieved January 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Kobe 's steady pace lands him top spot in rankings Archived March 2 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . By Rob Peterson , NBA.com -- March 2 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` Lakers ' Bryant , Magic 's Howard named Players of the Week '' . NBA.com . January 12 , 2009 . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2011 . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Mahoney , Brian . Garden party : Kobe 's 61 sets MSG record Archived December 14 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine. , sports.yahoo.com , February 2 , 2009 . Retrieved September 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Shaq , Kobe lead freestyling West All - Stars past East '' . NBA.com . February 16 , 2009 . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2010 . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Official Release . James outdistances Bryant in winning Kia MVP award Archived May 7 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine. , nba.com , May 4 , 2009 . Retrieved July 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Adande , J.A. Daily Dime : Kobe named MVP as Lakers win NBA title -- NBA -- ESPN , sports.espn.go.com , June 15 , 2009 . Retrieved July 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant 2008 -- 09 Game Log '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved May 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Zillgitt , Jeff ( June 14 , 2009 ) . `` Man on a mission : Bryant revels in victory , Finals MVP '' . USA Today . Retrieved June 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant Bio -- NBA Finals -- ESPNDB '' . Espndb.go.com . Archived from the original on April 24 , 2011 . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kobe Bryant , making the best of bad situations '' . ESPN.go.com . Retrieved December 9 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Beacham , Greg . Lakers win 11th straight , Bryant injures finger Archived August 12 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine. , sports.yahoo.com , December 12 , 2009 . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Fly , Colin . Kobe 's jumper at OT buzzer lifts Lakers over Bucks , sports.yahoo.com , December 17 , 2009 . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Associated Press . Bryant joins 14 others with 25,000 points , sports.espn.go.com , January 22 , 2010 . Retrieved July 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ January 2 , 2 : 28 am EST . `` Kobe 's 3 - pointer at buzzer gives Lakers win -- NBA -- Yahoo ! Sports '' . Sports.yahoo.com . Archived from the original on March 19 , 2015 . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Golen , Jimmy . Beat LA ? Not this time for Celtics , sports.yahoo.com , December 17 , 2009 . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Associated Press , Kobe passes West as Lakers ' scoring leader in loss to Grizzlies , sports.espn.go.com , February 1 , 2010 . Retrieved July 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Medina , Mark . Kobe Bryant 's game winner in 99 -- 98 victory over Memphis Grizzlies shows clutchness ca n't be duplicated , sports.yahoo.com , February 23 , 2010 . Retrieved June 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Beacham , Greg . Lakers snap 3 - game skid on Bryant 's late jumper , sports.yahoo.com , March 10 , 2010 . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Markazi , Arash . Lakers sign Bryant to an extension , espn.go.com , April 3 , 2010 . Retrieved June 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Helin , Kurt . Lakers to Face Thunder in the First Round , NBC Los Angeles , April 13 , 2010 . Retrieved June 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Bresnahan , Mike . Follow Classic -- Los Angeles Times , Los Angeles Times , May 1 , 2010 . Retrieved June 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Frank . Fast Breaks : Lakers - Jazz , Game 4 , sportsillustrated.cnn.com , May 11 , 2010 . Retrieved June 19 , 2010 . Archived May 15 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ McMenamin , Dave . Gasol plays closer with monster finish , sports.espn.go.com , May 20 , 2010 . Retrieved June 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Associated Press . Lakers beat Suns to set up rematch with Boston , Sporting News , May 11 , 2010 . Retrieved June 19 , 2010 . Archived June 2 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Smith , Sekou . No Doubt About The MVP , nba.com , June 18 , 2010 . Retrieved June 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Adande , J.A. 1 . Lakers Capture Franchise Title No. 16 , espn.go.com , June 18 , 2010 . Retrieved June 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Lakers receive championship rings , By Dave McMenamin ESPN . October 27 , 2010 Jump up ^ Wojnarowski , Adrian ( November 30 , 2015 ) . `` Why Kobe Bryant decided it was time to retire '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Beacham , Greg . Lakers hold off Timberwolves , improve to 8 -- 0 , nbcsports.msnbc.com , November 10 , 2010 , Retrieved November 12 , 2010 . Archived November 10 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Markazi , Arash . Youngest To 26K , espn.go.com , November 12 , 2010 , Retrieved November 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe 's triple - double leads Lakers over Kings '' . Nbcsports.msnbc.com . November 4 , 2010 . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2012 . Retrieved May 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Celtics win Finals rematch despite Kobe Bryant 's 41 points '' . ESPN . Associated Press . January 30 , 2011 . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2011 . Retrieved January 30 , 2011 . Bryant became the youngest player to reach 27,000 points on a 3 - pointer late in the third quarter , but he frequently was a one - man show on offense . Jump up ^ ESPN Stats & Info . Kobe in the giving mood on Tuesday , espn.go.com , February 2 , 2011 , accessed February 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant has big second half to help Lakers rally by Celtics '' . ESPN . February 10 , 2011 . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Plaschke , Bill ( February 11 , 2011 ) . `` Lakers win is something to yell about '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NBA.com : Kobe is top vote - getter in 2011 All - Star balloting '' . NBA.com . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2011 . Retrieved February 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bresnahan , Mike ( February 20 , 2011 ) . `` Bryant feeds off energy as West beats East in All - Star game , 148 -- 143 '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Rumorsandrants.com : Kobe Bryant Passes Moses Malone For Sixth On All - Time Scoring List '' . Rumorsandrants.com . Retrieved March 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` How long can Los Angeles Lakers Kobe Bryant stay on top ? '' . ESPN . April 14 , 2011 . Retrieved May 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Beacham , Greg ( April 14 , 2011 ) . `` Kobe Bryant fined $100,000 for gay slur '' . yahoo.com . Associated Press . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Wojnarowski , Adrian ( April 14 , 2011 ) . `` Kobe 's fury : blessing and curse '' . yahoo.com . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Plaschke , Bill ( April 13 , 2011 ) . `` Kobe Bryant needs to say more after slur '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bresnahan , Mike ( April 13 , 2011 ) . `` Lakers ' Kobe Bryant is fined $100,000 by NBA for anti-gay slur to referee '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Litke , Jim ( April 18 , 2011 ) . `` Kobe 's $100 K fine did n't buy Lakers ' best effort '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Associated Press . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Amaechi , John ( April 15 , 2011 ) . `` A Gay Former N.B.A. Player Responds to Kobe Bryant '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant sorry ; Lakers make plan '' . ESPNLosAngeles.com. April 15 , 2011 . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Falgoust , J. Michael ( April 14 , 2011 ) . `` Bryant to appeal $100 K fine for slur , but takes responsibility '' . USA Today . Retrieved April 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant , Lakers teammates appear in PSA touting diversity '' . SportingNews.com. April 21 , 2011 . Retrieved April 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Report : Kobe Bryant saw German doc '' . ESPN . December 25 , 2011 . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hale , Mark ( December 29 , 2011 ) . `` Yankees say A-Rod had shoulder treatment , too '' . New York Post . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gordon , Jeremy ( January 12 , 2011 ) . `` Kobe to the World : ' I 'm Still Kobe ' '' . The Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Arthur , Bruce ( January 12 , 2012 ) . `` Lakers ' Kobe Bryant wo n't give in to age '' . National Post . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Paul - led Clips win L.A. clash despite Kobe Bryant 's 42 '' . ESPN . Associated Press . January 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Haberstroh , Tom ( January 16 , 2012 ) . `` Can Kobe catch Kareem ? '' . ESPN . Retrieved January 25 , 2012 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Zach McCann ( February 27 , 2012 ) . `` Kobe Bryant sets ASG points mark '' . ESPN . Retrieved February 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dave McMenamin ( February 29 , 2012 ) . `` Kobe Bryant also has concussion '' . ESPN . Retrieved February 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ CBSSports.com wire reports . `` NBA Recap -- Los Angeles Lakers at San Antonio Spurs -- Apr 20 , 2012 '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved January 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bolch , Ben ( April 27 , 2012 ) . `` Kobe Bryant chooses not to go for NBA scoring title '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ `` Chris Paul , Clippers deal Lakers third straight loss to open season '' . ESPN . Associated Press . November 2 , 2012 . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bresnahan , Mike ( November 9 , 2012 ) . `` Lakers fire Mike Brown as coach '' . latimes.com . Retrieved January 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Beck , Howard ( November 12 , 2012 ) . `` The Lakers Change Direction and Hire D'Antoni as Coach '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on November 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bresnahan , Mike ( November 12 , 2012 ) . `` Mike D'Antoni to be next coach of the Lakers '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on November 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Trudell , Mike ( December 5 , 2012 ) . `` Kobe Bryant 30,000 Points '' . NBA.com . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant ( 30 pts . ) , Lakers need comeback to top woeful Bobcats '' . ESPN . Associated Press . December 18 , 2012 . Retrieved December 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dwight Howard powers surging Lakers past Blazers '' . ESPN . Associated Press . December 28 , 2012 . Retrieved January 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McMenamin , Dave ( January 15 , 2013 ) . `` Bigger defensive role for Kobe Bryant '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Pincus , Eric ( January 16 , 2013 ) . `` Kobe Bryant recognizes he 's better defending on the ball '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mahoney , Rob ( January 14 , 2013 ) . `` Mike D'Antoni minces words when describing Kobe Bryant 's defense '' . SI.com . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McMenamin , Dave ( January 26 , 2013 ) . `` Lakers found formula , can they repeat it ? '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McMenamin , Dave ( February 2 , 2013 ) . `` Bryant chasing triple - doubles ? '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Schuhmann , John ( January 24 , 2013 ) . `` L.A. Recovery Would n't Be Unprecedented '' . NBA.com . Retrieved January 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Verrier , Justin ( January 30 , 2013 ) . `` 1 . Lakers Just Trying To Keep It Simple '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McMenamin , Dave ( January 27 , 2013 ) . `` Lakers rise as D'Antoni's offense ditched '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Shelburne , Ramona ( January 28 , 2013 ) . `` Have the Lakers found their groove ? '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lakers hold on despite late surge from Hornets '' . ESPN . Associated Press . January 29 , 2013 . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant , Steve Nash help Lakers hold on for 2nd straight win '' . ESPN . Associated Press . January 27 , 2013 . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant 's heroics help Lakers rally , edge Raptors in OT '' . ESPN . Associated Press . March 8 , 2013 . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : McMenamin , Dave ( May 6 , 2013 ) . `` 2012 -- 13 Lakers Report Card : Starting five '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McMenamin , Dave ( April 9 , 2013 ) . `` Metta World Peace details his recovery '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Daily Dime -- ESPN '' . Espn.go.com. April 11 , 2013 . Retrieved August 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Plaschke , Bill ( April 13 , 2013 ) . `` Lakers were n't strong enough to protect Kobe Bryant from himself '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant tears Achilles , sidelined for months '' . CNN.com. April 13 , 2013 . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cacciola , Scott ( April 14 , 2013 ) . `` Bryant Goes Away , but Not Quietly '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Helin , Kurt ( November 25 , 2013 ) . `` Lakers sign Kobe Bryant to two - year , $48.5 million contract extension '' . NBC Sports . Retrieved November 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pincus , Eric ( November 25 , 2013 ) . `` Lakers sign Kobe Bryant to a two - year contract extension '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on November 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Berger , Ken ( October 14 , 2014 ) . `` Kobe Bryant does not want to hear that he is overpaid '' . CBS Sports . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Dwyer , Kelly ( November 13 , 2014 ) . `` Kobe Bryant on the difference between Tim Duncan 's contract and his : ' It 's a different market , man ' '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Amick , Sam ( November 13 , 2014 ) . `` As Kobe faces Duncan for 78th time , comparison unavoidable '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Shelburne , Ramona ( December 20 , 2013 ) . `` Lakers lose Kobe Bryant again '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Joseph , Adi ( December 20 , 2013 ) . `` Lakers ' Kobe Bryant breaks bone in knee , out 6 weeks '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on December 27 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lakers : Kobe injury not healed '' . ESPN . March 12 , 2014 . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McMenamin , Dave ( January 23 , 2014 ) . `` Kobe : Wo n't play All - Star Game '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Helin , Kurt ( February 7 , 2014 ) . `` Anthony Davis selected to fill Kobe Bryant 's All - Star slot in West '' . NBCSports.com . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rockets rout Lakers 108 -- 90 in Kobe 's return '' . USA Today . Associated Press . October 29 , 2014 . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bresnahan , Mike ( December 26 , 2014 ) . `` Byron Scott assured Kobe Bryant he had his best interests at heart '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on December 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Resnick , Joe ( November 30 , 2014 ) . `` Bryant leads Lakers over Toronto 129 -- 122 in OT '' . NBA.com . Retrieved December 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ELIAS : TOP 5 QUESTIONS FROM SUNDAY , NOV. 30 '' . NBA.com . November 30 , 2014 . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pincus , Eric ( December 14 , 2014 ) . `` Kobe Bryant becomes NBA 's No. 3 all - time scorer in Lakers ' win '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved December 14 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Freeman , Eric ( December 23 , 2014 ) . `` Kobe Bryant misses Lakers vs. Warriors for rest '' . Yahoo.com . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Holmes , Baxter ( December 23 , 2014 ) . `` Kobe Bryant to rest vs. Warriors '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Dwyer , Kelly ( December 22 , 2014 ) . `` Kobe Bryant has to stop '' . Yahoo.com . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Suns win 6th straight by spoiling Kobe Bryant 's return to Lakers lineup '' . ESPN . Associated Press . December 28 , 2014 . Archived from the original on December 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Oram , Bill ( December 26 , 2014 ) . `` Bryant 's ailments likely reflect new reality for Lakers '' . Orange County Register . Archived from the original on December 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Medina , Mark ( December 23 , 2014 ) . `` Lakers ' Byron Scott to handle Kobe Bryant 's playing time on game - by - game basis '' . Los Angeles Daily News . Archived from the original on December 27 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Medina , Mark ( October 27 , 2015 ) . `` How will Kobe Bryant fare in his 20th NBA season ? '' . Los Angeles Daily News . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bresnahan , Mike ( January 11 , 2015 ) . `` Kobe Bryant rests again , Lakers fall to Trail Blazers , 106 -- 94 '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant notches triple - double as Lakers hold off Nuggets '' . ESPN . December 30 , 2014 . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lakers guard Kobe Bryant has torn rotator cuff in right shoulder '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved January 23 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bresnahan , Mike ( January 22 , 2015 ) . `` Lakers ' Kobe Bryant has torn rotator cuff ; severity to be determined '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bresnahan , Mike ( January 26 , 2015 ) . `` Kobe Bryant to undergo season - ending surgery for torn rotator cuff '' . Deseret News . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kobe Bryant to have shoulder surgery '' . ESPN . Associated Press . January 26 , 2015 . Archived from the original on January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Medina , Mark ( January 28 , 2015 ) . `` Lakers star Kobe Bryant out for season after shoulder surgery '' . Los Angeles Daily News . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Holmes , Baxter ( October 14 , 2015 ) . `` Byron Scott says Kobe Bryant likely OK for next game '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Helin , Kurt ( November 2 , 2015 ) . `` Kobe Bryant on his play so far : `` I freaking suck '' `` . NBCSports.com . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Beacham , Greg ( October 29 , 2015 ) . `` Two decades in : Kobe Bryant clears another milestone with start of 20th Lakers season '' . Star Tribune . Associated Press . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Holmes , Baxter ( November 25 , 2015 ) . `` Kobe Bryant 's possible farewell tour hits new low '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on November 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Holmes , Baxter ( November 25 , 2015 ) . `` Kobe 's shooting struggles not putting ' pretty defined ' role in jeopardy '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on November 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Game Recap : 76ers 103 , Lakers 91 '' . Philadelphia 76ers . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe announces he will retire after this season '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ Holmes , Baxter ; Stein , Marc ; Shelburne , Ramona ( November 29 , 2015 ) . `` Kobe Bryant to retire after this season '' . ESPN . Retrieved November 30 , 2015 -- via Associated Press . ^ Jump up to : `` LOS ANGELES LAKERS ( 2 - 13 ) VS . INDIANA PACERS ( 10 - 5 ) '' ( PDF ) . Los Angeles Times . November 29 , 2015 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on November 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bresnahan , Mike ; Turner , Broderick ( November 26 , 2015 ) . `` Kobe Bryant 's struggles cause some in NBA circles to say it 's time he retires '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on November 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ding , Kevin ( November 30 , 2015 ) . `` With Flair for the Dramatic , Kobe Spins Frustrating End into Emotional Final Act '' . Bleacher Report . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Helin , Kurt ( November 30 , 2015 ) . `` Kobe Bryant : ' Do I want to play again or do n't I ... the reality is no , I do n't . ' '' . Pro Basketball Talk . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Cacciola , Scott ( December 16 , 2015 ) . `` Kobe Bryant 's Long Goodbye '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Berger , Ken ( January 8 , 2016 ) . `` Kobe Bryant 's last night in Sacramento hit him right in the heart '' . CBSSports.com . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Holmes , Baxter ( December 4 , 2015 ) . `` Kobe requests no more gifts , on - court ceremonies during farewell tour '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jones , Jason ( January 7 , 2016 ) . `` Sacramento sends Kobe Bryant off with rousing ovation '' . The Sacramento Bee . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Jackson , Scoop ( February 2 , 2016 ) . `` Dwyane Wade : ' I never thought I 'd be Top 100 all time ' '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Brewer , Jerry ( December 2 , 2015 ) . `` During strange farewell tour , Kobe Bryant rediscovers greatness for one night in D.C. '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe wills Lakers with 38 points to end 10 - game losing streak '' . ESPN.com . February 2 , 2016 . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Holmes , Baxter ( February 3 , 2016 ) . `` Kobe shrugs off 38 - point effort : ' You 've seen it for 20 years ' '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bresnahan , Mike ( January 21 , 2016 ) . `` Kobe Bryant is selected as an All - Star for the 18th time '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Defense in record - setting short supply in West 's rout of East '' . ESPN.com . Associated Press . February 15 , 2016 . Archived from the original on February 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cacciola , Scott ( February 14 , 2016 ) . `` Kobe Bryant , in His Final Lap , Is Happy to Surrender the Midseason Stage '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on February 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Acosta - Delacruz , Angelo ( April 13 , 2016 ) . `` Kobe finishes his two - decade - long career in a fashionable way as Lakers eliminate Jazz , 101 - 96 '' . powcast.net . Powcast Sports Hub . Jump up ^ `` Mamba out : Kobe Bryant 's shocking farewell '' . Jump up ^ Beacham , Greg ( April 28 , 2016 ) . `` Kobe scores 60 points in unbelievable farewell victory '' . NBA.com . Retrieved August 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mike Wise Bryant Sets His Priorities , The New York Times , June 19 , 2000 . Jump up ^ AP U.S. ends losing streak at World Championship , The Seattle Times , September 7 , 2002 . Jump up ^ Vince Carter Added to Olympic Qualifying Team , InsideHoops NBA , July 29 , 2003 . Jump up ^ Olympic Basketball , InsideHoops NBA , 2008 . Jump up ^ Kobe will play for U.S. at worlds , ' 08 Olympics , ESPN.com , January 21 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Kobe wo n't play for USA after knee surgery , ESPN.com , July 16 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` USA Basketball '' . USABasketball.com . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2008 . Retrieved June 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` James , Bryant to lead US team '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved June 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Mahoney , Brian ( August 24 , 2008 ) . `` US hoops back on top , beats Spain for gold medal '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ `` Kobe commits to Team USA '' . Fox News . Associated Press . November 2 , 2010 . Retrieved November 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` USA Basketball Wins Gold Over Spain , Rio Next in 2016 '' . Fox News . August 13 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kobe Bryant NBA '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved October 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Goldsberry , Kirk ( March 12 , 2013 ) . `` CourtVision : The New Kobe '' . Grantland . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ DuPree , David ( January 24 , 2006 ) . `` Anyone up for 100 ? '' . USA Today . Retrieved May 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Pelton , Kevin . `` Los Angeles Lakers : 2013 -- 14 roster ( Subscription Required ) '' . ESPN Insider . Retrieved October 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jordan eases off talk '' . ESPN . Retrieved October 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stein , Marc ( October 29 , 2001 ) . `` Kobe , Hill deal with being the next Michael '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Hoffman , Benjamin ( December 13 , 2014 ) . `` Kobe Bryant Is Nearly an Equal of Michael Jordan , Except in Fan Adoration '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Holmes , Baxter ( December 14 , 2014 ) . `` Kobe Bryant rises up before falling away '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on December 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ballard , Chris . Kobe 's Killer Instinct ( cont . ) , sportsillustrated.cnn.com , May 28 , 2008 , Retrieved November 20 , 2010 . Archived February 17 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Holmes , Baxter ( December 20 , 2014 ) . `` Kobe Bryant delivers the final miss again '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Harper , Zach ( December 20 , 2014 ) . `` Lakers ' Jeremy Lin on game winners : ' I would love to shoot some ' '' . CBSSports.com . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jenkins , Bruce ( December 20 , 2014 ) . `` Jenkins on NBA : Bryant becomes more gunner than top gun '' . SFGate.com . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Pingue , Frank ( November 30 , 2015 ) . `` Kobe Bryant to retire at end of season '' . Reuters . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McMenamin , Dave . Shots heard ' round the world , sports.espn.go.com , March 11 , 2010 , Retrieved November 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 -- 12 NBA.com GM Survey Results '' . NBA.com . January 17 , 2012 . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Abbott , Henry ( January 28 , 2011 ) . `` The truth about Kobe Bryant in crunch time '' . ESPN Internet Ventures . Archived from the original on December 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Beck , Howard ( November 9 , 2015 ) . `` Amid the Points and Applause , One Single Shot Ignited Love Story of Kobe , NYC '' . Bleacher Report . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` All - Time # NBArank : Michael Jordan tops list of best shooting guards '' . ESPN.com . January 19 , 2016 . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Abbot , Henry . `` The truth about Kobe Bryant in crunch time '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on December 21 , 2011 . Retrieved October 12 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Lowe , Zach . `` Top 100 NBA Players -- Nos. 1 -- 10 '' . Sports Illustrated . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2013 . Retrieved October 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Moore , Tom ( November 30 , 2015 ) . `` Kobe Bryant set to play final game in Philadelphia '' . The Morning Call . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Holmes , Baxter ( November 11 , 2014 ) . `` Misses add up to big part of Kobe 's legacy '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on November 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bresnahan , Mike . `` Phil Jackson throws the book at Kobe Bryant '' . The LA Times . Retrieved October 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pelton , Kevin ( November 7 , 2005 ) . `` Every Play Counts : Kobe Bryant '' . 82games.com . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McMenamin , Dave ( May 17 , 2012 ) . `` Kobe Bryant : Charges carry big risk '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on July 11 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Medina , Mark ( May 9 , 2011 ) . `` Kobe Bryant named to NBA 's all - defensive first team for ninth time '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Lowe , Zach ( May 26 , 2013 ) . `` An Open Letter to Kobe Bryant About His Defense '' . Grantland . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Paine , Neal ( December 12 , 2014 ) . `` Once And For All : Michael Jordan Was Way Better Than Kobe Bryant '' . FiveThirtyEight . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Shelburne , Ramona ( April 13 , 2013 ) . `` Kobe and L.A. tradition will be tested '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Adande , J.A. ( January 26 , 2015 ) . `` Kobe Bryant pays price for greatness '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ballard , Chris ( August 26 , 2014 ) . `` Examining Kobe Bryant 's legendary pain tolerance and road to recovery '' . Sports Illustrated . Archived from the original on January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Brian ( January 8 , 2015 ) . `` Wolf on the Rock : The Ludicrous , Glorious Doom of Kobe Bryant '' . Grantland . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Chris ; Concepcion , Jason ( February 17 , 2015 ) . `` Six Seconds to Perfection : The Best NBA Vines of the Season '' . Grantland . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ding , Kevin ( October 22 , 2014 ) . `` Julius Randle 's Development Poses Final Leadership Test for Kobe Bryant '' . BleacherReport.com . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Markazi , Arash ( October 12 , 2014 ) . `` Long a tough , chilly teammate , Kobe Bryant has mellowed and now is a mentor '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Abbott , Henry ( October 20 , 2014 ) . `` Kobe '' . ESPN The Magazine . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Heisler , Mark ( October 22 , 2014 ) . `` Who Killed Lakers ? ESPN Says It Was Someone on Inside With the Initials Kobe Bryant '' . Forbes.com . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bresnahan , Mike ( May 16 , 2013 ) . `` Phil Jackson 's new book focuses a lot on ( who else ? ) Kobe Bryant '' . Los Angeles Times . ^ Jump up to : Holmes , Baxter ( November 30 , 2014 ) . `` Kobe gets milestone on 6,000 th assist '' . ESPN . Retrieved December 1 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Keh , Andrew ( November 29 , 2015 ) . `` Kobe Bryant Announces Retirement '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant Elected As The NBA Player Of The Decade '' . Thaindian.com . February 15 , 2010 . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Sporting News ' NBA Athlete of the Decade : Kobe Bryant , SG , Lakers -- Sporting News -- NBA '' . Sporting News . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2010 . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Special Dime : Greatest shooting guards of all time -- NBA -- ESPN '' . ESPN . March 11 , 2008 . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Young , Royce ( December 1 , 2015 ) . `` Kevin Durant frustrated by media 's handling of Kobe Bryant '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Holmes , Baxter ( January 27 , 2016 ) . `` Kobe will miss talking trash with Dirk Nowitzki '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Friedell , Nick ( January 28 , 2016 ) . `` Rose : Kobe is the Jordan of our generation '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hoffman , Benjamin ( November 15 , 2014 ) . `` To the End , Kobe Bryant Is a Shooting Guard , Hot or Cold '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Woike , Dan ( November 29 , 2015 ) . `` Kobe Bryant announces plans to retire following this season '' . The Press - Enterprise . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top stats to know : Kobe Bryant 's statistical legacy '' . ESPN.com . November 29 , 2015 . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ganguli , Tania ( September 12 , 2017 ) . `` Lakers plan to retire both numbers , 8 and 24 , that Kobe Bryant wore during his career '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ HoopsHype.com . NBA Players -- Kobe Bryant . Accessed May 8 , 2007 Jump up ^ Holmes , Baxter ( November 30 , 2015 ) . `` Kobe Bryant says he knew from onset that 2015 - 16 would be final season '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe 's 81 - point game second only to Wilt '' . ESPN Internet Ventures . January 12 , 2006 . Retrieved September 20 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Martin , Brian ( November 29 , 2015 ) . `` KOBE BY THE NUMBERS '' . NBA.com . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant Wins Most Valuable Player Award '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . May 6 , 2008 . Retrieved May 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Sheridan , Chris ( August 25 , 2008 ) . `` Redeem Team proves worthy of Dream Team comparison '' . ESPN . Retrieved December 6 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kobe Bryant top vote - getter for 18th and final All - Star Game '' . ESPN . January 21 , 2016 . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` All - Time # NBArank : Players 11 - 15 '' . ESPN.com . February 10 , 2016 . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Trudell , Mike ( May 23 , 2013 ) . `` Kobe Named All - NBA First Team ... Again '' . Lakers.com . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved September 19 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Everything You Need to Know About Kobe Bryant '' . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2006 . Retrieved October 16 , 2007 . -- Wayback Machine cache from February 19 , 2006 Jump up ^ Shawn Hubler . `` Kobe 's costar Vanessa Laine was just another sheltered teenager in Orange County . Then she fell in love with a phenomenon . '' . Archived from the original on April 6 , 2007 . Retrieved October 16 , 2007 . -- Wayback Machine cache from April 6 , 2007 Jump up ^ Keown , Tim ( September 1 , 2003 ) . `` Isolation Play '' . ESPN . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hubler , Shawn ( February 15 , 2005 ) . `` Kobe 's costar '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cupcake Magazine interview with Vanessa Bryant July 17 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant , mom in court battle '' . ESPN . May 3 , 2013 . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stamm , Dan ; Associated Press . `` Kobe Wins Battle to Prevent Mom From Auctioning His Stuff '' . NBC 10 Philadelphia . Retrieved June 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rovell , Darren ( June 10 , 2013 ) . `` Deal reached in Kobe Bryant case '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant Buys Home For More Than $4 million '' . News.google.com . Retrieved June 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant sets price record with Newport Coast home sale '' . Los Angeles Times . May 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Shaq is a Dad Six Minutes After Kobe '' . Contactmusic.com . Retrieved May 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Kim , Victoria ( December 16 , 2011 ) . `` Kobe Bryant divorce : Vanessa cites ' irreconcilable differences ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved December 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` L.A. Now '' . Los Angeles Times . December 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant , wife Vanessa call off their divorce '' . CBS News . Retrieved January 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gonzalo Aguirregomezcorta . `` Kobe : `` No imaginé este nivel '' `` . ESPN Mexico . Retrieved November 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gonzalo Aguirregomezcorta . `` Kobe Bryant tras anunciar su retiro : `` Ahora me siento relajado '' `` . ESPN Mexico . Retrieved November 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Crowe , Jerry ( May 23 , 2008 ) . `` Text messages from press row ... `` . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant and , Robert Rodriguez talk about Black Mamba Nike ads , six - minute film '' . Los Angeles Times . January 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McMenamin , Dave ( April 11 , 2013 ) . `` Rapid Reaction : Lakers 113 , Trail Blazers 106 '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bresnahan , Mike ( March 3 , 2013 ) . `` Kobe Bryant and Lakers soar to new heights ( or at least . 500 ) '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rooney , Kyle ( 13 July 2016 ) . `` Kobe and Vanessa Bryant Announce their third child '' . Retrieved 13 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Drysdale , Jennifer ( December 8 , 2016 ) . `` Kobe Bryant and Wife Vanessa Welcome Third Child '' . Yahoo ! . Jump up ^ Harris , Sarah Jane ( December 8 , 2016 ) . `` Kobe Bryant welcomes his third child '' . sportingnews.com . Jump up ^ SI Staff ( December 23 , 2003 ) . `` Bryant distracted , scared amid sex assault case '' . Sports Illustrated . Associated Press . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2004 . Retrieved February 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Moore , David Leon ( February 12 , 2004 ) . `` Shaq , Kobe still main keys to Lakers ' fortunes '' . USA Today . Retrieved February 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Fans Shunning Kobe Bryant 's Jersey -- Celebrity Gossip Entertainment News Arts And Entertainment '' . Fox News . January 7 , 2005 . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Reid , T.R. ( September 2 , 2004 ) . `` Bryant rape case ends in dismissal '' . The San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved October 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Kirk Johnson ( September 2 , 2004 ) . `` Prosecutors Drop Kobe Bryant Rape Case '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Mike ( June 16 , 2000 ) . `` Article : Basketball Star Leaps into Global Ventures . AccessMyLibrary -- Promoting library advocacy '' . AccessMyLibrary . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Information and results for ' Adidas , Basketball Star Kobe Bryant Part Ways . ' AccessMyLibrary -- Promoting library advocacy '' . AccessMyLibrary . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Adidas Airs Out New Kobe Bryant Shoe , Ad Campaign '' . Sportsbusinessdaily.com . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Badenhausen , Kurt ( March 9 , 2004 ) . `` Kobe Bryant 's Sponsorship Will Rebound '' . Forbes . Retrieved December 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Greg ( June 22 , 2008 ) . `` Bryant will lose out again to Big Three '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved May 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant 's Endorsement Deals '' . Advertising.about.com. April 15 , 2010 . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kobe Bryant resumes endorsement career '' . Usatoday.com . July 10 , 2005 . Retrieved July 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Salazar - Moreno , Quibian ( May 12 , 2008 ) . `` Endorsements Coming Back to Kobe Bryant '' . Blackvoices . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Devine , Dan ( November 5 , 2010 ) . `` Kobe Bryant shoots ' em up in new ' Call of Duty ' ad '' . Sports.Yahoo.com . Retrieved July 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` No , Kobe Bryant Did Not Jump Over a Car '' . U.S. News & World Report . rankingsandreviews.com. April 15 , 2008 . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Nike launches Nike Zoom Kobe V with Kobe Bryant '' . TradingMarkets.com . December 9 , 2009 . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant Wearing Nubeo Black Mamba MVP Watch `` UpscaleHype '' . Upscalehype.com . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant ESPN The Magazine Fan Issue '' . ESPN The Magazine . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2009 . Retrieved May 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 endorsement superstars '' . CNN . December 31 , 2008 . Retrieved May 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Kritchever , Patrick . The Forbes Celebrity 100 , Forbes , June 28 , 2010 , Retrieved July 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Rovell , Darren . `` Kobe Bryant To Endorse Turkish Airlines '' . CNBC.com . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2012 . Retrieved February 23 , 2011 . It 's a two - year deal that will involve Bryant starring in a promotional film that will be aired on international television channels and in movie theatres in more than 80 countries next year . Jump up ^ Li , Shan ( December 16 , 2010 ) . `` Kobe Bryant 's Turkish Airlines deal outrages Armenian Americans '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved February 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The first Kobe Bryant Turkish Airlines commercial has landed '' . NBC Sports . February 28 , 2011 . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2011 . Retrieved February 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant in NBA Courtside for Nintendo 64 '' . MobyGames . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Courtside 2 Featuring Kobe Bryant '' . CNN . Retrieved May 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Courtside 2002 ( cube ) reviews at '' . Metacritic.com . January 14 , 2002 . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2009 . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` NBA 3 on 3 Featuring Kobe Bryant for GBC '' . Gamespot.Com . December 7 , 1999 . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2005 . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Surette , Tim ( August 21 , 2006 ) . `` Kobe covers Sony 's NBA 07 '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2013 . Retrieved February 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sony Debuts SIX Cover Athletes for NBA 09 : The Inside '' . DailyGame . August 18 , 2008 . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe vs Messi : Legends on Board -- Turkish Airlines '' . Turkish Airlines . December 6 , 2012 . Retrieved December 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James : Cleveland Cavaliers return for NBA star '' . BBC . Retrieved July 11 , 2014 Jump up ^ `` CRI.com : Kobe Bryant Works with Jay Chou in New Song '' . : . February 23 , 2011 . Retrieved June 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Pop Asia . `` Jay Chou releases MV with Kobe Bryant '' . PopAsia . Archived from the original on March 24 , 2012 . Retrieved June 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Official music video of '' . YouTube.com. April 6 , 2011 . Retrieved June 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ 4 comments by Daniel Gilroy on Wednesday , February 23 , 2011 ( February 23 , 2011 ) . `` ChinaSmack : Sprite China -- Kobe Bryant and Jay Chou music video '' 天地 一 鬥 `` ( '' Tian Di Yi Dou `` ) with Jay Chou feat . Kobe Bryant '' . Advertising.chinasmack.com . Retrieved June 16 , 2011 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ P , Anthony . `` Lil Wayne Releases New Song Titled `` Kobe Bryant '' `` . Retrieved June 23 , 2012 . Just in time for the championship matchup between the Los Angeles Lakers and the Orlando Magic , Lil ' Wayne has released a song titled `` Kobe Bryant . '' Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant On'em - Sho Baraka '' . Lecrae . July 16 , 2010 . Retrieved June 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant 's Charity Work , Events and Causes '' . looktothestars.org . Retrieved April 1 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Paul , Alan ( July 16 , 2009 ) . `` Kobe Bryant Conquers China '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved October 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Nicolai , Megan ( January 9 , 2015 ) . `` We 're excited to be your neighbors '' . The Orange County Register . sec . Local , pp. 1 , 6 . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Berman , Dennis K. ( August 22 , 2016 ) . `` Kobe Bryant and Jeff Stibel Unveil $100 Million Venture Capital Fund '' -- via Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ `` What Is Bryant Stibel , Venture Capitalist Fund ? Kobe Unveils Investment Fund With Business Partner Jeff '' . August 22 , 2016 . External links Find more aboutKobe Bryantat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Official website Career statistics and player information from NBA.com , or Basketball-Reference.com Kobe Bryant on IMDb NBA.com -- The Ultimate Kobe Page Kobe Bryant Main Career achievements 40 - plus point games Films and games Kobe Doin ' Work Kobe Bryant in NBA Courtside NBA Courtside 2 : Featuring Kobe Bryant Other Joe Bryant Shaq -- Kobe feud Sexual assault case Kobe Bryant China Fund `` Family Portrait ( Modern Family ) '' Links to related articles 1996 NBA draft First round Allen Iverson Marcus Camby Shareef Abdur - Rahim Stephon Marbury Ray Allen Antoine Walker Lorenzen Wright Kerry Kittles Samaki Walker Erick Dampier Todd Fuller Vitaly Potapenko Kobe Bryant Predrag Stojaković Steve Nash Tony Delk Jermaine O'Neal John Wallace Walter McCarty Zydrunas Ilgauskas Dontae ' Jones Roy Rogers Efthimios Rentzias Derek Fisher Martin Müürsepp Jerome Williams Brian Evans Priest Lauderdale Travis Knight Second round Othella Harrington Mark Hendrickson Ryan Minor Moochie Norris Shawn Harvey Joseph Blair Doron Sheffer Jeff McInnis Steve Hamer Russ Millard Marcus Mann Jason Sasser Randy Livingston Ben Davis Malik Rose Joe Vogel Marcus Brown Ron Riley Jamie Feick Amal McCaskill Terrell Bell Chris Robinson Mark Pope Jeff Nordgaard Shandon Anderson Ronnie Henderson Reggie Geary Drew Barry Darnell Robinson Los Angeles Lakers 1999 -- 2000 NBA champions 2 Fisher 3 George 4 Harper 5 Horry 8 Bryant 10 Lue 11 Celestand 16 Salley 17 Fox 20 Shaw 34 O'Neal ( Finals MVP ) 40 Knight 41 Rice 45 Green Head coach Jackson Assistant coaches Winter Hamblen Cleamons Bertka Regular season Playoffs Los Angeles Lakers 2000 -- 01 NBA champions 2 Fisher 3 George 4 Harper 5 Horry 7 Rider 8 Bryant 10 Lue 12 Penberthy 14 Medvedenko 17 Fox 20 Shaw 34 O'Neal ( Finals MVP ) 35 Madsen 40 Foster 54 Grant Head coach Jackson Assistant coaches Winter Hamblen Cleamons Regular season Playoffs Los Angeles Lakers 2001 -- 02 NBA champions 2 Fisher 3 George 5 Horry 6 McCoy 8 Bryant 10 Hunter 14 Medvedenko 17 Fox 20 Shaw 23 Richmond 34 O'Neal ( Finals MVP ) 35 Madsen 52 Walker Head coach Jackson Assistant coaches Winter Hamblen Cleamons Rambis Regular season Playoffs Los Angeles Lakers 2008 -- 09 NBA champions 2 Fisher 3 Ariza 4 Walton 5 Farmar 6 Morrison 7 Odom 9 Sun 12 Brown 16 Gasol 17 Bynum 18 Vujačić 21 Powell 24 Bryant ( Finals MVP ) 28 Mbenga Head coach Jackson Assistant coaches Hamblen Rambis Shaw Abdul - Jabbar Hodges Cleamons Regular season Playoffs Los Angeles Lakers 2009 -- 10 NBA champions 2 Fisher 4 Walton 5 Farmar 6 Morrison 7 Odom 12 Brown 16 Gasol 17 Bynum 18 Vujačić 21 Powell 24 Bryant ( Finals MVP ) 28 Mbenga 37 Artest Head coach Jackson Assistant coaches Hamblen Shaw Abdul - Jabbar Hodges Cleamons Person Regular season Playoffs Bill Russell NBA Finals Most Valuable Player Award 1969 : West 1970 : Reed 1971 : Alcindor 1972 : Chamberlain 1973 : Reed 1974 : Havlicek 1975 : Barry 1976 : White 1977 : Walton 1978 : Unseld 1979 : D. 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who wrote the song if i can only imagine
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`` I Can Only Imagine '' ( sometimes shortened to `` Imagine '' ) is a single recorded by Christian rock band MercyMe . Written and composed by lead vocalist Bart Millard , the song , based around a main piano track , was inspired by the death of Millard 's father and considers what it would be like in Heaven and to be standing before God . The song was first issued as a track on MercyMe 's 1999 album The Worship Project , which was released on an independent record label . The song was re-recorded and included on their 2001 major - label debut album Almost There as the fifth song on the album .
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Bart Millard
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I Can Only Imagine ( MercyMe song )
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i can only imagine ( mercyme song )
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`` I Can Only Imagine '' Single cover Single by MercyMe from the album The Worship Project and Almost There A-side `` Word of God Speak '' Released 2001 Format CD digital download Recorded 1999 and 2001 in the United States Ivy Park The Indigo Room Paradise Sound IBC Studios Genre Christian alternative rock pop rock contemporary Christian Length 4 : 08 Label INO Curb Songwriter ( s ) Bart Millard Producer ( s ) Pete Kipley MercyMe singles chronology `` Bless Me Indeed ( Jabez 's Song ) '' ( 2001 ) `` I Can Only Imagine '' ( 2001 ) `` Spoken For '' ( 2002 ) `` I Can Only Imagine '' ( sometimes shortened to `` Imagine '' ) is a single recorded by Christian rock band MercyMe . Written and composed by lead vocalist Bart Millard , the song , based around a main piano track , was inspired by the death of Millard 's father and considers what it would be like in Heaven and to be standing before God . The song was first issued as a track on MercyMe 's 1999 album The Worship Project , which was released on an independent record label . The song was re-recorded and included on their 2001 major - label debut album Almost There as the fifth song on the album . `` I Can Only Imagine '' was released in 2001 as the album 's lead single . It gained significant airplay on Christian radio formats before crossing over to mainstream radio formats such as adult contemporary and Top 40 in late 2003 and into 2004 ; to aid in promotion to these markets , a double A-side physical single ( combined with `` Word of God Speak '' ) was released in 2003 . It charted on several formats , including the Billboard Adult Contemporary ( where it peaked at No. 5 ) and the Hot 100 ( where it peaked at No. 71 ) . In 2002 , `` I Can Only Imagine '' earned the Dove Awards for ' Pop / Contemporary Recorded Song of the Year ' and ' Song of the Year ' ; Millard earned the Dove Award ' Songwriter of the Year ' at the same ceremony . With 2.5 million copies sold , it is the best - selling Christian single of all time , having been certified 3x platinum by the RIAA . As of 2018 , it is the only Christian song to reach that milestone . Contents 1 Background 2 Composition 3 Release and promotion 4 Impact 5 Music video 6 Reception 6.1 Critical response 6.2 Chart performance 6.3 Awards and accolades 7 Other versions 8 Track listing 9 Release history 10 Charts and certifications 11 Film adaptation 12 References 13 External links Background ( edit ) `` I Can Only Imagine '' was the debut single for United States contemporary Christian and Christian rock band MercyMe . Bart Millard , the band 's vocalist , lost his father , Arthur Wesley Millard Jr. , in 1991 . Millard was 18 at the time . Millard began writing the words `` I can only imagine '' on items when he was thinking about his father . During the recording of the band 's 1999 independent album The Worship Project , MercyMe needed one more song to fill out the album . Millard , alone on a bus in the middle of the night , finally wrote the lyrics to the song by drawing on his thoughts and personal faith about what one would experience standing before God in Heaven . Millard attests that `` ( ' I Can Only Imagine ' ) is one of the only songs I have ever written where there was n't any mistakes , it was just written the way it is and left at that '' , and estimated that it took him only ten minutes to write the lyrics . In writing the music for the song , however , the band faced more difficulty ; Millard noted that `` at first it was a fast song ... it was all these random ideas '' . Keyboardist Jim Bryson noted that , `` we were literally tearing down the stuff ... ( Millard ) and I were talking about arranging it differently and doing a slower version , so we just tried out a piano intro ... it was literally the first thing I played . It was n't anything to do with me , I think it was just a God thing . ( Millard ) said ' here it is , this is what 's going to happen ' , and we laid the song down in about five minutes . '' At that time , the other MercyMe members were Robby Shaffer on drums and percussion , Nathan Cochran on bass guitar and Michael Scheuchzer on guitar . This line - up recorded the first version of the song for The Worship Project . In 2006 , it was included in the ' Platinum Edition ' of Almost There . Composition ( edit ) I Can Only Imagine A sample of `` I Can Only Imagine '' . MercyMe 's debut single , `` I Can Only Imagine '' is `` a passionate piano - driven ballad . The song considers what it would be like to be in the presence of God . Delivered with conviction , the song is emotionally compelling '' . Problems playing this file ? See media help . `` I Can Only Imagine '' is a ballad with a length of four minutes and eight seconds . The song is set in the key of E major and has a moderately slow tempo of 80 beats per minute with a vocal range from B -- G ♯ . The song opens up with only a piano , and builds up to include guitar and drums . Millard is credited with both the lyrics and music to the song . The song was produced by Pete Kipley , who had worked with MercyMe previously as well as with artists including Rebecca St. James , Phil Wickham and Lincoln Brewster . The lyrics to the song are based around the narrator wondering what it will be like in Heaven and to be standing before God . Regarding this theme , Millard explained to Fox News that `` I was always told that if he could choose , he would rather be in Heaven than here with me . As a Christian I believed that , but as an 18 - year - old it was a little hard to swallow . So the questions in the song came from me asking God what was so great about Him that my dad would rather be there . '' Release and promotion ( edit ) MercyMe 's lead singer - songwriter , Bart Millard ( left ) and drummer , Robby Shaffer , performing in February 2008 . `` I Can Only Imagine '' was re-recorded for their major - label debut record Almost There and released as its lead single in 2001 . The album was recorded in various locations : Ivy Park , The Indigo Room , Paradise Sound and IBC Studios . The single gained radio airplay on some contemporary Christian formats ; by November , it peaked at number - one on the Radio & Records Christian AC format and in the top twenty of the Radio & Records Christian CHR chart . In 2003 , a Dallas mainstream radio station , 100.3 Wild - FM , first played the song on its morning show , The Fitz Radio Program . They had responded to a caller 's repeated requests and the urgings of the program 's producer , Todd Sheppard . The song soon became the most requested and most played song on the station . After hearing the song played on the station , Millard called - in and spoke with the crew ; MercyMe then came in and played the song live . As other stations around the country caught on , MercyMe 's label , INO Records , partnered with Curb Records . They marketed the single to wider audiences , such as Top 40 radio . In September , INO and Curb also released a double A-side physical single , `` I Can Only Imagine / Word of God Speak '' . The latter track was co-written by Millard with the band 's producer , Kipley . Eventually , the song cracked into secular charts , including the Billboard Hot 100 and the Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks charts . Impact ( edit ) MercyMe did not expect `` I Can Only Imagine '' to gain mainstream success , in part due to its explicit references to Jesus and Heaven . Millard noted that the band joked around about `` the top five songs never to cross over , and they had included `` I Can Only Imagine '' on that list . Millard also believed some radio stations were playing the song to prove it could not succeed on mainstream radio . The song had a significant effect on the band 's musical image ; in an interview , Millard commented that `` We were a rock band when we started 11 years ago . But we kind of became the ' adult contemporary poster child ' when ' I Can Only Imagine ' took off '' . Music video ( edit ) Millard holding his father 's photograph in the music video . A music video was released for `` I Can Only Imagine '' . Millard recalled the video 's inspiration : `` I just kept seeing all these people holding picture frames ( at MercyMe concerts ) that are empty because we all carry these people with us in some way . I 've had so many people after a show pull out a picture of someone they 've lost . These people embrace these photos and I just thought how can we tap into that '' . The video features everyday people as well as several music artists including Michael Tait , Tammy Trent , Bob Herdman , and Jesse Katina , each holding an empty picture frame to signify their loss of a loved one ; as the video progresses , they are holding pictures of their loved ones including Millard with his father 's photograph . The video opens with a shot of an empty room and a chair , shifting to show a young boy climbing up a flight of stairs . The camera then shifts to the band before returning to the boy , now in an attic which is filled with many empty picture frames . The video alternates between shots of the boy and the band before shifting to individual shots of other people , each holding an empty picture frame . As the other instruments join in , the camera comes back to the band , focusing on them before returning to shots of the people , whose picture frames now contain pictures of deceased relatives . At the end of the video , the camera returns to the boy , now running down a street with an empty frame , climaxing with him lying down in a field with the empty frame . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Critical reception for `` I Can Only Imagine '' was positive . Steve Losey of AllMusic commented that `` ( the song ) is a passionate piano - driven ballad . The song considers what it would be like to be in the presence of God . Delivered with conviction , the song is emotionally compelling '' . Jesus Freak Hideout 's reviewer Kevin Chamberlin felt `` The lyrics for the song are amazing . If you have n't listened to the lyrics , because you 're afraid of hearing pop music , get over it and listen to it . '' Kevin McNeese of NewReleaseTuesday commented that `` The definite highlight on ( Almost There ) is the worship / ballad ' I Can Only Imagine ' ... The song starts out with just piano that instantly invokes chills and builds dynamically into a powerful display of drums and guitar . But what makes the song are the lyrics , penned by Bart Millard himself . The song speaks about that day that we all dream about when we finally meet Jesus ... It 's a song that ca n't be listened to with eyes open '' . Chart performance ( edit ) `` I Can Only Imagine '' debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 for the chart week of 11 October 2003 at No. 76 . The song peaked at No. 71 for two weeks and spent 16 non-consecutive weeks on the Hot 100 . On the Adult Contemporary chart , `` I Can Only Imagine '' debuted at No. 29 for the chart week of 23 May 2003 , with an eventual peak of No. 5 for the chart week of 8 September 2003 ; in all , `` I Can Only Imagine '' spent 30 weeks on the chart . On the Adult Top 40 chart , `` I Can Only Imagine '' debuted at No. 39 for the chart week of 9 August 2003 and reached a peak position of No. 27 , holding that spot for three consecutive weeks ; in all , the song spent 26 weeks on the chart . On the Mainstream Top 40 chart , the song debuted at No. 37 for the chart week of 12 July 2003 , reaching an eventual peak of No. 33 . On the Country Songs chart , the song debuted at No. 58 for the chart week of 27 December 2003 , reaching an eventual peak of No. 52 , which it held for two weeks . According to Mike Curb on the Curb Records website , `` I Can Only Imagine '' also peaked at No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 Singles Sales chart for 10 weeks , No. 1 on the Radio & Records Christian AC chart for two weeks , and No. 15 on the Christian CHR chart . In April 2010 , `` I Can Only Imagine '' was certified platinum by the RIAA , signifying sales of over 1,000,000 digital downloads . It is the first single by any artist in the Christian music genre to go platinum . The song was certified 2x platinum in 2014 . It was certified 3x platinum in 2018 . As of June 2018 , it has sold 3 million copies , making it the best - selling Christian single of all time . Awards and accolades ( edit ) `` I Can Only Imagine '' earned two GMA Dove Awards in 2002 ; ' Pop / Contemporary Recorded Song of the Year ' and ' Song of the Year ' . Millard also won ' Songwriter of the Year ' at the same ceremony . In November 2009 , the song was played on board Space Shuttle Atlantis as a wake - up call for Barry E. Wilmore during STS - 129 . Other versions ( edit ) The original version of `` I Can Only Imagine '' was a track on MercyMe 's 1999 independent release The Worship Project . In August 2006 , both an acoustic and live form ( as well as the original 1999 version ) were included in the ' Platinum edition ' of Almost There . MercyMe recorded a version of the song for their iTunes Originals album . In 2009 , two further variants were included on their compilation album 10 ; a ' symphony version ' featuring the London Symphony Orchestra , and a live version . `` I Can Only Imagine '' has also been covered by several artists . In 2002 Amy Grant released a reworked version of the song ( titled `` Imagine '' and paired with `` Sing the Wondrous Love of Jesus '' ) on her album , Legacy ... Hymns and Faith . In 2003 , Jeff Carson and Kathryn Scott each issued variants of the song ; Carson 's version peaked at No. 50 on the Country Songs chart . In 2005 Wynonna Judd issued her form of the song ; while in 2007 Emerson Drive provided theirs . The song was covered again in 2010 by Marie Osmond and in 2013 by gospel artist Tamela Mann . The song was performed live by Garwin Dobbins , a man struggling with fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva , a crippling disease referred to as Stone Man 's syndrome , in which the body 's repair mechanism replaces muscle with bone , causing many joints to become permanently frozen in place . Dobbins , who died in 2004 , sang the song on a broadcast of Austin Awakening , accompanied by pastor Randy Phillips of Phillips , Craig and Dean . Footage of the performance was featured in the finale of the Trevor Glass documentary `` Suffer the Children . '' There is also a German version `` Ich kann nur davon träumen '' . Track listing ( edit ) CD release `` I Can Only Imagine '' -- 4 : 08 ( Bart Millard ) `` Word of God Speak '' -- 3 : 07 ( Peter Kipley , Millard ) Release history ( edit ) Date Territory Label Format 2001 United States INO Airplay 23 September 2003 INO Curb CD 4 January 2005 INO Epic Digital Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts Chart ( 2001 -- 2002 ) Peak Position Radio and Records Christian AC Radio and Records Christian CHR 15 Chart ( 2003 -- 2004 ) Peak Position US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 5 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 27 US Billboard Hot 100 71 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 33 Chart ( 2012 ) Peak Position France ( SNEP ) 65 Chart ( 2017 ) Peak Position US Christian Digital Song Sales ( Billboard ) Chart ( 2018 ) Peak Position US Christian Songs ( Billboard ) US Digital Songs ( Billboard ) 10 Year - end charts Chart ( 2003 ) Position Billboard Adult Contemporary 20 Billboard Hot 100 Singles Sales 24 Chart ( 2010 ) Position Billboard Christian / Gospel Digital Songs 9 Chart ( 2011 ) Position Billboard Christian / Gospel Digital Songs 7 Certifications Country Certifications ( sales thresholds ) United States 3x Platinum Film adaptation ( edit ) Main article : I Can Only Imagine ( film ) The story behind the song was made into a feature film starring J. Michael Finley and Dennis Quaid . The film was released on March 16 , 2018 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Brad Schmitt , `` MercyMe 's Bart Millard thought his father was going to kill him '' , Tennessean , February 13 , 2018 . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Adams , Ramsay ( 6 July 2003 ) . `` Christian Rock Crosses Over '' . Fox News ( News Corporation ) . Archived from the original on 31 October 2011 . Retrieved 11 April 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Jenison , David . `` A Severe Mercy '' . Today'sChristianMusic . CCM Magazine . Salem Publishing ( Salem Communications ) . Archived from the original on 31 October 2011 . Retrieved 18 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Correa , Karen ( Fall 2003 ) . `` The Quality of MercyMe '' . American Society of Composers , Authors and Publishers ( ASCAP ) . Archived from the original on 31 October 2011 . Retrieved 11 April 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Bart Millard , Jim Bryson ( interviewees ) ( 2007 ) . Faith & Fame -- MercyMe . NME . UK : IPC Media ( Time Inc . ) . Event occurs at a-d. 12 : 13 -- 13 : 07 . Retrieved 11 August 2011 . Note : video may not be available in your region , e.g. Australia . Supplied by INO Records / Columbia Records . ^ Jump up to : `` The Worship Project -- MercyMe '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 16 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` iTunes -- Music -- Almost There ( Platinum Edition ) by MercyMe '' . iTunes . Apple Inc. 2006 . Archived from the original on 31 October 2011 . Retrieved 11 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Losey , Steve . `` '' Almost There '' -- MercyMe ( Review ) `` . Allmusic . Rovi Corporation . Archived from the original on 31 October 2011 . Retrieved 9 August 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` MercyMe -- `` I Can Only Imagine '' Sheet Music `` . Musicnotes , Inc . ( Kathleen Marsh ) . Archived from the original on 31 October 2011 . Retrieved 10 August 2011 . Note : To access archive , user must click ' bypass ' and then , on the next screen , click ' please click here ' . ^ Jump up to : McNeese , Kevin ( 30 January 2008 ) . `` Almost There by MercyMe ( Review ) '' . NewReleaseTuesday.com ( NRT Media ( Kevin McNeese ) ) . Archived from the original on 31 October 2011 . Retrieved 29 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Almost There ( CD liner ) . MercyMe . INO Records . 2001 . 39972 . Jump up ^ `` Pete Kipley ( Credits ) '' . Allmusic . Rovi Corporation . Archived from the original on 31 October 2011 . Retrieved 27 October 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` '' I Can Only Imagine / Word of God Speak `` , MercyMe , Music CD Single -- Barnes & Noble '' . Barnes & Noble . Archived from the original on 31 October 2011 . Retrieved 21 August 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Curb , Mike . `` Billboard Charted Singles '' ( PDF ) . Mikecurb.com . Curb Records . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 31 October 2011 . Retrieved 21 August 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Curb , Mike . `` Number One Records '' ( PDF ) . Mikecurb.com . Curb Records . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 31 October 2011 . Retrieved 21 August 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Farris , Christa ( September 2003 ) . `` '' I Can Only Imagine '' Is Still The Little Song That Could '' ( PDF ) . CCM Magazine . Salem Publishing ( Salem Communications ) . 26 ( 3 ) : 9 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 1 November 2011 . Retrieved 17 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Gillespie , Natalie Nichols ( 2 June 2003 ) . `` '' I Can Only Imagine '' Impacts Mainstream Radio `` . Crosswalk.com . Salem Web Network ( Salem Communications ) . p. 1 . Archived from the original on 1 November 2011 . Retrieved 18 September 2011 . Jump up ^ MercyMe ( interviewees ) ( 2004 ) . The Story Behind `` I Can Only Imagine '' . INO Records . Event occurs at 5 : 55 -- 6 : 20 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Cusic , Don ( 2010 ) . `` Curb , Mike '' . In Cusic , Don . Encyclopedia of contemporary Christian music : pop , rock , and worship . ABC - CLIO . pp. 97 -- 98 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 34425 - 1 . Retrieved 11 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Price , Deborah Evans ( 25 October 2003 ) . `` A Yearning for More Meaning '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media : 3 , 76 . Retrieved 11 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Bronson , Fred . `` Chart Beat Chat '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 17 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` ACE Title Search `` Word of God Speak '' `` . American Society of Composers , Authors and Publishers ( ASCAP ) . Archived from the original on 1 November 2011 . Retrieved 27 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` MercyMe Album & Song Chart History -- Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 12 August 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` MercyMe Album & Song Chart History -- Adult Contemporary Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 12 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Thompson , John J. ( 9 December 2005 ) . `` Well Mercy Me , Children ! '' . Today'sChristianMusic . CCM Magazine . Salem Publishing ( Salem Communications ) . Archived from the original on 1 November 2011 . Retrieved 28 October 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` '' I Can Only Imagine '' -- MercyMe ( VEVO ) `` . Vevo ( Universal Music Group , Sony Music Entertainment , Abu Dhabi Media Company , E1 Entertainment ) . Retrieved 15 September 2011 . Note : video may not be available in your region , e.g. Australia . ^ Jump up to : Nentwig , Wendy Lee ( 23 September 2003 ) . `` Song Story : `` I Can Only Imagine '' `` . Crosswalk.com ( Salem Web Communications ( Salem Communications ) ) . Archived from the original on 1 November 2011 . Retrieved 18 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Chamberlin , Kevin ( 9 September 2002 ) . `` MercyMe , Almost There review '' . Jesus Freak Hideout . John DiBiase . Archived from the original on 1 November 2011 . Retrieved 9 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` MercyMe Album & Song Chart History -- Adult Pop Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 12 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` MercyMe Album & Song Chart History -- Pop Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 12 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` MercyMe Album & Song Chart History -- Country Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 12 August 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` RIAA Gold and Platinum '' . RIAA. 14 April 2010 . Retrieved 21 October 2011 . Note : Requires user to input artist , e.g. MercyMe . Jump up ^ `` Mercyme makes history as `` I Can Only Imagine '' surpasses 1 million downloads `` . Christian Today . Andrew Clark . 21 April 2010 . Archived from the original on 1 November 2011 . Retrieved 24 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Gold & Platinum - RIAA '' . RIAA . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` How did ' I Can Only Imagine ' become the biggest Christian hit ever ( and inspire a movie ) ? '' . Jump up ^ `` Gold & Platinum - RIAA '' . RIAA . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dove Awards History Year ( searchable database ) '' . GMA Dove Award . Gospel Music Association ( GMA ) . Archived from the original on 20 August 2011 . Retrieved 12 September 2011 . Note : Search for either MercyMe or Bart Millard . ^ Jump up to : Losey , Steven Douglas ( 26 December 2002 ) . `` Real People , Real Worship '' . CCM Magazine . Salem Publishing ( Salem Communications ) . Archived from the original on 1 November 2011 . Retrieved 18 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` STS - 129 Wakeup Calls '' . NASA . Archived from the original on 1 November 2011 . Retrieved 12 August 2011 . Curator : Kim Dismukes ; responsible official : Amiko Kauderer . Jump up ^ Johnson , Matt ( 8 June 2008 ) . `` MercyMe , iTunes Originals Review '' . Jesus Freak Hideout . John DiBiase . Retrieved 13 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` iTunes Originals by MercyMe '' . iTunes . Apple Inc . Archived from the original on 1 November 2011 . Retrieved 13 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Matt ( 7 April 2009 ) . `` MercyMe , `` 10 '' Review `` . Jesus Freak Hideout . John DiBiase . Archived from the original on 1 November 2011 . Retrieved 13 August 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` ACE Title Search `` I Can Only Imagine '' `` . American Society of Composers , Authors and Publishers ( ASCAP ) . Archived from the original on 1 November 2011 . Retrieved 27 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Jones , Kim . `` Who Sings `` I Can Only Imagine '' ? `` . About.com . About.com ( The New York Times Company ) . Archived from the original on 1 November 2011 . Retrieved 11 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Breimeier , Russ . `` Satisfy , Christian Music Reviews '' . The Fish . Christianity Today International ( Salem Communications ) . Archived from the original on 1 November 2011 . Retrieved 14 September Demi Lovato has also covered the song . 2011 . Check date values in : accessdate = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Jeff Carson Album & Song History '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 16 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Emerson Drive '' . Emerson Drive . 22 August 2008 . Archived from the original on 1 November 2011 . Retrieved 14 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Charisma . `` ' Hairpiece Revival ' Spreads Worship Awakening Across the Country -- Charisma Magazine '' . www.charismamag.com . Jump up ^ Spiritwatch Ministries On YouTube ( 30 December 2014 ) . `` Suffer The Children - a film by Trevor Glass '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com `` I Can Only Imagine '' / `` Word of God Speak '' `` . Amazon.com . Retrieved 9 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` iTunes -- Music -- Almost There by MercyMe '' . iTunes . Apple Inc . Archived from the original on 1 November 2011 . Retrieved 24 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` iTunes -- Music -- Spoken For by MercyMe '' . iTunes . Apple Inc . Archived from the original on 1 November 2011 . Retrieved 24 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Word of God Speak '' Sheet Music `` . Musicnotes , Inc . ( Kathleen Marsh ) . Archived from the original on 1 November 2011 . Retrieved 23 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` MercyMe Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` MercyMe Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` MercyMe Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` MercyMe Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- MercyMe -- I Can Only Imagine '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved February 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Christian Digital Songs : Top Worship Music Chart '' . Jump up ^ `` MercyMe Chart History ( Hot Christian Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` MercyMe Chart History ( Digital Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Magazine Archives ( 12 / 27 / 03 ) '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . 27 December 2011 . pp. YE -- 80 . Retrieved 7 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard.biz Year - end chart Archives ( AC ) '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Archived from the original on 1 November 2011 . Retrieved 12 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard.biz Year - end chart archives ( Singles sales ) '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Archived from the original on 1 November 2011 . Retrieved 12 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Magazine Archives ( 12 / 27 / 03 ) '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . 27 December 2011 . pp. YE -- 34 . Retrieved 7 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard.biz Year - end chart archives 2010 ( Digital songs ) '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Archived from the original on 1 November 2011 . Retrieved 12 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard.biz Year - end chart archives 2011 ( Digital songs ) '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 12 September 2011 . External links ( edit ) 2010s portal film in the United States portal MercyMe singles Discography Almost There `` Bless Me Indeed ( Jabez 's Song ) '' `` I Can Only Imagine '' Spoken For `` Spoken For '' `` Word of God Speak '' `` The Change Inside Of Me '' Undone `` Here with Me '' `` Homesick '' `` In the Blink of an Eye '' Coming Up to Breathe `` So Long Self '' `` Hold Fast '' `` Bring the Rain '' All That Is Within Me `` God with Us '' `` You Reign '' `` Finally Home '' The Generous Mr. Lovewell `` All of Creation '' `` Beautiful '' `` Move '' The Hurt & The Healer `` The Hurt & The Healer '' Welcome to the New `` Shake '' Lifer `` Even If '' Other charted songs `` O Holy Night '' `` Silent Night '' `` Rockin ' Around the Christmas Tree '' `` God Rest Ye Merry Gentlemen '' `` The Little Drummer Boy '' `` It Came Upon a Midnight Clear '' `` Go Tell it on the Mountain '' `` Sleigh Ride '' Jeff Carson Studio albums Jeff Carson Butterfly Kisses Real Life Singles `` Not on Your Love '' `` The Car '' `` Holdin ' Onto Somethin ' '' `` Butterfly Kisses '' `` Real Life ( I Never Was the Same Again ) '' `` I Can Only Imagine '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Can_Only_Imagine_(MercyMe_song)&oldid=856716816 '' Categories : 1990s ballads 1999 songs 2001 singles MercyMe songs Pop ballads Songs written by Bart Millard Curb Records singles Billboard Christian Songs number - one singles Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 errors : dates Use dmy dates from November 2012 Good articles Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Billboardchristiansongs Singlechart usages for Billboarddigitalsongs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Português Edit links This page was last edited on 27 August 2018 , at 03 : 43 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%20Can%20Only%20Imagine%20%28MercyMe%20song%29
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distinguish between complete block and modified block format
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Business letter
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business letter
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A business letter is usually a letter from one company to another , or between such organizations and their customers , clients and other external parties . The overall style of letter depends on the relationship between the parties concerned . Business letters can have many types of contents , for example to request direct information or action from another party , to order supplies from a supplier , to point out a mistake by the letter 's recipient , to reply directly to a request , to apologize for a wrong , or to convey goodwill . A business letter is sometimes useful because it produces a permanent written record , and may be taken more seriously by the recipient than other forms of communication .
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Contents ( hide ) 1 General format 1.1 Margins 1.2 Font formatting 1.3 Punctuation 1.4 Form 2 Indentation formats 2.1 Standard 2.2 Open 2.3 Block 2.4 Modified block 2.5 Semi-block 2.6 Modified semi-block 3 References General format ( edit ) Margins ( edit ) Side , top and bottom margins should be 1 to 1 1 / 4 inches ( the general default settings in programs such as Microsoft Word ) . One - page letters and memos should be vertically centered . Font formatting ( edit ) No special character or font formatting is used , except for the subject line , which is usually underlined . Punctuation ( edit ) The salutation or greeting is generally followed by a comma in British style , whereas in the United States a colon is used . The valediction or closing is followed by a comma . Form ( edit ) The following is the general format , excluding indentation used in various formats : ( SENDER 'S COMPANY NAME ) ( SENDER 'S ADDRESS ( optional if placed at bottom ) ) ( SENDER 'S PHONE ) ( SENDER 'S E-MAIL ( optional ) ) ( DATE ) ( RECIPIENT W / O PREFIX ) ( RECIPIENT 'S COMPANY ) ( RECIPIENT 'S ADDRESS ) ( Optional ) Attention ( DEPARTMENT / PERSON ) Dear ( RECIPIENT W / PREFIX ) ( First Salutation then Subject in Business letters ) ( CONTENT ) ( CONTENT ) ( COMPLIMENTARY CLOSING ( Sincerely , Respectfully , Regards , etc . ) ) ( SENDER ) ( SENDER 'S TITLE ) ( Optional ) ( SENDER 'S ADDRESS ( optional if placed at top ) ) Enclosures ( ( NUMBER OF ENCLOSURES ) ) Indentation formats ( edit ) Business letters conform to generally one of six indentation formats : standard , open , block , semi-block , modified block , and modified semi-block . Put simply , `` semi - '' means that the first lines of paragraphs are indented ; `` modified '' means that the sender 's address , date , and closing are significantly indented . Standard ( edit ) The standard - format letter uses a colon after the salutation and a comma after the complimentary closing . Open ( edit ) The open - format letter does not use punctuation after the salutation and no punctuation after the complimentary closing . Block ( edit ) In a block - format letter , all text is left aligned and paragraphs are not indented . Modified block ( edit ) In a modified - block format letter , all text is left aligned ( except the author 's address , date , and closing ) , paragraphs are not indented , and the author 's address , date , and closing begin at the center point . Semi-block ( edit ) Semi-block format is similar to the Modified block format , except that the first line of each paragraph is indented . Modified semi-block ( edit ) In a modified semi-block format letter , all text is left aligned ( except the author 's address , date , and closing ) , paragraphs are indented , and the author 's address , date , and closing are usually indented in same position . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Guffey , Rhodes and Rogin . Business Communication : Process and Product . Third Brief Canadian Edition . Thomson - Nelson , 2010 . p. 183 -- 214 . Jump up ^ Newman & Ober . Business Communication : In Person , In Print , Online . South - Western , 2013 . p. 503 -- 506 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Business_letter&oldid=848641438 '' Categories : Letters ( message ) Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from January 2009 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch فارسی Қазақша Русский Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 3 July 2018 , at 08 : 44 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business%20letter
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where did the name rock and roll come from
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Rock and roll
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rock and roll
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Rock and Roll ( often written as rock & roll or rock ' n ' roll ) is a genre of popular music that originated and evolved in the United States during the late 1940s and early 1950s , from African American musical styles such as gospel , jump blues , jazz , boogie woogie , and rhythm and blues , along with country music . While elements of rock and roll can be heard in blues records from the 1920s and in country records of the 1930s , the genre did not acquire its name until 1954 .
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According to Greg Kot , `` rock and roll '' refers to a style of popular music originating in the U.S. in the 1950s prior to its development by the mid-1960s into `` the more encompassing international style known as rock music , though the latter also continued to be known as rock and roll . '' For the purpose of differentiation , this article deals with the first definition . In the earliest rock and roll styles of the late 1940s and early 1950s , either the piano or saxophone was often the lead instrument , but these were generally replaced or supplemented by guitar in the middle to late 1950s . The beat is essentially a blues rhythm with an accentuated backbeat , the latter almost always provided by a snare drum . Classic rock and roll is usually played with one or two electric guitars ( one lead , one rhythm ) , a double bass or string bass or ( after the mid-1950s ) an electric bass guitar , and a drum kit . Beyond simply a musical style , rock and roll , as seen in movies and on television , influenced lifestyles , fashion , attitudes , and language . In addition , rock and roll may have contributed to the civil rights movement because both African - American and white American teens enjoyed the music . It went on to spawn various genres , often without the initially characteristic backbeat , that are now more commonly called simply `` rock music '' or `` rock '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Terminology 2 Early rock and roll 2.1 Origins 2.2 Rockabilly 2.3 Doo wop 2.4 Cover versions 3 Decline 4 British rock and roll 5 Cultural impact 5.1 Race 5.2 Teen culture 5.3 Dance styles 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links Terminology ( edit ) Sign commemorating the role of Alan Freed and Cleveland , Ohio in the origins of rock and roll The term `` rock and roll '' now has at least two different meanings , both in common usage . The American Heritage Dictionary and the Merriam - Webster Dictionary both define rock and roll as synonymous with rock music . Encyclopædia Britannica , on the other hand , regards it as the music that originated in the mid-1950s and later developed `` into the more encompassing international style known as rock music '' . The phrase `` rocking and rolling '' originally described the movement of a ship on the ocean , but was used by the early twentieth century , both to describe the spiritual fervor of black church rituals and as a sexual analogy . Various gospel , blues and swing recordings used the phrase before it became used more frequently -- but still intermittently -- in the 1940s , on recordings and in reviews of what became known as `` rhythm and blues '' music aimed at a black audience . In 1934 , the song `` Rock and Roll '' by the Boswell Sisters appeared in the film Transatlantic Merry - Go - Round . In 1942 , Billboard magazine columnist Maurie Orodenker started to use the term `` rock - and - roll '' to describe upbeat recordings such as `` Rock Me '' by Sister Rosetta Tharpe . By 1943 , the `` Rock and Roll Inn '' in South Merchantville , New Jersey , was established as a music venue . In 1951 , Cleveland , Ohio disc jockey Alan Freed began playing this music style while popularizing the phrase to describe it . Early rock and roll ( edit ) Origins ( edit ) Main article : Origins of rock and roll The origins of rock and roll have been fiercely debated by commentators and historians of music . There is general agreement that it arose in the Southern United States -- a region which would produce most of the major early rock and roll acts -- through the meeting of various influences that embodied a merging of the African musical tradition with European instrumentation . The migration of many former slaves and their descendants to major urban centers such as St. Louis , Memphis , New York City , Detroit , Chicago , Cleveland , and Buffalo ( See : Second Great Migration ( African American ) ) meant that black and white residents were living in close proximity in larger numbers than ever before , and as a result heard each other 's music and even began to emulate each other 's fashions . Radio stations that made white and black forms of music available to both groups , the development and spread of the gramophone record , and African American musical styles such as jazz and swing which were taken up by white musicians , aided this process of `` cultural collision '' . Chuck Berry in 1957 The immediate roots of rock and roll lay in the rhythm and blues , then called `` race music '' , and country music of the 1940s and 1950s . Particularly significant influences were jazz , blues , gospel , country , and folk . Commentators differ in their views of which of these forms were most important and the degree to which the new music was a re-branding of African American rhythm and blues for a white market , or a new hybrid of black and white forms . In the 1930s , jazz , and particularly swing , both in urban - based dance bands and blues - influenced country swing , were among the first music to present African American sounds for a predominantly white audience . One particularly noteworthy example of a jazz song with recognizably rock and roll elements is Big Joe Turner with pianist Pete Johnson 's 1939 single Roll ' Em Pete , which is regarded as an important precursor of rock and roll . The 1940s saw the increased use of blaring horns ( including saxophones ) , shouted lyrics and boogie woogie beats in jazz - based music . During and immediately after World War II , with shortages of fuel and limitations on audiences and available personnel , large jazz bands were less economical and tended to be replaced by smaller combos , using guitars , bass and drums . In the same period , particularly on the West Coast and in the Midwest , the development of jump blues , with its guitar riffs , prominent beats and shouted lyrics , prefigured many later developments . In the documentary film Hail ! Hail ! Rock ' n ' Roll , Keith Richards proposes that Chuck Berry developed his brand of rock and roll , by transposing the familiar two - note lead line of jump blues piano directly to the electric guitar , creating what is instantly recognizable as rock guitar . Similarly , country boogie and Chicago electric blues supplied many of the elements that would be seen as characteristic of rock and roll . Inspired by electric blues , Chuck Berry introduced an aggressive guitar sound to rock and roll , and established the electric guitar as its centrepiece , adapting his rock band instrumentation from the basic blues band instrumentation of a lead guitar , second chord instrument , bass and drums . Bill Haley and his Comets performing in the 1954 Universal International film Round Up of Rhythm Rock and roll arrived at a time of considerable technological change , soon after the development of the electric guitar , amplifier and microphone , and the 45 rpm record . There were also changes in the record industry , with the rise of independent labels like Atlantic , Sun and Chess servicing niche audiences and a similar rise of radio stations that played their music . It was the realization that relatively affluent white teenagers were listening to this music that led to the development of what was to be defined as rock and roll as a distinct genre . Because the development of rock and roll was an evolutionary process , no single record can be identified as unambiguously `` the first '' rock and roll record . Contenders for the title of `` first rock and roll record '' include `` The Fat Man '' by Fats Domino ( 1949 ) , Sister Rosetta Tharpe 's `` Strange Things Happening Everyday '' ( 1944 ) , Goree Carter 's `` Rock Awhile '' ( 1949 ) , Jimmy Preston 's `` Rock the Joint '' ( 1949 ) , which was later covered by Bill Haley & His Comets in 1952 , `` Rocket 88 '' by Jackie Brenston and his Delta Cats ( Ike Turner and his band The Kings of Rhythm ) , recorded by Sam Phillips for Sun Records in March 1951 . In terms of its wide cultural impact across society in the US and elsewhere , Bill Haley 's `` Rock Around the Clock '' , recorded in April 1954 but not a commercial success until the following year , is generally recognized as an important milestone , but it was preceded by many recordings from earlier decades in which elements of rock and roll can be clearly discerned . Other artists with early rock and roll hits included Chuck Berry , Bo Diddley , Little Richard , Jerry Lee Lewis , and Gene Vincent . Chuck Berry 's 1955 classic `` Maybellene '' in particular features a distorted electric guitar solo with warm overtones created by his small valve amplifier . However , the use of distortion was predated by electric blues guitarists such as Joe Hill Louis , Guitar Slim , Willie Johnson of Howlin ' Wolf 's band , and Pat Hare ; the latter two also made use of distorted power chords in the early 1950s . Also in 1955 , Bo Diddley introduced the `` Bo Diddley beat '' and a unique electric guitar style , influenced by African and Afro - Cuban music and in turn influencing many later artists . Rockabilly ( edit ) Main article : Rockabilly Elvis Presley in a promotion shot for Jailhouse Rock in 1957 `` Rockabilly '' usually ( but not exclusively ) refers to the type of rock and roll music which was played and recorded in the mid-1950s primarily by white singers such as Elvis Presley , Carl Perkins , Johnny Cash , and Jerry Lee Lewis , who drew mainly on the country roots of the music . Many other popular rock and roll singers of the time , such as Fats Domino and Little Richard , came out of the black rhythm and blues tradition , making the music attractive to white audiences , and are not usually classed as `` rockabilly '' . Bill Flagg who is a Connecticut resident , began referring to his mix of hillbilly and rock ' n ' roll music as rockabilly around 1953 . His song `` Guitar Rock '' is considered as classic rockabilly . In July 1954 , Elvis Presley recorded the regional hit `` That 's All Right '' at Sam Phillips ' Sun Studio in Memphis . Three months earlier , on April 12 , 1954 , Bill Haley & His Comets recorded `` Rock Around the Clock '' . Although only a minor hit when first released , when used in the opening sequence of the movie Blackboard Jungle a year later , it set the rock and roll boom in motion . The song became one of the biggest hits in history , and frenzied teens flocked to see Haley and the Comets perform it , causing riots in some cities . `` Rock Around the Clock '' was a breakthrough for both the group and for all of rock and roll music . If everything that came before laid the groundwork , `` Rock Around the Clock '' introduced the music to a global audience . In 1956 , the arrival of rockabilly was underlined by the success of songs like `` Folsom Prison Blues '' by Johnny Cash , `` Blue Suede Shoes '' by Perkins and `` Heartbreak Hotel '' by Presley . For a few years it became the most commercially successful form of rock and roll . Later rockabilly acts , particularly performing songwriters like Buddy Holly , would be a major influence on British Invasion acts and particularly on the song writing of the Beatles and through them on the nature of later rock music . Doo wop ( edit ) Main article : Doo wop Doo wop was one of the most popular forms of 1950s rhythm and blues , often compared with rock and roll , with an emphasis on multi-part vocal harmonies and meaningless backing lyrics ( from which the genre later gained its name ) , which were usually supported with light instrumentation . Its origins were in African - American vocal groups of the 1930s and 40s , like the Ink Spots and the Mills Brothers , who had enjoyed considerable commercial success with arrangements based on close harmonies . They were followed by 1940s R&B vocal acts like the Orioles , the Ravens and the Clovers , who injected a strong element of traditional gospel and , increasingly , the energy of jump blues . By 1954 , as rock and roll was beginning to emerge , a number of similar acts began to cross over from the R&B charts to mainstream success , often with added honking brass and saxophone , with the Crows , the Penguins , the El Dorados and the Turbans all scoring major hits . Despite the subsequent explosion in records from doo wop acts in the later ' 50s , many failed to chart or were one - hit wonders . Exceptions included the Platters , with songs including `` The Great Pretender '' ( 1955 ) and the Coasters with humorous songs like `` Yakety Yak '' ( 1958 ) , both of which ranked among the most successful rock and roll acts of the era . Towards the end of the decade there were increasing numbers of white , particularly Italian - American , singers taking up Doo Wop , creating all - white groups like the Mystics and Dion and the Belmonts and racially integrated groups like the Del - Vikings and the Impalas . Doo wop would be a major influence on vocal surf music , soul and early Merseybeat , including the Beatles . Cover versions ( edit ) Main article : Cover version Many of the earliest white rock and roll hits were covers or partial re-writes of earlier black rhythm and blues or blues songs . Through the late 1940s and early 1950s , R&B music had been gaining a stronger beat and a wilder style , with artists such as Fats Domino and Johnny Otis speeding up the tempos and increasing the backbeat to great popularity on the juke joint circuit . Before the efforts of Freed and others , black music was taboo on many white - owned radio outlets , but artists and producers quickly recognized the potential of rock and roll . Most of Presley 's early hits were covers of black rhythm and blues or blues songs , like `` That 's All Right '' ( a countrified arrangement of a blues number ) , `` Baby Let 's Play House '' , `` Lawdy Miss Clawdy '' and `` Hound Dog '' . The racial lines however are rather more clouded by the fact that some of these R&B songs originally recorded by black artists had been written by white songwriters , such as the team of Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller . Songwriting credits were often unreliable ; many publishers , record executives , and even managers ( both white and black ) would insert their name as composer in order to collect royalty checks . Rock and roller Little Richard performing in 2007 Covers were customary in the music industry at the time ; it was made particularly easy by the compulsory license provision of United States copyright law ( still in effect ) . One of the first relevant successful covers was Wynonie Harris 's transformation of Roy Brown 's 1947 original jump blues hit `` Good Rocking Tonight '' into a more showy rocker and the Louis Prima rocker `` Oh Babe '' in 1950 , as well as Amos Milburn 's cover of what may have been the first white rock and roll record , Hardrock Gunter 's `` Birmingham Bounce '' in 1949 . The most notable trend , however , was white pop covers of black R&B numbers . The more familiar sound of these covers may have been more palatable to white audiences , there may have been an element of prejudice , but labels aimed at the white market also had much better distribution networks and were generally much more profitable . Famously , Pat Boone recorded sanitized versions of Little Richard songs . Later , as those songs became popular , the original artists ' recordings received radio play as well . The cover versions were not necessarily straightforward imitations . For example , Bill Haley 's incompletely bowdlerized cover of `` Shake , Rattle and Roll '' transformed Big Joe Turner 's humorous and racy tale of adult love into an energetic teen dance number , while Georgia Gibbs replaced Etta James 's tough , sarcastic vocal in `` Roll With Me , Henry '' ( covered as `` Dance With Me , Henry '' ) with a perkier vocal more appropriate for an audience unfamiliar with the song to which James 's song was an answer , Hank Ballard 's `` Work With Me , Annie '' . Elvis ' rock and roll version of `` Hound Dog '' , taken mainly from a version recorded by pop band Freddie Bell and the Bellboys , was very different from the blues shouter that Big Mama Thornton had recorded four years earlier . Decline ( edit ) Buddy Holly and his band , The Crickets Some commentators have suggested a decline of rock and roll in the late 1950s and early 1960s . By 1959 , the deaths of Buddy Holly , The Big Bopper and Ritchie Valens in a plane crash ( February 1959 ) , the departure of Elvis for service in the United States Army ( March 1958 ) , the retirement of Little Richard to become a preacher ( October 1957 ) , the scandal surrounding Jerry Lee Lewis ' marriage to his thirteen - year - old cousin ( May 1958 ) , the arrest of Chuck Berry ( December 1959 ) , and the breaking of the Payola scandal implicating major figures , including Alan Freed , in bribery and corruption in promoting individual acts or songs ( November 1959 ) , gave a sense that the initial phase of rock and roll had come to an end . Some music historians have pointed to important and innovative developments that built on rock and roll in this period , including multitrack recording , developed by Les Paul , the electronic treatment of sound by such innovators as Joe Meek , and the `` Wall of Sound '' productions of Phil Spector , continued desegregation of the charts , the rise of surf music , garage rock and the Twist dance craze . Surf rock in particular , noted for the use of reverb - drenched guitars , became one of the most popular forms of American rock of the 1960s . British rock and roll ( edit ) Tommy Steele , one of the first British rock and rollers , performing in Stockholm in 1957 Main article : British rock and roll In the 1950s , Britain was well placed to receive American rock and roll music and culture . It shared a common language , had been exposed to American culture through the stationing of troops in the country , and shared many social developments , including the emergence of distinct youth sub-cultures , which in Britain included the Teddy Boys and the rockers . Trad Jazz became popular , and many of its musicians were influenced by related American styles , including boogie woogie and the blues . The skiffle craze , led by Lonnie Donegan , utilised amateurish versions of American folk songs and encouraged many of the subsequent generation of rock and roll , folk , R&B and beat musicians to start performing . At the same time British audiences were beginning to encounter American rock and roll , initially through films including Blackboard Jungle ( 1955 ) and Rock Around the Clock ( 1955 ) . Both movies contained the Bill Haley & His Comets hit `` Rock Around the Clock '' , which first entered the British charts in early 1955 -- four months before it reached the US pop charts -- topped the British charts later that year and again in 1956 , and helped identify rock and roll with teenage delinquency . American rock and roll acts such as Elvis Presley , Little Richard , Buddy Holly , Chuck Berry and Carl Perkins thereafter became major forces in the British charts . The initial response of the British music industry was to attempt to produce copies of American records , recorded with session musicians and often fronted by teen idols . More grassroots British rock and rollers soon began to appear , including Wee Willie Harris and Tommy Steele . During this period American Rock and Roll remained dominant ; however , in 1958 Britain produced its first `` authentic '' rock and roll song and star , when Cliff Richard reached number 2 in the charts with `` Move It '' . At the same time , TV shows such as Six - Five Special and Oh Boy ! promoted the careers of British rock and rollers like Marty Wilde and Adam Faith . Cliff Richard and his backing band , the Shadows , were the most successful home grown rock and roll based acts of the era . Other leading acts included Billy Fury , Joe Brown , and Johnny Kidd & the Pirates , whose 1960 hit song `` Shakin ' All Over '' became a rock and roll standard . As interest in rock and roll was beginning to subside in America in the late 1950s and early 1960s , it was taken up by groups in major British urban centres like Liverpool , Manchester , Birmingham , and London . About the same time , a British blues scene developed , initially led by purist blues followers such as Alexis Korner and Cyril Davies who were directly inspired by American musicians such as Robert Johnson , Muddy Waters and Howlin ' Wolf . Many groups moved towards the beat music of rock and roll and rhythm and blues from skiffle , like the Quarrymen who became the Beatles , producing a form of rock and roll revivalism that carried them and many other groups to national success from about 1963 and to international success from 1964 , known in America as the British Invasion . Groups that followed the Beatles included the beat - influenced Freddie and the Dreamers , Wayne Fontana and the Mindbenders , Herman 's Hermits and the Dave Clark Five . Early British rhythm and blues groups with more blues influences include the Animals , the Rolling Stones , and the Yardbirds . Cultural impact ( edit ) Main article : Social effects of rock music Rock and roll influenced lifestyles , fashion , attitudes , and language . In addition , rock and roll may have contributed to the civil rights movement because both African - American and white American teens enjoyed the music . Many early rock and roll songs dealt with issues of cars , school , dating , and clothing . The lyrics of rock and roll songs described events and conflicts that most listeners could relate to through personal experience . Topics such as sex that had generally been considered taboo began to appear in rock and roll lyrics . This new music tried to break boundaries and express emotions that people were actually feeling but had not talked about . An awakening began to take place in American youth culture . Race ( edit ) In the crossover of African American `` race music '' to a growing white youth audience , the popularization of rock and roll involved both black performers reaching a white audience and white musicians performing African American music . Rock and roll appeared at a time when racial tensions in the United States were entering a new phase , with the beginnings of the civil rights movement for desegregation , leading to the U.S. Supreme Court ruling that abolished the policy of `` separate but equal '' in 1954 , but leaving a policy which would be extremely difficult to enforce in parts of the United States . The coming together of white youth audiences and black music in rock and roll inevitably provoked strong white racist reactions within the US , with many whites condemning its breaking down of barriers based on color . Many observers saw rock and roll as heralding the way for desegregation , in creating a new form of music that encouraged racial cooperation and shared experience . Many authors have argued that early rock and roll was instrumental in the way both white and black teenagers identified themselves . Teen culture ( edit ) Main article : Youth subculture `` There 's No Romance in Rock and Roll '' made the cover of True Life Romance in 1956 Several rock historians have claimed that rock and roll was one of the first music genres to define an age group . It gave teenagers a sense of belonging , even when they were alone . Rock and roll is often identified with the emergence of teen culture among the first baby boomer generation , who had both greater relative affluence , leisure and who adopted rock and roll as part of a distinct sub-culture . This involved not just music , absorbed via radio , record buying , jukeboxes and TV programs like American Bandstand , but it also extended to film , clothes , hair , cars and motorbikes , and distinctive language . The contrast between parental and youth culture exemplified by rock and roll was a recurring source of concern for older generations , who worried about juvenile delinquency and social rebellion , particularly as to a large extent rock and roll culture was shared by different racial and social groups . In America , that concern was conveyed even in youth cultural artifacts such as comic books . In `` There 's No Romance in Rock and Roll '' from True Life Romance ( 1956 ) , a defiant teen dates a rock and roll - loving boy but drops him for one who likes traditional adult music -- to her parents ' relief . In Britain , where post-war prosperity was more limited , rock and roll culture became attached to the pre-existing Teddy Boy movement , largely working class in origins , and eventually to the longer lasting rockers . Rock and roll has been seen as reorienting popular music towards a teen market , often celebrating teen fashions , as in Carl Perkins ' `` Blue Suede Shoes '' ( 1956 ) or Dion and the Belmonts ' `` A Teenager in Love '' ( 1960 ) . Dance styles ( edit ) From its early 1950s beginning through the early 1960s , rock and roll music spawned new dance crazes . Teenagers found the syncopated backbeat rhythm especially suited to reviving Big Band era jitterbug dancing . `` Sock hops '' , gym dances , and home basement dance parties became the rage , and American teens watched Dick Clark 's American Bandstand to keep up on the latest dance and fashion styles . From the mid-1960s on , as `` rock and roll '' was rebranded as just `` rock '' , later dance genres followed , starting with the twist , and leading up to funk , disco , house , techno , and hip hop . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Farley , Christopher John ( July 6 , 2004 ) . `` Elvis Rocks But He 's Not the First '' . Time . Jump up ^ Jim Dawson and Steve Propes , What Was the First Rock'n'Roll Record ( 1992 ) , ISBN 0 - 571 - 12939 - 0 . Jump up ^ Christ - Janer , Albert , Charles W. Hughes , and Carleton Sprague Smith , American Hymns Old and New ( New York : Columbia University Press , 1980 ) , p. 364 , ISBN 0 - 231 - 03458 - X . ^ Jump up to : Peterson , Richard A. Creating Country Music : Fabricating Authenticity ( 1999 ) , p. 9 , ISBN 0 - 226 - 66285 - 3 . Jump up ^ Davis , Francis . The History of the Blues ( New York : Hyperion , 1995 ) , ISBN 0 - 7868 - 8124 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` The Roots of Rock ' n ' Roll 1946 -- 1954 '' . 2004 . Universal Music Enterprises . Jump up ^ Dawson , Jim & Propes , Steve , What was the first rock ' n ' roll record ? , Faber & Faber , ISBN 0 - 571 - 12939 - 0 , 1992 . ^ Jump up to : Kot , Greg , `` Rock and roll '' , in the Encyclopædia Britannica , published online 17 June 2008 and also in print and in the Encyclopædia Britannica Ultimate Reference DVD ; Chicago : Encyclopædia Britannica , 2010 ) ) ^ Jump up to : S. Evans , `` The development of the Blues '' in A.F. Moore , ed. , The Cambridge companion to blues and gospel music ( Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 2002 ) , pp. 40 -- 2 . Jump up ^ P. Hurry , M. Phillips , and M. Richards , Heinemann advanced music ( Heinemann , 2001 ) , pp. 153 -- 4 . ^ Jump up to : G.C. Altschuler , All shook up : how rock ' n ' roll changed America ( Oxford : Oxford University Press US , 2003 ) , p. 35 . Jump up ^ `` Rock music '' . The American Heritage Dictionary . Bartleby.com . Retrieved December 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Rock and roll '' . Merriam - Webster 's Online Dictionary . Merriam - Webster Online . Retrieved December 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ The United Service Journal , 1835 , p. 406 ^ Jump up to : `` Morgan Wright 's HoyHoy.com : The Dawn of Rock ' n Roll '' . Hoyhoy.com . May 2 , 1954 . Retrieved April 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Billboard , May 30 , 1942 , page 25 . Other examples are in describing Vaughn Monroe 's `` Coming Out Party '' in the issue of June 27 , 1942 , page 76 ; Count Basie 's `` It 's Sand , Man '' , in the issue of October 3 , 1942 , page 63 ; and Deryck Sampson 's `` Kansas City Boogie - Woogie '' in the issue of October 9 , 1943 , page 67 . Jump up ^ Billboard , June 12 , 1943 , page 19 Jump up ^ Bordowitz , Hank ( 2004 ) . Turning Points in Rock and Roll . New York , New York : Citadel Press . p. 63 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8065 - 2631 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Bogdanov , Woodstra & Erlewine 2002 , p. 1303 Jump up ^ M.T. Bertrand , Race , Rock , and Elvis : Music in American Life ( University of Illinois Press , 2000 ) , pp. 21 -- 2 . Jump up ^ R. Aquila , That old - time rock & roll : a chronicle of an era , 1954 -- 1963 ( Chicago : University of Illinois Press , 2000 ) , pp. 4 -- 6 . Jump up ^ J.M. Salem , The late , great Johnny Ace and the transition from R & B to rock ' n ' roll Music in American life ( University of Illinois Press , 2001 ) , p. 4 . Jump up ^ M.T. Bertrand , ' Race , rock , and Elvis Music in American life ( University of Illinois Press , 2000 ) , p. 99 . Jump up ^ Gilliland 1969 , show 3 , show 55 . Jump up ^ A. Bennett , Rock and popular music : politics , policies , institutions ( Routledge , 1993 ) , pp. 236 -- 8 . ^ Jump up to : K. Keightley , `` Reconsidering rock '' S. Frith , W. Straw and J. Street , eds , The Cambridge companion to pop and rock ( Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 2001 ) , p. 116 . Jump up ^ N. Kelley , R&B , rhythm and business : the political economy of Black music ( Akashic Books , 2005 ) , p. 134 . Jump up ^ E. Wald , How the Beatles Destroyed Rock N Roll : An Alternative History of American Popular Music ( Oxford : Oxford University Press , 2009 ) , pp. 111 -- 25 . Jump up ^ Nick Tosches , Unsung Heroes of Rock ' n ' Roll , Secker & Warburg , 1991 , ISBN 0 - 436 - 53203 - 4 Jump up ^ Peter J. Silvester , A Left Hand Like God : a history of boogie - woogie piano ( 1989 ) , ISBN 0 - 306 - 80359 - 3 . Jump up ^ M. Campbell , ed. , Popular Music in America : And the Beat Goes on ( Cengage Learning , 3rd edn. , 2008 ) , p. 99 . ISBN 0 - 495 - 50530 - 7 Jump up ^ P.D. Lopes , The rise of a jazz art world ( Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 2002 ) , p. 132 Jump up ^ Michael Campbell & James Brody , Rock and Roll : An Introduction , pages 110 - 111 Jump up ^ Michael Campbell & James Brody , Rock and Roll : An Introduction , pages 80 - 81 ^ Jump up to : Jim Dawson and Steve Propes , What Was The First Rock'n'Roll Record , 1992 , ISBN 0 - 571 - 12939 - 0 Jump up ^ Williams , R ( March 18 , 2015 ) . `` Sister Rosetta Tharpe : the godmother of rock ' n ' roll '' . Jump up ^ Robert Palmer , `` Church of the Sonic Guitar '' , pp. 13 -- 38 in Anthony DeCurtis , Present Tense , Duke University Press , 1992 , p. 19 . ISBN 0 - 8223 - 1265 - 4 . Jump up ^ Jimmy Preston at AllMusic ^ Jump up to : M. Campbell , ed. , Popular Music in America : and the Beat Goes on ( Boston , MA : Cengage Learning , 3rd edn. , 2008 ) , ISBN 0 - 495 - 50530 - 7 , pp. 157 -- 8 . ^ Jump up to : Gilliland 1969 , show 5 , show 55 . Jump up ^ Robert Palmer , `` Rock Begins '' , in Rolling Stone Illustrated History of Rock and Roll , 1976 / 1980 , ISBN 0 - 330 - 26568 - 7 ( UK edition ) , pp. 3 -- 14 . Jump up ^ Unterberger , Richie . Birth of Rock & Roll at AllMusic . Retrieved March 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Collis , John ( 2002 ) . Chuck Berry : The Biography . Aurum . p. 38 . Jump up ^ DeCurtis , Anthony ( 1992 ) . Present Tense : Rock & Roll and Culture ( 4 . print . ed . ) . Durham , N.C. : Duke University Press . ISBN 0822312654 . His first venture , the Phillips label , issued only one known release , and it was one of the loudest , most overdriven , and distorted guitar stomps ever recorded , `` Boogie in the Park '' by Memphis one - man - band Joe Hill Louis , who cranked his guitar while sitting and banging at a rudimentary drum kit . Jump up ^ Aswell , Tom ( 2010 ) . Louisiana Rocks ! The True Genesis of Rock & Roll . Gretna , Louisiana : Pelican Publishing Company . pp. 61 -- 5 . ISBN 1589806778 ... Jump up ^ Dave , Rubin ( 2007 ) . Inside the Blues , 1942 to 1982 . Hal Leonard . p. 61 . Jump up ^ Robert Palmer , `` Church of the Sonic Guitar '' , pp. 13 -- 38 in Anthony DeCurtis , Present Tense , Duke University Press , 1992 , pp. 24 -- 27 . ISBN 0 - 8223 - 1265 - 4 . Jump up ^ P. Buckley , The rough guide to rock ( Rough Guides , 3rd edn. , 2003 ) , p. 21 . Jump up ^ `` Bo Diddley '' . The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum . Retrieved October 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Bo Diddley '' . Rolling Stone . 2001 . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Brown , Jonathan ( June 3 , 2008 ) . `` Bo Diddley , guitarist who inspired the Beatles and the Stones , dies aged 79 '' . The Independent . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gilliland 1969 , shows 7 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Rockabilly at AllMusic . Retrieved August 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Gilliland 1969 , show 6 . Jump up ^ `` Granville 's Bill Flagg pioneered rockabilly '' . masslive.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 28 . Jump up ^ Elvis at AllMusic . Retrieved August 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Bill Haley at AllMusic . Retrieved August 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ P. Humphries , The Complete Guide to the Music of The Beatles , Volume 2 ( Music Sales Group , 1998 ) , p. 29 . Jump up ^ F.W. Hoffmann and H. Ferstler , Encyclopedia of recorded sound , Volume 1 ( CRC Press , 2nd edn. , 2004 ) , pp. 327 -- 8 . ^ Jump up to : Bogdanov , Woodstra & Erlewine 2002 , pp. 1306 -- 7 Jump up ^ Gilliland 1969 , show 5 , track 3 . Jump up ^ Gilliland 1969 , show 13 . ^ Jump up to : Gilliland 1969 , show 4 , track 5 . Jump up ^ Ennis , Philip H. ( 1992 ) , The Seventh Stream -- The Emergence of Rocknroll in American Popular Music , Wesleyan University Press , p. 201 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8195 - 6257 - 9 Jump up ^ R. Aquila , That old - time rock & roll : a chronicle of an era , 1954 -- 1963 ( Chicago : University of Illinois Press , 2000 ) , p. 6 . Jump up ^ C. Deffaa , Blue rhythms : six lives in rhythm and blues ( Chicago : University of Illinois Press , 1996 ) , pp. 183 -- 4 . Jump up ^ J.V. Martin , Copyright : current issues and laws ( Nova Publishers , 2002 ) , pp. 86 -- 8 . Jump up ^ G. Lichtenstein and L. Dankner . Musical gumbo : the music of New Orleans ( W.W. Norton , 1993 ) , p. 775 . Jump up ^ R. Carlin . Country music : a biographical dictionary ( Taylor & Francis , 2003 ) , p. 164 . Jump up ^ R. Aquila , That old - time rock & roll : a chronicle of an era , 1954 -- 1963 ( Chicago : University of Illinois Press , 2000 ) , p. 201 . Jump up ^ G.C. Altschuler , All shook up : how rock ' n ' roll changed America ( Oxford : Oxford University Press US , 2003 ) , pp. 51 -- 2 . Jump up ^ R. Coleman , Blue Monday : Fats Domino and the Lost Dawn of Rock ' n ' Roll ( Da Capo Press , 2007 ) , p. 95 . Jump up ^ D. Tyler , Music of the postwar era ( Greenwood , 2008 ) , p. 79 . Jump up ^ C.L. Harrington , and D.D. Bielby. , Popular culture : production and consumption ( Wiley - Blackwell , 2001 ) , p. 162 . Jump up ^ Gilliland 1969 , show 7 , track 4 . Jump up ^ D. Hatch and S. Millward , From blues to rock : an analytical history of pop music ( Manchester : Manchester University Press ND , 1987 ) , p. 110 . Jump up ^ M. Campbell , Popular Music in America : And the Beat Goes on : Popular Music in America ( Publisher Cengage Learning , 3rd edn. , 2008 ) , p. 172 . Jump up ^ M. Campbell , ed. , Popular Music in America : And the Beat Goes on ( Cengage Learning , 3rd edn. , 2008 ) , p. 99 . Jump up ^ Gilliland 1969 , show 21 . Jump up ^ http://www.allmusic.com/subgenre/surf-ma0000002883 ^ Jump up to : Unterberger , Richie . British Rock & Roll Before the Beatles at AllMusic . Retrieved June 24 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : D. O'Sullivan , The Youth Culture London : Taylor & Francis , 1974 ) , pp. 38 -- 9 . Jump up ^ J.R. Covach and G. MacDonald Boone , Understanding Rock : Essays in Musical Analysis ( Oxford : Oxford University Press , 1997 ) , p. 60 . Jump up ^ M. Brocken , The British folk revival , 1944 -- 2002 ( Aldershot : Ashgate , 2003 ) , pp. 69 -- 80 . Jump up ^ V. Porter , British Cinema of the 1950s : The Decline of Deference ( Oxford : Oxford University Press , 2007 ) , p. 192 . Jump up ^ T. Gracyk , I Wanna Be Me : Rock Music and the Politics of Identity ( Temple University Press , 2001 ) , pp. 117 -- 18 . Jump up ^ D. Hatch , S. Millward , From Blues to Rock : an Analytical History of Pop Music ( Manchester : Manchester University Press , 1987 ) , p. 78 . Jump up ^ A.J. Millard , The electric guitar : a history of an American icon ( JHU Press , 2004 ) , p. 150 . Jump up ^ Mersey Beat -- the founders ' story . Jump up ^ V. Bogdanov , C. Woodstra , S.T. Erlewine , eds , All Music Guide to the Blues : The Definitive Guide to the Blues ( Backbeat , 3rd edn. , 2003 ) , p. 700 . Jump up ^ British Invasion at AllMusic . Retrieved August 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Ira A. Robbins ( February 7 , 1964 ) . `` British Invasion ( music ) '' . Britannica.com . Retrieved April 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Unterberger , Richie ( 1996 ) . `` Blues rock '' . In Erlewine , Michael . All Music Guide to the Blues . San Francisco : Miller Freeman Books . p. 378 . ISBN 0 - 87930 - 424 - 3 . Jump up ^ G.C. Altschuler , All shook up : how rock ' n ' roll changed America ( Oxford : Oxford University Press US , 2003 ) , p. 121 . Jump up ^ Schafer , William J. Rock Music : Where It 's Been , What It Means , Where It 's Going . Minneapolis : Augsburg Publishing House , 1972 . Jump up ^ M. Fisher , Something in the air : radio , rock , and the revolution that shaped a generation ( Marc Fisher , 2007 ) , p. 53 . Jump up ^ H. Zinn , A people 's history of the United States : 1492 -- present ( Pearson Education , 3rd edn. , 2003 ) , p. 450 . Jump up ^ M.T. Bertrand , Race , rock , and Elvis ( University of Illinois Press , 2000 ) , pp. 95 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Carson , Mina ( 2004 ) . Girls Rock ! : Fifty Years of Women Making Music . Lexington . p. 24 . ^ Jump up to : Padel , Ruth ( 2000 ) . I 'm a Man : Sex , Gods , and Rock ' n ' Roll . Faber and Faber . pp. 46 -- 48 . ^ Jump up to : M. Coleman , L.H. Ganong , K. Warzinik , Family Life in Twentieth - Century America ( Greenwood , 2007 ) , pp. 216 -- 17 . Jump up ^ Nolan , Michelle . Love on the Racks ( McFarland , 2008 ) p. 150 Jump up ^ Lisa A. Lewis , The Adoring Audience : Fan Culture and Popular Media ( Routledge , 1992 ) , p. 98 . Jump up ^ sixtiescity.com Sixties Dance and Dance Crazes Jump up ^ R. Aquila , That old - time rock & roll : a chronicle of an era , 1954 -- 1963 ( University of Illinois Press , 2000 ) , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Michael ; James Brody ( 1999 ) . Rock and Roll : An Introduction . New York , NY : Schirmer Books . pp. 354 -- 55 . References ( edit ) Bogdanov , V. ; Woodstra , C. ; Erlewine , S.T. , eds. ( 2002 ) . All Music Guide to Rock : the Definitive Guide to Rock , Pop , and Soul ( 3rd ed . ) . Milwaukee , WI : Backbeat Books . ISBN 0 - 87930 - 653 - X . Rock and Roll : A Social History , by Paul Friedlander ( 1996 ) , Westview Press ( ISBN 0 - 8133 - 2725 - 3 ) `` The Rock Window : A Way of Understanding Rock Music '' by Paul Friedlander , in Tracking : Popular Music Studies , Volume I , number 1 , Spring , 1988 The Rolling Stone Encyclopedia of Rock & Roll by Holly George - Warren , Patricia Romanowski , Jon Pareles ( 2001 ) , Fireside Press ( ISBN 0 - 7432 - 0120 - 5 ) The Sound of the City : the Rise of Rock and Roll , by Charlie Gillett ( 1970 ) , E.P. Dutton Gilliland , John ( 1969 ) . `` Hail , Hail , Rock ' n ' Roll : The rock revolution gets underway '' ( audio ) . Pop Chronicles . University of North Texas Libraries . The Fifties by David Halberstam ( 1996 ) , Random House ( ISBN 0 - 517 - 15607 - 5 ) The Rolling Stone Illustrated History of Rock and Roll : The Definitive History of the Most Important Artists and Their Music by editors James Henke , Holly George - Warren , Anthony Decurtis , Jim Miller ( 1992 ) , Random House ( ISBN 0 - 679 - 73728 - 6 ) External links ( edit ) Find more aboutRock and rollat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Data from Wikidata Rock music at DMOZ The Camp Meeting Jubilee 1910 recording The Smithsonian 's history of the electric guitar History of Rock Youngtown Rock and Roll Museum -- Omemee , Ontario ( hide ) Rock music Components Backbeat Distortion Rock band Electric guitar Electric bass Rhythm section Drum kit Genres by decade of origin 1950s Instrumental rock Latin rock Pop rock Rock and roll British Rockabilly 1960s Acid rock Anatolian rock Art rock Baroque rock Beat music Blues rock Boogie rock Christian rock Comedy rock Country rock Experimental rock Folk rock Flamenco rock Garage rock Hard rock Heavy metal Jam Jazz rock Krautrock Power pop Progressive rock Psychedelic rock Raga rock Roots rock Samba rock Southern rock Space rock Surf music 1970s Arena rock Cock rock Dance - 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Lumbaart Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Олык марий Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Sardu Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray ייִדיש Yorùbá 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 October 2017 , at 02 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock%20and%20roll
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actor who played rudy in the book thief
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Nico Louis Liersch ( born 17 July 2000 ) is a German TV and film teen actor . He is mostly known for his role as Rudy Steiner in the 2013 film The Book Thief . He is also known for his work in the German television series Das ist Gut where he played Phillip Greenyard , a caveman without parents .
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Nico Louis Liersch
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Nico Liersch
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nico liersch
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Nico Louis Liersch ( born 17 July 2000 ) is a German TV and film teen actor . He is mostly known for his role as Rudy Steiner in the 2013 film The Book Thief . He is also known for his work in the German television series Das ist Gut where he played Phillip Greenyard , a caveman without parents .
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Contents ( hide ) 1 Filmography 2 Personal life 3 References 4 External links Filmography ( edit ) In 2012 , Nico Liersch appeared in episodes of the German TV series Inga Lindström and Das Traumhotel . In February 2013 , he was cast in the film adaptation of the best - seller novel The Book Thief . He played Rudy Steiner , the best friend of the titular book thief , Liesel Meminger . Markus Zusak , who wrote the novel that inspired the movie , was pleased with Liersch 's portrayal of his character and wrote : _̈ He 's magnificent , indeed . He is Rudy. _̈ Personal life ( edit ) Nico is one of two children . His older sister Luca is a singer , and has performed at several theatres in Germany . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Mallory , Carole ( 8 November 2013 ) . `` Movie Review ... the Book Thief ... a Good Film '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 23 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` First look at The Book Thief '' . ScreenTerrier. 5 August 2013 . Retrieved 23 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Hoffman , Tess ( 5 February 2013 ) . `` Geoffrey Rush & Emily Watson To Star In WWII Tale ' The Book Thief ' '' . Indiewire . Retrieved 23 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Markus Zusak 's official tumblr '' . 12 November 2013 . Retrieved 23 January 2014 . External links ( edit ) Nico Liersch on IMDb GND : 1061828654 VIAF : 311660556 This article about a German actor or actress is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nico_Liersch&oldid=821919259 '' Categories : 2000 births German male child actors Living people German actor stubs Hidden categories : Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch فارسی Italiano Português Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 23 January 2018 , at 11 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nico%20Liersch
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which level of classification includes the most species kingdom domain genus class
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Taxonomic rank
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taxonomic rank
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In biological classification , taxonomic rank is the relative level of a group of organisms ( a taxon ) in a taxonomic hierarchy . Examples of taxonomic ranks are species , genus , family , order , class , phylum , kingdom , domain , etc .
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A given rank subsumes under it less general categories , that is , more specific descriptions of life forms . Above it , each rank is classified within more general categories of organisms and groups of organisms related to each other through inheritance of traits or features from common ancestors . The rank of any species and the description of its genus is basic ; which means that to identify a particular organism , it is usually not necessary to specify ranks other than these first two . Consider a particular species , the red fox , Vulpes vulpes : its next rank , the genus Vulpes , comprises all the `` true '' foxes . Their closest relatives are in the immediately higher rank , the family Canidae , which includes dogs , wolves , jackals , and all foxes ; the next higher rank , the order Carnivora , includes caniforms ( mustelids , bears , seals , and all those mentioned above ) , and feliforms ( cats , hyenas , mongooses , civets ) , plus other carnivorous mammals . As one group of the class Mammalia , all of the above are classified among those with backbones , in the Chordata phylum rank ; and with them among all the animals , in the Animalia kingdom rank . Finally , all of the above will find their earliest relatives somewhere in their domain rank Eukarya . The International Code of Zoological Nomenclature defines rank as : `` The level , for nomenclatural purposes , of a taxon in a taxonomic hierarchy ( e.g. all families are for nomenclatural purposes at the same rank , which lies between superfamily and subfamily ) . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Main ranks 2 Ranks in zoology 2.1 Names of zoological taxa 3 Ranks in botany 3.1 Names of botanical taxa 3.1. 1 Outdated names for botanical ranks 4 Examples 5 Terminations of names 6 All ranks 7 Significance and problems 8 See also 9 References 9.1 Bibliography Main ranks ( edit ) In his landmark publications , such as the Systema Naturae , Carl Linnaeus used a ranking scale limited to : kingdom , class , order , genus , species , and one rank below species . Today , nomenclature is regulated by the nomenclature codes . There are seven main taxonomic ranks : kingdom , phylum or division , class , order , family , genus , species . In addition , the domain ( proposed by Carl Woese ) is now widely used as one of the fundamental ranks , although it is not mentioned in any of the nomenclature codes . Also , this term represents a synonym for the category of dominion ( lat . dominium ) , introduced by Moore in 1974 . Unlike Moore , Whoese et al. ( 1990 ) did not suggest a Latin term for this category , which represents a further argument supporting the accurately introduced term dominion . Main taxonomic ranks Latin English vitae life regio domain regnum kingdom phylum phylum classis class ordo order familia family genus genus species species A taxon is usually assigned a rank when it is given its formal name . The basic ranks are species and genus . When an organism is given a species name it is assigned to a genus , and the genus name is part of the species name . The species name is also called a binomial , that is , a two - term name . For example , the zoological name for the human species is Homo sapiens . This is usually italicized in print and underlined when italics are not available . In this case , Homo is the generic name and it is capitalized ; sapiens indicates the species and it is not capitalized . Ranks in zoology ( edit ) There are definitions of the following taxonomic ranks in the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature : superfamily , family , subfamily , tribe , subtribe , genus , subgenus , species , subspecies . The International Code of Zoological Nomenclature divides names into `` family - group names '' , `` genus - group names '' and `` species - group names '' . The Code explicitly mentions : Superfamily Family Subfamily Tribe Subtribe Genus Subgenus Species Subspecies The rules in the Code apply to the ranks of superfamily to subspecies , and only to some extent to those above the rank of superfamily . In the `` genus group '' and `` species group '' no further ranks are allowed . Among zoologists , additional terms such as species group , species subgroup , species complex and superspecies are sometimes used for convenience as extra , but unofficial , ranks between the subgenus and species levels in taxa with many species ( e.g. the genus Drosophila ) . At higher ranks ( family and above ) a lower level may be denoted by adding the prefix `` infra '' , meaning lower , to the rank . For example , infraorder ( below suborder ) or infrafamily ( below subfamily ) . Names of zoological taxa ( edit ) A taxon above the rank of species has a scientific name in one part ( a uninominal name ) . A species has a name composed of two parts ( a binomial name or binomen ) : generic name + specific name ; for example Canis lupus . A subspecies has a name composed of three parts ( a trinomial name or trinomen ) : generic name + specific name + subspecific name ; for example Canis lupus familiaris . As there is only one possible rank below that of species , no connecting term to indicate rank is needed or used . Ranks in botany ( edit ) According to Art 3.1 of the International Code of Nomenclature for algae , fungi , and plants ( ICN ) the most important ranks of taxa are : kingdom , division or phylum , class , order , family , genus , and species . According to Art 4.1 the secondary ranks of taxa are tribe , section , series , variety and form . There is an indeterminate number of ranks . The ICN explicitly mentions : primary ranks secondary ranks further ranks kingdom ( regnum ) subregnum division or phylum ( divisio , phylum ) subdivisio or subphylum class ( classis ) subclassis order ( ordo ) subordo family ( familia ) subfamilia tribe ( tribus ) subtribus genus ( genus ) subgenus section ( sectio ) subsection series ( series ) subseries species ( species ) subspecies variety ( varietas ) subvarietas form ( forma ) subforma There are definitions of the following taxonomic categories in the International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants : cultivar group , cultivar , grex . The rules in the ICN apply primarily to the ranks of family and below , and only to some extent to those above the rank of family . Also see descriptive botanical names . Names of botanical taxa ( edit ) Taxa at the rank of genus and above have a botanical name in one part ( unitary name ) ; those at the rank of species and above ( but below genus ) have a botanical name in two parts ( binary name ) ; all taxa below the rank of species have a botanical name in three parts ( an infraspecific name ) . To indicate the rank of the infraspecific name , a `` connecting term '' is needed . Thus Poa secunda subsp . juncifolia , where `` subsp . '' is an abbreviation for `` subspecies '' , is the name of a subspecies of Poa secunda . Hybrids can be specified either by a `` hybrid formula '' that specifies the parentage , or may be given a name . For hybrids receiving a hybrid name , the same ranks apply , prefixed with notho ( Greek : ' bastard ' ) , with nothogenus as the highest permitted rank . Outdated names for botanical ranks ( edit ) If a different term for the rank was used in an old publication , but the intention is clear , botanical nomenclature specifies certain substitutions : If names were `` intended as names of orders , but published with their rank denoted by a term such as '' : `` cohors '' ( Latin for `` cohort '' ; see also cohort study for the use of the term in ecology ) , `` nixus '' , `` alliance '' , or `` Reihe '' instead of `` order '' ( Article 17.2 ) , they are treated as names of orders . `` Family '' is substituted for `` order '' ( ordo ) or `` natural order '' ( ordo naturalis ) under certain conditions where the modern meaning of `` order '' was not intended . ( Article 18.2 ) `` Subfamily is substituted for `` suborder '' ( subordo ) under certain conditions where the modern meaning of `` suborder '' was not intended . ( Article 19.2 ) In a publication prior to 1 January 1890 , if only one infraspecific rank is used , it is considered to be that of variety . ( Article 37.4 ) This commonly applies to publications that labelled infraspecific taxa with Greek letters , α , β , γ , ... Examples ( edit ) Classifications of five species follow : the fruit fly so familiar in genetics laboratories ( Drosophila melanogaster ) , humans ( Homo sapiens ) , the peas used by Gregor Mendel in his discovery of genetics ( Pisum sativum ) , the `` fly agaric '' mushroom Amanita muscaria , and the bacterium Escherichia coli . The eight major ranks are given in bold ; a selection of minor ranks are given as well . Rank Fruit fly Human Pea Fly agaric E. coli Domain Eukarya Eukarya Eukarya Eukarya Bacteria Kingdom Animalia Animalia Plantae Fungi Bacteria Phylum or Division Arthropoda Chordata Magnoliophyta ( Tracheophyta ) Basidiomycota Proteobacteria Subphylum or subdivision Hexapoda Vertebrata Magnoliophytina ( Euphyllophytina ) Agaricomycotina Class Insecta Mammalia Magnoliopsida ( Equisetopsida ) Agaricomycetes Gammaproteobacteria Subclass Pterygota Theria Rosidae ( Magnoliidae ) Agaricomycetidae Superorder Euarchontoglires Rosanae Order Diptera Primates Fabales Agaricales Enterobacteriales Suborder Brachycera Haplorrhini Fabineae Agaricineae Family Drosophilidae Hominidae Fabaceae Amanitaceae Enterobacteriaceae Subfamily Drosophilinae Homininae Faboideae Amanitoideae Genus Drosophila Homo Pisum Amanita Escherichia Species D. melanogaster H. sapiens P. sativum A. muscaria E. coli Table notes The ranks of higher taxa , especially intermediate ranks , are prone to revision as new information about relationships is discovered . For example , the flowering plants have been downgraded from a division ( Magnoliophyta ) to a subclass ( Magnoliidae ) , and the superorder has become the rank that distinguishes the major groups of flowering plants . The traditional classification of primates ( class Mammalia -- subclass Theria -- infraclass Eutheria -- order Primates ) has been modified by new classifications such as McKenna and Bell ( class Mammalia -- subclass Theriformes -- infraclass Holotheria ) with Theria and Eutheria assigned lower ranks between infraclass and the order Primates . See mammal classification for a discussion . These differences arise because there are only a small number of ranks available and a large number of branching points in the fossil record . Within species further units may be recognised . Animals may be classified into subspecies ( for example , Homo sapiens sapiens , modern humans ) or morphs ( for example Corvus corax varius morpha leucophaeus , the Pied Raven ) . Plants may be classified into subspecies ( for example , Pisum sativum subsp . sativum , the garden pea ) or varieties ( for example , Pisum sativum var . macrocarpon , snow pea ) , with cultivated plants getting a cultivar name ( for example , Pisum sativum var . macrocarpon ' Snowbird ' ) . Bacteria may be classified by strains ( for example Escherichia coli O157 : H7 , a strain that can cause food poisoning ) . Mnemonics are available at mnemonic-device.eu and thefreedictionary.com . Terminations of names ( edit ) Taxa above the genus level are often given names based on the type genus , with a standard termination . The terminations used in forming these names depend on the kingdom ( and sometimes the phylum and class ) as set out in the table below . Pronunciations given are the most Anglicized . More Latinate pronunciations are also common , particularly / ɑː / rather than / eɪ / for stressed a . Rank Bacteria Plants Algae Fungi Animals Division / Phylum - phyta / ˈfaɪtə / - phycota / ˈfaɪkoʊtə / - mycota / maɪˈkoʊtə / Subdivision / Subphylum - phytina / fɪˈtaɪnə / - phycotina / fɪkoʊˈtaɪnə / - mycotina / maɪkoʊˈtaɪnə / Class - ia / iə / - opsida / ˈɒpsɪdə / - phyceae / ˈfaɪʃiː / - mycetes / maɪˈsiːtiːz / Subclass - idae / ɪdiː / - phycidae / ˈfɪsɪdiː / - mycetidae / maɪˈsɛtɪdiː / Superorder - anae / ˈeɪniː / Order - ales / ˈeɪliːz / Suborder - ineae / ˈɪnɪ. iː / Infraorder - aria / ˈɛəriə / Superfamily - acea / ˈeɪʃə / - oidea / ˈɔɪdiə / Epifamily - oidae / ˈɔɪdiː / Family - aceae / ˈeɪʃiː / - idae / ɪdiː / Subfamily - oideae / ˈɔɪdɪiː / - inae / ˈaɪniː / Infrafamily - odd / ɒd / Tribe - eae / ɪiː / - ini / ˈaɪnaɪ / Subtribe - inae / ˈaɪniː / - ina / ˈaɪnə / Infratribe - ad / æd / or - iti / ˈaɪti / Table notes In botany and mycology names at the rank of family and below are based on the name of a genus , sometimes called the type genus of that taxon , with a standard ending . For example , the rose family Rosaceae is named after the genus Rosa , with the standard ending `` - aceae '' for a family . Names above the rank of family are also formed from a generic name , or are descriptive ( like Gymnospermae or Fungi ) . For animals , there are standard suffixes for taxa only up to the rank of superfamily . Forming a name based on a generic name may be not straightforward . For example , the Latin homo has the genitive hominis , thus the genus Homo ( human ) is in the Hominidae , not `` Homidae '' . The ranks of epifamily , infrafamily and infratribe ( in animals ) are used where the complexities of phyletic branching require finer - than - usual distinctions . Although they fall below the rank of superfamily , they are not regulated under the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature and hence do not have formal standard endings . The suffixes listed here are regular , but informal . Many animal orders have the informal suffix - ida / ɪdə / , e.g. Hyolithida and Nectaspida ( Naraoiida ) All ranks ( edit ) There is an indeterminate number of ranks , as a taxonomist may invent a new rank at will , at any time , if they feel this is necessary . In doing so , there are some restrictions , which will vary with the nomenclature code which applies . The following is an artificial synthesis , solely for purposes of demonstration of relative rank ( but see notes ) , from most general to most specific : Domain or Empire Subdomain ( biology ) Hyperkingdom Superkingdom Kingdom Subkingdom Infrakingdom Parvkingdom Superphylum , or superdivision ( in botany ) Phylum , or division ( in botany ) Subphylum , or subdivision ( in botany ) Infraphylum , or infradivision ( in botany ) Microphylum Superclass Class Subclass Infraclass Parvclass Superdivision ( in zoology ) Division ( in zoology ) Subdivision ( in zoology ) Infradivision ( in zoology ) Superlegion ( in zoology ) Legion ( in zoology ) Sublegion ( in zoology ) Infralegion ( in zoology ) Supercohort ( in zoology ) Cohort ( in zoology ) Subcohort ( in zoology ) Infracohort ( in zoology ) Gigaorder ( in zoology ) Magnorder or megaorder ( in zoology ) Grandorder or capaxorder ( in zoology ) Mirorder or hyperorder ( in zoology ) Superorder Series ( for fish ) Order Parvorder ( position in some zoological classifications ) Nanorder ( in zoology ) Hypoorder ( in zoology ) Minorder ( in zoology ) Suborder Infraorder Parvorder ( usual position ) , or microorder ( in zoology ) Section ( in zoology ) Subsection ( in zoology ) Gigafamily ( in zoology ) Megafamily ( in zoology ) Grandfamily ( in zoology ) Hyperfamily ( in zoology ) Superfamily Epifamily ( in zoology ) Series ( for Lepidoptera ) Group ( for Lepidoptera ) Family Subfamily Infrafamily Supertribe Tribe Subtribe Infratribe Genus Subgenus Section ( in botany ) Subsection ( in botany ) Series ( in botany ) Subseries ( in botany ) Superspecies or Species - group Species Subspecies , or forma specialis ( for fungi ) , or pathovar ( for bacteria ) ) Variety or varietas ( in botany ) ; or form or morph ( in zoology ) or aberration ( in lepidopterology ) Subvariety ( in botany ) Form or forma ( in botany ) Subform ( in botany ) Significance and problems ( edit ) Ranks are assigned based on subjective dissimilarity , and do not fully reflect the gradational nature of variation within nature . In most cases , higher taxonomic groupings arise further back in time : not because the rate of diversification was higher in the past , but because each subsequent diversification event results in an increase of diversity and thus increases the taxonomic rank assigned by present - day taxonomists . Furthermore , some groups have many described species not because they are more diverse than other species , but because they are more easily sampled and studied than other group . Of these many ranks , the most basic is species . However , this is not to say that a taxon at any other rank may not be sharply defined , or that any species is guaranteed to be sharply defined . It varies from case to case . Ideally , a taxon is intended to represent a clade , that is , the phylogeny of the organisms under discussion , but this is not a requirement . Classification , in which all taxa have formal ranks , can not adequately reflect knowledge about phylogeny ; at the same time , if taxon names are dependent on ranks , rank - free taxa ca n't be supplied with names . This problem is dissolved in cladoendesis , where the specially elaborated rank - free nomenclatures are used . There are no rules for how many species should make a genus , a family , or any other higher taxon ( that is , a taxon in a category above the species level ) . It should be a natural group ( that is , non-artificial , non-polyphyletic ) , as judged by a biologist , using all the information available to them . Equally ranked higher taxa in different phyla are not necessarily equivalent ( e.g. , it is incorrect to assume that families of insects are in some way evolutionarily comparable to families of mollusks ) . For animals , at least the phylum rank is usually associated with a certain body plan , which is also , however , an arbitrary criterion . See also ( edit ) Breed Catalogue of Life Cladistics Landrace References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.123rf.com / clipart - vector / vulpes_vulpes. html Jump up ^ International Code of Nomenclature for algae , fungi , and plants , Melbourne Code , 2012 , articles 2 and 3 Jump up ^ International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature ( 1999 ) , International Code of Zoological Nomenclature . Fourth Edition , International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature Jump up ^ Moore R.T. ( 1974 ) . `` Proposal for the recognition of super ranks '' ( PDF ) . Taxon. 23 ( 4 ) : 650 -- 652 . Jump up ^ Luketa S. ( 2012 ) . `` New views on the megaclassification of life '' ( PDF ) . Protistology. 7 ( 4 ) : 218 -- 237 . Jump up ^ International Code of Nomenclature for algae , fungi , and plants , Melbourne Code , 2012 , articles 3 and 4 Jump up ^ International Code of Nomenclature for algae , fungi , and plants , Melbourne Code , 2012 , articles 4.2 and 24.1 Jump up ^ International Code of Nomenclature for algae , fungi , and plants , Melbourne Code , 2012 , articles 3.2 and Appendix 1 , articles H. 1 to H. 3 Jump up ^ Stearn , W.T. 1992 . Botanical Latin : History , grammar , syntax , terminology and vocabulary , Fourth edition . David and Charles . Jump up ^ Chase , M.W. ; Reveal , J.L. ( 2009 ) , `` A phylogenetic classification of the land plants to accompany APG III '' , Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , 161 ( 2 ) : 122 -- 127 , doi : 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8339.2009. 01002. x Jump up ^ Bacteriologocal Code ( 1990 Revision ) Jump up ^ For example , the chelonian infrafamilies Chelodd ( Gaffney & Meylan 1988 : 169 ) and Baenodd ( ibid. , 176 ) . Jump up ^ ICZN article 29.2 Jump up ^ As supplied by Gaffney & Meylan ( 1988 ) . Jump up ^ For the general usage and coordination of zoological ranks between the phylum and family levels , including many intercalary ranks , see Carroll ( 1988 ) . For additional intercalary ranks in zoology , see especially Gaffney & Meylan ( 1988 ) ; McKenna & Bell ( 1997 ) ; Milner ( 1988 ) ; Novacek ( 1986 , cit. in Carroll 1988 : 499 , 629 ) ; and Paul Sereno 's 1986 classification of ornithischian dinosaurs as reported in Lambert ( 1990 : 149 , 159 ) . For botanical ranks , including many intercalary ranks , see Willis & McElwain ( 2002 ) . ^ Jump up to : These are movable ranks , most often inserted between the class and the legion or cohort . Nevertheless , their positioning in the zoological hierarchy may be subject to wide variation . For examples , see the Benton classification of vertebrates ( 2005 ) . ^ Jump up to : In zoological classification , the cohort and its associated group of ranks are inserted between the class group and the ordinal group . The cohort has also been used between infraorder and family in saurischian dinosaurs ( Benton 2005 ) . In botanical classification , the cohort group has sometimes been inserted between the division ( phylum ) group and the class group : see Willis & McElwain ( 2002 : 100 -- 101 ) , or has sometimes been used at the rank of order , and is now considered to be an obsolete name for order : See International Code of Nomenclature for algae , fungi , and plants , Melbourne Code 2012 , Article 17.2 . ^ Jump up to : The supra - ordinal sequence gigaorder -- megaorder -- capaxorder -- hyperorder ( and the microorder , in roughly the position most often assigned to the parvorder ) has been employed in turtles at least ( Gaffney & Meylan 1988 ) , while the parallel sequence magnorder -- grandorder -- mirorder figures in recently influential classifications of mammals . It is unclear from the sources how these two sequences are to be coordinated ( or interwoven ) within a unitary zoological hierarchy of ranks . Previously , Novacek ( 1986 ) and McKenna - Bell ( 1997 ) had inserted mirorders and grandorders between the order and superorder , but Benton ( 2005 ) now positions both of these ranks above the superorder . Jump up ^ Additionally , the terms biovar , morphovar , phagovar , and serovar designate bacterial strains ( genetic variants ) that are physiologically or biochemically distinctive . These are not taxonomic ranks , but are groupings of various sorts which may define a bacterial subspecies . Jump up ^ Gingerich , P.D. ( 1987 ) . `` Evolution and the fossil record : patterns , rates , and processes '' . Canadian Journal of Zoology. 65 ( 5 ) : 1053 -- 1060 . doi : 10.1139 / z87 - 169 . Jump up ^ Kluge N.J. 1999 . A system of alternative nomenclatures of supra - species taxa . Linnaean and post-Linnaean principles of systematics . / / Entomological Review 79 ( 2 ) : 133 - 147 Jump up ^ Kluge N.J. 2010 . Circumscriptional names of higher taxa in Hexapoda . / / Bionomina 1 : 15 -- 55 Jump up ^ Stuessy , T.F. ( 2009 ) . Plant Taxonomy : The Systematic Evaluation of Comparative Data . 2nd ed . Columbia University Press , p. 175 . ^ Jump up to : Brusca , R.C. & Brusca , G.J. ( 2003 ) . Invertebrates . 2nd ed . Sunderland , Massachusetts : Sinauer Associates , pp. 26 -- 27 . Bibliography ( edit ) Benton , Michael J. 2005 . Vertebrate Palaeontology , 3rd ed . Oxford : Blackwell Publishing . ISBN 0 - 632 - 05637 - 1 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 632 - 05637 - 8 Brummitt , R.K. , and C.E. Powell . 1992 . Authors of Plant Names . Royal Botanic Gardens , Kew . ISBN 0 - 947643 - 44 - 3 Carroll , Robert L. 1988 . Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution . New York : W.H. Freeman & Co . ISBN 0 - 7167 - 1822 - 7 Gaffney , Eugene S. , and Peter A. Meylan. 1988 . `` A phylogeny of turtles '' . In M.J. Benton ( ed . ) , The Phylogeny and Classification of the Tetrapods , Volume 1 : Amphibians , Reptiles , Birds , 157 -- 219 . Oxford : Clarendon Press . Haris Abba Kabara . Karmos hand book for botanical names . Lambert , David . 1990 . Dinosaur Data Book . Oxford : Facts On File & British Museum ( Natural History ) . ISBN 0 - 8160 - 2431 - 6 McKenna , Malcolm C. , and Susan K. Bell ( editors ) . 1997 . Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level . New York : Columbia University Press . ISBN 0 - 231 - 11013 - 8 Milner , Andrew . 1988 . `` The relationships and origin of living amphibians '' . In M.J. Benton ( ed . ) , The Phylogeny and Classification of the Tetrapods , Volume 1 : Amphibians , Reptiles , Birds , 59 -- 102 . Oxford : Clarendon Press . Novacek , Michael J. 1986 . `` The skull of leptictid insectivorans and the higher - level classification of eutherian mammals '' . Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 183 : 1 -- 112 . Sereno , Paul C. 1986 . `` Phylogeny of the bird - hipped dinosaurs ( Order Ornithischia ) '' . National Geographic Research 2 : 234 -- 56 . Willis , K.J. , and J.C. McElwain. 2002 . The Evolution of Plants . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 850065 - 3 Taxonomic ranks Domain / Superkingdom Kingdom Subkingdom Infrakingdom / Branch Superphylum / Superdivision Phylum / Division Subphylum Infraphylum Microphylum Superclass Class Subclass Infraclass Parvclass Legion Cohort Magnorder Superorder Order Suborder Infraorder Parvorder Section ( zoo. ) Superfamily Family Subfamily Supertribe Tribe Subtribe Genus Subgenus Section ( bot. ) Series ( bot. ) Species Subspecies Variety Form Botany History of botany Subdisciplines Plant systematics Ethnobotany Paleobotany Plant anatomy Plant ecology Phytogeography Geobotany Flora Phytochemistry Plant pathology Bryology Phycology Floristics Dendrology Plant groups Algae Archaeplastida Bryophyte Non-vascular plants Vascular plants Spermatophytes Pteridophyte Gymnosperm Angiosperm Plant morphology ( glossary ) Plant cells Cell wall Phragmoplast Plastid Plasmodesma Vacuole Tissues Meristem Vascular tissue Vascular bundle Ground tissue Mesophyll Cork Wood Storage organs Vegetative Root Rhizoid Bulb Rhizome Shoot Stem Leaf Petiole Cataphyll Bud Sessility Reproductive ( Flower ) Flower development Inflorescence Umbel Raceme Bract Pedicellate Flower Whorl Floral symmetry Floral diagram Floral formula Receptacle Hypanthium ( Floral cup ) Perianth Tepal Petal Sepal Sporophyll Gynoecium Ovary Ovule Stigma Archegonium Androecium Stamen Staminode Pollen Tapetum Gynandrium Gametophyte Sporophyte Plant embryo Fruit Fruit anatomy Berry Capsule Seed Seed dispersal Endosperm Surface structures Epicuticular wax Plant cuticle Epidermis Stoma Nectary Trichome Prickle Plant physiology Materials Nutrition Photosynthesis Chlorophyll Plant hormone Transpiration Turgor pressure Bulk flow Aleurone Phytomelanin Sugar Sap Starch Cellulose Plant growth and habit Secondary growth Woody plants Herbaceous plants Habit Vines Lianas Shrubs Subshrubs Trees Succulent plants Reproduction Evolution Ecology Alternation of generations Sporangium Spore Microsporangia Microspore Megasporangium Megaspore Pollination Pollinators Pollen tube Double fertilization Germination Evolutionary development Evolutionary history timeline Hardiness zone Plant taxonomy History of plant systematics Herbarium Biological classification Botanical nomenclature Botanical name Correct name Author citation International Code of Nomenclature for algae , fungi , and plants ( ICN ) - for Cultivated Plants ( ICNCP ) Taxonomic rank International Association for Plant Taxonomy ( IAPT ) Plant taxonomy systems Cultivated plant taxonomy Citrus taxonomy cultigen cultivar Group grex Practice Agronomy Floriculture Forestry Horticulture Lists Related topics Botanical terms Botanists by author abbreviation Botanical expedition Commons Portal WikiProject Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taxonomic_rank&oldid=809465455 '' Categories : Botanical nomenclature Plant taxa by rank Plant taxonomy Zoological nomenclature Biology terminology Taxa by rank Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016 Use dmy dates from August 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Aragonés Asturianu Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) भोजपुरी Bosanski Català Čeština Ελληνικά Эрзянь Español Esperanto فارسی Français Hrvatski Ilokano Interlingua Italiano Latina Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русиньскый Русский Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски தமிழ் Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 November 2017 , at 08 : 01 . 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Christian Peter Coulson ( born 3 October 1978 ) is an English actor best known for playing the 16 - year old Tom Marvolo Riddle in Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets .
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Christian Peter Coulson
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Christian Coulson
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christian coulson
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Christian Peter Coulson ( born 3 October 1978 ) is an English actor best known for playing the 16 - year old Tom Marvolo Riddle in Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets .
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Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Filmography 3.1 Films and short films 3.2 Television 3.3 Audio drama 4 Theatre 5 References 6 External links Early life ( edit ) Coulson was born in Manchester , and attended Westminster School in London on an academic scholarship . He was a member of the UK 's National Youth Music Theatre from 1990 -- 1997 , and went on to the University of Cambridge , where he received a degree in English from Clare College in 2000 . While at university , he played the M.C. ( Master of Ceremonies ) in Cabaret , Arturo Ui in The Resistible Rise of Arturo Ui and Claire in The Maids , as well as appearing in film and television . Career ( edit ) Coulson gained worldwide attention and popularity for his role in 2002 's Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets , in which he portrayed a 16 - year - old Tom Riddle , even though Coulson was 24 years old at the time . However , in 2007 , director David Yates indicated on MTV that Coulson would not reprise his role in Half - Blood Prince , since , at 29 , he was now too old . He also wrote the lyrics and book for a rock musical called The Fallen which was performed at Bedford Modern School in 1998 . As of 2010 , Coulson currently resides and works in New York City as an actor and director . Filmography ( edit ) Films and short films ( edit ) Year Film Role Notes 2002 The Four Feathers Drummer Boy Uncredited Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets 16 - year - old Tom Riddle / Lord Voldemort Nominated - Phoenix Film Critics Society Award for Best Cast The Hours Ralph Partridge Helper at Hogarth Press , run by Leonard Woolf 2005 Take Me Back Charlie 2007 Last Night Nick 2012 I Am Nasrine Tommy Gayby Aaron Leaving Circadia Colin 2013 Amateurs Evan 2014 Love is Strange Ian Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Love in a Cold Climate Matt Radlett Miniseries Weirdsister College Ben Stemson Main role ; 13 episodes 2002 The Forsyte Saga Jolly Forsyte Episodes : `` Episode # 1.5 '' , `` Episode # 1.6 '' 2003 Hornblower : Loyalty Midshipman John ' Jack ' Hammond Television film Charles II : The Power and The Passion James , Duke of Monmouth 4 episodes Little Britain Joe Episode : `` Hard - Boiled Egg Eating '' 2005 Agatha Christie 's Marple Edmund Swettenham Beethoven Archduke Rudolph Miniseries ; 2 episodes Brief Encounters Adam Episode : `` Lost & Found '' 2009 The Battery 's Down : Losing My Mind Raoul Episode : `` Losing My Mind '' Jeffery & Cole Casserole Episode : `` The Becky '' Gossip Girl Ivan Episode : `` Touch of Eva '' 2011 Wiener & Wiener Garry 3 episodes The Good Wife Andre Bergson Episode : `` Death Row Tip '' 2017 Nashville Damien George 5 episodes Audio drama ( edit ) Year Title Role 2007 Doctor Who : The Bride of Peladon Pelleas 2008 Doctor Who : The Haunting of Thomas Brewster Robert McIntosh Theatre ( edit ) Travesties - McCarter Theatre , New Jersey ( 2012 ) Tristan Tzara Ghosts - Gate Theatre , London ( 2007 ) Osvald Festen - UK Tour ( 2006 ) Christian Journey 's End - Comedy Theatre , London ( 2004 ) Raleigh Romeo and Juliet - Liverpool Playhouse , Liverpool ( 2002 ) Romeo References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Vineyard , Jennifer ( 25 June 2007 ) . `` ' Harry Potter ' Casting Call Could Help Ron Weasley Find Perfect Shade Of Lavender / Director David Yates also hopes to fill role of Tom Riddle at another open casting call '' . MTV . Archived from the original on 27 June 2007 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Coulson Photography '' . Archived from the original on 25 December 2010 . External links ( edit ) Christian Coulson on IMDb `` Interview for Chamber of Secrets '' . BBC . `` Potty about his Playhouse role '' . Liverpool Daily Post . 27 September 2002 . `` BBC Hotseat Interview '' . BBC . 29 November 2002 . Retrieved 2 January 2010 . LCCN : no2013022805 VIAF : 296252586 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christian_Coulson&oldid=839942555 '' Categories : 1978 births Living people English male film actors English male television actors English male stage actors English male voice actors English expatriates in the United States People educated at Westminster School , London Alumni of Clare College , Cambridge English male Shakespearean actors Male actors from Manchester 21st - century English male actors Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from June 2013 Use British English from March 2013 Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2013 Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Magyar Nederlands Norsk Plattdüütsch Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 12 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 May 2018 , at 18 : 41 . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian%20Coulson
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who is sabrina carpenter playing in the hate u give
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Sabrina Carpenter as Hailey , one of Starr 's friends from her prep school .
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Hailey
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The Hate U Give ( film )
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the hate u give ( film )
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The Hate U Give is an upcoming American drama film directed by George Tillman Jr. and written by Audrey Wells . It is based on Angie Thomas ' novel of same name . The film stars Amandla Stenberg , Regina Hall , Anthony Mackie , KJ Apa , Russell Hornsby , Algee Smith , Sabrina Carpenter , Issa Rae , Lamar Johnson , and Common . The film is set for release on October 19 , 2018 .
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Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 References 5 External links Plot ( edit ) Starr Carter is constantly switching between two worlds : the poor , mostly black , neighborhood where she lives and the rich , mostly white , prep school she attends . The uneasy balance between these worlds is shattered when Starr witnesses the fatal shooting of her childhood best friend Khalil at the hands of a police officer . Now , facing pressures from all sides of the community , Starr must find her voice and stand up for what 's right . Cast ( edit ) Amandla Stenberg as Starr Carter Regina Hall as Lisa Carter , Starr 's mother Russell Hornsby as Maverick Carter , Starr 's father Common as Uncle Carlos , Lisa 's brother , a police officer Lamar Johnson as Seven Carter , Starr 's older half - brother TJ Wright as Sekani Carter , Starr 's younger brother Issa Rae as April Ofrah , an activist that helps Starr find her voice and speak up . KJ Apa as Chris , Starr 's boyfriend Sabrina Carpenter as Hailey , one of Starr 's friends from her prep school . Anthony Mackie as King , a local drug dealer , Kenya 's father Karan Kendrick as Iesha , Seven and Kenya 's Mom Algee Smith as Khalil , Starr 's childhood best friend Dominique Fishback as Kenya , Seven 's half - sister Megan Lawless as Maya , one of Starr 's friends from her prep school . Tony Vaughn as Mr. Lewis , a shop owner in Starr 's neighborhood . His shop is next to Maverick 's . Production ( edit ) On March 23 , 2017 , it was announced that Amandla Stenberg would star as Starr Carter in the film based on the novel The Hate U Give by Angie Thomas , which George Tillman Jr. would direct from a screenplay by Audrey Wells , while producers would be Marty Bowen and Wyck Godfrey through State Street Pictures and Temple Hill Entertainment . On August 1 , 2017 , Russell Hornsby and Lamar Johnson were cast in the film to play Maverick Carter , Starr 's dad , and Seven Carter , Starr 's brother , respectively . On August 3 , Regina Hall was cast in the film to play Lisa Carter , Starr 's mom , and on August 15 , Algee Smith joined the film to play Khalil , Starr 's childhood best friend . On August 22 , it was reported that Common had joined the cast to play Starr 's uncle as a police officer . On August 23 , 2017 , Issa Rae was cast in the film to play April , the social activist who helps Starr find her voice and speak up , and on the next day Sabrina Carpenter also joined the film to play Hailey , one of Starr 's friends from her school . On September 12 , Anthony Mackie and Kian Lawley joined the film to play the local drug dealer King , and Starr 's boyfriend , Chris , respectively . Principal photography on the film began on September 12 , 2017 in Atlanta , Georgia . On February 5 , 2018 , it was announced that Kian Lawley had been fired from the film due to a resurfaced video showing Lawley using racially offensive slurs , resulting in his role to be recast and scenes reshot . On April 3 , 2018 , it was announced that KJ Apa had been cast to replace Lawley . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://deadline.com/2018/05/fox-2000-the-hate-u-give-release-date-angie-thomas-amandla-stenberg-1202397117/ ^ Jump up to : McNary , Dave ( March 23 , 2016 ) . `` ' Hunger Games ' Actress Amandla Stenberg to Star in ' The Hate U Give ' '' . Variety . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ford , Rebecca ; Kit , Borys ( August 3 , 2017 ) . `` Regina Hall Joins YA Adaptation ' The Hate U Give ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( August 22 , 2017 ) . `` Common Joins Amandla Stenberg in YA Adaptation ' The Hate U Give ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ford , Rebecca ( August 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Hate U Give ' Adds Russell Hornsby , Lamar Johnson ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : McNary , Dave ( August 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Insecure ' Star Issa Rae Joins Drama ' The Hate U Give ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming Jr , Mike ( April 3 , 2018 ) . `` ' Riverdale 's K.J. Apa Set For ' The Hate U Give ' As Fox 2000 Reshoots Kian Lawley Scenes '' . Deadline . Retrieved April 3 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Ford , Rebecca ( August 24 , 2017 ) . `` Sabrina Carpenter Joins YA Adaptation ' The Hate U Give ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Evry , Max ( September 12 , 2017 ) . `` Anthony Mackie & Kian Lawley Join The Hate U Give '' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ford , Rebecca ( August 15 , 2017 ) . `` YA Adaptation ' The Hate U Give ' Adds ' Detroit ' Star Algee Smith ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nick , Romano ( September 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Hate U Give ' : First Look At Black Lives Matter - Inspired YA Film Debuts '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Fox Axes YouTube Star Kian Lawley From ' The Hate U Give ' Over Racially Offensive Video '' . Deadline . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) The Hate U Give on IMDb ( hide ) Films directed by George Tillman Jr . Soul Food ( 1997 ) Men of Honor ( 2000 ) Notorious ( 2009 ) Faster ( 2010 ) The Inevitable Defeat of Mister & Pete ( 2013 ) The Longest Ride ( 2015 ) The Hate U Give ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Hate_U_Give_(film)&oldid=842719058 '' Categories : English - language films Upcoming films American films American drama films 2010s drama films Films shot in Atlanta Films directed by George Tillman Jr . Films based on American novels Films about race and ethnicity Temple Hill Entertainment films 20th Century Fox films Screenplays by Audrey Wells African - American films Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 24 May 2018 , at 06 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Hate%20U%20Give%20%28film%29
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golden gate bridge facts when was it built
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The Frommer 's travel guide describes the Golden Gate Bridge as `` possibly the most beautiful , certainly the most photographed , bridge in the world . '' At the time of its opening in 1937 , it was both the longest and the tallest suspension bridge in the world , with a main span of 4,200 feet ( 1,280 m ) and a total height of 746 feet ( 227 m ) . Today , the Golden Gate Bridge is neither the longest nor the tallest in the world , but remains the tallest bridge in the United States .
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1937
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Golden Gate Bridge
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golden gate bridge
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The Golden Gate Bridge is a suspension bridge spanning the Golden Gate , the one - mile - wide ( 1.6 km ) strait connecting San Francisco Bay and the Pacific Ocean . The structure links the American city of San Francisco , California -- the northern tip of the San Francisco Peninsula -- to Marin County , carrying both U.S. Route 101 and California State Route 1 across the strait . The bridge is one of the most internationally recognized symbols of San Francisco , California , and the United States . It has been declared one of the Wonders of the Modern World by the American Society of Civil Engineers .
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The Frommer 's travel guide describes the Golden Gate Bridge as `` possibly the most beautiful , certainly the most photographed , bridge in the world . '' At the time of its opening in 1937 , it was both the longest and the tallest suspension bridge in the world , with a main span of 4,200 feet ( 1,280 m ) and a total height of 746 feet ( 227 m ) . Today , the Golden Gate Bridge is neither the longest nor the tallest in the world , but remains the tallest bridge in the United States . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Ferry service 1.2 Conception 1.3 Design 1.4 Finance 1.5 Construction 1.6 Opening festivities , 50th , and 75th anniversaries 2 Structural specifications 3 Aesthetics 4 Traffic 4.1 Usage and tourism 4.2 Tolls 4.3 Congestion pricing 5 Issues 5.1 Suicides 5.2 Wind 5.3 Seismic vulnerability and improvements 6 In popular culture 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links History Ferry service Golden Gate with Fort Point in foreground , c. 1891 Before the bridge was built , the only practical short route between San Francisco and what is now Marin County was by boat across a section of San Francisco Bay . A ferry service began as early as 1820 , with a regularly scheduled service beginning in the 1840s for the purpose of transporting water to San Francisco . The Sausalito Land and Ferry Company service , launched in 1867 , eventually became the Golden Gate Ferry Company , a Southern Pacific Railroad subsidiary , the largest ferry operation in the world by the late 1920s . Once for railroad passengers and customers only , Southern Pacific 's automobile ferries became very profitable and important to the regional economy . The ferry crossing between the Hyde Street Pier in San Francisco and Sausalito in Marin County took approximately 20 minutes and cost US $1.00 per vehicle , a price later reduced to compete with the new bridge . The trip from the San Francisco Ferry Building took 27 minutes . Many wanted to build a bridge to connect San Francisco to Marin County . San Francisco was the largest American city still served primarily by ferry boats . Because it did not have a permanent link with communities around the bay , the city 's growth rate was below the national average . Many experts said that a bridge could not be built across the 6,700 ft ( 2,042 m ) strait , which had strong , swirling tides and currents , with water 372 ft ( 113 m ) deep at the center of the channel , and frequent strong winds . Experts said that ferocious winds and blinding fogs would prevent construction and operation . Conception Although the idea of a bridge spanning the Golden Gate was not new , the proposal that eventually took hold was made in a 1916 San Francisco Bulletin article by former engineering student James Wilkins . San Francisco 's City Engineer estimated the cost at $100 million , which would have been $2.12 billion in 2009 , and impractical for the time . He asked bridge engineers whether it could be built for less . One who responded , Joseph Strauss , was an ambitious engineer and poet who had , for his graduate thesis , designed a 55 - mile - long ( 89 km ) railroad bridge across the Bering Strait . At the time , Strauss had completed some 400 drawbridges -- most of which were inland -- and nothing on the scale of the new project . Strauss 's initial drawings were for a massive cantilever on each side of the strait , connected by a central suspension segment , which Strauss promised could be built for $17 million . Local authorities agreed to proceed only on the assurance that Strauss would alter the design and accept input from several consulting project experts . A suspension - bridge design was considered the most practical , because of recent advances in metallurgy . Strauss spent more than a decade drumming up support in Northern California . The bridge faced opposition , including litigation , from many sources . The Department of War was concerned that the bridge would interfere with ship traffic . The navy feared that a ship collision or sabotage to the bridge could block the entrance to one of its main harbors . Unions demanded guarantees that local workers would be favored for construction jobs . Southern Pacific Railroad , one of the most powerful business interests in California , opposed the bridge as competition to its ferry fleet and filed a lawsuit against the project , leading to a mass boycott of the ferry service . In May 1924 , Colonel Herbert Deakyne held the second hearing on the Bridge on behalf of the Secretary of War in a request to use federal land for construction . Deakyne , on behalf of the Secretary of War , approved the transfer of land needed for the bridge structure and leading roads to the `` Bridging the Golden Gate Association '' and both San Francisco County and Marin County , pending further bridge plans by Strauss . Another ally was the fledgling automobile industry , which supported the development of roads and bridges to increase demand for automobiles . The bridge 's name was first used when the project was initially discussed in 1917 by M.M. O'Shaughnessy , city engineer of San Francisco , and Strauss . The name became official with the passage of the Golden Gate Bridge and Highway District Act by the state legislature in 1923 , creating a special district to design , build and finance the bridge . San Francisco and most of the counties along the North Coast of California joined the Golden Gate Bridge District , with the exception being Humboldt County , whose residents opposed the bridge 's construction and the traffic it would generate . Design South tower seen from walkway , with Art Deco elements Strauss was chief engineer in charge of overall design and construction of the bridge project . However , because he had little understanding or experience with cable - suspension designs , responsibility for much of the engineering and architecture fell on other experts . Strauss 's initial design proposal ( two double cantilever spans linked by a central suspension segment ) was unacceptable from a visual standpoint . The final graceful suspension design was conceived and championed by Leon Moisseiff , the engineer of the Manhattan Bridge in New York City . Irving Morrow , a relatively unknown residential architect , designed the overall shape of the bridge towers , the lighting scheme , and Art Deco elements , such as the tower decorations , streetlights , railing , and walkways . The famous International Orange color was originally used as a sealant for the bridge . The US Navy had wanted it to be painted with black and yellow stripes to ensure visibility by passing ships . Senior engineer Charles Alton Ellis , collaborating remotely with Moisseiff , was the principal engineer of the project . Moisseiff produced the basic structural design , introducing his `` deflection theory '' by which a thin , flexible roadway would flex in the wind , greatly reducing stress by transmitting forces via suspension cables to the bridge towers . Although the Golden Gate Bridge design has proved sound , a later Moisseiff design , the original Tacoma Narrows Bridge , collapsed in a strong windstorm soon after it was completed , because of an unexpected aeroelastic flutter . Ellis was also tasked with designing a `` bridge within a bridge '' in the southern abutment , to avoid the need to demolish Fort Point , a pre -- Civil War masonry fortification viewed , even then , as worthy of historic preservation . He penned a graceful steel arch spanning the fort and carrying the roadway to the bridge 's southern anchorage . Below Golden Gate Bridge Ellis was a Greek scholar and mathematician who at one time was a University of Illinois professor of engineering despite having no engineering degree . He eventually earned a degree in civil engineering from the University of Illinois prior to designing the Golden Gate Bridge and spent the last twelve years of his career as a professor at Purdue University . He became an expert in structural design , writing the standard textbook of the time . Ellis did much of the technical and theoretical work that built the bridge , but he received none of the credit in his lifetime . In November 1931 , Strauss fired Ellis and replaced him with a former subordinate , Clifford Paine , ostensibly for wasting too much money sending telegrams back and forth to Moisseiff . Ellis , obsessed with the project and unable to find work elsewhere during the Depression , continued working 70 hours per week on an unpaid basis , eventually turning in ten volumes of hand calculations . With an eye toward self - promotion and posterity , Strauss downplayed the contributions of his collaborators who , despite receiving little recognition or compensation , are largely responsible for the final form of the bridge . He succeeded in having himself credited as the person most responsible for the design and vision of the bridge . Only much later were the contributions of the others on the design team properly appreciated . In May 2007 , the Golden Gate Bridge District issued a formal report on 70 years of stewardship of the famous bridge and decided to give Ellis major credit for the design of the bridge . The height , depth , and length of the span from end to end , looking west The Golden Gate Bridge at sunset , as seen from just north of Alcatraz Island Finance The Golden Gate Bridge and Highway District , authorized by an act of the California Legislature , was incorporated in 1928 as the official entity to design , construct , and finance the Golden Gate Bridge . However , after the Wall Street Crash of 1929 , the District was unable to raise the construction funds , so it lobbied for a $30 million bond measure . The bonds were approved in November 1930 , by votes in the counties affected by the bridge . The construction budget at the time of approval was $27 million . However , the District was unable to sell the bonds until 1932 , when Amadeo Giannini , the founder of San Francisco -- based Bank of America , agreed on behalf of his bank to buy the entire issue in order to help the local economy . Construction Construction began on January 5 , 1933 . The project cost more than $35 million , ( $493 million in 2016 dollars ) completing ahead of schedule and $1.3 million under budget . The Golden Gate Bridge construction project was carried out by the McClintic - Marshall Construction Co. , a subsidiary of Bethlehem Steel Corporation founded by Howard H. McClintic and Charles D. Marshall , both of Lehigh University . 1.2 million steel rivets hold the bridge together . This is a segment of one of those replaced during the seismic retrofit of the bridge after the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake . Strauss remained head of the project , overseeing day - to - day construction and making some groundbreaking contributions . A graduate of the University of Cincinnati , he placed a brick from his alma mater 's demolished McMicken Hall in the south anchorage before the concrete was poured . He innovated the use of movable safety netting beneath the construction site , which saved the lives of many otherwise - unprotected ironworkers . Of eleven men killed from falls during construction , ten were killed on February 17 , 1937 , when the bridge was near completion when the net failed under the stress of a scaffold that had fallen . According to Travel Channel 's Monumental Mysteries , the workers ' platform that was attached to a rolling hanger on a track collapsed when the bolts that were connected to the track were too small and the amount of weight was too great to bear . The platform fell into the safety net , but was too heavy and the net gave way . Two out of the twelve workers survived the 200 - foot ( 61 m ) fall into the icy waters , including the 37 - year - old foreman , Slim Lambert . Nineteen others who were saved by the net over the course of construction became members of their Half Way to Hell Club . The project was finished and opened May 27 , 1937 . The Bridge Round House diner was then included in the southeastern end of the Golden Gate Bridge , adjacent to the tourist plaza which was renovated in 2012 . The Bridge Round House , an Art Deco design by Alfred Finnila completed in 1938 , has been popular throughout the years as a starting point for various commercial tours of the bridge and an unofficial gift shop . The diner was renovated in 2012 and the gift shop was then removed as a new , official gift shop has been included in the adjacent plaza . During the bridge work , the Assistant Civil Engineer of California Alfred Finnila had overseen the entire iron work of the bridge as well as half of the bridge 's road work . With the death of Jack Balestreri in April 2012 , all workers involved in the original construction are now deceased . Opening festivities , 50th , and 75th anniversaries View of the Golden Gate Bridge and Fort Point from Marine Drive . The bridge - opening celebration began on May 27 , 1937 and lasted for one week . The day before vehicle traffic was allowed , 200,000 people crossed either on foot or on roller skates . On opening day , Mayor Angelo Rossi and other officials rode the ferry to Marin , then crossed the bridge in a motorcade past three ceremonial `` barriers '' , the last a blockade of beauty queens who required Joseph Strauss to present the bridge to the Highway District before allowing him to pass . An official song , `` There 's a Silver Moon on the Golden Gate '' , was chosen to commemorate the event . Strauss wrote a poem that is now on the Golden Gate Bridge entitled `` The Mighty Task is Done . '' The next day , President Roosevelt pushed a button in Washington , D.C. signaling the official start of vehicle traffic over the Bridge at noon . As the celebration got out of hand there was a small riot in the uptown Polk Gulch area . Weeks of civil and cultural activities called `` the Fiesta '' followed . A statue of Strauss was moved in 1955 to a site near the bridge . In May 1987 , as part of the 50th anniversary celebration , the Golden Gate Bridge district again closed the bridge to automobile traffic and allowed pedestrians to cross the bridge . However , this celebration attracted 750,000 to 1,000,000 people , and ineffective crowd control meant the bridge became congested with roughly 300,000 people , causing the center span of the bridge to flatten out under the weight . Although the bridge is designed to flex in that way under heavy loads , and was estimated not to have exceeded 40 % of the yielding stress of the suspension cables , bridge officials stated that uncontrolled pedestrian access was not being considered as part of the 75th anniversary on Sunday , May 27 , 2012 , because of the additional law enforcement costs required `` since 9 / 11 '' . A pedestrian poses at the old railing on opening day , 1937 Play media Opening of the Golden Gate Bridge Official invitation to the opening of the bridge . This copy was sent to the City of Seattle Structural specifications On the south side of the bridge a 36.5 - inch - wide ( 93 cm ) cross-section of the cable , containing 27,572 wires , is on display . Until 1964 , the Golden Gate Bridge had the longest suspension bridge main span in the world , at 4,200 feet ( 1,300 m ) . Since 1964 its main span length has been surpassed by ten bridges ; it now has the second - longest main span in the United States , after the Verrazano - Narrows Bridge in New York City . The total length of the Golden Gate Bridge from abutment to abutment is 8,981 feet ( 2,737 m ) . The Golden Gate Bridge 's clearance above high water averages 220 feet ( 67 m ) while its towers , at 746 feet ( 227 m ) above the water , were the world 's tallest on a suspension bridge until 1993 when it was surpassed by the Mezcala Bridge , in Mexico . The Golden Gate Bridge remains the tallest bridge in the United States . The weight of the roadway is hung from 250 pairs of vertical suspender ropes , which are attached to two main cables . The main cables pass over the two main towers and are fixed in concrete at each end . Each cable is made of 27,572 strands of wire . The total length of galvanized steel wire used to fabricate both main cables is estimated to be 80,000 miles ( 130,000 km ) . The bridge has approximately 1,200,000 total rivets . Aesthetics The color of the bridge is officially an orange vermilion called international orange . The color was selected by consulting architect Irving Morrow because it complements the natural surroundings and enhances the bridge 's visibility in fog . Aesthetics was the foremost reason why the first design of Joseph Strauss was rejected . Upon re-submission of his bridge construction plan , he added details , such as lighting , to outline the bridge 's cables and towers . In 1999 , it was ranked fifth on the List of America 's Favorite Architecture by the American Institute of Architects . The bridge was originally painted with red lead primer and a lead - based topcoat , which was touched up as required . In the mid-1960s , a program was started to improve corrosion protection by stripping the original paint and repainting the bridge with zinc silicate primer and vinyl topcoats . Since 1990 , acrylic topcoats have been used instead for air - quality reasons . The program was completed in 1995 and it is now maintained by 38 painters who touch up the paintwork where it becomes seriously corroded . A view of the Golden Gate Bridge from the Marin Headlands on a foggy morning at sunrise View of the northern tower of the bridge Traffic Installation of the movable median barrier system in January 2015 Play media Testing the newly installed movable barrier . Most maps and signage mark the bridge as part of the concurrency between U.S. Route 101 and California State Route 1 . Although part of the National Highway System , the bridge is not officially part of California 's Highway System . For example , under the California Streets and Highways Code § 401 , Route 101 ends at `` the approach to the Golden Gate Bridge '' and then resumes at `` a point in Marin County opposite San Francisco '' . The Golden Gate Bridge , Highway and Transportation District has jurisdiction over the segment of highway that crosses the bridge instead of the California Department of Transportation ( Caltrans ) . The movable median barrier between the lanes is moved several times daily to conform to traffic patterns . On weekday mornings , traffic flows mostly southbound into the city , so four of the six lanes run southbound . Conversely , on weekday afternoons , four lanes run northbound . During off - peak periods and weekends , traffic is split with three lanes in each direction . From 1968 to 2015 , opposing traffic was separated by small , plastic pylons , and during that time , there were 16 fatalities resulting from 128 head - on collisions . To improve safety , the speed limit on the Golden Gate Bridge was reduced from 50 to 45 mph ( 80 to 72 km / h ) on October 1 , 1983 . Although there had been discussion concerning the installation of a movable barrier since the 1980s , only in March 2005 did the Bridge Board of Directors commit to finding funding to complete the $2 million study required prior to the installation of a movable median barrier . Installation of the resulting barrier was completed on January 11 , 2015 , following a closure of 45.5 hours to private vehicle traffic , the longest in the bridge 's history . The new barrier system , including the zipper trucks , cost approximately $30.3 million to purchase and install . Usage and tourism Play media Looking north with traffic and current flow into the bay with sailboats See also : Golden Gate National Recreation Area The bridge is popular with pedestrians and bicyclists , and was built with walkways on either side of the six vehicle traffic lanes . Initially , they were separated from the traffic lanes by only a metal curb , but railings between the walkways and the traffic lanes were added in 2003 , primarily as a measure to prevent bicyclists from falling into the roadway . The main walkway is on the eastern side , and is open for use by both pedestrians and bicycles in the morning to mid-afternoon during weekdays ( 5 am to 3 : 30 pm ) , and to pedestrians only for the remaining daylight hours ( until 6 pm , or 9 pm during DST ) . The eastern walkway is reserved for pedestrians on weekends ( 5 am to 6 pm , or 9 pm during DST ) , and is open exclusively to bicyclists in the evening and overnight , when it is closed to pedestrians . The western walkway is open only for bicyclists and only during the hours when they are not allowed on the eastern walkway . Bus service across the bridge is provided by two public transportation agencies : San Francisco Muni and Golden Gate Transit . Muni offers Saturday and Sunday service on the Marin Headlands Express bus line , and Golden Gate Transit runs numerous bus lines throughout the week . The southern end of the bridge , near the toll plaza and parking lot , is also accessible daily from 5 : 30 a.m. to midnight by Muni line 28 . The Marin Airporter , a private company , also offers service across the bridge between Marin County and San Francisco International Airport . A visitor center and gift shop , dubbed the `` Bridge Pavilion '' , is located on the San Francisco side of the bridge , adjacent to the southeast parking lot . It opened in 2012 , in time for the bridge 's 75th anniversary celebration . A cafe , outdoor exhibits , and restroom facilities are located nearby . On the Marin side of the bridge , only accessible from the northbound lanes , is the H. Dana Bower Rest Area and Vista Point , named after the first landscape architect for the California Division of Highways . Lands and waters under and around the bridge are homes to varieties of wildlife such as bobcats and sea lions . Three species of cetaceans that had been absent in the area for many years show recent recoveries / ( re ) colonizations vicinity to the bridge , and researchers study them to strengthen protections , concerning actions by public and recommending to watch whales either from the bridge and nearby , or to use a local whale watching operator . Tolls The last of the construction bonds were retired in 1971 , with $35 million in principal and nearly $39 million in interest raised entirely from bridge tolls . In November 2006 , the Golden Gate Bridge , Highway and Transportation District recommended a corporate sponsorship program for the bridge to address its operating deficit , projected at $80 million over five years . The District promised that the proposal , which it called a `` partnership program , '' would not include changing the name of the bridge or placing advertising on the bridge itself . In October 2007 , the Board unanimously voted to discontinue the proposal and seek additional revenue through other means , most likely a toll increase . In an effort to save $19.2 million over the following 10 years , the Golden Gate District voted in January 2011 to eliminate all toll takers by 2012 and use only open road tolling . Subsequently , this was delayed and toll taker elimination occurred in March 2013 . The cost savings have been revised to $19 million over an eight - year period . In addition to the FasTrak electronic toll collection system , the Golden Gate District implemented the use of license plate tolling ( branded as `` Pay - by - Plate '' ) , and also a one time payment system for drivers to pay before or after their trip on the bridge . Twenty - eight positions were eliminated as part of this plan . On April 7 , 2014 , the toll for users of FasTrak was increased from $5 to $6 , while the toll for drivers using either the license plate tolling or the one time payment system was raised from $6 to $7 . Bicycle , pedestrian , and northbound motor vehicle traffic remain toll free . For vehicles with more than two axles , the toll rate is $7 per axle for those using license plate tolling or the one time payment system , and $6 per axle for FasTrak users . During peak traffic hours , carpool vehicles carrying two or more people and motorcycles pay a discounted toll of $4 ; drivers must have Fastrak to take advantage of this carpool rate . The Golden Gate Transportation District then planned to increase the tolls by 25 cents in July 2015 , and then by another 25 cents each of the next three years . Golden Gate Bridge toll increases ( 2014 -- 18 ) Effective date FasTrak Toll - by - plate Carpool Multi-axle vehicle April 7 , 2014 $6.00 $7.00 $4.00 $7.00 per axle July 1 , 2015 $6.25 $7.25 $4.25 $7.25 per axle July 1 , 2016 $6.50 $7.50 $4.50 $7.50 per axle July 1 , 2017 $6.75 $7.75 $4.75 $7.75 per axle July 1 , 2018 $7.00 $8.00 $5.00 $8.00 per axle Congestion pricing Further information : San Francisco congestion pricing Looking south In March 2008 , the Golden Gate Bridge District board approved a resolution to start congestion pricing at the Golden Gate Bridge , charging higher tolls during the peak hours , but rising and falling depending on traffic levels . This decision allowed the Bay Area to meet the federal requirement to receive $158 million in federal transportation funds from USDOT Urban Partnership grant . As a condition of the grant , the congestion toll was to be in place by September 2009 . The first results of the study , called the Mobility , Access and Pricing Study ( MAPS ) , showed that a congestion pricing program is feasible . The different pricing scenarios considered were presented in public meetings in December 2008 . In August 2008 , transportation officials ended the congestion pricing program in favor of varying rates for metered parking along the route to the bridge including on Lombard Street and Van Ness Avenue . Issues Suicides Main article : Suicides at the Golden Gate Bridge As a suicide prevention initiative , this sign promotes a special telephone available on the bridge that connects to a crisis hotline . The Golden Gate Bridge is the second-most used suicide site / suicide bridge in the world , after the Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge . The deck is about 245 feet ( 75 m ) above the water . After a fall of four seconds , jumpers hit the water at around 75 mph or about 120 km / h . Most of the jumpers die from impact trauma . About 5 % of the jumpers survive the initial impact but generally drown or die of hypothermia in the cold water . After years of debate and over an estimated 1,500 deaths , suicide barriers began to be installed in April 2017 . Construction will take approximately four years at a cost of over $200 million . Wind Since its completion , the Golden Gate Bridge has been closed because of weather conditions only three times : on December 1 , 1951 , because of gusts of 69 mph ( 111 km / h ) ; on December 23 , 1982 , because of winds of 70 mph ( 113 km / h ) ; and on December 3 , 1983 , because of wind gusts of 75 mph ( 121 km / h ) . An anemometer , placed midway between the two towers on the west side of the bridge , has been used to measure wind speeds . Another anemometer was placed on one of the towers . Seismic vulnerability and Improvements South approach sub-structure with seismic isolators ( short black cylinders ) added as part of the Seismic Retrofit Construction Project . Doyle Drive Replacement Project progress in October 2013 Modern knowledge of the effect of earthquakes on structures led to a program to retrofit the Golden Gate to better resist seismic events . The proximity of the bridge to the San Andreas Fault places it at risk for a significant earthquake . Once thought to have been able to withstand any magnitude of foreseeable earthquake , the bridge was actually vulnerable to complete structural failure ( i.e. , collapse ) triggered by the failure of supports on the 320 - foot ( 98 m ) arch over Fort Point . A $392 million program was initiated to improve the structure 's ability to withstand such an event with only minimal ( repairable ) damage . One challenging undertaking is completing this program without disrupting traffic . A complex electro - hydraulic synchronous lift system was custom built for construction of temporary support towers and a series of intricate lifts , transferring the loads from the existing bridge onto the temporary supports . This was completed with engineers from Balfour Beatty and Enerpac , accomplishing this task without disrupting day - to - day San Francisco commuter traffic . The retrofit was planned to be completed in 2012 . The former elevated approach to the Golden Gate Bridge through the San Francisco Presidio , known as Doyle Drive , dated to 1933 and was named after Frank P. Doyle , President and son of the founder of the Exchange Bank in Santa Rosa , and the man who , more than any other person , made it possible to build the Golden Gate Bridge . The highway carried about 91,000 vehicles each weekday between downtown San Francisco and the North Bay and points north . The road was deemed `` vulnerable to earthquake damage '' , had a problematic 4 - lane design , and lacked shoulders , and a San Francisco County Transportation Authority study recommended that it be replaced . Construction on the $1 billion replacement , temporarily known as the Presidio Parkway , began in December 2009 . The elevated Doyle Drive was demolished on the weekend of April 27 -- 30 , 2012 , and traffic used a part of the partially completed Presidio Parkway , until it was switched onto the finished Presidio Parkway on the weekend of July 9 -- 12 , 2015 . As of May 2012 , an official at Caltrans said there is no plan to permanently rename the portion known as Doyle Drive . In popular culture Main article : Golden Gate Bridge in popular culture Golden Gate Bridge at sunset As a prominent American landmark , the Golden Gate Bridge has been used in numerous media which includes books , films and video games . Comparison of the side elevations of the Golden Gate Bridge and some notable bridges at the same scale . ( click for interactive version ) San Francisco with two bridges ( Western section of Bay Bridge in the left background ) , Coit Tower ( in background to the left of north tower ) , and Fort Mason ( on the San Francisco waterfront in the background behind the north tower ) from Marin Golden Gate Bridge at night , with San Francisco in the background See also Bridges portal San Francisco Bay Area portal 25 de Abril Bridge , a bridge with a similar design in Portugal The Bridge , a 2006 documentary on suicides from the Bridge Golden Gate Bridge in popular culture List of Historic Civil Engineering Landmarks List of longest suspension bridge spans List of San Francisco Designated Landmarks List of tallest bridges San Francisco -- Oakland Bay Bridge Suicide bridge Suspension bridge References Jump up ^ `` About Us '' . goldengate.org . Golden Gate Bridge , Highway and Transportation District . Retrieved 27 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Golden Gate Bridge at Structurae ^ Jump up to : Denton , Harry et al. ( 2004 ) `` Lonely Planet San Francisco '' Lonely Planet , United States , ISBN 1 - 74104 - 154 - 6 Jump up ^ `` Annual Vehicle Crossings and Toll Revenues , FY 1938 to FY 2011 '' . Golden Gate Bridge , Highway and Transportation District . Retrieved December 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Gate Bridge '' . Office of Historic Preservation , California State Parks . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` City of San Francisco Designated Landmarks '' . City of San Francisco . Retrieved October 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` American Society of Civil Engineers Seven Wonders '' . Asce.org . July 19 , 2010 . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2010 . Retrieved August 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Levine , Dan ( 1993 ) . Frommer 's comprehensive travel guide , California ' 93 . New York : Prentice Hall Travel . p. 118 . 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Jump up ^ Barnard , Hanes , Rubin , Kvitek ( July 18 , 2006 ) . `` Giant Sand Waves at the Mouth of San Francisco Bay '' ( PDF ) . Eos. 87 ( 29 ) . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Owens , T.O. ( 2001 ) . The Golden Gate Bridge . The Rosen Publishing Group . ISBN 0 - 8239 - 5016 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : `` The American Experience : People & Events : Joseph Strauss ( 1870 -- 1938 ) '' . Public Broadcasting Service . Retrieved November 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Bridging the Bay : Bridges That Never Were '' . UC Berkeley Library . 1999 . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2006 . Retrieved April 13 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Miller , John B. ( 2002 ) `` Case Studies in Infrastructure Delivery '' Springer , ISBN 0 - 7923 - 7652 - 8 . Jump up ^ Gudde , Erwin G. ( 1949 ) . California Place Names . Berkeley , California : University of California Press . p. 130 . OCLC 37647557 . Jump up ^ `` Special District Formed -- Golden Gate Bridge and Highway District '' . Retrieved January 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` People and Events : Joseph Strauss ( 1870 -- 1938 ) '' . Public Broadcasting Service . Retrieved December 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Gate Bridge Design '' . goldengatebridge.org . Golden Gate Bridge , Highway and Transportation District . Retrieved 27 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The American Experience : People & Events : Irving Morrow ( 1884 -- 1952 ) '' . Public Broadcasting Service . Retrieved November 7 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` American Experience : Leon Moisseiff ( 1872 -- 1943 ) '' . Public Broadcasting Service . Retrieved November 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Billah , K. ; Scanlan , R. ( 1991 ) . `` Resonance , Tacoma Narrows Bridge Failure '' ( PDF ) . American Journal of Physics . Undergraduate Physics Textbooks. 59 ( 2 ) : 118 -- 124 . doi : 10.1119 / 1.16590 . Jump up ^ Fort Point , Golden Gate Bridge , Highway and Transportation District . ^ Jump up to : `` The American Experience : Charles Alton Ellis ( 1876 -- 1949 ) '' . Public Broadcasting Service . Retrieved November 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Donald C. ( 1995 ) `` Great American Bridges and Dams '' John Wiley and Sons , ISBN 0 - 471 - 14385 - 5 Jump up ^ `` Bridging the Bay : Bridges That Never Were '' . UC Berkeley Library . Retrieved February 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Ryland ; Williamson , Samuel H. ( 2018 ) . `` What Was the U.S. GDP Then ? '' . MeasuringWorth . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . United States Gross Domestic Product deflator figures follow the Measuring Worth series . Jump up ^ `` 72 years ago today , iconic Golden Gate Bridge finished construction ahead of schedule & $1.3 million under budget '' . May 27 , 2009 . Retrieved April 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Life On The American Newsfront : Ten Men Fall To Death From Golden Gate Bridge '' . Life : 20 -- 21 . March 1 , 1937 . Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions about the Golden Gate Bridge '' . Golden Gate Bridge , Highway and Transportation District . Retrieved November 7 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : King , John ( May 25 , 2012 ) . `` Golden Gate Bridge 's Plaza Flawed but Workable '' . San Francisco Chronicle . ^ Jump up to : Kligman , David ( May 25 , 2012 ) . `` From Sea to Shining Sea : PG&E 's Earley Joins Tribute to Golden Gate Bridge '' . Currents . PG&E . Jump up ^ San Francisco Examiner . May 27 , 1982 . No. 147 , p. 2 . Golden Gate Bridge -- 45th anniversary of completion . Jump up ^ Tung , Stephen ( May 23 , 2012 ) . `` The Day the Golden Gate Bridge Flattened '' . San Jose Mercury News . Retrieved January 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pollalis , Spiro N. ; Otto , Caroline ( 1990 ) . `` THE GOLDEN GATE BRIDGE '' ( PDF ) . Harvard Design School . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 11 , 2011 . Retrieved April 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Terrence ( May 26 , 1987 ) . `` Golden Gate Crowd Made Bridge Bend '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Prado , Mark ( July 23 , 2010 ) . `` Golden Gate Bridge officials nix walk for 75th anniversary '' . Marin Independent Journal . Retrieved April 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Gate Festival : : Golden Gate Bridge 75th Anniversary '' . Golden Gate National Parks Conservancy . Retrieved March 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Fowler , Geoffrey A. ( May 24 , 2012 ) . `` A Historian 's Long View of Golden Gate Bridge '' . The Wall Street Journal . pp. A13C . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bridge Design and Construction Statistics '' . goldengatebridge.org . Golden Gate Bridge , Highway and Transportation District . Retrieved 27 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Golden Gate Bridge : Construction Data '' . Golden Gate Bridge , Highway and Transportation District . Retrieved August 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Stamberg , Susan . `` The Golden Gate Bridge 's Accidental Color '' . NPR . Retrieved April 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Rodriguez , Joseph A. ; Urban Rivalry in the San Francisco Bay Area in the 1930s ( 2000 ) . `` Planning '' . Journal of Planning Education and Research . 20 : 66 -- 76 . doi : 10.1177 / 073945600128992609 . ^ Jump up to : `` Frequently Asked Questions about the Golden Gate Bridge '' . Golden Gate Bridge , Highway and Transportation District . Retrieved March 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Gate Bridge : Construction Data : How Many Ironworkers and Painters Maintain the Golden Gate Bridge ? '' . Golden Gate Bridge , Highway and Transportation District . 2006 . Retrieved April 13 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Toll Rates & Traffic Operations '' . Golden Gate Bridge , Highway and Transportation District . Retrieved December 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Roadway Configuration / Reversible Lanes '' . Golden Gate Bridge , Highway and Transportation District . Retrieved December 23 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Additional Information -- Movable Median Barrier Project '' . Golden Gate Bridge , Highway and Transportation District . Retrieved September 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Key Dates '' . Research Library . Retrieved December 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Asimov , Nanette ( January 11 , 2015 ) . `` Golden Gate Bridge work finished early as barrier is installed '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Hearst Newspapers . Retrieved January 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lucas , Scott ( July 18 , 2013 ) . `` Kevin Hines Is Still Alive '' . Modern Luxury . Retrieved July 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ The Golden Gate Bridge , Sidewalk Access for Pedestrians and Bicyclists . Goldengatebridge.org . Retrieved June 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Muni Route 76X Marin Headlands '' . San Francisco Municipal Transportation Agency . Retrieved July 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Gate Transit bus service '' ( PDF ) . Golden Gate Transit . Retrieved August 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Muni Route 28 19th Avenue '' . San Francisco Municipal Transportation Agency . Retrieved August 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ http://www.marinairporter.com/ Jump up ^ `` Site Improvements '' . Golden Gate Bridge 75th Anniversary . Golden Gate Bridge Highway and Transportation District . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` H. Dana Bowers Rest Area '' . California Department of Transportation . Retrieved June 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 2015 Named Freeways , Highways , Structures and Other Appurtenances in California ( PDF ) . California Department of Transportation . pp. 183 , 205 . Retrieved June 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Animals -- Golden Gate National Recreation Area ( U.S. National Park Service ) . Retrieved on July 30 , 2017 Jump up ^ The SFGate. 2015 . Whale , sea lions put on a show near Golden Gate Bridge . Retrieved on July 30 , 2017 Jump up ^ GOLDEN GATE CETACEAN RESEARCH . Retrieved on July 30 , 2017 Jump up ^ Keener B ... 2017 . Ask The Naturalist : Why Are There Humpback Whales In the San Francisco Bay Right Now ? . Retrieved on July 30 , 2017 Jump up ^ Woodrow M ... 2017 . Experts concerned about whale safety in San Francisco Bay . The ABC7 . Retrieved on July 30 , 2017 Jump up ^ Curiel , Jonathan ( October 27 , 2007 ) . `` Golden Gate Bridge directors reject sponsorship proposals '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved October 27 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Partnership Program Status '' . Golden Gate Bridge , Highway and Transportation District . Retrieved October 27 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Cabanatuan , Michael ( January 29 , 2011 ) . `` Golden Gate Bridge to eliminate toll takers '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved January 30 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Toll 2014 '' . Goldengate.org. April 7 , 2014 . Retrieved April 26 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Cabanatuan , Michael ( April 7 , 2014 ) . `` Tolls for crossing Golden Gate Bridge rise $1 '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved April 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Summary of Recommendations , February 27 , 2014 '' ( PDF ) . Board of Directors . Golden Gate Bridge , Highway and Transportation District . pp. 5 -- 6 . Retrieved May 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bolling , David ( May 29 , 2008 ) . `` GG Bridge tolls could top $7 , June 11 meeting will set new rates '' . Sonoma Index - Tribune . Jump up ^ The San Francisco Chronicle ( March 19 , 2008 ) . `` Congestion Pricing Approved for Golden Gate Bridge '' . planetizen.com . Retrieved April 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Cabanatuan , Michael ( March 15 , 2008 ) . `` Bridge raises tolls , denies Doyle Dr. funds '' . The San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved April 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Mobility , Access and Pricing Study '' . San Francisco County Transportation Authority . Retrieved February 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Wollan , Malia ( January 4 , 2009 ) . `` San Francisco Studies Fees to Ease Traffic '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Cabanatuan , Michael ( August 12 , 2008 ) . `` Golden Gate Bridge congestion toll plan dies '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Jump up ^ Bone , James ( October 13 , 2008 ) . `` Golden Gate bridge in San Fransico ( sic ) gets safety net to deter suicides '' . The Times . New York . Retrieved October 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Suspension Bridges '' ( PDF ) . snu.ac.kr . p. 5 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 12 , 2003 . Jump up ^ Koopman , John , Staff Writer ( November 2 , 2005 ) . `` LETHAL BEAUTY / No easy death : Suicide by bridge is gruesome , and death is almost certain . The fourth in a seven - part series on the Golden Gate Bridge barrier debate '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved June 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bateson , John ( September 29 , 2013 ) . `` The suicide magnet that is the Golden Gate Bridge '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Suicide Barriers Going Up At Golden Gate Bridge After Over 1.5 K Deaths '' . CBS San Francisco . CBS Broadcasting Inc. 13 April 2017 . Retrieved 27 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Nolte , Carl ( May 28 , 2007 ) . `` 70 YEARS : Spanning the Golden Gate : New will blend in with the old as part of bridge earthquake retrofit project '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Jump up ^ Showing fancy foot work . Roads&Bridges ( December 28 , 2000 ) . ^ Jump up to : Golden Gate Bridge Authority ( May 2008 ) . `` Overview of Golden Gate Bridge Seismic Retrofit '' . Retrieved June 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Gonchar , Joann ( January 3 , 2005 ) . `` Famed Golden Gate Span Undergoes Complex Seismic Revamp '' . McGraw - Hill Construction . Retrieved June 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Presidio Parkway re-envisioning Doyle Drive '' . Presidio Parkway Project . Retrieved May 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Doyle Drive Replacement Project '' . Doyle Drive Replacement Project . San Francisco County Transportation Authority . Retrieved May 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Cabanatuan , Michael ( January 5 , 2010 ) . `` Doyle Drive makeover will affect drivers soon '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved May 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Current Construction Activity '' . Presidio Parkway re-envisioning Doyle Drive . Presidio Parkway . Retrieved May 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` SMITH : It 's wrecked , but it 's still ' Doyle Drive ' '' . Press Democrat . Retrieved May 1 , 2012 . Further reading Cassady , Stephen ( 1979 ) . Spanning the Gate ( Commemorative edition , 1987 ed . ) . Squarebooks . Dyble , Louise Nelson ; the Golden Gate Bridge ( 2009 ) . Paying the Toll : Local Power , Regional Politics . University of Pennsylvania Press . Friend , Tad ( October 13 , 2003 ) . `` Jumpers : The fatal grandeur of the Golden Gate Bridge '' . The New Yorker . 79 ( 30 ) . p. 48 . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2006 . Guthman , Edward ; an easy route to death have long made the Golden Gate Bridge a magnet for suicides ( October 30 , 2005 ) . `` Lethal Beauty / The Allure : Beauty '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Schwartz , Harvey ( 2015 ) . Building the Golden Gate Bridge : A Workers ' Oral History . University of Washington Press . ISBN 978 - 0295995069 . Starr , Kevin ( 2010 ) . Golden Gate : The Life and Times of America 's Greatest Bridge . Bloomsbury Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59691 - 534 - 3 . Steel , Eric ( 2006 ) . The Bridge . ( Documentary film regarding suicides occurring at the Golden Gate Bridge . ) `` Golden Gate Bridge Natural Frequencies '' . Vibrationdata.com. April 5 , 2006 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to : Golden Gate Bridge ( category ) Official website Links for Golden Gate Bridge at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) `` Images of the Golden Gate Bridge '' . San Francisco Public Library 's Historical Photograph database . Marshal ' J ' ( Narrator ) ( 1962 ) . `` The Bridge Builders '' . KPIX - TV . ( A documentary film about the construction of the Golden Gate Bridge . ) `` Live Toll Prices for Golden Gate Bridge '' . Batolls.info . `` San Francisco To Have World 's Greatest Bridge '' . Popular Science . March 1931 . `` Golden Gate Bridge facts '' . sftodo.com . ( Educational poster . ) `` End of Land Sadness -- The history of Suicide and the Golden Gate Bridge '' . Golden Gate Bridge Movie . 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8 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Golden_Gate_Bridge&oldid=823097957 '' Categories : Golden Gate Bridge 1937 establishments in California Art Deco architecture in California Bridges by Joseph Strauss Bridges completed in 1937 Bridges in San Francisco Bridges in Marin County , California Bridges on the United States Numbered Highways California Historical Landmarks California State Route 1 Golden Gate Bridge , Highway and Transportation District Historic American Engineering Record in California Historic Civil Engineering Landmarks Landmarks in San Francisco Landmarks in the San Francisco Bay Area Pedestrian bridges in California Road bridges in California Roads with a reversible lane San Francisco Designated Landmarks Suspension bridges in California Symbols of California Toll bridges in California U.S. Route 101 Tourist attractions in Marin County , California Works Progress Administration in California Open - spandrel deck arch bridges in the United States Steel bridges in the United States Truss arch bridges in the United States Hidden categories : Structurae ID different from Wikidata CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2016 Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use mdy dates from July 2016 Coordinates on Wikidata Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Articles using Template : Infobox bridge with clearance Pages using Infobox bridge with extra All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2007 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017 Articles with Curlie links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk Views View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikimedia Commons Afrikaans Ænglisc Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Bikol Central Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kernowek Kiswahili ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Papiamentu Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Winaray 吴语 粵語 Zazaki 中文 Kabɩyɛ Edit links This page was last edited on 30 January 2018 , at 06 : 27 . 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