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i can't get you off of my mind hank williams			I Ca n't get You Off of My Mind	i can't get you off of my mind	`` I Ca n't Get You Off of My Mind '' is a song written and recorded by Hank Williams . It appeared as the B - side to his 1948 single `` A Mansion on the Hill . ''	Background ( edit ) It was recorded on November 6 , 1947 at Castle Studio in Nashville . Williams was supported by a group that producer Fred Rose assembled from two Grand Ole Opry bands : Zeke Turner ( lead guitar ) , Jerry Byrd ( steel guitar ) , and Louis Ennis ( rhythm guitar ) were from Red Foley 's band while Chubby Wise ( fiddle ) was a member of Bill Monroe 's band . The song is an up - tempo number in which the narrator describes his infatuation with an unfaithful woman . Bob Dylan recorded the song for the 2001 album Timeless : Hank Williams Tribute . In his autobiography Chronicles : Volume One Dylan wrote , `` The sound of his voice went through me like an electric rod and I managed to get a hold of a few of his 78s - `` Baby , We 're Really in Love '' and `` Honky Tonkin ' '' and `` Lost Highway '' - and I played them endlessly ... You can learn a lot about the structure of songwriting by listening to his records , and I listened to them a lot and had them internalized . '' The The also recorded it for their Williams tribute LP Hanky Panky . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Escott , Colin 2004 , p. 74 . Jump up ^ Dylan , Bob 2004 , p. 95 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Can%27t_Get_You_Off_of_My_Mind&oldid=789877474 '' Categories : 1947 songs Songs written by Hank Williams Hank Williams songs Song recordings produced by Fred Rose ( songwriter ) MGM Records singles Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Articles needing more detailed references Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 10 July 2017 , at 05 : 54 . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%20Can%2527t%20Get%20You%20Off%20of%20My%20Mind	1,059
how many countries are in the roman empire			Roman Empire	roman empire	Mediolanum ( 286 -- 402 , Western ) Augusta Treverorum Sirmium Ravenna ( 402 -- 476 , Western ) Nicomedia ( 286 -- 330 , Eastern ) Constantinople ( 330 -- 1453 , Eastern ) Syracuse ( 663 -- 669 , Eastern )	Languages Latin ( official until 610 ) Greek ( official after 610 ) Regional / local languages Religion Before AD 380 : Imperial cult - driven polytheism From AD 380 : Nicene Christianity Government Mixed , functionally absolute monarchy Emperor 27 BC -- AD 14 Augustus ( first ) 98 -- 117 Trajan 284 -- 305 Diocletian 306 -- 337 Constantine I 379 -- 395 Theodosius I 474 -- 480 Julius Nepos 527 -- 565 Justinian I 976 -- 1025 Basil II 1449 -- 1453 Constantine XI Legislature Senate Historical era Classical era to Late Middle Ages Final War of the Roman Republic 32 -- 30 BC Empire established 30 -- 2 BC Constantinople becomes capital 330 Final East West divide 395 Fall of the Western Roman Empire 476 Fourth Crusade 1202 -- 1204 Reconquest of Constantinople 1261 Fall of Constantinople 29 May 1453 Fall of Trebizond 15 August 1461 Area 25 BC 2,750,000 km ( 1,060,000 sq mi ) AD 117 5,000,000 km ( 1,900,000 sq mi ) AD 390 4,400,000 km ( 1,700,000 sq mi ) Population 25 BC est . 56,800,000 Density 21 / km ( 53 / sq mi ) Currency Sestertius , Aureus , Solidus , Nomisma Preceded by Succeeded by Roman Republic Western Roman Empire Eastern Roman Empire The Roman Empire ( Latin : Imperium Rōmānum , Classical Latin : ( ɪmˈpɛ. ri. ũː roːˈmaː. nũː ) ; Koine and Medieval Greek : Βασιλεία τῶν Ῥωμαίων , tr . Basileia tōn Rhōmaiōn ) was the post-Roman Republic period of the ancient Roman civilization , characterized by government headed by emperors and large territorial holdings around the Mediterranean Sea in Europe , Africa and Asia . The city of Rome was the largest city in the world c. 100 BC -- c . AD 400 , with Constantinople ( New Rome ) becoming the largest around AD 500 , and the Empire 's populace grew to an estimated 50 to 90 million inhabitants ( roughly 20 % of the world 's population at the time ) . The 500 - year - old republic which preceded it was severely destabilized in a series of civil wars and political conflict , during which Julius Caesar was appointed as perpetual dictator and then assassinated in 44 BC . Civil wars and executions continued , culminating in the victory of Octavian , Caesar 's adopted son , over Mark Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC and the annexation of Egypt . Octavian 's power was then unassailable and in 27 BC the Roman Senate formally granted him overarching power and the new title Augustus , effectively marking the end of the Roman Republic . The imperial period of Rome lasted approximately 1,500 years compared to the 500 years of the Republican era . The first two centuries of the empire 's existence were a period of unprecedented political stability and prosperity known as the Pax Romana , or `` Roman Peace '' . Following Octavian 's victory , the size of the empire was dramatically increased . After the assassination of Caligula in AD 41 , the Senate briefly considered restoring the republic , but the Praetorian Guard proclaimed Claudius emperor instead . Under Claudius , the empire invaded Britannia , its first major expansion since Augustus . After Claudius ' successor , Nero , committed suicide in AD 68 , the empire suffered a series of brief civil wars , as well as a concurrent major rebellion in Judea , during which four different legionary generals were proclaimed emperor . Vespasian emerged triumphant in AD 69 , establishing the Flavian dynasty , before being succeeded by his son Titus , who opened the Colosseum shortly after the eruption of Mount Vesuvius . His short reign was followed by the long reign of his brother Domitian , who was eventually assassinated . The Senate then appointed the first of the Five Good Emperors . The empire reached its greatest extent under Trajan , the second in this line . A period of increasing trouble and decline began with the reign of Commodus . Commodus ' assassination in 192 triggered the Year of the Five Emperors , of which Septimius Severus emerged victorious . The assassination of Alexander Severus in 235 led to the Crisis of the Third Century in which 26 men were declared emperor by the Roman Senate over a fifty - year time span . It was not until the reign of Diocletian that the empire was fully stabilized with the introduction of the Tetrarchy , which saw four emperors rule the empire at once . This arrangement was ultimately unsuccessful , leading to a civil war that was finally ended by Constantine the Great , who defeated his rivals and became the sole ruler of the empire in 324 . Constantine subsequently established a second capital city in Byzantium , which he renamed Constantinople . It remained the capital of the east until its demise . Constantine also adopted Christianity which later became the official state religion of the empire . Following the death of Theodosius I in 395 , the empire was permanently divided between the West and the East . The dominion of the Western Roman Empire was gradually eroded by abuses of power , civil wars , barbarian migrations and invasions , military reforms and economic depression . The Sack of Rome in 410 by the Visigoths and again in 455 by the Vandals accelerated the Western Empire 's decay , while the deposition of the emperor , Romulus Augustulus , in 476 by Odoacer , is generally accepted to mark the end of the empire in the west . However , Augustulus was never recognized by his Eastern colleague , and separate rule in the Western part of the empire only ceased to exist upon the death of Julius Nepos , in 480 . The Eastern Roman Empire ( in modern historiography called the Byzantine Empire ) endured for another millennium as one of the leading powers in the world alongside its arch - rival the Sassanid Empire , which had inherited a centuries - old Roman - Persian conflict from its predecessor the Parthians . The Byzantine Empire eventually fell to the Ottoman Turks in 1453 . The Roman Empire was among the most powerful economic , cultural , political and military forces in the world of its time . It was one of the largest empires in world history . At its height under Trajan , it covered 5 million square kilometres . It held sway over an estimated 70 million people , at that time 21 % of the world 's entire population . The longevity and vast extent of the empire ensured the lasting influence of Latin and Greek language , culture , religion , inventions , architecture , philosophy , law and forms of government on the empire 's descendants . Throughout the European medieval period , attempts were even made to establish successors to the Roman Empire , including the Empire of Romania , a Crusader state ; and the Holy Roman Empire . By means of European colonialism following the Renaissance , and their descendant states , Greco - Roman and Judaeo - Christian culture was exported on a worldwide scale , playing a crucial role in the development of the modern world . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Geography and demography 3 Languages 3.1 Local languages and linguistic legacy 4 Society 4.1 Legal status 4.1. 1 Women in Roman law 4.1. 2 Slaves and the law 4.1. 3 Freedmen 4.2 Census rank 4.2. 1 Unequal justice 5 Government and military 5.1 Central government 5.2 Military 5.3 Provincial government 5.4 Roman law 5.5 Taxation 6 Economy 6.1 Currency and banking 6.2 Mining and metallurgy 6.3 Transportation and communication 6.4 Trade and commodities 6.5 Labour and occupations 6.6 GDP and income distribution 7 Architecture and engineering 8 Daily life 8.1 City and country 8.2 Food and dining 8.3 Recreation and spectacles 8.3. 1 Personal training and play 8.4 Clothing 9 The arts 9.1 Portraiture 9.2 Sculpture 9.2. 1 Sarcophagi 9.3 Painting 9.4 Mosaic 9.5 Decorative arts 9.6 Performing arts 10 Literacy , books , and education 10.1 Primary education 10.2 Secondary education 10.3 Educated women 10.4 Decline of literacy 11 Literature 12 Religion 13 Political legacy 14 See also 15 Notes 16 References 16.1 Citations 16.2 Cited sources 17 External links History Main article : History of the Roman Empire See also : Campaign history of the Roman military , Roman - Persian Wars , and Roman Kingdom The Augustus of Prima Porta ( early 1st century AD ) Bust of Tiberius Julius Sauromates II ( d . 210 AD ) , ruler of the Bosporan Kingdom in Roman Crimea , one of Rome 's client states ; his royal dynasty was partially descended from the Roman triumvir Mark Antony . Rome had begun expanding shortly after the founding of the republic in the 6th century BC , though it did not expand outside the Italian Peninsula until the 3rd century BC . Then , it was an `` empire '' long before it had an emperor . The Roman Republic was not a nation - state in the modern sense , but a network of towns left to rule themselves ( though with varying degrees of independence from the Roman Senate ) and provinces administered by military commanders . It was ruled , not by emperors , but by annually elected magistrates ( Roman Consuls above all ) in conjunction with the senate . For various reasons , the 1st century BC was a time of political and military upheaval , which ultimately led to rule by emperors . The consuls ' military power rested in the Roman legal concept of imperium , which literally means `` command '' ( though typically in a military sense ) . Occasionally , successful consuls were given the honorary title imperator ( commander ) , and this is the origin of the word emperor ( and empire ) since this title ( among others ) was always bestowed to the early emperors upon their accession . Rome suffered a long series of internal conflicts , conspiracies and civil wars from the late second century BC onwards , while greatly extending its power beyond Italy . This was the period of the Crisis of the Roman Republic . Towards the end of this era , in 44 BC , Julius Caesar was briefly perpetual dictator before being assassinated . The faction of his assassins was driven from Rome and defeated at the Battle of Philippi in 42 BC by an army led by Mark Antony and Caesar 's adopted son Octavian . Antony and Octavian 's division of the Roman world between themselves did not last and Octavian 's forces defeated those of Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC . In 27 BC the Senate and People of Rome made Octavian princeps ( `` first citizen '' ) with proconsular imperium , thus beginning the Principate ( the first epoch of Roman imperial history , usually dated from 27 BC to AD 284 ) , and gave him the name `` Augustus '' ( `` the venerated '' ) . Though the old constitutional machinery remained in place , Augustus came to predominate it . Although the republic stood in name , contemporaries of Augustus knew it was just a veil and that Augustus had all meaningful authority in Rome . Since his rule ended a century of civil wars and began an unprecedented period of peace and prosperity , he was so loved that he came to hold the power of a monarch de facto if not de jure . During the years of his rule , a new constitutional order emerged ( in part organically and in part by design ) , so that , upon his death , this new constitutional order operated as before when Tiberius was accepted as the new emperor . The 200 years that began with Augustus 's rule is traditionally regarded as the Pax Romana ( `` Roman Peace '' ) . During this period , the cohesion of the empire was furthered by a degree of social stability and economic prosperity that Rome had never before experienced . Uprisings in the provinces were infrequent , but put down `` mercilessly and swiftly '' when they occurred . The sixty years of Jewish -- Roman wars in the second half of the 1st century and the first half of the 2nd century were exceptional in their duration and violence . The success of Augustus in establishing principles of dynastic succession was limited by his outliving a number of talented potential heirs . The Julio - Claudian dynasty lasted for four more emperors -- Tiberius , Caligula , Claudius and Nero -- before it yielded in 69 AD to the strife - torn Year of Four Emperors , from which Vespasian emerged as victor . Vespasian became the founder of the brief Flavian dynasty , to be followed by the Nerva -- Antonine dynasty which produced the `` Five Good Emperors '' : Nerva , Trajan , Hadrian , Antoninus Pius and the philosophically - inclined Marcus Aurelius . In the view of the Greek historian Dio Cassius , a contemporary observer , the accession of the emperor Commodus in 180 AD marked the descent `` from a kingdom of gold to one of rust and iron '' -- a famous comment which has led some historians , notably Edward Gibbon , to take Commodus ' reign as the beginning of the decline of the Roman Empire . In 212 , during the reign of Caracalla , Roman citizenship was granted to all freeborn inhabitants of the empire . But despite this gesture of universality , the Severan dynasty was tumultuous -- an emperor 's reign was ended routinely by his murder or execution -- and , following its collapse , the Roman Empire was engulfed by the Crisis of the Third Century , a period of invasions , civil strife , economic disorder , and plague . In defining historical epochs , this crisis is sometimes viewed as marking the transition from Classical Antiquity to Late Antiquity . Aurelian ( reigned 270 -- 275 ) brought the empire back from the brink and stabilized it . Diocletian completed the work of fully restoring the empire , but declined the role of princeps and became the first emperor to be addressed regularly as domine , `` master '' or `` lord '' . This marked the end of the Principate , and the beginning of the Dominate . Diocletian 's reign also brought the empire 's most concerted effort against the perceived threat of Christianity , the `` Great Persecution '' . The state of absolute monarchy that began with Diocletian endured until the fall of the Eastern Roman Empire in 1453 . Diocletian divided the empire into four regions , each ruled by a separate emperor , the Tetrarchy . Confident that he fixed the disorders that were plaguing Rome , he abdicated along with his co-emperor , and the Tetrarchy soon collapsed . Order was eventually restored by Constantine the Great , who became the first emperor to convert to Christianity , and who established Constantinople as the new capital of the eastern empire . During the decades of the Constantinian and Valentinian dynasties , the empire was divided along an east -- west axis , with dual power centres in Constantinople and Rome . The reign of Julian , who attempted to restore Classical Roman and Hellenistic religion , only briefly interrupted the succession of Christian emperors . Theodosius I , the last emperor to rule over both East and West , died in 395 AD after making Christianity the official religion of the empire . The Roman Empire by 476 The Western Roman Empire began to disintegrate in the early 5th century as Germanic migrations and invasions overwhelmed the capacity of the Empire to assimilate the migrants and fight off the invaders . The Romans were successful in fighting off all invaders , most famously Attila , though the empire had assimilated so many Germanic peoples of dubious loyalty to Rome that the empire started to dismember itself . Most chronologies place the end of the Western Roman Empire in 476 , when Romulus Augustulus was forced to abdicate to the Germanic warlord Odoacer . By placing himself under the rule of the Eastern Emperor , rather than naming himself Emperor ( as other Germanic chiefs had done after deposing past emperors ) , Odoacer ended the Western Empire by ending the line of Western emperors . The empire in the East -- often known as the Byzantine Empire , but referred to in its time as the Roman Empire or by various other names -- had a different fate . It survived for almost a millennium after the fall of its Western counterpart and became the most stable Christian realm during the Middle Ages . During the 6th century , Justinian I reconquered Northern Africa and Italy . But within a few years of Justinian 's death , Byzantine possessions in Italy were greatly reduced by the Lombards who settled in the peninsula . In the east , partially resulting from the destructive Plague of Justinian , the Romans were threatened by the rise of Islam , whose followers rapidly conquered the territories of Syria , Armenia and Egypt during the Byzantine - Arab Wars , and soon presented a direct threat to Constantinople . In the following century , the Arabs also captured southern Italy and Sicily . Slavic populations were also able to penetrate deep into the Balkans . The Roman ( Byzantine ) Empire c. 1263 . The Romans , however , managed to stop further Islamic expansion into their lands during the 8th century and , beginning in the 9th century , reclaimed parts of the conquered lands . In 1000 AD , the Eastern Empire was at its height : Basil II reconquered Bulgaria and Armenia , culture and trade flourished . However , soon after , the expansion was abruptly stopped in 1071 with the Byzantine defeat in the Battle of Manzikert . The aftermath of this important battle sent the empire into a protracted period of decline . Two decades of internal strife and Turkic invasions ultimately paved the way for Emperor Alexios I Komnenos to send a call for help to the Western European kingdoms in 1095 . The West responded with the Crusades , eventually resulting in the Sack of Constantinople by participants in the Fourth Crusade . The conquest of Constantinople in 1204 fragmented what remained of the Empire into successor states , the ultimate victor being that of Nicaea . After the recapture of Constantinople by Imperial forces , the Empire was little more than a Greek state confined to the Aegean coast . The Roman Empire finally collapsed when Mehmed the Conqueror conquered Constantinople on 29 May 1453 . Geography and demography Main articles : Demography of the Roman Empire and Borders of the Roman Empire Further information : Classical demography The Roman Empire was one of the largest in history , with contiguous territories throughout Europe , North Africa , and the Middle East . The Latin phrase imperium sine fine ( `` empire without end '' ) expressed the ideology that neither time nor space limited the Empire . In Vergil 's epic poem the Aeneid , limitless empire is said to be granted to the Romans by their supreme deity Jupiter . This claim of universal dominion was renewed and perpetuated when the Empire came under Christian rule in the 4th century . In reality , Roman expansion was mostly accomplished under the Republic , though parts of northern Europe were conquered in the 1st century AD , when Roman control in Europe , Africa and Asia was strengthened . During the reign of Augustus , a `` global map of the known world '' was displayed for the first time in public at Rome , coinciding with the composition of the most comprehensive work on political geography that survives from antiquity , the Geography of the Pontic Greek writer Strabo . When Augustus died , the commemorative account of his achievements ( Res Gestae ) prominently featured the geographical cataloguing of peoples and places within the Empire . Geography , the census , and the meticulous keeping of written records were central concerns of Roman Imperial administration . A segment of the ruins of Hadrian 's Wall in northern England The Empire reached its largest expanse under Trajan ( reigned 98 -- 117 ) , encompassing an area of 5 million square kilometres . The traditional population estimate of 55 -- 60 million inhabitants accounted for between one - sixth and one - fourth of the world 's total population and made it the largest population of any unified political entity in the West until the mid-19th century . Recent demographic studies have argued for a population peak ranging from 70 million to more than 100 million . Each of the three largest cities in the Empire -- Rome , Alexandria , and Antioch -- was almost twice the size of any European city at the beginning of the 17th century . As the historian Christopher Kelly has described it : Then the empire stretched from Hadrian 's Wall in drizzle - soaked northern England to the sun - baked banks of the Euphrates in Syria ; from the great Rhine -- Danube river system , which snaked across the fertile , flat lands of Europe from the Low Countries to the Black Sea , to the rich plains of the North African coast and the luxuriant gash of the Nile Valley in Egypt . The empire completely circled the Mediterranean ... referred to by its conquerors as mare nostrum -- ' our sea ' . Trajan 's successor Hadrian adopted a policy of maintaining rather than expanding the empire . Borders ( fines ) were marked , and the frontiers ( limites ) patrolled . The most heavily fortified borders were the most unstable . Hadrian 's Wall , which separated the Roman world from what was perceived as an ever - present barbarian threat , is the primary surviving monument of this effort . Languages This section may contain misleading parts . Please help clarify this article according to any suggestions provided on the talk page . ( September 2016 ) Main article : Languages of the Roman Empire The language of the Romans was Latin , which Virgil emphasizes as a source of Roman unity and tradition . Until the time of Alexander Severus ( reigned 222 -- 235 ) , the birth certificates and wills of Roman citizens had to be written in Latin . Latin was the language of the law courts in the West and of the military throughout the Empire , but was not imposed officially on peoples brought under Roman rule . This policy contrasts with that of Alexander the Great , who aimed to impose Greek throughout his empire as the official language . As a consequence of Alexander 's conquests , koine Greek had become the shared language around the eastern Mediterranean and into Asia Minor . The `` linguistic frontier '' dividing the Latin West and the Greek East passed through the Balkan peninsula . A 5th - century papyrus showing a parallel Latin - Greek text of a speech by Cicero Romans who received an elite education studied Greek as a literary language , and most men of the governing classes could speak Greek . The Julio - Claudian emperors encouraged high standards of correct Latin ( Latinitas ) , a linguistic movement identified in modern terms as Classical Latin , and favoured Latin for conducting official business . Claudius tried to limit the use of Greek , and on occasion revoked the citizenship of those who lacked Latin , but even in the Senate he drew on his own bilingualism in communicating with Greek - speaking ambassadors . Suetonius quotes him as referring to `` our two languages '' . In the Eastern empire , laws and official documents were regularly translated into Greek from Latin . The everyday interpenetration of the two languages is indicated by bilingual inscriptions , which sometimes even switch back and forth between Greek and Latin . After all freeborn inhabitants of the empire were universally enfranchised in AD 212 , a great number of Roman citizens would have lacked Latin , though they were expected to acquire at least a token knowledge , and Latin remained a marker of `` Romanness . '' Among other reforms , the emperor Diocletian ( reigned 284 -- 305 ) sought to renew the authority of Latin , and the Greek expression hē kratousa dialektos attests to the continuing status of Latin as `` the language of power . '' In the early 6th century , the emperor Justinian engaged in a quixotic effort to reassert the status of Latin as the language of law , even though in his time Latin no longer held any currency as a living language in the East . Local languages and linguistic legacy Bilingual Latin - Punic inscription at the theatre in Leptis Magna , Roman Africa ( present - day Libya ) References to interpreters indicate the continuing use of local languages other than Greek and Latin , particularly in Egypt , where Coptic predominated , and in military settings along the Rhine and Danube . Roman jurists also show a concern for local languages such as Punic , Gaulish , and Aramaic in assuring the correct understanding and application of laws and oaths . In the province of Africa , Libyco - Berber and Punic were used in inscriptions and for legends on coins during the time of Tiberius ( 1st century AD ) . Libyco - Berber and Punic inscriptions appear on public buildings into the 2nd century , some bilingual with Latin . In Syria , Palmyrene soldiers even used their dialect of Aramaic for inscriptions , in a striking exception to the rule that Latin was the language of the military . The Babatha Archive is a suggestive example of multilingualism in the Empire . These papyri , named for a Jewish woman in the province of Arabia and dating from 93 to 132 AD , mostly employ Aramaic , the local language , written in Greek characters with Semitic and Latin influences ; a petition to the Roman governor , however , was written in Greek . The dominance of Latin among the literate elite may obscure the continuity of spoken languages , since all cultures within the Roman Empire were predominantly oral . In the West , Latin , referred to in its spoken form as Vulgar Latin , gradually replaced Celtic and Italic languages that were related to it by a shared Indo - European origin . Commonalities in syntax and vocabulary facilitated the adoption of Latin . After the decentralization of political power in late antiquity , Latin developed locally into branches that became the Romance languages , such as Spanish , Portuguese , French , Italian and Romanian , and a large number of minor languages and dialects . Today , more than 900 million people are native speakers worldwide . As an international language of learning and literature , Latin itself continued as an active medium of expression for diplomacy and for intellectual developments identified with Renaissance humanism up to the 17th century , and for law and the Roman Catholic Church to the present . Although Greek continued as the language of the Byzantine Empire , linguistic distribution in the East was more complex . A Greek - speaking majority lived in the Greek peninsula and islands , western Anatolia , major cities , and some coastal areas . Like Greek and Latin , the Thracian language was of Indo - European origin , as were several now - extinct languages in Anatolia attested by Imperial - era inscriptions . Albanian is often seen as the descendant of Illyrian , although this hypothesis has been challenged by some linguists , who maintain that it derives from Dacian or Thracian . ( Illyrian , Dacian , and Thracian , however , may have formed a subgroup or a Sprachbund ; see Thraco - Illyrian . ) Various Afroasiatic languages -- primarily Coptic in Egypt , and Aramaic in Syria and Mesopotamia -- were never replaced by Greek . The international use of Greek , however , was one factor enabling the spread of Christianity , as indicated for example by the use of Greek for the Epistles of Paul . Society Further information : Ancient Roman society A multigenerational banquet depicted on a wall painting from Pompeii ( 1st century AD ) Spread of Seuso at Lacus Pelso ( Lake Balaton ) The Roman Empire was remarkably multicultural , with `` a rather astonishing cohesive capacity '' to create a sense of shared identity while encompassing diverse peoples within its political system over a long span of time . The Roman attention to creating public monuments and communal spaces open to all -- such as forums , amphitheatres , racetracks and baths -- helped foster a sense of `` Romanness '' . Roman society had multiple , overlapping social hierarchies that modern concepts of `` class '' in English may not represent accurately . The two decades of civil war from which Augustus rose to sole power left traditional society in Rome in a state of confusion and upheaval , but did not effect an immediate redistribution of wealth and social power . From the perspective of the lower classes , a peak was merely added to the social pyramid . Personal relationships -- patronage , friendship ( amicitia ) , family , marriage -- continued to influence the workings of politics and government , as they had in the Republic . By the time of Nero , however , it was not unusual to find a former slave who was richer than a freeborn citizen , or an equestrian who exercised greater power than a senator . The blurring or diffusion of the Republic 's more rigid hierarchies led to increased social mobility under the Empire , both upward and downward , to an extent that exceeded that of all other well - documented ancient societies . Women , freedmen , and slaves had opportunities to profit and exercise influence in ways previously less available to them . Social life in the Empire , particularly for those whose personal resources were limited , was further fostered by a proliferation of voluntary associations and confraternities ( collegia and sodalitates ) formed for various purposes : professional and trade guilds , veterans ' groups , religious sodalities , drinking and dining clubs , performing arts troupes , and burial societies . Citizen of Roman Egypt ( Fayum mummy portrait ) Infanticide has been recorded in the Roman Empire and may have been widespread . Legal status Main articles : Status in Roman legal system and Roman citizenship According to the jurist Gaius , the essential distinction in the Roman `` law of persons '' was that all human beings were either free ( liberi ) or slaves ( servi ) . The legal status of free persons might be further defined by their citizenship . Most citizens held limited rights ( such as the ius Latinum , `` Latin right '' ) , but were entitled to legal protections and privileges not enjoyed by those who lacked citizenship . Free people not considered citizens , but living within the Roman world , held status as peregrini , non-Romans . In 212 AD , by means of the edict known as the Constitutio Antoniniana , the emperor Caracalla extended citizenship to all freeborn inhabitants of the empire . This legal egalitarianism would have required a far - reaching revision of existing laws that had distinguished between citizens and non-citizens . Women in Roman law Main article : Women in ancient Rome Freeborn Roman women were considered citizens throughout the Republic and Empire , but did not vote , hold political office , or serve in the military . A mother 's citizen status determined that of her children , as indicated by the phrase ex duobus civibus Romanis natos ( `` children born of two Roman citizens '' ) . A Roman woman kept her own family name ( nomen ) for life . Children most often took the father 's name , but in the Imperial period sometimes made their mother 's name part of theirs , or even used it instead . Left image : Roman fresco of a blond maiden reading a text , Pompeian Fourth Style ( 60 -- 79 AD ) , Pompeii , Italy Right image : Bronze statuette ( 1st century AD ) of a young woman reading , based on a Hellenistic original The archaic form of manus marriage in which the woman had been subject to her husband 's authority was largely abandoned by the Imperial era , and a married woman retained ownership of any property she brought into the marriage . Technically she remained under her father 's legal authority , even though she moved into her husband 's home , but when her father died she became legally emancipated . This arrangement was one of the factors in the degree of independence Roman women enjoyed relative to those of many other ancient cultures and up to the modern period : although she had to answer to her father in legal matters , she was free of his direct scrutiny in her daily life , and her husband had no legal power over her . Although it was a point of pride to be a `` one - man woman '' ( univira ) who had married only once , there was little stigma attached to divorce , nor to speedy remarriage after the loss of a husband through death or divorce . Girls had equal inheritance rights with boys if their father died without leaving a will . A Roman mother 's right to own property and to dispose of it as she saw fit , including setting the terms of her own will , gave her enormous influence over her sons even when they were adults . As part of the Augustan programme to restore traditional morality and social order , moral legislation attempted to regulate the conduct of men and women as a means of promoting `` family values '' . Adultery , which had been a private family matter under the Republic , was criminalized , and defined broadly as an illicit sex act ( stuprum ) that occurred between a male citizen and a married woman , or between a married woman and any man other than her husband . Childbearing was encouraged by the state : a woman who had given birth to three children was granted symbolic honours and greater legal freedom ( the ius trium liberorum ) . Because of their legal status as citizens and the degree to which they could become emancipated , women could own property , enter contracts , and engage in business , including shipping , manufacturing , and lending money . Inscriptions throughout the Empire honour women as benefactors in funding public works , an indication they could acquire and dispose of considerable fortunes ; for instance , the Arch of the Sergii was funded by Salvia Postuma , a female member of the family honoured , and the largest building in the forum at Pompeii was funded by Eumachia , a priestess of Venus . Slaves and the law Main article : Slavery in ancient Rome At the time of Augustus , as many as 35 % of the people in Italy were slaves , making Rome one of five historical `` slave societies '' in which slaves constituted at least a fifth of the population and played a major role in the economy . Slavery was a complex institution that supported traditional Roman social structures as well as contributing economic utility . In urban settings , slaves might be professionals such as teachers , physicians , chefs , and accountants , in addition to the majority of slaves who provided trained or unskilled labour in households or workplaces . Agriculture and industry , such as milling and mining , relied on the exploitation of slaves . Outside Italy , slaves made up on average an estimated 10 to 20 % of the population , sparse in Roman Egypt but more concentrated in some Greek areas . Expanding Roman ownership of arable land and industries would have affected preexisting practices of slavery in the provinces . Although the institution of slavery has often been regarded as waning in the 3rd and 4th centuries , it remained an integral part of Roman society until the 5th century . Slavery ceased gradually in the 6th and 7th centuries along with the decline of urban centres in the West and the disintegration of the complex Imperial economy that had created the demand for it . Slave holding writing tablets for his master ( relief from a 4th - century sarcophagus ) Laws pertaining to slavery were `` extremely intricate '' . Under Roman law , slaves were considered property and had no legal personhood . They could be subjected to forms of corporal punishment not normally exercised on citizens , sexual exploitation , torture , and summary execution . A slave could not as a matter of law be raped , since rape could be committed only against people who were free ; a slave 's rapist had to be prosecuted by the owner for property damage under the Aquilian Law . Slaves had no right to the form of legal marriage called conubium , but their unions were sometimes recognized , and if both were freed they could marry . Following the Servile Wars of the Republic , legislation under Augustus and his successors shows a driving concern for controlling the threat of rebellions through limiting the size of work groups , and for hunting down fugitive slaves . Technically , a slave could not own property , but a slave who conducted business might be given access to an individual account or fund ( peculium ) that he could use as if it were his own . The terms of this account varied depending on the degree of trust and co-operation between owner and slave : a slave with an aptitude for business could be given considerable leeway to generate profit , and might be allowed to bequeath the peculium he managed to other slaves of his household . Within a household or workplace , a hierarchy of slaves might exist , with one slave in effect acting as the master of other slaves . Over time slaves gained increased legal protection , including the right to file complaints against their masters . A bill of sale might contain a clause stipulating that the slave could not be employed for prostitution , as prostitutes in ancient Rome were often slaves . The burgeoning trade in eunuch slaves in the late 1st century AD prompted legislation that prohibited the castration of a slave against his will `` for lust or gain . '' Roman slavery was not based on race . Slaves were drawn from all over Europe and the Mediterranean , including Gaul , Hispania , Germany , Britannia , the Balkans , Greece ... Generally slaves in Italy were indigenous Italians , with a minority of foreigners ( including both slaves and freedmen ) born outside of Italy estimated at 5 % of the total in the capital at its peak , where their number was largest . Those from outside of Europe were predominantly of Greek descent , while the Jewish ones never fully assimilated into Roman society , remaining an identifiable minority . These slaves ( especially the foreigners ) had higher mortality rates and lower birth rates than natives , and were sometimes even subjected to mass expulsions . The average recorded age at death for the slaves of the city of Rome was extraordinarily low : seventeen and a half years ( 17.2 for males ; 17.9 for females ) . During the period of Republican expansionism when slavery had become pervasive , war captives were a main source of slaves . The range of ethnicities among slaves to some extent reflected that of the armies Rome defeated in war , and the conquest of Greece brought a number of highly skilled and educated slaves into Rome . Slaves were also traded in markets , and sometimes sold by pirates . Infant abandonment and self - enslavement among the poor were other sources . Vernae , by contrast , were `` homegrown '' slaves born to female slaves within the urban household or on a country estate or farm . Although they had no special legal status , an owner who mistreated or failed to care for his vernae faced social disapproval , as they were considered part of his familia , the family household , and in some cases might actually be the children of free males in the family . Talented slaves with a knack for business might accumulate a large enough peculium to justify their freedom , or be manumitted for services rendered . Manumission had become frequent enough that in 2 BC a law ( Lex Fufia Caninia ) limited the number of slaves an owner was allowed to free in his will . Freedmen Cinerary urn for the freedman Tiberius Claudius Chryseros and two women , probably his wife and daughter Rome differed from Greek city - states in allowing freed slaves to become citizens . After manumission , a slave who had belonged to a Roman citizen enjoyed not only passive freedom from ownership , but active political freedom ( libertas ) , including the right to vote . A slave who had acquired libertas was a libertus ( `` freed person , '' feminine liberta ) in relation to his former master , who then became his patron ( patronus ) : the two parties continued to have customary and legal obligations to each other . As a social class generally , freed slaves were libertini , though later writers used the terms libertus and libertinus interchangeably . A libertinus was not entitled to hold public office or the highest state priesthoods , but he could play a priestly role in the cult of the emperor . He could not marry a woman from a family of senatorial rank , nor achieve legitimate senatorial rank himself , but during the early Empire , freedmen held key positions in the government bureaucracy , so much so that Hadrian limited their participation by law . Any future children of a freedman would be born free , with full rights of citizenship . The rise of successful freedmen -- through either political influence in imperial service , or wealth -- is a characteristic of early Imperial society . The prosperity of a high - achieving group of freedmen is attested by inscriptions throughout the Empire , and by their ownership of some of the most lavish houses at Pompeii , such as the House of the Vettii . The excesses of nouveau riche freedmen were satirized in the character of Trimalchio in the Satyricon by Petronius , who wrote in the time of Nero . Such individuals , while exceptional , are indicative of the upward social mobility possible in the Empire . Census rank See also : Senate of the Roman Empire , Equestrian order , and Decurion ( administrative ) The Latin word ordo ( plural ordines ) refers to a social distinction that is translated variously into English as `` class , order , rank , '' none of which is exact . One purpose of the Roman census was to determine the ordo to which an individual belonged . The two highest ordines in Rome were the senatorial and equestrian . Outside Rome , the decurions , also known as curiales ( Greek bouleutai ) , were the top governing ordo of an individual city . Fragment of a sarcophagus depicting Gordian III and senators ( 3rd century ) `` Senator '' was not itself an elected office in ancient Rome ; an individual gained admission to the Senate after he had been elected to and served at least one term as an executive magistrate . A senator also had to meet a minimum property requirement of 1 million sestertii , as determined by the census . Nero made large gifts of money to a number of senators from old families who had become too impoverished to qualify . Not all men who qualified for the ordo senatorius chose to take a Senate seat , which required legal domicile at Rome . Emperors often filled vacancies in the 600 - member body by appointment . A senator 's son belonged to the ordo senatorius , but he had to qualify on his own merits for admission to the Senate itself . A senator could be removed for violating moral standards : he was prohibited , for instance , from marrying a freedwoman or fighting in the arena . In the time of Nero , senators were still primarily from Rome and other parts of Italy , with some from the Iberian peninsula and southern France ; men from the Greek - speaking provinces of the East began to be added under Vespasian . The first senator from the most eastern province , Cappadocia , was admitted under Marcus Aurelius . By the time of the Severan dynasty ( 193 -- 235 ) , Italians made up less than half the Senate . During the 3rd century , domicile at Rome became impractical , and inscriptions attest to senators who were active in politics and munificence in their homeland ( patria ) . Senators had an aura of prestige and were the traditional governing class who rose through the cursus honorum , the political career track , but equestrians of the Empire often possessed greater wealth and political power . Membership in the equestrian order was based on property ; in Rome 's early days , equites or knights had been distinguished by their ability to serve as mounted warriors ( the `` public horse '' ) , but cavalry service was a separate function in the Empire . A census valuation of 400,000 sesterces and three generations of free birth qualified a man as an equestrian . The census of 28 BC uncovered large numbers of men who qualified , and in 14 AD , a thousand equestrians were registered at Cadiz and Padua alone . Equestrians rose through a military career track ( tres militiae ) to become highly placed prefects and procurators within the Imperial administration . The rise of provincial men to the senatorial and equestrian orders is an aspect of social mobility in the first three centuries of the Empire . Roman aristocracy was based on competition , and unlike later European nobility , a Roman family could not maintain its position merely through hereditary succession or having title to lands . Admission to the higher ordines brought distinction and privileges , but also a number of responsibilities . In antiquity , a city depended on its leading citizens to fund public works , events , and services ( munera ) , rather than on tax revenues , which primarily supported the military . Maintaining one 's rank required massive personal expenditures . Decurions were so vital for the functioning of cities that in the later Empire , as the ranks of the town councils became depleted , those who had risen to the Senate were encouraged by the central government to give up their seats and return to their hometowns , in an effort to sustain civic life . In the later Empire , the dignitas ( `` worth , esteem '' ) that attended on senatorial or equestrian rank was refined further with titles such as vir illustris , `` illustrious man '' . The appellation clarissimus ( Greek lamprotatos ) was used to designate the dignitas of certain senators and their immediate family , including women . `` Grades '' of equestrian status proliferated . Those in Imperial service were ranked by pay grade ( sexagenarius , 60,000 sesterces per annum ; centenarius , 100,000 ; ducenarius , 200,000 ) . The title eminentissimus , `` most eminent '' ( Greek exochôtatos ) was reserved for equestrians who had been Praetorian prefects . The higher equestrian officials in general were perfectissimi , `` most distinguished '' ( Greek diasêmotatoi ) , the lower merely egregii , `` outstanding '' ( Greek kratistos ) . Unequal justice Condemned man attacked by a leopard in the arena ( 3rd - century mosaic from Tunisia ) As the republican principle of citizens ' equality under the law faded , the symbolic and social privileges of the upper classes led to an informal division of Roman society into those who had acquired greater honours ( honestiores ) and those who were humbler folk ( humiliores ) . In general , honestiores were the members of the three higher `` orders , '' along with certain military officers . The granting of universal citizenship in 212 seems to have increased the competitive urge among the upper classes to have their superiority over other citizens affirmed , particularly within the justice system . Sentencing depended on the judgement of the presiding official as to the relative `` worth '' ( dignitas ) of the defendant : an honestior could pay a fine when convicted of a crime for which an humilior might receive a scourging . Execution , which had been an infrequent legal penalty for free men under the Republic even in a capital case , could be quick and relatively painless for the Imperial citizen considered `` more honourable '' , while those deemed inferior might suffer the kinds of torture and prolonged death previously reserved for slaves , such as crucifixion and condemnation to the beasts as a spectacle in the arena . In the early Empire , those who converted to Christianity could lose their standing as honestiores , especially if they declined to fulfil the religious aspects of their civic responsibilities , and thus became subject to punishments that created the conditions of martyrdom . Government and military Main article : Constitution of the Roman Empire Reconstructed statue of Augustus as Jove , holding scepter and orb ( first half of 1st century AD ) . The Imperial cult of ancient Rome identified emperors and some members of their families with the divinely sanctioned authority ( auctoritas ) of the Roman State . The official offer of cultus to a living emperor acknowledged his office and rule as divinely approved and constitutional : his Principate should therefore demonstrate pious respect for traditional Republican deities and mores Forum of Gerasa ( Jerash in present - day Jordan ) , with columns marking a covered walkway ( stoa ) for vendor stalls , and a semicircular space for public speaking The three major elements of the Imperial Roman state were the central government , the military , and provincial government . The military established control of a territory through war , but after a city or people was brought under treaty , the military mission turned to policing : protecting Roman citizens ( after 212 AD , all freeborn inhabitants of the Empire ) , the agricultural fields that fed them , and religious sites . Without modern instruments of either mass communication or mass destruction , the Romans lacked sufficient manpower or resources to impose their rule through force alone . Cooperation with local power elites was necessary to maintain order , collect information , and extract revenue . The Romans often exploited internal political divisions by supporting one faction over another : in the view of Plutarch , `` it was discord between factions within cities that led to the loss of self - governance '' . Communities with demonstrated loyalty to Rome retained their own laws , could collect their own taxes locally , and in exceptional cases were exempt from Roman taxation . Legal privileges and relative independence were an incentive to remain in good standing with Rome . Roman government was thus limited , but efficient in its use of the resources available to it . Central government See also : Roman emperor and Senate of the Roman Empire The dominance of the emperor was based on the consolidation of certain powers from several republican offices , including the inviolability of the tribunes of the people and the authority of the censors to manipulate the hierarchy of Roman society . The emperor also made himself the central religious authority as Pontifex Maximus , and centralized the right to declare war , ratify treaties , and negotiate with foreign leaders . While these functions were clearly defined during the Principate , the emperor 's powers over time became less constitutional and more monarchical , culminating in the Dominate . Antoninus Pius ( reigned 138 -- 161 ) , wearing a toga ( Hermitage Museum ) The emperor was the ultimate authority in policy - and decision - making , but in the early Principate he was expected to be accessible to individuals from all walks of life , and to deal personally with official business and petitions . A bureaucracy formed around him only gradually . The Julio - Claudian emperors relied on an informal body of advisors that included not only senators and equestrians , but trusted slaves and freedmen . After Nero , the unofficial influence of the latter was regarded with suspicion , and the emperor 's council ( consilium ) became subject to official appointment for the sake of greater transparency . Though the senate took a lead in policy discussions until the end of the Antonine dynasty , equestrians played an increasingly important role in the consilium . The women of the emperor 's family often intervened directly in his decisions . Plotina exercised influence on both her husband Trajan and his successor Hadrian . Her influence was advertised by having her letters on official matters published , as a sign that the emperor was reasonable in his exercise of authority and listened to his people . Access to the emperor by others might be gained at the daily reception ( salutatio ) , a development of the traditional homage a client paid to his patron ; public banquets hosted at the palace ; and religious ceremonies . The common people who lacked this access could manifest their general approval or displeasure as a group at the games held in large venues . By the 4th century , as urban centres decayed , the Christian emperors became remote figureheads who issued general rulings , no longer responding to individual petitions . Although the senate could do little short of assassination and open rebellion to contravene the will of the emperor , it survived the Augustan restoration and the turbulent Year of Four Emperors to retain its symbolic political centrality during the Principate . The senate legitimated the emperor 's rule , and the emperor needed the experience of senators as legates ( legati ) to serve as generals , diplomats , and administrators . A successful career required competence as an administrator and remaining in favour with the emperor , or over time perhaps multiple emperors . The practical source of an emperor 's power and authority was the military . The legionaries were paid by the Imperial treasury , and swore an annual military oath of loyalty to the emperor ( sacramentum ) . The death of an emperor led to a crucial period of uncertainty and crisis . Most emperors indicated their choice of successor , usually a close family member or adopted heir . The new emperor had to seek a swift acknowledgement of his status and authority to stabilize the political landscape . No emperor could hope to survive , much less to reign , without the allegiance and loyalty of the Praetorian Guard and of the legions . To secure their loyalty , several emperors paid the donativum , a monetary reward . In theory , the Senate was entitled to choose the new emperor , but did so mindful of acclamation by the army or Praetorians . Military The Roman empire under Hadrian ( ruled 117 -- 138 ) showing the location of the Roman legions deployed in AD 125 Main articles : Imperial Roman army and Structural history of the Roman military The soldiers of the Imperial Roman army were professionals who volunteered for 20 years of active duty and five as reserves . The transition to a professional military had begun during the late Republic , and was one of the many profound shifts away from republicanism , under which an army of conscripts had exercised their responsibilities as citizens in defending the homeland in a campaign against a specific threat . For Imperial Rome , the military was a full - time career in itself . The primary mission of the Roman military of the early empire was to preserve the Pax Romana . The three major divisions of the military were : the garrison at Rome , which includes both the Praetorians and the vigiles who functioned as police and firefighters ; the provincial army , comprising the Roman legions and the auxiliaries provided by the provinces ( auxilia ) ; the navy . The pervasiveness of military garrisons throughout the Empire was a major influence in the process of cultural exchange and assimilation known as `` Romanization , '' particularly in regard to politics , the economy , and religion . Knowledge of the Roman military comes from a wide range of sources : Greek and Roman literary texts ; coins with military themes ; papyri preserving military documents ; monuments such as Trajan 's Column and triumphal arches , which feature artistic depictions of both fighting men and military machines ; the archaeology of military burials , battle sites , and camps ; and inscriptions , including military diplomas , epitaphs , and dedications . Through his military reforms , which included consolidating or disbanding units of questionable loyalty , Augustus changed and regularized the legion , down to the hobnail pattern on the soles of army boots . A legion was organized into ten cohorts , each of which comprised six centuries , with a century further made up of ten squads ( contubernia ) ; the exact size of the Imperial legion , which is most likely to have been determined by logistics , has been estimated to range from 4,800 to 5,280 . Relief panel from Trajan 's Column showing the building of a fort and the reception of a Dacian embassy In AD 9 , Germanic tribes wiped out three full legions in the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest . This disastrous event reduced the number of the legions to 25 . The total of the legions would later be increased again and for the next 300 years always be a little above or below 30 . The army had about 300,000 soldiers in the 1st century , and under 400,000 in the 2nd , `` significantly smaller '' than the collective armed forces of the territories it conquered . No more than 2 % of adult males living in the Empire served in the Imperial army . Augustus also created the Praetorian Guard : nine cohorts , ostensibly to maintain the public peace , which were garrisoned in Italy . Better paid than the legionaries , the Praetorians served only sixteen years . The auxilia were recruited from among the non-citizens . Organized in smaller units of roughly cohort strength , they were paid less than the legionaries , and after 25 years of service were rewarded with Roman citizenship , also extended to their sons . According to Tacitus there were roughly as many auxiliaries as there were legionaries . The auxilia thus amounted to around 125,000 men , implying approximately 250 auxiliary regiments . The Roman cavalry of the earliest Empire were primarily from Celtic , Hispanic or Germanic areas . Several aspects of training and equipment , such as the four - horned saddle , derived from the Celts , as noted by Arrian and indicated by archaeology . The Roman navy ( Latin : classis , `` fleet '' ) not only aided in the supply and transport of the legions , but also helped in the protection of the frontiers along the rivers Rhine and Danube . Another of its duties was the protection of the crucial maritime trade routes against the threat of pirates . It patrolled the whole of the Mediterranean , parts of the North Atlantic coasts , and the Black Sea . Nevertheless , the army was considered the senior and more prestigious branch . Provincial government The Pula Arena in Croatia is one of the largest and most intact of the remaining Roman amphitheatres An annexed territory became a province in a three - step process : making a register of cities , taking a census of the population , and surveying the land . Further government recordkeeping included births and deaths , real estate transactions , taxes , and juridical proceedings . In the 1st and 2nd centuries , the central government sent out around 160 officials each year to govern outside Italy . Among these officials were the `` Roman governors '' , as they are called in English : either magistrates elected at Rome who in the name of the Roman people governed senatorial provinces ; or governors , usually of equestrian rank , who held their imperium on behalf of the emperor in provinces excluded from senatorial control , most notably Roman Egypt . A governor had to make himself accessible to the people he governed , but he could delegate various duties . His staff , however , was minimal : his official attendants ( apparitores ) , including lictors , heralds , messengers , scribes , and bodyguards ; legates , both civil and military , usually of equestrian rank ; and friends , ranging in age and experience , who accompanied him unofficially . Other officials were appointed as supervisors of government finances . Separating fiscal responsibility from justice and administration was a reform of the Imperial era . Under the Republic , provincial governors and tax farmers could exploit local populations for personal gain more freely . Equestrian procurators , whose authority was originally `` extra-judicial and extra-constitutional , '' managed both state - owned property and the vast personal property of the emperor ( res privata ) . Because Roman government officials were few in number , a provincial who needed help with a legal dispute or criminal case might seek out any Roman perceived to have some official capacity , such as a procurator or a military officer , including centurions down to the lowly stationarii or military police . Roman law Main article : Roman law Roman portraiture frescos from Pompeii , 1st century AD , depicting two different men wearing laurel wreaths , one holding the rotulus ( blondish figure , left ) , the other a volumen ( brunet figure , right ) , both made of papyrus Roman courts held original jurisdiction over cases involving Roman citizens throughout the empire , but there were too few judicial functionaries to impose Roman law uniformly in the provinces . Most parts of the Eastern empire already had well - established law codes and juridical procedures . In general , it was Roman policy to respect the mos regionis ( `` regional tradition '' or `` law of the land '' ) and to regard local laws as a source of legal precedent and social stability . The compatibility of Roman and local law was thought to reflect an underlying ius gentium , the `` law of nations '' or international law regarded as common and customary among all human communities . If the particulars of provincial law conflicted with Roman law or custom , Roman courts heard appeals , and the emperor held final authority to render a decision . In the West , law had been administered on a highly localized or tribal basis , and private property rights may have been a novelty of the Roman era , particularly among Celtic peoples . Roman law facilitated the acquisition of wealth by a pro-Roman elite who found their new privileges as citizens to be advantageous . The extension of universal citizenship to all free inhabitants of the Empire in 212 required the uniform application of Roman law , replacing the local law codes that had applied to non-citizens . Diocletian 's efforts to stabilize the Empire after the Crisis of the Third Century included two major compilations of law in four years , the Codex Gregorianus and the Codex Hermogenianus , to guide provincial administrators in setting consistent legal standards . The pervasive exercise of Roman law throughout Western Europe led to its enormous influence on the Western legal tradition , reflected by the continued use of Latin legal terminology in modern law . Taxation Taxation under the Empire amounted to about 5 % of the Empire 's gross product . The typical tax rate paid by individuals ranged from 2 to 5 % . The tax code was `` bewildering '' in its complicated system of direct and indirect taxes , some paid in cash and some in kind . Taxes might be specific to a province , or kinds of properties such as fisheries or salt evaporation ponds ; they might be in effect for a limited time . Tax collection was justified by the need to maintain the military , and taxpayers sometimes got a refund if the army captured a surplus of booty . In - kind taxes were accepted from less - monetized areas , particularly those who could supply grain or goods to army camps . Personification of the River Nile and his children , from the Temple of Serapis and Isis in Rome ( 1st century AD ) The primary source of direct tax revenue was individuals , who paid a poll tax and a tax on their land , construed as a tax on its produce or productive capacity . Supplemental forms could be filed by those eligible for certain exemptions ; for example , Egyptian farmers could register fields as fallow and tax - exempt depending on flood patterns of the Nile . Tax obligations were determined by the census , which required each head of household to appear before the presiding official and provide a head count of his household , as well as an accounting of property he owned that was suitable for agriculture or habitation . A major source of indirect - tax revenue was the portoria , customs and tolls on imports and exports , including among provinces . Special taxes were levied on the slave trade . Towards the end of his reign , Augustus instituted a 4 % tax on the sale of slaves , which Nero shifted from the purchaser to the dealers , who responded by raising their prices . An owner who manumitted a slave paid a `` freedom tax '' , calculated at 5 % of value . An inheritance tax of 5 % was assessed when Roman citizens above a certain net worth left property to anyone but members of their immediate family . Revenues from the estate tax and from a 1 % sales tax on auctions went towards the veterans ' pension fund ( aerarium militare ) . Low taxes helped the Roman aristocracy increase their wealth , which equalled or exceeded the revenues of the central government . An emperor sometimes replenished his treasury by confiscating the estates of the `` super-rich '' , but in the later period , the resistance of the wealthy to paying taxes was one of the factors contributing to the collapse of the Empire . Economy Main article : Roman economy Moses Finley was the chief proponent of the primitivist view that the Roman economy was `` underdeveloped and underachieving , '' characterized by subsistence agriculture ; urban centres that consumed more than they produced in terms of trade and industry ; low - status artisans ; slowly developing technology ; and a `` lack of economic rationality . '' Current views are more complex . Territorial conquests permitted a large - scale reorganization of land use that resulted in agricultural surplus and specialization , particularly in north Africa . Some cities were known for particular industries or commercial activities , and the scale of building in urban areas indicates a significant construction industry . Papyri preserve complex accounting methods that suggest elements of economic rationalism , and the Empire was highly monetized . Although the means of communication and transport were limited in antiquity , transportation in the 1st and 2nd centuries expanded greatly , and trade routes connected regional economies . The supply contracts for the army , which pervaded every part of the Empire , drew on local suppliers near the base ( castrum ) , throughout the province , and across provincial borders . The Empire is perhaps best thought of as a network of regional economies , based on a form of `` political capitalism '' in which the state monitored and regulated commerce to assure its own revenues . Economic growth , though not comparable to modern economies , was greater than that of most other societies prior to industrialization . Socially , economic dynamism opened up one of the avenues of social mobility in the Roman Empire . Social advancement was thus not dependent solely on birth , patronage , good luck , or even extraordinary ability . Although aristocratic values permeated traditional elite society , a strong tendency towards plutocracy is indicated by the wealth requirements for census rank . Prestige could be obtained through investing one 's wealth in ways that advertised it appropriately : grand country estates or townhouses , durable luxury items such as jewels and silverware , public entertainments , funerary monuments for family members or coworkers , and religious dedications such as altars . Guilds ( collegia ) and corporations ( corpora ) provided support for individuals to succeed through networking , sharing sound business practices , and a willingness to work . Currency and banking See also : Roman currency and Roman finance Currency denominations 27 BC -- AD 212 : 1 gold aureus ( 1 / 40 lb. of gold , devalued to 1 / 50 lb. by 212 ) = 25 silver denarii = 100 bronze sestertii = 400 copper asses 294 -- 312 : 1 gold aureus solidus ( 1 / 60 lb. of gold ) = 10 silver argentei = 40 bronze folles = 1,000 debased metal denarii 312 onwards : 1 gold solidus ( 1 / 72 lb . ) = 24 silver siliquae = 180 bronze folles The early Empire was monetized to a near - universal extent , in the sense of using money as a way to express prices and debts . The sestertius ( plural sestertii , English `` sesterces '' , symbolized as HS ) was the basic unit of reckoning value into the 4th century , though the silver denarius , worth four sesterces , was used also for accounting beginning in the Severan dynasty . The smallest coin commonly circulated was the bronze as ( plural asses ) , one - fourth sestertius . Bullion and ingots seem not to have counted as pecunia , `` money , '' and were used only on the frontiers for transacting business or buying property . Romans in the 1st and 2nd centuries counted coins , rather than weighing them -- an indication that the coin was valued on its face , not for its metal content . This tendency towards fiat money led eventually to the debasement of Roman coinage , with consequences in the later Empire . The standardization of money throughout the Empire promoted trade and market integration . The high amount of metal coinage in circulation increased the money supply for trading or saving . Rome had no central bank , and regulation of the banking system was minimal . Banks of classical antiquity typically kept less in reserves than the full total of customers ' deposits . A typical bank had fairly limited capital , and often only one principal , though a bank might have as many as six to fifteen principals . Seneca assumes that anyone involved in commerce needs access to credit . Solidus issued under Constantine II , and on the reverse Victoria , one of the last deities to appear on Roman coins , gradually transforming into an angel under Christian rule A professional deposit banker ( argentarius , coactor argentarius , or later nummularius ) received and held deposits for a fixed or indefinite term , and lent money to third parties . The senatorial elite were involved heavily in private lending , both as creditors and borrowers , making loans from their personal fortunes on the basis of social connections . The holder of a debt could use it as a means of payment by transferring it to another party , without cash changing hands . Although it has sometimes been thought that ancient Rome lacked `` paper '' or documentary transactions , the system of banks throughout the Empire also permitted the exchange of very large sums without the physical transfer of coins , in part because of the risks of moving large amounts of cash , particularly by sea . Only one serious credit shortage is known to have occurred in the early Empire , a credit crisis in 33 AD that put a number of senators at risk ; the central government rescued the market through a loan of 100 million HS made by the emperor Tiberius to the banks ( mensae ) . Generally , available capital exceeded the amount needed by borrowers . The central government itself did not borrow money , and without public debt had to fund deficits from cash reserves . Emperors of the Antonine and Severan dynasties overall debased the currency , particularly the denarius , under the pressures of meeting military payrolls . Sudden inflation during the reign of Commodus damaged the credit market . In the mid-200s , the supply of specie contracted sharply . Conditions during the Crisis of the Third Century -- such as reductions in long - distance trade , disruption of mining operations , and the physical transfer of gold coinage outside the empire by invading enemies -- greatly diminished the money supply and the banking sector by the year 300 . Although Roman coinage had long been fiat money or fiduciary currency , general economic anxieties came to a head under Aurelian , and bankers lost confidence in coins legitimately issued by the central government . Despite Diocletian 's introduction of the gold solidus and monetary reforms , the credit market of the Empire never recovered its former robustness . Mining and Metallurgy Main article : Roman metallurgy See also : Mining in Roman Britain Landscape resulting from the ruina montium mining technique at Las Médulas , Spain , one of the most important gold mines in the Roman Empire The main mining regions of the Empire were the Iberian Peninsula ( gold , silver , copper , tin , lead ) ; Gaul ( gold , silver , iron ) ; Britain ( mainly iron , lead , tin ) , the Danubian provinces ( gold , iron ) ; Macedonia and Thrace ( gold , silver ) ; and Asia Minor ( gold , silver , iron , tin ) . Intensive large - scale mining -- of alluvial deposits , and by means of open - cast mining and underground mining -- took place from the reign of Augustus up to the early 3rd century AD , when the instability of the Empire disrupted production . The gold mines of Dacia , for instance , were no longer available for Roman exploitation after the province was surrendered in 271 . Mining seems to have resumed to some extent during the 4th century . Hydraulic mining , which Pliny referred to as ruina montium ( `` ruin of the mountains '' ) , allowed base and precious metals to be extracted on a proto - industrial scale . The total annual iron output is estimated at 82,500 tonnes . Copper was produced at an annual rate of 15,000 t , and lead at 80,000 t , both production levels unmatched until the Industrial Revolution ; Hispania alone had a 40 % share in world lead production . The high lead output was a by - product of extensive silver mining which reached 200 t per annum . At its peak around the mid-2nd century AD , the Roman silver stock is estimated at 10,000 t , five to ten times larger than the combined silver mass of medieval Europe and the Caliphate around 800 AD . As an indication of the scale of Roman metal production , lead pollution in the Greenland ice sheet quadrupled over its prehistoric levels during the Imperial era and dropped again thereafter . Transportation and communication See also : Roman roads Gallo - Roman relief depicting a river boat transporting wine barrels , an invention of the Gauls that came into widespread use during the 2nd century ; above , wine is stored in the traditional amphorae , some covered in wicker The Roman Empire completely encircled the Mediterranean , which they called `` our sea '' ( mare nostrum ) . Roman sailing vessels navigated the Mediterranean as well as the major rivers of the Empire , including the Guadalquivir , Ebro , Rhône , Rhine , Tiber and Nile . Transport by water was preferred where possible , and moving commodities by land was more difficult . Vehicles , wheels , and ships indicate the existence of a great number of skilled woodworkers . Land transport utilized the advanced system of Roman roads . The in - kind taxes paid by communities included the provision of personnel , animals , or vehicles for the cursus publicus , the state mail and transport service established by Augustus . Relay stations were located along the roads every seven to twelve Roman miles , and tended to grow into a village or trading post . A mansio ( plural mansiones ) was a privately run service station franchised by the imperial bureaucracy for the cursus publicus . The support staff at such a facility included muleteers , secretaries , blacksmiths , cartwrights , a veterinarian , and a few military police and couriers . The distance between mansiones was determined by how far a wagon could travel in a day . Mules were the animal most often used for pulling carts , travelling about 4 mph . As an example of the pace of communication , it took a messenger a minimum of nine days to travel to Rome from Mainz in the province of Germania Superior , even on a matter of urgency . In addition to the mansiones , some taverns offered accommodations as well as food and drink ; one recorded tab for a stay showed charges for wine , bread , mule feed , and the services of a prostitute . Trade and commodities See also : Roman commerce , Indo - Roman trade and relations , and Sino - Roman relations The Pompeii Lakshmi , an ivory statuette from India found in the ruins of Pompeii . A green Roman glass cup unearthed from an Eastern Han Dynasty ( 25 -- 220 AD ) tomb in Guangxi , southern China ; the earliest Roman glassware found in China was discovered in a Western Han tomb in Guangzhou , dated to the early 1st century BC , and ostensibly came via the maritime route through the South China Sea Roman provinces traded among themselves , but trade extended outside the frontiers to regions as far away as China and India . The main commodity was grain . Chinese trade was mostly conducted overland through middle men along the Silk Road ; Indian trade , however , also occurred by sea from Egyptian ports on the Red Sea . Also traded were olive oil , various foodstuffs , garum ( fish sauce ) , slaves , ore and manufactured metal objects , fibres and textiles , timber , pottery , glassware , marble , papyrus , spices and materia medica , ivory , pearls , and gemstones . Though most provinces were capable of producing wine , regional varietals were desirable and wine was a central item of trade . Shortages of vin ordinaire were rare . The major suppliers for the city of Rome were the west coast of Italy , southern Gaul , the Tarraconensis region of Hispania , and Crete . Alexandria , the second - largest city , imported wine from Laodicea in Syria and the Aegean . At the retail level , taverns or speciality wine shops ( vinaria ) sold wine by the jug for carryout and by the drink on premises , with price ranges reflecting quality . Labour and occupations Workers at a cloth - processing shop , in a painting from the fullonica of Veranius Hypsaeus in Pompeii Roman hunters during the preparations , set - up of traps , and in - action hunting near Tarraco Inscriptions record 268 different occupations in the city of Rome , and 85 in Pompeii . Professional associations or trade guilds ( collegia ) are attested for a wide range of occupations , including fishermen ( piscatores ) , salt merchants ( salinatores ) , olive oil dealers ( olivarii ) , entertainers ( scaenici ) , cattle dealers ( pecuarii ) , goldsmiths ( aurifices ) , teamsters ( asinarii or muliones ) , and stonecutters ( lapidarii ) . These are sometimes quite specialized : one collegium at Rome was strictly limited to craftsmen who worked in ivory and citrus wood . Work performed by slaves falls into five general categories : domestic , with epitaphs recording at least 55 different household jobs ; imperial or public service ; urban crafts and services ; agriculture ; and mining . Convicts provided much of the labour in the mines or quarries , where conditions were notoriously brutal . In practice , there was little division of labour between slave and free , and most workers were illiterate and without special skills . The greatest number of common labourers were employed in agriculture : in the Italian system of industrial farming ( latifundia ) , these may have been mostly slaves , but throughout the Empire , slave farm labour was probably less important than other forms of dependent labour by people who were technically not enslaved . Textile and clothing production was a major source of employment . Both textiles and finished garments were traded among the peoples of the Empire , whose products were often named for them or a particular town , rather like a fashion `` label '' . Better ready - to - wear was exported by businessmen ( negotiatores or mercatores ) who were often well - to - do residents of the production centres . Finished garments might be retailed by their sales agents , who travelled to potential customers , or by vestiarii , clothing dealers who were mostly freedmen ; or they might be peddled by itinerant merchants . In Egypt , textile producers could run prosperous small businesses employing apprentices , free workers earning wages , and slaves . The fullers ( fullones ) and dye workers ( coloratores ) had their own guilds . Centonarii were guild workers who specialized in textile production and the recycling of old clothes into pieced goods . GDP and income distribution Further information : Roman economy § Gross domestic product Economic historians vary in their calculations of the gross domestic product of the Roman economy during the Principate . In the sample years of 14 , 100 , and 150 AD , estimates of per capita GDP range from 166 to 380 HS . The GDP per capita of Italy is estimated as 40 to 66 % higher than in the rest of the Empire , due to tax transfers from the provinces and the concentration of elite income in the heartland . In the Scheidel -- Friesen economic model , the total annual income generated by the Empire is placed at nearly 20 billion HS , with about 5 % extracted by central and local government . Households in the top 1.5 % of income distribution captured about 20 % of income . Another 20 % went to about 10 % of the population who can be characterized as a non-elite middle . The remaining `` vast majority '' produced more than half of the total income , but lived near subsistence . Architecture and engineering Main articles : Ancient Roman architecture , Roman engineering , and Roman technology Amphitheatres of the Roman Empire Construction on the Flavian Amphitheatre , more commonly known as the Colosseum , began during the reign of Vespasian The chief Roman contributions to architecture were the arch , vault and the dome . Even after more than 2,000 years some Roman structures still stand , due in part to sophisticated methods of making cements and concrete . Roman roads are considered the most advanced roads built until the early 19th century . The system of roadways facilitated military policing , communications , and trade . The roads were resistant to floods and other environmental hazards . Even after the collapse of the central government , some roads remained usable for more than a thousand years . Roman bridges were among the first large and lasting bridges , built from stone with the arch as the basic structure . Most utilized concrete as well . The largest Roman bridge was Trajan 's bridge over the lower Danube , constructed by Apollodorus of Damascus , which remained for over a millennium the longest bridge to have been built both in terms of overall span and length . The Romans built many dams and reservoirs for water collection , such as the Subiaco Dams , two of which fed the Anio Novus , one of the largest aqueducts of Rome . They built 72 dams just on the Iberian peninsula , and many more are known across the Empire , some still in use . Several earthen dams are known from Roman Britain , including a well - preserved example from Longovicium ( Lanchester ) . The Pont du Gard aqueduct , which crosses the Gardon River in southern France , is on UNESCO 's list of World Heritage Sites The Romans constructed numerous aqueducts . A surviving treatise by Frontinus , who served as curator aquarum ( water commissioner ) under Nerva , reflects the administrative importance placed on ensuring the water supply . Masonry channels carried water from distant springs and reservoirs along a precise gradient , using gravity alone . After the water passed through the aqueduct , it was collected in tanks and fed through pipes to public fountains , baths , toilets , or industrial sites . The main aqueducts in the city of Rome were the Aqua Claudia and the Aqua Marcia . The complex system built to supply Constantinople had its most distant supply drawn from over 120 km away along a sinuous route of more than 336 km . Roman aqueducts were built to remarkably fine tolerance , and to a technological standard that was not to be equalled until modern times . The Romans also made use of aqueducts in their extensive mining operations across the empire , at sites such as Las Medulas and Dolaucothi in South Wales . Insulated glazing ( or `` double glazing '' ) was used in the construction of public baths . Elite housing in cooler climates might have hypocausts , a form of central heating . The Romans were the first culture to assemble all essential components of the much later steam engine , when Hero built the aeolipile . With the crank and connecting rod system , all elements for constructing a steam engine ( invented in 1712 ) -- Hero 's aeolipile ( generating steam power ) , the cylinder and piston ( in metal force pumps ) , non-return valves ( in water pumps ) , gearing ( in water mills and clocks ) -- were known in Roman times . Daily life Main article : Culture of ancient Rome Cityscape from the Villa Boscoreale ( 60s AD ) City and country In the ancient world , a city was viewed as a place that fostered civilization by being `` properly designed , ordered , and adorned . '' Augustus undertook a vast building programme in Rome , supported public displays of art that expressed the new imperial ideology , and reorganized the city into neighbourhoods ( vici ) administered at the local level with police and firefighting services . A focus of Augustan monumental architecture was the Campus Martius , an open area outside the city centre that in early times had been devoted to equestrian sports and physical training for youth . The Altar of Augustan Peace ( Ara Pacis Augustae ) was located there , as was an obelisk imported from Egypt that formed the pointer ( gnomon ) of a horologium . With its public gardens , the Campus became one of the most attractive places in the city to visit . City planning and urban lifestyles had been influenced by the Greeks from an early period , and in the eastern Empire , Roman rule accelerated and shaped the local development of cities that already had a strong Hellenistic character . Cities such as Athens , Aphrodisias , Ephesus and Gerasa altered some aspects of city planning and architecture to conform to imperial ideals , while also expressing their individual identity and regional preeminence . In the areas of the western Empire inhabited by Celtic - speaking peoples , Rome encouraged the development of urban centres with stone temples , forums , monumental fountains , and amphitheatres , often on or near the sites of the preexisting walled settlements known as oppida . Urbanization in Roman Africa expanded on Greek and Punic cities along the coast . Aquae Sulis in Bath , England : architectural features above the level of the pillar bases are a later reconstruction The network of cities throughout the Empire ( coloniae , municipia , civitates or in Greek terms poleis ) was a primary cohesive force during the Pax Romana . Romans of the 1st and 2nd centuries AD were encouraged by imperial propaganda to `` inculcate the habits of peacetime '' . As the classicist Clifford Ando has noted : Most of the cultural appurtenances popularly associated with imperial culture -- public cult and its games and civic banquets , competitions for artists , speakers , and athletes , as well as the funding of the great majority of public buildings and public display of art -- were financed by private individuals , whose expenditures in this regard helped to justify their economic power and legal and provincial privileges . Even the Christian polemicist Tertullian declared that the world of the late 2nd century was more orderly and well - cultivated than in earlier times : `` Everywhere there are houses , everywhere people , everywhere the res publica , the commonwealth , everywhere life . '' The decline of cities and civic life in the 4th century , when the wealthy classes were unable or disinclined to support public works , was one sign of the Empire 's imminent dissolution . Public toilets ( latrinae ) from Ostia Antica In the city of Rome , most people lived in multistory apartment buildings ( insulae ) that were often squalid firetraps . Public facilities -- such as baths ( thermae ) , toilets that were flushed with running water ( latrinae ) , conveniently located basins or elaborate fountains ( nymphea ) delivering fresh water , and large - scale entertainments such as chariot races and gladiator combat -- were aimed primarily at the common people who lived in the insulae . Similar facilities were constructed in cities throughout the Empire , and some of the best - preserved Roman structures are in Spain , southern France , and northern Africa . The public baths served hygienic , social and cultural functions . Bathing was the focus of daily socializing in the late afternoon before dinner . Roman baths were distinguished by a series of rooms that offered communal bathing in three temperatures , with varying amenities that might include an exercise and weight - training room , sauna , exfoliation spa ( where oils were massaged into the skin and scraped from the body with a strigil ) , ball court , or outdoor swimming pool . Baths had hypocaust heating : the floors were suspended over hot - air channels that circulated warmth . Mixed nude bathing was not unusual in the early Empire , though some baths may have offered separate facilities or hours for men and women . Public baths were a part of urban culture throughout the provinces , but in the late 4th century , individual tubs began to replace communal bathing . Christians were advised to go to the baths for health and cleanliness , not pleasure , but to avoid the games ( ludi ) , which were part of religious festivals they considered `` pagan '' . Tertullian says that otherwise Christians not only availed themselves of the baths , but participated fully in commerce and society . Reconstructed peristyle garden based on the House of the Vettii Rich families from Rome usually had two or more houses , a townhouse ( domus , plural domūs ) and at least one luxury home ( villa ) outside the city . The domus was a privately owned single - family house , and might be furnished with a private bath ( balneum ) , but it was not a place to retreat from public life . Although some neighbourhoods of Rome show a higher concentration of well - to - do houses , the rich did not live in segregated enclaves . Their houses were meant to be visible and accessible . The atrium served as a reception hall in which the paterfamilias ( head of household ) met with clients every morning , from wealthy friends to poorer dependents who received charity . It was also a centre of family religious rites , containing a shrine and the images of family ancestors . The houses were located on busy public roads , and ground - level spaces facing the street were often rented out as shops ( tabernae ) . In addition to a kitchen garden -- windowboxes might substitute in the insulae -- townhouses typically enclosed a peristyle garden that brought a tract of nature , made orderly , within walls . Birds and fountain within a garden setting , with oscilla ( hanging masks ) above , in a painting from Pompeii The villa by contrast was an escape from the bustle of the city , and in literature represents a lifestyle that balances the civilized pursuit of intellectual and artistic interests ( otium ) with an appreciation of nature and the agricultural cycle . Ideally a villa commanded a view or vista , carefully framed by the architectural design . It might be located on a working estate , or in a `` resort town '' situated on the seacoast , such as Pompeii and Herculaneum . The programme of urban renewal under Augustus , and the growth of Rome 's population to as many as 1 million people , was accompanied by a nostalgia for rural life expressed in the arts . Poetry praised the idealized lives of farmers and shepherds . The interiors of houses were often decorated with painted gardens , fountains , landscapes , vegetative ornament , and animals , especially birds and marine life , rendered accurately enough that modern scholars can sometimes identify them by species . The Augustan poet Horace gently satirized the dichotomy of urban and rural values in his fable of the city mouse and the country mouse , which has often been retold as a children 's story . On a more practical level , the central government took an active interest in supporting agriculture . Producing food was the top priority of land use . Larger farms ( latifundia ) achieved an economy of scale that sustained urban life and its more specialized division of labour . Small farmers benefited from the development of local markets in towns and trade centres . Agricultural techniques such as crop rotation and selective breeding were disseminated throughout the Empire , and new crops were introduced from one province to another , such as peas and cabbage to Britain . Maintaining an affordable food supply to the city of Rome had become a major political issue in the late Republic , when the state began to provide a grain dole ( annona ) to citizens who registered for it . About 200,000 -- 250,000 adult males in Rome received the dole , amounting to about 33 kg . per month , for a per annum total of about 100,000 tons of wheat primarily from Sicily , north Africa , and Egypt . The dole cost at least 15 % of state revenues , but improved living conditions and family life among the lower classes , and subsidized the rich by allowing workers to spend more of their earnings on the wine and olive oil produced on the estates of the landowning class . Bread stall , from a Pompeiian wall painting The grain dole also had symbolic value : it affirmed both the emperor 's position as universal benefactor , and the right of all citizens to share in `` the fruits of conquest '' . The annona , public facilities , and spectacular entertainments mitigated the otherwise dreary living conditions of lower - class Romans , and kept social unrest in check . The satirist Juvenal , however , saw `` bread and circuses '' ( panem et circenses ) as emblematic of the loss of republican political liberty : The public has long since cast off its cares : the people that once bestowed commands , consulships , legions and all else , now meddles no more and longs eagerly for just two things : bread and circuses . Food and dining Main article : Food and dining in the Roman Empire See also : Grain supply to the city of Rome and Ancient Rome and wine Most apartments in Rome lacked kitchens , though a charcoal brazier could be used for rudimentary cookery . Prepared food was sold at pubs and bars , inns , and food stalls ( tabernae , cauponae , popinae , thermopolia ) . Carryout and restaurant dining were for the lower classes ; fine dining could be sought only at private dinner parties in well - to - do houses with a chef ( archimagirus ) and trained kitchen staff , or at banquets hosted by social clubs ( collegia ) . Most people would have consumed at least 70 % of their daily calories in the form of cereals and legumes . Puls ( pottage ) was considered the aboriginal food of the Romans . The basic grain pottage could be elaborated with chopped vegetables , bits of meat , cheese , or herbs to produce dishes similar to polenta or risotto . An Ostian taberna for eating and drinking ; the faded painting over the counter pictured eggs , olives , fruit and radishes Urban populations and the military preferred to consume their grain in the form of bread . Mills and commercial ovens were usually combined in a bakery complex . By the reign of Aurelian , the state had begun to distribute the annona as a daily ration of bread baked in state factories , and added olive oil , wine , and pork to the dole . The importance of a good diet to health was recognized by medical writers such as Galen ( 2nd century AD ) , whose treatises included one On Barley Soup . Views on nutrition were influenced by schools of thought such as humoral theory . Roman literature focuses on the dining habits of the upper classes , for whom the evening meal ( cena ) had important social functions . Guests were entertained in a finely decorated dining room ( triclinium ) , often with a view of the peristyle garden . Diners lounged on couches , leaning on the left elbow . By the late Republic , if not earlier , women dined , reclined , and drank wine along with men . The most famous description of a Roman meal is probably Trimalchio 's dinner party in the Satyricon , a fictional extravaganza that bears little resemblance to reality even among the most wealthy . The poet Martial describes serving a more plausible dinner , beginning with the gustatio ( `` tasting '' or `` appetizer '' ) , which was a composed salad of mallow leaves , lettuce , chopped leeks , mint , arugula , mackerel garnished with rue , sliced eggs , and marinated sow udder . The main course was succulent cuts of kid , beans , greens , a chicken , and leftover ham , followed by a dessert of fresh fruit and vintage wine . The Latin expression for a full - course dinner was ab ovo usque mala , `` from the egg to the apples , '' equivalent to the English `` from soup to nuts . '' Still life on a 2nd - century Roman mosaic A book - length collection of Roman recipes is attributed to Apicius , a name for several figures in antiquity that became synonymous with `` gourmet . '' Roman `` foodies '' indulged in wild game , fowl such as peacock and flamingo , large fish ( mullet was especially prized ) , and shellfish . Luxury ingredients were brought by the fleet from the far reaches of empire , from the Parthian frontier to the Straits of Gibraltar . Refined cuisine could be moralized as a sign of either civilized progress or decadent decline . The early Imperial historian Tacitus contrasted the indulgent luxuries of the Roman table in his day with the simplicity of the Germanic diet of fresh wild meat , foraged fruit , and cheese , unadulterated by imported seasonings and elaborate sauces . Most often , because of the importance of landowning in Roman culture , produce -- cereals , legumes , vegetables , and fruit -- was considered a more civilized form of food than meat . The Mediterranean staples of bread , wine , and oil were sacralized by Roman Christianity , while Germanic meat consumption became a mark of paganism , as it might be the product of animal sacrifice . Some philosophers and Christians resisted the demands of the body and the pleasures of food , and adopted fasting as an ideal . Food became simpler in general as urban life in the West diminished , trade routes were disrupted , and the rich retreated to the more limited self - sufficiency of their country estates . As an urban lifestyle came to be associated with decadence , the Church formally discouraged gluttony , and hunting and pastoralism were seen as simple , virtuous ways of life . Recreation and spectacles See also : Ludi , Chariot racing , and Gladiator Wall painting depicting a sports riot at the amphitheatre of Pompeii , which led to the banning of gladiator combat in the town When Juvenal complained that the Roman people had exchanged their political liberty for `` bread and circuses '' , he was referring to the state - provided grain dole and the circenses , events held in the entertainment venue called a circus in Latin . The largest such venue in Rome was the Circus Maximus , the setting of horse races , chariot races , the equestrian Troy Game , staged beast hunts ( venationes ) , athletic contests , gladiator combat , and historical re-enactments . From earliest times , several religious festivals had featured games ( ludi ) , primarily horse and chariot races ( ludi circenses ) . Although their entertainment value tended to overshadow ritual significance , the races remained part of archaic religious observances that pertained to agriculture , initiation , and the cycle of birth and death . Under Augustus , public entertainments were presented on 77 days of the year ; by the reign of Marcus Aurelius , the number of days had expanded to 135 . Circus games were preceded by an elaborate parade ( pompa circensis ) that ended at the venue . Competitive events were held also in smaller venues such as the amphitheatre , which became the characteristic Roman spectacle venue , and stadium . Greek - style athletics included footraces , boxing , wrestling , and the pancratium . Aquatic displays , such as the mock sea battle ( naumachia ) and a form of `` water ballet '' , were presented in engineered pools . State - supported theatrical events ( ludi scaenici ) took place on temple steps or in grand stone theatres , or in the smaller enclosed theatre called an odeum . A victor in his four - horse chariot Circuses were the largest structure regularly built in the Roman world , though the Greeks had their own architectural traditions for the similarly purposed hippodrome . The Flavian Amphitheatre , better known as the Colosseum , became the regular arena for blood sports in Rome after it opened in 80 AD . The circus races continued to be held more frequently . The Circus Maximus could seat around 150,000 spectators , and the Colosseum about 50,000 with standing room for about 10,000 more . Many Roman amphitheatres , circuses and theatres built in cities outside Italy are visible as ruins today . The local ruling elite were responsible for sponsoring spectacles and arena events , which both enhanced their status and drained their resources . The physical arrangement of the amphitheatre represented the order of Roman society : the emperor presiding in his opulent box ; senators and equestrians watching from the advantageous seats reserved for them ; women seated at a remove from the action ; slaves given the worst places , and everybody else packed in - between . The crowd could call for an outcome by booing or cheering , but the emperor had the final say . Spectacles could quickly become sites of social and political protest , and emperors sometimes had to deploy force to put down crowd unrest , most notoriously at the Nika riots in the year 532 , when troops under Justinian slaughtered thousands . The Zliten mosaic , from a dining room in present - day Libya , depicts a series of arena scenes : from top , musicians playing a Roman tuba , a water pipe organ and two horns ; six pairs of gladiators with two referees ; four beast fighters ; and three convicts condemned to the beasts The chariot teams were known by the colours they wore , with the Blues and Greens the most popular . Fan loyalty was fierce and at times erupted into sports riots . Racing was perilous , but charioteers were among the most celebrated and well - compensated athletes . One star of the sport was Diocles , from Lusitania ( present - day Portugal ) , who raced chariots for 24 years and had career earnings of 35 million sesterces . Horses had their fans too , and were commemorated in art and inscriptions , sometimes by name . The design of Roman circuses was developed to assure that no team had an unfair advantage and to minimize collisions ( naufragia , `` shipwrecks '' ) , which were nonetheless frequent and spectacularly satisfying to the crowd . The races retained a magical aura through their early association with chthonic rituals : circus images were considered protective or lucky , curse tablets have been found buried at the site of racetracks , and charioteers were often suspected of sorcery . Chariot racing continued into the Byzantine period under imperial sponsorship , but the decline of cities in the 6th and 7th centuries led to its eventual demise . The Romans thought gladiator contests had originated with funeral games and sacrifices in which select captive warriors were forced to fight to expiate the deaths of noble Romans . Some of the earliest styles of gladiator fighting had ethnic designations such as `` Thracian '' or `` Gallic '' . The staged combats were considered munera , `` services , offerings , benefactions '' , initially distinct from the festival games ( ludi ) . Throughout his 40 - year reign , Augustus presented eight gladiator shows in which a total of 10,000 men fought , as well as 26 staged beast hunts that resulted in the deaths of 3,500 animals . To mark the opening of the Colosseum , the emperor Titus presented 100 days of arena events , with 3,000 gladiators competing on a single day . Roman fascination with gladiators is indicated by how widely they are depicted on mosaics , wall paintings , lamps , and even graffiti drawings . Gladiators were trained combatants who might be slaves , convicts , or free volunteers . Death was not a necessary or even desirable outcome in matches between these highly skilled fighters , whose training represented a costly and time - consuming investment . By contrast , noxii were convicts sentenced to the arena with little or no training , often unarmed , and with no expectation of survival . Physical suffering and humiliation were considered appropriate retributive justice for the crimes they had committed . These executions were sometimes staged or ritualized as re-enactments of myths , and amphitheatres were equipped with elaborate stage machinery to create special effects . Tertullian considered deaths in the arena to be nothing more than a dressed - up form of human sacrifice . Modern scholars have found the pleasure Romans took in the `` theatre of life and death '' to be one of the more difficult aspects of their civilization to understand and explain . The younger Pliny rationalized gladiator spectacles as good for the people , a way `` to inspire them to face honourable wounds and despise death , by exhibiting love of glory and desire for victory even in the bodies of slaves and criminals '' . Some Romans such as Seneca were critical of the brutal spectacles , but found virtue in the courage and dignity of the defeated fighter rather than in victory -- an attitude that finds its fullest expression with the Christians martyred in the arena . Even martyr literature , however , offers `` detailed , indeed luxuriant , descriptions of bodily suffering '' , and became a popular genre at times indistinguishable from fiction . Personal training and play Boys and girls playing ball games ( 2nd century relief from the Louvre ) In the plural , ludi almost always refers to the large - scale spectator games . The singular ludus , `` play , game , sport , training , '' had a wide range of meanings such as `` word play , '' `` theatrical performance , '' `` board game , '' `` primary school , '' and even `` gladiator training school '' ( as in Ludus Magnus , the largest such training camp at Rome ) . Activities for children and young people included hoop rolling and knucklebones ( astragali or `` jacks '' ) . The sarcophagi of children often show them playing games . Girls had dolls , typically 15 -- 16 cm tall with jointed limbs , made of materials such as wood , terracotta , and especially bone and ivory . Ball games include trigon , which required dexterity , and harpastum , a rougher sport . Pets appear often on children 's memorials and in literature , including birds , dogs , cats , goats , sheep , rabbits and geese . So - called `` bikini girls '' mosaic from the Villa del Casale , Roman Sicily , 4th century After adolescence , most physical training for males was of a military nature . The Campus Martius originally was an exercise field where young men developed the skills of horsemanship and warfare . Hunting was also considered an appropriate pastime . According to Plutarch , conservative Romans disapproved of Greek - style athletics that promoted a fine body for its own sake , and condemned Nero 's efforts to encourage gymnastic games in the Greek manner . Some women trained as gymnasts and dancers , and a rare few as female gladiators . The famous `` bikini girls '' mosaic shows young women engaging in apparatus routines that might be compared to rhythmic gymnastics . Women in general were encouraged to maintain their health through activities such as playing ball , swimming , walking , reading aloud ( as a breathing exercise ) , riding in vehicles , and travel . Stone game board from Aphrodisias : boards could also be made of wood , with deluxe versions in costly materials such as ivory ; game pieces or counters were bone , glass , or polished stone , and might be coloured or have markings or images People of all ages played board games pitting two players against each other , including latrunculi ( `` Raiders '' ) , a game of strategy in which opponents coordinated the movements and capture of multiple game pieces , and XII scripta ( `` Twelve Marks '' ) , involving dice and arranging pieces on a grid of letters or words . A game referred to as alea ( dice ) or tabula ( the board ) , to which the emperor Claudius was notoriously addicted , may have been similar to backgammon , using a dice - cup ( pyrgus ) . Playing with dice as a form of gambling was disapproved of , but was a popular pastime during the December festival of the Saturnalia with its carnival , norms - overturned atmosphere . Clothing Main article : Clothing in ancient Rome In a status - conscious society like that of the Romans , clothing and personal adornment gave immediate visual clues about the etiquette of interacting with the wearer . Wearing the correct clothing was supposed to reflect a society in good order . The toga was the distinctive national garment of the Roman male citizen , but it was heavy and impractical , worn mainly for conducting political business and religious rites , and for going to court . The clothing Romans wore ordinarily was dark or colourful , and the most common male attire seen daily throughout the provinces would have been tunics , cloaks , and in some regions trousers . The study of how Romans dressed in daily life is complicated by a lack of direct evidence , since portraiture may show the subject in clothing with symbolic value , and surviving textiles from the period are rare . Women from the wall painting at the Villa of the Mysteries , Pompeii The basic garment for all Romans , regardless of gender or wealth , was the simple sleeved tunic . The length differed by wearer : a man 's reached mid-calf , but a soldier 's was somewhat shorter ; a woman 's fell to her feet , and a child 's to its knees . The tunics of poor people and labouring slaves were made from coarse wool in natural , dull shades , with the length determined by the type of work they did . Finer tunics were made of lightweight wool or linen . A man who belonged to the senatorial or equestrian order wore a tunic with two purple stripes ( clavi ) woven vertically into the fabric : the wider the stripe , the higher the wearer 's status . Other garments could be layered over the tunic . The Imperial toga was a `` vast expanse '' of semi-circular white wool that could not be put on and draped correctly without assistance . In his work on oratory , Quintilian describes in detail how the public speaker ought to orchestrate his gestures in relation to his toga . In art , the toga is shown with the long end dipping between the feet , a deep curved fold in front , and a bulbous flap at the midsection . The drapery became more intricate and structured over time , with the cloth forming a tight roll across the chest in later periods . The toga praetexta , with a purple or purplish - red stripe representing inviolability , was worn by children who had not come of age , curule magistrates , and state priests . Only the emperor could wear an all - purple toga ( toga picta ) . Claudius wearing an early Imperial toga ( see a later , more structured toga above ) , and the pallium as worn by a priest of Serapis , sometimes identified as the emperor Julian In the 2nd century , emperors and men of status are often portrayed wearing the pallium , an originally Greek mantle ( himation ) folded tightly around the body . Women are also portrayed in the pallium . Tertullian considered the pallium an appropriate garment both for Christians , in contrast to the toga , and for educated people , since it was associated with philosophers . By the 4th century , the toga had been more or less replaced by the pallium as a garment that embodied social unity . Roman clothing styles changed over time , though not as rapidly as fashions today . In the Dominate , clothing worn by both soldiers and government bureaucrats became highly decorated , with woven or embroidered stripes ( clavi ) and circular roundels ( orbiculi ) applied to tunics and cloaks . These decorative elements consisted of geometrical patterns , stylized plant motifs , and in more elaborate examples , human or animal figures . The use of silk increased , and courtiers of the later Empire wore elaborate silk robes . The militarization of Roman society , and the waning of cultural life based on urban ideals , affected habits of dress : heavy military - style belts were worn by bureaucrats as well as soldiers , and the toga was abandoned . The arts Main article : Roman art The Wedding of Zephyrus and Chloris ( 54 -- 68 AD , Pompeian Fourth Style ) within painted architectural panels from the Casa del Naviglio People visiting or living in Rome or the cities throughout the Empire would have seen art in a range of styles and media on a daily basis . Public or official art -- including sculpture , monuments such as victory columns or triumphal arches , and the iconography on coins -- is often analysed for its historical significance or as an expression of imperial ideology . At Imperial public baths , a person of humble means could view wall paintings , mosaics , statues , and interior decoration often of high quality . In the private sphere , objects made for religious dedications , funerary commemoration , domestic use , and commerce can show varying degrees of aesthetic quality and artistic skill . A wealthy person might advertise his appreciation of culture through painting , sculpture , and decorative arts at his home -- though some efforts strike modern viewers and some ancient connoisseurs as strenuous rather than tasteful . Greek art had a profound influence on the Roman tradition , and some of the most famous examples of Greek statues are known only from Roman Imperial versions and the occasional description in a Greek or Latin literary source . Despite the high value placed on works of art , even famous artists were of low social status among the Greeks and Romans , who regarded artists , artisans , and craftsmen alike as manual labourers . At the same time , the level of skill required to produce quality work was recognized , and even considered a divine gift . Portraiture Main article : Roman portraiture Two portraits circa 130 AD : the empress Vibia Sabina ( left ) ; and the Antinous Mondragone , one of the abundant likenesses of Hadrian 's famously beautiful male companion Antinous Portraiture , which survives mainly in the medium of sculpture , was the most copious form of imperial art . Portraits during the Augustan period utilize youthful and classical proportions , evolving later into a mixture of realism and idealism . Republican portraits had been characterized by a `` warts and all '' verism , but as early as the 2nd century BC , the Greek convention of heroic nudity was adopted sometimes for portraying conquering generals . Imperial portrait sculptures may model the head as mature , even craggy , atop a nude or seminude body that is smooth and youthful with perfect musculature ; a portrait head might even be added to a body created for another purpose . Clothed in the toga or military regalia , the body communicates rank or sphere of activity , not the characteristics of the individual . Women of the emperor 's family were often depicted dressed as goddesses or divine personifications such as Pax ( `` Peace '' ) . Portraiture in painting is represented primarily by the Fayum mummy portraits , which evoke Egyptian and Roman traditions of commemorating the dead with the realistic painting techniques of the Empire . Marble portrait sculpture would have been painted , and while traces of paint have only rarely survived the centuries , the Fayum portraits indicate why ancient literary sources marvelled at how lifelike artistic representations could be . The bronze Drunken Satyr , excavated at Herculaneum and exhibited in the 18th century , inspired an interest among later sculptors in similar `` carefree '' subjects Sculpture Main article : Roman sculpture Examples of Roman sculpture survive abundantly , though often in damaged or fragmentary condition , including freestanding statues and statuettes in marble , bronze and terracotta , and reliefs from public buildings , temples , and monuments such as the Ara Pacis , Trajan 's Column , and the Arch of Titus . Niches in amphitheatres such as the Colosseum were originally filled with statues , and no formal garden was complete without statuary . Temples housed the cult images of deities , often by famed sculptors . The religiosity of the Romans encouraged the production of decorated altars , small representations of deities for the household shrine or votive offerings , and other pieces for dedicating at temples . Divine and mythological figures were also given secular , humorous , and even obscene depictions . On the Ludovisi sarcophagus , an example of the battle scenes favoured during the Crisis of the Third Century , the `` writhing and highly emotive '' Romans and Goths fill the surface in a packed , anti-classical composition Sarcophagi Main article : Ancient Roman sarcophagi Elaborately carved marble and limestone sarcophagi are characteristic of the 2nd to the 4th centuries with at least 10,000 examples surviving . Although mythological scenes have been most widely studied , sarcophagus relief has been called the `` richest single source of Roman iconography , '' and may also depict the deceased 's occupation or life course , military scenes , and other subject matter . The same workshops produced sarcophagi with Jewish or Christian imagery . The Primavera of Stabiae , perhaps the goddess Flora Painting Much of what is known of Roman painting is based on the interior decoration of private homes , particularly as preserved at Pompeii and Herculaneum by the eruption of Vesuvius in 79 AD . In addition to decorative borders and panels with geometric or vegetative motifs , wall painting depicts scenes from mythology and the theatre , landscapes and gardens , recreation and spectacles , work and everyday life , and frank pornography . Birds , animals , and marine life are often depicted with careful attention to realistic detail . A unique source for Jewish figurative painting under the Empire is the Dura - Europos synagogue , dubbed `` the Pompeii of the Syrian Desert , '' buried and preserved in the mid-3rd century after the city was destroyed by Persians . Mosaic Main article : Roman mosaic The Triumph of Neptune floor mosaic from Africa Proconsularis ( present - day Tunisia ) , celebrating agricultural success with allegories of the Seasons , vegetation , workers and animals viewable from multiple perspectives in the room ( latter 2nd century ) Mosaics are among the most enduring of Roman decorative arts , and are found on the surfaces of floors and other architectural features such as walls , vaulted ceilings , and columns . The most common form is the tessellated mosaic , formed from uniform pieces ( tesserae ) of materials such as stone and glass . Mosaics were usually crafted on site , but sometimes assembled and shipped as ready - made panels . A mosaic workshop was led by the master artist ( pictor ) who worked with two grades of assistants . Figurative mosaics share many themes with painting , and in some cases portray subject matter in almost identical compositions . Although geometric patterns and mythological scenes occur throughout the Empire , regional preferences also find expression . In North Africa , a particularly rich source of mosaics , homeowners often chose scenes of life on their estates , hunting , agriculture , and local wildlife . Plentiful and major examples of Roman mosaics come also from present - day Turkey , Italy , southern France , Spain , and Portugal . More than 300 Antioch mosaics from the 3rd century are known . Opus sectile is a related technique in which flat stone , usually coloured marble , is cut precisely into shapes from which geometric or figurative patterns are formed . This more difficult technique was highly prized , and became especially popular for luxury surfaces in the 4th century , an abundant example of which is the Basilica of Junius Bassus . Decorative arts See also : Ancient Roman pottery and Roman glass Decorative arts for luxury consumers included fine pottery , silver and bronze vessels and implements , and glassware . The manufacture of pottery in a wide range of quality was important to trade and employment , as were the glass and metalworking industries . Imports stimulated new regional centres of production . Southern Gaul became a leading producer of the finer red - gloss pottery ( terra sigillata ) that was a major item of trade in 1st - century Europe . Glassblowing was regarded by the Romans as originating in Syria in the 1st century BC , and by the 3rd century Egypt and the Rhineland had become noted for fine glass . Silver cup , from the Boscoreale treasure ( early 1st century AD ) Figural bronze oil lamps from Nova Zagora in Roman - era Bulgaria ( 1st -- 2nd century ) Finely decorated Gallo - Roman terra sigillata bowl Gold earrings with gemstones , 3rd century Glass cage cup from the Rhineland , latter 4th century Seuso plate ( detail ) Performing arts Main articles : Theatre of ancient Rome and Music of ancient Rome In Roman tradition , borrowed from the Greeks , literary theatre was performed by all - male troupes that used face masks with exaggerated facial expressions that allowed audiences to `` see '' how a character was feeling . Such masks were occasionally also specific to a particular role , and an actor could then play multiple roles merely by switching masks . Female roles were played by men in drag ( travesti ) . Roman literary theatre tradition is particularly well represented in Latin literature by the tragedies of Seneca . The circumstances under which Seneca 's tragedies were performed are however unclear ; scholarly conjectures range from minimally staged readings to full production pageants . More popular than literary theatre was the genre - defying mimus theatre , which featured scripted scenarios with free improvisation , risqué language and jokes , sex scenes , action sequences , and political satire , along with dance numbers , juggling , acrobatics , tightrope walking , striptease , and dancing bears . Unlike literary theatre , mimus was played without masks , and encouraged stylistic realism in acting . Female roles were performed by women , not by men . Mimus was related to the genre called pantomimus , an early form of story ballet that contained no spoken dialogue . Pantomimus combined expressive dancing , instrumental music and a sung libretto , often mythological , that could be either tragic or comic . All - male theatrical troupe preparing for a masked performance , on a mosaic from the House of the Tragic Poet Although sometimes regarded as foreign elements in Roman culture , music and dance had existed in Rome from earliest times . Music was customary at funerals , and the tibia ( Greek aulos ) , a woodwind instrument , was played at sacrifices to ward off ill influences . Song ( carmen ) was an integral part of almost every social occasion . The Secular Ode of Horace , commissioned by Augustus , was performed publicly in 17 BC by a mixed children 's choir . Music was thought to reflect the orderliness of the cosmos , and was associated particularly with mathematics and knowledge . Various woodwinds and `` brass '' instruments were played , as were stringed instruments such as the cithara , and percussion . The cornu , a long tubular metal wind instrument that curved around the musician 's body , was used for military signals and on parade . These instruments are found in parts of the Empire where they did not originate , and indicate that music was among the aspects of Roman culture that spread throughout the provinces . Instruments are widely depicted in Roman art . The hydraulic pipe organ ( hydraulis ) was `` one of the most significant technical and musical achievements of antiquity '' , and accompanied gladiator games and events in the amphitheatre , as well as stage performances . It was among the instruments that the emperor Nero played . Although certain forms of dance were disapproved of at times as non-Roman or unmanly , dancing was embedded in religious rituals of archaic Rome , such as those of the dancing armed Salian priests and of the Arval Brothers , priesthoods which underwent a revival during the Principate . Ecstatic dancing was a feature of the international mystery religions , particularly the cult of Cybele as practised by her eunuch priests the Galli and of Isis . In the secular realm , dancing girls from Syria and Cadiz were extremely popular . Like gladiators , entertainers were infames in the eyes of the law , little better than slaves even if they were technically free . `` Stars '' , however , could enjoy considerable wealth and celebrity , and mingled socially and often sexually with the upper classes , including emperors . Performers supported each other by forming guilds , and several memorials for members of the theatre community survive . Theatre and dance were often condemned by Christian polemicists in the later Empire , and Christians who integrated dance traditions and music into their worship practices were regarded by the Church Fathers as shockingly `` pagan . '' St. Augustine is supposed to have said that bringing clowns , actors , and dancers into a house was like inviting in a gang of unclean spirits . Literacy , books , and education This article is incomplete . This is because the use of papyrus or parchment scrolls , which were very common before the invention of the codex , is missing . Please help to improve it , or discuss the issue on the talk page . ( April 2017 ) Main article : Education in ancient Rome Pride in literacy was displayed in portraiture through emblems of reading and writing , as in this example of a couple from Pompeii ( Portrait of Paquius Proculo ) Estimates of the average literacy rate in the Empire range from 5 to 30 % or higher , depending in part on the definition of `` literacy '' . The Roman obsession with documents and public inscriptions indicates the high value placed on the written word . The Imperial bureaucracy was so dependent on writing that the Babylonian Talmud declared `` if all seas were ink , all reeds were pen , all skies parchment , and all men scribes , they would be unable to set down the full scope of the Roman government 's concerns . '' Laws and edicts were posted in writing as well as read out . Illiterate Roman subjects would have someone such as a government scribe ( scriba ) read or write their official documents for them . Public art and religious ceremonies were ways to communicate imperial ideology regardless of ability to read . Although the Romans were not a `` People of the Book '' , they had an extensive priestly archive , and inscriptions appear throughout the Empire in connection with statues and small votives dedicated by ordinary people to divinities , as well as on binding tablets and other `` magic spells '' , with hundreds of examples collected in the Greek Magical Papyri . The military produced a vast amount of written reports and service records , and literacy in the army was `` strikingly high '' . Urban graffiti , which include literary quotations , and low - quality inscriptions with misspellings and solecisms indicate casual literacy among non-elites . In addition , numeracy was necessary for any form of commerce . Slaves were numerate and literate in significant numbers , and some were highly educated . Books were expensive , since each copy had to be written out individually on a roll of papyrus ( volumen ) by scribes who had apprenticed to the trade . The codex -- a book with pages bound to a spine -- was still a novelty in the time of the poet Martial ( 1st century AD ) , but by the end of the 3rd century was replacing the volumen and was the regular form for books with Christian content . Commercial production of books had been established by the late Republic , and by the 1st century AD certain neighbourhoods of Rome were known for their bookshops ( tabernae librariae ) , which were found also in Western provincial cities such as Lugdunum ( present - day Lyon , France ) . The quality of editing varied wildly , and some ancient authors complain about error - ridden copies , as well as plagiarism or forgery , since there was no copyright law . A skilled slave copyist ( servus litteratus ) could be valued as highly as 100,000 sesterces . Reconstruction of a writing tablet : the stylus was used to inscribe letters into the wax surface for drafts , casual letterwriting , and schoolwork , while texts meant to be permanent were copied onto papyrus Collectors amassed personal libraries , such as that of the Villa of the Papyri in Herculaneum , and a fine library was part of the cultivated leisure ( otium ) associated with the villa lifestyle . Significant collections might attract `` in - house '' scholars ; Lucian mocked mercenary Greek intellectuals who attached themselves to philistine Roman patrons . An individual benefactor might endow a community with a library : Pliny the Younger gave the city of Comum a library valued at 1 million sesterces , along with another 100,000 to maintain it . Imperial libraries housed in state buildings were open to users as a privilege on a limited basis , and represented a literary canon from which disreputable writers could be excluded . Books considered subversive might be publicly burned , and Domitian crucified copyists for reproducing works deemed treasonous . Literary texts were often shared aloud at meals or with reading groups . Scholars such as Pliny the Elder engaged in `` multitasking '' by having works read aloud to them while they dined , bathed or travelled , times during which they might also dictate drafts or notes to their secretaries . The multivolume Attic Nights of Aulus Gellius is an extended exploration of how Romans constructed their literary culture . The reading public expanded from the 1st through the 3rd century , and while those who read for pleasure remained a minority , they were no longer confined to a sophisticated ruling elite , reflecting the social fluidity of the Empire as a whole and giving rise to `` consumer literature '' meant for entertainment . Illustrated books , including erotica , were popular , but are poorly represented by extant fragments . Primary education A teacher with two students , as a third arrives with his loculus , a writing case that would contain pens , ink pot , and a sponge to correct errors Traditional Roman education was moral and practical . Stories about great men and women , or cautionary tales about individual failures , were meant to instil Roman values ( mores maiorum ) . Parents and family members were expected to act as role models , and parents who worked for a living passed their skills on to their children , who might also enter apprenticeships for more advanced training in crafts or trades . Formal education was available only to children from families who could pay for it , and the lack of state intervention in access to education contributed to the low rate of literacy . Young children were attended by a pedagogus , or less frequently a female pedagoga , usually a Greek slave or former slave . The pedagogue kept the child safe , taught self - discipline and public behaviour , attended class and helped with tutoring . The emperor Julian recalled his pedagogue Mardonius , a eunuch slave who reared him from the age of 7 to 15 , with affection and gratitude . Usually , however , pedagogues received little respect . Primary education in reading , writing , and arithmetic might take place at home for privileged children whose parents hired or bought a teacher . Others attended a school that was `` public , '' though not state - supported , organized by an individual schoolmaster ( ludimagister ) who accepted fees from multiple parents . Vernae ( homeborn slave children ) might share in home - or public - schooling . Schools became more numerous during the Empire , and increased the opportunities for children to acquire an education . School could be held regularly in a rented space , or in any available public niche , even outdoors . Boys and girls received primary education generally from ages 7 to 12 , but classes were not segregated by grade or age . For the socially ambitious , bilingual education in Greek as well as Latin was a must . Quintilian provides the most extensive theory of primary education in Latin literature . According to Quintilian , each child has in - born ingenium , a talent for learning or linguistic intelligence that is ready to be cultivated and sharpened , as evidenced by the young child 's ability to memorize and imitate . The child incapable of learning was rare . To Quintilian , ingenium represented a potential best realized in the social setting of school , and he argued against homeschooling . He also recognized the importance of play in child development , and disapproved of corporal punishment because it discouraged love of learning -- in contrast to the practice in most Roman primary schools of routinely striking children with a cane ( ferula ) or birch rod for being slow or disruptive . Secondary education Mosaic from Pompeii depicting the Academy of Plato At the age of 14 , upperclass males made their rite of passage into adulthood , and began to learn leadership roles in political , religious , and military life through mentoring from a senior member of their family or a family friend . Higher education was provided by grammatici or rhetores . The grammaticus or `` grammarian '' taught mainly Greek and Latin literature , with history , geography , philosophy or mathematics treated as explications of the text . With the rise of Augustus , contemporary Latin authors such as Vergil and Livy also became part of the curriculum . The rhetor was a teacher of oratory or public speaking . The art of speaking ( ars dicendi ) was highly prized as a marker of social and intellectual superiority , and eloquentia ( `` speaking ability , eloquence '' ) was considered the `` glue '' of a civilized society . Rhetoric was not so much a body of knowledge ( though it required a command of references to the literary canon ) as it was a mode of expression and decorum that distinguished those who held social power . The ancient model of rhetorical training -- `` restraint , coolness under pressure , modesty , and good humour '' -- endured into the 18th century as a Western educational ideal . In Latin , illiteratus ( Greek agrammatos ) could mean both `` unable to read and write '' and `` lacking in cultural awareness or sophistication . '' Higher education promoted career advancement , particularly for an equestrian in Imperial service : `` eloquence and learning were considered marks of a well - bred man and worthy of reward '' . The poet Horace , for instance , was given a top - notch education by his father , a prosperous former slave . Urban elites throughout the Empire shared a literary culture embued with Greek educational ideals ( paideia ) . Hellenistic cities sponsored schools of higher learning as an expression of cultural achievement . Young men from Rome who wished to pursue the highest levels of education often went abroad to study rhetoric and philosophy , mostly to one of several Greek schools in Athens . The curriculum in the East was more likely to include music and physical training along with literacy and numeracy . On the Hellenistic model , Vespasian endowed chairs of grammar , Latin and Greek rhetoric , and philosophy at Rome , and gave teachers special exemptions from taxes and legal penalties , though primary schoolmasters did not receive these benefits . Quintilian held the first chair of grammar . In the eastern empire , Berytus ( present - day Beirut ) was unusual in offering a Latin education , and became famous for its school of Roman law . The cultural movement known as the Second Sophistic ( 1st -- 3rd century AD ) promoted the assimilation of Greek and Roman social , educational , and aesthetic values , and the Greek proclivities for which Nero had been criticized were regarded from the time of Hadrian onward as integral to Imperial culture . Educated women Portrait of a literary woman from Pompeii ( ca . 50 AD ) Literate women ranged from cultured aristocrats to girls trained to be calligraphers and scribes . The `` girlfriends '' addressed in Augustan love poetry , although fictional , represent an ideal that a desirable woman should be educated , well - versed in the arts , and independent to a frustrating degree . Education seems to have been standard for daughters of the senatorial and equestrian orders during the Empire . A highly educated wife was an asset for the socially ambitious household , but one that Martial regards as an unnecessary luxury . The woman who achieved the greatest prominence in the ancient world for her learning was Hypatia of Alexandria , who educated young men in mathematics , philosophy , and astronomy , and advised the Roman prefect of Egypt on politics . Her influence put her into conflict with the bishop of Alexandria , Cyril , who may have been implicated in her violent death in 415 at the hands of a Christian mob . Decline of literacy Literacy began to decline , perhaps dramatically , during the socio - political Crisis of the Third Century . Although the Church Fathers were well - educated , they regarded Classical literature as dangerous , if valuable , and reconstrued it through moralizing and allegorical readings . Julian , the only emperor after the conversion of Constantine to reject Christianity , banned Christians from teaching the Classical curriculum , on the grounds that they might corrupt the minds of youth . While the book roll had emphasized the continuity of the text , the codex format encouraged a `` piecemeal '' approach to reading by means of citation , fragmented interpretation , and the extraction of maxims . In the 5th and 6th centuries , reading became rarer even for those within the Church hierarchy . Literature Main article : Latin literature See also : Roman historiography , Church Fathers , and Latin poetry Statue in Constanța , Romania ( the ancient colony Tomis ) , commemorating Ovid 's exile In the traditional literary canon , literature under Augustus , along with that of the late Republic , has been viewed as the `` Golden Age '' of Latin literature , embodying the classical ideals of `` unity of the whole , the proportion of the parts , and the careful articulation of an apparently seamless composition . '' The three most influential Classical Latin poets -- Vergil , Horace , and Ovid -- belong to this period . Vergil wrote the Aeneid , creating a national epic for Rome in the manner of the Homeric epics of Greece . Horace perfected the use of Greek lyric metres in Latin verse . Ovid 's erotic poetry was enormously popular , but ran afoul of the Augustan moral programme ; it was one of the ostensible causes for which the emperor exiled him to Tomis ( present - day Constanța , Romania ) , where he remained to the end of his life . Ovid 's Metamorphoses was a continuous poem of fifteen books weaving together Greco - Roman mythology from the creation of the universe to the deification of Julius Caesar . Ovid 's versions of Greek myths became one of the primary sources of later classical mythology , and his work was so influential in the Middle Ages that the 12th and 13th centuries have been called the `` Age of Ovid . '' The principal Latin prose author of the Augustan age is the historian Livy , whose account of Rome 's founding and early history became the most familiar version in modern - era literature . Vitruvius 's book De Architectura , the only complete work on architecture to survive from antiquity , also belongs to this period . Latin writers were immersed in the Greek literary tradition , and adapted its forms and much of its content , but Romans regarded satire as a genre in which they surpassed the Greeks . Horace wrote verse satires before fashioning himself as an Augustan court poet , and the early Principate also produced the satirists Persius and Juvenal . The poetry of Juvenal offers a lively curmudgeon 's perspective on urban society . The period from the mid-1st century through the mid-2nd century has conventionally been called the `` Silver Age '' of Latin literature . Under Nero , disillusioned writers reacted to Augustanism . The three leading writers -- Seneca the philosopher , dramatist , and tutor of Nero ; Lucan , his nephew , who turned Caesar 's civil war into an epic poem ; and the novelist Petronius ( Satyricon ) -- all committed suicide after incurring the emperor 's displeasure . Seneca and Lucan were from Hispania , as was the later epigrammatist and keen social observer Martial , who expressed his pride in his Celtiberian heritage . Martial and the epic poet Statius , whose poetry collection Silvae had a far - reaching influence on Renaissance literature , wrote during the reign of Domitian . The so - called `` Silver Age '' produced several distinguished writers , including the encyclopedist Pliny the Elder ; his nephew , known as Pliny the Younger ; and the historian Tacitus . The Natural History of the elder Pliny , who died during disaster relief efforts in the wake of the eruption of Vesuvius , is a vast collection on flora and fauna , gems and minerals , climate , medicine , freaks of nature , works of art , and antiquarian lore . Tacitus 's reputation as a literary artist matches or exceeds his value as a historian ; his stylistic experimentation produced `` one of the most powerful of Latin prose styles . '' The Twelve Caesars by his contemporary Suetonius is one of the primary sources for imperial biography . Among Imperial historians who wrote in Greek are Dionysius of Halicarnassus , the Jewish historian Josephus , and the senator Cassius Dio . Other major Greek authors of the Empire include the biographer and antiquarian Plutarch , the geographer Strabo , and the rhetorician and satirist Lucian . Popular Greek romance novels were part of the development of long - form fiction works , represented in Latin by the Satyricon of Petronius and The Golden Ass of Apuleius . From the 2nd to the 4th centuries , the Christian authors who would become the Latin Church Fathers were in active dialogue with the Classical tradition , within which they had been educated . Tertullian , a convert to Christianity from Roman Africa , was the contemporary of Apuleius and one of the earliest prose authors to establish a distinctly Christian voice . After the conversion of Constantine , Latin literature is dominated by the Christian perspective . When the orator Symmachus argued for the preservation of Rome 's religious traditions , he was effectively opposed by Ambrose , the bishop of Milan and future saint -- a debate preserved by their missives . Brescia Casket , an ivory box with Biblical imagery ( late 4th century ) In the late 4th century , Jerome produced the Latin translation of the Bible that became authoritative as the Vulgate . Augustine , another of the Church Fathers from the province of Africa , has been called `` one of the most influential writers of western culture '' , and his Confessions is sometimes considered the first autobiography of Western literature . In The City of God against the Pagans , Augustine builds a vision of an eternal , spiritual Rome , a new imperium sine fine that will outlast the collapsing Empire . In contrast to the unity of Classical Latin , the literary aesthetic of late antiquity has a tessellated quality that has been compared to the mosaics characteristic of the period . A continuing interest in the religious traditions of Rome prior to Christian dominion is found into the 5th century , with the Saturnalia of Macrobius and The Marriage of Philology and Mercury of Martianus Capella . Prominent Latin poets of late antiquity include Ausonius , Prudentius , Claudian , and Sidonius . Ausonius ( d . ca . 394 ) , the Bordelaise tutor of the emperor Gratian , was at least nominally a Christian , though throughout his occasionally obscene mixed - genre poems , he retains a literary interest in the Greco - Roman gods and even druidism . The imperial panegyrist Claudian ( d . 404 ) was a vir illustris who appears never to have converted . Prudentius ( d . ca . 413 ) , born in Hispania Tarraconensis and a fervent Christian , was thoroughly versed in the poets of the Classical tradition , and transforms their vision of poetry as a monument of immortality into an expression of the poet 's quest for eternal life culminating in Christian salvation . Sidonius ( d . 486 ) , a native of Lugdunum , was a Roman senator and bishop of Clermont who cultivated a traditional villa lifestyle as he watched the Western empire succumb to barbarian incursions . His poetry and collected letters offer a unique view of life in late Roman Gaul from the perspective of a man who `` survived the end of his world '' . Religion A Roman priest , his head ritually covered with a fold of his toga , extends a patera in a gesture of libation ( 2nd -- 3rd century ) Main articles : Religion in ancient Rome and Imperial cult ( ancient Rome ) See also : History of the Jews in the Roman Empire , Early Christianity , and Religious persecution in the Roman Empire The Roman siege and destruction of Jerusalem , from a Western religious manuscript , c. 1504 Religion in the Roman Empire encompassed the practices and beliefs the Romans regarded as their own , as well as the many cults imported to Rome or practised by peoples throughout the provinces . The Romans thought of themselves as highly religious , and attributed their success as a world power to their collective piety ( pietas ) in maintaining good relations with the gods ( pax deorum ) . The archaic religion believed to have been handed down from the earliest kings of Rome was the foundation of the mos maiorum , `` the way of the ancestors '' or `` tradition '' , viewed as central to Roman identity . There was no principle analogous to `` separation of church and state '' . The priesthoods of the state religion were filled from the same social pool of men who held public office , and in the Imperial era , the Pontifex Maximus was the emperor . Roman religion was practical and contractual , based on the principle of do ut des , `` I give that you might give . '' Religion depended on knowledge and the correct practice of prayer , ritual , and sacrifice , not on faith or dogma , although Latin literature preserves learned speculation on the nature of the divine and its relation to human affairs . For ordinary Romans , religion was a part of daily life . Each home had a household shrine at which prayers and libations to the family 's domestic deities were offered . Neighbourhood shrines and sacred places such as springs and groves dotted the city . Apuleius ( 2nd century ) described the everyday quality of religion in observing how people who passed a cult place might make a vow or a fruit offering , or merely sit for a while . The Roman calendar was structured around religious observances . In the Imperial era , as many as 135 days of the year were devoted to religious festivals and games ( ludi ) . Women , slaves , and children all participated in a range of religious activities . In the wake of the Republic 's collapse , state religion had adapted to support the new regime of the emperors . As the first Roman emperor , Augustus justified the novelty of one - man rule with a vast programme of religious revivalism and reform . Public vows formerly made for the security of the republic now were directed at the wellbeing of the emperor . So - called `` emperor worship '' expanded on a grand scale the traditional Roman veneration of the ancestral dead and of the Genius , the divine tutelary of every individual . Upon death , an emperor could be made a state divinity ( divus ) by vote of the Senate . Imperial cult , influenced by Hellenistic ruler cult , became one of the major ways Rome advertised its presence in the provinces and cultivated shared cultural identity and loyalty throughout the Empire . Cultural precedent in the Eastern provinces facilitated a rapid dissemination of Imperial cult , extending as far as the Augustan military settlement at Najran , in present - day Saudi Arabia . Rejection of the state religion became tantamount to treason against the emperor . This was the context for Rome 's conflict with Christianity , which Romans variously regarded as a form of atheism and novel superstitio . Statuettes representing Roman and Gallic deities , for personal devotion at private shrines The Romans are known for the great number of deities they honoured , a capacity that earned the mockery of early Christian polemicists . As the Romans extended their dominance throughout the Mediterranean world , their policy in general was to absorb the deities and cults of other peoples rather than try to eradicate them . One way that Rome promoted stability among diverse peoples was by supporting their religious heritage , building temples to local deities that framed their theology within the hierarchy of Roman religion . Inscriptions throughout the Empire record the side - by - side worship of local and Roman deities , including dedications made by Romans to local gods . By the height of the Empire , numerous cults of pseudo-foreign gods ( Roman reinventions of foreign gods ) were cultivated at Rome and in the provinces , among them cults of Cybele , Isis , Epona , and of solar gods such as Mithras and Sol Invictus , found as far north as Roman Britain . Because Romans had never been obligated to cultivate one god or one cult only , religious tolerance was not an issue in the sense that it is for competing monotheistic systems . Mystery religions , which offered initiates salvation in the afterlife , were a matter of personal choice for an individual , practised in addition to carrying on one 's family rites and participating in public religion . The mysteries , however , involved exclusive oaths and secrecy , conditions that conservative Romans viewed with suspicion as characteristic of `` magic '' , conspiracy ( coniuratio ) , and subversive activity . Sporadic and sometimes brutal attempts were made to suppress religionists who seemed to threaten traditional morality and unity . In Gaul , the power of the druids was checked , first by forbidding Roman citizens to belong to the order , and then by banning druidism altogether . At the same time , however , Celtic traditions were reinterpreted ( interpretatio romana ) within the context of Imperial theology , and a new Gallo - Roman religion coalesced , with its capital at the Sanctuary of the Three Gauls in Lugdunum ( present - day Lyon , France ) . The sanctuary established precedent for Western cult as a form of Roman - provincial identity . This funerary stele from the 3rd century is among the earliest Christian inscriptions , written in both Greek and Latin : the abbreviation D.M. at the top refers to the Di Manes , the traditional Roman spirits of the dead , but accompanies Christian fish symbolism . Relief from the Arch of Titus in Rome depicting a menorah and other spoils from the Temple of Jerusalem carried in Roman triumph . The monotheistic rigour of Judaism posed difficulties for Roman policy that led at times to compromise and the granting of special exemptions . Tertullian noted that the Jewish religion , unlike that of the Christians , was considered a religio licita , `` legitimate religion . '' Wars between the Romans and the Jews occurred when conflict , political as well as religious , became intractable . When Caligula wanted to place a golden statue of his deified self in the Temple in Jerusalem , the potential sacrilege and likely war were prevented only by his timely death . The Siege of Jerusalem in 70 AD led to the sacking of the temple and the dispersal of Jewish political power ( see Jewish diaspora ) . Christianity emerged in Roman Judea as a Jewish religious sect in the 1st century AD . The religion gradually spread out of Jerusalem , initially establishing major bases in first Antioch , then Alexandria , and over time throughout the Empire as well as beyond . Imperially authorized persecutions were limited and sporadic , with martyrdoms occurring most often under the authority of local officials . The first persecution by an emperor occurred under Nero , and was confined to the city of Rome . Tacitus reports that after the Great Fire of Rome in AD 64 , some among the population held Nero responsible and that the emperor attempted to deflect blame onto the Christians . After Nero , a major persecution occurred under the emperor Domitian and a persecution in 177 took place at Lugdunum , the Gallo - Roman religious capital . A surviving letter from Pliny the Younger , governor of Bythinia , to the emperor Trajan describes his persecution and executions of Christians . The Decian persecution of 246 -- 251 was a serious threat to the Church , but ultimately strengthened Christian defiance . Diocletian undertook what was to be the most severe persecution of Christians , lasting from 303 to 311 . In the early 4th century , Constantine I became the first emperor to convert to Christianity . During the rest of the fourth century Christianity became the dominant religion of the Empire . The emperor Julian made a short - lived attempt to revive traditional and Hellenistic religion and to affirm the special status of Judaism , but in 380 ( Edict of Thessalonica ) , under Theodosius I Christianity became the official state church of the Roman Empire , to the exclusion of all others . From the 2nd century onward , the Church Fathers had begun to condemn the diverse religions practised throughout the Empire collectively as `` pagan . '' Pleas for religious tolerance from traditionalists such as the senator Symmachus ( d . 402 ) were rejected , and Christian monotheism became a feature of Imperial domination . Christian heretics as well as non-Christians were subject to exclusion from public life or persecution , but Rome 's original religious hierarchy and many aspects of its ritual influenced Christian forms , and many pre-Christian beliefs and practices survived in Christian festivals and local traditions . Political legacy Main article : Legacy of the Roman Empire Several states claimed to be the Roman Empire 's successors after the fall of the Western Roman Empire . The Holy Roman Empire , an attempt to resurrect the Empire in the West , was established in 800 when Pope Leo III crowned Frankish King Charlemagne as Roman Emperor on Christmas Day , though the empire and the imperial office did not become formalized for some decades . After the fall of Constantinople , the Russian Tsardom , as inheritor of the Byzantine Empire 's Orthodox Christian tradition , counted itself the Third Rome ( Constantinople having been the second ) . These concepts are known as Translatio imperii . When the Ottomans , who based their state on the Byzantine model , took Constantinople in 1453 , Mehmed II established his capital there and claimed to sit on the throne of the Roman Empire . He even went so far as to launch an invasion of Italy with the purpose of re-uniting the Empire and invited European artists to his capital , including Gentile Bellini . In the medieval West , `` Roman '' came to mean the church and the Pope of Rome . The Greek form Romaioi remained attached to the Greek - speaking Christian population of the Eastern Roman Empire , and is still used by Greeks in addition to their common appellation . The Roman Empire 's territorial legacy of controlling the Italian peninsula would influence Italian nationalism and the unification of Italy ( Risorgimento ) in 1861 . The Virginia State Capitol ( left ) , built in the late 1700s , was modelled after the Maison Carrée , a Gallo - Roman temple built around 16 BC under Augustus In the United States , the founders were educated in the classical tradition , and used classical models for landmarks and buildings in Washington , D.C. , to avoid the feudal and religious connotations of European architecture such as castles and cathedrals . In forming their theory of the mixed constitution , the founders looked to Athenian democracy and Roman republicanism for models , but regarded the Roman emperor as a figure of tyranny . They nonetheless adopted Roman Imperial forms such as the dome , as represented by the US Capitol and numerous state capitol buildings , to express classical ideals through architecture . Thomas Jefferson saw the Empire as a negative political lesson , but was a chief proponent of its architectural models . Jefferson 's design for the Virginia State Capitol , for instance , is modelled directly from the Maison Carrée , a Gallo - Roman temple built under Augustus . The renovations of the National Mall at the beginning of the 20th century have been viewed as expressing a more overt imperialist kinship with Rome . See also Ancient Rome portal Classical Civilisation portal Mediterranean portal Ancient Near East portal Daqin ( `` Great Qin '' ) , the ancient Chinese name for the Roman Empire ; see also Sino - Roman relations Fall of the Western Roman Empire Imperial Italy Italian Empire Notes Jump up ^ Other ways of referring to the `` Roman Empire '' among the Romans and Greeks themselves included Res publica Romana or Imperium Romanorum ( also in Greek : Βασιλεία τῶν Ῥωμαίων -- Basileía tôn Rhōmaíōn -- ( `` Dominion ( Literally ' kingdom ' but also interpreted as ' empire ' ) of the Romans '' ) ) and Romania . Res publica means Roman `` commonwealth '' and can refer to both the Republican and the Imperial eras . Imperium Romanum ( or `` Romanorum '' ) refers to the territorial extent of Roman authority . Populus Romanus ( `` the Roman people '' ) was / is often used to indicate the Roman state in matters involving other nations . The term Romania , initially a colloquial term for the empire 's territory as well as a collective name for its inhabitants , appears in Greek and Latin sources from the 4th century onward and was eventually carried over to the Eastern Roman Empire ( see R.L. Wolff , `` Romania : The Latin Empire of Constantinople '' in Speculum 23 ( 1948 ) , pp. 1 -- 34 and especially pp. 2 -- 3 ) . Jump up ^ Between 1204 and 1261 there was an interregnum when the Empire was divided into the Empire of Nicaea , the Empire of Trebizond and the Despotate of Epirus , which were all contenders for rule of the Empire . The Empire of Nicaea is considered the legitimate continuation of the Roman Empire because it managed to re-take Constantinople . Jump up ^ The final emperor to rule over all of the Roman Empire 's territories before its conversion to a diarchy . Jump up ^ Officially the final emperor of the Western empire . Jump up ^ Last emperor of the Eastern ( Byzantine ) empire . Jump up ^ Abbreviated `` HS '' . Prices and values are usually expressed in sesterces ; see # Currency and banking for currency denominations by period . Jump up ^ An average of figures from different sources as listed at the US Census Bureau 's Historical Estimates of World Population Archived 2013 - 10 - 13 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Translated as `` power without end '' in Southern Jump up ^ Prudentius ( 348 -- 413 ) in particular Christianizes the theme in his poetry , as noted by Marc Mastrangelo , The Roman Self in Late Antiquity : Prudentius and the Poetics of the Soul ( Johns Hopkins University Press , 2008 ) , pp. 73 , 203 . St. Augustine , however , distinguished between the secular and eternal `` Rome '' in The City of God . See also J. Rufus Fears , `` The Cult of Jupiter and Roman Imperial Ideology , '' Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt II. 17.1 ( 1981 ) , p. 136 , on how Classical Roman ideology influenced Christian Imperial doctrine ; Bang , Peter Fibiger ( 2011 ) `` The King of Kings : Universal Hegemony , Imperial Power , and a New Comparative History of Rome , '' in The Roman Empire in Context : Historical and Comparative Perspectives . John Wiley & Sons ; and the Greek concept of globalism ( oikouménē ) . Jump up ^ The civis ( `` citizen '' ) stands in explicit contrast to a peregrina , a foreign or non-Roman woman : A.N. Sherwin - White ( 1979 ) Roman Citizenship . Oxford University Press . pp. 211 and 268 ; Frier , pp. 31 -- 32 , 457 . In the form of legal marriage called conubium , the father 's legal status determined the child 's , but conubium required that both spouses be free citizens . A soldier , for instance , was banned from marrying while in service , but if he formed a long - term union with a local woman while stationed in the provinces , he could marry her legally after he was discharged , and any children they had would be considered the offspring of citizens -- in effect granting the woman retroactive citizenship . The ban was in place from the time of Augustus until it was rescinded by Septimius Severus in 197 AD . See Sara Elise Phang , The Marriage of Roman Soldiers ( 13 B.C. -- A.D. 235 ) : Law and Family in the Imperial Army ( Brill , 2001 ) , p. 2 , and Pat Southern , The Roman Army : A Social and Institutional History ( Oxford University Press , 2006 ) , p. 144 . Jump up ^ That is , a double standard was in place : a married woman could have sex only with her husband , but a married man did not commit adultery if he had sex with a prostitute , slave , or person of marginalized status . See McGinn , Thomas A.J. ( 1991 ) . `` Concubinage and the Lex Iulia on Adultery '' . Transactions of the American Philological Association ( 1974 -- ) . 121 : 335 -- 375 ( 342 ) . doi : 10.2307 / 284457 . JSTOR 284457 . ; Martha C. Nussbaum ( 2002 ) `` The Incomplete Feminism of Musonius Rufus , Platonist , Stoic , and Roman , '' in The Sleep of Reason : Erotic Experience and Sexual Ethics in Ancient Greece and Rome . University of Chicago Press . p. 305 , noting that custom `` allowed much latitude for personal negotiation and gradual social change '' ; Elaine Fantham , `` Stuprum : Public Attitudes and Penalties for Sexual Offences in Republican Rome , '' in Roman Readings : Roman Response to Greek Literature from Plautus to Statius and Quintilian ( Walter de Gruyter , 2011 ) , p. 124 , citing Papinian , De adulteriis I and Modestinus , Liber Regularum I. Eva Cantarella , Bisexuality in the Ancient World ( Yale University Press , 1992 , 2002 , originally published 1988 in Italian ) , p. 104 ; Edwards , pp. 34 -- 35 . Jump up ^ The relation of the equestrian order to the `` public horse '' and Roman cavalry parades and demonstrations ( such as the Lusus Troiae ) is complex , but those who participated in the latter seem , for instance , to have been the equites who were accorded the high - status ( and quite limited ) seating at the theatre by the Lex Roscia theatralis . Senators could not possess the `` public horse . '' See Wiseman , pp. 78 -- 79 . Jump up ^ Ancient Gades , in Roman Spain , and Patavium , in the Celtic north of Italy , were atypically wealthy cities , and having 500 equestrians in one city was unusual . Strabo 3.169 , 5.213 Jump up ^ Vout , p. 212 . The college of centonarii is an elusive topic in scholarship , since they are also widely attested as urban firefighters ; see Jinyu Liu ( 2009 ) Collegia Centonariorum : The Guilds of Textile Dealers in the Roman West . Brill . Liu sees them as `` primarily tradesmen and / or manufacturers engaged in the production and distribution of low - or medium - quality woolen textiles and clothing , including felt and its products . '' Jump up ^ Julius Caesar first applied the Latin word oppidum to this type of settlement , and even called Avaricum ( Bourges , France ) , a center of the Bituriges , an urbs , `` city . '' Archaeology indicates that oppida were centers of religion , trade ( including import / export ) , and industrial production , walled for the purposes of defense , but they may not have been inhabited by concentrated populations year - round : see Harding , D.W. ( 2007 ) The Archaeology of Celtic Art . Routledge . pp. 211 -- 212 . ISBN 113426464X ; Collis , John ( 2000 ) `` ' Celtic ' Oppida , '' in A Comparative Study of Thirty City - state Cultures . Danske Videnskabernes Selskab . pp. 229 -- 238 ; Celtic Chiefdom , Celtic State : The Evolution of Complex Social Systems . Cambridge University Press , 1995 , 1999 , p. 61 . Jump up ^ Such as the Consualia and the October Horse sacrifice : Humphrey , pp. 544 , 558 ; Auguste Bouché - Leclercq , Manuel des Institutions Romaines ( Hachette , 1886 ) , p. 549 ; `` Purificazione , '' in Thesaurus Cultus et Rituum Antiquorum ( LIMC , 2004 ) , p. 83 . Jump up ^ Scholars are divided in their relative emphasis on the athletic and dance elements of these exercises : Lee , H. ( 1984 ) . `` Athletics and the Bikini Girls from Piazza Armerina '' . Stadion. 10 : 45 -- 75 . sees them as gymnasts , while M. Torelli , `` Piazza Armerina : Note di iconologia '' , in La Villa romana del Casale di Piazza Armerina , edited by G. Rizza ( Catania , 1988 ) , p. 152 , thinks they are dancers at the games . Jump up ^ By Michael Rostovtzeff , as noted by Robin M. Jensen ( 1999 ) `` The Dura - Europos Synagogue , Early - Christian Art and Religious Life in Dura Europos , '' in Jews , Christians and Polytheists in the Ancient Synagogue : Cultural Interaction during the Greco - Roman Period . Routledge . p. 154 . Jump up ^ Political slogans and obscenities are widely preserved as graffiti in Pompeii : Antonio Varone , Erotica Pompeiana : Love Inscriptions on the Walls of Pompeii ( `` L'Erma '' di Bretschneider , 2002 ) . Soldiers sometimes inscribed sling bullets with aggressive messages : Phang , `` Military Documents , Languages , and Literacy , '' p. 300 . Jump up ^ Bloomer , W. Martin ( 2011 ) The School of Rome : Latin Studies and the Origins of Liberal Education ( University of California Press , 2011 ) , pp. 93 -- 99 ; Morgan , Literate Education in the Hellenistic and Roman Worlds , p. 250 . Quintilian uses the metaphor acuere ingenium , `` to sharpen talent , '' as well as agricultural metaphors . Jump up ^ For an overview of the representation of Roman religion in early Christian authors , see R.P.C. Hanson , `` The Christian Attitude to Pagan Religions up to the Time of Constantine the Great , '' and Carlos A. Contreras , `` Christian Views of Paganism , '' in Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt II. 23.1 ( 1980 ) 871 -- 1022 . Jump up ^ `` This mentality , '' notes John T. Koch , `` lay at the core of the genius of cultural assimilation which made the Roman Empire possible '' ; entry on `` Interpretatio romana , '' in Celtic Culture : A Historical Encyclopedia ( ABC - Clio , 2006 ) , p. 974 . References Citations Jump up ^ Bennett , Julian ( 1997 ) . Trajan : Optimus Princeps : a Life and Times . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 16524 - 2 ... Fig. 1 . Regions east of the Euphrates river were held only in the years 116 -- 117 . ^ Jump up to : Taagepera , Rein ( 1979 ) . `` Size and Duration of Empires : Growth - Decline Curves , 600 B.C. to 600 A.D '' . Social Science History . Duke University Press . 3 ( 3 / 4 ) : 125 . doi : 10.2307 / 1170959 . JSTOR 1170959 . Jump up ^ Durand , John D. ( 1977 ) . `` Historical Estimates of World Population : An Evaluation '' . Population and Development Review . 3 ( 3 ) : 253 . doi : 10.2307 / 1971891 . JSTOR 1971891 . ^ Jump up to : Turchin , Peter ; Adams , Jonathan M. ; Hall , Thomas D ( 2006 ) . `` East - West Orientation of Historical Empires '' ( PDF ) . Journal of world - systems research . 12 ( 2 ) : 222 . ISSN 1076 - 156X . Retrieved 6 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Morris , Ian ( October 2010 ) Social Development . Stanford University Jump up ^ Morris , Ian ( 2010 ) Why the West Rules -- For Now , New York : Farrar , Straus and Giroux . ISBN 978 - 0 - 374 - 29002 - 3 . Jump up ^ Kremer , M. ( 1993 ) . `` Population Growth and Technological Change : One Million B.C. To 1990 '' ( PDF ) . The Quarterly Journal of Economics . 108 ( 3 ) : 681 -- 716 . doi : 10.2307 / 2118405 . JSTOR 2118405 . Jump up ^ Stillman , Norman A. ( 1979 ) The Jews of Arab Lands . Jewish Publication Society . p. 22 . ISBN 0827611552 Jump up ^ Breasted , J.H. Ancient Times a History of the Early World . Рипол Классик . p. 675 . ISBN 117400312X Jump up ^ Sullivan ( 1990 ) , pp. 323 -- 325 . Jump up ^ Mommsen ( 2005 ) , pp. 312 -- 314 , 314 footnote 1 Jump up ^ Huzar ( 1978 ) , pp. 230 -- 231 Jump up ^ Kelly , pp. 4ff . ^ Jump up to : Nicolet , pp. 1 , 15 Jump up ^ Brennan , T. Corey ( 2000 ) The Praetorship in the Roman Republic . Oxford University Press . p. 605 . Jump up ^ Peachin , pp. 39 -- 40 . ^ Jump up to : Potter ( 2009 ) , p. 179 . ^ Jump up to : Hekster , Olivier and Kaizer , Ted ( 2011 ) . Preface to Frontiers in the Roman World . Proceedings of the Ninth Workshop of the International Network Impact of Empire ( Durhan , 16 -- 19 April 2009 ) . Brill . p. viii . Jump up ^ Lintott , Andrew ( 1999 ) The Constitution of the Roman Republic . Oxford University Press . p. 114 Jump up ^ Eder , W. ( 1993 ) `` The Augustan Principate as Binding Link , '' in Between Republic and Empire . University of California Press . p. 98 . ISBN 0520084470 . Jump up ^ Richardson , John ( 2011 ) `` Fines provinciae '' , in Frontiers in the Roman World . Brill . p. 10 . Jump up ^ Richardson , John ( 2011 ) `` Fines provinciae '' , in Frontiers in the Roman World . Brill . pp. 1 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Syme , Ronald ( 1939 ) The Roman Revolution . Oford : Oxford University Press . pp. 3 -- 4 . Jump up ^ Boatwright , Mary T. ( 2000 ) Hadrian and the Cities of the Roman Empire . Princeton University Press . p. 4 . Jump up ^ Potter ( 2009 ) , p. 571 . Jump up ^ Dio Cassius 72.36. 4 , Loeb edition translated E. Cary Jump up ^ Gibbon , Edward ( 1776 ) , `` The Decline And Fall in the West -- Chapter 4 '' , The History of the Decline And Fall of the Roman Empire . Jump up ^ Brown , P. , The World of Late Antiquity , London 1971 , p. 22 . Jump up ^ Adrian Goldsworth , How Rome Fell : Death of a Superpower ( Yale University Press , 2009 ) , pp. 405 -- 415 . Jump up ^ Potter , David . The Roman Empire at Bay . 296 -- 98 . Jump up ^ Starr , Chester G. ( 1974 ) A History of the Ancient World , Second Edition . Oxford University Press . pp. 670 -- 678 . Jump up ^ Isaac Asimov ( 1989 ) Asimov 's Chronology of the World , p. 110 , New York , NY , USA : HarperCollins . Jump up ^ Duiker , 2001 . page 347 . ^ Jump up to : The Byzantine Empire Archived 1999 - 02 - 24 at the Wayback Machine . by Richard Hooker . Washington State University . Written 6 June 1999 . Retrieved 8 April 2007 . Jump up ^ Bray , R.S. ( 2004 ) . Armies of Pestilence . Cambridge : James Clarke & Co. p. 26 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 227 - 17240 - 7 . Jump up ^ Kreutz , Barbara M. ( 1996 ) . Before the Normans : Southern Italy in the Ninth and Tenth Centuries . Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8122 - 1587 - 8 . Jump up ^ Duiker , 2001 . page 349 . Jump up ^ Basil II ( AD 976 -- 1025 ) by Catherine Holmes . De Imperatoribus Romanis . Written 1 April 2003 . Retrieved 22 March 2007 . Jump up ^ Gibbon , Edward . History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire . Chapter 61 . Retrieved 11 April 2007 . Jump up ^ Mehmet II by Korkut Ozgen . Theottomans.org . Retrieved 3 April 2007 . Jump up ^ Kelly , p. 3 . ^ Jump up to : Nicolet , p. 29 Jump up ^ Vergil , Aeneid 1.278 Jump up ^ Mattingly , David J. ( 2011 ) Imperialism , Power , and Identity : Experiencing the Roman Empire . Princeton University Press . p. 15 Jump up ^ Moretti , G. ( 1993 ) `` The Other World and the ' Antipodes ' : The Myth of Unknown Countries between Antiquity and the Renaissance , '' in The Classical Tradition and the Americas : European Images of the Americas . Walter de Gruyter . p. 257 ^ Jump up to : Southern , Pat ( 2001 ) . The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine . Routledge . pp. 14 -- 16 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 23943 - 1 . Jump up ^ Nicolet , pp. 7 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Nicolet , pp. 9 , 16 . Jump up ^ Nicolet , pp. 10 -- 11 . ^ Jump up to : Kelly , p. 1 . ^ Jump up to : Morris , p. 184 . Jump up ^ Goldsmith , Raymond W. ( 2005 ) . `` An Estimate of the Size Anl Structure of the National Product of the Early Roman Empire '' . Review of Income and Wealth. 30 ( 3 ) : 263 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1475 - 4991.1984. tb00552. x . Jump up ^ Scheidel , Walter ( April 2006 ) `` Population and demography '' in Princeton / Stanford Working Papers in Classics , p. 9 Jump up ^ Boardman , p. 721 . Jump up ^ Woolf , Greg ( ed . ) ( 2003 ) Cambridge Illustrated History of the Roman World . Cambridge : Ivy Press . p. 340 Jump up ^ Opper , Thorsten ( 2008 ) Hadrian : Empire and Conflict . Harvard University Press . p. 64 Jump up ^ Fields , Nic ( 2003 ) Hadrian 's Wall AD 122 -- 410 , which was , of course , at the bottom of Hadrian 's garden . Osprey Publishing . p. 35 . Jump up ^ Vergil , Aeneid 12.834 and 837 Jump up ^ Rochette , pp. 549 , 563 Jump up ^ Adams , p. 184 . Jump up ^ Adams , pp. 186 -- 187 . Jump up ^ Rochette , pp. 554 , 556 . Jump up ^ Rochette , p. 549 Jump up ^ Freeman , Charles ( 1999 ) The Greek Achievement : The Foundation of the Western World . New York : Penguin . pp. 389 -- 433 . Jump up ^ Rochette , p. 549 , citing Plutarch , Life of Alexander 47.6 . Jump up ^ Millar , Fergus ( 2006 ) A Greek Roman Empire : Power and Belief under Theodosius II ( 408 -- 450 ) . University of California Press . p. 279 . ISBN 0520941411 . ^ Jump up to : Treadgold , Warren ( 1997 ) A History of the Byzantine State and Society . Stanford University Press . pp. 5 -- 7 . ISBN 0804726302 . Jump up ^ Rochette , p. 553 . Jump up ^ Cicero , In Catilinam 2.15 , P. Ryl . I 61 `` recto '' . Jump up ^ Rochette , pp. 550 -- 552 . ^ Jump up to : Rochette , p. 552 . Jump up ^ Suetonius , Life of Claudius 42 . Jump up ^ Rochette , pp. 553 -- 554 . Jump up ^ Rochette , p. 556 Jump up ^ Adams , p. 200 . Jump up ^ Adams , pp. 185 -- 186 , 205 . Jump up ^ Rochette , p. 560 . Jump up ^ Rochette , pp. 562 -- 563 . Jump up ^ Rochette , pp. 558 -- 559 . ^ Jump up to : Miles , Richard ( 2000 ) `` Communicating Culture , Identity , and Power , '' in Experiencing Power : Culture , Identity and Power in the Roman Empire . Routledge . pp. 58 -- 60 . ISBN 0415212855 . Jump up ^ Adams , p. 199 . Jump up ^ Rochette , pp. 553 -- 555 . Jump up ^ Rochette , p. 550 Jump up ^ Stefan Zimmer , `` Indo - European , '' in Celtic Culture : A Historical Encyclopedia ( ABC - Clio , 2006 ) , p. 961 ^ Jump up to : Curchin , Leonard A. ( 1995 ) . `` Literacy in the Roman Provinces : Qualitative and Quantitative Data from Central Spain '' . The American Journal of Philology. 116 ( 3 ) : 461 -- 476 ( 464 ) . doi : 10.2307 / 295333 . JSTOR 295333 . Jump up ^ Waquet , Françoise ( 2001 ) Latin , Or , The Empire of the Sign : From the Sixteenth to the Twentieth Century . Verso . pp. 1 -- 2 . ISBN 1859844022 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Kristian ( 1996 ) `` The Humanist Reform of Latin and Latin Teaching , '' in The Cambridge Companion to Renaissance Humanism . Cambridge University Press . pp. 63 -- 64 . ISBN 0521436249 . Jump up ^ Fine , John V.A. ; Fine , John Van Antwerp ( 1991 ) . The Early Medieval Balkans : A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century . University of Michigan Press . pp. 10 -- 11 . ISBN 0 - 472 - 08149 - 7 . Jump up ^ Peachin , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Peachin , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Peachin , p. 9 . ^ Jump up to : Garnsey , Peter and Saller , Richard ( 1987 ) The Roman Empire : Economy , Society and Culture . University of California Press . pp. 107 -- 111 . Jump up ^ Noreña , Carlos F. ( 2011 ) Imperial Ideals in the Roman West : Representation , Circulation , Power . Cambridge University Press . p. 7 . Jump up ^ Peachin , pp. 4 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Winterling , pp. 11 , 21 . Jump up ^ Saller , Richard P. ( 1982 , 2002 ) Personal Patronage under the Early Empire . Cambridge University Press . pp. 123 , 176 , 183 Jump up ^ Duncan , Anne ( 2006 ) Performance and Identity in the Classical World . Cambridge University Press . p. 164 . Jump up ^ Reinhold , Meyer ( 2002 ) Studies in Classical History and Society . Oxford University Press . pp. 25ff. and 42 . Jump up ^ Boardman , p. 18 . Jump up ^ Peachin , pp. 17 , 20 . Jump up ^ Millar , pp. 81 -- 82 Jump up ^ Carroll , Maureen ( 2006 ) Spirits of the Dead : Roman Funerary Commemoration in Western Europe . Oxford University Press . pp. 45 -- 46 . Jump up ^ `` Infanticide Common in Roman Empire '' . DNews . Jump up ^ Frier , p. 14 Jump up ^ Gaius , Institutiones 1.9 = Digest 1.5. 3 . Jump up ^ Frier , pp. 31 -- 32 . Jump up ^ Potter ( 2009 ) , p. 177 . Jump up ^ Rawson ( 1987 ) , p. 18 . Jump up ^ Frier , pp. 19 -- 20 . Jump up ^ Eva Cantarella , Pandora 's Daughters : The Role and Status of Women in Greek and Roman Antiquity ( Johns Hopkins University Press , 1987 ) , pp. 140 -- 141 Jump up ^ Sullivan , J.P. ( 1979 ) . `` Martial 's Sexual Attitudes '' . Philologus. 123 : 296 . doi : 10.1524 / phil. 1979.123. 12.288 . Jump up ^ Rawson ( 1987 ) , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Frier , pp. 19 -- 20 , 22 . Jump up ^ Treggiari , Susan ( 1991 ) Roman Marriage : Iusti Coniuges from the Time of Cicero to the Time of Ulpian . Oxford University Press . pp. 258 -- 259 , 500 -- 502 . ISBN 0198149395 . Jump up ^ Johnston , David ( 1999 ) Roman Law in Context . Cambridge University Press . Ch . 3.3 Jump up ^ Frier , Ch. IV Jump up ^ Thomas , Yan ( 1991 ) `` The Division of the Sexes in Roman Law , '' in A History of Women from Ancient Goddesses to Christian Saints . Harvard University Press . p. 134 . Jump up ^ Severy , Beth ( 2002 ) Augustus and the Family at the Birth of the Empire . Routledge . p. 12 . ISBN 1134391838 . Jump up ^ Severy , Beth ( 2002 ) Augustus and the Family at the Birth of the Empire . Routledge . p. 4 . ISBN 1134391838 . Jump up ^ Frier , p. 461 Jump up ^ Boardman , p. 733 . Jump up ^ Woodhull , Margaret L. ( 2004 ) `` Matronly Patrons in the Early Roman Empire : The Case of Salvia Postuma , '' in Women 's Influence on Classical Civilization . Routledge . p. 77 . Jump up ^ Bradley , p. 12 . Jump up ^ The others are ancient Athens , and in the modern era Brazil , the Caribbean , and the United States ; Bradley , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Bradley , p. 15 . ^ Jump up to : Harris , W.V. ( 1999 ) . `` Demography , Geography and the Sources of Roman Slaves '' . The Journal of Roman Studies . 89 : 62 -- 75 . doi : 10.2307 / 300734 . JSTOR 300734 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Timothy ( 2010 ) . `` Believing the ancients : Quantitative and qualitative dimensions of slavery and the slave trade in later prehistoric Eurasia '' . World Archaeology. 33 : 27 -- 43 . doi : 10.1080 / 00438240120047618 . JSTOR 827887 . Jump up ^ Harper , Kyle ( 2011 ) Slavery in the Late Roman World , AD 275 -- 425 . Cambridge University Press . pp. 10 -- 16 . Jump up ^ Frier , p. 7 . Jump up ^ McGinn , Thomas A.J. ( 1998 ) Prostitution , Sexuality and the Law in Ancient Rome . Oxford University Press . p. 314 . ISBN 0195161327 . Jump up ^ Gardner , Jane F. ( 1991 ) Women in Roman Law and Society . Indiana University Press . p. 119 . Jump up ^ Frier , pp. 31 , 33 . Jump up ^ Fuhrmann , C.J. ( 2012 ) Policing the Roman Empire : Soldiers , Administration , and Public Order . Oxford University Press . pp. 21 -- 41 . ISBN 0199737843 . Jump up ^ Frier , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Gamauf , Richard ( 2009 ) . `` Slaves doing business : The role of Roman law in the economy of a Roman household '' . European Review of History : Revue europeenne d'histoire. 16 ( 3 ) : 331 . doi : 10.1080 / 13507480902916837 . Jump up ^ Bradley , pp. 2 -- 3 . Jump up ^ McGinn , Thomas A.J. ( 1998 ) Prostitution , Sexuality and the Law in Ancient Rome . Oxford University Press . pp. 288ff . ISBN 0195161327 . Jump up ^ Abusch , Ra'anan ( 2003 ) `` Circumcision and Castration under Roman Law in the Early Empire , '' in The Covenant of Circumcision : New Perspectives on an Ancient Jewish Rite . Brandeis University Press . pp. 77 -- 78 Jump up ^ Schäfer , Peter ( 1983 , 2003 ) The History of the Jews in the Greco - Roman World . Routledge . p. 150 . Jump up ^ Frier , p. 15 Jump up ^ Goodwin , Stefan ( 2009 ) . Africa in Europe : Antiquity into the Age of Global Expansion . Lexington Books . Vol. 1 , p. 41 , ISBN 0739117262 , noting that `` Roman slavery was a nonracist and fluid system '' . Jump up ^ Santosuosso , Antonio ( 2001 ) Storming the Heavens : Soldiers , Emperors and Civilians in the Roman Empire , Westview Press . pp. 43 -- 44 . ISBN 0 - 8133 - 3523 - X . Jump up ^ Noy , David ( 2000 ) . Foreigners at Rome : Citizens and Strangers . Duckworth with the Classical Press of Wales . ISBN 9780715629529 . Jump up ^ Harper , James ( 1972 ) . `` Slaves and Freedmen in Imperial Rome '' . American Journal of Philology. 93 : 341 -- 342 . doi : 10.2307 / 293259 . Jump up ^ Rawson ( 1987 ) , pp. 186 -- 188 , 190 Jump up ^ Bradley , p. 34 , 48 -- 50 . Jump up ^ Bradley , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Millar , Fergus ( 1998 , 2002 ) The Crowd in Rome in the Late Republic . University of Michigan . pp. 23 , 209 . ISBN 0472088785 . Jump up ^ Mouritsen , Henrik ( 2011 ) The Freedman in the Roman World . Cambridge University Press . p. 36 ^ Jump up to : Berger , Adolf ( 1953 , 1991 ) . libertus in Encyclopedic Dictionary of Roman Law . American Philological Society . p. 564 . Jump up ^ Boardman , pp. 217 -- 218 Jump up ^ Syme , Ronald ( 1999 ) Provincial at Rome : and Rome and the Balkans 80 BC -- AD 14 . University of Exeter Press . pp. 12 -- 13 . ISBN 0859896323 . Jump up ^ Boardman , pp. 215 , 221 -- 222 Jump up ^ Millar , p. 88 . The standard complement of 600 was flexible ; twenty quaestors , for instance , held office each year and were thus admitted to the Senate regardless of whether there were `` open '' seats . ^ Jump up to : Millar , p. 88 . Jump up ^ Boardman , pp. 218 -- 219 . Jump up ^ His name was Tiberius Claudius Gordianus ; Boardman , p. 219 . Jump up ^ MacMullen , Ramsay ( 1966 ) . `` Provincial Languages in the Roman Empire '' . The American Journal of Philology. 87 : 1 . doi : 10.2307 / 292973 . JSTOR 292973 . Jump up ^ Wiseman , pp. 71 -- 72 , 76 Jump up ^ Wiseman , pp. 75 -- 76 , 78 . Jump up ^ Fear , Andrew ( 2007 ) `` War and Society , '' in The Cambridge History of Greek and Roman Warfare : Rome from the Late Republic to the Late Empire . Cambridge University Press , vol. 2 . pp. 214 -- 215 . ISBN 0521782740 . Jump up ^ Bennett , Julian ( 1997 ) . Trajan : Optimus Princeps : a Life and Times . Routledge . p. 5 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 16524 - 2 . Jump up ^ Morris , p. 188 Jump up ^ Millar , pp. 87 -- 88 . Jump up ^ Millar , p. 96 . Jump up ^ Liebeschuetz , Wolfgang ( 2001 ) `` The End of the Ancient City , '' in The City in Late Antiquity . Taylor & Francis . pp. 26 -- 27 . Jump up ^ Millar , p. 90 , calls them `` status - appellations . '' Jump up ^ Millar , p. 91 . 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Routledge . p. 108 . Jump up ^ The imperial cult in Roman Britain - Google docs Jump up ^ Bohec , p. 8 . Jump up ^ Bohec , pp. 14 -- 15 . Jump up ^ Plutarch , Moralia Moralia 813c and 814c Jump up ^ Potter ( 2009 ) , pp. 181 -- 182 Jump up ^ Luttwak , Edward ( 1976 / 1979 ) The Grand Strategy of the Roman Empire , Johns Hopkins University Press . p. 30 . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 2158 - 4 . Jump up ^ Potter ( 2009 ) , p. 184 . Jump up ^ Potter ( 2009 ) , p. 181 . Jump up ^ Abbott , p. 354 Jump up ^ Abbott , p. 345 Jump up ^ Abbott , p. 341 Jump up ^ Millar , Fergus ( 2004 ) `` Emperors at Work , '' in Rome , the Greek World , and the East : Government , Society , and Culture in the Roman Empire . University of North Carolina Press . Vol. 2 . ISBN 0807855200 . pp. 3 -- 22 , especially pp. 4 and 20 . Jump up ^ Boardman , p. 195ff . Jump up ^ Boardman , pp. 205 -- 209 . Jump up ^ Boardman , pp. 202 -- 203 , 205 , 210 . Jump up ^ Boardman , p. 211 . Jump up ^ Boardman , p. 212 . 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Britannia. 17 : 353 . doi : 10.2307 / 526559 . JSTOR 526559 . Jump up ^ Connolly , Peter ; Van Driel - Murray , Carol ( 1991 ) . `` The Roman Cavalry Saddle '' . Britannia. 22 : 33 . doi : 10.2307 / 526629 . JSTOR 526629 . Jump up ^ Goldsworthy , p. 114 . Jump up ^ Potter ( 2009 ) , p. 183 . Jump up ^ Potter ( 2009 ) , pp. 177 -- 179 . Most government records that are preserved come from Roman Egypt , where the climate preserved the papyri . Jump up ^ Potter ( 2009 ) , p. 179 . The exclusion of Egypt from the senatorial provinces dates to the rise of Octavian before he became Augustus : Egypt had been the stronghold of his last opposition , Mark Antony and his ally Cleopatra . ^ Jump up to : Potter ( 2009 ) , p. 180 . Jump up ^ Potter ( 2009 ) , pp. 179 , 187 . Jump up ^ Potter ( 2009 ) , p. 180 Jump up ^ Fuhrmann , C.J. ( 2012 ) Policing the Roman Empire : Soldiers , Administration , and Public Order . Oxford University Press . pp. 197 , 214 , 224 . ISBN 0199737843 . 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Oxford University Press . ISBN 0199586713 . Jump up ^ Scheidel , Walter ( 2009 ) `` The Monetary Systems of the Han and Roman Empires '' , in : Scheidel , Walter , ed . Rome and China . Comparative Perspectives on Ancient World Empires . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 533690 - 0 , pp. 137 -- 207 ( 205 ) . Jump up ^ Fears , J. Rufus ( 1981 ) `` The Theology of Victory at Rome : Approaches and Problem , '' Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt II. 17.2 , pp. 752 and 824 , and in the same volume , `` The Cult of Virtues and Roman Imperial Ideology , '' p. 908 . Jump up ^ Andreau , Jean ( 1999 ) Banking and Business in the Roman World . Cambridge University Press . p. 2 . Jump up ^ Tacitus , Annales 6.17. 3 . Jump up ^ Duncan - Jones , Richard ( 1994 ) Money and Government in the Roman Empire . Cambridge University Press . pp. 3 -- 4 . Jump up ^ Bowersock , p. 579 . ^ Jump up to : Wilson , Andrew ( 2002 ) . `` Machines , Power and the Ancient Economy '' . The Journal of Roman Studies . 92 : 1 . doi : 10.2307 / 3184857 . JSTOR 3184857 . Jump up ^ Craddock , Paul T. ( 2008 ) : `` Mining and Metallurgy '' , in : Oleson , John Peter ( ed . ) : The Oxford Handbook of Engineering and Technology in the Classical World , Oxford University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 518731 - 1 , p. 108 Jump up ^ Sim , David ; Ridge , Isabel ( 2002 ) Iron for the Eagles . The Iron Industry of Roman Britain , Tempus , Stroud , Gloucestershire , ISBN 0 - 7524 - 1900 - 5 . p. 23 Jump up ^ Healy , John F. ( 1978 ) Mining and Metallurgy in the Greek and Roman World , Thames and Hudson , London , ISBN 0 - 500 - 40035 - 0 . p. 196 . Assumes a productive capacity of c. 1.5 kg per capita . ^ Jump up to : Hong , S. ; Candelone , J. - P. ; Patterson , C.C. ; Boutron , C.F. ( 1996 ) . `` History of Ancient Copper Smelting Pollution During Roman and Medieval Times Recorded in Greenland Ice '' . Science . 272 ( 5259 ) : 246 . Bibcode : 1996Sci ... 272 ... 246H . doi : 10.1126 / science. 272.5259. 246 . ^ Jump up to : Hong , S ; Candelone , J.P. ; Patterson , C.C. ; Boutron , C.F. ( 1994 ) . `` Greenland ice evidence of hemispheric lead pollution two millennia ago by greek and roman civilizations '' ( PDF ) . Science . 265 ( 5180 ) : 1841 -- 3 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 265.5180. 1841 . PMID 17797222 . ^ Jump up to : De Callataÿ , François ( 2015 ) . `` The Graeco - Roman economy in the super long - run : Lead , copper , and shipwrecks '' . Journal of Roman Archaeology. 18 : 361 . doi : 10.1017 / S104775940000742X . Jump up ^ Settle , D.M. ; Patterson , C.C. ( 1980 ) . `` Lead in albacore : Guide to lead pollution in Americans '' . Science . 207 ( 4436 ) : 1167 -- 76 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 6986654 . PMID 6986654 . Jump up ^ Patterson , C.C. ( 1972 ) . `` Silver Stocks and Losses in Ancient and Medieval Times '' . The Economic History Review . 25 ( 2 ) : 205 -- 235 ( tables 2 , 6 ) . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1468 - 0289.1972. tb02173. x . JSTOR 2593904 . Jump up ^ Morris , p. 197 . Jump up ^ Marlière , Élise ( 2001 ) . `` Le tonneau en Gaule romaine '' ( PDF ) . Gallia. 58 : 181 -- 210 ( 184 ) . doi : 10.3406 / galia. 2001.3179 . JSTOR 43608343 . Jump up ^ Bowman , p. 404 . Jump up ^ Greene , Kevin ( 1990 ) . The Archaeology of the Roman Economy . University of California Press . p. 17 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 07401 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Boardman , p. 713 . Jump up ^ Boardman , p. 714 . Jump up ^ Ulrich , Roger Bradley ( 2007 ) . Roman Woodworking . Yale University Press . pp. 1 -- 2 . ISBN 0300103417 . ^ Jump up to : Stambaugh , p. 253 . Jump up ^ Ray Laurence , `` Land Transport in Roman Italy : Costs , Practice and the Economy , '' in Trade , Traders and the Ancient City ( Routledge , 1998 ) , p. 129 . Jump up ^ Morris , p. 187 . Jump up ^ Holleran , p. 142 . 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( 2007 ) : The Cambridge Economic History of the Greco - Roman World , Cambridge University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 78053 - 7 Jump up ^ Lo Cascio , Elio ; Malanima , Paolo ( 2009 ) . `` GDP in Pre-Modern Agrarian Economies ( 1 -- 1820 AD ) . A Revision of the Estimates '' . Rivista di storia economica. 25 ( 3 ) : 391 -- 420 ( 391 -- 401 ) . Jump up ^ Maddison , Angus ( 2007 ) Contours of the World Economy , 1 -- 2030 AD . Essays in Macro-Economic History , Oxford University Press . pp. 47 -- 51 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 922721 - 1 . Jump up ^ Scheidel , Walter ; Friesen , Steven J. ( 2010 ) . `` The Size of the Economy and the Distribution of Income in the Roman Empire '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Roman Studies . 99 : 61 . doi : 10.3815 / 007543509789745223 . JSTOR 40599740 . Jump up ^ MacDonald , W.L. ( 1982 ) The Architecture of the Roman Empire . Yale University Press , New Haven , fig . 131B Jump up ^ Lechtman , H.N. ; Hobbs , L.W. ( 1987 ) . `` Roman Concrete and the Roman Architectural Revolution '' . Ceramics and Civilization. 3 : 81 -- 128 . Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica , Apollodorus of Damascus , `` Greek engineer and architect who worked primarily for the Roman emperor Trajan . '' Sarton , George ( 1936 ) . `` The Unity and Diversity of the Mediterranean World '' . Osiris. 2 : 406 -- 463 ( 430 ) . doi : 10.1086 / 368462 . JSTOR 301558 . Jump up ^ Calcani , Giuliana ; Abdulkarim , Maamoun ( 2003 ) . Apollodorus of Damascus and Trajan 's Column : From Tradition to Project . L'Erma di Bretschneider . p. 11 . ISBN 88 - 8265 - 233 - 5 ... focusing on the brilliant architect Apollodorus of Damascus . This famous Syrian personage represents ... Jump up ^ Hong - Sen Yan ; Marco Ceccarelli ( 2009 ) . International Symposium on History of Machines and Mechanisms : Proceedings of HMM 2008 . Springer . p. 86 . ISBN 1 - 4020 - 9484 - 1 . He had Syrian origins coming from Damascus Jump up ^ Smith , Norman ( 1970 ) . `` The Roman Dams of Subiaco '' . Technology and Culture . 11 ( 1 ) : 58 -- 68 . doi : 10.2307 / 3102810 . JSTOR 3102810 . Jump up ^ Smith , Norman ( 1971 ) . A History of Dams . London : Peter Davies . p. 26 . ISBN 0 - 432 - 15090 - 0 . Jump up ^ Schnitter , Niklaus ( 1978 ) . `` Römische Talsperren '' . Antike Welt. 8 ( 2 ) : 25 -- 32 ( 28 ) . Jump up ^ Chandler , Fiona ( 2001 ) The Usborne Internet Linked Encyclopedia of the Roman World . Usborne Publishing . p. 80 . Jump up ^ Forman , Joan ( 1975 ) The Romans , Macdonald Educational Ltd. p. 34 . Jump up ^ Crow , J. ( 2007 ) `` Earth , walls and water in Late Antique Constantinople '' in Technology in Transition AD 300 -- 650 in ed . L. Lavan , E. Zanini & A. Sarantis Brill , Leiden Jump up ^ Greene , Kevin ( 1990 ) . The Archaeology of the Roman Economy . University of California Press . p. 39 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 07401 - 9 . Jump up ^ Jones , R.F.J. ; Bird , D.G. ( 2012 ) . `` Roman Gold - Mining in North - West Spain , II : Workings on the Rio Duerna '' . Journal of Roman Studies . 62 : 59 . doi : 10.2307 / 298927 . JSTOR 298927 . Jump up ^ Ritti , Tullia ; Grewe , Klaus ; Kessener , Paul ( 2007 ) . `` A Relief of a Water - powered Stone Saw Mill on a Sarcophagus at Hierapolis and its Implications '' . Journal of Roman Archaeology. 20 : 138 -- 163 ( 156 , fn. 74 ) . doi : 10.1017 / S1047759400005341 . ^ Jump up to : Potter ( 2009 ) , p. 192 . ^ Jump up to : Rehak , Paul ( 2006 ) Imperium and Cosmos : Augustus and the Northern Campus Martius . University of Wisconsin Press . pp. 4 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Stambaugh , pp. 23ff. and 244 Jump up ^ Raja , Rubina ( 2012 ) Urban Development and Regional Identity in the Eastern Roman Provinces 50 BC -- AD 250 . Museum Tusculanum Press . pp. 215 -- 218 Jump up ^ Sperber , Daniel ( 1998 ) The City in Roman Palestine . Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ Stambaugh , pp. 252 -- 253 ^ Jump up to : Longfellow , Brenda ( 2011 ) Roman Imperialism and Civic Patronage : Form , Meaning and Ideology in Monumental Fountain Complexes . Cambridge University Press . pp. 1 -- 2 . ISBN 0521194938 Jump up ^ Millar , p. 79 . Jump up ^ Vergil , Aeneid 6.852 Jump up ^ Potter ( 2009 ) , pp. 185 -- 186 . Jump up ^ Tertullian , De anima 30.3 ( ubique domus , ubique populus , ubique respublica , ubique uita ) , as cited and framed in Potter ( 2009 ) , p. 185 . Jump up ^ Millar , pp. 76ff . Jump up ^ Jones , Mark Wilson ( 2000 ) Principles of Roman Architecture . New Haven : Yale University Press . Jump up ^ Evans , Harry B. ( 1994 ) Water Distribution in Ancient Rome , University of Michigan Press . pp. 9 -- 10 . Jump up ^ Peachin , p. 366 . ^ Jump up to : Fagan , Garrett G. ( 2001 ) . `` The Genesis of the Roman Public Bath : Recent Approaches and Future Directions '' ( PDF ) . American Journal of Archaeology. 105 ( 3 ) : 403 . doi : 10.2307 / 507363 . JSTOR 507363 . Jump up ^ Ward , Roy Bowen ( 1992 ) . `` Women in Roman Baths '' . Harvard Theological Review . 85 ( 2 ) : 125 -- 147 . doi : 10.1017 / S0017816000028820 . JSTOR 1509900 . Jump up ^ Clarke , pp. 1 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Clarke , pp. 11 -- 12 . Jump up ^ Clarke , p. 2 . Jump up ^ Stambaugh , pp. 144 , 147 Jump up ^ Clarke , pp. 12 , 17 , 22ff . Jump up ^ Taylor , Rabun ( 2005 ) . `` Roman Oscilla : An Assessment '' . Res : Anthropology and aesthetics. 48 : 83 -- 105 . doi : 10.1086 / RESv48n1ms20167679 . JSTOR 20167679 . Jump up ^ Gazda , Elaine K. ( 1991 ) `` Introduction '' , in Roman Art in the Private Sphere : Architecture and Décor of the Domus , Villa , and Insula . University of Michigan Press . p. 9 . ISBN 047210196X . ^ Jump up to : Clarke , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Jashemski , Wilhelmina Feemster ; Meyer , Frederick G. ( 2002 ) . The Natural History of Pompeii . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 80054 - 9 . Jump up ^ Horace , Satire 2.6 Jump up ^ Holzberg , Niklas ( 2002 ) The Ancient Fable : An Introduction . Indiana University Press . p. 35 Jump up ^ Bovie , Smith Palmer ( 2002 ) Introduction to Horace . Satires and Epistles . University of Chicago Press . pp. 92 -- 93 . ^ Jump up to : Morris , p. 191 . Jump up ^ Boardman , p. 679 . Jump up ^ Morris , pp. 195 -- 196 . Jump up ^ Morris , p. 191 , reckoning that the surplus of wheat from the province of Egypt alone could meet and exceed the needs of the city of Rome and the provincial armies . Jump up ^ Wiseman , T.P. ( 2012 ) . `` The Census in the First Century B.C '' . Journal of Roman Studies . 59 : 59 . doi : 10.2307 / 299848 . JSTOR 299848 . Jump up ^ Keane , Catherine ( 2006 ) Figuring Genre in Roman Satire . Oxford University Press . p. 36 Jump up ^ Köhne , Eckhart ( 2000 ) `` Bread and Circuses : The Politics of Entertainment , '' in Gladiators and Caesars : The Power of Spectacle in Ancient Rome . University of California Press . p. 8 . Jump up ^ Juvenal , Satire 10.77 -- 81 . Jump up ^ Stambaugh , pp. 144 , 178 Jump up ^ Hinds , Kathryn ( 2010 ) Everyday Life in the Roman Empire . Marshall Cavendish . p. 90 . Jump up ^ Holleran , p. 136ff . Jump up ^ Gagarin , p. 299 . Jump up ^ Faas , Patrick ( 1994 , 2005 ) Around the Roman Table : Food and Feasting in Ancient Rome . University of Chicago Press . p. 29 . ^ Jump up to : Boardman , p. 681 . Jump up ^ Pliny the Elder , Natural History 19.83 -- 84 ; Emily Gowers , The Loaded Table : Representation of Food in Roman Literature ( Oxford University Press , 1993 , 2003 ) , p. 17 Jump up ^ Gagarin , p. 198 . Jump up ^ Stambaugh , p. 144 . Jump up ^ Holleran , pp. 136 -- 137 . Jump up ^ Holleran , pp. 134 -- 135 . 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Jump up ^ Tacitus , Germania 23 ; Gowers , The Loaded Table , p. 18 . ^ Jump up to : Flandrin , Jean Louis ; Montanari , Massimo ( 1999 ) . Food : A Culinary History from Antiquity to the Present . Columbia University Press . pp. 165 -- 167 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 11154 - 6 . Jump up ^ Potter ( 2009 ) , pp. 365 -- 366 . Jump up ^ Bowersock , p. 455 Jump up ^ Franklin , James L. Jr. ( 2001 ) Pompeis Difficile Est : Studies in the Political Life of Imperial Pompeii . University of Michigan Press . p. 137 Jump up ^ Laurence , Ray ( 2007 ) Roman Pompeii : Space and Society . Routledge . p. 173 ; recounted by Tacitus , Annals 14.17 . Jump up ^ Mary Beard , J.A. North , and S.R.F. Price , Religions of Rome : A History ( Cambridge University Press , 1998 ) , p. 66 . Jump up ^ Dyson , p. 240 . Jump up ^ Versnel , H.S. ( 1971 ) Triumphus : An Inquiry into the Origin , Development and Meaning of the Roman Triumph . Brill . pp. 96 -- 97 . Jump up ^ Potter ( 1999 ) , p. 242 . Jump up ^ Potter ( 1999 ) , pp. 235 -- 236 . Jump up ^ Potter ( 1999 ) , pp. 223 -- 224 . ^ Jump up to : Potter ( 1999 ) , p. 303 . ^ Jump up to : Humphrey , pp. 1 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Edmondson , p. 112 . Jump up ^ Dyson , pp. 237 , 239 . Jump up ^ Edmondson , pp. 73 -- 74 , 106 Jump up ^ Auguet , p. 54 Jump up ^ McClelland , John ( 2007 ) Body and Mind : Sport in Europe from the Roman Empire to the Renaissance . Routledge . p. 67 . Jump up ^ Dyson , pp. 238 -- 239 ^ Jump up to : Gagarin , p. 85 Jump up ^ Humphrey , p. 461 Jump up ^ McClelland , John ( 2007 ) Body and Mind : Sport in Europe from the Roman Empire to the Renaissance . Routledge . p. 61 . Jump up ^ Thomas Wiedemann , Emperors and Gladiators ( Routledge , 1992 , 1995 ) , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Humphrey , pp. 459 , 461 , 512 , 630 -- 631 Jump up ^ Dyson , p. 237 Jump up ^ Dyson , p. 238 . Jump up ^ Potter ( 1999 ) , p. 296 ^ Jump up to : Dyson , pp. 238 -- 239 . Jump up ^ Humphrey , p. 238 Jump up ^ Potter ( 1999 ) , p. 299 . Jump up ^ Humphrey , pp. 18 -- 21 Jump up ^ Gagarin , p. 84 . Jump up ^ Auguet , pp. 131 -- 132 Jump up ^ Potter ( 1999 ) , p. 237 . Jump up ^ Auguet , p. 144 Jump up ^ Dickie , Matthew ( 2001 ) Magic and Magicians in the Greco - Roman World . Routledge . pp. 282 -- 287 Jump up ^ Eva D'Ambra , `` Racing with Death : Circus Sarcophagi and the Commemoration of Children in Roman Italy '' in Constructions of Childhood in Ancient Greece and Italy ( American School of Classical Studies at Athens , 2007 ) , pp. 348 -- 349 Jump up ^ Rüpke , p. 289 . Jump up ^ Potter ( 2009 ) , p. 354 ^ Jump up to : Edwards , p. 59 ^ Jump up to : Potter ( 1999 ) , p. 305 . Jump up ^ Cassio Dio 54.2. 2 ; Res Gestae Divi Augusti 22.1 , 3 Jump up ^ Edwards , p. 49 Jump up ^ Edmondson , p. 70 . Jump up ^ Cassius Dio 66.25 ^ Jump up to : Edwards , p. 55 Jump up ^ Edwards , p. 49 . Jump up ^ Edwards , p. 50 . Jump up ^ Potter ( 1999 ) , p. 307 Jump up ^ McClelland , Body and Mind , p. 66 , citing also Marcus Junkelmann . Jump up ^ Suetonius , Nero 12.2 Jump up ^ Edmondson , p. 73 . Jump up ^ Tertullian , De spectaculis 12 Jump up ^ Edwards , pp. 59 -- 60 Jump up ^ Potter ( 1999 ) , p. 224 . Jump up ^ McDonald , Marianne and Walton , J. Michael ( 2007 ) Introduction to The Cambridge Companion to Greek and Roman Theatre . Cambridge University Press . p. 8 . Jump up ^ Kyle , Donald G. ( 1998 ) Spectacles of Death in Ancient Rome . Routledge . p. 81 Jump up ^ Edwards , p. 63 . Jump up ^ Pliny , Panegyric 33.1 Jump up ^ Edwards , p. 52 . Jump up ^ Edwards , pp. 66 -- 67 , 72 . Jump up ^ Edwards , p. 212 . Jump up ^ Bowersock , G.W. ( 1995 ) Martyrdom and Rome . Cambridge University Press . pp. 25 -- 26 Jump up ^ Cavallo , p. 79 Jump up ^ Huber - Rebenich , Gerlinde ( 1999 ) `` Hagiographic Fiction as Entertainment , '' in Latin Fiction : The Latin Novel in Context . Routlege . pp. 158 -- 178 Jump up ^ Llewelyn , S.R. and Nobbs , A.M. ( 2002 ) `` The Earliest Dated Reference to Sunday in the Papyri , '' in New Documents Illustrating Early Christianity . Wm . B. Eerdmans . p. 109 Jump up ^ Hildebrandt , Henrik ( 2006 ) `` Early Christianity in Roman Pannonia -- Fact or Fiction ? '' in Studia Patristica : Papers Presented at the Fourteenth International Conference on Patristic Studies Held in Oxford 2003 . Peeters . pp. 59 -- 64 Jump up ^ Ando , p. 382 . Jump up ^ Oxford Latin Dictionary ( Oxford : Clarendon Press , 1982 , 1985 reprint ) , pp. 1048 -- 1049 Jump up ^ Habinek ( 2005 ) , pp. 5 , 143 . Jump up ^ Rawson ( 2003 ) , p. 128 . Jump up ^ McDaniel , Walton Brooks ( 1906 ) . `` Some Passages concerning Ball - Games '' . Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association . 37 : 121 . doi : 10.2307 / 282704 . JSTOR 282704 . Jump up ^ Rawson ( 2003 ) , pp. 129 -- 130 . Jump up ^ Eyben , Emiel ( 1977 ) Restless Youth in Ancient Rome . Routledge , pp. 79 -- 82 , 110 . Jump up ^ Dunbabin , Katherine M.D. ( 1999 ) Mosaics of the Greek and Roman World . Cambridge University Press . p. 133 . ISBN 0521002303 . Jump up ^ Hanson , Ann Ellis ( 1991 ) `` The Restructuring of Female Physiology at Rome , '' in Les écoles médicales à Rome . Université de Nantes . pp. 260 , 264 , particularly citing the Gynecology of Soranus . ^ Jump up to : Austin , R.G. ( 2009 ) . `` Roman Board Games . II '' . Greece and Rome . 4 ( 11 ) : 76 . doi : 10.1017 / S0017383500003119 . JSTOR 640979 . Jump up ^ Austin , R.G. ( 1934 ) . `` Roman Board Games . I '' . Greece and Rome . 4 ( 10 ) : 24 -- 34 . doi : 10.1017 / s0017383500002941 . JSTOR 641231 . Jump up ^ Gagarin , p. 230 . ^ Jump up to : Coon , Lynda L. ( 1997 ) Sacred Fictions : Holy Women and Hagiography in Late Antiquity . University of Pennsylvania Press . pp. 57 -- 58 . ^ Jump up to : Vout , p. 216 ^ Jump up to : Bieber , Margarete ( 1959 ) . `` Roman Men in Greek Himation ( Romani Palliati ) a Contribution to the History of Copying '' . Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society . 103 ( 3 ) : 374 -- 417 . JSTOR 985474 . Jump up ^ Vout , p. 218 . Jump up ^ Vout , pp. 204 -- 220 , especially pp. 206 , 211 Jump up ^ Métraux , Guy P.R. ( 2008 ) `` Prudery and Chic in Late Antique Clothing , '' in Roman Dress and the Fabrics of Roman Culture . University of Toronto Press . p. 286 . ^ Jump up to : Gagarin , p. 231 . Jump up ^ Quintilian , Institutio Oratoria 11.3. 137 -- 149 Jump up ^ Métraux , Guy P.R. ( 2008 ) `` Prudery and Chic in Late Antique Clothing , '' in Roman Dress and the Fabrics of Roman Culture . University of Toronto Press . pp. 282 -- 283 . Jump up ^ Cleland , Liza ( 2007 ) Greek and Roman Dress from A to Z . Routledge . p. 194 . Jump up ^ Modern copy of a 2nd - century original , from the Louvre . Jump up ^ Tertullian , De Pallio 5.2 Jump up ^ Vout , p. 217 . Jump up ^ Gagarin , p. 232 . Jump up ^ D'Amato , Raffaele ( 2005 ) Roman Military Clothing ( 3 ) AD 400 to 640 . Osprey . pp. 7 -- 9 . ISBN 184176843X . Jump up ^ Wickham , Chris ( 2009 ) The Inheritance of Rome . Penguin Books . p. 106 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 670 - 02098 - 0 Jump up ^ Kousser , p. 1 Jump up ^ Potter ( 2009 ) , pp. 75 -- 76 . Jump up ^ Potter ( 2009 ) , pp. 82 -- 83 . Jump up ^ Gazda , Elaine K. ( 1991 ) `` Introduction '' , in Roman Art in the Private Sphere : Architecture and Décor of the Domus , Villa , and Insula . University of Michigan Press . pp. 1 -- 3 . ISBN 047210196X . Jump up ^ Paul Zanker , Pompeii : Public and Private Life , translated by Deborah Lucas Schneider ( Harvard University Press , 1998 , originally published 1995 in German ) , p. 189 . Jump up ^ Kousser , pp. 4 -- 5 , 8 . Jump up ^ Gagarin , pp. 312 -- 313 . Jump up ^ Toynbee , J.M.C. ( December 1971 ) . `` Roman Art '' . The Classical Review . 21 ( 3 ) : 439 -- 442 . doi : 10.1017 / S0009840X00221331 . JSTOR 708631 . Jump up ^ Zanker , Paul ( 1988 ) The Power of Images in the Age of Augustus . University of Michigan Press . p. 5ff . Jump up ^ Gagarin , p. 451 . Jump up ^ Fejfer , Jane ( 2008 ) Roman Portraits in Context . Walter de Gruyter . p. 10 . Jump up ^ Gagarin , p. 453 . Jump up ^ Mattusch , Carol C. ( 2005 ) The Villa dei Papiri at Herculaneum : Life and Afterlife of a Sculpture Collection . Getty Publications . p. 322 . Jump up ^ Kousser , p. 13 Jump up ^ Strong , Donald ( 1976 , 1988 ) Roman Art . Yale University Press . 2nd ed. , p. 11 . Jump up ^ Gagarin , pp. 274 -- 275 . Jump up ^ Gagarin , p. 242 . Jump up ^ Kleiner , Fred S. ( 2007 ) A History of Roman Art . Wadsworth . p. 272 . Jump up ^ Newby , Zahra ( 2011 ) `` Myth and Death : Roman Mythological Sarcophagi , '' in A Companion to Greek Mythology . Blackwell . p. 301 . Jump up ^ Elsner , p. 1 . Jump up ^ Elsner , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Elsner , p. 14 . Jump up ^ Elsner , pp. 1 , 9 . Jump up ^ Strong , D.E. ( 1972 ) . `` Review of Roman Painting '' . The Classical Review . 22 ( 2 ) : 259 -- 261 . Jump up ^ Hachlili , Rachel ( 1998 ) Ancient Jewish Art and Archaeology in the Diaspora . Brill . pp. 96ff . Jump up ^ Schreckenberg , Heinz and Schubert , Kurt ( 1991 ) Jewish Historiography and Iconography in Early and Medieval Christianity . Fortress Press . pp. 171ff . ^ Jump up to : Gagarin , p. 463 . Jump up ^ Gagarin , p. 459 . Jump up ^ Gagarin , pp. 459 -- 460 . Jump up ^ Dunbabin , Katherine M.D. ( 1999 ) Mosaics of the Greek and Roman World . Cambridge University Press . p. 254ff . ISBN 0521002303 . Jump up ^ Gagarin , p. 202 . Jump up ^ Butcher , Kevin ( 2003 ) Roman Syria and the Near East . Getty Publications . p. 201ff . ISBN 0892367156 . Jump up ^ Bowman , p. 421 . Jump up ^ Fantham , R. Elaine ( 1989 ) . `` Mime : The Missing Link in Roman Literary History '' . The Classical World . 82 ( 3 ) : 153 . doi : 10.2307 / 4350348 . JSTOR 4350348 . Jump up ^ Slater , William J. ( 2002 ) . `` Mime Problems : Cicero Ad fam. 7.1 and Martial 9.38 '' . Phoenix . 56 ( 3 / 4 ) : 315 . doi : 10.2307 / 1192603 . JSTOR 1192603 . Jump up ^ Potter ( 1999 ) , p. 257 . Jump up ^ Gian Biagio Conte ( 1994 ) Latin Literature : A History . Johns Hopkins University Press . p. 128 . Jump up ^ Franklin , James L. ( 1987 ) . `` Pantomimists at Pompeii : Actius Anicetus and His Troupe '' . The American Journal of Philology. 108 : 95 . doi : 10.2307 / 294916 . JSTOR 294916 . Jump up ^ Starks , John H. Jr. ( 2008 ) `` Pantomime Actresses in Latin Inscriptions , '' in New Directions in Ancient Pantomime . Oxford University Press . p. 95 ; p. 14ff . ^ Jump up to : Naerebout , p. 146 . ^ Jump up to : Ginsberg ‐ Klar , Maria E. ( 2010 ) . `` The archaeology of musical instruments in Germany during the Roman period '' . World Archaeology. 12 ( 3 ) : 313 . doi : 10.1080 / 00438243.1981. 9979806 . JSTOR 124243 . Jump up ^ Habinek ( 2005 ) , p. 90ff . Jump up ^ Naerebout , pp. 146ff . Jump up ^ Naerebout , pp. 154 , 157 . Jump up ^ Naerebout , pp. 156 -- 157 . Jump up ^ Richlin , Amy ( 1993 ) . `` Not before Homosexuality : The Materiality of the cinaedus and the Roman Law against Love between Men '' . Journal of the History of Sexuality. 3 ( 4 ) : 539 -- 540 . JSTOR 3704392 . Jump up ^ Csapo , Eric and Slater , William J. ( 1994 ) The Context of Ancient Drama . University of Michigan Press . p. 377 . Jump up ^ MacMullen , Ramsay ( 1984 ) Christianizing the Roman Empire : ( A.D. 100 -- 400 ) . Yale University Press . pp. 74 -- 75 , 84 . Jump up ^ As quoted by Alcuin , Epistula 175 ( Nescit homo , qui histriones et mimos et saltatores introduct in domum suam , quam magna eos immundorum sequitur turba spiritum ) Jump up ^ Hen , Yitzhak ( 1995 ) Culture and Religion in Merovingian Gaul , AD 481 -- 751 . Brill . p. 230 . Jump up ^ Harris , p. 5 Jump up ^ Johnson ( 2009 ) , pp. 3 -- 4 ^ Jump up to : Kraus , T.J. ( 2000 ) . `` ( Il ) literacy in Non-Literary Papyri from Graeco - Roman Egypt : Further Aspects of the Educational Ideal in Ancient Literary Sources and Modern Times '' . Mnemosyme. 53 ( 3 ) : 322 -- 342 ( 325 -- 327 ) . doi : 10.1163 / 156852500510633 . JSTOR 4433101 . Jump up ^ Peachin , pp. 89 , 97 -- 98 . Jump up ^ Mattern , Susan P. ( 1999 ) Rome and the Enemy : Imperial Strategy in the Principate . University of California Press . p. 197 ^ Jump up to : Morgan , Teresa ( 1998 ) Literate Education in the Hellenistic and Roman Worlds . Cambridge University Press . pp. 1 -- 2 Jump up ^ Johnson ( 2009 ) , pp. 46ff . Jump up ^ Peachin , p. 97 . Jump up ^ Clifford Ando poses the question as `` what good would ' posted edicts ' do in a world of low literacy ? ' in Ando , p. 101 ( see also p. 87 on `` the government 's obsessive documentation '' ) . Jump up ^ Ando , pp. 86 -- 87 . Jump up ^ Ando , p. 101 Jump up ^ Ando , pp. 152 , 210 . Jump up ^ Beard , Mary ( 1991 ) `` Ancient Literacy and the Written Word in Roman Religion , '' in Literacy in the Roman World . University of Michigan Press . p. 59ff Jump up ^ Dickie , Matthew ( 2001 ) Magic and Magicians in the Greco - Roman World . Routledge . pp. pp. 94 -- 95 , 181 -- 182 , and 196 Jump up ^ Potter ( 2009 ) , p. 555 Jump up ^ Harris , pp. 29 , 218 -- 219 . Jump up ^ Phang , Sara Elise ( 2011 ) `` Military Documents , Languages , and Literacy , '' in A Companion to the Roman Army . Blackwell . pp. 286 -- 301 . Jump up ^ Mattern , Rome and the Enemy , p. 197 , citing Harris , pp. 253 -- 255 . Jump up ^ Harris , pp. 9 , 48 , 215 , 248 , 258 -- 269 Jump up ^ Johnson ( 2009 ) , pp. 47 , 54 , 290ff . Jump up ^ Mattern , Rome and the Enemy , p. 197 Jump up ^ Gagarin , pp. 19 -- 20 . ^ Jump up to : Johnson ( 2010 ) , pp. 17 -- 18 . Jump up ^ Martial , Epigrams 1.2 and 14.184 -- 92 , as cited by Johnson ( 2010 ) , p. 17 Jump up ^ Cavallo , pp. 83 -- 84 . Jump up ^ Cavallo , pp. 84 -- 85 . Jump up ^ Cavallo , p. 84 . ^ Jump up to : Marshall , p. 253 . Jump up ^ Cavallo , p. 71 Jump up ^ Marshall , p. 253 , citing on the book trade in the provinces Pliny the Younger , Epistulae 9.11. 2 ; Martial , Epigrams 7.88 ; Horace , Carmina 2.20. 13f. and Ars Poetica 345 ; Ovid , Tristia 4.9. 21 and 4.10. 128 ; Pliny the Elder , Natural History 35.2. 11 ; Sidonius , Epistulae 9.7. 1 . Jump up ^ Strabo 13.1. 54 , 50.13. 419 ; Martial , Epigrams 2.8 ; Lucian , Adversus Indoctum 1 Jump up ^ According to Seneca , Epistulae 27.6 f . Jump up ^ Marshall , p. 254 . Jump up ^ Marshall , pp. 252 -- 264 . Jump up ^ Cavallo , pp. 67 -- 68 . Jump up ^ Marshall , pp. 257 , 260 . Jump up ^ Pliny , Epistulae 1.8. 2 ; CIL 5.5262 ( = ILS 2927 ) Jump up ^ Marshall , p. 255 . Jump up ^ Marshall , 261 -- 262 Jump up ^ Cavallo , p. 70 . Jump up ^ Tacitus , Agricola 2.1 and Annales 4.35 and 14.50 ; Pliny the Younger , Epistulae 7.19. 6 ; Suetonius , Augustus 31 , Tiberius 61.3 , and Caligula 16 Jump up ^ Suetonius , Domitian 10 ; Quintilian , Institutio Oratoria 9.2. 65 Jump up ^ Marshall , p. 263 . Jump up ^ Johnson ( 2009 ) , pp. 114ff. , pp. 186ff . Jump up ^ Potter ( 2009 ) , p. 372 . Jump up ^ Johnson ( 2010 ) p. 14 . Jump up ^ Johnson ( 2009 ) , pp. 320ff . Jump up ^ Cavallo , pp. 68 -- 69 , 78 -- 79 . Jump up ^ Cavallo , pp. 81 -- 82 . Jump up ^ Peachin , p. 95 . Jump up ^ Peachin , pp. 84 -- 85 . Jump up ^ Laes , p. 108 ^ Jump up to : Peachin , p. 89 . Jump up ^ Laes , pp. 113 -- 116 . Jump up ^ Peachin , pp. 90 , 92 Jump up ^ Laes , pp. 116 -- 121 . Jump up ^ Peachin , pp. 87 -- 89 . Jump up ^ Laes , p. 122 . ^ Jump up to : Peachin , p. 90 . Jump up ^ Laes , pp. 107 -- 108 , 132 . Jump up ^ Peachin , pp. 93 -- 94 . Jump up ^ Peachin , pp. 88 , 106 Jump up ^ Laes , p. 109 . Jump up ^ Laes , p. 132 . Jump up ^ Potter ( 2009 ) , pp. 439 , 442 . Jump up ^ Peachin , pp. 102 -- 103 , 105 . Jump up ^ Peachin , pp. 104 -- 105 . Jump up ^ Peachin , pp. 103 , 106 . Jump up ^ Peachin , p. 110 . Jump up ^ Peachin , p. 107 . Jump up ^ Harris , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Saller , R.P. ( 2012 ) . `` Promotion and Patronage in Equestrian Careers '' . Journal of Roman Studies . 70 : 44 . doi : 10.2307 / 299555 . JSTOR 299555 . Jump up ^ Armstron , David ( 2010 ) `` The Biographical and Social Foundations of Horace 's Poetic Voice , '' in A Companion to Horace . Blackwell . p. 11 Jump up ^ Lyne , R.O.A.M. ( 1995 ) Horace : Beyond the Public Poetry . Yale University Press . pp. 2 -- 3 Jump up ^ Peachin , p. 94 . Jump up ^ Potter ( 2009 ) , p. 598 . Jump up ^ Laes , pp. 109 -- 110 . Jump up ^ Peachin , p. 88 . Jump up ^ Laes , p. 110 ^ Jump up to : Gagarin , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Gagarin , p. 18 . Jump up ^ The wide - ranging 21st - century scholarship on the Second Sophistic includes Being Greek under Rome : Cultural Identity , the Second Sophistic and the Development of Empire , edited by Simon Goldhill ( Cambridge University Press , 2001 ) ; Paideia : The World of the Second Sophistic , edited by Barbara E. Borg ( De Gruyter , 2004 ) ; and Tim Whitmarsh , The Second Sophistic ( Oxford University Press , 2005 ) . ^ Jump up to : Habinek , Thomas N. ( 1998 ) The Politics of Latin Literature : Writing , Identity , and Empire in Ancient Rome . Princeton University Press . pp. 122 -- 123 Jump up ^ Rawson ( 2003 ) , p. 80 . Jump up ^ James , Sharon L. ( 2003 ) Learned Girls and Male Persuasion : Gender and Reading in Roman Love Elegy . University of California Press . pp. 21 -- 25 Jump up ^ Johnson , W.R. `` Propertius , '' pp. 42 -- 43 , and Sharon L. James , `` Elegy and New Comedy , '' p. 262 , both in A Companion to Roman Love Elegy . Blackwell , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gagarin , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Harris , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Cavallo , pp. 87 -- 89 . Jump up ^ Cavallo , p. 86 . Jump up ^ Roberts , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Aetas Ovidiana ; Charles McNelis , `` Ovidian Strategies in Early Imperial Literature , '' in A Companion to Ovid ( Blackwell , 2007 ) , p. 397 . Jump up ^ Roberts , p. 8 . Jump up ^ van Dam , Harm - Jan ( 2008 ) `` Wandering Woods Again : From Poliziano to Grotius , '' in The Poetry of Statius . Brill . p. 45ff . Jump up ^ Jonathan Master , `` The Histories , '' in A Companion to Tacitus ( Blackwell , 2012 ) , p. 88 . Jump up ^ Sage , Michael M. ( 1990 ) `` Tacitus ' Historical Works : A Survey and Appraisal , '' Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt II. 33.2 , p. 853 . Jump up ^ Albrecht , p. 1294 . Jump up ^ Albrecht , p. 1443 . ^ Jump up to : Roberts , p. 70 . Jump up ^ Albrecht , p. 1359ff . Jump up ^ `` Not since Vergil had there been a Roman poet so effective at establishing a master narrative for his people '' : Marc Mastrangelo , The Roman Self in Late Antiquity : Prudentius and the Poetics of the Soul ( Johns Hopkins University Press , 2008 ) , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Bowersock , p. 694 ^ Jump up to : Rüpke , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Apuleius , Florides 1.1 Jump up ^ Rüpke , p. 279 . Jump up ^ Matthew Bunson , A Dictionary of the Roman Empire ( Oxford University Press , 1995 ) , p. 246 . Jump up ^ The caesareum at Najaran was possibly known later as the `` Kaaba of Najran '' : جواد علي , المفصل في تاريخ العرب قبل الإسلام ( Jawad Ali , Al - Mufassal fi Tarikh Al - ' Arab Qabl Al - Islam ; `` Commentary on the History of the Arabs Before Islam '' ) , Baghdad , 1955 -- 1983 ; P. Harland , `` Imperial Cults within Local Cultural Life : Associations in Roman Asia '' , originally published in Ancient History Bulletin / Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte 17 ( 2003 ) 91 -- 103 . Jump up ^ Isaac , Benjamin H. ( 2004 ) The Invention of Racism in Classical Antiquity . Princeton University Press . p. 449 Jump up ^ Frend , W.H.C. ( 1967 ) Martyrdom and Persecution in the Early Church : A Study of Conflict from the Maccabees to Donatus . Doubleday . p. 106 Jump up ^ Huskinson , Janet ( 2000 ) Experiencing Rome : Culture , Identity and Power in the Roman Empire . Routledge . p. 261 . See , for instance , the altar dedicated by a Roman citizen and depicting a sacrifice conducted in the Roman manner for the Germanic goddess Vagdavercustis in the 2nd century AD . Jump up ^ Momigliano , Arnaldo ( 1986 ) . `` The Disadvantages of Monotheism for a Universal State '' . Classical Philology. 81 ( 4 ) : 285 -- 297 . doi : 10.1086 / 367003 . JSTOR 269977 . Jump up ^ Fishwick , Duncan ( 1991 ) . The Imperial Cult in the Latin West : Studies in the Ruler Cult of the Western Provinces of the Roman Empire , Vol. 1 , Brill . pp. 97 -- 149 . ISBN 90 - 04 - 07179 - 2 . Jump up ^ Ben - Sasson , H.H. ( 1976 ) A History of the Jewish People , Harvard University Press . pp. 254 -- 256 . ISBN 0 - 674 - 39731 - 2 Jump up ^ Bowman , p. 616 Jump up ^ Frend , W.H.C. ( 2006 ) `` Persecutions : Genesis and Legacy , '' Cambridge History of Christianity : Origins to Constantine . Cambridge University Press . Vol. 1 , p. 510 . ISBN 0521812399 . Jump up ^ Barnes , T.D. ( 2012 ) . `` Legislation against the Christians '' . Journal of Roman Studies . 58 : 32 . doi : 10.2307 / 299693 . JSTOR 299693 . Jump up ^ Sainte - Croix , G.E.M de ( 1963 ) . `` Why Were the Early Christians Persecuted ? '' . Past & Present. 26 : 6 -- 38 . doi : 10.1093 / past / 26.1. 6 . Jump up ^ Musurillo , Herbert ( 1972 ) The Acts of the Christian Martyrs . Oxford : Clarendon Press . pp. lviii -- lxii Jump up ^ Sherwin - White , A.N. ( 1952 ) . `` The Early Persecutions and Roman Law Again '' . The Journal of Theological Studies ( 2 ) : 199 . doi : 10.1093 / jts / III. 2.199 . JSTOR 23952852 . Jump up ^ Tacitus , Annals XV. 44 Jump up ^ Eusebius of Caesarea ( 425 ) . Church History . Jump up ^ Smallwood , E.M. ( 1956 ) . `` ' Domitian 's attitude towards the Jews and Judaism '' . Classical Philology. 51 : 1 -- 13 . doi : 10.1086 / 363978 . Jump up ^ Pliny , Epistle to Trajan on the Christians Jump up ^ Frend , W.H.C. ( 1959 ) . `` The Failure of the Persecutions in the Roman Empire '' . Past and Present. 16 : 10 . doi : 10.1093 / past / 16.1. 10 . JSTOR 650151 . Jump up ^ Bowersock , p. 625 Jump up ^ Rüpke , pp. 406 -- 426 Jump up ^ On vocabulary , see Schilling , Robert ( 1992 ) `` The Decline and Survival of Roman Religion '' , Roman and European Mythologies . University of Chicago Press . p. 110 . Jump up ^ Burgan , Michael ( 2009 ) . Empire of Ancient Rome . Infobase Publishing . pp. 113 -- 114 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4381 - 2659 - 3 . Jump up ^ Noble , Thomas F.X. ; Strauss , Barry ; Osheim , Duane J. ; Neuschel , Kristen B. ; Accampo , Elinor Ann ( 2010 ) . Western Civilization : Beyond Boundaries , 1300 -- 1815 . Cengage Learning . p. 352 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4240 - 6959 - 0 . Jump up ^ Goffman , Daniel ( 2002 ) . The Ottoman Empire and Early Modern Europe . Cambridge University Press . p. 107 . Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica , History of Europe , The Romans , 2008 , O. Ed . Jump up ^ Collier , Martin ( 2003 ) . Italian Unification , 1820 -- 71 . Heinemann . p. 22 . ISBN 0 - 435 - 32754 - 2 . Jump up ^ Briggs , Ward ( 2010 ) `` United States , '' in A Companion to the Classical Tradition . Blackwell . p. 279ff . ^ Jump up to : Meinig , D.W. ( 1986 ) The Shaping of America : A Geographical Perspective on 500 Years of History . Atlantic America , 1492 -- 1800 . Yale University Press . Vol. 1 . pp. 432 -- 435 . ISBN 0300038828 . ^ Jump up to : Vale , Lawrence J. ( 1992 ) Architecture , Power , and National Identity . Yale University Press . pp. 11 , 66 -- 67 Jump up ^ Mallgrave , Harry Francis ( 2005 ) Modern Architectural Theory : A Historical Survey , 1673 -- 1968 . Cambridge University Press . pp. 144 -- 145 ^ Jump up to : Kornwall , James D. ( 2011 ) Architecture and Town Planning in Colonial North America . Johns Hopkins University Press , vol. 3 . pp. 1246 , 1405 -- 1408 . ISBN 0801859867 . Jump up ^ Wood , pp. 73 -- 74 Jump up ^ Onuf , Peter S. and Cole , Nicholas P. introduction to Thomas Jefferson , the Classical World , and Early America . University of Virginia Press . p. 5 Jump up ^ Dietler , Michael ( 2010 ) . Archaeologies of Colonialism : Consumption , Entanglement , and Violence in Ancient Mediterranean France . University of California Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 26551 - 6 . Jump up ^ Briggs , W. ( 2010 ) `` United States , '' in A Companion to the Classical Tradition . Blackwell . pp. 282 -- 286 Jump up ^ Wood , pp. 60 , 66 , 73 -- 74 , 239 . Jump up ^ Gelernter , Mark ( 1999 ) A History of American Architecture : Buildings in Their Cultural and Technological Context . University Press of New England . p. 13 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Richard Guy ( 2011 ) `` Thomas Jefferson 's Classical Architecture : An American Agenda , '' in Thomas Jefferson , the Classical World , and Early America . University of Virginia Press . p. 122 Jump up ^ Spahn , Hannah ( 2011 ) Thomas Jefferson , Time , and History . University of Virginia Press . pp. 144 -- 145 , 163 -- 167 Jump up ^ Wood , pp. 228 -- 330 Jump up ^ Lears , Jackson ( 2009 ) Rebirth of a Nation : The Making of Modern America , 1877 -- 1920 . HarperCollins . pp. 277 -- 278 Jump up ^ Gutheim , Frederick and Lee , Antoinette J. ( 2006 ) Worthy of the Nation : Washington , DC , from L'Enfant to the National Capital Planning Committee . Johns Hopkins University Press , 2nd ed . pp. 137 , 152 . Cited sources Abbott , Frank Frost ( 1901 ) . A History and Description of Roman Political Institutions . Elibron Classics . ISBN 0 - 543 - 92749 - 0 . Adams , J.N. ( 2003 ) . `` ' Romanitas ' and the Latin Language '' . The Classical Quarterly . 53 : 184 . doi : 10.1093 / cq / 53.1. 184 . JSTOR 3556490 . Albrecht , Michael von ( 1997 ) . A History of Roman Literature : From Livius Andronicus to Boethius : with Special Regard to Its Influence on World Literature. 2 . BRILL . ISBN 90 - 04 - 10709 - 6 . Ando , Clifford ( 2000 ) . Imperial Ideology and Provincial Loyalty in the Roman Empire . University of California Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 22067 - 6 . Auguet , Roland ( 2012 ) . Cruelty and Civilization : The Roman Games . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 1 - 135 - 09343 - 3 . Boardman , John , ed. ( 2000 ) . The Cambridge Ancient History : The High Empire , A.D. 70 -- 192 . Vol. 11 . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0521263352 . Bohec , Yann Le ( 2000 ) . The Imperial Roman Army . Psychology Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 22295 - 2 . Bowersock , Glen Warren ; Brown , Peter ; Grabar , Oleg ( 1999 ) . Late Antiquity : A Guide to the Postclassical World . Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 51173 - 6 . Bowman , Alan ; Garnsey , Peter ; Cameron , Averil , eds. ( 2005 ) . The Cambridge Ancient History : Volume 12 , The Crisis of Empire , AD 193 -- 337 . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 30199 - 2 . Bradley , Keith ( 1994 ) . Slavery and Society at Rome . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 37887 - 1 . Cavallo , Guglielmo ; Chartier , Roger ( 1999 ) . A History of Reading in the West . Polity Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7456 - 1936 - 1 . Clarke , John R. ( 1991 ) . The Houses of Roman Italy , 100 B.C. - A.D. 250 : Ritual , Space , and Decoration . University of California Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 08429 - 2 . Dyson , Stephen L. ( 2010 ) . Rome : A Living Portrait of an Ancient City . JHU Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4214 - 0101 - 0 . Edmondson , J.C. ( 1996 ) . `` Dynamic Arenas : Gladiatorial Presentations in the City of Rome and the Construction of Roman Society during the Early Empire '' . Roman Theater and Society . University of Michigan Press . Edwards , Catharine ( 2007 ) . Death in Ancient Rome . Yale University Press . ISBN 0 - 300 - 11208 - 4 . Elsner , Jaś ; Huskinson , Janet ( 2011 ) . Life , Death and Representation : Some New Work on Roman Sarcophagi . Walter de Gruyter . ISBN 978 - 3 - 11 - 020213 - 7 . Frier , Bruce W. ; McGinn , Thomas A. ( 2004 ) . A Casebook on Roman Family Law . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 516185 - 4 . Gagarin , Michael , ed. ( 2010 ) . The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 517072 - 6 . Goldsworthy , Adrian ( 2003 ) . The Complete Roman Army . London : Thames & Hudson . ISBN 0 - 500 - 05124 - 0 . Habinek , Thomas N. ( 2005 ) . The World of Roman Song : From Ritualized Speech to Social Order . JHU Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 8105 - 3 . Harris , W.V. ( 1989 ) . Ancient Literacy . Harvard University Press . ISBN 0674033817 . Holleran , Claire ( 2012 ) . Shopping in Ancient Rome : The Retail Trade in the Late Republic and the Principate . OUP Oxford . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 969821 - 9 . Humphrey , John H. ( 1986 ) . Roman Circuses : Arenas for Chariot Racing . University of California Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 04921 - 5 . Huzar , Eleanor Goltz ( 1978 ) . Mark Antony : a Biography . Minneapolis : University of Minnesota Press . ISBN 0 - 8166 - 0863 - 6 . Johnson , William A ; Parker , Holt N ( 2009 ) . Ancient Literacies : The Culture of Reading in Greece and Rome . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 971286 - 1 . Johnson , William A. ( 2010 ) . Readers and Reading Culture in the High Roman Empire : A Study of Elite Communities . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 972105 - 4 . Jones , A.H.M. ( 1960 ) . `` The Cloth Industry Under the Roman Empire '' . The Economic History Review . 13 ( 2 ) : 183 -- 192 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1468 - 0289.1960. tb02114. x . Kelly , Christopher ( 2007 ) . The Roman Empire : A Very Short Introduction . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0192803913 . Kousser , Rachel Meredith ( 2008 ) . Hellenistic and Roman Ideal Sculpture : The Allure of the Classical . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 87782 - 4 . Laes , Christian ( 2011 ) . Children in the Roman Empire : Outsiders Within . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 89746 - 4 . Marshall , Anthony J. ( 1976 ) . `` Library Resources and Creative Writing at Rome '' . Phoenix . 30 ( 3 ) : 252 -- 264 . doi : 10.2307 / 1087296 . JSTOR 1087296 . Millar , Fergus ( 2012 ) . `` Empire and City , Augustus to Julian : Obligations , Excuses and Status '' . Journal of Roman Studies . 73 : 76 . doi : 10.2307 / 300073 . JSTOR 300073 . Mommsen , Theodore ( 2005 ) ( 1909 ) . William P. Dickson , ed . The provinces of the Roman empire from Caesar to Diocletian . Translated by William P. Dickson . Ann Arbor , Michigan : University of Michigan Library . Morris , Ian ; Scheidel , Walter ( 2009 ) . The Dynamics of Ancient Empires : State Power from Assyria to Byzantium . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 970761 - 4 . Naerebout , Frederick G. ( 2009 ) . `` Dance in the Roman Empire and Its Discontents '' . Ritual Dynamics and Religious Change in the Roman Empire . Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop of the International Network Impact of Empire ( Heidelberg , July 5 -- 7 , 2007 ) , Brill . Nicolet , Claude ( 1991 ) . Space , Geography , and Politics in the Early Roman Empire . University of Michigan Press . ISBN 0 - 472 - 10096 - 3 . Peachin , Michael , ed. ( 2011 ) . The Oxford Handbook of Social Relations in the Roman World . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 518800 - 4 . Potter , David Stone ; Mattingly , D.J. ( 1999 ) . Life , Death , and Entertainment in the Roman Empire . University of Michigan Press . ISBN 0 - 472 - 08568 - 9 . Potter , David S. , ed. ( 2009 ) . A Companion to the Roman Empire . John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4051 - 9918 - 6 . Rochette , Bruno ( 2012 ) . `` Language Policies in the Roman Republic and Empire '' . A Companion to the Latin Language . doi : 10.1002 / 9781444343397. ch30 . ISBN 9781444343397 . Rawson , Beryl ( 1987 ) . The Family in Ancient Rome : New Perspectives . Cornell University Press . ISBN 0 - 8014 - 9460 - 5 . Rawson , Beryl ( 2003 ) . Children and Childhood in Roman Italy . OUP Oxford . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 151423 - 4 . Roberts , Michael John ( 1989 ) . The jeweled style : poetry and poetics in late antiquity . Cornell University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8014 - 2265 - 2 . Rüpke , Jörg ( 2007 ) . A Companion to Roman Religion . Wiley . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 76645 - 3 . Stambaugh , John E. ( 1988 ) . The Ancient Roman City . JHU Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 3692 - 3 . Sullivan , Richard , D. ( 1990 ) . Near Eastern Royalty and Rome , 100 - 30 BC . Toronto : University of Toronto Press . ISBN 0 - 8020 - 2682 - 6 . Vout , Caroline ( 2009 ) . `` The Myth of the Toga : Understanding the History of Roman Dress '' . Greece and Rome . 43 ( 2 ) : 204 -- 220 . doi : 10.1093 / gr / 43.2. 204 . JSTOR 643096 . Winterling , Aloys ( 2009 ) . Politics and Society in Imperial Rome . John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4051 - 7969 - 0 . Wiseman , T.P. ( 1970 ) . `` The Definition of Eques Romanus '' . Historia. 19 ( 1 ) : 67 -- 83 . Wood , Gordon S. ( 2011 ) . The Idea of America : Reflections on the Birth of the United States . Penguin Publishing Group . ISBN 978 - 1 - 101 - 51514 - 3 . External links Library resources about Roman Empire Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Find more aboutRoman Empireat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity Romans for Children , a BBC website on ancient Rome for children at primary - school level . Interactive map of the Roman Empire at Vici.org Historical Atlas showing the expansion of the Roman Empire . Roman-Empire.net , learning resources and re-enactments The Historical Theater in the Year 400 AD , in Which Both Romans and Barbarians Resided Side by Side in the Eastern Part of the Roman Empire Ancient Rome topics Outline Timeline Epochs Foundation Kingdom overthrow Republic Empire Pax Romana Principate Dominate Western Empire fall historiography of the fall Byzantine Empire decline fall Constitution History Kingdom Republic Empire Late Empire Senate Legislative assemblies Curiate Centuriate Tribal Plebeian Executive magistrates SPQR Government Curia Forum Cursus honorum Collegiality Emperor Legatus Dux Officium Prefect Vicarius Vigintisexviri Lictor Magister militum Imperator Princeps senatus Pontifex Maximus Augustus Caesar Tetrarch Optimates Populares Province Magistrates Ordinary Consul Censor Praetor Tribune Tribune of the Plebs Military tribune Quaestor Aedile Promagistrate Governor Extraordinary Rex Interrex Dictator Magister Equitum Decemviri Consular Tribune Triumvir Law Twelve Tables Mos maiorum Citizenship Auctoritas Imperium Status Litigation Military Borders Establishment Structure Campaigns Political control Strategy Engineering Frontiers and fortifications castra Technology Army Legion Infantry tactics Personal equipment Siege engines Navy Auxiliaries Decorations and punishments Hippika gymnasia Economy Agriculture Deforestation Commerce Finance Currency Republican currency Imperial currency Technology Abacus Numerals Civil engineering Military engineering Military technology Aqueducts Bridges Circus Concrete Domes Forum Metallurgy Roads Sanitation Thermae Culture Architecture Art Bathing Calendar Clothing Cosmetics Cuisine Hairstyles Education Literature Music Mythology Religion Romanization Sexuality Theatre Wine Society Patricians Plebs Conflict of the Orders Secessio plebis Equites Gens Tribes Naming conventions Demography Women Marriage Adoption Slavery Bagaudae Latin History Alphabet Versions Old Classical Vulgar Late Medieval Renaissance New Contemporary Ecclesiastical Romance languages Writers Latin Ammianus Marcellinus Appian Appuleius Asconius Pedianus Augustine Aurelius Victor Ausonius Boëthius Caesar Catullus Cassiodorus Censorinus Cicero Claudian Columella Ennius Eutropius Fabius Pictor Festus Florus Frontinus Fulgentius Gellius Horace Jerome Juvenal Livy Lucan Lucretius Macrobius Marcus Aurelius Martial Orosius Ovid Petronius Phaedrus Plautus Pliny the Elder Pliny the Younger Priscian Propertius Quintilian Quintus Curtius Rufus Sallust Seneca the Elder Seneca the Younger Servius Sidonius Apollinaris Statius Suetonius Symmachus Tacitus Terence Tertullian Tibullus Valerius Antias Valerius Maximus Varro Velleius Paterculus Verrius Flaccus Virgil Vitruvius Greek Arrian Cassius Dio Diodorus Siculus Dionysius of Halicarnassus Dioscorides Eusebius of Caesaria Galen Herodian Josephus Pausanias Philostratus Phlegon of Tralles Photius Plutarch Polybius Porphyrius Procopius Strabo Zonaras Zosimus Major cities Alexandria Antioch Aquileia Berytus Bononia Carthage Constantinopolis Eboracum Leptis Magna Londinium Lutetia Mediolanum Pompeii Ravenna Roma Smyrna Vindobona Volubilis Lists and other topics Cities and towns Climate Consuls Distinguished women Emperors Generals Gentes Geographers Institutions Laws Legacy Legions Nomina Tribunes Wars and battles Fiction Films History of the Roman - 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774 ) Odoacer 's rule ( 476 -- 493 ) Ostrogothic rule ( 493 -- 553 ) Vandal rule ( 435 -- 534 ) Lombard rule ( 568 -- 774 ) Duchy of Benevento Duchy of Friuli Duchy of Ivrea Duchy of Spoleto Duchy of Tridentum Byzantine Empire ( 584 - 751 ) Exarchate of Ravenna ( 584 -- 751 ) Duchy of Rome ( 533 -- 751 ) Duchy of Perugia ( 554 -- 752 ) Duchy of the Pentapolis ( 554 -- 752 ) Exarchate of Africa ( 585 -- 698 ) Holy Roman Empire and Kingdom of Italy ( 774 / 962 -- 1806 ) , Papal States and other independent states March of Ancona Duchy of Aosta Patria del Friuli ( Patriarchate of Aquileia ) Bishopric of Bressanone Duchy of Castro Commune of Rome Marquisate of Ceva Republic of Cospaia Duchy of Ferrara Marquisate of Finale City of Fiume and its District Republic of Florence Duchy of Florence March of Friuli Republic of Genoa Republic of Noli County of Gorizia Princely County of Gorizia and Gradisca County of Guastalla Duchy of Guastalla March of Istria Duchy of Ivrea Republic of Lucca Margravate of Mantua Duchy of Mantua Duchy of Massa and Carrara Duchy of Merania Duchy of Milan Duchy of Mirandola Duchy of Modena and Reggio March of Montferrat Duchy of Montferrat County of Nizza Duchy of Parma Principality of Piedmont Principality of Piombino Republic of Pisa Duchy of Reggio Marquisate of Saluzzo County of Savoy Duchy of Savoy Republic of Siena Duchy of Spoleto Terra Sancti Benedicti Bishopric of Trento March of Turin March of Tuscany Grand Duchy of Tuscany County of Tirolo Duchy of Urbino March of Verona Imperial Free City of Trieste Republic of Venice ( 697 -- 1797 ) Dogado Stato da Màr Domini di Terraferma Southern Italy ( 774 -- 1139 ) Byzantine Duchy of Amalfi Duchy of Gaeta Catepanate of Italy Longobardia Theme of Lucania Duchy of Naples Theme of Sicily and Byzantine Sicily Duchy of Sorrento Arab Emirate of Bari Emirate of Sicily Lombard Principality of Benevento Principality of Salerno Principality of Capua Norman County of Apulia and Calabria County of Aversa County of Sicily Principality of Taranto Sardinia and Corsica ( 9th century -- 1420 ) Giudicati Agugliastra Arborea Cagliari Gallura Logudoro Kingdom of Sardinia and Corsica Corsican Republic ( 1755 -- 1769 ) Kingdom of Sicily ( 1130 -- 1816 ) and Kingdom of Naples ( 1282 -- 1816 ) State of the Presidi Duke of San Donato Duchy of Sora Principality of Taranto Neapolitan Republic ( 1647 -- 1648 ) Malta under the Order Gozo Malta Protectorate Crown Colony of Malta French Revolutionary and Napoleonic eras ( 1792 -- 1815 ) Republics Alba Ancona Bergamo Bologna Brescia Cisalpinia Cispadania Crema Italy Liguria Lucca Parthenopea Piedmont Rome Subalpinia Tiberinia Transpadania Monarchies Benevento Etruria Guastalla Italy Lucca and Piombino Massa and Carrara Naples Pontecorvo Tuscany Elba Corsica Post-Napoleonic states Duchy of Genoa ( 1815 -- 1848 ) Duchy of Lucca ( 1815 -- 1847 ) Duchy of Massa and Carrara ( 1814 -- 1829 ) Duchy of Modena and Reggio ( 1814 -- 1859 ) Duchy of Parma ( 1814 -- 1859 ) Grand Duchy of Tuscany ( 1815 -- 1859 ) Italian United Provinces ( 1831 ) Provisional Government of Milan ( 1848 ) Republic of San Marco ( 1848 -- 1849 ) Roman Republic ( 1849 ) United Provinces of Central Italy ( 1859 -- 1860 ) Kingdom of Sardinia ( 1814 -- 1860 ) Kingdom of the Two Sicilies ( 1816 -- 1861 ) Kingdom of Lombardy -- Venetia ( 1815 -- 1866 ) Papal States ( 1814 -- 1870 ) Post-unification Kingdom of Italy ( 1861 -- 1946 ) Italian Empire ( 1869 -- 1946 ) Free State of Fiume ( 1920 -- 1924 ) Italian Social Republic ( 1943 -- 1945 ) Free Territory of Trieste ( 1947 - 1954 ) Ancient Syria and Mesopotamia Syria Northern Mesopotamia Southern Mesopotamia c. 3500 -- 2350 BCE Martu Subartu Sumerian city - states c. 2350 -- 2200 BCE Akkadian Empire c. 2200 -- 2100 BCE Gutians c. 2100 -- 2000 BCE Third Dynasty of Ur ( Sumerian Renaissance ) c. 2000 -- 1800 BCE Mari and other Amorite city - states Old Assyrian Empire ( Northern Akkadians ) Isin / Larsa and other Amorite city - states c. 1800 -- 1600 BCE Old Hittite Kingdom Old Babylonian Empire ( Southern Akkadians ) c. 1600 -- 1400 BCE Mitanni ( Hurrians ) Karduniaš ( Kassites ) c. 1400 -- 1200 BCE New Hittite Kingdom Middle Assyrian Empire c. 1200 -- 1150 BCE Bronze Age collapse ( `` Sea Peoples '' ) Arameans c. 1150 -- 911 BCE Phoenicia Syro - Hittite states Aram - Damascus Arameans Middle Babylonia ( Isin II ) Chal de - ans 911 -- 729 BCE Neo-Assyrian Empire 729 -- 609 BCE 626 -- 539 BCE Neo-Babylonian Empire ( Chaldeans ) 539 -- 331 BCE Achaemenid Empire ( Persians ) 336 -- 301 BCE Macedonian Empire ( Ancient Greeks ) 311 -- 129 BCE Seleucid Empire 129 -- 63 BCE Seleucid Empire Parthian Empire ( Iranians ) 63 BCE -- 243 CE Roman Empire / Byzantine Empire ( Syria ) 243 -- 636 CE Sasanian Empire ( Persians ) History of Europe Prehistory Paleolithic Europe Neolithic Europe Bronze Age Europe Iron Age Europe Classical antiquity Classical Greece Roman Republic Hellenistic period Roman Empire Early Christianity Crisis of the Third Century Fall of the Western Roman Empire Late antiquity Middle Ages Early Middle Ages Migration Period Christianization Francia Byzantine Empire Maritime republics Viking Age Kievan Rus ' Holy Roman Empire High Middle Ages Feudalism Crusades Mongol invasion Late Middle Ages Hundred Years ' War Kalmar Union Renaissance Early modern Reformation Age of Discovery Baroque Thirty Years ' War Absolute monarchy Ottoman Empire Portuguese Empire Spanish Empire Early modern France Polish -- Lithuanian Commonwealth Swedish Empire Dutch Republic British Empire Habsburg Monarchy Russian Empire Age of Enlightenment Modern Great Divergence Industrial Revolution French Revolution Napoleonic Wars Nationalism Revolutions of 1848 World War I Russian Revolution Interwar period World War II Cold War European integration See also Art of Europe Genetic history of Europe History of the Mediterranean region History of the European Union History of Western civilization Maritime history of Europe Military history of Europe Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roman_Empire&oldid=836974676 '' Categories : Former countries in Europe Former countries in Asia Former empires States and territories disestablished in 1453 Roman Empire Ancient Italian history Former countries on the Italian Peninsula Countries in ancient Africa Superpowers 20s BC establishments in the Roman Empire 27 BC establishments 1st - 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what is the first dragon ball z movie	No . Japanese title English translation English title Japanese release North American release Shenron no Densetsu ( 神龍の伝説 ) The Legend of Shenron Curse of the Blood Rubies December 20 , 1986 ( 1986 - 12 - 20 ) December 28 , 1989 ( 1989 - 12 - 28 ) ( Harmony Gold edit ; TV airing ) September 9 , 1995 ( 1995 - 09 - 09 ) ( BLT Productions dub ) December 28 , 2010 ( 2010 - 12 - 28 ) ( Funimation dub ) Majin - jō no Nemuri Hime ( 魔神城のねむり姫 ) Sleeping Princess in the Devil 's Castle Sleeping Princess in Devil 's Castle July 18 , 1987 ( 1987 - 07 - 18 ) December 15 , 1998 ( 1998 - 12 - 15 ) Makafushigi Dai - bōken ( 魔訶不思議大冒険 ) Mystical Great Adventure Mystical Adventure July 9 , 1988 ( 1988 - 07 - 09 ) December 28 , 1989 ( 1989 - 12 - 28 ) ( Harmony Gold ; TV airing ) November 21 , 2000 ( 2000 - 11 - 21 ) ( Funimation dub ) Ora no Gohan o Kaese ! ! ( オラの悟飯をかえせッ ! ! ) Return My Gohan ! ! Dead Zone July 15 , 1989 ( 1989 - 07 - 15 ) December 17 , 1997 ( 1997 - 12 - 17 ) ( Pioneer uncut DVD ) May 31 , 2005 ( 2005 - 05 - 31 ) ( Funimation dub ) 5 Kono Yo de Ichiban Tsuyoi Yatsu ( この世で一番強いヤツ ) The Strongest Guy in the World The World 's Strongest March 10 , 1990 ( 1990 - 03 - 10 ) May 26 , 1998 ( 1998 - 05 - 26 ) ( Pioneer uncut DVD ) November 14 , 2006 ( 2006 - 11 - 14 ) ( Funimation dub ) 6 Chikyū Marugoto Chō - kessen ( 地球まるごと超決戦 ) The Decisive Battle for the Entire Earth The Tree of Might July 7 , 1990 ( 1990 - 07 - 07 ) November 15 -- 22 , 1997 ( Saban TV edit ) March 17 , 1998 ( 1998 - 03 - 17 ) ( Pioneer uncut DVD ) November 14 , 2006 ( 2006 - 11 - 14 ) ( Funimation dub ) 7 Sūpā Saiya - jin da Son Gokū ( 超サイヤ人だ孫悟空 ) Super Saiyan Son Goku Lord Slug March 9 , 1991 ( 1991 - 03 - 09 ) August 7 , 2001 ( 2001 - 08 - 07 ) 8 Tobikkiri no Saikyō tai Saikyō ( とびっきりの最強対最強 ) The Incredible Strongest vs. Strongest Cooler 's Revenge July 20 , 1991 ( 1991 - 07 - 20 ) January 22 , 2002 ( 2002 - 01 - 22 ) 9 Gekitotsu ! ! 100 - oku Pawā no Senshi - tachi ( 激突 ! ! 100 億パワーの戦士たち ) Clash ! ! The Power of 10 Billion Warriors The Return of Cooler March 7 , 1992 ( 1992 - 03 - 07 ) August 13 , 2002 ( 2002 - 08 - 13 ) 10 Kyokugen Batoru ! ! San Dai Sūpā Saiya - jin ( 極限バトル ! ! 三大超サイヤ人 ) Extreme Battle ! Three Great Super Saiyans Super Android 13 ! July 11 , 1992 ( 1992 - 07 - 11 ) February 4 , 2003 ( 2003 - 02 - 04 ) 11 Moetsukiro ! ! Nessen Ressen Chō - gekisen ( 燃えつきろ ! ! 熱戦・烈戦・超激戦 ) Burn Up ! ! A Close Fight - A Violent Fight - A Super Fierce Fight Broly -- The Legendary Super Saiyan March 6 , 1993 ( 1993 - 03 - 06 ) August 26 , 2003 ( 2003 - 08 - 26 ) 12 Ginga Girigiri ! ! Butchigiri no Sugoi Yatsu ( 銀河ギリギリ ! ! ぶっちぎりの凄い奴 ) The Galaxy at the Brink ! ! The Super Incredible Guy Bojack Unbound July 10 , 1993 ( 1993 - 07 - 10 ) August 17 , 2004 ( 2004 - 08 - 17 ) 13 Kiken na Futari ! Sūpā Senshi wa Nemurenai ( 危険なふたり ! 超戦士はねむれない ) The Dangerous Duo ! Super Warriors Never Rest Broly -- Second Coming March 12 , 1994 ( 1994 - 03 - 12 ) April 5 , 2005 ( 2005 - 04 - 05 ) 14 Sūpā Senshi Gekiha ! ! Katsu no wa Ore da ( 超戦士撃破 ! ! 勝つのはオレだ ) Super Warrior Defeat ! ! I 'll Be the Winner Bio-Broly July 9 , 1994 ( 1994 - 07 - 09 ) September 13 , 2005 ( 2005 - 09 - 13 ) 15 Fukkatsu no Fyūjon ! ! Goku to Vejīta ( 復活のフュージョン ! ! 悟空とベジータ ) The Rebirth of Fusion ! ! Goku and Vegeta Fusion Reborn March 4 , 1995 ( 1995 - 03 - 04 ) March 17 , 2006 ( 2006 - 03 - 17 ) ( U.S. theatrical ) 16 Ryū - ken Bakuhatsu ! ! Gokū ga Yaraneba Dare ga Yaru ( 龍拳爆発 ! ! 悟空がやらねば誰がやる ) Dragon Fist Explosion ! ! If Goku Ca n't Do It , Who Will ? Wrath of the Dragon July 15 , 1995 ( 1995 - 07 - 15 ) September 12 , 2006 ( 2006 - 09 - 12 ) 17 Saikyō e no Michi ( 最強への道 ) The Path to Ultimate Power The Path to Power March 4 , 1996 ( 1996 - 03 - 04 ) April 29 , 2003 ( 2003 - 04 - 29 ) 18 Kami to Kami ( 神と神 ) God and God Battle of Gods March 30 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 30 ) August 5 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 05 ) ( U.S. theatrical ) 19 Fukkatsu no ' F ' ( 復活の「 F 」 ) Resurrection of F Resurrection ' F ' April 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 18 ) August 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 04 ) ( U.S. theatrical ) 20 Burorī ( ブロリー ) Broly Broly December 14 , 2018 ( 2018 - 12 - 14 ) January 2019 ( January 2019 ) ( U.S. theatrical )	Curse of the Blood Rubies	List of Dragon Ball films	list of dragon ball films	Since the debut of the anime adaptation of Akira Toriyama 's Dragon Ball manga in 1986 , Toei Animation has produced twenty theatrical films based on the franchise : four based on the original Dragon Ball anime , fifteen based on the sequel series Dragon Ball Z and one upcoming film based on the Dragon Ball Super series .	The first seventeen films were originally shown as back - to - back presentations alongside other Toei film productions and thus have a running time below feature length ( around 45 -- 60 minutes each ) , the sole exception being 1996 's The Path to Power ( which has a running time of 80 minutes ) . The first through fifth films were shown at the Toei Manga Festival ( 東映まんがまつり , Tōei Manga Matsuri ) , while the sixth through seventeenth films were shown at the Toei Anime Fair ( 東映アニメフェア , Toei Anime Fea ) . These films were mostly alternate re-tellings of certain story arcs involving new characters or extra side - stories that do not correlate with the same continuity as the manga or TV series . By 2002 , the first seventeen films drew a box office audience of 49 million viewers . The newest films in the series , Battle of Gods , Resurrection ' F ' and Broly , differ from the earlier ones , as they are full - length feature films set between chapters 517 and 518 of the manga , with Toriyama deeply involved in their creation . Toriyama did have some involvement with the earlier films , such as checking the scripts , altering new characters and their names or designing them from the ground up himself . There are also three television specials that were broadcast on Fuji TV and two short films , which were shown at the 2008 Jump Super Anime Tour and Jump Festa 2012 respectively . A two - part hour - long crossover TV special between Dragon Ball Z , One Piece and Toriko aired on Fuji TV in 2013 . Additionally , there is a two - part original video animation created as strategy guides for the 1993 video game Dragon Ball Z Side Story : Plan to Eradicate the Saiyans , which was remade in 2010 and included with the Raging Blast 2 video game . As with the franchise 's anime television series , all twenty films and the first three TV specials were licensed in North America by Funimation . Dragon Ball Z movies six and twelve received select theatrical presentations in the United States , as part of a double - feature on March 17 , 2006 , while movies fourteen and fifteen were given limited theatrical runs in August 2014 and August 2015 respectively . In Europe , AB Groupe licensed the second and third Dragon Ball movies , the first nine Z movies and the first two TV specials . Contents 1 Theatrical films 2 Television specials 3 Festival shorts 4 Original video animations 5 Educational programs 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References Theatrical films ( edit ) No . Japanese title English translation English title Japanese release North American release Shenron no Densetsu ( 神龍の伝説 ) The Legend of Shenron Curse of the Blood Rubies December 20 , 1986 ( 1986 - 12 - 20 ) December 28 , 1989 ( 1989 - 12 - 28 ) ( Harmony Gold edit ; TV airing ) September 9 , 1995 ( 1995 - 09 - 09 ) ( BLT Productions dub ) December 28 , 2010 ( 2010 - 12 - 28 ) ( Funimation dub ) Majin - jō no Nemuri Hime ( 魔神城のねむり姫 ) Sleeping Princess in the Devil 's Castle Sleeping Princess in Devil 's Castle July 18 , 1987 ( 1987 - 07 - 18 ) December 15 , 1998 ( 1998 - 12 - 15 ) Makafushigi Dai - bōken ( 魔訶不思議大冒険 ) Mystical Great Adventure Mystical Adventure July 9 , 1988 ( 1988 - 07 - 09 ) December 28 , 1989 ( 1989 - 12 - 28 ) ( Harmony Gold ; TV airing ) November 21 , 2000 ( 2000 - 11 - 21 ) ( Funimation dub ) Ora no Gohan o Kaese ! ! ( オラの悟飯をかえせッ ! ! ) Return My Gohan ! ! Dead Zone July 15 , 1989 ( 1989 - 07 - 15 ) December 17 , 1997 ( 1997 - 12 - 17 ) ( Pioneer uncut DVD ) May 31 , 2005 ( 2005 - 05 - 31 ) ( Funimation dub ) 5 Kono Yo de Ichiban Tsuyoi Yatsu ( この世で一番強いヤツ ) The Strongest Guy in the World The World 's Strongest March 10 , 1990 ( 1990 - 03 - 10 ) May 26 , 1998 ( 1998 - 05 - 26 ) ( Pioneer uncut DVD ) November 14 , 2006 ( 2006 - 11 - 14 ) ( Funimation dub ) 6 Chikyū Marugoto Chō - kessen ( 地球まるごと超決戦 ) The Decisive Battle for the Entire Earth The Tree of Might July 7 , 1990 ( 1990 - 07 - 07 ) November 15 -- 22 , 1997 ( Saban TV edit ) March 17 , 1998 ( 1998 - 03 - 17 ) ( Pioneer uncut DVD ) November 14 , 2006 ( 2006 - 11 - 14 ) ( Funimation dub ) 7 Sūpā Saiya - jin da Son Gokū ( 超サイヤ人だ孫悟空 ) Super Saiyan Son Goku Lord Slug March 9 , 1991 ( 1991 - 03 - 09 ) August 7 , 2001 ( 2001 - 08 - 07 ) 8 Tobikkiri no Saikyō tai Saikyō ( とびっきりの最強対最強 ) The Incredible Strongest vs. Strongest Cooler 's Revenge July 20 , 1991 ( 1991 - 07 - 20 ) January 22 , 2002 ( 2002 - 01 - 22 ) 9 Gekitotsu ! ! 100 - oku Pawā no Senshi - tachi ( 激突 ! ! 100 億パワーの戦士たち ) Clash ! ! The Power of 10 Billion Warriors The Return of Cooler March 7 , 1992 ( 1992 - 03 - 07 ) August 13 , 2002 ( 2002 - 08 - 13 ) 10 Kyokugen Batoru ! ! San Dai Sūpā Saiya - jin ( 極限バトル ! ! 三大超サイヤ人 ) Extreme Battle ! Three Great Super Saiyans Super Android 13 ! July 11 , 1992 ( 1992 - 07 - 11 ) February 4 , 2003 ( 2003 - 02 - 04 ) 11 Moetsukiro ! ! Nessen Ressen Chō - gekisen ( 燃えつきろ ! ! 熱戦・烈戦・超激戦 ) Burn Up ! ! A Close Fight - A Violent Fight - A Super Fierce Fight Broly -- The Legendary Super Saiyan March 6 , 1993 ( 1993 - 03 - 06 ) August 26 , 2003 ( 2003 - 08 - 26 ) 12 Ginga Girigiri ! ! Butchigiri no Sugoi Yatsu ( 銀河ギリギリ ! ! ぶっちぎりの凄い奴 ) The Galaxy at the Brink ! ! The Super Incredible Guy Bojack Unbound July 10 , 1993 ( 1993 - 07 - 10 ) August 17 , 2004 ( 2004 - 08 - 17 ) 13 Kiken na Futari ! Sūpā Senshi wa Nemurenai ( 危険なふたり ! 超戦士はねむれない ) The Dangerous Duo ! Super Warriors Never Rest Broly -- Second Coming March 12 , 1994 ( 1994 - 03 - 12 ) April 5 , 2005 ( 2005 - 04 - 05 ) 14 Sūpā Senshi Gekiha ! ! Katsu no wa Ore da ( 超戦士撃破 ! ! 勝つのはオレだ ) Super Warrior Defeat ! ! I 'll Be the Winner Bio-Broly July 9 , 1994 ( 1994 - 07 - 09 ) September 13 , 2005 ( 2005 - 09 - 13 ) 15 Fukkatsu no Fyūjon ! ! Goku to Vejīta ( 復活のフュージョン ! ! 悟空とベジータ ) The Rebirth of Fusion ! ! Goku and Vegeta Fusion Reborn March 4 , 1995 ( 1995 - 03 - 04 ) March 17 , 2006 ( 2006 - 03 - 17 ) ( U.S. theatrical ) 16 Ryū - ken Bakuhatsu ! ! Gokū ga Yaraneba Dare ga Yaru ( 龍拳爆発 ! ! 悟空がやらねば誰がやる ) Dragon Fist Explosion ! ! If Goku Ca n't Do It , Who Will ? Wrath of the Dragon July 15 , 1995 ( 1995 - 07 - 15 ) September 12 , 2006 ( 2006 - 09 - 12 ) 17 Saikyō e no Michi ( 最強への道 ) The Path to Ultimate Power The Path to Power March 4 , 1996 ( 1996 - 03 - 04 ) April 29 , 2003 ( 2003 - 04 - 29 ) 18 Kami to Kami ( 神と神 ) God and God Battle of Gods March 30 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 30 ) August 5 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 05 ) ( U.S. theatrical ) 19 Fukkatsu no ' F ' ( 復活の「 F 」 ) Resurrection of F Resurrection ' F ' April 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 18 ) August 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 04 ) ( U.S. theatrical ) 20 Burorī ( ブロリー ) Broly Broly December 14 , 2018 ( 2018 - 12 - 14 ) January 2019 ( January 2019 ) ( U.S. theatrical ) Television specials ( edit ) The Dragon Ball franchise has spawned three one - hour long television specials that aired on Fuji TV , the first two based on the `` Z '' portion of the series and the third based on the `` GT '' portion . Of these specials , the first and third are original stories created by the anime staff , while the second is based on a special chapter of the manga . Though the specials aired on TV in Japan , Funimation 's North American releases of the episodes are on home video , each one labeled `` Feature '' the same as their theatrical films . This , doubled with the inclusion of the `` Z '' specials in Funimation 's remastered `` Movie Double Features '' has caused fans to continue to erroneously believe these to be theatrical films , when they are not . On April 7 , 2013 , a two - part hour - long crossover TV special , between Dragon Ball Z , One Piece and Toriko , referred to as Dream 9 Toriko & One Piece & Dragon Ball Z Super Collaboration Special ! ! aired on Fuji TV . The first part is named `` Run , Strongest Team ! Toriko , Luffy , Goku ! '' ( 走れ最強軍団 ! トリコとルフィと悟空 ! , Hashire Saikyō Gundan ! Toriko to Luffy to Goku ! ) and the second is titled `` History 's Strongest Collaboration vs. Glutton of the Sea '' ( 史上最強コラボ VS 海の大食漢 , Shijō Saikyō Collaboration vs. Umi no Taishokukan ) . The plot has the International Gourmet Organization ( from Toriko ) sponsoring the Tenka'ichi Shokuōkai , a race with no rules that characters from all three series compete in . On October 8 , 2017 , a two - part TV special of Dragon Ball Super aired on Fuji TV . It counted as both episodes 109 and 110 of the series . Japanese title English translation English title Japanese air date North American release Tatta Hitori no Saishū Kessen ~ Furīza ni Idonda Zetto - senshi Son Gokū no Chichi ~ ( たったひとりの最終決戦〜フリーザに挑んだ Z 戦士孫悟空の父〜 ) A Lonesome , Final Battle - The Father of Z Warrior Son Goku , who Challenged Freeza Bardock -- The Father of Goku October 17 , 1990 ( 1990 - 10 - 17 ) November 1 , 2000 ( 2000 - 11 - 01 ) Zetsubō e no Hankō ! ! Nokosareta Chō - Senshi Gohan to Torankusu ( 絶望への反抗 ! ! 残された超戦士・悟飯とトランクス ) Defiance in the Face of Despair ! ! The Remaining Super-Warriors : Gohan and Trunks The History of Trunks February 24 , 1993 ( 1993 - 02 - 24 ) October 24 , 2000 ( 2000 - 10 - 24 ) Gokū Gaiden ! Yūki no Akashi wa Sūshinchū ( 悟空外伝 ! 勇気の証しは四星球 ) Goku Sidestory ! The Proof of his Courage is the Four - Star Ball A Hero 's Legacy March 26 , 1997 ( 1997 - 03 - 26 ) November 16 , 2004 ( 2004 - 11 - 16 ) Dream 9 Toriko & One Piece & Dragon Ball Z Chō Collaboration Special ! ! ( ドリーム 9 トリコ & ワンピース & ドラゴンボール Z 超コラボスペシャル ! ! ) Dream 9 Toriko & One Piece & Dragon Ball Z Super Collaboration Special ! ! Dream 9 Toriko & One Piece & Dragon Ball Z Super Collaboration Special ! ! April 7 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 07 ) - Korezo zen uchūichi no kyūkyoku batoru ! Son Gokū bāsasu Jiren ! ! ( これぞ全宇宙一の究極バトル ! 孫悟空 VS ジレン ! ! ) This is the Ultimate Battle in all the Universes ! Son Goku vs Jiren ! ! October 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 08 ) - Festival shorts ( edit ) Dragon Ball : Yo ! Son Goku and His Friends Return ! ! is a 35 - minute short film that was shown at the 2008 Jump Super Anime Tour , which visited ten Japanese cities to celebrate Weekly Shōnen Jump 's 40th anniversary . It was later released as a triple feature DVD with One Piece : Romance Dawn Story and Tegami Bachi : Light and Blue Night Fantasy in 2009 , that was available only through a mail - in offer exclusive to Japanese residents . In 2013 , it was included in the limited edition home video release of Battle of Gods . Another short film , Dragon Ball : Episode of Bardock , was shown at the Jump Festa 2012 event on December 17 , 2011 . It is an adaptation of the three part spin - off manga of the same name by Naho Ōishi that ran in V Jump from August to October 2011 , which is a spin - off sequel to the Bardock -- The Father of Goku TV special . It was later released on DVD in the February 3 , 2012 issue of Saikyō Jump together with Dragon Ball : Plan to Eradicate the Super Saiyans . The film was included subtitled in the European and North American exclusive Xbox 360 video game Dragon Ball Z : For Kinect , released in October 2012 . Japanese title English title Japanese release North American release Ossu ! Kaette Kita Son Gokū to Nakama - tachi ! ! ( オッス ! 帰ってきた孫悟空と仲間たち ! ! ) Yo ! Son Goku and His Friends Return ! ! September 21 , 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 21 ) - Episōdo obu Bādakku ( エピソードオブバーダック ) Episode of Bardock December 17 , 2011 ( 2011 - 12 - 17 ) October 9 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 09 ) Original video animations ( edit ) In 1993 , Toei Animation , in cooperation with Weekly Shōnen Jump and V Jump , produced a two - part original video animation ( OVA ) that serves as a video strategy guide to the Family Computer game titled Dragon Ball Z Side Story : Plan to Eradicate the Saiyans . The first volume was released on VHS on July 23 , while the second was released on August 25 . The animation was also used in the 1994 two part video games , True Plan to Eradicate the Saiyans , released for the Playdia . The complete OVA was included in the second Dragon Ball Z Dragon Box DVD set released in Japan in 2003 . The OVA was remade for the 2010 PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 video game Dragon Ball : Raging Blast 2 under the title Dragon Ball : Plan to Eradicate the Super Saiyans . It was included in Dragon Ball : Raging Blast 2 as a bonus feature , unlocked at the start of gameplay without any necessary cheat code or in - game achievement , presented in its original Japanese - language audio with subtitles appropriate for each region . It was later released on DVD in the February 3 , 2012 issue of Saikyō Jump together with Dragon Ball : Episode of Bardock . Japanese title English title Japanese release North American release Gaiden : Saiya - jin Zetsumetsu Keikaku ( 外伝サイヤ人絶滅計画 ) Side Story : Plan to Eradicate the Saiyans August 6 , 1993 ( 1993 - 08 - 06 ) - Sūpā Saiya - jin Zetsumetsu Keikaku ( 超サイヤ人絶滅計画 ) Plan to Eradicate the Super Saiyans November 11 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 11 ) November 2 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 02 ) Educational programs ( edit ) Two educational shorts based on the original Dragon Ball anime were produced in 1988 . The first was a traffic safety special titled Goku 's Traffic Safety ( 悟空の交通安全 , Gokū no Kōtsū Ansen ) , while the second was a fire safety special titled Goku 's Fire Brigade ( 悟空の消防隊 , Gokū no Shōbōtai ) . The two educational films were included in the Dragon Box DVD set released in Japan in 2004 . See also ( edit ) Dragon Ball portal List of Dragon Ball characters List of Dragon Ball manga volumes List of Dragon Ball episodes List of Dragon Ball Z episodes List of Dragon Ball GT episodes List of Dragon Ball Kai episodes List of Dragon Ball Super episodes List of Dragon Ball video games List of Dragon Ball soundtracks Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Title used for the home video release in Japan , the original theatrical release was simply titled Dragon Ball . Jump up ^ Known as Sleeping Beauty in Devil Castle in Europe . Jump up ^ Title used for the home video release in Japan , the original theatrical release was simply titled Dragon Ball Z . Jump up ^ Also known as Dead Zone Vortex in television airings in North America , In Pursuit of Garlic in Europe , and The Vengeance of the Demon King in Malaysia . Jump up ^ Known as The Strongest Guy in the World in Europe and Malaysia . Jump up ^ Known as Super Battle in the World in Europe and The Quest for Earth in Malaysia . Jump up ^ Known as Super Saiya Son Goku in Europe and Super Saiya People , Goku in Malaysia . Jump up ^ Known as Super Rivals in Europe and The Strongest Rivals in Malaysia . Jump up ^ Known as Fight ! 10 Billion Power Warriors in Europe and Malaysia . Jump up ^ Known as Super Battle of the Three Super Saiyans in Europe and Super Battle of 3 Super Saiyas in Malaysia . Jump up ^ Known as The Burning Battles in Europe and The Burning Battle in Malaysia . Jump up ^ Known as Super Guy in the Galaxy in Europe and Malaysia . Jump up ^ Known as Dangerous Rivals in Malaysia . Jump up ^ Known as Revival Fusion in Malaysia . Jump up ^ Known as Explosion of Dragon Punch in Malaysia . Jump up ^ Known as The Father of Goku in Europe . Jump up ^ Known as Gohan and Trunks in Europe and The History of Trunk in Malaysia . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 世界中で大ヒットを記録しつづける超人気アニメーション「ドラゴンボール Z 」の TV シリーズがついに DVD - BOX で登場 ! '' . Toei Animation ( in Japanese ) . Toei Company . November 6 , 2002 . Jump up ^ `` New Dragon Ball Film Set Between 517th & 518th Manga Chapters '' . Anime News Network . 2012 - 07 - 14 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` 1st Key Visual For 2015 Dragon Ball Z Film Reveals Frieza '' . Anime News Network . 2014 - 11 - 17 . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ DRAGON BALL 大全集 6 : MOVIES & TV SPECIALS ( in Japanese ) . Shueisha. 1995 . pp. 212 -- 216 . ISBN 4 - 08 - 782756 - 9 . Jump up ^ https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2018-07-09/dragon-ball-super-film-reveals-dragon-ball-super-broly-title-visual/.133123 Jump up ^ `` Funimation Is Bringing Dragon Ball Super : Broly to North American Theaters in 2019 '' . IGN . Jul 12 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Toriko , One Piece , Dragon Ball Z Get Crossover Anime Special '' . Anime News Network . 2013 - 02 - 05 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Toriko & One Piece & Dragon Ball Z Crossover Lineup Revealed '' . Anime News Network . 2013 - 02 - 06 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Jump Super Anime Tour Announcement '' . Weekly Shōnen Jump ( in Japanese ) . 40 ( 21 ) : 54 & 55 . April 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` New DB , Tegami Bachi , Romance Dawn Anime DVD Offered '' . Anime News Network . 2008 - 12 - 12 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball : Episode of Bardock to Be Shown in December '' . Anime News Network . 2011 - 11 - 21 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Episode of Bardock Spinoff Manga Gets Anime '' . Anime News Network . 2011 - 11 - 21 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2 Dragon Ball Anime Specials Get DVD Release '' . Anime News Network . 2012 - 01 - 03 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` DRAGON BALL Z FOR KINECT TO FEATURE EXCLUSIVE PLAYABLE CHARACTER AND ANIME EPISODE '' . Crunchyroll. 2012 - 07 - 18 . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dragon Ball : RB2 Game to Add New 1 / 2 - Hour Anime '' . Anime News Network . 2010 - 08 - 09 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 06 . Dragon Ball films and TV specials Animated ( Dragon Ball ) Curse of the Blood Rubies Sleeping Princess in Devil 's Castle Mystical Adventure The Path to Power Animated ( Z ) Dead Zone The World 's Strongest The Tree of Might Lord Slug Cooler 's Revenge The Return of Cooler Super Android 13 ! Broly -- The Legendary Super Saiyan Bojack Unbound Broly -- Second Coming Bio-Broly Fusion Reborn Wrath of the Dragon Battle of Gods Resurrection ' F ' Animated ( Super ) Broly TV specials Bardock -- The Father of Goku The History of Trunks A Hero 's Legacy OVAs Plan to Eradicate the Saiyans Plan to Eradicate the Super Saiyans Festival Yo ! Son Goku and His Friends Return ! ! Episode of Bardock Live action Ssawora Son Goku , Igyeora Son Goku The Magic Begins Evolution Dragon Ball by Akira Toriyama Media Manga chapters Dragon Ball Z Dragon Ball episodes Z episodes season 1 5 6 7 8 9 GT episodes Z Kai episodes Super episodes Heroes Films and TV specials Video games Soundtracks Characters Goku Bulma Master Roshi Yamcha Krillin Tien Shinhan Piccolo Gohan Vegeta Frieza Trunks Android 17 Android 18 Cell Majin Buu Beerus Zamasu Related Dr. Slump Arale Norimaki List of Dr. Slump characters Neko Majin Episode of Bardock Jaco the Galactic Patrolman Puff Puff Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Dragon_Ball_films&oldid=855145032 '' Categories : Dragon Ball films Animated television specials Dragon Ball lists Lists of anime films Hidden categories : CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Articles containing Japanese - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Lietuvių Magyar Português Edit links This page was last edited on 16 August 2018 , at 07 : 20 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Dragon%20Ball%20films	1,061
where is big bang theory supposed to take place	The show is primarily centered on five characters living in Pasadena , California : Leonard Hofstadter and Sheldon Cooper , both physicists at Caltech , who share an apartment ; Penny , a waitress and aspiring actress who later becomes a pharmaceutical representative and who lives across the hall ; and Leonard and Sheldon 's similarly geeky and socially awkward friends and co-workers , aerospace engineer Howard Wolowitz and astrophysicist Raj Koothrappali . The geekiness and intellect of the four men are contrasted for comic effect with Penny 's social skills and common sense .	Pasadena , California	The Big Bang Theory	the big bang theory	The Big Bang Theory is an American television sitcom created by Chuck Lorre and Bill Prady , both of whom serve as executive producers on the series , along with Steven Molaro . All three also serve as head writers . The show premiered on CBS on September 24 , 2007 . The series ' tenth season premiered on September 19 , 2016 . In March 2017 , the series was renewed for two additional seasons , bringing its total to twelve , and running through the 2018 -- 19 television season . The eleventh season premiered on September 25 , 2017 .	The show is primarily centered on five characters living in Pasadena , California : Leonard Hofstadter and Sheldon Cooper , both physicists at Caltech , who share an apartment ; Penny , a waitress and aspiring actress who later becomes a pharmaceutical representative and who lives across the hall ; and Leonard and Sheldon 's similarly geeky and socially awkward friends and co-workers , aerospace engineer Howard Wolowitz and astrophysicist Raj Koothrappali . The geekiness and intellect of the four men are contrasted for comic effect with Penny 's social skills and common sense . Over time , supporting characters have been promoted to starring roles : Leslie Winkle , a physicist who dated Leonard and Howard ; neuroscientist Amy Farrah Fowler , who joins the group after being matched to Sheldon on a dating website ( and later becomes Sheldon 's girlfriend ) ; Bernadette Rostenkowski , Howard 's wife ( previously his girlfriend ) , a microbiologist and former part - time waitress alongside Penny ; Stuart Bloom , the cash - strapped owner of the comic book store the characters often visit ; and Emily Sweeney , a dermatologist who dated Raj . Contents ( hide ) 1 Production 1.1 Theme song 1.2 Actors ' salaries 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Scientist cameos 3 Episodes 4 Recurring themes and elements 4.1 Science 4.2 Science fiction media 4.3 Leonard and Penny 's relationship 4.4 Sheldon and Amy 's relationship 4.5 Howard 's mother 4.6 Vanity cards 4.7 The Theorists 5 Reception 5.1 Critical reception 5.2 U.S. standard ratings 5.3 UK distribution and ratings 5.4 Canadian ratings 6 Broadcast 6.1 Syndication 6.2 Online media 7 Home media 8 Awards and nominations 9 Merchandise 10 Spin - off series 11 Notes 12 References 13 External links Production The structure of the original , unaired pilot , developed for the 2006 -- 07 television season , was substantially different from the series ' current form . The only characters retained in both pilots were Leonard ( Johnny Galecki ) and Sheldon ( Jim Parsons ) , who are named after Sheldon Leonard , a longtime figure in episodic television as producer , director and actor . Althea ( Vernee Watson ) was a character featured in both pilots and the first series episode . Two female leads were Canadian actress Amanda Walsh as Katie , `` a street - hardened , tough - as - nails woman with a vulnerable interior , '' and Iris Bahr as Gilda , a scientist colleague and friend of the male characters . Sheldon and Leonard meet Katie after she breaks up with a boyfriend and they invite her to share their apartment . Gilda is threatened by Katie 's presence . Test audiences reacted negatively to Katie , but they liked Sheldon and Leonard . The original pilot used Thomas Dolby 's hit `` She Blinded Me with Science '' as its theme song . Although the show was not picked up , its creators were given an opportunity to retool it and produce a second pilot . They brought in the remaining cast and retooled the show to its final format . Katie was replaced by Penny ( Kaley Cuoco ) . The original unaired pilot never has officially been released , but it has circulated on the Internet . On the evolution of the show , Chuck Lorre said , `` We did the ' Big Bang Pilot ' about two and a half years ago , and it sucked ... but there were two remarkable things that worked perfectly , and that was Johnny and Jim . We rewrote the thing entirely and then we were blessed with Kaley and Simon and Kunal . '' As to whether the world will ever see the original pilot on a future DVD release , Lorre said , `` Wow , that would be something . We will see . Show your failures ... '' The first and second pilots of The Big Bang Theory were directed by James Burrows , who did not continue with the show . The reworked second pilot led to a 13 - episode order by CBS on May 14 , 2007 . Prior to its airing on CBS , the pilot episode was distributed on iTunes free of charge . The show premiered on September 24 , 2007 , and was picked up for a full 22 - episode season on October 19 , 2007 . The show is filmed in front of a live audience , and is produced by Warner Bros. Television and Chuck Lorre Productions . Production was halted on November 6 , 2007 , due to the Writers Guild of America strike . Nearly three months later , on February 4 , 2008 , the series was temporarily replaced by a short - lived sitcom , Welcome to the Captain . The series returned on March 17 , 2008 , in an earlier time slot and ultimately only 17 episodes were produced for the first season . After the strike ended , the show was picked up for a second season , airing in the 2008 -- 2009 season , premiering in the same time slot on September 22 , 2008 . With increasing ratings , the show received a two - year renewal through the 2010 -- 11 season in 2009 . In 2011 , the show was picked up for three more seasons . In March 2014 , the show was renewed again for three more years through the 2016 -- 17 season . This marks the second time the series has gained a three - year renewal . In March 2017 , the series was renewed for two additional seasons , bringing its total to 12 , and running through the 2018 -- 19 television season . David Saltzberg , a professor of physics and astronomy at the University of California , Los Angeles , checks scripts and provides dialogue , mathematics equations , and diagrams used as props . According to executive producer / co-creator Bill Prady , `` We 're working on giving Sheldon an actual problem that he 's going to be working on throughout the ( first ) season so there 's actual progress to the boards ... We worked hard to get all the science right . '' Several of the actors in The Big Bang Theory previously worked together on the sitcom Roseanne , including Johnny Galecki , Sara Gilbert , Laurie Metcalf ( who plays Sheldon 's mother , Mary Cooper ) , and Meagen Fay ( who plays Bernadette 's mother ) . Additionally , Lorre was a writer on the series for several seasons . Theme song Single cover for `` Big Bang Theory Theme '' by Barenaked Ladies ( 2007 ) The Canadian alternative rock band Barenaked Ladies wrote and recorded the show 's theme song , which describes the history and formation of the universe and the Earth . Co-lead singer Ed Robertson was asked by Lorre and Prady to write a theme song for the show after the producers attended one of the band 's concerts in Los Angeles . By coincidence , Robertson had recently read Simon Singh 's book Big Bang , and at the concert improvised a freestyle rap about the origins of the universe . Lorre and Prady phoned him shortly thereafter and asked him to write the theme song . Having been asked to write songs for other films and shows , but ending up being rejected because of producer 's favor of other artist 's song , Robertson agreed to write the theme only after learning that Lorre and Prady had not asked anyone else . On October 9 , 2007 , a full - length ( 1 minute and 45 seconds ) version of the song was released commercially . Although some sources identify the song title as `` History of Everything , '' the cover art for the single identifies the title as `` Big Bang Theory Theme . '' A music video also was released via special features on The Complete Fourth Season DVD and Blu - ray set . The theme was included on the band 's greatest hits album , Hits from Yesterday & the Day Before , released on September 27 , 2011 . In September 2015 , TMZ uncovered court documents showing that Steven Page sued former bandmate Robertson over the song , alleging that he was promised 20 % of the proceeds , but that Robertson has kept that money entirely for himself . Actors ' salaries For the first three seasons , Galecki , Parsons , and Cuoco , the three main stars of the show , received at most $60,000 per episode . The salary for the three went up to $200,000 per episode for the fourth season . Their per - episode pay went up an additional $50,000 in each of the following three seasons , culminating in $350,000 per episode in the seventh season . In September 2013 , Bialik and Rauch renegotiated the contracts they held since they were introduced to the series in 2010 . On their old contracts , each was making $20,000 -- $30,000 per episode , while the new contracts doubled that , beginning at $60,000 per episode , increasing steadily to $100,000 per episode by the end of the contract , as well as adding another year for both . By season seven , Galecki , Parsons , and Cuoco were also receiving 0.25 % of the series ' back - end money . Before production began on the eighth season , the three plus Helberg and Nayyar , looked to renegotiate new contracts , with Galecki , Parsons , and Cuoco seeking around $1 million per episode , as well as more back - end money . Contracts were signed in the beginning of August 2014 , giving the three principal actors an estimated $1 million per episode for three years , with the possibility to extend for a fourth year . The deals also include larger pieces of the show , signing bonuses , production deals , and advances towards the back - end . Helberg and Nayyar were also able to renegotiate their contracts , giving them a per - episode pay in the `` mid-six - figure range '' , up from around $100,000 per episode they each received in years prior . The duo , who were looking to have salary parity with Parsons , Galecki , and Cuoco , signed their contracts after the studio and producers threatened to write the characters out of the series if a deal could not be reached before the start of production on season eight . By season 10 , Helberg and Nayyar reached the $1 million per episode parity with Parsons , Galecki , and Cuoco , due to a clause in their deals signed in 2014 . In March 2017 , the main cast members ( Galecki , Parsons , Cuoco , Helberg , and Nayyar ) took a 10 % pay cut to allow Bialik and Rauch an increase in their earnings . This put Galecki , Parsons , Cuoco , Helberg and Nayyar at $900,000 per episode , with Parsons , Galecki , and Helberg also receiving overall deals with Warner Bros. Television . By the end of April , Bialik and Rauch had signed deals to earn $500,000 per episode , each , with the deals also including a separate development component for both actors . The deal was an increase from the $175,000 -- $200,000 the duo had been making per episode . Cast and characters This section describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( February 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : List of The Big Bang Theory characters Main characters in The Big Bang Theory . First row from left : Rajesh Koothrappali , Leonard Hofstadter , Penny , Sheldon Cooper , and Howard Wolowitz , second row from left : Bernadette Rostenkowski - Wolowitz and Amy Farrah Fowler These actors are credited in all episodes of the series : Johnny Galecki as Leonard Hofstadter : An experimental physicist with an IQ of 173 , who received his PhD when he was 24 years old . Leonard is a nerd who loves video games , comic books , and Dungeons & Dragons . Leonard is the straight man of the series , in which he shares an apartment in Pasadena , CA , with Sheldon . Leonard is smitten with his new neighbor Penny when they first meet , and they eventually marry . Jim Parsons as Sheldon Cooper : Originally from Galveston , Texas , Sheldon was a child prodigy with an eidetic memory who began college at the age of eleven , and earned a PhD at age sixteen . He is a theoretical physicist researching quantum mechanics and string theory , and despite his IQ of 187 , he finds many routine aspects of social situations difficult to grasp . He is determined to have his own way , continually boasts of his intelligence , and he has an extremely ritualized way of living . Despite these quirks , he begins a relationship with Amy Farrah Fowler . Kaley Cuoco as Penny : An aspiring actress from Omaha , Nebraska . Penny moves in across the hall from Sheldon and Leonard . She waits and occasionally tends the bar at the Cheesecake Factory . After giving up hope of becoming a successful actress , Penny becomes a pharmaceutical sales representative . Penny becomes friends with Bernadette and Amy , and they often hang out in each other 's apartments . Penny and Leonard form a relationship and eventually marry . Simon Helberg as Howard Wolowitz : An aerospace engineer . Howard is Jewish and lives with his mother , Debbie ( Carol Ann Susi ) . Unlike Sheldon , Leonard , Raj , Bernadette and Amy , Howard does not hold a doctorate . He goes into space , training as an astronaut and serving as a payload specialist . Howard initially fancies himself a womanizer , but he later starts dating Bernadette , and they get engaged and married . Howard also has a tendency to waste money on toys and argues with Bernadette because of his oddly low income as an engineer and her high income as a pharmaceutical biochemist . Kunal Nayyar as Rajesh Koothrappali : A particle astrophysicist originally from New Delhi , India . Raj is initially unable to talk to women unless he drinks alcohol . Raj also has very feminine tastes and often takes on a stereotypical female role . Raj later dates Lucy ( Kate Micucci ) , who also suffers from social anxiety , but it eventually ends ; he later speaks to Penny without alcohol and thus overcomes his selective mutism . He begins dating Emily and their relationship later becomes exclusive . Raj also has a Yorkshire Terrier named Cinnamon . These actors were first credited as guest stars and later promoted to main cast : Sara Gilbert as Leslie Winkle ( recurring season 1 , starring season 2 , guest seasons 3 , 9 ) : A physicist who works in the same lab as Leonard . In appearance , she is essentially Leonard 's female counterpart , and has conflicting scientific theories with Sheldon . Leslie has casual sex with Leonard and later Howard . Gilbert was promoted to a main cast member during the second season , but resumed guest star status because producers could not come up with enough material for the character . Gilbert returned to The Big Bang Theory for its 200th episode . Melissa Rauch as Bernadette Rostenkowski - Wolowitz ( recurring season 3 , starring seasons 4 -- ) : A young woman who initially is a co-worker at The Cheesecake Factory with Penny to pay her way through graduate school , where she is studying microbiology . Bernadette is introduced to Howard by Penny ; at first , they do not get along , apparently having nothing in common . They date and later get engaged and married . Although generally a sweet and good - natured person , Bernadette has a short fuse and can be vindictive and lash out when provoked . Mayim Bialik as Amy Farrah Fowler ( guest star season 3 , starring seasons 4 -- ) : A woman selected by an online dating site as Sheldon 's perfect mate . Amy is from Glendale , CA . While she and Sheldon initially share social cluelessness , after befriending Penny and Bernadette she eventually becomes more interested in social and romantic interaction . Her relationship with Sheldon slowly progresses to the point at which Sheldon considers her his girlfriend . Amy believes she and Penny are best friends , a sentiment that Penny does not initially share . Amy has a PhD in neurobiology . Kevin Sussman as Stuart Bloom ( recurring seasons 2 -- 5 , 7 , starring seasons 6 , 8 -- ) : A mild - mannered , under - confident owner of a comic book store . A competent artist , Stuart is a graduate of the prestigious Rhode Island School of Design , and though he is socially awkward he possesses slightly better social skills . Stuart implies he is in financial trouble and that the comic book store now also is his home . He is later invited to join the guys ' group while Howard is in space . Stuart gets a new job caring for Howard 's mother later . After Mrs. Wolowitz 's death , Stuart continues to live in her home , along with Howard and Bernadette , until he finds a place of his own . Laura Spencer as Emily Sweeney ( recurring seasons 7 -- 8 , starring season 9 ) : A dermatologist at Huntington Hospital . Emily went to Harvard and delights in the macabre and states that she likes her job because she can cut things with knives . Prior to meeting Raj , Emily was set up on a blind date with Howard . After finding Emily 's online dating profile , Raj has Amy contact her as his wingman instead . Their relationship becomes exclusive , but Raj later breaks up with Emily when he becomes infatuated with the bartender Claire ( Alessandra Torresani ) . Scientist cameos See also : List of The Big Bang Theory characters § Guest stars appearing as themselves As the theme of the show revolves around science , many distinguished and high - profile scientists have appeared as guest stars on the show . Famous astrophysicist and Nobel laureate George Smoot had a cameo appearance in the second season . Theoretical physicist Brian Greene also appeared on the show in the fourth season . Astrophysicist , science populizer , and physics outreach specialist Neil deGrasse Tyson also appeared in the fourth season . Cosmologist Stephen Hawking made a short guest appearance in the fifth - season episode ; in the eighth season , Hawking video conferences with Sheldon and Leonard , and makes another appearance in the 200th episode . In the fifth and sixth seasons , NASA astronaut Michael J. Massimino played himself multiple times in the role of Howard 's fellow astronaut . Bill Nye appeared in the seventh season , and Elon Musk made an appearance in the ninth season . Episodes Main article : List of The Big Bang Theory episodes Season Episodes Originally aired Nielsen ratings First aired Last aired Viewers ( millions ) Viewers rank 18 -- 49 rating / share 18 -- 49 rank 17 September 24 , 2007 ( 2007 - 09 - 24 ) May 19 , 2008 ( 2008 - 05 - 19 ) 8.31 68 3.3 / 8 46 23 September 22 , 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 22 ) May 11 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 11 ) 10.03 40 N / A N / A 23 September 21 , 2009 ( 2009 - 09 - 21 ) May 24 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 24 ) 14.22 12 5.3 / 13 5 24 September 23 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 23 ) May 19 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 19 ) 13.21 13 4.4 / 13 7 5 24 September 22 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 22 ) May 10 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 10 ) 15.82 8 5.5 / 17 6 6 24 September 27 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 27 ) May 16 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 16 ) 18.68 6.2 / 19 7 24 September 26 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 26 ) May 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 15 ) 19.96 6.2 / 20 8 24 September 22 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 22 ) May 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 07 ) 19.05 5.6 / 17 9 24 September 21 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 21 ) May 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 12 ) 20.36 5.8 / 19 10 24 September 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 19 ) May 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 11 ) 18.99 4.9 / 19 11 TBA September 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 25 ) TBA TBA TBA TBA TBA Recurring themes and elements Science Much of the series focuses on science , particularly physics . The four main male characters are employed at Caltech and have science - related occupations , as do Bernadette and Amy . The characters frequently banter about scientific theories or news ( notably around the start of the show ) , and make science - related jokes . Science has also interfered with the characters ' romantic lives . Leslie breaks up with Leonard when he sides with Sheldon in his support for string theory rather than loop quantum gravity . When Leonard joins Sheldon , Raj , and Howard on a three - month Arctic research trip , it separates Leonard and Penny at a time their relationship is budding . When Bernadette takes an interest in Leonard 's work , it makes both Penny and Howard envious and results in Howard confronting Leonard , and Penny asking Sheldon to teach her physics . Sheldon and Amy also briefly end their relationship after an argument over which of their fields is superior . David Saltzberg , who has a PhD in physics , has served as the science consultant for the show for six seasons and attends every taping . While Saltzberg knows physics , he sometimes needs assistance from Mayim Bialik , who has a PhD in neuroscience . Saltzberg sees early versions of scripts which need scientific information added to them , and he also points out where the writers , despite their knowledge of science , have made a mistake . He is usually not needed during a taping unless a lot of science , and especially the whiteboard , is involved . Science fiction media Star Trek : The Next Generation actor Wil Wheaton has a recurring role as a fictional version of himself on the show . The four main male characters are all avid science fiction , fantasy , and comic book fans and memorabilia collectors . Star Trek in particular is frequently referenced and Sheldon identifies strongly with the character of Spock , so much so that when he is given a used napkin signed by Leonard Nimoy as a Christmas gift from Penny he is overwhelmed with excitement and gratitude ( `` I possess the DNA of Leonard Nimoy ? ! '' ) . Star Trek : The Original Series cast member George Takei has made a cameo , and Leonard Nimoy made a cameo as the voice of Sheldon 's vintage Mr. Spock action figure ( both cameos were in dream sequences ) . Star Trek : The Next Generation cast members Brent Spiner and LeVar Burton have had cameos as themselves , while Wil Wheaton has a recurring role as a fictionalized version of himself . They are also fans of Star Wars , Battlestar Galactica , and Doctor Who . In the episode `` The Ornithophobia Diffusion '' , when there is a delay in watching Star Wars on Blu - ray , Howard complains , `` If we do n't start soon , George Lucas is going to change it again '' ( referring to Lucas ' controversial alterations to the films ) and in `` The Hot Troll Deviation '' , Katee Sackhoff of Battlestar Galactica appeared as Howard 's fantasy dream girl . The characters have different tastes in franchises with Sheldon praising Firefly but disapproving of Leonard 's enjoyment of Babylon 5 . With regard to fantasy , the four make frequent references to The Lord of the Rings and Harry Potter novels and movies . Additionally , Howard can speak Sindarin , one of the two Elvish languages from The Lord of the Rings . Wednesday night is the group 's designated `` comic book night '' because that is the day of the week when new comic books are released . The comic book store is run by fellow geek and recurring character Stuart . On a number of occasions , the group members have dressed up as pop culture characters , including The Flash , Aquaman , Frodo Baggins , Superman , Batman , Spock , The Doctor , Green Lantern , and Thor . As a consequence of losing a bet to Stuart and Wil Wheaton , the group members are forced to visit the comic book store dressed as Catwoman , Wonder Woman , Batgirl , and Supergirl . DC Comics announced that , to promote its comics , the company will sponsor Sheldon wearing Green Lantern T - shirts . Various games have been featured , as well as referenced , on the series ( e.g. World of Warcraft , Halo , Mario , etc . ) , including fictional games like Mystic Warlords of Ka'a ( which became a reality in 2011 ) and Rock - paper - scissors - lizard - Spock . Leonard and Penny 's relationship One of the recurring plot lines is the relationship between Leonard and Penny . Leonard becomes attracted to Penny in the pilot episode and his need to do favors for her is a frequent point of humor in the first season . Meanwhile , Penny dates a series of muscular , attractive , unintelligent , and insensitive jocks . Their first long term relationship begins when Leonard returns from a three - month expedition to the North Pole in the season 3 premiere . However , when Leonard tells Penny that he loves her , she realizes she can not say it back . Both Leonard and Penny go on to date other people ; most notably with Leonard dating Raj 's sister Priya for much of season 4 . This relationship is jeopardized when Leonard comes to falsely believe that Raj has slept with Penny , and ultimately ends when Priya sleeps with a former boyfriend in `` The Good Guy Fluctuation '' . Penny , who admits to missing Leonard in `` The Roommate Transmogrification '' , accepts his request to renew their relationship in `` The Beta Test Initiation '' . After Penny suggests having sex in `` The Launch Acceleration '' , Leonard breaks the mood by proposing to her . Penny says `` no '' but does not break up with him . She stops a proposal a second time in `` The Tangible Affection Proof '' . In the sixth - season episode , `` The 43 Peculiarity '' , Penny finally tells Leonard that she loves him . Although they both feel jealousy when the other receives significant attention from the opposite sex , Penny is secure enough in their relationship to send him off on an exciting four - month expedition without worrying in `` The Bon Voyage Reaction '' . After Leonard returns , their relationship blossoms over the seventh season . In the penultimate episode `` The Gorilla Dissolution '' , Penny admits that they should marry and when Leonard realizes that she is serious , he proposes with a ring that he had been saving for years . Leonard and Penny decide to elope to Las Vegas in the season 8 finale , but beforehand , wanting no secrets , Leonard admits to kissing another woman , Mandy Chow ( Melissa Tang ) while on an expedition on the North Sea . Despite this , Leonard and Penny finally elope in the season 9 premiere . Sheldon and Amy 's relationship In the third - season finale , Raj and Howard search for a woman compatible with Sheldon and discover neurobiologist Amy Farrah Fowler . Like him , she has a history of social ineptitude and participates in online dating only to fulfill an agreement with her mother . This spawns a storyline in which Sheldon and Amy communicate daily while insisting to Leonard and Penny that they are not romantically involved . In `` The Agreement Dissection '' , Sheldon and Amy talk in her apartment after a night of dancing and she kisses him on the lips . Instead of getting annoyed , Sheldon says `` fascinating '' and later asks Amy to be his girlfriend in `` The Flaming Spittoon Acquisition '' . The same night he draws up `` The Relationship Agreement '' to verify the ground rules of him as her boyfriend and vice versa ( similar to his `` Roommate Agreement '' with Leonard ) . Amy agrees but later regrets not having had a lawyer read through it . In the episode `` The Launch Acceleration '' , Amy tries to use her `` neurobiology bag of tricks '' to increase the attraction between herself and Sheldon . In the final fifth - season episode `` The Countdown Reflection '' , Sheldon takes Amy 's hand as Howard is launched into space . In the sixth season first episode `` The Date Night Variable '' , after a dinner in which Sheldon fails to live up to this expectation , Amy gives Sheldon an ultimatum that their relationship is over unless he tells her something from his heart . Amy accepts Sheldon 's romantic speech even after learning that it is a line from the first Spider - Man movie . In `` The Cooper / Kripke Inversion '' Sheldon states that he has been working on his discomfort about physical contact and admits that `` it 's a possibility '' that he could one day have sex with Amy . Amy is revealed to have similar feelings in `` The Love Spell Potential '' . Sheldon explains that he never thought about intimacy with anyone before Amy . `` The Locomotive Manipulation '' is the first episode in which Sheldon initiates a kiss with Amy . Although initially done in a fit of sarcasm , he discovers that he enjoys the feeling . Consequently , Sheldon slowly starts to open up over the rest of the season , and starts a more intimate relationship with Amy . However , in the season finale , Sheldon leaves temporarily to cope with several changes and Amy becomes distraught . However , in `` The Prom Equivalency '' , he hides in his room to avoid going to a mock prom reenactment with her . In the resulting stand - off , Amy is about to confess that she loves Sheldon , but he surprises her by saying that he loves her too . This prompts Amy to have a panic attack . In the season eight finale , Sheldon and Amy get into a fight about commitment on their 5 - year anniversary . Amy tells Sheldon that she needs to think about the future of their relationship , unaware that Sheldon was about to propose to her . Season nine sees Sheldon harassing Amy about making up her mind until she breaks up with him . Both struggle with singlehood and trying to be friends for the next few weeks until they reunite in episode ten and have sex for the first time on Amy 's birthday . Howard 's mother In scenes set at Howard 's home , he interacts with his rarely - seen mother ( voiced by Carol Ann Susi until her death ) by shouting from room to room in the house . She similarly interacts with other characters in this manner . She reflects the Jewish mother stereotype in some ways , such as being overly controlling of Howard 's adult life and sometimes trying to make him feel guilty about causing her trouble . She is dependent on Howard , as she requires him to help her with her wig and makeup in the morning . Howard in turn is attached to his mother to the point where she still cuts his meat for him , takes him to the dentist , does his laundry and `` grounds '' him when he returns home after briefly moving out . Until Howard 's marriage to Bernadette in the fifth - season finale , Howard 's former living situation led Leonard 's psychiatrist mother to speculate that he may suffer from some type of pathology , and Sheldon to refer to their relationship as Oedipal . In season 8 , Howard 's mother dies in her sleep while in Florida , which devastates Howard and Stuart , who briefly lived with Mrs. Wolowitz . Vanity cards Like most shows created by Chuck Lorre , The Big Bang Theory ends by showing a vanity card written by Lorre after the credits , followed by the Warner Bros. Television closing logo . These cards are archived on Lorre 's website . The Theorists Through the use of his vanity cards at the end of episodes , Lorre alleged that the program had been plagiarized by a show produced and aired in Belarus . Officially titled Теоретики ( The Theorists ) , the show features `` clones '' of the main characters , a similar opening sequence , and what appears to be a very close Russian translation of the scripts . Lorre expressed annoyance and described his inquiry with the Warner Bros. legal department about options . The television production company and station 's close relationship with the Belarus government was cited as the reason that any attempt to claim copyright infringement would be in vain because the company copying the episodes is operated by the government . However , no legal action was required to end production of the other show : as soon as it became known that the show was unlicensed , the actors quit and the producers cancelled it . Dmitriy Tankovich ( who plays Leonard 's counterpart , `` Seva '' ) said in an interview , `` I 'm upset . At first , the actors were told all legal issues were resolved . We did n't know it was n't the case , so when the creators of The Big Bang Theory started talking about the show , I was embarrassed . I ca n't understand why our people first do , and then think . I consider this to be the rock bottom of my career . And I do n't want to take part in a stolen show '' . Reception Critical reception Initial reception for the series was mixed . The review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 55 % approval rating for the first season based on reviews from 22 critics , with an average rating of 5.18 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` The Big Bang Theory brings a new class of character to mainstream television , but much of the comedy feels formulaic and stiff . '' On Metacritic , the season holds a score of 57 out of 100 , based on reviews from 23 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Later seasons received more acclaim and in 2013 , TV Guide ranked the series # 52 on its list of the 60 Best Series of All Time . US standard Ratings The Big Bang Theory started off slowly in the ratings , failing to make the top 50 in its first season ( ranking 68th ) , and ranking 40th in its second season . When the third season premiered on September 21 , 2009 , however , The Big Bang Theory ranked as CBS 's highest - rated show of that evening in the adults 18 -- 49 demographic ( 4.6 / 10 ) along with a then - series - high 12.83 million viewers . After the first three seasons aired at different times on Monday nights , CBS moved the show to Thursdays at 8 : 00 ET for the 2010 -- 2011 schedule , to be in direct competition with NBC 's Comedy Block and Fox 's American Idol ( then the longest reigning leading primetime show on U.S. television from 2004 to 2011 ) . During its fourth season , it became television 's highest rated comedy , just barely beating out eight - year champ Two and a Half Men . However , in the age 18 -- 49 demographic ( the show 's target age range ) , it was the second highest rated comedy , behind ABC 's Modern Family . The fifth season opened with viewing figures of over 14 million . The sixth season boasts some of the highest - rated episodes for the show so far , with a then - new series high set with `` The Bakersfield Expedition '' , with 20 million viewers , a first for the series , which along with NCIS , made CBS the first network to have two scripted series reach that large an audience in the same week since 2007 . In the sixth season , the show became the highest rated and viewed scripted show in the 18 -- 49 demographic , trailing only the live regular NBC Sunday Night Football coverage , and was third in total viewers , trailing NCIS and Sunday Night Football . Season seven of the series opened strong , continuing the success gained in season six , with the second episode of the premiere , `` The Deception Verification '' , setting the new series high in viewers with 20.44 million . Showrunner Steve Molaro , who took over from Bill Prady with the sixth season , credits some of the show 's success to the sitcom 's exposure in off - network syndication , particularly on TBS , while Michael Schneider of TV Guide attributes it to the timeslot move two seasons earlier . Chuck Lorre and CBS Entertainment president Nina Tassler also credit the success to the influence of Molaro , in particular the deepening exploration of the firmly established regular characters and their interpersonal relationships , such as the on - again , off - again relationship between Leonard and Penny . Throughout much of the 2012 -- 13 season , The Big Bang Theory placed first in all of syndication ratings , receiving formidable competition from only Judge Judy and Wheel of Fortune ( first - run syndication programs ) . By the end of the 2012 -- 13 television season , The Big Bang Theory had dethroned Judge Judy as the ratings leader in all of syndicated programming with 7.1 , Judy descending to second place for that season with a 7.0 . The Big Bang Theory did not place first in syndication ratings for the 2013 -- 14 television season , beaten out by Judge Judy . Season Timeslot ( ET ) Episodes First aired Last aired TV season Rank Avg . viewers ( millions ) 18 -- 49 rating ( average ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Monday 8 : 30pm ( 1 -- 8 ) Monday 8 : 00pm ( 9 -- 17 ) 17 September 24 , 2007 ( 2007 - 09 - 24 ) 9.52 May 19 , 2008 ( 2008 - 05 - 19 ) 7.34 2007 -- 08 68 8.31 3.3 / 8 ( 46 ) Monday 8 : 00pm ( 1 -- 14 , 16 -- 23 ) Monday 9 : 30pm ( 15 ) 23 September 22 , 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 22 ) 9.36 May 11 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 11 ) 9.81 2008 -- 09 40 10.03 N / A Monday 9 : 30pm ( 1 -- 19 , 21 -- 23 ) Monday 9 : 00pm ( 20 ) 23 September 21 , 2009 ( 2009 - 09 - 21 ) 12.96 May 24 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 24 ) 14.78 2009 -- 10 12 14.22 5.3 / 13 ( 5 ) Thursday 8 : 00pm 24 September 23 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 23 ) 14.04 May 19 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 19 ) 11.30 2010 -- 11 13 13.21 4.4 / 13 ( 7 ) 5 24 September 22 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 22 ) 14.30 May 10 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 10 ) 13.72 2011 -- 12 8 15.82 5.5 / 17 ( 6 ) 6 24 September 27 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 27 ) 15.66 May 16 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 16 ) 15.48 2012 -- 13 18.68 6.2 / 19 ( 2 ) 7 24 September 26 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 26 ) 18.99 May 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 15 ) 16.73 2013 -- 14 19.96 6.2 / 20 ( 2 ) 8 Monday 8 : 00pm ( 1 -- 6 ) Thursday 8 : 00pm ( 7 -- 24 ) 24 September 22 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 22 ) 18.08 May 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 07 ) 14.64 2014 -- 15 19.05 5.6 / 17 ( 4 ) 9 24 September 21 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 21 ) 18.20 May 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 12 ) 14.73 2015 -- 16 20.36 5.8 / 19 ( 3 ) 10 Monday 8 : 00pm ( 1 -- 5 ) Thursday 8 : 00pm ( 6 -- 24 ) 24 September 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 19 ) 15.82 May 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 11 ) 12.99 2016 -- 17 18.99 4.9 / 19 ( 3 ) 11 TBA September 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 25 ) 17.65 TBA TBD 2017 -- 18 TBD TBD TBD UK distribution and Ratings The show made its United Kingdom debut on Channel 4 on February 14 , 2008 . The show was also shown as a ' first - look ' on Channel 4 's digital offshoot E4 prior to the main channel 's airing . While the show 's ratings were not deemed strong enough for the main channel , they were considered the opposite for E4 . For each following season , all episodes were shown first - run on E4 , with episodes only aired on the main channel in a repeat capacity , usually on a weekend morning . From the third season , the show aired in two parts , being split so that it could air new episodes for longer throughout the year . This was due to rising ratings . The first part began airing on December 17 , 2009 at 9 : 00 p.m. while the second part , containing the remaining eleven episodes , began airing in the same time period from May 6 , 2010 . The first half of the fourth season began airing on November 4 , 2010 , at 9 : 00 p.m. , drawing 877,000 viewers , with a further 256,000 watching on the E4 + 1 hour service . This gave the show an overall total of 1.13 million viewers , making it E4 's most watched programme for that week . The increased ratings continued over subsequent weeks . The fourth season 's second half began on June 30 , 2011 . Season 5 began airing on November 3 , 2011 at 8 : 00 p.m. as part of E4 's Comedy Thursdays , acting as a lead - in to the channel 's newest comedy , Perfect Couples . Episode 19 , the highest - viewed episode of the season , attracted 1.4 million viewers . Season 6 premiered on November 15 , 2012 , with 1.89 million viewers and a further 469,000 on the time shift channel , bringing the total to 2.31 million , E4 's highest viewing ratings of 2012 , and the highest the channel had received since June 2011 . The sixth season returned in mid 2013 to finish airing the remaining episodes . Season 7 premiered on E4 on October 31 , 2013 at 8 : 30pm and hit multiple ratings records this season . The second half of season seven aired in mid 2014 . The eighth season premiered on E4 on October 23 , 2014 at 8 : 30 p.m. During its eighth season , The Big Bang Theory shared its 8 : 30 p.m. time period with fellow CBS comedy , 2 Broke Girls . Following the airing of the first eight episodes of that show 's fourth season , The Big Bang Theory returned to finish airing its eighth season on March 19 , 2015 . Netflix UK & Ireland announced on February 13 , 2016 that seasons 1 -- 8 would be available to stream from February 15 , 2016 . Canadian Ratings The Big Bang Theory started off quietly in Canada , but managed to garner major success in later seasons . The Big Bang Theory is telecast throughout Canada via the CTV Television Network in simultaneous substitution with cross-border CBS affiliates . Now immensely popular in Canada , The Big Bang Theory is also rerun daily on the Canadian cable channel The Comedy Network . The season 4 premiere garnered an estimated 3.1 million viewers across Canada . This is the largest audience for a sitcom since the series finale of Friends ( 12.4 million viewers ) . The Big Bang Theory has pulled ahead and has now become the most - watched entertainment television show in Canada . Broadcast The Big Bang Theory premiered in the United States on September 24 , 2007 on CBS . The series debuted in Canada on CTV in September 2007 . On February 14 , 2008 , the series debuted in the United Kingdom on channels E4 and Channel 4 . In Australia the first seven seasons of the series began airing on the Seven Network and 7mate from October 2015 and also gained the rights to season 8 in 2016 , though the Nine Network has rights to air seasons nine & ten . Syndication In May 2010 , it was reported that the show had been picked up for syndication , mainly among Fox 's owned and operated stations and other local stations , with Warner Bros. Television 's sister cable network TBS holding the show 's cable syndication rights . Broadcast of old shows began airing in September 2011 . TBS now airs the series in primetime on Tuesdays , Wednesdays , and Thursdays , with evening broadcasts on Saturdays ( TBS 's local sister station in Atlanta also holds local weeknight rights to the series ) . Although details of the syndication deal have not been revealed , it was reported the deal `` set a record price for a cable off - network sitcom purchase '' . CTV holds national broadcast syndication rights in Canada , while sister cable network The Comedy Network holds cable rights . Online media Warner Bros. Television controls the online rights for the show . Full episodes are available at tv.com , while short clips and recently aired full episodes are available on cbs.com . In Canada , recent episode ( s ) and pictures are available on CTV.ca . After the show has aired in New Zealand the shows are available in full online at TVNZ 's on demand web service . Home media Name Release dates No. of episodes Additional Information Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 The Complete First Season September 2 , 2008 January 12 , 2009 April 3 , 2009 17 3 - disc box set `` Quantum Mechanics of The Big Bang Theory : Series Cast and Creators on Why It 's Cool to Be a Geek '' . Gag reel ( Blu - ray exclusive ) The Complete Second Season September 15 , 2009 October 19 , 2009 March 3 , 2010 23 4 - disc box set Gag reel `` Physicist to the Stars : Real - Life Physicist / UCLA professor David Saltzberg 's consulting relationship to the Show '' `` Testing the Infinite Hilarity Hypothesis in relation to the Big Bang Theory : Season 2 's Unique Characters and Characteristics '' The Complete Third Season September 14 , 2010 September 27 , 2010 October 13 , 2010 23 3 - disc box set Set tour with Simon Helberg and Kunal Nayyar Inside look on the third season Gag reel The Complete Fourth Season September 13 , 2011 September 26 , 2011 October 5 , 2011 24 3 - disc box set Story of show 's theme song with Barenaked Ladies Music video for the theme song Cast interviews Gag reel The Complete Fifth Season September 11 , 2012 September 3 , 2012 October 3 , 2012 24 3 - disc box set `` The Big Bang Theory at 100 '' `` The Big Bang Theory 's Laws of Reflection '' `` Professors of Production '' Gag reel The Complete Sixth Season September 10 , 2013 September 2 , 2013 October 11 , 2013 24 3 - disc box set `` The Big Bang Theory : The Final Comedy Frontier '' `` Houston , We Have a Sitcom '' `` Electromagnetism : The Best Relationship Moments '' `` The Big Bang Theory at Paleyfest 2013 '' Gag reel The Complete Seventh Season September 16 , 2014 September 8 , 2014 September 17 , 2014 24 String Theory Serenade James Earl Jones : The Un-Conventional Guest Star BBTea Time The Big Bang Theory 's May the 4th The Convention Conundrum The Big Cendrowski 2013 Comic - Con Panel Gag Reel The Complete Eighth Season September 15 , 2015 September 14 , 2015 September 16 , 2015 24 Shooting Stars : BBT on BBT 2014 The Big Bang Theory Comic - Con Panel Constellation Prize Here 's To You , Carol Ann Susi It 's A Quark ... It 's An Atom ... It 's the # BBTSuperfans ! Gag Reel The Complete Ninth Season September 13 , 2016 August 29 , 2016 August 31 , 2016 24 The Big Bang Theory Gives Back BBT : The Big 200 ! Love IS Rocket Science Just Ask BBT : If I Had To Go To Mars ... Just Ask BBT : Who Will Get The Couch ? 2015 Comic - Con Panel Gag Reel The first and second seasons were only available on DVD upon their time of release in 2008 and 2009 . Starting with the release of the third season in 2010 and continuing every year with every new season , a Blu - ray disc set has also been released in conjunction with the DVD . In 2012 , Warner Bros. released the first two seasons on Blu - ray , marking the first time that all episodes were available on the Blu - ray disc format . Awards and nominations Main article : List of awards and nominations received by The Big Bang Theory In August 2009 , the sitcom won the best comedy series TCA award and Jim Parsons ( Sheldon ) won the award for individual achievement in comedy . In 2010 , the show won the People 's Choice Award for Favorite Comedy , while Parsons won a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series . On January 16 , 2011 , Parsons was awarded a Golden Globe for Best Performance by an Actor in a Television Series -- Comedy or Musical , an award that was presented by co-star Kaley Cuoco . On September 18 , 2011 , Parsons was again awarded an Emmy for Best Actor in a Comedy Series . On January 9 , 2013 , the show won People 's Choice Award for Favorite Comedy for a second time . August 25 , 2014 , Jim Parsons was awarded an Emmy for Best Actor in a Comedy Series . The Big Bang Theory also won the 2016 People 's Choice Awards for under Favorite TV Show and Favorite Network TV Comedy with Jim Parsons winning Favorite Comedic TV Actor . On January 20 , 2016 , The Big Bang Theory also won the International category at the UK 's National Television Awards . Merchandise On March 16 , 2014 , a Lego Ideas project portraying the living room scene in Lego style with the main cast as minifigures reached 10,000 supporters on the platform , which qualified it to be considered as an official set by the Lego Ideas review board . On November 7 , 2014 , Lego Ideas approved the design and began refining it . The set was released in August 2015 , with an exclusive pre-sale taking place at the San Diego Comic - Con International . Spin - off series Main article : Young Sheldon In November 2016 , it was reported that CBS was in negotiations to create a spin - off of The Big Bang Theory centered on Sheldon as a young boy . The prequel series , described as `` a Malcolm in the Middle-esque single - camera family comedy '' would be executive produced by Lorre and Molaro , with Prady expected to be involved in some capacity , and intended to air in the 2017 -- 18 season alongside The Big Bang Theory . The initial idea for the series came from Parsons , who passed it along to The Big Bang Theory producers . In early March 2017 , Iain Armitage was cast as the younger Sheldon , as well as Zoe Perry as his mother , Mary Cooper . Perry is the real - life daughter of Laurie Metcalf , who portrays Mary Cooper on The Big Bang Theory . On March 13 , 2017 , CBS ordered the spin - off Young Sheldon series . Jon Favreau will direct and executive produce the pilot . Created by Lorre and Molaro , the series follows 9 - year - old Sheldon Cooper as he attends high school in East Texas . Alongside Armitage as 9 - year - old Sheldon Cooper and Perry as Mary Cooper , Lance Barber stars as George Cooper , Sheldon 's father ; Raegan Revord stars as Missy Cooper , Sheldon 's twin sister ; and Montana Jordan as George Cooper , Sheldon 's older brother . Jim Parsons reprises his role as adult Sheldon Cooper , as narrator for the series . Parsons , Lorre , Molaro and Todd Spiewak will also serve as executive producers on the series , for Chuck Lorre Productions , Inc. in association with Warner Bros. Television . It is scheduled to begin airing on November 2 , 2017 , after The Big Bang Theory . It had a special preview on September 25 , 2017 . Notes Jump up ^ During season 5 , episode 21 ( `` The Hawking Excitation '' ) , Raj states that Sheldon had begged three times before : He begged the Fox network not to cancel Firefly , he begged TNT to cancel Babylon 5 , and when he got food poisoning , he begged a deity he does not believe in to end his life quickly . 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Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 12 , 2014 ) . `` ' Gotham ' Has Biggest Adults 18 -- 49 Ratings Increase ; ' Gotham ' & ' Red Band Society ' Top Percentage Gains & ' How To Get Away With Murder ' Tops Viewer Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week Ending September 28 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2014 . Retrieved October 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 8 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' Adjusted Up ; ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 21 , 2015 ) . `` Full 2014 -- 15 TV Season Series Rankings : Football & ' Empire ' Ruled '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2015 . Retrieved May 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' Adjusted Up ; ' Significant Mother ' , ' Life in Pieces ' & ' Penn & Teller ' Adjusted Down - Ratings - TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com '' . TVbytheNumbers . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 13 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory , ' ' The Catch ' and ' Legends of Tomorrow ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 20 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Gotham ' adjust up , ' Kevin ' and ' Good Place ' hold '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( May 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory , ' ' Masterchef Junior ' adjust up , ' The Blacklist ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Final 2016 -- 17 TV Rankings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Winning Streak Continues '' . Deadline Hollywood . May 26 , 2017 . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang ' and ' Young Sheldon ' adjust up , ' Good Doctor , ' ' DWTS , ' ' The Brave , ' ' Me , Myself & I ' down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 10 Programmes '' . Barb.co.uk . July 17 , 2011 . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2012 . Retrieved July 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' Big Bang Theory ' returns to form for E4 with 1.4 m '' . Digital Spy . May 18 , 2012 . Retrieved August 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Millar , Paul ( November 16 , 2012 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' becomes E4 's most - watched show of the year -- TV News '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved December 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Big Bang Theory '' . Geektown . Retrieved January 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` E4 Sets UK Premiere Date For ' The Big Bang Theory ' Season 8 -- TVWise '' . TVWise . Jump up ^ `` E4 Sets UK Return Date For ' The Big Bang Theory ' Season 8 '' . TVWise . March 6 , 2015 . Retrieved March 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Netflix UK & Ireland ( @ NetflixUK ) ( February 13 , 2016 ) . `` Smart is the new sexy . Seasons 1 -- 8 of The Big Bang Theory hit Netflix UK on February 15th . '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` No Theory : Big Bang Canada 's No. 1 Show '' . TV Feeds My Family . Retrieved October 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` TV Thursday : The Big Bang Theory '' . Postmedia News , Canada.com . January 3 , 2013 . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2013 . Retrieved January 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Next Time . `` The Big Bang Theory '' . Channel 4 . Retrieved December 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Bang Theory on Seven '' ( PDF ) . Seven West Media . September 1 , 2015 . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nine to lose free to air TV rights to The Big Bang Theory to Seven '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Jump up ^ Pavan ( August 1 , 2011 ) . `` TBS Fall 2011 Schedule ; ION Adds Monk , Psych This Month , House in Fall 2012 -- SitcomsOnline.com News Blog '' . Blog.sitcomsonline.com . Retrieved August 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Stelter , Brian ( May 16 , 2010 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Gets Syndication Deal '' . New York Times . Retrieved September 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Company credits for `` The Big Bang Theory '' `` . IMDB . Retrieved February 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ James McQuivey . `` Why CBS pulled The Mentalist from CBS.com '' . OmniVideo . Retrieved February 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Bang Theory : Watch Episodes and Video and Join the Ultimate Fan Community '' . CBS . Archived from the original on August 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Watch the Big Bang Theory Online on CTV '' . Shows.ctv.ca . Retrieved August 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Bang Theory -- The Complete First Season : Johnny Galecki , Jim Parsons : Movies & TV '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved October 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Big Bang Theory -- Season 1 ( DVD ) ( 2007 ) : Amazon.co.uk : Johnny Galecki , Jim Parsons , Kaley Cuoco : DVD '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved October 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Bang Theory -- Complete 1st Season '' . mightyape.co.nz . Jump up ^ `` The Big Bang Theory Season 2 DVD coming in September '' . The-big-bang-theory.com . Retrieved October 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Big Bang Theory -- Season 2 ( DVD ) : Amazon.co.uk : DVD '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved October 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Bang Theory -- Complete 2nd Season ( 4 Disc Set ) '' . mightyape.co.nz . Jump up ^ `` The Big Bang Theory : The Complete Third Season DVD -- Warner Bros. : WBshop.com -- The Official Online Store of Warner Bros. Studios '' . WBshop.com . October 13 , 2010 . Retrieved July 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Bang Theory -- Season 3 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Buy Big Bang Theory , The -- The Complete 3rd Season ( 3 Disc Set ) @ EzyDVD '' . Ezydvd.com.au . September 29 , 2010 . Retrieved July 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Bang Theory : The Complete Fourth Season DVD -- Warner Bros. : WBshop.com -- The Official Online Store of Warner Bros. Studios '' . WBshop.com . Retrieved July 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Bang Theory -- Season 4 ( DVD ) ( 2011 ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Big Bang Theory , The -- Season 4 '' . Jb HiFi . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Bang Theory : The Complete Fifth Season ( Blu - ray ) '' . Warner Bros. Archived from the original on February 25 , 2014 . Retrieved August 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Bang Theory -- Season 5 ( DVD ) ( 2012 ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Big Bang Theory , The -- Season 5 '' . Jb HiFi . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Bang Theory -- Blu - rays , DVDs for ' The Complete 6th Season ' : Possible Date , Cost , Box Art '' . tvshowsondvd.com . Retrieved March 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Bang Theory -- Season 6 ( DVD ) : Amazon.co.uk : Johnny Galecki , Jim Parsons , Kaley Cuoco , Simon Helberg : Film & TV '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved December 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Big Bang Theory , The -- Season 6 '' . Jb HiFi . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( June 11 , 2014 ) . `` The Big Bang Theory -- Date , Cost , and LOTS of Extras for ' The Complete 7th Season ' '' . TVShowsOnDVD . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Bang Theory -- Season 7 ( DVD ) ( 2014 ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Big Bang Theory , The -- Season 7 '' . Jb HiFi . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( June 16 , 2015 ) . `` The Big Bang Theory -- Blu - ray Disc , DVD Press Release for ' The Complete 8th Season ' Set '' . TVShowsOnDVD . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Bang Theory -- Season 8 ( DVD ) ( 2015 ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Big Bang Theory , The -- Season 8 '' . Jb HiFi . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( June 8 , 2016 ) . `` The Big Bang Theory -- Warner 's Press Release Announces DVDs , Blu - rays for ' The Complete 9th Season ' '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Bang Theory -- Season 9 ( DVD ) ( 2016 ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Big Bang Theory , The -- Season 9 '' . Jb HiFi . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( May 20 , 2008 ) . `` The Big Bang Theory -- It 's Official : September Release Date Provided for Big Bang 's 1st Season DVDs '' . TVShowsOnDVD . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( June 2 , 2009 ) . `` The Big Bang Theory -- Warner 's Formal Press Release Arrives for The Complete 2nd Season '' . TVShowsOnDVD . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( July 2 , 2010 ) . `` The Big Bang Theory -- Full Press Release , Finished Packaging for the 3rd Season on DVD and Blu '' . TVShowsOnDVD . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( January 27 , 2012 ) . `` The Big Bang Theory -- Blu - ray Releases Coming Soon for the Sitcom 's 1st and 2nd Seasons ! '' . TVShowsOnDVD . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The TCA Awards turn 25 -- Sepinwall on TV New Jersey Entertainment -- TV & Film '' . NJ.com . August 2 , 2009 . Retrieved October 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 61st Primetime Emmy Awards Academy of Television Arts & Sciences '' . Cdn.emmys.tv . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2009 . Retrieved January 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 66th Primetime Emmy Awards Winner List '' . Retrieved August 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 People 's Choice Awards : See The Winners Here -- MTV '' . MTV News . Jump up ^ `` Winners National Television Awards '' . National Television Awards . Jump up ^ `` Lego Ideas The Big Bang Theory List '' . Retrieved September 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( November 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Eyes Young Sheldon Spinoff Prequel Series On CBS '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( November 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' Sheldon Prequel Series in the Works at CBS '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang ' Sheldon Spinoff Inches Closer With Iain Armitage & Zoe Perry Castings '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Spinoff ' Young Sheldon ' Gets CBS Series Order , Rounds Out Cast ; Jon Favreau Set To Direct '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 17 , 2017 ) . `` CBS Fall 2017 Schedule : No Major Changes , ' Young Sheldon ' Joins ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' S.W.A.T. ' On Thursday '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . External links The Big Bang Theory portal Television portal Comedy portal Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Big Bang Theory Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Big Bang Theory . Official website `` Official Vanity Card Archives '' . The Big Bang Theory . Chuck Lorre Productions . The Big Bang Theory on IMDb The Big Bang Theory at Rotten Tomatoes The Big Bang Theory Characters Leonard Hofstadter Sheldon Cooper Penny Howard Wolowitz Raj Koothrappali Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' Season 2 `` The Terminator Decoupling '' Season 3 `` The Jiminy Conjecture '' Season 4 `` The Cruciferous Vegetable Amplification '' `` The Hot Troll Deviation '' `` The Love Car Displacement '' `` The Toast Derivation '' `` The Roommate Transmogrification '' Season 5 `` The Skank Reflex Analysis '' `` The Infestation Hypothesis '' `` The Wiggly Finger Catalyst '' `` The Russian Rocket Reaction '' `` The Rhinitis Revelation '' `` The Good Guy Fluctuation '' `` The Isolation Permutation '' `` The Flaming Spittoon Acquisition '' `` The Shiny Trinket Maneuver '' `` The Recombination Hypothesis '' `` The Beta Test Initiation '' `` The Werewolf Transformation '' `` The Hawking Excitation '' `` The Stag Convergence '' `` The Countdown Reflection '' Season 6 `` The Fish Guts Displacement '' `` The Santa Simulation '' `` The Egg Salad Equivalency '' Season 7 `` The Hofstadter Insufficiency '' `` The Convention Conundrum '' Season 8 `` The Locomotion Interruption '' Season 9 Season 10 Season 11 Recurring concepts `` Soft Kitty '' Related articles Awards and nominations Bazinga ( genus ) Euglossa bazinga Young Sheldon Portal Book TCA Award for Outstanding Achievement in Comedy The Cosby Show , season 1 ( 1985 ) The Cosby Show , season 2 ( 1986 ) It 's Garry Shandling 's Show , season 1 ( 1987 ) Frank 's Place , season 1 / The Wonder Years , season 1 ( 1988 ) Murphy Brown , season 1 ( 1989 ) The Simpsons , season 1 ( 1990 ) Murphy Brown , season 3 ( 1991 ) Seinfeld , season 3 ( 1992 ) Seinfeld , season 4 ( 1993 ) Frasier , season 1 ( 1994 ) Frasier , season 2 ( 1995 ) Frasier , season 3 ( 1996 ) The Larry Sanders Show , season 5 ( 1997 ) The Larry Sanders Show , season 6 ( 1998 ) Sports Night , season 1 ( 1999 ) Malcolm in the Middle , season 1 ( 2000 ) Malcolm in the Middle , season 2 ( 2001 ) The Bernie Mac Show , season 1 ( 2002 ) The Daily Show with Jon Stewart , season 7 / season 8 ( 2003 ) Arrested Development , season 1 ( 2004 ) Arrested Development , season 2 ( 2005 ) The Office , season 2 ( 2006 ) The Office , season 3 ( 2007 ) 30 Rock , season 2 ( 2008 ) The Big Bang Theory , season 2 ( 2009 ) Modern Family , season 1 ( 2010 ) Modern Family , season 2 ( 2011 ) Louie , season 2 ( 2012 ) The Big Bang Theory , season 6 / Parks and Recreation , season 5 ( 2013 ) Louie , season 4 / Veep , season 3 ( 2014 ) Inside Amy Schumer , season 3 ( 2015 ) Black - 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when did the us start using the electoral college	For 1789 , the first Wednesday in February next be the day for the Electors to assemble in their respective States and vote for a President from Resolution of 13 September 1788 by the Confederation ( Continental ) Congress . For 1792 through 1884 , the Electors shall meet and give their votes on the first Wednesday in December from 1 Stat. 239 , Section 2 . For 1889 through 1933 , the Electors of each State shall meet and give their votes on the second Monday in January next following their appointment from 24 Stat. 373 , Section 1. For 1936 to the present , the Electors of President and Vice President of each State shall meet and give their votes on the first Monday after the second Wednesday in December next following their appointment from 62 Stat. 673 , now codified as United States Code : Title 3 , Section 7 ( 3 USC 7 ) .	1789 , the first Wednesday in February	Electoral College ( United states )	electoral college ( united states )	The United States Electoral College is the mechanism established by the United States Constitution for the election of the president and vice president of the United States by small groups of appointed representatives , electors , from each state and the District of Columbia . The Constitution specifies that each state legislature individually determines its own process for appointing electors . In practice , all state legislatures use popular voting to choose a slate of electors who are pledged to vote for a particular party 's candidate . Thus , today the president and vice president are effectively chosen through indirect election by the citizens .	The Twelfth Amendment requires each elector to cast one vote for president and another vote for vice president . In each state and the District of Columbia , electors are chosen every four years on the Tuesday after the first Monday in November , and then meet to cast ballots on the first Monday after the second Wednesday in December . The candidates who receive a majority of electoral votes among the states are elected president and vice president of the United States when the Electoral College vote is certified by Congress in early January . Pursuant to the Twentieth Amendment , the terms for president and vice president end at noon on January 20 following an election for those offices ; the new terms for those offices then begin . Each state chooses electors , equal in number to that state 's combined total of senators and representatives . There are a total of 538 electors , corresponding to the 435 representatives and 100 senators , plus the three electors for the District of Columbia as provided by the Twenty - third Amendment . The Constitution bars any federal official , elected or appointed , from being an elector . The Office of the Federal Register is charged with administering the Electoral College . Since the mid-19th century when all electors have been popularly chosen , the Electoral College has elected the candidate who received the most popular votes nationwide , except in four elections : 1876 , 1888 , 2000 , and 2016 . In 1824 , there were six states in which electors were legislatively appointed , rather than popularly elected , so the true national popular vote is uncertain ; the electors failed to select a winning candidate , so the matter was decided by the House of Representatives . All states except California ( before 1913 ) , Maine , and Nebraska have chosen electors on a `` winner - take - all '' basis since the 1880s . Under the winner - take - all system , the state 's electors are awarded to the candidate with the most votes in that state , thus maximizing the state 's influence in the national election . Maine and Nebraska use the `` congressional district method , '' selecting one elector within each congressional district by popular vote and awarding two electors by a statewide popular vote . Although no elector is required by federal law to honor his pledge , there have been very few occasions when an elector voted contrary to a pledge , and never once has it impacted the final outcome of a national election . If no candidate for president receives a majority of electoral votes for president , the Twelfth Amendment provides that the House of Representatives will select the president , with each of the fifty state delegations casting one vote . If no candidate for vice president receives a majority of electoral votes for vice president , then the Senate will select the vice president , with each of the 100 senators having one vote . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 History 2.1 Original plan 2.2 Breakdown and revision 2.3 Evolution to the general ticket 2.4 Evolution of selection plans 2.5 Fourteenth Amendment 2.6 Meeting of electors date over the years 3 Modern mechanics 3.1 Summary 3.2 Electors 3.2. 1 Apportionment 3.2. 2 Nomination 3.2. 3 Selection 3.2. 4 Meetings 3.2. 5 Faithlessness 3.3 Joint session of Congress and contingencies 3.3. 1 Contingent presidential election by House 3.3. 2 Contingent vice presidential election by Senate 3.3. 3 Deadlocked election 3.4 Current electoral vote distribution 4 Chronological table 5 Alternative methods of choosing electors 5.1 Appointment by state legislature 5.2 Electoral districts 5.3 Proportional vote 5.4 Congressional district method 5.4. 1 Implementation 6 Contemporary issues 6.1 Criticism 6.1. 1 Nondeterminacy of popular vote 6.1. 2 Exclusive focus on large swing states 6.1. 3 Discouragement of turnout and participation 6.1. 4 Obscuring disenfranchisement within states 6.1. 5 Lack of enfranchisement of U.S. territories 6.1. 6 Advantage based on state population 6.1. 7 Disadvantage for third parties 6.1. 8 Inadequate means for electors to vote conscience and prevent the election of demagogues 6.2 Support 6.2. 1 Prevention of an urban - centric victory 6.2. 2 Maintenance of the federal character of the nation 6.2. 3 Enhancement of the status of minority groups 6.2. 4 Encouragement of stability through the two - party system 6.2. 5 Flexibility if a presidential candidate dies 6.2. 6 Isolation of election problems 7 Efforts to abolish 7.1 Bayh -- Celler amendment 7.2 Carter proposal 7.3 Cohen proposal 7.4 National Popular Vote Interstate Compact 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Background The Constitutional Convention in 1787 used the Virginia Plan as the basis for discussions , as the Virginia delegation had proposed it first . The Virginia Plan called for the Congress to elect the president . Delegates from a majority of states agreed to this mode of election . However , a committee formed to work out various details including the mode of election of the president , recommended instead the election be by a group of people apportioned among the states in the same numbers as their representatives in Congress ( the formula for which had been resolved in lengthy debates resulting in the Connecticut Compromise and Three - Fifths Compromise ) , but chosen by each state `` in such manner as its Legislature may direct . '' Committee member Gouverneur Morris explained the reasons for the change ; among others , there were fears of `` intrigue '' if the president were chosen by a small group of men who met together regularly , as well as concerns for the independence of the president if he were elected by the Congress . However , once the Electoral College had been decided on , several delegates ( Mason , Butler , Morris , Wilson , and Madison ) openly recognized its ability to protect the election process from cabal , corruption , intrigue , and faction . Some delegates , including James Wilson and James Madison , preferred popular election of the executive . Madison acknowledged that while a popular vote would be ideal , it would be difficult to get consensus on the proposal given the prevalence of slavery in the South : There was one difficulty however of a serious nature attending an immediate choice by the people . The right of suffrage was much more diffusive in the Northern than the Southern States ; and the latter could have no influence in the election on the score of Negroes . The substitution of electors obviated this difficulty and seemed on the whole to be liable to the fewest objections . The Convention approved the Committee 's Electoral College proposal , with minor modifications , on September 6 , 1787 . Delegates from states with smaller populations or limited land area such as Connecticut , New Jersey , and Maryland generally favored the Electoral College with some consideration for states . At the compromise providing for a runoff among the top five candidates , the small states supposed that the House of Representatives with each state delegation casting one vote would decide most elections . In The Federalist Papers , James Madison explained his views on the selection of the president and the Constitution . In Federalist No. 39 , Madison argued the Constitution was designed to be a mixture of state - based and population - based government . Congress would have two houses : the state - based Senate and the population - based House of Representatives . Meanwhile , the president would be elected by a mixture of the two modes . Alexander Hamilton in Federalist No. 68 laid out what he believed were the key advantages to the Electoral College . The electors come directly from the people and them alone for that purpose only , and for that time only . This avoided a party - run legislature , or a permanent body that could be influenced by foreign interests before each election . Hamilton explained the election was to take place among all the states , so no corruption in any state could taint `` the great body of the people '' in their selection . The choice was to be made by a majority of the Electoral College , as majority rule is critical to the principles of republican government . Hamilton argued that electors meeting in the state capitals were able to have information unavailable to the general public . Hamilton also argued that since no federal officeholder could be an elector , none of the electors would be beholden to any presidential candidate . Another consideration was the decision would be made without `` tumult and disorder , '' as it would be a broad - based one made simultaneously in various locales where the decision - makers could deliberate reasonably , not in one place where decision - makers could be threatened or intimidated . If the Electoral College did not achieve a decisive majority , then the House of Representatives was to choose the president from among the top five candidates , ensuring selection of a presiding officer administering the laws would have both ability and good character . Hamilton was also concerned about somebody unqualified , but with a talent for `` low intrigue , and the little arts of popularity , '' attaining high office . Additionally , in the Federalist No. 10 , James Madison argued against `` an interested and overbearing majority '' and the `` mischiefs of faction '' in an electoral system . He defined a faction as `` a number of citizens whether amounting to a majority or minority of the whole , who are united and actuated by some common impulse of passion , or of interest , adverse to the rights of other citizens , or to the permanent and aggregate interests of the community . '' What was then called republican government ( i.e. , federalism , as opposed to direct democracy ) , with its varied distribution of voter rights and powers , would countervail against factions . Madison further postulated in the Federalist No. 10 that the greater the population and expanse of the Republic , the more difficulty factions would face in organizing due to such issues as sectionalism . Although the United States Constitution refers to `` Electors '' and `` electors , '' neither the phrase `` Electoral College '' nor any other name is used to describe the electors collectively . It was not until the early 19th century the name `` Electoral College '' came into general usage as the collective designation for the electors selected to cast votes for president and vice president . The phrase was first written into federal law in 1845 and today the term appears in 3 U.S.C. § 4 , in the section heading and in the text as `` college of electors . '' History Original plan Article II , Section 1 , Clause 2 of the Constitution states : Each State shall appoint , in such Manner as the Legislature thereof may direct , a Number of Electors , equal to the whole Number of Senators and Representatives to which the State may be entitled in the Congress : but no Senator or Representative , or Person holding an Office of Trust or Profit under the United States , shall be appointed an Elector . Article II , Section 1 , Clause 4 of the Constitution states : The Congress may determine the Time of chusing ( sic ) the Electors , and the Day on which they shall give their Votes ; which Day shall be the same throughout the United States . Article II , Section 1 , Clause 3 of the Constitution provided the original plan by which the electors chose the president and vice president . Under the original plan , the candidate who received a majority of votes from the electors would become president ; the candidate receiving the second most votes would become vice president . The original plan of the Electoral College was based upon several assumptions and anticipations of the Framers of the Constitution : Individual electors would be elected by citizens on a district - by - district basis . Each presidential elector would exercise independent judgment when voting . Candidates would not pair together on the same ticket with assumed placements toward each office of president and vice president . The system as designed would rarely produce a winner , thus sending the election to Congress . According to the text of Article II , however , each state government was free to have its own plan for selecting its electors , and the Constitution does not explicitly require states to popularly elect their electors . Several different methods for selecting electors are described at length below . Breakdown and revision The emergence of political parties and nationally coordinated election campaigns soon complicated matters in the elections of 1796 and 1800 . In 1796 , Federalist Party candidate John Adams won the presidential election . Finishing in second place was Democratic - Republican Party candidate Thomas Jefferson , the Federalists ' opponent , who became the vice president . This resulted in the president and vice president being of different political parties . In 1800 , the Democratic - Republican Party again nominated Jefferson for president and also nominated Aaron Burr for vice president . After the election , Jefferson and Burr both obtained a majority of electoral votes , but tied one another with 73 votes each . Since ballots did not distinguish between votes for president and votes for vice president , every ballot cast for Burr technically counted as a vote for him to become president , despite Jefferson clearly being his party 's first choice . Lacking a clear winner by constitutional standards , the election had to be decided by the House of Representatives pursuant to the Constitution 's contingency election provision . Having already lost the presidential contest , Federalist Party representatives in the lame duck House session seized upon the opportunity to embarrass their opposition by attempting to elect Burr over Jefferson . The House deadlocked for 35 ballots as neither candidate received the necessary majority vote of the state delegations in the House ( the votes of nine states were needed for a conclusive election ) . Jefferson achieved electoral victory on the 36th ballot , but only after Federalist Party leader Alexander Hamilton -- who disfavored Burr 's personal character more than Jefferson 's policies -- had made known his preference for Jefferson . Responding to the problems from those elections , the Congress proposed on December 9 , 1803 , and three - fourths of the states ratified by June 15 , 1804 , the Twelfth Amendment . Starting with the 1804 election , the amendment requires electors cast separate ballots for president and vice president , replacing the system outlined in Article II , Section 1 , Clause 3 . Evolution to the general ticket Alexander Hamilton described the framers ' view of how electors would be chosen : `` A small number of persons , selected by their fellow - citizens from the general mass , will be most likely to possess the information and discernment requisite to such complicated ( tasks ) . '' The founders assumed this would take place district by district . That plan was carried out by many states until the 1880s . For example , in Massachusetts in 1820 , the rule stated `` the people shall vote by ballot , on which shall be designated who is voted for as an Elector for the district . '' In other words , the people did not place the name of a candidate for a president on the ballot , instead they voted for their local elector , whom they trusted later to cast a responsible vote for president . Some states reasoned that the favorite presidential candidate among the people in their state would have a much better chance if all of the electors selected by their state were sure to vote the same way -- a `` general ticket '' of electors pledged to a party candidate . So the slate of electors chosen by the state were no longer free agents , independent thinkers , or deliberative representatives . They became `` voluntary party lackeys and intellectual non-entities . '' Once one state took that strategy , the others felt compelled to follow suit in order to compete for the strongest influence on the election . When James Madison and Hamilton , two of the most important architects of the Electoral College , saw this strategy being taken by some states , they protested strongly . Madison and Hamilton both made it clear this approach violated the spirit of the Constitution . According to Hamilton , the selection of the president should be `` made by men most capable of analyzing the qualities adapted to the station ( of president ) . '' According to Hamilton , the electors were to analyze the list of potential presidents and select the best one . He also used the term `` deliberate . '' Hamilton considered a pre-pledged elector to violate the spirit of Article II of the Constitution insofar as such electors could make no `` analysis '' or `` deliberate '' concerning the candidates . Madison agreed entirely , saying that when the Constitution was written , all of its authors assumed individual electors would be elected in their districts and it was inconceivable a `` general ticket '' of electors dictated by a state would supplant the concept . Madison wrote to George Hay , The district mode was mostly , if not exclusively in view when the Constitution was framed and adopted ; & was exchanged for the general ticket ( many years later ) . The Founders assumed that electors would be elected by the citizens of their district and that elector was to be free to analyze and deliberate regarding who is best suited to be president . Madison and Hamilton were so upset by what they saw as a distortion of the framers ' original intent that they advocated a constitutional amendment to prevent anything other than the district plan : `` the election of Presidential Electors by districts , is an amendment very proper to be brought forward , '' Madison told George Hay in 1823 . Hamilton went further . He actually drafted an amendment to the Constitution mandating the district plan for selecting electors . Evolution of selection plans In 1789 , at - large popular vote , the winner - take - all method , began with Pennsylvania and Maryland ; Virginia and Delaware used a district plan by popular vote , and in the five other states participating in the election ( Connecticut , Georgia , Maryland , New Hampshire New Jersey and South Carolina ) , state legislatures chose . By 1800 , Virginia and Rhode Island voted at - large , Kentucky , Maryland and North Carolina voted popularly by district , and eleven states voted by state legislature . Beginning in 1804 there was a definite trend towards the winner - take - all system for statewide popular vote . States using their state legislature to choose presidential electors have included fourteen states from all regions of the country . By 1832 , only South Carolina used the state legislature , and it abandoned the method after 1860 . States using popular vote by district have included ten states from all regions of the country . By 1832 there was only Maryland , and from 1836 district plans fell out of use until the 20th century , though Michigan used a district plan for 1892 only . Since 1836 , statewide , winner - take - all popular voting for electors has been the almost universal practice . As of 2016 , Maine ( from 1972 ) and Nebraska ( from 1996 ) use the district plan , with two at - large electors assigned to support the winner of the statewide popular vote . Fourteenth Amendment Section 2 of the Fourteenth Amendment allows for a state 's representation in the House of Representatives to be reduced if a state unconstitutionally denies people the right to vote . The reduction is in keeping with the proportion of people denied a vote . This amendment refers to `` the right to vote at any election for the choice of electors for President and Vice President of the United States , '' among other elections , the only place in the Constitution mentioning electors being selected by popular vote . On May 8 , 1866 , during a debate on the Fourteenth Amendment , Thaddeus Stevens , the leader of the Republicans in the House of Representatives , delivered a speech on the amendment 's intent . Regarding Section 2 , he said : The second section I consider the most important in the article . It fixes the basis of representation in Congress . If any State shall exclude any of her adult male citizens from the elective franchise , or abridge that right , she shall forfeit her right to representation in the same proportion . The effect of this provision will be either to compel the States to grant universal suffrage or so shear them of their power as to keep them forever in a hopeless minority in the national Government , both legislative and executive . Federal law ( 2 U.S.C. § 6 ) implements Section 2 's mandate . Meeting of electors date over the years For 1789 , the first Wednesday in February next be the day for the Electors to assemble in their respective States and vote for a President from Resolution of 13 September 1788 by the Confederation ( Continental ) Congress . For 1792 through 1884 , the Electors shall meet and give their votes on the first Wednesday in December from 1 Stat. 239 , Section 2 . For 1889 through 1933 , the Electors of each State shall meet and give their votes on the second Monday in January next following their appointment from 24 Stat. 373 , Section 1. For 1936 to the present , the Electors of President and Vice President of each State shall meet and give their votes on the first Monday after the second Wednesday in December next following their appointment from 62 Stat. 673 , now codified as United States Code : Title 3 , Section 7 ( 3 USC 7 ) . Modern mechanics The 2012 Certificate of Vote issued by Maryland 's delegation to the Electoral College . Summary Even though the aggregate national popular vote is calculated by state officials , media organizations , and the Federal Election Commission , the people only indirectly elect the president , as the national popular vote is not the basis for electing the president or vice president . The president and vice president of the United States are elected by the Electoral College , which consists of 538 presidential electors from the fifty states and Washington , D.C. Presidential electors are selected on a state - by - state basis , as determined by the laws of each state . Since the election of 1824 , most states have appointed their electors on a winner - take - all basis , based on the statewide popular vote on Election Day . Maine and Nebraska are the only two current exceptions , as both states use the congressional district method . Although ballots list the names of the presidential and vice presidential candidates ( who run on a ticket ) , voters actually choose electors when they vote for president and vice president . These presidential electors in turn cast electoral votes for those two offices . Electors usually pledge to vote for their party 's nominee , but some `` faithless electors '' have voted for other candidates or refrained from voting . A candidate must receive an absolute majority of electoral votes ( currently 270 ) to win the presidency or the vice presidency . If no candidate receives a majority in the election for president or vice president , the election is determined via a contingency procedure established by the Twelfth Amendment . In such a situation , the House chooses one of the top three presidential electoral vote - winners as the president , while the Senate chooses one of the top two vice presidential electoral vote - winners as vice president . Electors Apportionment. Further information : United States congressional apportionment State population per electoral vote for the 50 states and Washington D.C. A state 's number of electors equals the number of representatives plus two electors for both senators the state has in the United States Congress . The number of representatives is based on the respective populations , determined every 10 years by the United States Census . Each representative represents on average 711,000 persons . Under the Twenty - third Amendment , Washington , D.C. , is allocated as many electors as it would have if it were a state , but no more electors than the least populous state . The least populous state ( which is Wyoming , according to the 2010 census ) has three electors ; thus , D.C. can not have more than three electors . Even if D.C. were a state , its population would entitle it to only three electors ; based on its population per electoral vote , D.C. has the second highest per capita Electoral College representation , after Wyoming . Currently , there is a total of 538 electors , there being 435 representatives and 100 senators , plus the three electors allocated to Washington , D.C. The six states with the most electors are California ( 55 ) , Texas ( 38 ) , New York ( 29 ) , Florida ( 29 ) , Illinois ( 20 ) , and Pennsylvania ( 20 ) . The seven smallest states by population -- Alaska , Delaware , Montana , North Dakota , South Dakota , Vermont , and Wyoming -- have three electors each . This is because each of these states is entitled to one representative and two senators . Nomination Candidates for elector are nominated by state chapters of nationally oriented political parties in the months prior to Election Day . In some states , the electors are nominated by voters in primaries , the same way other presidential candidates are nominated . In some states , such as Oklahoma , Virginia and North Carolina , electors are nominated in party conventions . In Pennsylvania , the campaign committee of each candidate names their respective electoral college candidates ( an attempt to discourage faithless electors ) . Varying by state , electors may also be elected by state legislatures , or appointed by the parties themselves . Selection Article II , Section 1 , Clause 2 of the Constitution requires each state legislature to determine how electors for the state are to be chosen , but it disqualifies any person holding a federal office , either elected or appointed , from being an elector . Under Section 3 of the Fourteenth Amendment , any person who has sworn an oath to support the United States Constitution in order to hold either a state or federal office , and later rebelled against the United States directly or by giving assistance to those doing so , is disqualified from being an elector . However , the Congress may remove this disqualification by a two - thirds vote in each House . Since the Civil War , all states have chosen presidential electors by popular vote . This process has been normalized to the point the names of the electors appear on the ballot in only eight states : Rhode Island , Tennessee , Louisiana , Arizona , Idaho , Oklahoma , North Dakota and South Dakota . The Tuesday following the first Monday in November has been fixed as the day for holding federal elections , called the Election Day . In 48 states and Washington , D.C. , the `` winner - takes - all method '' is used ( electors selected as a single bloc ) . Maine and Nebraska use the `` congressional district method '' , selecting one elector within each congressional district by popular vote and selecting the remaining two electors by a statewide popular vote . This method has been used in Maine since 1972 and in Nebraska since 1996 . The current system of choosing electors is called the `` short ballot '' . In most states , voters choose a slate of electors , and only a few states list on the ballot the names of proposed electors . In some states , if a voter wants to write in a candidate for president , the voter is also required to write in the names of proposed electors . After the election , each state prepares seven Certificates of Ascertainment , each listing the candidates for president and vice president , their pledged electors , and the total votes each candidacy received . One certificate is sent , as soon after Election Day as practicable , to the National Archivist in Washington D.C. The Certificates of Ascertainment are mandated to carry the State Seal , and the signature of the Governor ( in the case of the District of Columbia , the Certificate is signed by the Mayor of the District of Columbia . ) Meetings Certificate for the electoral votes for Rutherford B. Hayes and William A. Wheeler for the State of Louisiana ( 1876 ) . The Electoral College never meets as one body . Electors meet in their respective state capitals ( electors for the District of Columbia meet within the District ) on the Monday after the second Wednesday in December , at which time they cast their electoral votes on separate ballots for president and vice president . Although procedures in each state vary slightly , the electors generally follow a similar series of steps , and the Congress has constitutional authority to regulate the procedures the states follow . The meeting is opened by the election certification official -- often that state 's secretary of state or equivalent -- who reads the Certificate of Ascertainment . This document sets forth who was chosen to cast the electoral votes . The attendance of the electors is taken and any vacancies are noted in writing . The next step is the selection of a president or chairman of the meeting , sometimes also with a vice chairman . The electors sometimes choose a secretary , often not himself an elector , to take the minutes of the meeting . In many states , political officials give short speeches at this point in the proceedings . When the time for balloting arrives , the electors choose one or two people to act as tellers . Some states provide for the placing in nomination of a candidate to receive the electoral votes ( the candidate for president of the political party of the electors ) . Each elector submits a written ballot with the name of a candidate for president . In New Jersey , the electors cast ballots by checking the name of the candidate on a pre-printed card ; in North Carolina , the electors write the name of the candidate on a blank card . The tellers count the ballots and announce the result . The next step is the casting of the vote for vice president , which follows a similar pattern . Each state 's electors must complete six Certificates of Vote . Each Certificate of Vote must be signed by all of the electors and a Certificate of Ascertainment must be attached to each of the Certificates of Vote . Each Certificate of Vote must include the names of those who received an electoral vote for either the office of president or of vice president . The electors certify the Certificates of Vote and copies of the Certificates are then sent in the following fashion : One is sent by registered mail to the President of the Senate ( who usually is the incumbent Vice President of the United States ) ; Two are sent by registered mail to the Archivist of the United States ; Two are sent to the state 's Secretary of State ; and One is sent to the chief judge of the United States district court where those electors met . A staff member of the President of the Senate collects the Certificates of Vote as they arrive and prepares them for the joint session of the Congress . The Certificates are arranged -- unopened -- in alphabetical order and placed in two special mahogany boxes . Alabama through Missouri ( including the District of Columbia ) are placed in one box and Montana through Wyoming are placed in the other box . Before 1950 , the Secretary of State 's office oversaw the certifications , but since then the Office of Federal Register in the Archivist 's office reviews them to make sure the documents sent to the archive and Congress match and that all formalities have been followed , sometimes requiring states to correct the documents . Faithlessness Main article : Faithless elector Faithless electors are those who either cast electoral votes for someone other than the candidate of the party that they pledged to vote for or who abstain . Twenty - nine states plus the District of Columbia have passed laws to punish faithless electors , although none have ever been enforced . Many constitutional scholars claim that state restrictions would be struck down if challenged based on Article II and the Twelfth Amendment . In 1952 , the constitutionality of state pledge laws was brought before the Supreme Court in Ray v. Blair , 343 U.S. 214 ( 1952 ) . The Court ruled in favor of state laws requiring electors to pledge to vote for the winning candidate , as well as removing electors who refuse to pledge . As stated in the ruling , electors are acting as a functionary of the state , not the federal government . Therefore , states have the right to govern the process of choosing electors . The constitutionality of state laws punishing electors for actually casting a faithless vote , rather than refusing to pledge , has never been decided by the Supreme Court . However , in his dissent in Ray v. Blair , Justice Robert Jackson wrote : `` no one faithful to our history can deny that the plan originally contemplated what is implicit in its text -- that electors would be free agents , to exercise an independent and nonpartisan judgment as to the men best qualified for the Nation 's highest offices . '' While many laws punish a faithless elector only after the fact , states like Michigan also specify a faithless elector 's vote be voided . As electoral slates are typically chosen by the political party or the party 's presidential nominee , electors usually have high loyalty to the party and its candidate : a faithless elector runs a greater risk of party censure than of criminal charges . In 2000 , elector Barbara Lett - Simmons of Washington , D.C. , chose not to vote , rather than voting for Al Gore as she had pledged to do . In 2016 , seven electors voted contrary to their pledges . Faithless electors have never changed the outcome of any presidential election . Joint session of Congress and contingencies Further information : Contingent election The Twelfth Amendment mandates Congress assemble in joint session to count the electoral votes and declare the winners of the election . The session is ordinarily required to take place on January 6 in the calendar year immediately following the meetings of the presidential electors . Since the Twentieth Amendment , the newly elected Congress declares the winner of the election ; all elections before 1936 were determined by the outgoing House . The meeting is held at 1 p.m. in the Chamber of the U.S. House of Representatives . The sitting vice president is expected to preside , but in several cases the president pro tempore of the Senate has chaired the proceedings . The vice president and the Speaker of the House sit at the podium , with the vice president in the seat of the Speaker of the House . Senate pages bring in the two mahogany boxes containing each state 's certified vote and place them on tables in front of the senators and representatives . Each house appoints two tellers to count the vote ( normally one member of each political party ) . Relevant portions of the Certificate of Vote are read for each state , in alphabetical order . Members of Congress can object to any state 's vote count , provided objection is presented in writing and is signed by at least one member of each house of Congress . An objection supported by at least one senator and one representative will be followed by the suspension of the joint session and by separate debates and votes in each House of Congress ; after both Houses deliberate on the objection , the joint session is resumed . A state 's certificate of vote can be rejected only if both Houses of Congress vote to accept the objection . In that case , the votes from the State in question are simply ignored . The votes of Arkansas and Louisiana were rejected in the presidential election of 1872 . Objections to the electoral vote count are rarely raised , although it did occur during the vote count in 2001 after the close 2000 presidential election between Governor George W. Bush of Texas and the vice president of the United States , Al Gore . Gore , who as vice president was required to preside over his own Electoral College defeat ( by five electoral votes ) , denied the objections , all of which were raised by only several representatives and would have favored his candidacy , after no senators would agree to jointly object . Objections were again raised in the vote count of the 2004 elections , and on that occasion the document was presented by one representative and one senator . Although the joint session was suspended , the objections were quickly disposed of and rejected by both Houses of Congress . If there are no objections or all objections are overruled , the presiding officer simply includes a state 's votes , as declared in the certificate of vote , in the official tally . After the certificates from all states are read and the respective votes are counted , the presiding officer simply announces the final result of the vote and , provided the required absolute majority of votes was achieved , declares the names of the persons elected president and vice president . This announcement concludes the joint session and formalizes the recognition of the president - elect and of the vice president - elect . The senators then depart from the House Chamber . The final tally is printed in the Senate and House journals . Contingent presidential election by House The Twelfth Amendment requires the House of Representatives to go into session immediately to vote for a president if no candidate for president receives a majority of the electoral votes ( since 1964 , 270 of the 538 electoral votes ) . In this event , the House of Representatives is limited to choosing from among the three candidates who received the most electoral votes for president . Each state delegation votes en bloc -- each delegation having a single vote ; the District of Columbia does not receive a vote . A candidate must receive an absolute majority of state delegation votes ( i.e. , at present , a minimum of 26 votes ) in order for that candidate to become the president - elect . Additionally , delegations from at least two thirds of all the states must be present for voting to take place . The House continues balloting until it elects a president . The House of Representatives has chosen the president only twice : in 1801 under Article II , Section 1 , Clause 3 ; and in 1825 under the Twelfth Amendment . Contingent vice presidential election by Senate If no candidate for vice president receives an absolute majority of electoral votes , then the Senate must go into session to elect a vice president . The Senate is limited to choosing from the two candidates who received the most electoral votes for vice president . Normally this would mean two candidates , one less than the number of candidates available in the House vote . However , the text is written in such a way that all candidates with the most and second most electoral votes are eligible for the Senate election -- this number could theoretically be larger than two . The Senate votes in the normal manner in this case ( i.e. , ballots are individually cast by each senator , not by state delegations ) . However , two - thirds of the senators must be present for voting to take place . Additionally , the Twelfth Amendment states a `` majority of the whole number '' of senators ( currently 51 of 100 ) is necessary for election . Further , the language requiring an absolute majority of Senate votes precludes the sitting vice president from breaking any tie that might occur , although some academics and journalists have speculated to the contrary . The only time the Senate chose the vice president was in 1837 . In that instance , the Senate adopted an alphabetical roll call and voting aloud . The rules further stated , `` ( I ) fa majority of the number of senators shall vote for either the said Richard M. Johnson or Francis Granger , he shall be declared by the presiding officer of the Senate constitutionally elected Vice President of the United States '' ; the Senate chose Johnson . Deadlocked election Section 3 of the Twentieth Amendment specifies if the House of Representatives has not chosen a president - elect in time for the inauguration ( noon EST on January 20 ) , then the vice president - elect becomes acting president until the House selects a president . Section 3 also specifies Congress may statutorily provide for who will be acting president if there is neither a president - elect nor a vice president - elect in time for the inauguration . Under the Presidential Succession Act of 1947 , the Speaker of the House would become acting president until either the House selects a president or the Senate selects a vice president . Neither of these situations has ever occurred . Current Electoral vote distribution See also : Electoral vote changes between United States presidential elections Electoral votes ( EV ) allocations for the 2012 , 2016 and 2020 presidential elections . Triangular markers ( ) indicate gains or losses following the 2010 Census . EV × States States 3 × 8 = 24 Alaska , Delaware , District of Columbia * , Montana , North Dakota , South Dakota , Vermont , Wyoming 4 × 5 = 20 Hawaii , Idaho , Maine * * , New Hampshire , Rhode Island 5 × 3 = 15 Nebraska * * , New Mexico , West Virginia 6 × 6 = 36 Arkansas , Iowa , Kansas , Mississippi , Nevada , Utah 7 × 3 = 21 Connecticut , Oklahoma , Oregon 8 × 2 = 16 Kentucky , Louisiana 9 × 3 = 27 Alabama , Colorado , South Carolina 10 × 4 = 40 Maryland , Minnesota , Missouri , Wisconsin 11 × 4 = 44 Arizona , Indiana , Massachusetts , Tennessee 12 × 1 = 12 Washington 13 × 1 = 13 Virginia 14 × 1 = 14 New Jersey 15 × 1 = 15 North Carolina 16 × 2 = 32 Georgia , Michigan 18 × 1 = 18 Ohio 20 × 2 = 40 Illinois , Pennsylvania 29 × 2 = 58 Florida , New York 38 × 1 = 38 Texas 55 × 1 = 55 California = 538 Total electors * The Twenty - third Amendment grants electors to DC as if it were a state , but not more than the least populous state . This has always been three . * * Maine 's four electors and Nebraska 's five are distributed using the Congressional district method . Chronological Table Number of presidential electors by state and year Election year 1788 -- 1800 1804 -- 1900 1904 -- 2000 2004 -- ' 88 ' 92 ' 96 ' 00 ' 04 ' 08 ' 12 ' 16 ' 20 ' 24 ' 28 ' 32 ' 36 ' 40 ' 44 ' 48 ' 52 ' 56 ' 60 ' 64 ' 68 ' 72 ' 76 ' 80 ' 84 ' 88 ' 92 ' 96 ' 00 ' 04 ' 08 ' 12 ' 16 ' 20 ' 24 ' 28 ' 32 ' 36 ' 40 ' 44 ' 48 ' 52 ' 56 ' 60 ' 64 ' 68 ' 72 ' 76 ' 80 ' 84 ' 88 ' 92 ' 96 ' 00 ' 04 ' 08 ' 12 ' 16 ' 20 # Total 81 135 138 176 218 221 235 261 288 294 275 290 296 303 234 294 366 369 401 444 447 476 483 531 537 538 State 22 Alabama 5 7 7 9 9 9 9 0.1 ! 0 8 10 10 10 11 11 11 11 12 11 11 11 11 10 9 9 9 9 9 49 Alaska 48 Arizona 5 6 7 8 10 11 25 Arkansas 0.1 ! 0 5 6 6 7 8 8 9 9 9 9 9 8 8 6 6 6 6 6 6 31 California 05 ! 5 5 6 6 8 9 9 10 10 13 22 25 32 32 40 45 47 54 55 55 38 Colorado 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 8 8 9 9 5 Connecticut 7 9 9 9 9 9 9 8 8 8 6 6 6 6 06 ! 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 7 7 51 ! - D.C. Delaware 03 ! 3 27 Florida 0.1 ! 0 5 5 6 7 8 10 10 14 17 21 25 27 29 Georgia 5 6 8 8 8 9 11 11 10 10 10 10 0.1 ! 0 9 11 11 12 13 13 13 13 14 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 13 15 16 50 Hawaii 43 Idaho 21 Illinois 5 5 9 9 11 11 16 16 21 21 22 24 24 27 27 29 29 28 27 27 26 26 24 22 21 20 19 Indiana 5 9 9 12 12 13 13 13 13 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 14 13 13 13 13 13 12 12 11 11 29 Iowa 08 ! 8 8 11 11 13 13 13 13 13 13 11 10 10 10 9 8 8 7 7 6 34 Kansas 03 ! 3 5 5 9 10 10 10 10 10 9 8 8 8 7 7 7 6 6 6 15 Kentucky 8 12 12 12 14 15 15 12 12 12 12 11 11 12 12 13 13 13 13 13 13 11 11 10 10 9 9 9 8 8 8 18 Louisiana 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 0.1 ! 0 7 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 9 9 8 23 Maine 9 9 10 10 9 9 8 8 07 ! 7 7 7 7 6 6 6 6 6 6 5 5 5 5 7 Maryland 8 10 10 11 11 11 11 11 10 10 8 8 8 8 07 ! 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 10 10 10 10 10 10 6 Massachusetts 10 16 16 19 22 22 15 15 14 14 12 12 13 13 12 12 13 13 14 15 15 16 16 18 17 16 16 16 14 14 13 12 12 11 26 Michigan 5 5 6 6 08 ! 8 8 11 11 13 14 14 14 14 15 19 19 20 20 21 21 20 18 17 16 32 Minnesota 04 ! 4 5 5 7 9 9 11 11 12 11 11 11 11 10 10 10 10 10 10 20 Mississippi 6 6 7 7 0.1 ! 0 0.1 ! 0 8 8 9 9 9 10 10 10 9 9 8 8 7 7 7 7 6 6 24 Missouri 7 7 9 9 11 11 15 15 16 17 17 18 18 18 15 15 13 13 12 12 11 11 11 10 41 Montana 37 Nebraska 5 8 8 8 8 8 7 6 6 6 5 5 5 5 5 5 36 Nevada 03 ! 3 5 6 9 New Hampshire 5 6 6 7 8 8 8 8 7 7 6 6 5 5 05 ! 5 5 5 5 New Jersey 6 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 7 7 7 7 07 ! 7 7 9 9 9 10 10 12 12 14 16 16 16 16 17 17 16 15 15 14 47 New Mexico 5 5 5 5 11 New York 8 12 12 19 29 29 29 36 42 42 36 36 35 35 33 33 35 35 36 36 36 39 39 45 47 47 45 45 43 41 36 33 31 29 12 North Carolina 12 12 14 15 15 15 15 15 15 11 11 10 10 0.1 ! 0 9 10 10 11 11 11 12 12 12 13 14 14 14 13 13 13 14 15 15 39 North Dakota 5 17 Ohio 8 8 8 16 21 21 23 23 23 23 21 21 22 22 23 23 23 23 23 24 26 25 25 25 26 25 23 21 20 18 46 Oklahoma 7 10 11 10 8 8 8 8 8 8 7 7 33 Oregon 03 ! 3 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 Pennsylvania 10 15 15 20 25 25 25 28 30 30 26 26 27 27 26 26 29 29 30 32 32 34 34 38 36 35 32 32 29 27 25 23 21 20 13 Rhode Island 04 ! 4 5 8 South Carolina 7 8 8 10 11 11 11 11 11 11 9 9 8 8 0.1 ! 0 6 7 7 9 9 9 9 9 9 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 40 South Dakota 5 16 Tennessee 5 8 8 8 11 15 15 13 13 12 12 0.1 ! 0 10 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 11 12 11 11 11 10 11 11 11 11 28 Texas 0.1 ! 0 0.1 ! 0 8 8 13 15 15 18 18 20 23 23 24 24 25 26 29 32 34 38 45 Utah 5 5 5 6 14 Vermont 6 8 8 8 7 7 7 6 6 5 5 05 ! 5 5 5 5 10 Virginia 12 21 21 24 25 25 25 24 23 23 17 17 15 15 0.1 ! 0 0.1 ! 0 11 11 12 12 12 12 12 12 11 11 12 12 12 12 12 13 13 13 42 Washington 5 5 7 8 8 9 9 9 9 10 11 11 12 35 West Virginia 05 ! 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 7 6 6 5 5 5 30 Wisconsin 5 5 08 ! 8 8 10 10 11 12 12 13 13 13 12 12 12 12 12 11 11 11 10 10 44 Wyoming # Total 81 135 138 176 218 221 235 261 288 294 275 290 296 303 234 294 366 369 401 444 447 476 483 531 537 538 Source : Presidential Elections 1789 -- 2000 at Psephos ( Adam Carr 's Election Archive ) Note : In 1788 , 1792 , 1796 , and 1800 , each elector cast two votes for president . Number of electors from each state for the 2012 , 2016 and 2020 presidential elections . 12 electoral votes changed between 18 states , based on the 2010 census . Eight states lost one electoral vote and two ( New York & Ohio ) each lost two electoral votes . Eight states gained electoral votes , six gained one electoral vote , Florida gained two & Texas gained four . Alternative methods of choosing electors Methods of presidential elector selection , by state , 1789 -- 1832 Year AL CT DE GA IL IN KY LA ME MD MA MS MO NH NJ NY NC OH PA RI SC TN VT VA 1789 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1792 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1796 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1800 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1804 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1808 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1812 -- -- -- -- -- -- 1816 -- -- -- -- -- 1820 1824 1828 1832 Year AL CT DE GA IL IN KY LA ME MD MA MS MO NH NJ NY NC OH PA RI SC TN VT VA Key Popular vote , At - large Popular vote , Districting Legislative selection Hybrid system Before the advent of the short ballot in the early 20th century , as described above , the most common means of electing the presidential electors was through the general ticket . The general ticket is quite similar to the current system and is often confused with it . In the general ticket , voters cast ballots for individuals running for presidential elector ( while in the short ballot , voters cast ballots for an entire slate of electors ) . In the general ticket , the state canvass would report the number of votes cast for each candidate for elector , a complicated process in states like New York with multiple positions to fill . Both the general ticket and the short ballot are often considered at - large or winner - takes - all voting . The short ballot was adopted by the various states at different times ; it was adopted for use by North Carolina and Ohio in 1932 . Alabama was still using the general ticket as late as 1960 and was one of the last states to switch to the short ballot . The question of the extent to which state constitutions may constrain the legislature 's choice of a method of choosing electors has been touched on in two U.S. Supreme Court cases . In McPherson v. Blacker , 146 U.S. 1 ( 1892 ) , the Court cited Article II , Section 1 , Clause 2 which states that a state 's electors are selected `` in such manner as the legislature thereof may direct '' and wrote these words `` operat ( e ) as a limitation upon the state in respect of any attempt to circumscribe the legislative power '' . In Bush v. Palm Beach County Canvassing Board , 531 U.S. 70 ( 2000 ) , a Florida Supreme Court decision was vacated ( not reversed ) based on McPherson . On the other hand , three dissenting justices in Bush v. Gore , 531 U.S. 98 ( 2000 ) , wrote : `` ( N ) othing in Article II of the Federal Constitution frees the state legislature from the constraints in the State Constitution that created it . '' Appointment by state legislature In the earliest presidential elections , state legislative choice was the most common method of choosing electors . A majority of the state legislatures selected presidential electors in both 1792 ( 9 of 15 ) and 1800 ( 10 of 16 ) , and half of them did so in 1812 . Even in the 1824 election , a quarter of state legislatures ( 6 of 24 ) chose electors . In that election , Andrew Jackson lost in spite of having pluralities of both the popular and electoral votes , with the outcome being decided by the six state legislatures choosing the electors . Some state legislatures simply chose electors , while other states used a hybrid method in which state legislatures chose from a group of electors elected by popular vote . By 1828 , with the rise of Jacksonian democracy , only Delaware and South Carolina used legislative choice . Delaware ended its practice the following election ( 1832 ) , while South Carolina continued using the method until it seceded from the Union in December 1860 . South Carolina used the popular vote for the first time in the 1868 election . Excluding South Carolina , legislative appointment was used in only four situations after 1832 : In 1848 , Massachusetts statute awarded the state 's electoral votes to the winner of the at - large popular vote , but only if that candidate won an absolute majority . When the vote produced no winner between the Democratic , Free Soil , and Whig parties , the state legislature selected the electors , giving all 12 electoral votes to the Whigs . In 1864 , Nevada , having joined the Union only a few days prior to Election Day , had no choice but to legislatively appoint . In 1868 , the newly reconstructed state of Florida legislatively appointed its electors , having been readmitted too late to hold elections . Finally , in 1876 , the legislature of the newly admitted state of Colorado used legislative choice due to a lack of time and money to hold a popular election . Legislative appointment was brandished as a possibility in the 2000 election . Had the recount continued , the Florida legislature was prepared to appoint the Republican slate of electors to avoid missing the federal safe - harbor deadline for choosing electors . The Constitution gives each state legislature the power to decide how its state 's electors are chosen and it can be easier and cheaper for a state legislature to simply appoint a slate of electors than to create a legislative framework for holding elections to determine the electors . As noted above , the two situations in which legislative choice has been used since the Civil War have both been because there was not enough time or money to prepare for an election . However , appointment by state legislature can have negative consequences : bicameral legislatures can deadlock more easily than the electorate . This is precisely what happened to New York in 1789 when the legislature failed to appoint any electors . Electoral districts Another method used early in U.S. history was to divide the state into electoral districts . By this method , voters in each district would cast their ballots for the electors they supported and the winner in each district would become the elector . This was similar to how states are currently separated by congressional districts . However , the difference stems from the fact every state always had two more electoral districts than congressional districts . As with congressional districts , moreover , this method is vulnerable to gerrymandering . Proportional vote Under such a system , electors would be selected in proportion to the votes cast for their candidate or party , rather than being selected by the statewide plurality vote . Congressional district method There are two versions of the congressional district method : one has been implemented in Maine and Nebraska ; another has been proposed in Virginia . Under the implemented congressional district method , the electoral votes are distributed based on the popular vote winner within each of the states ' congressional districts ; the statewide popular vote winner receives two additional electoral votes . In 2013 , a different version of the congressional district method was proposed in Virginia . This version would distribute Virginia 's electoral votes based on the popular vote winner within each of Virginia 's congressional districts ; the two statewide electoral votes would be awarded based on which candidate won the most congressional districts , rather than on who won Virginia 's statewide popular vote . The congressional district method can more easily be implemented than other alternatives to the winner - takes - all method , in view of major party resistance to relatively enabling third parties under the proportional method . State legislation is sufficient to use this method . Advocates of the congressional district method believe the system would encourage higher voter turnout and incentivize presidential candidates to broaden their campaigns in non-competitive states . Winner - take - all systems ignore thousands of popular votes ; in Democratic California there are Republican districts , in Republican Texas there are Democratic districts . Because candidates have an incentive to campaign in competitive districts , with a district plan , candidates have an incentive to actively campaign in over thirty states versus seven `` swing '' states . Opponents of the system , however , argue candidates might only spend time in certain battleground districts instead of the entire state and cases of gerrymandering could become exacerbated as political parties attempt to draw as many safe districts as they can . Unlike simple congressional district comparisons , the district plan popular vote bonus in the 2008 election would have given Obama 56 % of the Electoral College versus the 68 % he did win , it `` would have more closely approximated the percentage of the popular vote won ( 53 % ) '' . Implementation Of the 43 states whose electoral votes could be affected by the congressional district method , only Maine and Nebraska apply it today . Maine has four electoral votes , based on its two representatives and two senators . Nebraska has two senators and three representatives , giving it five electoral votes . Maine began using the congressional district method in the election of 1972 . Nebraska has used the congressional district method since the election of 1992 . Michigan used the system for the 1892 presidential election , and several other states used various forms of the district plan before 1840 : Virginia , Delaware , Maryland , Kentucky , North Carolina , Massachusetts , Illinois , Maine , Missouri , and New York . The congressional district method allows a state the chance to split its electoral votes between multiple candidates . Prior to 2008 , neither Maine nor Nebraska had ever split their electoral votes . Nebraska split its electoral votes for the first time in 2008 , giving John McCain its statewide electors and those of two congressional districts , while Barack Obama won the electoral vote of Nebraska 's 2nd congressional district . Following the 2008 split , some Nebraska Republicans made efforts to discard the congressional district method and return to the winner - takes - all system . In January 2010 , a bill was introduced in the Nebraska legislature to revert to a winner - take - all system ; the bill died in committee in March 2011 . Republicans had also passed bills in 1995 and 1997 to eliminate the congressional district method in Nebraska , but those bills were vetoed by Democratic Governor Ben Nelson . In 2010 , Republicans in Pennsylvania , who controlled both houses of the legislature as well as the governorship , put forward a plan to change the state 's winner - takes - all system to a congressional district method system . Pennsylvania had voted for the Democratic candidate in the five previous presidential elections , so some saw this as an attempt to take away Democratic electoral votes . Although Democrat Barack Obama won Pennsylvania in 2008 , he won only 55 % of Pennsylvania 's popular vote . The district plan would have awarded him 11 of its 21 electoral votes , a 52.4 % that is closer to the popular vote yet still overcoming Republican gerrymandering . The plan later lost support . Other Republicans , including Michigan state representative Pete Lund , RNC Chairman Reince Priebus , and Wisconsin Governor Scott Walker , have floated similar ideas . Contemporary issues Arguments between proponents and opponents of the current electoral system include four separate but related topics : indirect election , disproportionate voting power by some states , the winner - takes - all distribution method ( as chosen by 48 of the 50 states ) , and federalism . Arguments against the Electoral College in common discussion focus mostly on the allocation of the voting power among the states . Gary Bugh 's research of congressional debates over proposed constitutional amendments to abolish the Electoral College reveals reform opponents have often appealed to a traditional version of representation , whereas reform advocates have tended to reference a more democratic view . Criticism Nondeterminacy of popular vote See also : United States presidential elections in which the winner lost the popular vote This graphic demonstrates how the winner of the popular vote can still lose in a hypothetical electoral college system . A bar graph of popular votes in presidential elections ( through 2016 ) , with blue stars marking the five elections in which the winner did not have the plurality of the popular vote . Black squares mark the cases where the electoral vote resulted in a tie , or the winner did not have the majority of electoral votes . An ' H ' marks the two cases where the election was decided by the House , and an ' S ' marks the one case where the election was finalized by the Supreme Court . The elections of 1876 , 1888 , 2000 , and 2016 produced an Electoral College winner who did not receive at least a plurality of the nationwide popular vote . In 1824 , there were six states in which electors were legislatively appointed , rather than popularly elected , so it is uncertain what the national popular vote would have been if all presidential electors had been popularly elected . When no candidate received a majority of electoral votes in 1824 , the election was decided by the House of Representatives and so could be considered distinct from the latter four elections in which all of the states had popular selection of electors . The true national popular vote was also uncertain in the 1960 election , and the plurality for the winner depends on how votes for Alabama electors are allocated . Opponents of the Electoral College claim such outcomes do not logically follow the normative concept of how a democratic system should function . One view is the Electoral College violates the principle of political equality , since presidential elections are not decided by the one - person one - vote principle . Outcomes of this sort are attributable to the federal nature of the system . Supporters of the Electoral College argue candidates must build a popular base that is geographically broader and more diverse in voter interests than either a simple national plurality or majority . Neither is this feature attributable to having intermediate elections of presidents , caused instead by the winner - takes - all method of allocating each state 's slate of electors . Allocation of electors in proportion to the state 's popular vote could reduce this effect . Proponents of a national popular vote point out combined population of the 50 biggest cities ( not including metropolitan areas ) only amounts to 15 % of the population , and that candidates in popular vote elections for governor and U.S. Senate , and for statewide allocation of electoral votes , do not ignore voters in less populated areas . In addition , it is already possible to win the required 270 electoral votes by winning only the 11 most populous states ; what currently prevents such a result is the organic political diversity between those states ( three reliably Republican states , four swing states , and four reliably Democratic states ) , not any inherent quality of the Electoral College itself . If all of those states came to lean reliably for one party , then the Electoral College itself would bring about an urban - centric victory . Comparison of the four elections in which the Electoral College winner ( projected winner in the 2016 election ) lost the popular vote . Elections where the winning candidate loses the national popular vote typically result when the winner builds the requisite configuration of states ( and thus captures their electoral votes ) by small margins , but the losing candidate secures large voter margins in the remaining states . In this case , the very large margins secured by the losing candidate in the other states would aggregate to a plurality of the ballots cast nationally . However , commentators question the legitimacy of this national popular vote ; pointing out that the national popular vote observed under the Electoral College system does not reflect the popular vote observed under a National Popular Vote system ; as each electoral institution produces different incentives for , and strategy choices by , presidential campaigns . Because the national popular vote is irrelevant under the electoral college system , it is generally presumed candidates base their campaign strategies around the existence of the Electoral College ; any close race has candidates campaigning to maximize electoral votes by focusing their get - out - the - vote efforts in crucially needed swing states and not attempting to maximize national popular vote totals by using limited campaign resources to run up margins or close up gaps in states considered `` safe '' for themselves or their opponents , respectively . Conversely , the institutional structure of a national popular vote system would encourage candidates to pursue voter turnout wherever votes could be found , even in `` safe '' states they are already expected to win , and in `` safe '' states they have no hope of winning . Educational YouTuber CGP Grey , who has produced several short videos criticizing the Electoral College , has illustrated how it is technically possible to win the necessary 270 electoral votes while winning only 22 % of the overall popular vote , by winning the barest simple majority of the 39 smallest states and the District of Columbia . Though the current political geography of the United States makes such an election unlikely ( it would require winning both reliably Democratic jurisdictions like Massachusetts and D.C. and reliably Republican states like Utah and Alaska ) , he argues that a system in which such a result is even remotely possible is `` indefensible . '' The United States is the only country that elects a politically powerful president via an electoral college and the only one in which a candidate can become president without having obtained the highest number of votes in the sole or final round of popular voting . -- George C. Edwards III , 2011 Exclusive focus on large swing states Main article : Swing state These maps show the amount of attention given to each state by the Bush and Kerry campaigns during the final five weeks of the 2004 election . At the top , each waving hand represents a visit from a presidential or vice presidential candidate during the final five weeks . At the bottom , each dollar sign represents one million dollars spent on TV advertising by the campaigns during the same time period . According to this criticism , the Electoral College encourages political campaigners to focus on a few so - called `` swing states '' while ignoring the rest of the country . Populous states in which pre-election poll results show no clear favorite are inundated with campaign visits , saturation television advertising , get - out - the - vote efforts by party organizers and debates , while `` four out of five '' voters in the national election are `` absolutely ignored '' , according to one assessment . Since most states use a winner - takes - all arrangement in which the candidate with the most votes in that state receives all of the state 's electoral votes , there is a clear incentive to focus almost exclusively on only a few key undecided states ; in recent elections , these states have included Pennsylvania , Ohio , and Florida in 2004 and 2008 , and also Colorado in 2012 . In contrast , states with large populations such as California , Texas , and New York , have in recent elections been considered `` safe '' for a particular party -- Democratic for California and New York and Republican for Texas -- and therefore campaigns spend less time and money there . Many small states are also considered to be `` safe '' for one of the two political parties and are also generally ignored by campaigners : of the 13 smallest states , six are reliably Democratic , six are reliably Republican , and only New Hampshire is considered as a swing state , according to critic George C. Edwards III . In the 2008 election , campaigns did not mount nationwide efforts but rather focused on select states . Discouragement of turnout and participation Except in closely fought swing states , voter turnout is largely insignificant due to entrenched political party domination in most states . The Electoral College decreases the advantage a political party or campaign might gain for encouraging voters to turn out , except in those swing states . If the presidential election were decided by a national popular vote , in contrast , campaigns and parties would have a strong incentive to work to increase turnout everywhere . Individuals would similarly have a stronger incentive to persuade their friends and neighbors to turn out to vote . The differences in turnout between swing states and non-swing states under the current electoral college system suggest that replacing the Electoral College with direct election by popular vote would likely increase turnout and participation significantly . Obscuring disenfranchisement within states According to this criticism , the electoral college reduces elections to a mere count of electors for a particular state , and , as a result , it obscures any voting problems within a particular state . For example , if a particular state blocks some groups from voting , perhaps by voter suppression methods such as imposing reading tests , poll taxes , registration requirements , or legally disfranchising specific minority groups , then voting inside that state would be reduced , but as the state 's electoral count would be the same , disenfranchisement has no effect on the overall electoral tally . Critics contend that such disenfranchisement is partially obscured by the Electoral College . A related argument is the Electoral College may have a dampening effect on voter turnout : there is no incentive for states to reach out to more of its citizens to include them in elections because the state 's electoral count remains fixed in any event . According to this view , if elections were by popular vote , then states would be motivated to include more citizens in elections since the state would then have more political clout nationally . Critics contend the electoral college system insulates states from negative publicity as well as possible federal penalties for disenfranching subgroups of citizens . Legal scholars Akhil Amar and Vikram Amar have argued the original Electoral College compromise was enacted partially because it enabled the southern states to disenfranchise its slave populations . It permitted southern states to disfranchise large numbers of slaves while allowing these states to maintain political clout within the federation by using the three - fifths compromise . They noted that constitutional Framer James Madison believed the question of counting slaves had presented a serious challenge but that `` the substitution of electors obviated this difficulty and seemed on the whole to be liable to the fewest objections . '' Akhil and Vikram Amar added that The founders ' system also encouraged the continued disfranchisement of women . In a direct national election system , any state that gave women the vote would automatically have doubled its national clout . Under the Electoral College , however , a state had no such incentive to increase the franchise ; as with slaves , what mattered was how many women lived in a state , not how many were empowered ... a state with low voter turnout gets precisely the same number of electoral votes as if it had a high turnout . By contrast , a well - designed direct election system could spur states to get out the vote . -- Akhil and Vikram Amar Lack of enfranchisement of U.S. territories See also : Voting rights in the United States § Overseas and nonresident citizens Territories of the United States , such as Puerto Rico , the Northern Mariana Islands , the U.S. Virgin Islands , American Samoa , and Guam , are not entitled to electors in presidential elections . Constitutionally , only U.S. states ( per Article II , Section 1 , Clause 2 ) and Washington , D.C. ( per the Twenty - third Amendment ) are entitled to electors . Guam has held non-binding straw polls for president since the 1980s to draw attention to this fact . This means that roughly 4 million Americans do not have the right to vote in presidential elections . Various scholars consequently conclude that the U.S. national - electoral process is not fully democratic . Half of the population lives in these counties Advantage based on state population Researchers have variously attempted to measure which states ' voters have the greatest impact in such an indirect election . Each state gets a minimum of three electoral votes , regardless of population , which gives low - population states a disproportionate number of electors per capita . For example , an electoral vote represents nearly four times as many people in California as in Wyoming . Sparsely populated states are likely to be increasingly overrepresented in the electoral college over time , because Americans are increasingly moving to big cities , most of which are in big states . This analysis gives a strong advantage to the smallest states , but ignores any extra influence that comes from larger states ' ability to deliver their votes as a single bloc . Countervailing analyses which do take into consideration the sizes of the electoral voting blocs , such as the Banzhaf power index ( BPI ) model based on probability theory lead to very different conclusions about voters relative power . In 1968 , John F. Banzhaf III ( who developed the Banzhaf power index ) determined that a voter in the state of New York had , on average , 3.312 times as much voting power in presidential elections as a voter in any other U.S. state . It was found that based on 1990 census and districting , individual voters in California , the largest state , had 3.3 times more individual power to choose a President than voters of Montana , the largest of the minimum 3 elector states . Because Banzhaf 's method ignores the demographic makeup of the states , it has been criticized for treating votes like independent coin - flips . More empirically based models of voting yield results that seem to favor larger states less . Disadvantage for third parties See also : Duverger 's law and Causes of a two - party system In practice , the winner - take - all manner of allocating a state 's electors generally decreases the importance of minor parties . However , it has been argued the Electoral College is not a cause of the two - party system , and that it had a tendency to improve the chances of third - party candidates in some situations . Inadequate means for electors to vote conscience and prevent the election of demagogues While many of the critics of the Electoral College wish to abolish or weaken it , others are seeking to strengthen it , at least in regard to its original aim of preventing the election of demagogues by too direct of a system of election . Allowing for representatives to vote their conscience dispassionately for the good of the country is considered hampered by the potential for legal consequences in some states at being a faithless elector ( though the Constitutionality of these laws have to date not been challenged ) and the lack of secret ballot by electors in the voting process itself may lead to a consequent stigma and even death threats for those voting against the electorate . Support Prevention of an urban - centric victory Proponents of the Electoral College claim that it prevents a candidate from winning the presidency by simply winning in heavily populated urban areas , and pushes candidates to make a wider geographic appeal than they would if they simply had to win the national popular vote . They believe that adoption of the popular vote would shift the disproportionate focus to large cities at the expense of rural areas . Maintenance of the federal character of the Nation The United States of America is a federal coalition that consists of component states . Proponents of the current system argue the collective opinion of even a small state merits attention at the federal level greater than that given to a small , though numerically equivalent , portion of a very populous state . The system also allows each state the freedom , within constitutional bounds , to design its own laws on voting and enfranchisement without an undue incentive to maximize the number of votes cast . For many years early in the nation 's history , up until the Jacksonian Era , many states appointed their electors by a vote of the state legislature , and proponents argue that , in the end , the election of the president must still come down to the decisions of each state , or the federal nature of the United States will give way to a single massive , centralized government . In his book A More Perfect Constitution , Professor Larry Sabato elaborated on this advantage of the Electoral College , arguing to `` mend it , do n't end it , '' in part because of its usefulness in forcing candidates to pay attention to lightly populated states and reinforcing the role of the state in federalism . Enhancement of the status of minority groups Instead of decreasing the power of minority groups by depressing voter turnout , proponents argue that by making the votes of a given state an all - or - nothing affair , minority groups can provide the critical edge that allows a candidate to win . This encourages candidates to court a wide variety of such minorities and advocacy groups . Encouragement of stability through the two - party system Proponents of the Electoral College see its negative effect on third parties as beneficial . They argue the two party system has provided stability because it encourages a delayed adjustment during times of rapid political and cultural change . They believe it protects the most powerful office in the country from control by what these proponents view as regional minorities until they can moderate their views to win broad , long - term support across the nation . Advocates of a national popular vote for president suggest that this effect would also be true in popular vote elections . Of 918 elections for governor between 1948 and 2009 , for example , more than 90 % were won by candidates securing more than 50 % of the vote , and none have been won with less than 35 % of the vote . Flexibility if a presidential candidate dies According to this argument , the fact the Electoral College is made up of real people instead of mere numbers allows for human judgment and flexibility to make a decision , if it happens that a candidate dies or becomes legally disabled around the time of the election . Advocates of the current system argue that human electors would be in a better position to choose a suitable replacement than the general voting public . According to this view , electors could act decisively during the critical time interval between when ballot choices become fixed in state ballots until mid-December when the electors formally cast their ballots . In the election of 1872 , losing Liberal Republican candidate Horace Greeley died during this time interval , which resulted in disarray for the Democratic Party , who also supported Greeley , but the Greeley electors were able to split their votes for different alternate candidates . A situation in which the winning candidate died has never happened . In the election of 1912 , Vice President Sherman died shortly before the election when it was too late for states to remove his name from their ballots ; accordingly , Sherman was listed posthumously , but the eight electoral votes that Sherman would have received were cast instead for Nicholas Murray Butler . Isolation of election problems Some supporters of the Electoral College note that it isolates the impact of any election fraud , or other such problems , to the state where it occurs . It prevents instances where a party dominant in one state may dishonestly inflate the votes for a candidate and thereby affect the election outcome . For instance , recounts occur only on a state - by - state basis , not nationwide . Results in a single state where the popular vote is very close -- such as Florida in 2000 -- can decide the national election . Efforts to abolish Bayh -- Celler Amendment The closest the United States has come to abolishing the Electoral College occurred during the 91st Congress ( 1969 -- 1971 ) . The presidential election of 1968 resulted in Richard Nixon receiving 301 electoral votes ( 56 % of electors ) , Hubert Humphrey 191 ( 35.5 % ) , and George Wallace 46 ( 8.5 % ) with 13.5 % of the popular vote . However , Nixon had received only 511,944 more popular votes than Humphrey , 43.5 % to 42.9 % , less than 1 % of the national total . Representative Emanuel Celler ( D -- New York ) , chairman of the House Judiciary Committee , responded to public concerns over the disparity between the popular vote and electoral vote by introducing House Joint Resolution 681 , a proposed Constitutional amendment that would have replaced the Electoral College with a simpler plurality system based on the national popular vote . With this system , the pair of candidates who had received the highest number of votes would win the presidency and vice presidency provided they won at least 40 % of the national popular vote . If no pair received 40 % of the popular vote , a runoff election would be held in which the choice of president and vice president would be made from the two pairs of persons who had received the highest number of votes in the first election . The word `` pair '' was defined as `` two persons who shall have consented to the joining of their names as candidates for the offices of President and Vice President . '' On April 29 , 1969 , the House Judiciary Committee voted 28 to 6 to approve the proposal . Debate on the proposal before the full House of Representatives ended on September 11 , 1969 and was eventually passed with bipartisan support on September 18 , 1969 , by a vote of 339 to 70 . On September 30 , 1969 , President Richard Nixon gave his endorsement for adoption of the proposal , encouraging the Senate to pass its version of the proposal , which had been sponsored as Senate Joint Resolution 1 by Senator Birch Bayh ( D -- Indiana ) . On October 8 , 1969 , the New York Times reported that 30 state legislatures were `` either certain or likely to approve a constitutional amendment embodying the direct election plan if it passes its final Congressional test in the Senate . '' Ratification of 38 state legislatures would have been needed for adoption . The paper also reported that six other states had yet to state a preference , six were leaning toward opposition and eight were solidly opposed . On August 14 , 1970 , the Senate Judiciary Committee sent its report advocating passage of the proposal to the full Senate . The Judiciary Committee had approved the proposal by a vote of 11 to 6 . The six members who opposed the plan , Democratic Senators James Eastland of Mississippi , John Little McClellan of Arkansas , and Sam Ervin of North Carolina , along with Republican Senators Roman Hruska of Nebraska , Hiram Fong of Hawaii , and Strom Thurmond of South Carolina , all argued that although the present system had potential loopholes , it had worked well throughout the years . Senator Bayh indicated that supporters of the measure were about a dozen votes shy from the 67 needed for the proposal to pass the full Senate . He called upon President Nixon to attempt to persuade undecided Republican senators to support the proposal . However , Nixon , while not reneging on his previous endorsement , chose not to make any further personal appeals to back the proposal . On September 8 , 1970 , the Senate commenced openly debating the proposal and the proposal was quickly filibustered . The lead objectors to the proposal were mostly Southern senators and conservatives from small states , both Democrats and Republicans , who argued abolishing the Electoral College would reduce their states ' political influence . On September 17 , 1970 , a motion for cloture , which would have ended the filibuster , received 54 votes to 36 for cloture , failing to receive the then required a two - thirds majority of senators voting . A second motion for cloture on September 29 , 1970 , also failed , by 53 to 34 . Thereafter , the Senate majority leader , Mike Mansfield of Montana , moved to lay the proposal aside so the Senate could attend to other business . However , the proposal was never considered again and died when the 91st Congress ended on January 3 , 1971 . Carter proposal On March 22 , 1977 , President Jimmy Carter wrote a letter of reform to Congress that also included his expression of essentially abolishing the Electoral College . The letter read in part : My fourth recommendation is that the Congress adopt a Constitutional amendment to provide for direct popular election of the President . Such an amendment , which would abolish the Electoral College , will ensure that the candidate chosen by the voters actually becomes President . Under the Electoral College , it is always possible that the winner of the popular vote will not be elected . This has already happened in three elections , 1824 , 1876 , and 1888 . In the last election , the result could have been changed by a small shift of votes in Ohio and Hawaii , despite a popular vote difference of 1.7 million . I do not recommend a Constitutional amendment lightly . I think the amendment process must be reserved for an issue of overriding governmental significance . But the method by which we elect our President is such an issue . I will not be proposing a specific direct election amendment . I prefer to allow the Congress to proceed with its work without the interruption of a new proposal . President Carter 's proposed program for the reform of the Electoral College was very liberal for a modern president during this time , and in some aspects of the package , it went beyond original expectations . Newspapers like The New York Times saw President Carter 's proposal at that time as `` a modest surprise '' because of the indication of Carter that he would be interested in only eliminating the electors but retaining the electoral vote system in a modified form . Newspaper reaction to Carter 's proposal ranged from some editorials praising the proposal to other editorials , like that in the Chicago Tribune , criticizing the president for proposing the end of the Electoral College . In a letter to The New York Times , Representative Jonathan B. Bingham ( D - New York ) highlighted the danger of the `` flawed , outdated mechanism of the Electoral College '' by underscoring how a shift of fewer than 10,000 votes in two key states would have led to President Gerald Ford being reelected despite Jimmy Carter 's nationwide 1.7 million - vote margin . Cohen proposal On January 5 , 2017 , Representative Steve Cohen ( D - Tennessee ) introduced a joint resolution proposing a constitutional amendment that would replace the Electoral College with the popular election of the President and Vice President . Unlike the Bayh -- Celler amendment 40 % threshold for election , Cohen 's proposal only requires a candidate to have the `` greatest number of votes '' to be elected . National popular vote Interstate compact Main article : National Popular Vote Interstate Compact Several states plus the District of Columbia have joined the National Popular Vote Interstate Compact . The compact is based on the current rule in Article II , Section 1 , Clause 2 of the Constitution , which gives each state legislature the plenary power to determine how it chooses its electors . Those jurisdictions joining the compact agree to eventually pledge their electors to the winner of the national popular vote . The compact will not come into effect until the number of states agreeing to the compact equals a majority ( at least 270 ) of all electors . Some scholars have suggested that Article I , Section 10 , Clause 3 of the Constitution requires congressional consent before the compact could be enforceable ; thus , any attempted implementation of the compact could face court challenges to its constitutionality . As of 2018 , 10 states and the District of Columbia have joined the compact ; collectively , these jurisdictions control 165 electoral votes , which is 61 % of the 270 required for the compact to take effect . Only strongly `` blue '' states have joined the compact , each of which returned large victory margins for Barack Obama in the 2012 election . See also County Unit System Lists of United States presidential electors : 2000 , 2004 , 2008 , 2012 , 2016 List of United States presidential electors from North Dakota United States presidential elections : 1824 , 1876 , 1888 , 2000 , 2016 United States presidential election maps Voter turnout in the United States presidential elections List of U.S. states and territories by population Number of Electoral Votes Per Popular Vote References Jump up ^ Openshaw , Pamela Romney ( 2014 ) . Promises Of The Constitution : Yesterday Today Tomorrow . BookBaby . p. 10.3 . ASIN B00LEWCS4E . Jump up ^ Ross , Tara ( 2017 ) . The Indispensable Electoral College : How the Founders ' Plan Saves Our Country from Mob Rule . Gateway Editions . p. 26 . ASIN B072FK8W7X . Jump up ^ Bromwich , Jonah Engel ( November 8 , 2016 ) . `` How Does the Electoral College Work ? '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Black , Eric ( October 17 , 2012 ) . `` Why the Constitution 's Framers did n't want us to directly elect the president '' . MinnPost . Jump up ^ Kuroda , Tadahisa ( 1994 ) . The Origins of the Twelfth Amendment : The Electoral College in the Early Republic , 1787 -- 1804 . Greenwood . p. 168 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 29151 - 7 . OCLC 29518703 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Electoral College : Roles and Responsibilities '' . Jump up ^ Article II , Section 1 , Clause 2 of the Constitution ^ Jump up to : Zak , Dan ( November 16 , 2016 ) . `` The electoral college is n't a real place . But someone has to answer all the angry phone calls these days '' . Washington Post . Retrieved November 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gore , D'Angelo ( December 23 , 2016 ) . `` Presidents Winning Without Popular Vote '' . FactCheck.org . Jump up ^ Morris , Irwin L. ( 2010 ) . The American Presidency : An Analytical Approach . Cambridge University Press . p. 67 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 139 - 49162 - 4 . OCLC 607985767 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Electoral College -- Maine and Nebraska '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Appointment of 2004 Electors for President and Vice President of the United States '' . Jump up ^ Many states have laws designed to ensure electors vote for their pledged candidate , but the constitutionality of these laws has never been positively established . See The Green Papers Jump up ^ Library of Congress -- Election Process Archived April 12 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Electoral College Fast Facts -- US House of Representatives : History , Art & Archives '' . Jump up ^ `` Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787 : May 29 '' . Avalon Project . Retrieved April 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787 : June 2 '' . Avalon Project . Retrieved April 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787 : September 4 '' . Avalon Project . Retrieved April 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Records of the Federal Convention , p. 57 Farrand 's Records , Volume 2 , A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation : U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates , 1774 -- 1875 , Library of Congress Jump up ^ `` Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787 : September 6 '' . Avalon Project . Retrieved April 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Madison , James ( 1966 ) . Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787 . The Norton Library . p. 294 . ASIN B003G6AKX2 . Jump up ^ Patrick , John J. ; Pious , Richard M. ; Ritchie , Donald A. ( 2001 ) . The Oxford Guide to the United States Government . Oxford University Press , USA . p. 208 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 514273 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` The Federalist 39 '' . Avalon Project . Retrieved April 13 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Hamilton . The Federalist Papers : No. 68 The Avalon Project , Yale Law School . viewed November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ The Twelfth Amendment changed this to the top three candidates Jump up ^ The Federalist Papers : Alexander Hamilton , James Madison , John Jay The New American Library , 1961 Jump up ^ `` U.S. Electoral College : Frequently Asked Questions '' . Jump up ^ Chang , Stanley ( 2007 ) . `` Updating the Electoral College : The National Popular Vote Legislation '' . Harvard Journal on Legislation . Cambridge , MA : President and Fellows of Harvard College . 44 ( 205 , at 208 ) . Jump up ^ Describing how the Electoral College was designed to work , Alexander Hamilton wrote , `` A small number of persons , selected by their fellow - citizens from the general mass , will be most likely to possess the information and discernment requisite to such complicated investigations ( decisions regarding the selection of a president ) . '' ( Hamilton , Federalist 68 ) . Hamilton so strongly believed this was to be done district by district , and when states began doing otherwise , he proposed a constitutional amendment to mandate the district system ( Hamilton , Draft of a Constitutional Amendment ) . Madison concurred , `` The district mode was mostly , if not exclusively in view when the Constitution was framed and adopted . '' ( Madison to Hay , 1823 Archived May 25 , 2017 , at the Wayback Machine . ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Avalon Project : Federalist No 68 '' . Jump up ^ `` Resolves of the General Court of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts : Passed at Their Session , which Commenced on Wednesday , the Thirty First of May , and Ended on the Seventeenth of June , One Thousand Eight Hundred and Twenty . Published Agreeably to Resolve of 16th January , 1812 . Boston , Russell & Gardner , for B. Russell , 1820 ; ( repr '' . Boston Book Company . January 1 , 1820 -- via Google Books . ^ Jump up to : Devin McCarthy ( Ph. D. Polysci , Duke ) , `` How the Electoral College Became Winner - Take - All '' Jump up ^ Chief Justice Robert Jackson , Ray v. Blair , dissent , 1952 ^ Jump up to : `` Founders Online : James Madison to George Hay , 23 August 1823 '' . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Founders Online : Draft of a Resolution for the Legislature of New York for the ... '' . Jump up ^ `` 1788 Election For the First Term , 1789 - 1793 '' . U.S. Electoral College . U.S. National Archives . Retrieved April 19 , 2017 . New York , North Carolina and Rhode Island did not participate in the election . New York 's electors deadlocked and abstained ; North Carolina and Rhode Island had not yet ratified the Constitution . `` United States presidential election of 1789 '' . Encyclopedia Britannica . September 19 , 2013 . Retrieved April 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Presidential Elections 1789 - 1996 . Congressional Quarterly , Inc. 1997 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 5680 - 2065 - 5 , p. 9 - 10 Jump up ^ Presidential Elections 1789 - 1996 . Congressional Quarterly , Inc. 1997 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 5680 - 2065 - 5 , p. 10 - 11 Jump up ^ Presidential Elections 1789 - 1996 . Congressional Quarterly , Inc. 1997 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 5680 - 2065 - 5 , p. 11 Jump up ^ THE FOURTEENTH AMENDMENT from America Book 9 ( archived from the original on 2011 - 10 - 27 ) Jump up ^ The selected papers of Thaddeus Stevens , v. 2 , Stevens , Thaddeus , 1792 -- 1868 , Palmer , Beverly Wilson , 1936 , Ochoa , Holly Byers , 1951 , Pittsburgh : University of Pittsburgh , Digital Research Library , 2011 , pp. 135 -- 36 Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ McCarthy , Devin . `` How the Electoral College Became Winner - Take - All '' . Fairvote . Retrieved 22 November 2014 . Jump up ^ The present allotment of electors by state is shown in the Electoral vote distribution section . Jump up ^ The number of electors allocated to each state is based on Article II , Section 1 , Clause 2 of the Constitution , subject to being reduced pursuant to Section 2 of the Fourteenth Amendment . Jump up ^ Congressional Apportionment. 2010 Census Briefs U.S. Census . Jump up ^ Table 1 . Annual Estimates of the Population for the United States , Regions , States , and Puerto Rico : April 1 , 2010 to July 1 , 2011 Archived November 14 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . in State Totals : Vintage 2011 Archived August 9 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine. , United States Census Bureau . Jump up ^ `` How is the president elected ? Here is a basic guide to the electoral college system '' . Jump up ^ Sabrina Eaton ( October 29 , 2004 ) . `` Brown learns he ca n't serve as Kerry elector , steps down '' ( PDF ) . Cleveland Plain Dealer ( reprint at Edison Research ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 10 , 2011 . Retrieved January 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Darrell J. Kozlowski ( 2010 ) . Federalism . Infobase Publishing . pp. 33 -- 34 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60413 - 218 - 2 . Jump up ^ 3 U.S.C. § 1 A uniform national date for presidential elections was not set until 1845 , although the Congress always had constitutional authority to do so . -- Kimberling , William C. ( 1992 ) The Electoral College , p. 7 Jump up ^ `` Electoral College Instructions to State Officials '' ( PDF ) . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved 22 January 2014 . Jump up ^ District of Columbia Certificate of Ascertainment ( archived from the original on 2006 - 03 - 05 ) Jump up ^ `` Twelfth Amendment '' . FindLaw . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Twenty - third Amendment '' . FindLaw . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` U.S.C. § 7 : US Code -- Section 7 : Meeting and vote of electors '' . FindLaw . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Electoral College -- For State Officials '' . National Archives and Records Administration . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2012 . Retrieved November 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( January 9 , 2009 ) . `` Congress meets to count electoral votes '' . MSNBC . Retrieved April 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Barrow , Bill ( November 19 , 2016 ) . `` Q&A : Electors almost always follow the vote in their state '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved November 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Michigan Election Law Section 168.47 '' . Legislature.mi.gov . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Green Papers '' . The Green Papers . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Boccagno , Julia ( December 21 , 2016 ) . `` Which candidates did the seven `` faithless '' electors support ? `` . CBS News . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The President of the Senate shall , in the presence of the Senate and House of Representatives , open all the certificates and the votes shall then be counted . '' Constitution of the United States : Amendments 11 -- 27 , National Archives and Records Administration ^ Jump up to : 3 U.S.C. § 15 , Counting electoral votes in Congress Jump up ^ David A. McKnight ( 1878 ) . The Electoral System of the United States : A Critical and Historical Exposition of Its Fundamental Principles in the Constitution and the Acts and Proceedings of Congress Enforcing It . Wm . S. Hein Publishing . p. 313 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8377 - 2446 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` RL30804 : The Electoral College : An Overview and Analysis of Reform Proposals , L. Paige Whitaker and Thomas H. Neale , January 16 , 2001 '' . Ncseonline.org . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2011 . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Longley , Lawrence D. ; Pierce , Neal R. ( 1999 ) . `` The Electoral College Primer 2000 '' . New Haven , CT : Yale University Press : 13 . Jump up ^ `` Election evolves into ' perfect ' electoral storm '' . USA Today . December 12 , 2000 . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2006 . Retrieved June 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Senate Journal from 1837 '' . Memory.loc.gov . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Apportionment of the U.S. House of Representatives Based on the 2010 Census '' ( PDF ) . Washington , D.C. : U.S. Census Bureau . December 21 , 2010 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 01 - 24 . Retrieved December 21 , 2010 . Each state 's number of electoral votes is equal to its total congressional representation ( its number of Representatives plus its two Senators ) . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Census : State Population and the Distribution of Electoral Votes and Representatives '' . The Green Papers . Jump up ^ Moore , John L. , ed. ( 1985 ) . Congressional Quarterly 's Guide to U.S. Elections ( 2nd ed . ) . Washington , D.C. : Congressional Quarterly , Inc . pp. 254 -- 56 . Jump up ^ Bush v. Gore , ( Justice Stevens dissenting ) ( quote in second paragraph ) Jump up ^ Moore , John L. , ed. ( 1985 ) . Congressional Quarterly 's Guide to U.S. Elections ( 2nd ed . ) . Washington , D.C. : Congressional Quarterly , Inc. p. 255 . ^ Jump up to : Kolodny , Robin ( 1996 ) . `` The Several Elections of 1824 '' . Congress & the Presidency. 23 ( 2 ) : 139 -- 64 . doi : 10.1080 / 07343469609507834 . Jump up ^ `` Election 101 '' ( PDF ) . Princeton Press . Princeton University Press . Retrieved 22 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Black , Eric ( 14 October 2012 ) . `` Our Electoral College system is weird -- and not in a good way '' . MinnPost . Retrieved 22 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Moore , John L. , ed. ( 1985 ) . Congressional Quarterly 's Guide to U.S. Elections ( 2nd ed . ) . Washington , D.C. : Congressional Quarterly , Inc. p. 266 . Jump up ^ `` Legislative Action ? , The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer , November 30 , 2000 '' . Pbs.org . Archived from the original on 2001 - 01 - 24 . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Moore , John L. , ed. ( 1985 ) . Congressional Quarterly 's Guide to U.S. Elections ( 2nd ed . ) . Washington , D.C. : Congressional Quarterly , Inc. p. 254 . Jump up ^ `` FairVote '' . FairVote . Retrieved August 14 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fiddling with the Rules '' . Franklin & Marshall College . March 9 , 2005 . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2006 . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Henderson , Nia - Malika ; Haines , Errin ( January 25 , 2013 ) . `` Republicans in Virginia , other states seeking electoral college changes '' . washingtonpost.com . Retrieved January 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Election Reform '' ( PDF ) . Dos.state.pa.us . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2008 - 05 - 01 . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Timothy ( December 23 , 2012 ) . `` Pennsylvania looks to alter state 's electoral vote system '' . Pittsburgh Post Gazette . Jump up ^ Sabato , Larry . `` A more perfect Constitution '' viewed November 22 , 2014 . ( archiveed from the original on 2016 - 01 - 02 ) Jump up ^ Levy , Robert A. , Should we reform the Electoral College ? Cato Institute , viewed November 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Electoral College -- Reform Options '' . Fairvote.org . Retrieved August 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Congressional Research Services Electoral College , p. 15 , viewed November 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Articles -- Upgrading The College '' . President Elect . September 5 , 2004 . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Methods of Choosing Presidential Electors '' . Uselectionatlas.org . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Maralee ( April 7 , 1991 ) . `` Nebraska 's Vote Change '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Skelley , Geoffrey ( 20 November 2014 ) . `` What Goes Around Comes Around ? '' . Sabato 's Crystal Ball . Retrieved 22 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Egan , Paul ( 21 November 2014 ) . `` Michigan split its electoral votes in 1892 election '' . Lansing State Journal . Retrieved 22 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Congressional Quarterly Books , `` Presidential Elections : 1789 -- 1996 '' , ISBN 978 - 1 - 5680 - 2065 - 5 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Tysver , Robynn ( November 7 , 2008 ) . `` Obama wins electoral vote in Nebraska '' . Omaha World Herald . Retrieved November 7 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Molai , Nabil ( October 28 , 2008 ) . `` Republicans Push to Change Electoral Vote System '' . KPTM Fox 42 . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2012 . Retrieved November 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Ortiz , Jean ( January 7 , 2010 ) . `` Bill targets Neb. ability to split electoral votes '' . Associated Press . Retrieved September 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kleeb , Jane ( March 10 , 2011 ) . `` Fail : Sen. McCoy 's Partisan Electoral College Bill '' . Bold Nebraska . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2012 . Retrieved August 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seelye , Katharine Q. ( September 19 , 2011 ) . `` Pennsylvania Republicans Weigh Electoral Vote Changes '' -- via NYTimes.com . Jump up ^ Weigel , David ( September 13 , 2011 ) . `` Pennsylvania Ponders Bold Democrat - Screwing Electoral Plan '' -- via Slate . Jump up ^ GOP Pennsylvania electoral vote plan might be out of steam -- The York Daily Record ( archived from the original on 2012 - 01 - 31 ) Jump up ^ Gray , Kathleen ( 14 November 2014 ) . `` Bill to change Michigan 's electoral vote gets hearing '' . Detroit Free Press . Retrieved 22 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Jacobson , Louis ( January 31 , 2013 ) . `` The Ramifications of Changing the Electoral College '' . Governing Magazine . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2014 . Retrieved November 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Reid ( 17 December 2012 ) . `` The GOP 's Electoral College Scheme '' . National Journal . Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 08 . Retrieved 22 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Bugh , Gary E. ( 2016 ) . `` Representation in Congressional Efforts to Amend the Presidential Election System '' . In Bugh , Gary . Electoral College Reform : Challenges and Possibilities . Routledge . pp. 5 -- 18 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 317 - 14527 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Op - Chart : How Much Is Your Vote Worth ? Op - Chart '' . November 2 , 2008 -- via The New York Times . Jump up ^ FairVote.org . `` Problems with the Electoral College -- Fairvote '' . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Edwards III , George C. ( 2011 ) . Why the Electoral College is Bad for America ( Second ed . ) . New Haven and London : Yale University Press . pp. 1 , 37 , 61 , 176 -- 77 , 193 -- 94 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 16649 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Electoral College Mischief , The Wall Street Journal , September 8 , 2004 '' . Opinionjournal.com . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Did JFK Lose the Popular Vote ? '' . RealClearPolitics . October 22 , 2012 . Retrieved October 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hernandez , Carlos Felipe . `` National Popular Vote -- Electoral college reform by direct election of the President '' . archive.nationalpopularvote.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ See also List of United States cities by population Jump up ^ Myths about Big Cities and Big States by National Popular Vote ( archived from the original on 2009 - 08 - 05 ) Jump up ^ CGP Grey ( 2016 - 11 - 11 ) , Re : The Trouble With The Electoral College -- Cities , Metro Areas , Elections and The United States , retrieved 2017 - 02 - 11 Jump up ^ Jonathan H. Adler . `` Your candidate got more of the popular vote ? Irrelevant '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ashe Schow . `` Why the popular vote is a meaningless statistic '' . The Washington Examiner . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ CGP Grey ( 2011 - 11 - 07 ) , The Trouble with the Electoral College , retrieved 2017 - 02 - 11 Jump up ^ Pearson , Christopher ; Richie , Rob ; Johnson , Adam ( November 3 , 2005 ) . `` Who Picks the President ? '' ( PDF ) . FairVote -- The Center for Voting and Democracy . p. 7 . Jump up ^ `` It 's Time to End the Electoral College : Here 's how '' . The Nation . November 7 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Nivola , Pietro ( January 2005 ) . `` Thinking About Political Polarization '' ( 139 ) . Brookings Institution Policy Brief . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Koza , John ; et al. ( 2006 ) . `` Every Vote Equal : A State - Based Plan for Electing the President by National Popular Vote '' ( PDF ) . p. xvii . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2006 - 11 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : Amar , Akhil ; Amar , Vikram ( September 9 , 2004 ) . `` The Electoral College Votes Against Equality '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on 2010 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ Katrina vanden Heuvel ( November 7 , 2012 ) . `` It 's Time to End the Electoral College '' . The Nation . Retrieved November 8 , 2012 . Electoral college defenders offer a range of arguments , from the openly anti-democratic ( direct election equals mob rule ) , to the nostalgic ( we 've always done it this way ) , to the opportunistic ( your little state will get ignored ! More vote - counting means more controversies ! The Electoral College protects hurricane victims ! ) . But none of those arguments overcome this one : One person , one vote . Jump up ^ `` Guam Legislature Moves General Election Presidential Vote to the September Primary '' . Ballot-Access.org. 2008 - 07 - 10 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` In Guam , ' Non-Binding Straw Poll ' Gives Obama A Commanding Win '' . NPR. 2012 - 11 - 12 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` The electoral college badly distorts the vote . And it 's going to get worse '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ Torruella , Juan R. ( 1985 ) , The Supreme Court and Puerto Rico : The Doctrine of Separate and Unequal , University of Puerto Rico Press , ISBN 0 - 8477 - 3031 - X Jump up ^ José D. Román . `` Puerto Rico and a Constitutional Right to vote '' . University of Dayton . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 02 . ( excerpted from : José D. Román , `` Trying to Fit an Oval Shaped Island into a Square Constitution : Arguments for Puerto Rican Statehood '' , 29 Fordham Urban Law Journal 1681 -- 1713 , 1697 -- 1713 ( April 2002 ) ( 316 Footnotes Omitted ) ) Jump up ^ Miroff , Bruce ; Seidelman , Raymond ; Swanstrom , Todd ( November 2001 ) . The Democratic Debate : An Introduction to American Politics ( Third ed . ) . Houghton Mifflin Company . ISBN 0 - 618 - 05452 - 9 . Jump up ^ Banzhaf , John ( 1968 ) . `` One Man , 3.312 Votes : A Mathematical Analysis of the Electoral College '' . Villanova Law Review . 13 . Jump up ^ Mark Livingston , Department of Computer Science . `` Banzhaf Power Index '' . University of North Carolina . Jump up ^ Gelman , Andrew ; Katz , Jonathan ; Tuerlinckx , Francis ( 2002 ) . `` The Mathematics and Statistics of Voting Power '' ( PDF ) . Statistical Science . 17 ( 4 ) : 420 -- @ 35 . doi : 10.1214 / ss / 1049993201 . Jump up ^ Jerry Fresia ( February 28 , 2006 ) . `` Third Parties ? '' . Zmag.org . Archived from the original on January 9 , 2009 . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ https://www.politico.com/story/2016/12/electoral-college-electors-232791 Jump up ^ http://www.houstonpress.com/news/despite-two-faithless-electors-in-texas-trump-wins-the-electoral-college-9040222 Jump up ^ P. Andrew Sandlin ( December 13 , 2000 ) . `` Why the Electoral College '' . Lewrockwell.com . Retrieved September 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hands Off the Electoral College by Rep. Ron Paul , MD , December 28 , 2004 ^ Jump up to : Kimberling , William C. ( May 1992 ) . `` The Electoral College '' ( PDF ) . Federal Election Commission . Retrieved January 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Sabato , Larry ( 2007 ) . A More Perfect Constitution ( First U.S. ed . ) . Walker Publishing Company . ISBN 0 - 8027 - 1621 - 0 . Retrieved July 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Majority and Plurality in U.S. Gubernatorial Elections . FairVote.org ( 2010 - 04 - 09 ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 12 . Jump up ^ Note : this may be a few days or even weeks before an election ; many states can not change ballots at a late stage . Jump up ^ Note : the day when the electors cast their votes is the first Monday after the second Wednesday in December . Jump up ^ Note : three electoral votes were still cast for Greeley despite being dead . Jump up ^ Ethan Trex ( November 4 , 2008 ) . `` Electoral College for dummies '' . CNN . Archived from the original on January 20 , 2013 . Retrieved November 8 , 2012 ... In 1872 , though , Democrat Horace Greeley died just over three weeks after Ulysses S. Grant thumped him in the election ... electors who would have voted for Greeley simply spread their 66 votes among other Democratic candidates ... Thomas Andrews Hendricks actually came in second in the election with 42 electoral votes despite not campaigning for the presidency ... Jump up ^ SHELLY FREIERMAN ( November 2 , 2000 ) . `` NEWS WATCH ; Looking for Comic Relief ? Then Consider the Duke '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 8 , 2012 ... ( In 1872 , Horace Greeley , opposing Ulysses S. Grant , got zero electoral votes to Grant 's 286 , but five other candidates received from one to 42 votes each ) . Jump up ^ JAMES BARRON ( August 27 , 2012 ) . `` When the Vice Presidency Was a Job for New Yorkers '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 8 , 2012 ... But Sherman died in office , less than a month before the election of 1912 ... The Republican Party designated Nicholas Murray Butler ... as the candidate to receive Sherman 's votes in the Electoral College ... Jump up ^ Darlington , Richard B . `` The Electoral College : Bulwark Against Fraud '' . Cornell University Department of Psychology . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2000 . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Myths about Recounts '' . National Popular Vote . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ For a more detailed account of this proposal read The Politics of Electoral College Reform by Lawrence D. Longley and Alan G. Braun ( 1972 ) Jump up ^ 1968 Electoral College Results , National Archives and Records Administration Jump up ^ `` Text of Proposed Amendment on Voting '' . The New York Times . April 30 , 1969 . p. 21 . Jump up ^ `` House Unit Votes To Drop Electors '' . The New York Times . April 30 , 1969 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Direct Election of President Is Gaining in the House '' . The New York Times . September 12 , 1969 . p. 12 . Jump up ^ `` House Approves Direct Election of The President '' . The New York Times . September 19 , 1969 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Nixon Comes Out For Direct Vote On Presidency '' . The New York Times . October 1 , 1969 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` A Survey Finds 30 Legislatures Favor Direct Vote For President '' . The New York Times . October 8 , 1969 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Weaver , Warren ( April 24 , 1970 ) . `` Senate Unit Asks Popular Election of the President '' . The New York Times . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Bayh Calls for Nixon 's Support As Senate Gets Electoral Plan '' . The New York Times . August 15 , 1970 . p. 11 . ^ Jump up to : Weaver , Warren ( September 18 , 1970 ) . `` Senate Refuses To Halt Debate On Direct Voting '' . The New York Times . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Senate Debating Direct Election '' . The New York Times . September 9 , 1970 . p. 10 . Jump up ^ The Senate in 1975 reduced the required vote for cloture from two thirds of those voting ( 66 votes ) to three fifths ( 60 votes ) . See United States Senate website . Jump up ^ `` Senate Puts Off Direct Vote Plan '' . The New York Times . September 30 , 1970 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Jimmy Carter Letter to Congress , Jimmy Carter : `` Election reform Message to the Congress '' , Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley , The American Presidency Project . ^ Jump up to : `` Carter Proposes End Of Electoral College In Presidential Votes '' , The New York Times , March 23 , 1977 , Pages 1 , 18 . Jump up ^ `` Carter v . The Electoral College '' , Chicago Tribune , March 24 , 1977 , Section 3 , Page 2 Jump up ^ `` Letters '' . The New York Times . 15 March 1979 . Retrieved 18 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Brown , George ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` Congressman Cohen proposes elimination of Electoral College '' . WREG - TV . Retrieved January 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ H.J. Res. 19 Jump up ^ Text of the compact Jump up ^ Neale , Thomas H. Electoral College Reform Congressional Research Service pp. 21 -- 22 , viewed November 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` National Popular Vote '' . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Silver , Nate ( 17 April 2014 ) . `` Why a Plan to Circumvent the Electoral College Is Probably Doomed '' . FiveThirtyEight . ESPN . Retrieved 17 July 2014 . External links Wikisource has the text of the 1905 New International Encyclopedia article Electoral College . U.S. Electoral College FAQ ( www.archives.gov ) Interactive U.S. Electoral Map Historical Documents on the Electoral College Electoral Vote 270 to win Winning The Electoral College `` Math Against Tyranny '' The Green Papers : More detailed description of reform proposals The Electoral College : How It Works in Contemporary Presidential Elections Congressional Research Service Electoral College Reform : Contemporary Issues for Congress Congressional Research Service Office of the Federal Register Joint Session of the 111th Congress for the purpose of certifying the Electoral College ballot count , January 9 , 2009 ( C - Span video ) Introductory chapter of Electoral College Reform : Challenges and Possibilities Voter Turnout Data - United States Election Project Voting rights in the United States Constitutional provisions Article I Voter Qualifications Clause Elections Clause 1st Amendment 14th Amendment Equal Protection Clause 15th Amendment 17th Amendment 19th Amendment 23rd Amendment 24th Amendment 26th Amendment Federal laws Voting Rights Act of 1965 Amendments List of covered jurisdictions Voting Accessibility for the Elderly and Handicapped Act Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act Military and Overseas Voter Empowerment Act National Voter Registration Act of 1993 Help America Vote Act of 2002 State laws Voter access Absentee ballot Early voting Postal voting Provisional ballot Voter registration in the U.S. Initiatives and referendums Recall election Vote denial Electoral fraud Grandfather clause Literacy test Poll tax Voter caging Voter ID laws Vote dilution Gerrymandering Plurality - at - large voting One man , one vote By group Women Youth Felons Foreigners Transgender people District of Columbia residents Puerto Rico residents Guam residents History Timeline Disenfranchisement after the Reconstruction Era Selma to Montgomery marches Timeline of women 's suffrage Woman Suffrage Parade of 1913 Silent Sentinels U.S. suffragists publications History of direct democracy Related Ballot access Campaign finance Citizenship Disfranchisement Election Election law Elections Electoral reform Electoral College Redistricting Secret ballot Suffrage Voting Voting system Voter registration National Voting Rights Museum United States presidential elections Elections by year 1788 -- 89 1792 1796 1800 1804 1808 1812 1816 1820 1824 1828 1832 1836 1840 1844 1848 1852 1856 1860 1864 1868 1872 1876 1880 1884 1888 1892 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1916 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1940 1944 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Elections by state Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington Washington , D.C. 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where did the laurel yanni clip come from	The mixed re-recording was created by students who played the sound of the word `` laurel '' ( a laurel wreath ) , while re-recording the playback amid background noise in the room . The audio clip of the main word `` laurel '' originated in 2007 from a recording of Jay Aubrey Jones , an opera singer , who spoke the word `` laurel '' as one of 200,000 reference pronunciations produced and published by vocabulary.com in 2007 . The clip was made at Jones ' home using a laptop and microphone , with surrounding foam to help soundproof the recording .	students who played the sound of the word `` laurel '' ( a laurel wreath ) , while re-recording the playback amid background noise in the room	Yanny or Laurel	yanny or laurel		`` Yanny '' redirects here . For the Greek musician , see Yanni . For other uses , see Yanni ( disambiguation ) . `` Yanny or Laurel '' This low quality recording of the pronunciation of `` Laurel '' , which went viral on Twitter , enhances the illusion according to Brad Story . Problems playing this file ? See media help . `` Yanny or Laurel '' is an auditory illusion of a re-recording of a vocabulary word plus added background sounds , also mixed into the recording , which became popular in May 2018 . In the brief audio recording , 53 % of over 500,000 people answered on a Twitter poll that they heard a man saying the original word `` Laurel '' , while 47 % reported hearing a voice saying the name `` Yanny '' . Analysis of the sound frequencies has confirmed that both sets of sounds are present in the mixed recording , but some users focus on the higher frequency sounds in `` Yanny '' and can not seem to hear the lower sounds of the word `` Laurel '' . When the audio clip has been slowed to lower frequencies , then the word `` Yanny '' has been heard by more listeners , while faster playback loudens `` Laurel '' ( see below : Pitch - shifted versions ) . Contents 1 Background 2 Pop culture 3 Scientific analysis 3.1 Pitch - shifted versions 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Background ( edit ) The mixed re-recording was created by students who played the sound of the word `` laurel '' ( a laurel wreath ) , while re-recording the playback amid background noise in the room . The audio clip of the main word `` laurel '' originated in 2007 from a recording of Jay Aubrey Jones , an opera singer , who spoke the word `` laurel '' as one of 200,000 reference pronunciations produced and published by vocabulary.com in 2007 . The clip was made at Jones ' home using a laptop and microphone , with surrounding foam to help soundproof the recording . The discovery of the ambiguity phenomenon is attributed to Katie Hetzel , a 15 - year - old freshman at Flowery Branch High School , near Atlanta , Georgia , who posted a description publicly on Instagram on May 11 , 2018 . The illusion reached further popularity when the student 's friend posted it on Reddit the next day . It was picked up by YouTuber Cloe Feldman on her Twitter account . Pop culture ( edit ) Notable individuals who responded to the auditory illusion included Ellen DeGeneres , Stephen King , and Chrissy Teigen . Laurel Halo and Yanni , whose names are similar to those given in the auditory illusion , also responded . In a video released by the White House , various members of the Trump administration reacted to the meme , and President Donald Trump said , `` I hear covfefe '' , as a reference to his `` covfefe '' tweet the previous year . In The Guardian , the clip was compared to the 2015 gold / blue dress controversy . Several days after the clip became viral , the team at Vocabulary.com added a separate entry for the word `` Yanny '' , which contained an audio clip identical to `` Laurel '' . Its definition is about the Internet trend . Scientific analysis ( edit ) On May 16 , 2018 , a report in The New York Times noted a spectrogram analysis confirmed how the extra sounds for `` yanny '' can be graphed in the mixed re-recording . The sounds also were simulated by combining syllables of the same Vocabulary.com voice saying the words `` Yangtze '' and `` uncanny '' as a mash - up of sounds which gave a similar spectrogram as the extra sounds graphed in the laurel re-recording . Benjamin Munson , a professor of audiology at the University of Minnesota , suggested that `` Yanny '' can be heard in higher frequencies while `` Laurel '' can be heard in lower frequencies . Older people , whose ability to hear higher frequencies is more likely to have degraded , usually hear `` Laurel '' . Kevin Franck , the director of audiology at the Boston hospital Massachusetts Eye and Ear says that the clip exists on a `` perceptual boundary '' and compared it to the Necker Cube illusion . Professor David Alais from the University of Sydney 's school of psychology also compared the clip to the Necker Cube or the face / vase illusion , calling it a `` perceptually ambiguous stimulus '' . Brad Story , a professor of speech , language , and audiology at the University of Arizona said that the low quality of the recording creates ambiguity . Dr. Hans Rutger Bosker , psycholinguist and phonetician at the Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics , showed that it is possible to make the same person hear the same audio clip differently by presenting it in different acoustic contexts : if one hears the ambiguous audio clip after a lead - in sentence without any high frequencies ( > 1000 Hz ) , this makes the higher frequencies in the following ambiguous audio clip stand out more , making people report `` Yanny '' where they previously maybe heard `` Laurel '' . Pitch - shifted versions ( edit ) `` Yanny or Laurel '' ( pitch shifted higher ) By pitch shifting the original audio by 20 % , `` Laurel '' is clearer Problems playing this file ? See media help . By pitch shifting the original audio to higher or lower frequencies , the same listener can report different interpretations . The New York Times released an interactive tool on their website that changes the pitch of the recording in real - time . The interactive slider allows the recording to be played back at any pitch between 3 semitones higher ( to help the listener hear `` Laurel '' ) , and 6 semitones lower ( to help the listener hear `` Yanny '' ) . This change in volume of frequencies has a similar effect in the `` brainstorm - green needle '' auditory illusion . See also ( edit ) 2010s portal Internet portal List of Internet phenomena Malapropism McGurk effect Mondegreen Optical illusion The dress References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Jackson , Amanda ( May 16 , 2018 ) . `` Laurel or Yanny ? What science has to say '' . CNN . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2018 . Retrieved May 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Kirby , Jen ( May 16 , 2018 ) . `` Why you hear `` Laurel '' or `` Yanny '' in that viral audio clip , explained `` . Vox . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2018 . Retrieved May 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Salam , Maya ; Victor , Daniel ( May 15 , 2018 ) . `` Laurel or Yanny ? What We Heard From the Experts '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2018 . Retrieved May 18 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Josh Katz ; Jonathan Corum and Jon Huang ( May 16 , 2018 ) . `` We Made a Tool So You Can Hear Both Yanny and Laurel '' . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 01 . playing the `` laurel '' clip over speakers and re-recording it introduced noise and exaggerated the higher frequencies . Jump up ^ `` Meet the Voice behind That ' Laurel ' ( or ' Yanny ' ) Clip That 's Driving Everyone Nuts '' . Time.com . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2018 . Retrieved May 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Laurel '' at vocabulary.com Archived May 16 , 2018 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Matsakis , Louise ( May 16 , 2018 ) . `` The True History of ' Yanny ' and ' Laurel ' '' . WIRED . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2018 . Retrieved May 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Virginia ( May 27 , 2018 ) . `` We Got To The Bottom Of A Geeky Conspiracy Theory About Yanny And Laurel '' . BuzzFeed News . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2018 . Retrieved May 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Katie Hetzel , 15 yr old Flowery Branch High Freshman interview with Francesca Amiker on 11alive.com Archived May 29 , 2018 , at the Wayback Machine . ( published to YouTube on May 18 , 2018 ) Jump up ^ Hoggatt , Aja ( May 15 , 2018 ) . `` Is your favorite celeb a Yanny or a Laurel ? '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ O'Kane , Caitlin ( May 16 , 2018 ) . `` Yanny vs. Laurel : What do you hear ? '' . CBS News . Retrieved May 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gray , Julia ( May 16 , 2018 ) . `` Yanny Or Laurel : Yanni And Laurel Halo Weigh In '' . Stereogum . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2018 . Retrieved May 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Laurel , Yanny or ... covfefe ? White House joins in on debate '' . Chicago Tribune . Associated Press . May 17 , 2018 . Retrieved May 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Donald Trump weighs in on the Yanny or Laurel debate '' . YouTube . Guardian News . Retrieved 9 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Watson , Chloe ( May 17 , 2018 ) . `` Laurel or Yanny debate : why do some people hear a different word ? '' . the Guardian . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2018 . Retrieved May 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Here 's why you 're hearing `` Yanny '' -- and why it 's technically `` Laurel '' `` . CBS News . May 17 , 2018 . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2018 . Retrieved May 17 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Yanny - Dictionary Definition : Vocabulary.com '' . www.vocabulary.com . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2018 . Retrieved May 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ducharme , Jamie ( May 16 , 2018 ) . `` An Audiologist Explains Why You Hear ' Yanny ' or ' Laurel ' -- Or Both '' . Time . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2018 . Retrieved May 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Psychology of Laurel and Yanny '' . Psychology Today . Retrieved May 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gutman , Rachel ( May 15 , 2018 ) . `` A Linguist Explains Why ' Laurel ' Sounds Like ' Yanny ' '' . The Atlantic . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2018 . Retrieved May 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` We Ca n't Trust Our Ears Anymore Now The ' Brainstorm ' / ' Green Needle ' Auditory Illusion Is Breaking Our Brains '' . digg.com . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2018 . Retrieved May 21 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Vocabulary.com definition for `` yanny '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yanny_or_Laurel&oldid=856398508 '' Categories : 2007 works 2018 in science Auditory illusions Internet memes Internet memes introduced in 2018 May 2018 events Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from August 2018 All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from May 2018 Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Esperanto Français Հայերեն Magyar 日本語 Norsk Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 August 2018 , at 22 : 13 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yanny%20or%20Laurel	1,064
oil painting has been the medium of choice for painter since	Early works were still panel paintings on wood , but around the end of the 15th century canvas became more popular as the support , as it was cheaper , easier to transport , allowed larger works , and did not require complicated preliminary layers of gesso ( a fine type of plaster ) . Venice , where sail - canvas was easily available , was a leader in the move to canvas . Small cabinet paintings were also made on metal , especially copper plates . These supports were more expensive but very firm , allowing intricately fine detail . Often printing plates from printmaking were reused for this purpose . The popularity of oil spread through Italy from the North , starting in Venice in the late 15th century . By 1540 , the previous method for painting on panel ( tempera ) had become all but extinct , although Italians continued to use chalk - based fresco for wall paintings , which was less successful and durable in damper northern climates .	the late 15th century	Oil painting	oil painting	Oil painting is the process of painting with pigments with a medium of drying oil as the binder . Commonly used drying oils include linseed oil , poppy seed oil , walnut oil , and safflower oil . The choice of oil imparts a range of properties to the oil paint , such as the amount of yellowing or drying time . Certain differences , depending on the oil , are also visible in the sheen of the paints . An artist might use several different oils in the same painting depending on specific pigments and effects desired . The paints themselves also develop a particular consistency depending on the medium . The oil may be boiled with a resin , such as pine resin or frankincense , to create a varnish prized for its body and gloss .	Although oil paint was first used for Buddhist paintings by Indian and Chinese painters in western Afghanistan sometime between the fifth and tenth centuries , it did not gain popularity until the 15th century . Its practice may have migrated westward during the Middle Ages . Oil paint eventually became the principal medium used for creating artworks as its advantages became widely known . The transition began with Early Netherlandish painting in Northern Europe , and by the height of the Renaissance oil painting techniques had almost completely replaced the use of tempera paints in the majority of Europe . In recent years , water miscible oil paint has become available . Water - soluble paints are either engineered or an emulsifier has been added that allows them to be thinned with water rather than paint thinner , and allows , when sufficiently diluted , very fast drying times ( 1 -- 3 days ) when compared with traditional oils ( 1 -- 3 weeks ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Techniques 2 History 3 Ingredients 4 Supports for oil painting 5 Process 6 Examples of famous works 7 References 8 Further reading Techniques ( edit ) Self - portrait , at work , Anders Zorn , 1897 Traditional oil painting techniques often begin with the artist sketching the subject onto the canvas with charcoal or thinned paint . Oil paint is usually mixed with linseed oil , artist grade mineral spirits , or other solvents to make the paint thinner , faster or slower - drying . ( Because these solvents thin the oil in the paint , they can also be used to clean paint brushes . ) A basic rule of oil paint application is ' fat over lean ' , meaning that each additional layer of paint should contain more oil than the layer below to allow proper drying . If each additional layer contains less oil , the final painting will crack and peel . This rule does not ensure permanence ; it is the quality and type of oil that leads to a strong and stable paint film . There are many other media that can be used with the oil , including cold wax , resins , and varnishes . These additional media can aid the painter in adjusting the translucency of the paint , the sheen of the paint , the density or ' body ' of the paint , and the ability of the paint to hold or conceal the brushstroke . These aspects of the paint are closely related to the expressive capacity of oil paint . Traditionally , paint was transferred to the painting surface using paintbrushes , but there are other methods , including using palette knives and rags . Oil paint remains wet longer than many other types of artists ' materials , enabling the artist to change the color , texture or form of the figure . At times , the painter might even remove an entire layer of paint and begin anew . This can be done with a rag and some turpentine for a time while the paint is wet , but after a while the hardened layer must be scraped . Oil paint dries by oxidation , not evaporation , and is usually dry to the touch within a span of two weeks ( some colors dry within days ) . It is generally dry enough to be varnished in six months to a year . History ( edit ) Self - portrait of Rembrandt , 1630 . An example of oil painting on copper . Although the history of tempera ( pigment mixed with either egg whites or egg yolks , then painted on a plastered section ) and related media in Europe indicates that oil painting was discovered there independently , there is evidence that oil painting was used earlier in Afghanistan . Outdoor surfaces and surfaces like shields -- both those used in tournaments and those hung as decorations -- were more durable when painted in oil - based media than when painted in the traditional tempera paints . Most Renaissance sources , in particular Vasari , credited northern European painters of the 15th century , and Jan van Eyck in particular , with the `` invention '' of painting with oil media on wood panel supports ( `` support '' is the technical term for the underlying backing of a painting ) . However , Theophilus ( Roger of Helmarshausen ? ) clearly gives instructions for oil - based painting in his treatise , On Various Arts , written in 1125 . At this period , it was probably used for painting sculptures , carvings and wood fittings , perhaps especially for outdoor use . However , early Netherlandish painting with artists like Van Eyck and Robert Campin in the 15th century were the first to make oil the usual painting medium , and explore the use of layers and glazes , followed by the rest of Northern Europe , and only then Italy . Early works were still panel paintings on wood , but around the end of the 15th century canvas became more popular as the support , as it was cheaper , easier to transport , allowed larger works , and did not require complicated preliminary layers of gesso ( a fine type of plaster ) . Venice , where sail - canvas was easily available , was a leader in the move to canvas . Small cabinet paintings were also made on metal , especially copper plates . These supports were more expensive but very firm , allowing intricately fine detail . Often printing plates from printmaking were reused for this purpose . The popularity of oil spread through Italy from the North , starting in Venice in the late 15th century . By 1540 , the previous method for painting on panel ( tempera ) had become all but extinct , although Italians continued to use chalk - based fresco for wall paintings , which was less successful and durable in damper northern climates . Ingredients ( edit ) Flax seed is the source of linseed oil . The linseed oil itself comes from the flax seed , a common fiber crop . Linen , a `` support '' for oil painting ( see relevant section ) , also comes from the flax plant . Safflower oil or the walnut or poppyseed oil are sometimes used in formulating lighter colors like white because they `` yellow '' less on drying than linseed oil , but they have the slight drawback of drying more slowly and may not provide the strongest paint film . Linseed oil tends to dry yellow and can change the hue of the color . Recent advances in chemistry have produced modern water miscible oil paints that can be used and cleaned up with water . Small alterations in the molecular structure of the oil creates this water miscible property . Supports for oil painting ( edit ) Splined canvas Traditional artists ' canvas is made from linen , but less expensive cotton fabric has gained popularity . The artist first prepares a wooden frame called a `` stretcher '' or `` strainer '' . The difference between the two names is that stretchers are slightly adjustable , while strainers are rigid and lack adjustable corner notches . The canvas is then pulled across the wooden frame and tacked or stapled tightly to the back edge . Then the artist applies a `` size '' to isolate the canvas from the acidic qualities of the paint . Traditionally , the canvas was coated with a layer of animal glue ( modern painters will use rabbit skin glue ) as the size and primed with lead white paint , sometimes with added chalk . Panels were prepared with a gesso , a mixture of glue and chalk . Modern acrylic `` gesso '' is made of titanium dioxide with an acrylic binder . It is frequently used on canvas , whereas real gesso is not suitable for canvas . The artist might apply several layers of gesso , sanding each smooth after it has dried . Acrylic gesso is very difficult to sand . One manufacturer makes a `` sandable '' acrylic gesso , but it is intended for panels only and not canvas . It is possible to make the gesso a particular color , but most store - bought gesso is white . The gesso layer , depending on its thickness , will tend to draw the oil paint into the porous surface . Excessive or uneven gesso layers are sometimes visible in the surface of finished paintings as a change that 's not from the paint . Standard sizes for oil paintings were set in France in the 19th century . The standards were used by most artists , not only the French , as it was -- and evidently still is -- supported by the main suppliers of artists ' materials . Size 0 ( toile de 0 ) to size 120 ( toile de 120 ) is divided in separate `` runs '' for figures ( figure ) , landscapes ( paysage ) and marines ( marine ) that more or less preserve the diagonal . Thus a 0 figure corresponds in height with a paysage 1 and a marine 2 . Although surfaces like linoleum , wooden panel , paper , slate , pressed wood , Masonite , and cardboard have been used , the most popular surface since the 16th century has been canvas , although many artists used panel through the 17th century and beyond . Panel is more expensive , heavier , harder to transport , and prone to warp or split in poor conditions . For fine detail , however , the absolute solidity of a wooden panel has an advantage . Process ( edit ) A traditional wood palette used to hold and mix small amounts of paint while working . Oil paint is made by mixing pigments of colors with an oil medium . Different colors are made , or purchased premixed , before painting begins , but further shades of color are usually obtained by mixing small quantities together as the painting process is underway . An artist 's palette , traditionally a thin wood board held in the hand , is used for holding and mixing paints of different colors . Pigments may be any number of natural or synthetic substances with color , such as sulphides for yellow or cobalt salts for blue . Traditional pigments were based on minerals or plants , but many have proven unstable over long periods of time ; the appearance of many old paintings today is very different from the original . Modern pigments often use synthetic chemicals . The pigment is mixed with oil , usually linseed , but other oils may be used . The various oils dry differently , which creates assorted effects . Traditionally , artists mixed their own paints from raw pigments that they often ground themselves and medium . This made portability difficult and kept most painting activities confined to the studio . This changed in the 1800s , when tubes of oil paint became widely available following the American portrait painter John Goffe Rand 's invention of the squeezable or collapsible metal tube in 1841 ( the year of Claude Monet 's birth ) . Artists could mix colors quickly and easily , which enabled , for the first time , relatively convenient plein air painting ( a common approach in French Impressionism ) . A brush is most commonly employed by the artist to apply the paint , often over a sketched outline of their subject ( which could be in another medium ) . Brushes are made from a variety of fibers to create different effects . For example , brushes made with hog bristle might be used for bolder strokes and impasto textures . Fitch hair and mongoose hair brushes are fine and smooth , and thus answer well for portraits and detail work . Even more expensive are red sable brushes ( weasel hair ) . The finest quality brushes are called `` kolinsky sable '' ; these brush fibers are taken from the tail of the Siberian weasel . This hair keeps a superfine point , has smooth handling , and good memory ( it returns to its original point when lifted off the canvas ) , known to artists as a brush 's `` snap . '' Floppy fibers with no snap , such as squirrel hair , are generally not used by oil painters . In the past few decades , many synthetic brushes have been marketed . These are very durable and can be quite good , as well as cost efficient . Brushes come in many sizes and are used for different purposes . The type of brush also makes a difference . For example , a `` round '' is a pointed brush used for detail work . `` Flat '' brushes are used to apply broad swaths of color . `` Bright '' is a flat brush with shorter brush hairs . `` Filbert '' is a flat brush with rounded corners . `` Egbert '' is a very long , and rare , filbert brush . The artist might also apply paint with a palette knife , which is a flat metal blade . A palette knife may also be used to remove paint from the canvas when necessary . A variety of unconventional tools , such as rags , sponges , and cotton swabs , may be used to apply or remove paint . Some artists even paint with their fingers . Tubes of paint Oil painters traditionally applied paint in layers known as `` glazes '' , a method also simply called `` indirect painting '' . This method was first perfected through an adaptation of the egg tempera painting technique , and was applied by the Flemish painters in Northern Europe with pigments ground in linseed oil . More recently , this approach has been called the `` mixed technique '' or `` mixed method '' . The first coat ( the underpainting ) is laid down , often painted with egg tempera or turpentine - thinned paint . This layer helps to `` tone '' the canvas and to cover the white of the gesso . Many artists use this layer to sketch out the composition . This first layer can be adjusted before proceeding further , an advantage over the `` cartooning '' method used in fresco technique . After this layer dries , the artist might then proceed by painting a `` mosaic '' of color swatches , working from darkest to lightest . The borders of the colors are blended together when the `` mosaic '' is completed , and then left to dry before applying details . Artists in later periods , such as the Impressionist era ( late 19th century ) , often expanded on this wet - on - wet method , blending the wet paint on the canvas without following the Renaissance - era approach of layering and glazing . This method is also called `` alla prima '' . This method was created due to the advent of painting outdoors , instead of inside a studio , because while outside , an artist did not have the time to let each layer of paint dry before adding a new layer . Several contemporary artists use a combination of both techniques to add bold color ( wet - on - wet ) and obtain the depth of layers through glazing . When the image is finished and has dried for up to a year , an artist often seals the work with a layer of varnish that is typically made from dammar gum crystals dissolved in turpentine . Such varnishes can be removed without disturbing the oil painting itself , to enable cleaning and conservation . Some contemporary artists decide not to varnish their work , preferring the surface unvarnished . Examples of famous works ( edit ) Arnolfini Portrait , Jan van Eyck , 1434 ( on panel ) La donna velata , Raphael , 1516 The Rape of Europa , Titian , 1562 The Raising of the Cross , Peter Paul Rubens , 1610 -- 11 The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp , Rembrandt , 1632 Innocent X , Velázquez , c 1650 The Milkmaid , Johannes Vermeer , 1658 -- 1660 The Toilet of Venus , François Boucher , 1751 The Blue Boy , Thomas Gainsborough , 1770 Battle of Somosierra , Piotr Michałowski , 1837 Woman with a Parasol - Madame Monet and Her Son , Claude Monet , 1875 Bal du moulin de la Galette , Pierre - Auguste Renoir 1876 Portrait of Dr. Gachet , Vincent van Gogh , 1890 The Card Players , Paul Cézanne , 1892 The Old Guitarist , Pablo Picasso , 1903 Les Demoiselles d'Avignon , Pablo Picasso , 1907 Composition VII , Wassily Kandinsky , 1913 Bella with White Collar , Marc Chagall , 1917 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Barry , Carolyn . `` Earliest Oil Paintings Found in Famed Afghan Caves '' . National Geographic Society . Retrieved 7 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Rediscovering treasures of Bamiyan '' . BBC News . 17 July 2008 . Retrieved 20 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Afghan caves hold world 's first oil paintings : expert -- ABC News ( Australian Broadcasting Corporation ) Jump up ^ Earliest Oil Paintings Discovered Jump up ^ Sciencemage.org , Science Magazine 2 May 2008 Jump up ^ Borchert ( 2008 ) , 92 -- 94 Jump up ^ Haaf , Beatrix ( 1987 ) . `` Industriell vorgrundierte Malleinen . Beiträge zur Entwicklungs - , Handels - und Materialgeschichte '' . Zeitschrift für Kunsttechnologie und Konservierung. 1 : 7 -- 71 . Jump up ^ `` Oil painting reproductions museum quality '' . COP Gallery . 30 December 2017 . Wikibooks has a book on the topic of : Introduction to Art Wikimedia Commons has media related to Oil paintings . Further reading ( edit ) Chieffo , Clifford T. : Contemporary Oil Painter 's Handbook , Prentice Hall , 1976 Borchert , Till - Holger. Van Eyck . London : Taschen , 2008 . ISBN 3 - 8228 - 5687 - 8 The Artist 's Handbook of Materials and Techniques , comprehensive reference book by Ralph Mayer ( 1940 ) Early Netherlandish art ( c. 1420s -- 1530s ) Early Netherlandish artists Active mainly in the Southern Netherlands ( mostly present - day Belgium ) Luís Alimbrot Alexander Bening Simon Bening Ambrosius Benson Lancelot Blondeel Aelbert Bouts Dieric Bouts Melchior Broederlam Robert Campin Petrus Christus Pierre Coustain Jacques Daret Gerard David Jean Delemer Jan de Beer Colijn de Coter Jan Gossaert Gerard Horenbout Lucas Horenbout Adriaen Isenbrandt Cornelis Liefrinck Lambert Lombard Simon Marmion Quinten Matsys Hans Memling Joachim Patinir Jan Provoost Aert van den Bossche Hugo van der Goes Vrancke van der Stockt Goswin van der Weyden Rogier van der Weyden Jan van Dornicke Hubert van Eyck Jan van Eyck Justus van Gent Lieven van Lathem Bernard van Orley Jacob van Utrecht Master of Affligem Master of the Antwerp Adoration Master of the Embroidered Foliage Master of the Legend of St. Barbara Master of the Legend of Saint Lucy Master of the Legend of St. Ursula ( Bruges ) Master of the Legend of the Magdalen Master of the Lille Adoration Master of the Lübeck Bible Master of the Mansi Magdalen Master of the Morrison Triptych Master of the Prodigal Son Master of the View of Ste - Gudule Active mainly in the Northern Netherlands ( mostly present - day Netherlands ) Hieronymus Bosch Geertgen tot Sint Jans Jan Joest van Calcar Lucas van Leyden Jacob Cornelisz van Oostsanen Master of Alkmaar Master of the Amsterdam Death of the Virgin Master of the Figdor Deposition Main centres Antwerp Bruges Brussels Ghent Tournai The Hague Pioneering innovations Regular use of oil paints as a principal art medium Oil painting techniques oil on panel glaze wet - on - wet Genre art genre painting Landscape art world landscape Portraiture portrait painting Naturalism Realism General Early Netherlandish painting Works by Early Netherlandish masters Flemish Primitives Arts in the court of Philip the Good Guild of Saint Luke Members of the Guild of Saint Luke Netherlandish art International Gothic Northern Renaissance Netherlandish Renaissance Northern Mannerism Antwerp Mannerism Antwerp school Ghent - Bruges school Adoration of the Magi Nativity of Jesus in art Influenced Italian Renaissance painting German Renaissance painting Dutch and Flemish Renaissance painting Dutch Golden Age painting Notable connoisseurs and scholars Egbert Haverkamp - Begemann Till - Holger Borchert Lorne Campbell Max Jakob Friedländer Craig Harbison Karel van Mander Erwin Panofsky Giorgio Vasari Gustav Friedrich Waagen Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oil_painting&oldid=839234097 '' Categories : Painting Early Netherlandish art Netherlandish Gothic art Netherlandish Renaissance art Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from July 2012 Articles needing additional references from September 2011 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Alemannisch Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Эрзянь Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Latviešu Lietuvių Lumbaart Magyar മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Seeltersk Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو 粵語中文 52 more Edit links This page was last edited on 2 May 2018 , at 04 : 21 . 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what movie was blackbird by the beatles in	Pop rock / R&B singer Dionne Farris included an acoustic interpretation of the song on her debut album Wild Seed -- Wild Flower . Actor / Pop rock singer Drake Bell has performed Blackbird live on multiple occasions . `` Blackbird '' appears on the Crosby , Stills & Nash 1991 box set , having been recorded during the sessions for the album Crosby , Stills & Nash . They performed it often in concert , also at their performance at Woodstock festival 1969 and a live version appeared in 2014 on the CSNY 1974 album . The Dandy Warhols released a recording of the song in July 2009 following the death of Michael Jackson , fulfilling a promise made in the first and title track of their 2003 album Welcome to the Monkey House ( `` When Michael Jackson dies , we 're coverin ' ' Blackbird ' '' ) . The line was thought to partially reference Jackson 's ownership of the Beatles ' back catalogue of songs when he bought Associated Television ( ATV ) , which had previously acquired Northern Songs , in the mid-1980s . Sarah Darling recorded the song in November 2011 for the album Let Us In : Nashville -- A Tribute to Linda McCartney , and it was released as a single . Darling 's version was later featured in the 200th episode of Criminal Minds . Neil Diamond interpreted the song for his 2010 album Dreams . Ara Dinkjian recorded the song with Night Ark . Justin Hayward recorded the song for his 1994 Classic Blue album . In 2001 , Canadian musician Sarah McLachlan recorded a cover version of `` Blackbird '' for the I Am Sam movie soundtrack . It also appears on her 2008 compilation album Rarities , B - Sides and Other Stuff Volume 2 . Bobby McFerrin released an a cappella version on his 1984 album The Voice . Jazz pianist Brad Mehldau recorded what has been described as a `` haunting version of the Beatles ' classic '' for his 1997 album The Art of the Trio Volume One . Swedish classical mezzo - soprano Anne Sofie von Otter recorded the song in her `` Love Songs '' album , with Brad Mehldau in 2010 . The Paragons featuring Rosalyn Sweat recorded a ska / rocksteady version in 1973 . Jaco Pastorius recorded the song in 1981 . `` Blackbird '' is performed by Phish on the band 's 1994 Halloween album , Live Phish Volume 13 , which includes a rendition of each song on the Beatles ' White Album . The song is sung by various members of the Templeton family in the animated movie The Boss Baby . In 1972 , Billy Preston released a version of the song on his Music Is My Life album . Carly Simon recorded a version for her 2007 album Into White . Sylvester included the song on his live Living Proof album in 1979 . Evan Rachel Wood vocalized the song in the 2007 film Across the Universe . Dave Grohl performed the song during the In Memoriam tribute at the 88th Academy Awards . Sara Gazarek recorded it as part of a jazz medley with Bye Bye Blackbird on her 2005 album Yours and her 2016 album Dream in the Blue Jon Batiste performed a version of the song during a taping for The Late Show with Stephen Colbert , in honor of The Beatles ' 52nd anniversary of their American television debut at The Ed Sullivan Theatre . Marillion did a version for their live album Unplugged at the Walls . Jon Lajoie did a parody version for YouTube depicting the breakup of the Beatles being John and Yoko Ono 's fault , Paul McCartney being the star of the group and Paul 's life and career post-Beatles . Petula Clark covered the song on her 2016 album From Now On .	I Am Sam\|The Boss Baby	Blackbird ( Beatles song )	blackbird ( beatles song )	`` Blackbird '' is a song by the Beatles from their 1968 double album The Beatles ( also known as `` the White Album '' ) , which was performed as a solo effort by Paul McCartney . The song was also written by McCartney , although it is credited to Lennon -- McCartney . McCartney has stated that the lyrics of the song were inspired by hearing the call of a blackbird in Rishikesh , India , as well as by the unfortunate state of race relations in the United States in the 1960s .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins 2 Meaning 3 Composition and recording 4 Live performances 5 Personnel 6 Cover versions 7 References 8 Sources 9 External links Origins ( edit ) Lute Suite No ,. 1 -- BWV 996 , E Minor -- V Bourrée Performed on a lautenwerck by Martha Goldstein Problems playing this file ? See media help . McCartney explained on Chaos and Creation at Abbey Road , aired in 2005 , that the guitar accompaniment for `` Blackbird '' was inspired by Johann Sebastian Bach 's Bourrée in E minor , a well - known lute piece , often played on the classical guitar . As teenagers , he and George Harrison tried to learn Bourrée as a `` show off '' piece . The Bourrée is distinguished by melody and bass notes played simultaneously on the upper and lower strings . McCartney adapted a segment of the Bourrée ( reharmonised into the original 's relative major key of G ) as the opening of `` Blackbird '' , and carried the musical idea throughout the song . The first night his future wife Linda Eastman stayed at his home , McCartney played `` Blackbird '' for the fans camped outside his house . The fingerpicking technique that McCartney uses in the song was taught to him by folk singer Donovan . Meaning ( edit ) Since composing `` Blackbird '' in 1968 , McCartney has given differing , contradictory statements regarding both his inspiration for the song and its meaning . In one of these scenarios , he has said he was inspired by hearing the call of a blackbird one morning when the Beatles were studying Transcendental Meditation in Rishikesh , India . In another , he recalls writing it in Scotland as a response to racial tensions escalating in the United States during the spring of 1968 . In May 2002 , following a show in Dallas , Texas , McCartney discussed the song with KCRW DJ Chris Douridas , saying : I had been doing some ( poetry readings ) in the last year or so because I 've got a poetry book out called Blackbird Singing , and when I would read `` Blackbird '' , I would always try and think of some explanation to tell the people ... So , I was doing explanations , and I actually just remembered why I 'd written `` Blackbird '' , you know , that I 'd been , I was in Scotland playing on my guitar , and I remembered this whole idea of `` you were only waiting for this moment to arise '' was about , you know , the black people 's struggle in the southern states , and I was using the symbolism of a blackbird . It 's not really about a blackbird whose wings are broken , you know , it 's a bit more symbolic . Before his acoustic guitar set during the same US tour , McCartney explained that `` bird '' is British slang for girl , making `` blackbird '' a synonym for `` black girl '' . The lyrics have invited similarly varied interpretations -- as a nature song , a message in support of the Black Power movement , or a love song . Writing in the 1990s , Ian MacDonald dismissed the idea that `` Blackbird '' was intended as `` a metaphor for the black civil rights struggle '' . Noting instead the composition 's romantic qualities , MacDonald said that the early - morning bird song `` translates ... into a succinct metaphor for awakening on a deeper level '' . However , during an informal rehearsal at EMI Studios on 22 November 1968 , before he and Donovan took part in a Mary Hopkin recording session , McCartney played `` Blackbird '' , telling Donovan that he wrote it after having `` read something in the paper about the riots '' and that he meant the black `` bird '' to symbolise a black woman . Composition and recording ( edit ) The song was recorded on 11 June 1968 at EMI 's Abbey Road Studios in London , with George Martin as the producer and Geoff Emerick as the audio engineer . It is a solo performance with McCartney playing a Martin D 28 acoustic guitar . The track includes recordings of a male blackbird singing in the background . The accompaniment consists of guitar , tapping , and birdsong overdub . The tapping `` has been incorrectly identified as a metronome in the past '' , according to engineer Geoff Emerick , who says it is actually the sound of Paul tapping his foot , which Emerick recalls as being mic 'd up separately . Footage included in the bonus content on disc two of the 2009 remaster of the album shows McCartney tapping both his feet alternately while performing the song . The mono version contains bird sounds different from the stereo recording , and was originally issued on a mono incarnation of The Beatles ( it has since been issued worldwide as part of The Beatles in Mono CD box set ) . The song appears on Love with `` Yesterday '' , billed as `` Blackbird / Yesterday '' . `` Blackbird '' provides an introduction to `` Yesterday '' . Live performances ( edit ) In 1973 , McCartney included the song , along with the Beatles track `` Michelle '' , as part of his acoustic medley in the television special James Paul McCartney . Starting with his 1975 -- 76 world tour with the band Wings , McCartney has performed `` Blackbird '' on every one of his concert tours . A solo performance of the song , followed by `` Yesterday '' , appears on Wings ' 1976 live album Wings Over America . McCartney also included `` Blackbird '' in his set at the Party at the Palace concert in June 2002 . In 2009 , McCartney performed the song at the Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival , commenting prior to singing it on how it had been written in response to the Civil Rights Movement , and added , `` It 's so great to realise so many civil rights issues have been overcome . '' A live version appears in the multi-CD collection Good Evening New York City , which was released in 2009 and recorded inside the American stadium Citi Field . Personnel ( edit ) Paul McCartney -- double - tracked lead vocal , acoustic guitar , tape loops , foot tapping Cover versions ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` Blackbird '' Single by The Dandy Warhols Released July 31 , 2009 ( 2009 - 07 - 31 ) Format Digital Length 3 : 36 Label Beat the World Songwriter ( s ) Lennon -- McCartney The Dandy Warhols singles chronology `` Horny as a Dandy '' ( 2006 ) `` Blackbird '' ( 2009 ) `` You Are Killing Me '' ( 2016 ) `` Horny as a Dandy '' ( 2006 ) `` Blackbird '' ( 2009 ) `` You Are Killing Me '' ( 2016 ) `` Blackbird '' is , by one count , one of the top ten most recorded songs of all time . The following artists have recorded `` Blackbird '' in a variety of styles : Pop rock / R&B singer Dionne Farris included an acoustic interpretation of the song on her debut album Wild Seed -- Wild Flower . Actor / Pop rock singer Drake Bell has performed Blackbird live on multiple occasions . `` Blackbird '' appears on the Crosby , Stills & Nash 1991 box set , having been recorded during the sessions for the album Crosby , Stills & Nash . They performed it often in concert , also at their performance at Woodstock festival 1969 and a live version appeared in 2014 on the CSNY 1974 album . The Dandy Warhols released a recording of the song in July 2009 following the death of Michael Jackson , fulfilling a promise made in the first and title track of their 2003 album Welcome to the Monkey House ( `` When Michael Jackson dies , we 're coverin ' ' Blackbird ' '' ) . The line was thought to partially reference Jackson 's ownership of the Beatles ' back catalogue of songs when he bought Associated Television ( ATV ) , which had previously acquired Northern Songs , in the mid-1980s . Sarah Darling recorded the song in November 2011 for the album Let Us In : Nashville -- A Tribute to Linda McCartney , and it was released as a single . Darling 's version was later featured in the 200th episode of Criminal Minds . Neil Diamond interpreted the song for his 2010 album Dreams . Ara Dinkjian recorded the song with Night Ark . Justin Hayward recorded the song for his 1994 Classic Blue album . In 2001 , Canadian musician Sarah McLachlan recorded a cover version of `` Blackbird '' for the I Am Sam movie soundtrack . It also appears on her 2008 compilation album Rarities , B - Sides and Other Stuff Volume 2 . Bobby McFerrin released an a cappella version on his 1984 album The Voice . Jazz pianist Brad Mehldau recorded what has been described as a `` haunting version of the Beatles ' classic '' for his 1997 album The Art of the Trio Volume One . Swedish classical mezzo - soprano Anne Sofie von Otter recorded the song in her `` Love Songs '' album , with Brad Mehldau in 2010 . The Paragons featuring Rosalyn Sweat recorded a ska / rocksteady version in 1973 . Jaco Pastorius recorded the song in 1981 . `` Blackbird '' is performed by Phish on the band 's 1994 Halloween album , Live Phish Volume 13 , which includes a rendition of each song on the Beatles ' White Album . The song is sung by various members of the Templeton family in the animated movie The Boss Baby . In 1972 , Billy Preston released a version of the song on his Music Is My Life album . Carly Simon recorded a version for her 2007 album Into White . Sylvester included the song on his live Living Proof album in 1979 . Evan Rachel Wood vocalized the song in the 2007 film Across the Universe . Dave Grohl performed the song during the In Memoriam tribute at the 88th Academy Awards . Sara Gazarek recorded it as part of a jazz medley with Bye Bye Blackbird on her 2005 album Yours and her 2016 album Dream in the Blue Jon Batiste performed a version of the song during a taping for The Late Show with Stephen Colbert , in honor of The Beatles ' 52nd anniversary of their American television debut at The Ed Sullivan Theatre . Marillion did a version for their live album Unplugged at the Walls . Jon Lajoie did a parody version for YouTube depicting the breakup of the Beatles being John and Yoko Ono 's fault , Paul McCartney being the star of the group and Paul 's life and career post-Beatles . Petula Clark covered the song on her 2016 album From Now On . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ MacDonald 1989 , p. 256fn . Jump up ^ Flemming , James ( 11 November 2009 ) . `` The Records , Day Four : 1968 -- 1969 '' . PopMatters . Retrieved 21 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Turner 1999 , p. 160 . Jump up ^ Everett 1999 , p. 190 . Jump up ^ Paul McCartney , Interview with KCRW 's Chris Douridas , 25 May 2002 episode of New Ground ( 17 : 50 -- 19 : 00 ) Jump up ^ KCRW , `` New Ground '' with Chris Douridas , 25 May 2002 ( 17 : 50 -- 19 : 00 ) , `` KCRW Archive '' , `` Audio '' Jump up ^ Miles 2001 , p. 317 . Jump up ^ MacDonald 1998 , p. 256fn . Jump up ^ MacDonald 1998 , pp. 256 , 256fn . Jump up ^ `` Paul McCartney & Donovan -- Postcard Sessions 1968 '' . 13 April 2016 . Jump up ^ MacDonald 1998 , p. 255 . ^ Jump up to : Lewisohn 1988 , p. 137 . Jump up ^ `` ' Blackbird ' '' . Rolling Stone . Jump up ^ Recording the Beatles , pg. 484 Jump up ^ Madinger & Easter 2000 , p. 180 . Jump up ^ Badman 2001 , p. 96 . Jump up ^ Womack 2014 , p. 153 . Jump up ^ Bychawski , Adam ( 18 April 2009 ) . `` Paul McCartney gets emotional during marathon Coachella set '' . nme.com . Retrieved 21 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The 10 Most Covered Songs '' . The Independent . Jump up ^ Hoffman , K. Ross . `` Michael Jackson 's death causes The Dandy Warhols to cover The Beatles '' . NME . IPC Media . Retrieved 3 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Dandy Warhols Are Sound -- The Dandy Warhols '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 3 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Price , Deborah Evans ( April , 2012 ) . `` Cover Set Soars '' . Billboard - The International Newsweekly of Music , Video and Home Entertainment . Retrieved 5 February 2017 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Tamashiro , Tim ( 3 August 2012 ) . `` Jazz for Dabblers : ' Blackbird , ' the Beatles and Brad Mehldau '' . CBC Music . Retrieved 22 January 2014 . Jump up ^ The Art of the Trio , Vol. 1 at AllMusic . Retrieved 22 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Live Phish , Vol. 13 : 10 / 31 / 94 , Glens Falls Civic Center , Glens Falls , NY - Phish '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 7 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Watch Jon Batiste 's gorgeous cover of The Beatles ' ' Blackbird ' on ' Colbert ' '' . For The Win. 2016 - 02 - 11 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q7jMIL4uabA Jump up ^ Frometa , RJ . `` The Iconic Petula Clark Releases ' Blackbird ' Ahead of New Album '' . Vents Magazine . Vents Magazine . Retrieved 11 October 2017 . Sources ( edit ) Badman , Keith ( 2001 ) . The Beatles Diary Volume 2 : After the Break - Up 1970 -- 2001 . London : Omnibus Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7119 - 8307 - 6 . Everett , Walter ( 1999 ) . The Beatles as Musicians : Revolver through the Anthology . New York , London : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 512941 - 0 . Lewisohn , Mark ( 1988 ) . The Beatles Recording Sessions . New York : Harmony Books . ISBN 0 - 517 - 57066 - 1 . MacDonald , Ian ( 1998 ) . Revolution in the Head : The Beatles ' Records and the Sixties . London : Pimlico . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7126 - 6697 - 8 . Madinger , Chip ; Easter , Mark ( 2000 ) . Eight Arms to Hold You : The Solo Beatles Compendium . Chesterfield , MO : 44.1 Productions . ISBN 0 - 615 - 11724 - 4 . Miles , Barry ( 2001 ) . The Beatles Diary Volume 1 : The Beatles Years . London : Omnibus Press . ISBN 0 - 7119 - 8308 - 9 . Sounes , Howard ( 2010 ) . Fab : An Intimate Life of Paul McCartney . London : HarperCollins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 00 - 723705 - 0 . Turner , Steve ( 1999 ) . A Hard Day 's Write : The Stories Behind Every Beatles Song ( 2nd ed . ) . New York , NY : Carlton / HarperCollins . ISBN 0 - 06 - 273698 - 1 . Womack , Kenneth ( 2014 ) . The Beatles Encyclopedia : Everything Fab Four . Santa Barbara , CA : ABC - CLIO . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 39171 - 2 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Beatles ( album ) Cover versions and notes Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics The Beatles ( White Album ) Songs Side one `` Back in the U.S.S.R. '' `` Dear Prudence '' `` Glass Onion '' `` Ob - La - Di , Ob - La - Da '' `` Wild Honey Pie '' `` The Continuing Story of Bungalow Bill '' `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' `` Happiness Is a Warm Gun '' Side two `` Martha My Dear '' `` I 'm So Tired '' `` Blackbird '' `` Piggies '' `` Rocky Raccoon '' `` Do n't Pass Me By '' `` Why Do n't We Do It in the Road ? '' `` I Will '' `` Julia '' Side three `` Birthday '' `` Yer Blues '' `` Mother Nature 's Son '' `` Everybody 's Got Something to Hide Except Me and My Monkey '' `` Sexy Sadie '' `` Helter Skelter '' `` Long , Long , Long '' Side four `` Revolution 1 '' `` Honey Pie '' `` Savoy Truffle '' `` Cry Baby Cry '' `` Revolution 9 '' `` Good Night '' Non-album single `` Hey Jude Revolution '' Outtakes `` A Beginning '' `` Child of Nature '' `` Circles '' `` Etcetera '' `` Junk '' `` Not Guilty '' `` Sour Milk Sea '' `` What 's the New Mary Jane '' Related articles The Beatles discography The Beatles in India Mother Nature 's Son The Grey Album Please Please Me With the Beatles A Hard Day 's Night Beatles for Sale Help ! Rubber Soul Revolver Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band Magical Mystery Tour The Beatles ( White Album ) Yellow Submarine Abbey Road Let It Be Past Masters The Dandy Warhols Courtney Taylor - Taylor Peter Holmström Zia McCabe Brent DeBoer Eric Hedford Studio albums Dandys Rule OK ... The Dandy Warhols Come Down Thirteen Tales from Urban Bohemia Welcome to the Monkey House Odditorium or Warlords of Mars ... Earth to the Dandy Warhols ... The Dandy Warhols Are Sound This Machine Distortland Compilation albums The Black Album / Come On Feel the Dandy Warhols The Capitol Years 1995 -- 2007 Singles `` Not If You Were the Last Junkie on Earth '' `` Get Off '' `` Bohemian Like You '' `` Godless '' `` We Used to Be Friends '' `` You Were the Last High '' `` Plan A '' `` Horny as a Dandy '' `` Primary '' `` Blackbird '' `` You Are Killing Me '' Other songs `` All I Have to Do Is Dream '' `` Inside the Outside '' Related Discography Dig ! The Brian Jonestown Massacre Kahlil Gibran Novels Broken Wings ( 1912 ) The Prophet ( 1923 ) The Garden of The Prophet ( 1933 ) Adaptations The Prophet ( 2014 ) Inspirations `` Blackbird '' ( 1968 ) `` Broken Wings '' ( 1985 ) `` River of Deceit '' ( 1995 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blackbird_(Beatles_song)&oldid=831982440 '' Categories : 1960s ballads 1968 songs Folk ballads The Beatles songs Song recordings produced by George Martin Songs written by Lennon -- McCartney Songs about birds Songs published by Northern Songs Songs against racism and xenophobia Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list EngvarB from October 2014 Use dmy dates from October 2014 Articles with hAudio microformats Articles needing additional references from January 2014 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Čeština Deutsch Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Tiếng Việt 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 March 2018 , at 03 : 32 . 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whats the legal age of consent in usa	Each U.S. state has its own age of consent , as does the District of Columbia . As of August 1 , 2018 , the age of consent in each state in the United States was either 16 years of age , 17 years of age , or 18 years of age . The most common age of consent is 16 .		Ages of consent in North America	ages of consent in north america		Age of consent laws in Canada , the U.S. , and Mexico Puberty Less than 12 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Varies by state / province / region / territory Age of consent laws in Central America Age of consent laws in the Caribbean In North America , the legal age of consent relating to sexual activity varies by jurisdiction . The age of consent in Canada is 16 . As of August 2018 , each U.S. state has set its age of consent at either age 16 , age 17 , or age 18 . The age of consent in Mexico is complex . Typically , Mexican states have a `` primary '' age of consent ( which may be as low as 12 ) , and sexual conduct with persons below that age is always illegal . Sexual relations which occur between adults and teenagers under 18 are left in a legal gray area : laws against corruption of minors as well as estupro laws can be applied to such acts , at the discretion of the prosecution . These laws are situational and are subject to interpretation . The ages of consent in the countries of Central America range from 14 to 18 . The below is a list of all jurisdictions in North America as listed in List of sovereign states and dependent territories in North America . Contents 1 Overview 2 Antigua and Barbuda 3 Anguilla ( United Kingdom ) 4 Aruba 5 Bahamas 6 Barbados 7 Belize 8 Bermuda and British Virgin Islands ( United Kingdom ) 9 Canada 9.1 Anal intercourse in Canada 9.2 History of the Canadian age of consent 10 Cayman Islands ( United Kingdom ) 11 Caribbean Netherlands 12 Clipperton Island ( France ) 13 Costa Rica 14 Cuba 15 Curaçao ( Netherlands ) 16 Dominica 17 Dominican Republic 18 El Salvador 19 Greenland ( Denmark ) 20 Grenada 21 Guadeloupe ( France ) 22 Guatemala 23 Haiti 24 Honduras 25 Jamaica 26 Martinique ( France ) 27 Mexico 27.1 Legislative framework 27.2 `` Estupro '' 27.3 Federal Law 27.4 Local laws 27.4. 1 Federal District 28 Montserrat ( United Kingdom ) 29 Nicaragua 30 Panama 31 Puerto Rico ( United States ) 32 Saint Kitts and Nevis 33 Saint Lucia 34 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 35 Sint Maarten ( Netherlands ) 36 Trinidad and Tobago 37 United States 38 Virgin Islands ( United States ) 39 See also 40 References Overview The age of consent is the age at or above which a person is considered to have the legal capacity to consent to sexual activity . Both partners must be of legal age to give consent , although exceptions to the age of consent law exist in some jurisdictions when the minor and his or her partner are within a certain number of years in age or when a minor is married to his / her partner . Persons below the age of consent may not , by law , give consent , and sexual relations involving such persons may be punished by criminal sanctions similar to those for rape or sexual assault . Non-violent sexual contact with persons under the age of consent may be punished with varying degrees of severity , ranging from a misdemeanor with a simple fine , to a felony with a punishment equivalent to rape . Different ages may apply if one partner is in a position of power or authority over the other , such as a teacher , manager , coach , parent or stepparent . For example , in Indiana the age of consent is 16 but it is illegal for a person over 18 to have sex with anyone under 18 if they work at their school , are their parent or a stepparent , or are a person recruiting them to join the military . Historically , the age of consent applied to male - female relationships ; same - sex relationships were often illegal regardless of the ages of participants . Modern laws vary , and there may be multiple ages that apply in any jurisdiction . For instance , different ages may apply if the relationship is between partners of the same sex , or if the sexual contact is not strictly vaginal intercourse . Antigua and Barbuda In Antigua and Barbuda , the age of consent is 16 . The Sexual Offences Act of 1995 raised the age of consent from 14 to 16 years of age . Sexual Intercourse with female between fourteen and sixteen 6 . ( 1 ) Where a male person has sexual intercourse with a female person who is not his wife with her consent and who has attained the age of fourteen years but has not yet attained the age of sixteen years , he is guilty of an offence , and is liable on conviction to imprisonment for ten years . ( 2 ) A male person is not guilty of an offence under subsection ( 1 ) -- ( a ) if he honestly believed that the female person was sixteen years of age or more ; or ( b ) if the male person is not more than three years older than the female person and the court is of the opinion that the evidence discloses that as between the male person and the female person , the male person is not wholly or substantially to blame . Sexual intercourse with male under sixteen 7 . ( 1 ) Where a female adult has sexual intercourse with a male person who is not her husband and who is under the age of sixteen years , she is guilty of an offence , whether or not the male person consented to the intercourse , and is liable on conviction to imprisonment for seven years . A female adult is not guilty of an offence under subsection ( 1 ) -- ( a ) if she honestly believed that the male person was sixteen years of age or more ; or ( b ) if the female adult is not more than three years older than the male person and the court is of the opinion that evidence discloses that as between the female adult and the male person , the female adult is not wholly or substantially to blame . Anguilla ( United kingdom ) The age of consent in Anguilla is 16 . It is determined in Part 14 of the Criminal Code - SEXUAL OFFENCES - Sexual Offences Against Minors - by Article 143 . `` Sexual intercourse with person between 14 and 16 years of age '' . Aruba This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . The specific problem is : Section relies solely on a permanently dead link . Please help improve this section if you can . ( August 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The age of consent in Aruba is 15 , as specified in Article 251 of the Criminal Code of Aruba ( which Aruba adapted after its secession from the Netherlands Antilles ) which reads : Article 251 : `` A person who , out of wedlock , with a person who has reached the age of twelve but has not reached fifteen , performs indecent acts comprising or including sexual penetration of the body is liable to a term of imprisonment of not more than eight years or a fine of at most 100 000 florin '' . Bahamas This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( August 2018 ) In The Bahamas , the age of consent for opposite - sex activity is 16 and the age of consent for same - sex activity is 18 . Homosexuality was legalized in 1991 , but `` public homosexuality '' is an offense that carries a 20 - year jail term without parole . 11 . ( 1 ) Any person who has unlawful sexual intercourse with any person being of or above fourteen years of age and under sixteen years of age , whether with or without the consent of the person with whom he had unlawful sexual intercourse , is guilty of an offence and liable to imprisonment for life subject to , on a first conviction for the offence , a term of imprisonment of seven years and , in the case of a second or subsequent conviction for the offence , a term of imprisonment of fourteen years . Barbados This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( August 2018 ) In Barbados the age of consent is 16 . Section 5 , part I `` Sexual intercourse with person between 14 and 16 '' of the Sexual Offences Act 1992 ( 1 ) Where a person has sexual intercourse with another with the other 's consent and that other person has attained the age of 14 but has not yet attained the age of 16 that person is guilty of an offence and is liable on conviction on indictment to imprisonment for a term of 10 years . Belize In Belize , the age of consent is 16 , regardless of sexual orientation or gender . The legislation reads : Criminal Code ( CAP. 101 ) Section 47.1 `` Every person who , with or without consent , has sexual intercourse with a person who is under the age of fourteen years commits the offence of unlawful sexual intercourse and is liable on conviction on indictment to imprisonment for a term that is not less than twelve years but may extend to imprisonment for life . '' Section 47.2 `` Every person who has unlawful sexual intercourse with a person who is above the age of fourteen years but under the age of sixteen years , commits an offence and is liable on conviction on indictment to imprisonment for a term that is not less than five years but no more than ten years . '' Bermuda and British Virgin Islands ( United kingdom ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( August 2018 ) Age of sexual consent is 16 , regardless of sexual orientation and / or gender . Canada The Tackling Violent Crime Act took effect on 1 May 2008 , raising the age of consent from 14 to 16 . There exist two close - in - age exemptions , depending on the age of the younger partner . A youth of twelve or thirteen can consent to sexual activity with an individual less than two years older than they . A fourteen - or fifteen - year - old can consent to sexual activity with a partner who is less than five years older than they . Criminal law ( including the definition of the age of consent ) is in the exclusive jurisdiction of the federal government , so the age of consent is uniform throughout Canada . Section 151 of the Criminal Code of Canada makes it a crime to touch , for a sexual purpose , any person under the age of 16 years . Section 153 then goes on to prohibit the sexual touching of a person under 18 by a person in three circumstances : if he or she is in a `` position of trust or authority '' towards the youth , if the youth is in a `` relationship of dependency '' with him or her , or if the relationship is `` exploitative '' . The term `` position of trust or authority '' is not defined in the Code but the courts have ruled that parents , teachers , and medical professionals hold a position of trust or authority towards youth they care for or teach . Section 153 ( 1.2 ) of the Code provides that a judge can infer whether or not a relationship is `` exploitative '' by considering its nature and circumstances including how old the youth is , the difference in ages between the partners , how the relationship evolved , and the degree of control or influence that the older partner has over the youth . The `` position of trust under 18 '' anti-exploitation rules were expanded in 2005 by Bill C - 2 where a judge may choose to term a situation to be sexual exploitation based on the nature and circumstances of the relationship including the age of the younger party , age difference , evolution of the relationship ( how it developed , e.g. quickly and secretly over the Internet ) , the control or influence over the young person ( degree of control or influence the other person had over the young person ) . This passed before the 2008 amendments , and they were not repealed so they are still in effect and can apply towards adults in these situations with young persons over the age of consent and under 18 ( 16 - 17 ) . Where an accused is charged with an offence under s . 151 ( Sexual Interference ) , s . 152 ( Invitation to sexual touching ) , s . 153 ( 1 ) ( Sexual exploitation ) , s . 160 ( 3 ) ( Bestiality in presence of or by child ) , or s . 173 ( 2 ) ( Indecent acts ) , or is charged with an offence under s . 271 ( Sexual assault ) , s . 272 ( Sexual assault with a weapon , threats to a third party , or causing bodily harm ) , or s . 273 ( Aggravated sexual assault ) in respect of a complainant under the age of sixteen years , it is not a defense that the complainant consented to the activity that forms the subject - matter of the charge . Anal intercourse in Canada Section 159 of the Criminal Code criminalizes anal intercourse , but provides exceptions for a husband and wife , and any two persons 18 years of age or older . These exceptions do not apply if a third person is present , or if the anal intercourse takes place anywhere but in private . However , courts in Ontario , Quebec , and Alberta have independently declared s . 159 to be unconstitutional as violations of the equality provision of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms . History of the Canadian age of consent See also : Age of consent reform in Canada During the 19th century , the age of consent for heterosexual vaginal sex was 12 ; in 1890 , the Parliament raised the age of consent to 14 . The punishment for anyone who had sexual intercourse with someone younger than 14 was life imprisonment and whipping , while the punishment for anyone who attempted to seduce an underage girl was two years ' imprisonment and whipping . Canada had also laws against `` seducing '' minor girls who were over the age of consent . In 1886 , a law was enacted that made the `` seduction '' of a girl over 12 and under 16 `` of previously chaste character '' a criminal offence ; the `` seduction '' of a female under 18 `` under promise of marriage '' was also made illegal in 1886 , and amended in 1887 to apply to females under 21 . After the raising of the age of consent to 14 , the laws against `` seducing '' minor girls were amended to apply to those older than 14 , and various laws of this kind have remained in force through the 20th century . The age of consent was raised from 14 to 16 in the spring of 2008 , when the Tackling Violent Crime Act became effective . The new measures still allow for close - in - age exceptions between 12 and 16 : if there is no more than a two - year gap for those 12 and 13 , or a five - year gap for those 14 and 15 . Anal sex remains illegal with exceptions for those over 18 , if they comply with the restrictions set out under section 159 . Female homosexuality was never illegal in the former British colonies ; oral sex was legalized in 1969 with the same age of consent as vaginal sex . Also introduced in 1969 were the exceptions regarding criminal anal sex ( effectively legalizing it ) , but with a higher age barrier set at 21 , under section 159 ; in 1988 , the age barrier for these exceptions was lowered to 18 . As of 2008 there are no plans to repeal section 159 , even though it has been ruled unconstitutional in some Canadian provinces . Cayman Islands ( United kingdom ) The age of consent in Cayman Islands is 16 . Defilement of girls under sixteen years of age , etc . 134 . ( 1 ) Whoever unlawfully and carnally - ( a ) knows any girl under the age of twelve years is guilty of an offence and liable to imprisonment for twenty years ; or ( b ) knows any girl between the ages of twelve and sixteen years is guilty of an offence and liable to imprisonment for twelve years . Indecent assaults on females 132 . ( 1 ) It is an offence for a person to make an indecent assault on a woman . ( 2 ) A girl under the age of sixteen can not in law give any consent which would prevent an act being an assault for the purposes of this section . Caribbean Netherlands The age of consent in the Caribbean Netherlands ( Bonaire , Saba and Sint Eustatius ) is 16 , as specified by the Criminal Code BES , Articles 251 , which reads : Art 251 : `` A person who , out of wedlock , with a person who has reached the age of twelve but has not reached sixteen , performs indecent acts comprising or including sexual penetration of the body is liable to a term of imprisonment of not more than sixteen years '' . Before prosecution , the public attorney will , if possible , allow the minor to indicate if prosecution is deemed desirable . Clipperton Island ( France ) Clipperton Island is an uninhabited nine - square - kilometre ( approx . 3.5 - square - mile ) coral atoll in the eastern Pacific Ocean , a state private property under the direct authority of the French government , administered by the Minister of Overseas France . The laws of France where applicable apply . See Age of consent Europe # France . Costa Rica See also : LGBT rights in Costa Rica In Costa Rica under the Penal Code of 2004 , the age of consent is 18 , regardless of sexual orientation and / or gender . Spanish : Artículo 159. - Será sancionado con pena de prisión de dos a seis años , quien aprovechándose de la edad , se haga acceder o tenga acceso carnal con una persona de uno u otro sexo , mayor de trece años y menor de quince años , por la vía oral , anal o vaginal , con su consentimiento . Igual pena se impondrá si la acción consiste en la introducción de uno o varios dedos , objetos o animales por la vía vaginal o anal . Translation : Article 159 . Anyone who , taking advantage of age , attempts to obtain or obtains carnal access , by oral , anal or vaginal penetration , to a person of either sex who is over 13 and under 15 years of age , with his or her consent , shall be punished with two to six years ' imprisonment . A similar penalty shall be imposed if the act involves the introduction of one or more fingers , objects or animals into the vagina or anus . The age of consent used to be 15 , but it was increased in recent years after legal reform . Cuba This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( August 2018 ) This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . The specific problem is : Section relies solely on a dead link . Please help improve this section if you can . ( August 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The age of consent in Cuba is 16 . Curaçao ( Netherlands ) The age of consent in Curaçao is 15 , as specified by the Criminal Code of the Netherlands Antilles ( which Curaçao did n't change after the dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles ) , Articles 251 , which reads : Art 251 : `` A person who , out of wedlock , with a person who has reached the age of twelve but has not reached fifteen , performs indecent acts comprising or including sexual penetration of the body is liable to a term of imprisonment of not more than sixteen years '' . For children 12 - 14 prosecution only takes place upon a `` complaint '' by the minor , his parents , teacher , or the guardianship board . Dominica In Dominica the age of consent is 16 . `` Defilement of girls between fourteen ( 14 ) and sixteen ( 16 ) years of age '' , Article 4 of the Sexual Offences Act `` ( 1 ) Subject to subsections ( 2 ) and ( 3 ) , any person who - a ) unlawfully and carnally knows , or attempts to have unlawful carnal knowledge of any girl of or above the age of fourteen ( 14 ) years and under the age of sixteen ( 16 ) years ( ... ) - is liable to imprisonment for seven years . Dominican Republic The age of consent in the Dominican Republic is 18 . El Salvador. In El Salvador , the age of consent appears to be 18 ( although the laws are not clear cut in regard to sexual acts with persons aged between 15 and 18 ) . CHILDREN YOUNGER THAN 15 : VIOLACIÓN EN MENOR O INCAPAZ Art . 159. - El que tuviere acceso carnal por vía vaginal o anal con menor de quince años de edad o con otra persona aprovechándose de su enajenación mental , de su estado de inconsciencia o de su incapacidad de resistir , será sancionado con prisión de catorce a veinte años . Approximate translation : `` Anyone who has vaginal or anal sexual intercourse with a minor younger than fifteen years of age or of another person by taking advantage of their insanity , their state of unconsciousness or inability to resist , shall be punished with imprisonment of fourteen to twenty years . '' CHILDREN AGED BETWEEN 15 AND 18 : Several laws apply to sex with persons aged between 15 and 18 . Article 169 makes it illegal to `` promote , facilitate , manage , finance , instigate or organize in any way the use of persons under eighteen years of age in sexual or erotic acts individually or organized , publicly or privately '' . Art . 169. - El que promoviere , facilitare , administrare , financiare , instigare u organizare de cualquier forma la utilización de personas menores de dieciocho años en actos sexuales o eróticos , de manera individual u organizada , de forma pública o privada , será sancionado con pena de tres a ocho años de prisión . En igual responsabilidad incurrirá quien con conocimiento de causa autorizare el uso o arrendare el inmueble para realizar cualquiera de las actividades descritas en el inciso anterior . Approximate translation : Article 169 . - Any person who promotes , facilitates , manages , finances , instigates or organizes in any way the use of persons under eighteen years of age in sexual or erotic acts , individually or organized , publicly or privately , shall be punished with penalty of three to eight years in prison . Similarly , anyone who knowingly authorizes the use or rents a property to perform any of the activities described in the preceding paragraph , incurs criminal liability . Article 167 makes it illegal to `` promote or facilitate the corruption of a person under eighteen ( ... ) through various sexual acts of carnal knowledge , even if the victim consents to participate in them '' . CORRUPCIÓN DE MENORES E INCAPACES Art . 167. - El que promoviere o facilitare la corrupción de una persona menor de dieciocho años de edad o de un deficiente mental , mediante actos sexuales diversos del acceso carnal , aunque la víctima consintiere participar en ellos , será sancionado con prisión de seis a doce años . Approximate translation : Article 167 . - Any person who promotes or facilitates the corruption of a person under eighteen years of age or a mentally handicapped through various sexual acts of carnal knowledge , even if the victim consents to participate in them , shall be punished with imprisonment of six to twelve years . Article 171 deals with `` obscene exhibition '' , and also appears to set the age of consent at 18 . EXHIBICIONES OBSCENAS Art . 171. - El que ejecutare o hiciere ejecutar an otros actos lúbricos o de exhibición obscena , o indecorosa , en lugar público o expuesto al público o bien ante menores de dieciocho años de edad o deficientes mentales , será sancionado con prisión de dos a cuatro años . Approximate translation : Art . 171 . Anyone who performs or makes others perform acts of lewd or lascivious exhibition , or indecency in a public place or a place open to the public or to minors under eighteen years of age or mentally handicapped , shall be punished with imprisonment from two to four years . Articles 163 and 154 of the Penal Code ( Código Penal ) deal with estupro and make it illegal to use deception ( engaño ) or to take advantage of one 's superiority ( superioridad ) that arises from a relationship in order to gain sexual access to teenagers aged between 15 and 18 . ESTUPRO Art . 163. - El que tuviere acceso carnal por vía vaginal o anal mediante engaño , con persona mayor de quince años y menor de dieciocho años de edad , será sancionado con prisión de cuatro a diez años . Approximate translation : Art . 163 . `` Anyone who has vaginal or anal intercourse , by using deception , with a person over fifteen and under eighteen years of age , shall be punished with imprisonment of four to ten years '' . ESTUPRO POR PREVALIMIENTO Art . 164. - El que tuviere acceso carnal por vía vaginal o anal con persona mayor de quince y menor dieciocho años de edad , prevaliéndose de la superioridad originada por cualquier relación , será sancionado con prisión de seis a doce años . Approximate translation : Art . 164 . `` Anyone who has vaginal or anal intercourse with a person over fifteen and under eighteen years of age , relying on the superiority arising from any relationship , shall be punished with imprisonment from six to twelve years . '' Greenland ( Denmark ) The laws of Denmark , where applicable , apply . See Ages of consent in Europe # Denmark . Grenada The age of consent in Grenada is 16 . Penalties are 30 years ' imprisonment if the victim is less than 14 , and 15 years ' imprisonment if the victim is 14 to 16 years of age . Guadeloupe ( France ) For this section , see Ages of consent in Europe § France . Guatemala In Guatemala , the age of consent is 18 , regardless of sexual orientation and / or gender . The Law against Sexual Violence , Exploitation , and Trafficking in Persons was passed in February 2009 , and provides sentences ranging from 13 to 24 years in prison , depending on the young persons age , for sex with a minor . Haiti This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( August 2018 ) The age of consent in Haiti is 18 . Honduras Honduras , the age of consent is considered to be 14 . Article 142 . The stupor of a person older than fourteen ( 14 ) and under eighteen ( 18 ) years taking advantage of trust , hierarchy or authority , is punishable by six ( 6 ) to eight ( 8 ) years of imprisonment . When rape is committed by deception is punishable by five ( 5 ) to seven ( 7 ) years of imprisonment . Article 143 . The sexual intercourse with parents or children , brothers , or relationship between adopter and adopted , with stepparent , when the victim is over eighteen ( 18 ) years constitutes the crime of incest , will be punished with four ( 4 ) to six ( 6 ) years of imprisonment and shall proceed under complaint by the injured party or his legal representative . When the victim is older than fourteen ( 14 ) and under eighteen ( 18 ) years , the penalty shall be increased in a medium ( 1 / 2 ) . Article 144 . Whoever for sexual character and by force , intimidation or deceit abducts or retains a person shall be punished by imprisonment of four ( 4 ) to six ( 6 ) years . When the victim of this crime is a person under eighteen ( 18 ) years of age , it is punishable with the penalty prescribed in the preceding paragraph increased by half ( 1 / 2 ) . Jamaica In Jamaica the age of consent is 16 . `` Above twelve ( 12 ) and under sixteen ( 16 ) '' , Article 50 , Offences Against the Person `` Whosoever shall unlawfully and carnally know and abuse any girl being above the age of twelve ( 12 ) years and under the age of sixteen ( 16 ) years shall be guilty of a misdemeanour , and being convicted thereof , shall be liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding seven years ; Martinique ( France ) For this section , see Ages of consent in Europe § France . Mexico Legislative framework In Mexico , criminal legislation is shared between the federal and state governments . The federal law establishes the age of 12 as the minimum age of consent , while the age at which there are no restrictions for consensual sexual activities is 18 ( sex with someone 12 - 18 is not illegal per se , but can still be open to prosecution under certain circumstances ) . Local state laws may override the federal law . In practice , the decision as to whether or not to prosecute is left to state authorities regardless of the younger person 's age . At state level , the minimum ages of consent vary between 12 ( and puberty in a few states ) and 15 , while the age at which there are no restrictions for consensual sexual activities vary from 16 to 18 ( most common 18 ) . `` Estupro '' Estupro is a crime existing across Mexico , as well as in other Latin American jurisdictions . Although the definitions vary by state , it is usually defined as sexual conduct with a child who has reached the minimum age of consent but is under 18 ( 16 or 17 in some states ) when the consent of the child is obtained by seduction and / or deceit . For instance the law of Aguascalientes reads : `` El estupro consiste en realizar cópula con persona mayor de doce y menor de dieciséis años de edad , obteniendo su consentimiento por medio de seducción o engaño . '' ( translation : Estupro consists in copulating with a person over twelve and under sixteen years old , obtaining his / her consent through seduction or deceit ) . Traditionally , estupro applied only to acts committed with a girl , and required `` chastity '' or `` honesty '' of the girl . The vast majority of Mexican states have modernized their laws by removing the requirement of `` chastity '' or `` honesty '' and by making the laws gender neutral . However , traditional laws still exist in some states : for instance , the law of Baja California reads : Al que realice cópula con mujer de catorce años de edad y menor de dieciocho , casta y honesta , obteniendo su consentimiento por medio de la seducción o el engaño ( translation : `` Whoever copulates with a chaste and honest female over fourteen and under eighteen years old , obtaining her consent through seduction or deceit '' ) . Some states have removed the requirement of `` chastity '' or `` honesty '' , but continue to define estupro as applicable only to girls . For instance , in Campeche the law states : Al que tenga cópula con mujer mayor de doce años pero menor de dieciocho , obteniendo su consentimiento por medio de la seducción o el engaño ( translation : `` Whoever copulates with a female over twelve and under eighteen years old , obtaining her consent through seduction or deceit '' ) . The exact type of coercion that must be used varies by state , for example the Federal Law only makes reference to `` deceit '' , omitting `` seduction '' ( it reads : Al que tenga cópula con persona mayor de doce años y menor de dieciocho , obteniendo su consentimiento por medio de engaño , translation : `` Whoever copulates with a person over twelve and under eighteen years old , obtaining his / her consent through deceit '' ) . Federal law Article 261 of the Federal Criminal Code ( PDF ) states that : `` Whoever , without the purpose of reaching copulation , performs a sexual act in a person under 12 or in a person that has no capacity of understanding the meaning of the act or that for any reason can not resist , or demands that the act is performed , will be punished with a term of 2 to 5 years in prison '' . If the offender uses moral or physical violence , an extra half term is added to the initial time . Article 266 refers to the previous article 265 , which covers the rape of adults in general and establishes a term of 8 to 14 years in prison for sex obtained through physical or moral violence . Article 266 then states that : `` It is equivalent to rape and will be punished with the same penalty : ( 1st Clause ) -- who without violence performs a copulation with a person under 12 '' . The 3rd Clause of this article punishes with the same penalties also `` the vaginal or anal introduction of objects , without violence and with lascivious goals '' , in a person under 12 or in a person that has no capacity of understanding the meaning of the fact , or for any reason can not resist . If any of the aforementioned acts is performed with physical or moral violence , the sentence is raised in up to a half . A further article , 266 Bis , determines an extra penalty of up to a half under certain circumstances -- ( a ) when there are multiple offenders ; ( b ) when the offense is committed by a parent , legal guardian , stepfather or `` companion '' ( amasio ) of the mother ; ( c ) when there is an abuse of authority of someone as a civil servant ; ( d ) when the crime is committed by a person who has the minor under his or her custody , guard or education , or yet through the abuse of trust . There is another crime in Article 262 for consented sex with adolescents aged 12 to 18 , when consent is obtained through deceit . The penalty is 3 months to 4 years in prison . This crime , however , is prosecuted only through a complaint of the minor or his / her parents or legal guardians , as determined in Article 263 . Artículo 262 del Código Penal : `` Al que tenga cópula con persona mayor de doce años y menor de dieciocho , obteniendo su consentimiento por medio de engaño , se le aplicará de tres meses a cuatro años de prisión . '' Translation : Article 262 : `` Whoever copulates with a person over twelve and under eighteen years old , obtaining his / her consent through deceit '' Article 201 prohibits the `` corruption '' of a minor under 16 . Further reading : Official version - Mexican Chamber of Deputies website ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) at the Wayback Machine ( archived 22 November 2007 ) Copy in HTML / PDF , browsable by section ( in Spanish ) at the Wayback Machine ( archived 7 August 2007 ) Interpol website ( in Spanish ) at the Library of Congress Web Archives ( archived 27 September 2001 ) ) Local laws State Minimum age of consent ( sex with persons under this age is always illegal ) Age at which there are no restrictions ( sex with persons below this age is not illegal per se , but it is still open to prosecution ) `` Violación equiparada '' `` Estupro '' Aguascalientes 12 16 125 122 Baja California 14 18 177 182 Baja California Sur 12 18 286 290 Campeche 12 18 234 230 Chiapas 12 18 157 bis 155 Chihuahua 14 18 172 177 Coahuila 12 16 386 394 Colima 14 18 209 211 Distrito Federal 12 18 181 bis 180 Durango 14 18 394 388 Guanajuato 12 16 181 185 Guerrero 12 18 140 145 Hidalgo 12 18 180 185 Jalisco 12 18 176 142 - I México 15 18 273 271 Michoacán 12 16 240 243 Morelos 12 18 154 159 Nayarit Puberty 18 260 258 Nuevo León 14 18 266 262 Oaxaca 12 18 247 243 Puebla 12 18 272 266 Querétaro 12 18 161 167 Quintana Roo 12 18 127 130 San Luis Potosí 12 16 152 149 Sinaloa 12 18 180 184 Sonora 12 18 219 215 Tabasco 12 17 150 153 Tamaulipas 12 18 275 270 Tlaxcala 14 18 221 291 Veracruz 14 16 182 185 Yucatán 13 16 315 311 Zacatecas 13 18 237 234 All Mexican states ( as well as Mexico City ) have corruption of minors statutes that can , upon complaint of the family ( or minor ) , be used to punish sexual relations with persons under eighteen . Although actual prosecutions for violations of Corruption of Minors statutes ( and age of consent statutes in general ) tend to be sporadic , regional , and very situation dependent , many Mexican states nonetheless classify Corruption of Minors as a `` Delito Grave '' ( Major Crime ) in their penal codes . Additionally , all the states have `` Estupro '' laws that can , upon complaint of the family ( or minor ) , be used to prosecute adults who engage in sexual intercourse with minors by seduction or deceit ( the exact definitions of this crime vary by state , see section estupro , above ) . In some Mexican jurisdictions prosecutors have chosen to prosecute consensual sexual activity involving adults and underage minors only upon complaint by the minor , or a custodial complaint . Federal District The age of consent in the Federal District ( Mexico City ) is 12 , one of the lowest in the world , and the overall criminal legislation of Mexico 's capital is close to that of the federal law regarding this subject , although tougher in some aspects -- higher penalties and broader definitions . According to the Estatuto del Gobierno del Distrito Federal ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) ( Government Statute of the Federal District ) , Article 42 , Clause XII , the District 's Legislative Assembly has powers to legislate in criminal law . Article 175 of the Federal District Criminal Code refers to the previous Article 174 , which stipulates a term of 6 to 17 years of prison for the rape of adults , while defining copulation as `` the introduction of the penis in the human body through the vagina , anus or mouth '' . Article 175 ( violación ) then states that : `` It is equivalent to rape and will be punished with the same penalty : '' ( first clause ) -- `` who performs a copulation with a person under 12 years of age or with a person that has no capacity of understanding the meaning of the act or that for any reason can not resist '' ; the second clause defines whosoever `` introduces in the vagina or anus any element , instrument or any part of the human body different from the penis '' as having committed the same crime , in relation to these same persons . Article 177 covers `` sexual abuse '' and punishes other acts referred as `` unintentional '' acts -- `` who without purpose of reaching copulation , performs a sexual act with a person under 12 or a person that has no capacity of understanding the meaning of the act or that for any reason can not resist it , or that demands that such act is observed or performed , will be punished with 2 to 7 years in prison '' . In both Articles ( 175 and 177 ) , there is an extra half term in case of physical or moral violence . And according to Article 178 , there is also a punishment of an extra two thirds of the term under the same circumstances foreseen in Article 266 Bis of the Federal Law ( see above ) , added by two new circumstances -- ( clause V ) when the victim is inside a private vehicle or a public service vehicle ; and ( clause VI ) when the crime is committed in a desert or isolated place . There is a crime called estupro stipulated in Article 180 , which refers to consented sex with adolescents aged 12 to 18 , when consent is obtained through any means of deceit . The penalty is 6 months to 4 years of prison . This crime needs a complaint ( querella ) to be prosecuted . There is a Corruption of Minors statute ( Article 184 ) that can be used to punish by imprisonment , for seven to twelve years , adults who engage in sexual relations with persons under eighteen . This situation exists all over Mexico , and can be prosecuted upon complaint of victim or the victim 's family . Montserrat ( United kingdom ) The age of consent in Montserrat is 16 . Unlawful sexual intercourse with girl under age of sixteen 121. ( 1 ) Subject to the provisions of the section , a man who has unlawful sexual intercourse with a girl above the age of thirteen and under the age of sixteen shall be guilty of an offence and liable to imprisonment for two years . ( 2 ) It is immaterial in the case of a charge for an offence under this section that the intercourse was had with the consent of the girl concerned . Indecent assault on a woman 122. ( 1 ) Subject to the provisions of this section , any man who makes an indecent assault on a woman shall be guilty of an offence and liable -- ( ... ) ( 2 ) A girl under the age of sixteen years can not in law give consent which would prevent an act being an assault for the purposes of this section . Nicaragua In Nicaragua , the age of consent is 18 , although , in regard to young people 16 - 17 , the law ( Article 175 ) is not clear cut . Article 170 . Statutory rape Anyone who is married or in a stable de facto union or who is of age and who , without violence or intimidation , has or allows carnal access with a person aged between 14 and 16 shall be sentenced to imprisonment for a period of two to four years . Article 175 . Sexual exploitation , pornography and paid sexual acts with adolescents Anyone who induces , provides , promotes or uses persons aged under 16 or a disabled person for sexual or erotic purposes , forcing them to witness or participate in an act or show in public or in private , even if the victim consents to witness or participate in such an act , shall be sentenced to imprisonment for a period of five to seven years , or four to six years if the victim is aged between 16 and 18 . ( ... ) Article 168 . Rape of children under the age of 14 Anyone who has or allows carnal access with a person aged under 14 or who , for sexual purposes , inserts or forces the victim to insert a finger , object or instrument , by way of the vagina , anus or mouth , with or without consent , shall be sentenced to imprisonment for a period of 12 to 15 years . Article 172 . Sexual abuse Anyone who engages in lewd acts with or improper touching of another person , without their consent , ( ... ) In no circumstances shall the victim be considered to have given consent if the victim is under the age of 14 or has a mental disability or illness . Panamá In Panama , the age of consent is in general 18 , although sexual conduct with children aged 14 to 18 is not always illegal . Artículo 176 . Quien , valiéndose de una condición de ventaja , logre acceso sexual con persona mayor de catorce años y menor de dieciocho , aunque medie consentimiento , será sancionado con prisión de dos a cuatro años Translation : Article 176 . Whoever , using a condition of advantage , achieves sexual intercourse with a person over fourteen and under eighteen , even with consent , shall be punished with imprisonment from two to four years This does not apply if the age difference is less than 5 - years and the partners are in a stable couple relationship . No se aplicarán las sanciones señaladas en este artículo cuando entre la víctima y el agente exista una relación de pareja permanente debidamente comprobada y siempre que la diferencia de edad no supere los cinco años . Translation : The sanctions provided in this article do not apply if there is a couple relationship duly established between the victim and the agent , and the age difference does not exceed five years . Puerto Rico ( United states ) See also : Ages of consent in the United States The age of consent in Puerto Rico is 16 . There is a 4 - year close - in - age exception subject to a minimum age of 14 . Article 130. - Sexual Assault. - Any person who performs sexual penetration , whether an orogenital act or vaginal or anal sex penetration , whether genital , digital , or instrumental ... shall be punished ... when the victim has not attained the age of sixteen ( 16 ) years , except when the victim is over fourteen ( 14 ) years old and the age difference between the victim and the accused is four ( 4 ) years or less . Article 133. - Lewd Acts. - Any person who , without the intention to consummate the crime of sexual assault described in Article 130 , subjects another person to an act that tends to awaken , excite or satisfy the sexual passion or desire of the accused ... shall be punished ... when the victim has not attained the age of sixteen ( 16 ) years at the time of the act . Saint Kitts and Nevis The age of consent in Saint Kitts and Nevis is 16 . Saint Lucia The age of consent in Saint Lucia is 16 . Saint Vincent and the Grenadines The age of consent in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines is 15 . The penalty for statutory rape of a girl over 13 but under 15 is five years ' imprisonment ; under 13 it is life imprisonment . Sint Maarten ( Netherlands ) The age of consent in Sint Maarten is 15 , as specified by the Criminal Code of the Netherlands Antilles ( which Sint Maarten did not change after the dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles ) , Articles 251 , which reads : Art 251 : 1 . `` A person who , out of wedlock , with a person who has reached the age of twelve but has not reached fifteen , performs indecent acts comprising or including sexual penetration of the body is liable to a term of imprisonment of not more than sixteen years '' . Prosecution for the violation of the above article only takes place upon a `` complaint '' by the minor , his parents , teacher , or the guardianship board ( Art 251 , 2 . 3 . 4 . ) Trinidad and Tobago The age of consent in Trinidad and Tobago is 18 , as per the Children Act , 2012 . It was raised from 16 to 18 in 2015 . The Children Act , 2012 defines a `` child '' as `` a person under the age of eighteen years '' . 18 . Subject to section 20 , a person who sexually penetrates a child commits an offence and is liable on conviction on indictment , to imprisonment for life . 19 . ( 1 ) Subject to section 20 , where a person touches a child and -- ( a ) the touching is sexual ; and ( b ) the child is under sixteen years of age , the person commits an offence . ( 2 ) A person who commits an offence under subsection ( 1 ) is liable -- ( a ) on summary conviction , to a fine of fifty thousand dollars and to imprisonment for ten years ; or ( b ) on conviction on indictment , to imprisonment for twenty years . ( 3 ) Where a person commits an offence under subsection ( 1 ) , and the touching involves the placing of any body part or of an object onto the penis or bodily orifice of a child , that person is liable on conviction on indictment to imprisonment for life . Three close - in - age exemptions exist , as per section 20 : 20 . ( 1 ) A person sixteen years of age or over but under twenty - one years of age is not liable under section 18 if -- ( a ) he is less than three years older than the child against whom he is purported to have perpetrated the offence ; ( b ) he is not in a familial relationship with the child nor in a position of trust in relation to the child ; ( c ) he is not of the same sex as the child ; and ( d ) the circumstances do not reveal any element of exploitation , coercion , threat , deception , grooming or manipulation in the relationship . ( 2 ) A person fourteen years of age or over but under sixteen years of age is not liable under section 18 or 19 if -- ( a ) he is less than two years older than the child against whom he is purported to have perpetrated the offence ; ( b ) he is not in a familial relationship with the child nor in a position of trust in relation to the child ; ( c ) he is not of the same sex as the child ; and ( d ) the circumstances do not reveal any element of exploitation , coercion , threat , deception , grooming or manipulation in the relationship . ( 3 ) A person twelve years of age or over but under fourteen years of age is not liable under section 18 or 19 if -- ( a ) he is less than two years older than the child against whom he is purported to have perpetrated the offence ; ( b ) he is not in a familial relationship with the child nor in a position of trust in relation to the child ; ( c ) he is not of the same sex as the child ; and ( d ) the circumstances do not reveal any element of exploitation , coercion , threat , deception , grooming or manipulation in the relationship . United states General ages of consent in the 50 U.S. states , the District of Columbia , and the inhabited U.S. territories Main article : Ages of consent in the United States In the United States , the age of consent laws are made at the state , territorial , and federal district levels . There exist several federal statutes related to protecting minors from sexual predators , but none of them imposes an age limit on sexual acts . On 26 June 2003 , both heterosexual and homosexual sodomy became legal in all U.S. states , territories , and the District of Columbia under the U.S. Supreme Court decision Lawrence v. Texas ( between non-commercial , consenting adults in a private bedroom ) . In State v. Limon ( 2005 ) , the Kansas Supreme Court used Lawrence as a precedent to overturn the state 's `` Romeo and Juliet '' law , which proscribed lesser penalties for heterosexuals than homosexuals convicted of similar age of consent related offenses . Each U.S. state has its own age of consent , as does the District of Columbia . As of August 1 , 2018 , the age of consent in each state in the United States was either 16 years of age , 17 years of age , or 18 years of age . The most common age of consent is 16 . Virgin Islands ( United states ) See also : Ages of consent in the United States The age of consent is 18 . There is however a close - in - age exemption that allows minors 16 and 17 years old to consent with someone no more than five years older than themselves and minors 13 to 15 years old to consent with one another , but not with anyone 16 or over . Article § 1700 . Aggravated rape in the first degree bans sexual intercourse or sodomy with a child under 13 . Sexual acts with minors are aggravated by the use of force , intimidation , or the perpetrator 's position of authority , and by the fact that the minor , being under 16 and not the perpetrator 's spouse , is residing in the same household as the perpetrator. ( see Article § 1700 , Article § 1702 , Article § 1708 ) . Other relevant articles of the criminal code are : § 1702 . Rape in the second degree ( a ) Any person over 18 years of age who perpetrates under circumstances not amounting to rape in the first degree , an act of sexual intercourse or sodomy with a person not the perpetrator 's spouse who is at least 16 years but less than 18 years of age , and the perpetrator is 5 years or older than the victim , is guilty of rape in the second degree and shall be imprisoned not more than 10 years . § 1703 . Rape in the third degree Any person under 18 years of age but over 16 years of age who perpetrates an act of sexual intercourse or sodomy with a person not the perpetrator 's spouse who is under 16 years of age but over 13 years of age , under circumstances not amounting to rape in the first degree , is guilty of rape in the third degree and shall be subject to the jurisdiction of the Family Division of the Superior Court `` Sexual contact '' , that is , non-penetrative sex , defined as `` the intentional touching of a person 's intimate parts , whether directly or through clothing , to arouse or to gratify the sexual desires of any person '' is not permitted with children under 16 , but a close - in - age exemption allows those aged at least 13 to engage in such acts with partners under 18 . § 1708 . Unlawful sexual contact in the first degree A person who engages in sexual contact with a person not the perpetrator 's spouse -- ( ... ) ( 2 ) when the other person is under thirteen years of age ; § 1709 . Unlawful sexual contact in the second degree A person over eighteen years of age who engages in sexual contact with a person not the perpetrator 's spouse who is over thirteen but under sixteen years of age is guilty of unlawful sexual contact in the second degree and shall be imprisoned not more than 1 year Paraphrasing Virgin Islands Code : V.I.C. § 1700 - 1709 Virgin Islands Code and appeals records Francis vs. VI NOTE : `` mistake of fact as to the victim 's age is not a defense '' . See also North America portal Sexuality portal Law portal Age of consent reform Ages of consent in Africa Ages of consent in Asia Ages of consent in Europe Ages of consent in Oceania Ages of consent in South America Child sexual abuse Fantasy defense Jailbait Adolescent sexuality in Canada Sex education Comprehensive sex education References Jump up ^ Murdoch , Kieron ( March 13 , 2017 ) . `` CARIBBEAN : Magistrate says do not tolerate pre-consent aged teens having sex '' . St. Lucia News Online . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 3 March 2012 . Retrieved 11 February 2010 . Jump up ^ United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees . `` Refworld 2003 Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor - Antigua and Barbuda '' . UNHCR . Archived from the original on 10 October 2012 . Retrieved 16 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Anguilla Laws '' . Anguilla Laws . Archived from the original on 31 March 2012 . 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Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 10 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` CIA - The World Factbook '' . Cia.gov . Archived from the original on 13 October 2013 . Retrieved 10 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Country Reports on Human Rights Practices -- 2013 Human Rights Reports : Grenada '' . U.S. Department of State . 27 February 2014 . Archived from the original on 28 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 Human Rights Reports : Guatemala '' . State.gov. 11 March 2010 . Archived from the original on 12 February 2011 . Retrieved 16 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 Human Rights Report : Haiti '' . State.gov. 11 March 2010 . Archived from the original on 17 February 2011 . Retrieved 16 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` `` CÓDIGO PENAL '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 11 July 2015 . Retrieved 7 March 2016 ... `` ( ( Can judiciary of Honduras Republic ) ) RAPE , statutory rape , indecent assault , kidnapping Article 140 . It is an offense of rape : sexual intercourse with a person of either sex through violence or threat of causing the taxpayer 's spouse or domestic partner he or one of his relatives within the fourth ( 4th ) degree of consanguinity or second ( 2nd ) affinity serious and imminent harm . For purposes of this article shall mean sexual intercourse , which have vaginal , anal or oral route . It will be punishable with ten ( 10 ) to fifteen ( 15 ) years of imprisonment . They are special cases of rape sexual intercourse with a person of either sex when without any violence or threats , meet any of the following circumstances . Such cases shall be punishable by fifteen ( 15 ) to twenty ( 20 ) years of imprisonment and are as follows : 1 ) When the victim is under fourteen ( 14 ) years of age ; 2 ) When the victim is found deprived of reason or will or when for any reason can not resist ; 3 ) When the active to commit the crime of rape intentionally diminishes or abolishes the will of the victim using this narcotic or psychotropic substances , including alcohol or committed the violation finding the taxpayer in the previous situation subject ; . Article 141 . commit acts of lust , who taking advantage of the conditions or using the means indicated in the preceding article makes victim to another or others in acts of lust other than sexual intercourse shall be punished with imprisonment of five ( 5 ) to eight ( 8 ) years . When the victim is under fourteen ( 14 ) years even if you have consented to the act or being older the taxable person suffers from a mental illness or incomplete mental development or retardation or private has reason or will or when by any cause can not resist the previous sentence is increased by half ( 1 / 2 ) . When acts of lust consisting in the insertion of objects or instruments of any nature in the sexual organs or other natural orifices or artificial simulating the sexual organs of the taxpayer body , the offender shall be punished with imprisonment of ten ( 10 ) fifteen ( 15 ) years . '' Jump up ^ `` Microsoft Word - JAMAICA TEMPLATE START. doc '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 29 February 2008 . Retrieved 16 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 10 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 1 December 2016 . 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Jump up ^ Bruzual , Alexander ( 13 September 2015 ) . `` Age of sexual consent raised to 18 '' . Trinidad Express . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 15 November 2016 . Retrieved 2 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 85898 - State v. Limon - Luckert - Kansas Supreme Court '' . Kscourts.org . Archived from the original on 19 May 2011 . Retrieved 16 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Age of Consent across the United States '' . AgeOfConsent.net . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 01 . Outline of human sexuality Physiology and biology Erection Insemination Intersex Libido Orgasm Female and male ejaculation Pre-ejaculate Pregnancy Sexual arousal Health and education Birth control Condom Masters and Johnson Reproductive medicine Andrology Gynaecology Urology Safe sex Sex education Sex therapy Sexology Sexual dysfunction Erectile dysfunction Hypersexuality Hyposexuality Sexual medicine Sexual surrogate Sexually transmitted infection Identity and diversity Gender binary Gender identity Men who have sex with men Sexual identity Sexual orientation Women who have sex with women Law Age of consent Criminal transmission of HIV Child sexual abuse Incest Indecent exposure Obscenity Sexual abuse Rape Sexual assault Sexual harassment Sexual misconduct Sexual violence History Blue Movie Counterculture of the 1960s Feminist sex wars Golden Age of Porn History of erotic depictions `` Porno chic '' Sexual revolution Relationships and society Anarchism and love / sex Extramarital sex Family planning Flirting Marriage Modesty Paraphilia Polyamory Premarital sex Promiscuity Romance Sexual abstinence Sexual addiction Sexual attraction Sexual capital Sexual ethics Sexual objectification Sexual slang By country Ancient Rome China India Japan Philippines South Korea United States Sexual activities Anal sex Bareback BDSM Child sex Coprophilia Creampie Gang bang Emetophilia Fetishism Fingering Fisting Group sex Masturbation Mechanics of sex Nipple stimulation Non-penetrative sex Facial Foot fetishism Footjob Frot Handjob Mammary intercourse Sumata Oral sex 69 Anilingus Cunnilingus Fellatio Irrumatio Orgasm control Paraphilia Pompoir Quickie Sex positions Sexual fantasy Sexual fetishism Sexual intercourse Foreplay Sexual penetration Sexual sublimation Swinging Tribadism Urethral intercourse Urolagnia Virtual sex Cybersex Dirty talk Wet T - shirt contest Zoophilia Sex industry Red - light district Adult video games Erotica Pornography Film actor Prostitution Survival sex Sex museum Sex shop Sex tourism Child Female Sex worker Sex toy doll Strip club Webcam model Religion and sexuality Buddhism Christian demonology Daoism Islam Mormonism Sex magic Sex portal Biology portal Sexual ethics Human sexuality Adolescent sexuality Rainbow party Adultery Education Fetishism Incest law Miscegenation Objectification Orientation Pregnancy Abortion Prostitution law Survival sex Child sexuality Child marriage Child pornography law Child prostitution Child sex tourism Sexual abuse Child - on - child sexual abuse Child sexual abuse law Harassment Rape law Age of consent ( reform ) Africa Asia Europe North America United States Oceania South America Topical outline Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ages_of_consent_in_North_America&oldid=856147725 '' Categories : Age of consent by continent Adolescent sexuality in North America Minimum ages Hidden categories : CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Articles with dead external links from December 2016 Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use dmy dates from June 2018 Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from August 2018 Articles needing cleanup from August 2018 All pages needing cleanup Cleanup tagged articles with a reason field from August 2018 Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from August 2018 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from August 2018 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Articles to be expanded from August 2018 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles containing Spanish - language text Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2018 Webarchive template other archives Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Français 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 23 August 2018 , at 06 : 03 ( UTC ) . 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the awareness set is usually larger than the evoked set			Brand awareness	brand awareness	Brand awareness refers to the extent to which customers are able to recall or recognise a brand . Brand awareness is a key consideration in consumer behavior , advertising management , brand management and strategy development . The consumer 's ability to recognise or recall a brand is central to purchasing decision - making . Purchasing can not proceed unless a consumer is first aware of a product category and a brand within that category . Awareness does not necessarily mean that the consumer must be able to recall a specific brand name , but he or she must be able to recall sufficient distinguishing features for purchasing to proceed . For instance , if a consumer asks her friend to buy her some gum in a `` blue pack '' , the friend would be expected to know which gum to buy , even though neither friend can recall the precise brand name at the time .	Different types of brand awareness have been identified , namely brand recall and brand recognition . Key researchers argue that these different types of awareness operate in fundamentally different ways and that this has important implications for the purchase decision process and for marketing communications . Brand awareness is closely related to concepts such as the evoked set and consideration set which describe specific aspects of the consumer 's purchase decision . Consumers are believed to hold between three and seven brands in their consideration set across a broad range of product categories . Consumers will normally purchase one of the top three brands in their consideration set . Brand awareness is a key indicator of a brand 's competitive market performance . Given the importance of brand awareness in consumer purchasing decisions , marketers have developed a number of metrics designed to measure brand awareness and other measures of brand health . These metrics are collectively known as Awareness , Attitudes and Usage ( AAU ) metrics . To ensure a product or brand 's market success , awareness levels must be managed across the entire product life - cycle - from product launch through to market decline . Many marketers regularly monitor brand awareness levels , and if they fall below a predetermined threshold , the advertising and promotional effort is intensified until awareness returns to the desired level . Contents ( hide ) 1 Importance of brand awareness 2 Types of brand awareness 2.1 Brand recall 2.2 Brand recognition 2.2. 1 Top - of - Mind Awareness 2.3 Marketing implications of brand awareness 3 Measuring brand awareness 4 Brand awareness and the hierarchy of effects 4.1 Marketing Implications of hierarchical models 5 Creating and maintaining brand awareness 6 Popular examples of brand advertising and promotion 6.1 Coca - Cola ' Share a Coke ' Campaign 6.2 Ronald McDonald and anthropomorphic brand characters 6.3 Mini 7 See also 8 References Importance of brand awareness ( edit ) Brand awareness is related to the functions of brand identities in consumers ' memory and can be measured by how well the consumers can identify the brand under various conditions . Brand awareness is also central to understanding the consumer purchase decision process . Strong brand awareness can be a predictor of brand success . It is an important measure of brand strength or brand equity and is also involved in customer satisfaction , brand loyalty and the customer 's brand relationships . Brand awareness is a key indicator of a brand 's market performance . Every year advertisers invest substantial sums of money attempting to improve a brand 's overall awareness levels . Many marketers regularly monitor brand awareness levels , and if they fall below a predetermined threshold , the advertising and promotional effort is intensified until awareness returns to the desired level . Setting brand awareness goals / objectives is a key decision in marketing planning and strategy development . Brand awareness is one of major brand assets that adds value to the product , service or company . Investments in building brand awareness can lead to sustainable competitive advantages , thus , leading to long - term value . Interbrand 's Top Ten Global Brands , ( by brand value ) 2016 Rank Logo Brand Value ( $ m ) Apple 178,119 Google 133,252 Coca - Cola 73,102 Microsoft 72,795 5 Toyota 53,580 6 IBM 52,850 7 Samsung 51,808 8 Amazon 50,338 9 Mercedes - Benz 43,400 10 G.E. 43,130 Types of brand awareness ( edit ) Marketers typically identify two distinct types of brand awareness ; namely brand recall ( also known as unaided recall or occasionally spontaneous recall ) and brand recognition ( also known as aided brand recall ) . These types of awareness operate in entirely different ways with important implications for marketing strategy and advertising . Brand recall ( edit ) Brand recall is also known as unaided recall or spontaneous recall and refers to the ability of the consumers to correctly elicit a brand name from memory when prompted by a product category . Brand recall indicates a relatively strong link between a category and a brand while brand recognition indicates a weaker link . When prompted by a product category , most consumers can only recall a relatively small set of brands , typically around 3 - 5 brand names . In consumer tests , few consumers can recall more than seven brand names within a given category and for low - interest product categories , most consumers can only recall one or two brand names . Research suggests that the number of brands that consumers can recall is affected by both individual and product factors including ; brand loyalty , awareness set size , situational , usage factors and education level . For instance , consumers who are involved with a category , such as heavy users or product enthusiasts , may be able to recall a slightly larger set of brand names than those who are less involved . Brand recognition ( edit ) Brand recognition is also known as aided recall and refers to the ability of the consumers to correctly differentiate the brand when they come into contact with it . This does not necessarily require that the consumers identify the brand name . Instead , it means that consumers can recognise the brand when presented with it at the point - of - sale or after viewing its visual packaging . In contrast to brand recall , where few consumers are able to spontaneously recall brand names within a given category , when prompted with a brand name , a larger number of consumers are typically able to recognise it . Top - of - mind awareness ( edit ) Consumers will normally purchase one of the top three brands in their consideration set . This is known as top - of - mind awareness . Consequently , one of the goals for most marketing communications is to increase the probability that consumers will include the brand in their consideration sets . By definition , top - of - mind awareness is `` the first brand that comes to mind when a customer is asked an unprompted question about a category . '' When discussing top - of - mind awareness among larger groups of consumers ( as opposed to a single consumer ) , it is more often defined as the `` most remembered '' or `` most recalled '' brand name ( s ) . A brand that enjoys top - of - mind awareness will generally be considered as a genuine purchase option , provided that the consumer is favourably disposed to the brand name . Top - of - mind awareness is relevant when consumers make a quick choice between competing brands in low - involvement categories or for impulse type purchases . Marketing implications of brand awareness ( edit ) Clearly brand awareness is closely related to the concepts of the evoked set ( defined as the set of brands that a consumer can elicit from memory when contemplating a purchase ) and the consideration set ( defined as the `` small set of brands which a consumer pays close attention to when making a purchase decision '' ) . One of the advertising 's central roles is to create both brand awareness and brand image , in order to increase the likelihood that a brand is included in the consumer 's evoked set or consideration set and regarded favourably . Consumers do not learn about products and brands from advertising alone . When making purchase decisions , consumers acquire information sources from a wide variety of information sources in order to inform their decisions . After searching for information about a category , consumers may become aware of a larger number of brands which collectively are known as the awareness set . Thus , the awareness set is likely to change as consumers acquire new information about brands or products . A review of empirical studies in this area suggests that the consideration set is likely to be at least three times larger than the evoked set . Awareness alone is not sufficient to trigger a purchase , consumers also need to be favourably disposed to a brand before it will be considered as a realistic purchase option . The process of moving consumers from brand awareness and a positive brand attitude through to the actual sale is known as conversion . While advertising is an excellent tool for creating awareness and brand attitude , it usually requires support from other elements in the marketing program to convert attitudes into actual sales . Other promotional activities , such as telemarketing , are vastly superior to advertising in terms of generating sales . Accordingly , the advertising message might attempt to drive consumers to direct sales call centres as part of an integrated communications strategy . Many different techniques can be used to convert interest into sales including special price offers , special promotional offers , attractive trade - in terms or guarantees . Percy and Rossiter argue that very few shoppers use lists and this has important implications for the purchase decision and advertising strategy Percy and Rossiter ( 1992 ) argue that the two types of awareness , namely brand recall and brand recognition , operate in fundamentally different ways in the purchase decision . For routine purchases such as fast moving consumer goods ( FMCG ) , few shoppers carry shopping lists . For them , the presentation of brands at the point - of - sale acts as a visual reminder and triggers category need . In this case , brand recognition is the dominant mode of awareness . For other purchases , where the brand is not present , the consumer first experiences category need then searches memory for brands within that category . Many services , such as home help , gardening services , pizza delivery fall into this category . In this case , the category need precedes brand awareness . Such purchases are recall dominant , and the consumer is more likely to select one of the brands elicited from memory . When brand recall is dominant , it is not necessary for consumers to like the advertisement , but they must like the brand . In contrast , consumers should like the ad when brand recognition is the communications objective . The distinction between brand recall and brand recognition has important implications for advertising strategy . When the communications objectives depend on brand recognition , the creative execution must show the brand packaging or a recognisable brand name . However , when the communications objectives rely on brand recall , the creative execution should encourage strong associations between the category and the brand . Advertisers also use jingles , mnemonics and other devices to encourage brand recall . Brand dominance occurs when , during brand recall tests , most consumers can name only one brand from a given category . Brand dominance is defined as an individual 's selection of only certain brand names in a related category during a brand recall procedure . While brand dominance might appear to be a desirable goal , overall dominance can be a double - edged sword . When a brand name becomes so well - known that the brand becomes synonymous with the category , the brand is said to have ' gone generic ' A brand name that is well known to the majority of people or households is also called a household name and may be an indicator of brand success . Occasionally a brand can become so successful that the brand becomes synonymous with the category . For example , British people often talk about `` Hoovering the house '' when they actually mean `` vacuuming the house . '' ( Hoover is a brand name ) . When this happens , the brand name is said to have `` gone generic . '' Examples of brands becoming generic abound ; Kleenex , Cellotape , Nescafe , Aspirin and Panadol . When a brand goes generic , it can present a marketing problem because when the consumer requests a named brand at the retail outlet , they may be supplied with a competing brand . For example , if a person enters a bar and requests `` a rum and Coke , '' the bartender may interpret that to mean a `` rum and cola - flavoured beverage , '' paving the way for the outlet to supply a cheaper alternative mixer . In such a scenario , Coca - Cola Ltd , who after investing in brand building for more than a century , is the ultimate loser because it does not get the sale . Measuring brand awareness ( edit ) Just as different types of brand awareness can be identified , there are a variety of methods for measuring awareness . Typically , researchers use surveys , carried out on a sample of consumers asking about their knowledge of the focus brand or category . Two types of recall test are used to measure brand awareness : Unaided recall tests : where the respondent is presented with a product category and asked to nominate as many brands as possible . Thus , the unaided recall test provides the respondent with no clues or cues . Unaided recall tests are used to test for brand recall . Aided recall test : where the respondent is prompted with a brand name and asked whether they have seen it or heard about it . In some aided recall tests , the respondent might also be asked to explain what they know about the brand e.g. to describe package , colour , logo or other distinctive features . Aided recall tests are used to test for brand recognition . Other brand - effects tests : In addition , to recall tests , brand research often employs a battery of tests , such as brand association tests , brand attitude , brand image , brand dominance , brand value , brand salience and other measures of brand health . Although these tests do not explicitly measure brand awareness , they provide general measures of brand health and often are used in conjunction with brand recall tests . To measure brand salience , for example , researchers place products on a shelf in a supermarket , giving each brand equal shelf space . Consumers are shown photographs of the shelf display and ask consumers to name the brands noticed . The speed at which consumers nominate a given brand is an indicator of brand 's visual salience . This type of research can provide valuable insights into the effectiveness of packaging design and brand logos . A number of commercial research firms ( e.g. Interbrand , Millward - Brown , Nielsen ( Asia ) ) monitor brand effects for key international brands and the topline survey findings are widely published in business press , trade press and online . It is worth noting that these commercially compiled lists are not popularity contests , but use clearly articulated methodologies to compile lists based on consumer responses collected in structured research . However , these listings use a variety of metrics , so the results are not directly comparable and it can not be assumed that they measure brand awareness . As with the interpretation of all research , it is important for readers to familiarise themselves with the methodologies used in order to clarify what exactly is being measured and how the data was collected . Obviously , most marketers aim to build high levels of brand awareness within relevant market segments , giving rise to a continuing interest in developing the right metrics to measure brand effects . Metrics used to measure brand effects are collectively termed AAU metrics ( Awareness , Attitudes and Usage ) . Brand awareness and the hierarchy of effects ( edit ) See also : DAGMAR and AIDA Brand awareness is a standard feature of a group of models known as hierarchy of effects models . Hierarchical models are linear sequential models built on an assumption that consumers move through a series of cognitive and affective stages , beginning with brand awareness ( or category awareness ) and culminating in the purchase decision . In these models , advertising and marketing communications operate as an external stimulus and the purchase decision is a consumer response . A number of hierarchical models can be found in the literature including DAGMAR and AIDA . In a survey of more than 250 papers , Vakratsas and Ambler ( 1999 ) found little empirical support for any of the hierarchies of effects . In spite of that , some authors have argued that hierarchical models continue to dominate theory , especially in the area of marketing communications and advertising . The hierarchy of effects developed by Lavidge in the 1960s is one of the original hierarchical models . It proposes that customers progress through a sequence of six stages from brand awareness through to the purchase of a product . Stage 1 : Awareness - The consumer becomes aware of a category , product or brand ( usually through advertising ) ↓ Stage 2 : Knowledge - The consumer learns about the brand ( e.g. sizes , colours , prices , availability etc ) ↓ Stage 3 : Liking - The consumer develops a favourable / unfavourable disposition towards the brand ↓ Stage 4 : Preference - The consumer begins to rate one brand above other comparable brands ↓ Stage 5 : Conviction - The consumer demonstrates a desire to purchase ( via inspection , sampling , trial ) ↓ Stage 6 : Purchase - The consumer acquires the product Hierarchical models have been widely adapted and many variations can be found , however , all follow the basic sequence which includes Cognition ( C ) - Affect ( A ) - Behaviour ( B ) and for this reason , they are sometimes known as C-A-B models . Some of the more recent adaptations are designed to accommodate the consumer 's digital media habits and opportunities for social influence . Selected alternative hierarchical models follow : Basic AIDA model : Awareness → Interest → Desire → Action Modified AIDA model : Awareness → Interest → Conviction → Desire → Action AIDAS Model : Attention → Interest → Desire → Action → Satisfaction AISDALSLove model : Awareness → Interest → Search → Desire → Action → Like / dislike → Share → Love / Hate Lavidge et al 's Hierarchy of Effects : Awareness → Knowledge → Liking → Preference → Conviction → Purchase DAGMAR Model : Awareness → Comprehension → Attitude / Conviction → Action Rossiter and Percy 's communications effects : Category Need → Brand Awareness → Brand Preference ( A ) → Purchase Intent → Purchase Facilitation Marketing implications of hierarchical models ( edit ) It should be evident that brand awareness constitutes just one of six stages that outline the typical consumer 's progress towards a purchase decision . While awareness is a necessary precondition for a purchase , awareness alone can not guarantee the ultimate purchase . Consumers may be aware of a brand , but for different reasons , may not like it or may fail to develop a preference for that brand . Hence , brand awareness is an indicator of sales performance , but does not account for all sales performance . For these reasons , marketers use a variety of metrics , including cognitive , affective and behavioral variables , to monitor a brand 's market performance . As consumers move through the hierarchy of effects ( awareness → knowledge → liking → preference → conviction → purchase ) , they rely on different sources of information to learn about brands . While main media advertising is useful for creating awareness , its capacity to convey long or complex messages is limited . In order to acquire more detailed knowledge about a brand , consumers rely on different sources such as product reviews , expert opinion , word - of - mouth referrals and brand / corporate websites . As consumers move closer to the actual purchase , they begin to rely on more personal sources of information such as recommendations from friends and relatives or the advice of sales representatives . For example , the opinion of an influential blogger might be enough to shore up preference / conviction while a salesperson might be necessary to close the actual purchase . The Purchase Funnel indicates that awareness is a necessary precondition for purchase All hierarchical models indicate that brand awareness is a necessary precondition to brand attitude or brand liking , which serves to underscore the importance of creating high levels of awareness as early as possible in a product or brand life - cycle . Hierarchical models provide marketers and advertisers with basic insights about the nature of the target audience , the optimal message and media strategy indicated at different junctures throughout a product 's life cycle . For new products , the main advertising objective should be to create awareness with a broad cross-section of the potential market . When the desired levels of awareness have been attained , the advertising effort should shift to stimulating interest , desire or conviction . The number of potential purchasers decreases as the product moves through the natural sales cycle in an effect likened to a funnel . Later in the cycle , and as the number of prospects becomes smaller , the marketer can employ more tightly targeted promotions such as personal selling , direct mail and email directed at those individuals or sub-segments likely to exhibit a genuine interest in the product or brand . Creating and maintaining brand awareness ( edit ) See also : Product life - cycle management ( marketing ) , Brand management , and Advertising management Brand advertising can increase the probability that a consumer will include a given brand in his or her consideration set . Brand - related advertising expenditure has a positive affect on brand awareness levels . Virtually anything that exposes consumers to a brand increases brand awareness . `` Repeat brand exposure in stores improves consumers ' ability to recognize and recall the brand . '' Increased exposure to brand advertising can increase consumer awareness and facilitate consumer processing of the included information , and by doing this it can heighten consumers brand recall and attitude towards the brand . Brand marketers must consider how to manage awareness throughout a product 's entire life - cycle To increase the probability of a product 's acceptance by the market , it is important to create high levels of brand awareness as early as practical in a product or brand 's life - cycle . To achieve top - of - mind awareness , marketers have traditionally , relied on intensive advertising campaigns , especially at the time of a product launch . To be successful , an intensive campaign utilises both broad reach ( expose more people to the message ) and high frequency ( expose people multiple times to the message ) . Advertising , especially main media advertising , was seen as the most cost efficient means of reaching large audiences with the relatively high frequency needed to create high awareness levels . Nevertheless , intensive advertising campaigns can become very expensive and can rarely be sustained for long periods . As new products enter the market growth stage , the number of competitors tends to increase with implications for market share . Marketers may need to maintain awareness at some predetermined level to ensure steady sales and stable market share . Marketers often rely on rough and ready ' rules - of - thumb ' to estimate the amount of advertising expenditure required to achieve a given level of awareness . For instance , it was often held that to increase brand awareness by just one per cent , it was necessary to double the dollars spent on advertising . When a brand becomes established and attains the desired awareness levels ( typically outlined in the marketing plan ) , the brand advertiser will shift from an intensive advertising campaign to a reminder campaign . The objective of a reminder campaign is simply to keep target audiences aware of the brand 's existence and to introduce new life into the brand offer . A reminder campaign typically maintains broad reach , but with reduced frequency and as a consequence is a less expensive advertising option . Reminder advertising is used by established brands , often when they are entering the maturity stage of the product lifecycle . In the decline stage , marketers often shift to a caretaker or maintenance program where advertising expenditure is cut back . The rise of digital media and social networks is changing the way that consumers search for product information While advertising remains important for creating awareness , a number of changes in the media landscape and to consumer media habits have reduced the reliance on main media advertising . Instead , marketers are seeking to place their brand messages across a much wider variety of platforms . An increasing amount of consumer time and attention is devoted to digital communications devices - from computers and tablets through to cellphones . It is now possible to engage with consumers in a more cost efficient manner using platforms such as social media networks that command massive audiences . For example , Facebook has become an extremely important communications channel . Moreover , social media channels allow for two - way , interactive communications that are not paralleled by traditional main media . Interactive communications provide more opportunities for brands to connect with audience members and to move beyond simple awareness , facilitating brand preference , brand conviction and ultimately brand loyalty . The rise of social media networks has increased the opportunities for opinion leaders to play a role in brand awareness . In theory , anyone can be an opinion leader e.g. celebrities , journalists or public figures , but the rise of the digital environment has changed our understanding of who is a potentially useful influencer . Indeed , the digital environment has created more opportunities for bloggers to become important influencers because they are seen as accessible , authentic and tend to have loyal followings . Bloggers have become key influencers in important consumer goods and services including fashion , consumer electronics , food and beverage , cooking , restaurant dining and bars . For example , a recent survey by Collective Bias , showed that when it comes to product endorsements digital influencers are more popular than celebrities . Findings showed that only 3 % of participants said they would consider buying a celebrity - endorsed item , in comparison to 60 % who said they had been influenced by a blog review or social media post when shopping . For marketers , the digital landscape has made it somewhat easier to identify social influencers . Popular examples of brand advertising and Promotion ( edit ) The following examples illustrate how brand awareness and brand advertising are used in practice . Coca - Cola ' share a Coke ' campaign ( edit ) Main article : Share a Coke The ' Share a Coke ' campaign received multiple creative effectiveness Lion Awards at Cannes Coca - Cola is a well - established brand with a long history and one that has achieved market dominance . For any brand , such as Coke , that controls some 70 percent of market share , there are relatively few opportunities to enlist new customers . Yet Coca - Cola is always on the lookout for novel communications that not only maintain its brand awareness , but that bring the brand to the attention of new audiences . The company launched a campaign which became known as ' Share a Coke ' , with the campaign objectives ; `` to strengthen the brand 's bond with Australia 's young adults -- and inspire shared moments of happiness in the real and virtual worlds . '' The campaign , originally launched in Australia became so successful that it was subsequently rolled out to other countries . The concept was to introduce personalized Coke bottles or cans . Popular names were written in a ' look - alike Spencerian script ' which is part of the Coke brand 's distinctive brand identity . The campaign organisers seeded social media by targeting opinion leaders and influencers to get them to them lead the conversation and encourage others to seek out `` Share a Coke '' for themselves . Within days celebrities and others with no connection to Coke were spreading the concept across social networks . The campaign extended the audience reach as more people were exposed to the messages . According to Coke 's creative team , `` That ( Australian ) summer , Coke sold more than 250 million named bottles and cans in a nation of just under 23 million people '' . This campaign helped Coke extend its awareness across a broader age profile as they interacted with each customer on a personal level . Ronald McDonald and anthropomorphic brand characters ( edit ) Ronald McDonald is an anthropomorphic brand character that has become part of McDonald 's brand identity . Consumers experience few difficuties assigning a personality to a brand and marketing communications often encourage consumers to think about brands as possessing human characteristics . When brands are infused with human - like characteristics , it can assist in communicating a brand 's values and creating distinctive brand identities that serve to differentiate an offering from competing brands . `` In an increasingly competitive marketplace , ( some ) companies rely on brand characters to create awareness , convey key product / service attributes or benefits , and attract consumers '' ( Keller , 2003 ) . The use of anthropomorphic characters has a long history . For example , the Michelin man , employed as a memorable character to sell Michelin car tyres , was introduced as early as 1894 . These characters benefit the brand by creating memorable images in the consumer 's mind while conveying meanings that are consistent with the brand 's values . McDonald 's created a similar `` anthropomorphic brand character '' known as Ronald Mcdonald as part of its brand identity . For younger consumers , Ronald McDonald injects a sense of fun and mystery into the McDonald 's brand . For parents , the character clearly signals that McDonald 's is a family friendly venue . Characters help to carry the brand 's identity and can be seen as non-human ' spokes - character ' , contributing to a strong brand differentiation . The likeability of the brands character can `` positively influence attitudes towards the brand and increase ( consumers ' ) purchase intention '' Mini ( edit ) The well - known automotive manufacturer , Mini , investigated its brand perception in the UK by carrying out 55 in - depth interview designed to elicit key feedback about the brand 's values . Consumers felt that the symbolic elements which represented the brand were that it was `` fun , stylish and sporty image '' . Customer engagement with the MINI on a Facebook fan - page , promoted `` positive effects on consumers ' brand awareness , through WOM activities and the purchase intention was achieved '' . The brand , therefore , connected with users at an emotional level . See also ( edit ) Advertising management - creating brand awareness is the primary function of advertising Brand - creating and maintaining high levels of brand awareness is one of the primary functions of brand management Consumer behaviour - detailed overview of how consumers move from awareness through to the actual purchase Marketing management Product life - cycle management ( marketing ) - explains how levels of brand awareness change over a product 's life cycle Purchase funnel - explains how brand awareness changes as different segments of the market begin to adopt a product or brand References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Business Dictionary Online , http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/brand-awareness.html Jump up ^ Pham , M.T. and Higgins , E.T. , `` Promotion and Prevention in Consumer Decision Making : The State of the Art and Theoretical Propositions , '' in S. 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Jump up ^ Paul McIntyre , `` Independent bloggers overtake celebrities as key social media influencers '' , Australian Financial Review , 22 June 2015 Online : http://www.afr.com/business/independent-bloggers-overtake-celebrities-as-key-social-media-influencers-20150528-ghbovu Jump up ^ Singh , N. , `` Celebrity Vs Shopper '' Harper 's Bazaar ( Australia ) , 2 April 2016 Online : http://www.harpersbazaar.com.au/news/fashion-buzz/2016/4/bloggers-are-more-popular-than-celebrities/ Jump up ^ Coca - Cola company . `` Share a Coke : How the Groundbreaking Campaign Got Its Start ' Down Under ' '' , Retrieved from http://www.coca-colacompany.com/stories/share-a-coke-how-the-groundbreaking-campaign-got-its-start-down-under/ Jump up ^ Coca Cola , Share a Coke , ( Brand campaign website ) , https://www.shareacoke.com Jump up ^ Ogilvy , Share a Coke Campaign Brief and Creative Concept , ( Advertising agency ) , http://ogilvy.com.au/our-work/share-coke Jump up ^ Coca - Cola company . `` Share a Coke : How the Groundbreaking Campaign Got Its Start ' Down Under ' '' , Retrieved from http://www.coca-colacompany.com/stories/share-a-coke-how-the-groundbreaking-campaign-got-its-start-down-under/ Jump up ^ Puzakova , M. , Kwak , H. and Rocereto , J. , `` Pushing the Envelope of Brand and Personality : Antecedents and Moderators of Anthropomorphized Brands '' , in Advances in Consumer Research , Vol. 36 , Ann L. McGill and Sharon Shavitt , Duluth ( eds ) , MN : Association for Consumer Research , 2007 , pp 413 - 420. ( url ) : http://www.acrwebsite.org/volumes/14399/volumes/v36/NA-36 Jump up ^ Smith , A.C. , Graetz , B.R. and Westerbeek , H.M. , `` Brand personality in a membership ‐ based organisation '' , International Journal of Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Marketing , Vol. 11 No. 3 , 2006 , pp. 251 - 266 . Jump up ^ Hosany , S. , Prayag , G. , Martin , D. , & Lee , W. , `` Theory and Strategies of Anthropomorphic Brand Characters from Peter Rabbit , Mickey Mouse , and Ronald McDonald , to Hello Kitty . Journal of Marketing Management , vol. 29 , no 1 / 2 , 2013 , pp 48 - 68 ^ Jump up to : Simms , C.D. , & Trott , P. ( 2006 ) . `` The perceptions of the BMW Mini brand : the importance of historical associations and the development of a model , '' Journal of Product & Brand Management , 228 - 238 . Jump up ^ Hutter , K. , Hautz , J. , Dennhardt , S. , & Fuller , J. ( 2013 ) , `` The impact of user interactions in social media on brand awareness and purchase intention : the case of MINI on Facebook , '' Journal of Product & Brand Management , 342 - 351 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brand_awareness&oldid=805727177 '' Categories : Brand management Branding terminology Marketing Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Italiano Lietuvių Polski Português Edit links This page was last edited on 17 October 2017 , at 07 : 13 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brand%20awareness	1,068
how big does it have to be to be a lake	A lake is an area filled with water , localized in a basin , that is surrounded by land , apart from any river or other outlet that serves to feed or drain the lake . Lakes lie on land and are not part of the ocean , and therefore are distinct from lagoons , and are also larger and deeper than ponds , though there are no official or scientific definitions . Lakes can be contrasted with rivers or streams , which are usually flowing . Most lakes are fed and drained by rivers and streams .		Lake	lake	A lake is an area filled with water , localized in a basin , that is surrounded by land , apart from any river or other outlet that serves to feed or drain the lake . Lakes lie on land and are not part of the ocean , and therefore are distinct from lagoons , and are also larger and deeper than ponds , though there are no official or scientific definitions . Lakes can be contrasted with rivers or streams , which are usually flowing . Most lakes are fed and drained by rivers and streams .	Natural lakes are generally found in mountainous areas , rift zones , and areas with ongoing glaciation . Other lakes are found in endorheic basins or along the courses of mature rivers . In some parts of the world there are many lakes because of chaotic drainage patterns left over from the last Ice Age . All lakes are temporary over geologic time scales , as they will slowly fill in with sediments or spill out of the basin containing them . Many lakes are artificial and are constructed for industrial or agricultural use , for hydro - electric power generation or domestic water supply , or for aesthetic or recreational purposes or even for other activities . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology , meaning , and usage of `` lake '' 2 Distribution of lakes 3 Origin of lakes 3.1 Tectonic lakes 3.2 Volcanic lakes 3.3 Glacial lakes 3.4 Fluvial lakes 3.4. 1 Oxbow lakes 3.4. 2 Fluviatile dams 3.4. 3 Lateral lakes 3.5 Solution lakes 3.6 Landslide lakes 3.7 Aeolian lakes 3.8 Shoreline lakes 3.9 Organic lakes 3.10 Anthropogenic lakes 3.11 Meteorite ( extraterrestrial impact / crater ) lakes 4 Other different types of lakes 4.1 Types of lakes according to thermal stratification 4.2 Types of lake according to seasonal variation of lake level and volume 4.3 Types of lake according to water chemistry 4.4 Lakes composed of other liquids 5 Paleolakes 6 Characteristics 7 Limnology 8 How lakes disappear 9 Extraterrestrial lakes 10 Notable lakes on Earth 10.1 Largest by continent 11 See also 12 References 13 External links Etymology , meaning , and usage of `` lake '' ( edit ) Oeschinen Lake in the Swiss Alps Lake Tahoe on the border of California and Nevada The Caspian Sea is either the world 's largest lake or a full - fledged sea . The word lake comes from Middle English lake ( `` lake , pond , waterway '' ) , from Old English lacu ( `` pond , pool , stream '' ) , from Proto - Germanic * lakō ( `` pond , ditch , slow moving stream '' ) , from the Proto - Indo - European root * leǵ - ( `` to leak , drain '' ) . Cognates include Dutch laak ( `` lake , pond , ditch '' ) , Middle Low German lāke ( `` water pooled in a riverbed , puddle '' ) as in : de : Moorlake , de : Wolfslake , de : Butterlake , German Lache ( `` pool , puddle '' ) , and Icelandic lækur ( `` slow flowing stream '' ) . Also related are the English words leak and leach . There is considerable uncertainty about defining the difference between lakes and ponds , and no current internationally accepted definition of either term across scientific disciplines or political boundaries exists . For example , limnologists have defined lakes as water bodies which are simply a larger version of a pond , which can have wave action on the shoreline or where wind - induced turbulence plays a major role in mixing the water column . None of these definitions completely excludes ponds and all are difficult to measure . For this reason , simple size - based definitions are increasingly used to separate ponds and lakes . One definition of lake is a body of water of 2 hectares ( 5 acres ) or more in area ; however , others have defined lakes as waterbodies of 5 hectares ( 12 acres ) and above , or 8 hectares ( 20 acres ) and above ( see also the definition of `` pond '' ) . Charles Elton , one of the founders of ecology , regarded lakes as waterbodies of 40 hectares ( 99 acres ) or more . The term lake is also used to describe a feature such as Lake Eyre , which is a dry basin most of the time but may become filled under seasonal conditions of heavy rainfall . In common usage , many lakes bear names ending with the word pond , and a lesser number of names ending with lake are in quasi-technical fact , ponds . One textbook illustrates this point with the following : `` In Newfoundland , for example , almost every lake is called a pond , whereas in Wisconsin , almost every pond is called a lake . '' One hydrology book proposes to define the term `` lake '' as a body of water with the following five characteristics : it partially or totally fills one or several basins connected by straits has essentially the same water level in all parts ( except for relatively short - lived variations caused by wind , varying ice cover , large inflows , etc . ) it does not have regular intrusion of seawater a considerable portion of the sediment suspended in the water is captured by the basins ( for this to happen they need to have a sufficiently small inflow - to - volume ratio ) the area measured at the mean water level exceeds an arbitrarily chosen threshold ( for instance , one hectare ) With the exception of the seawater intrusion criterion , the others have been accepted or elaborated upon by other hydrology publications . Distribution of lakes ( edit ) The Seven Rila Lakes are a group of glacial lakes in the Bulgarian Rila mountains . Wayanad District Kerala India The majority of lakes on Earth are fresh water , and most lie in the Northern Hemisphere at higher latitudes . Canada , with a deranged drainage system has an estimated 31,752 lakes larger than 3 square kilometres ( 1.2 sq mi ) and an unknown total number of lakes , but is estimated to be at least 2 million . Finland has 187,888 lakes 500 square metres ( 5,400 sq ft ) or larger , of which 56,000 are large ( 10,000 square metres ( 110,000 sq ft ) or larger ) . Most lakes have at least one natural outflow in the form of a river or stream , which maintain a lake 's average level by allowing the drainage of excess water . Some lakes do not have a natural outflow and lose water solely by evaporation or underground seepage or both . They are termed endorheic lakes . Many lakes are artificial and are constructed for hydro - electric power generation , aesthetic purposes , recreational purposes , industrial use , agricultural use or domestic water supply . Evidence of extraterrestrial lakes exists ; `` definitive evidence of lakes filled with methane '' was announced by NASA as returned by the Cassini Probe observing the moon Titan , which orbits the planet Saturn . Globally , lakes are greatly outnumbered by ponds : of an estimated 304 million standing water bodies worldwide , 91 % are 1 hectare ( 2.5 acres ) or less in area ( see definition of ponds ) . Small lakes are also much more numerous than large lakes : in terms of area , one - third of the world 's standing water is represented by lakes and ponds of 10 hectares ( 25 acres ) or less . However , large lakes account for much of the area of standing water with 122 large lakes of 1,000 square kilometres ( 390 sq mi , 100,000 ha , 247,000 acres ) or more representing about 29 % of the total global area of standing inland water . Origin of lakes ( edit ) A portion of the Great Salt Lake in Utah , United States A lake in the Andes Mountains A portion of the Great Salt Lake in Utah , United States A lake in the Andes Mountains Hutchinson in 1957 published a monograph that is regarded as a landmark discussion and classification of all major lake types , their origin , morphometric characteristics , and distribution . As summarized and discussed by these researchers , Hutchinson presented in it a comprehensive analysis of the origin of lakes and proposed what is a widely accepted classification of lakes according to their origin . This classification recognizes 11 major lake types that are divided into 76 subtypes . The 11 major lake types are tectonic lakes , volcanic lakes , landslide lakes , glacial lakes , solution lakes , fluvial lakes , aeolian lakes , shoreline lakes , organic lakes , anthropomorphic lakes , and meteorite ( extraterrestrial impact ) lakes . Tectonic lakes ( edit ) Tectonic lakes are lakes formed by the deformation and resulting lateral and vertical movements of the Earth 's crust . These movements include faulting , tilting , folding , and warping . Some of the well - known and largest lakes on Earth are rift lakes occupying rift valleys , e.g. Central African Rift lakes and Lake Baikal . Other well - known tectonic lakes , Caspian Sea , the Sea of Aral , and other lakes from the Pontocaspian occupy basins that have been separated from the sea by the tectonic uplift of the sea floor above sea level . Often , the tectonic action of crustal extension has created an alternating series of parallel grabens and horsts that form elongate basins alternating with mountain ranges . Not only does this promote the creation of lakes by the disruption of preexisting drainage networks , it also creates within arid regions endorheic basins that containing salt lakes ( also called saline lakes ) . They form where there is no natural outlet , a high evaporation rate and the drainage surface of the water table has a higher - than - normal salt content . Examples of these salt lakes include Great Salt Lake and the Dead Sea . another type of tectonic lake caused by faulting is sag ponds . Volcanic lakes ( edit ) Volcanic lakes are lakes that occupy either local depressions , e.g. craters and maars or larger basins , e.g. calderas , created by volcanism . Crater lakes are formed in volcanic craters and calderas , which fill up with precipitation more rapidly than they empty via either evaporation , groundwater discharge , or combination of both . Sometimes the latter are called caldera lakes , although often no distinction is made . An example is Crater Lake in Oregon , in the caldera of Mount Mazama . The caldera was created in a massive volcanic eruption that led to the subsidence of Mount Mazama around 4860 BC . Other volcanic lakes are created when either rivers or streams are dammed by lava flows or volcanic lahars . The basin within which Malheur Lake , Oregon was created when a lava flow dammed the Malheur River . Glacial lakes ( edit ) Glacial lakes are lakes created by the direct action of glaciers and continental ice sheets . A wide variety of glacial processes create enclosed basins . As a result , there are a wide variety of different types of glacial lakes and it is often difficult to define clear - cut distinctions between different types of glacial lakes and lakes influenced by other activities . The general types of glacial lakes that have recognized are lakes in direct contact with ice ; glacially carved rock basins and depressions ; morainic and outwash lakes ; and glacial drift basins . Glacial lakes are the numerous lakes in the world . Most the lakes in northern Europe and North America have been either influenced or created by the latest , but not last , glaciation , to have covered the region . Glacial lakes include proglacial lakes , subglacial lakes , finger lakes , and epishelf lakes . Epishelf lakes are highly stratified lakes in which a layer of freshwater , derived from ice and snow melt , is dammed behind an ice shelf that is attached to the coastline . They are mostly found in Antarctica . Fluvial lakes ( edit ) Fluvial ( or riverine ) lakes are lakes produced by running water . These lakes include plunge pool lakes , fluviatile dams and meander lakes . Oxbow lakes ( edit ) The most common type of fluvial lake is a crescent - shaped lake called an oxbow lake due to the distinctive curved shape . They can form in river valleys as a result of meandering . The slow - moving river forms a sinuous shape as the outer side of bends are eroded away more rapidly than the inner side . Eventually a horseshoe bend is formed and the river cuts through the narrow neck . This new passage then forms the main passage for the river and the ends of the bend become silted up , thus forming a bow - shaped lake . Fluviatile dams ( edit ) These form where sediment from a tributary blocks the main river . Lateral lakes ( edit ) These form where sediment from the main river blocks a tributary , usually in the form of a levee . Solution lakes ( edit ) A solution lake is a lake occupying a basin formed by surface dissolution of bedrock . In areas underlain by soluble bedrock , its solution by precipitation and percolating water commonly produce cavities . These cavities frequently collapse to form sinkholes that form part of the local karst topography . Where groundwater lies near the grounds surface , a sinkhole will be filled water as a solution lake . If such a lake consists of a large area of standing water that occupies an extensive closed depression in limestone , it is also called a karst lake . Smaller solution lakes that consist of a body of standing water in a closed depression within a karst region are known as karst ponds . Limestone caves often contain pools of standing water , which are known as underground lakes . Classic examples of solution lakes are abundant in the karst regions at the Dalmatian coast of Croatia and within large parts of Florida . Landslide lakes ( edit ) Landslide lakes are lakes created by the blockage of a valley by either mudflows , rockslides , or screes . Such lakes are common in mountainous regions . Although landslide lakes may be large and quite deep , they are typically short - lived . An example of a landslide lake is Quake Lake , which formed as a result of the 1959 Hebgen Lake earthquake . Aeolian lakes ( edit ) Aeolian lakes are lakes produced by wind action . They are found mainly in arid environments although some aeolian lakes are relict landforms indicative of arid paleoclimates . Aeolian lakes consist of lake basins dammed by wind - blown sand ; interdunal lakes that lies between well - oriented sand dunes ; and deflation basins formed by wind action under previously arid paleoenvironments . Moses Lake , Washington , is an example of a lake basins dammed by wind - blown sand . Shoreline lakes ( edit ) Shoreline lakes are generally lakes created by blockage of estuaries or by the uneven accretion of beach ridges by longshore and other currents . They include maritime coastal lakes , ordinarily in drowned estuaries ; lakes enclosed by two tombolos or spits connecting an island to the mainland ; lakes cut off from larger lakes by a bar ; or lakes divided by the meeting of two spits . Organic lakes ( edit ) Organic lakes are lakes created by the action of plants and animals . on the whole they are relatively rare in occurrence and quite small in size . in addition , they typically ephemeral features relative to the other types of lakes . The basins in which organic lakes occur are associated with beaver dams , coral lakes , or dams formed by vegetation . Anthropogenic lakes ( edit ) Anthropogenic lakes are artificially created lakes formed by human activity . They can be the result of intentional damming of rivers and streams or subsequent filling of abandon excavations by either ground water , precipitation , or a combination of both . Meteorite ( extraterrestrial impact / crater ) lakes ( edit ) Meteorite lakes , which are also known as crater lakes , are lakes created by catastrophic extraterrestrial impacts by either meteorites or asteroids . Examples of meteorite lakes are Lonar crater lake , India , Lake Elgygytgyn , and Pingualuit crater lake , Quebec , Canada , As in case of Lake El'gygytgyn and Pingualuit crater lake , meteorite ( extraterrestrial impact / crater ) lakes can contain unique and scientifically valuable sedimentary deposits aasociated with long records of paleoclimatic changes . Other different types of lakes ( edit ) One of the many artificial lakes in Arizona at sunset . Lake Parramatta , an artificial lake in Sydney , Australia . A naturalized former gravel pit lake in northern Croatia . The crater lake of Volcán Irazú , Costa Rica . These kettle lakes in Alaska were formed by a retreating glacier . Ephemeral ' Lake Badwater ' , a lake only noted after heavy winter and spring rainfall , Badwater Basin , Death Valley National Park . Ice Melting on Lake Balaton In addition to mode of origin , lakes have been named and classified in various other ways according to their thermal stratification , salinity , relative seasonal permanence , degree of outflow , and other factors . Also , different cultures and regional of the world have their popular nomenclature Types of lakes according to thermal stratification ( edit ) In addition to their origin , there are various other ways of either naming or defining types of lakes . One major way of classification lakes in on the basis of thermal stratification because it is a major control on animal and plant life inhabiting a lake and the fate and distribution of dissolved and suspended material in a lake . For example , the thermal stratification and the degree and frequency of mixing exerts a strong control on the distribution of oxygen within it . In addition , lake can be classified according important factors such as seasonal variations in lake volume and level , oxygen saturation , and salinity of its water mass . Finally , the names of types of lakes that are used by the lay public and in the scientific for different types of lakes are often informally derived from either from their morphology of other aspects or their physical characteristics . F.A. Forel , who is also referred to as the father of limnology , was the first scientist to classify lakes according to their thermal stratification . His system of classification was later modified and improved upon by Hutchinson and Laffler . Because the density of water varies with temperature , with a maximum at + 4 DC , thermal stratification is an important physical characteristic of lakes that controls the fauna and flora , sedimentation , chemistry , and other aspects of individual lakes . First , the colder , heavier water typically forms a layer near the bottom , which called the hypolimnion . Second , normally overlying it is a transition zone known as the metalimnion . Finally , overlying the metalimnion is a surface layer of a warmer , lighter water is called the epilimnion . However , this typical stratification sequence can vary widely depending either on the specific lake , the time of season , or combination of both . Based upon thermal stratification , lakes are classified as either holomictic lakes or meromictic lakes . A meromictic lake is a lake which has layers of water which do not intermix . The deepest layer of water in such a lake does not contain any dissolved oxygen . In addition , the layers of sediment at the bottom of a meromictic lake remain relatively undisturbed because there are no living aerobic organisms . The lack of disturbance allows for the development of lacustrine varves . A Holomictic lake is a lake that has a uniform temperature and density from top to bottom at a specific time during the year . This uniformity temperature and density in allows the lake waters to completely mix . Holomictic lakes are non-meromictic lakes . Based upon thermal stratification and frequency of turnover , holomictic lakes are divided into amictic lakes , cold monomictic lakes , dimictic lakes , warm monomictic lakes , polymictic lakes , and oligomictic lakes . The classification of lakes by thermal stratification presupposes lakes with sufficient depth to form a hypolimnion . As a results , very shallow lakes are excluded this classification system . The stratification in a lake is not always the result of variation to density because of thermal gradients . Stratification within a lake can also be the result of differences in density resulting from gradients in salinity . In case of a difference in salinity , the hypolimnion and epilimnion are separated not by a thermocline but by a halocline , which is sometimes referred to as a chemocline . Types of lake according to seasonal variation of lake level and volume ( edit ) Lakes are informally classified and named according to the seasonal variation in their lake level and volume . Some of the names include : Ephemeral lake is a short - lived lake or pond . If it fills with water and dries up ( disappears ) seasonally it is known as an intermittent lake They often fill poljes Dry lake is a popular name for an ephemeral lake that contains water only intermediately at irregular and infrequent intervals . Perennial lake is a lake that has water in its basin throughout the year and is not subject to extreme fluctuations in level . Playa lake is a typically shallow , intermittent lake that covers or occupies a playa either in wet seasons or in especially wet years but subsequently drying up in an arid or semiarid region . Vlei is a name used in South Africa for a shallow lake which varies considerably in level with the seasons . Types of lake according to water chemistry ( edit ) Lakes are also informally classified and named according to the general chemistry of their water mass . Some of the types of lakes include : An acid lake is a lake that has a pH is below neutral ( < 6.5 ) . A lake is considered to and highly acid when the pH drops below 5.5 , below which when biological consequences occur . Such lakes include acid pit lakes occupying abandoned mines and excavations ; naturally acid lakes of igneous and metamorphic landscapes ; peat bogs in northern regions ; acid - saline lakes of arid environments ; crater lakes of active and dormant volcanoes ; and lakes acidified by acid rain . A salt lake , which also known as a brine lake , is an inland body of water situated in an arid or semiarid region , having no outlet to the sea , and containing a high concentration of dissolved salts ( principally sodium chloride ) . Examples include the Great Salt Lake in Utah , and the Dead Sea in the Near East . alkali sink , also known as salt flats , are lakes on the other extreme of the scale from the large and deep saline lakes . They are , shallow saline features that occupy low - lying areas of the arid regions and in groundwater discharge zones . These are typically classifiable as either playas or playa lakes because they are periodically flooded by either rain or flood events and then dry up during drier intervals , leaving accumulations of brines and evaporitic minerals . A salt pan ( saltpan ) is either an undrained small shallow natural depression in which water accumulates and evaporates leaving a salt deposit or the shallow lake of brackish water occupying a salt pan . This term is also used for a large pan for recovering salt by evaporation . A saline pan is a name for an ephemeral saline lake which precipitates a bottom crust that is subsequently modified during subaerial exposure . Lakes composed of other liquids ( edit ) Lava lake is a large volume of molten lava , usually basaltic , contained in a volcanic vent , crater , or broad depression . Hydrocarbon lakes are bodies of liquid ethane and methane that occupy depressions on the surface of Titan . They were detected by the Cassini -- Huygens space probe . Paleolakes ( edit ) A paleolake , also spelt palaeolake , is a lake that existed in the past when hydrological conditions were different . Quaternary paleolakes can often be identified on the basis of relict lacustrine landforms such as relict lake plains and coastal landforms that form recognizable relict shorelines , which are called paleoshorelines . Paleolakes can also be recognized by characteristic sedimentary deposits that accumulated in them and any fossils that these sediments might contain . The paleoshorelines and sedimentary deposits of paleolakes provide evidence for prehistoric hydrological changes during the times that they existed . Types of paleolakes include : A former lake is a lake which is no longer in existence . Such lakes include prehistoric lakes and lakes which have permanently dried up often as the result of either evaporation or human intervention . Owens Lake in California , USA , is an example of a former lake . Former lakes are a common feature of the Basin and Range area of southwestern North America . A shrunken lake is a lake which has drastically decreased in size over geological time . Lake Agassiz , which once covered much of central North America , is a good example of a shrunken lake . Two notable remnants of this lake are Lake Winnipeg and Lake Winnipegosis . Paleolakes are of scientific and economic importance . For example , Quaternary paleolakes in semidesert basins are important for two reasons . First , they played an extremely significant , if transient , role in shaping the floors and piedmonts of many basins . Finally , their sediments contain enormous quantities of geologic and paleontologic information concerning past environments . In addition , the organic - rich deposits of pre-Quaternary paleolakes are important either for the thick deposits of oil shale and shale gas that they contain or as source rocks of petroleum and natural gas . Although of significantly less economic importance , strata deposited along the shore of paleolakes sometimes contain coal seams . Characteristics ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Many lakes can have tremendous cultural importance . The West Lake of Hangzhou has inspired romantic poets throughout the ages , and has been an important influence on garden designs in China , Japan and Korea . Lake Päijänne is one of tens of thousands of lakes in Finnish Lakeland . Lake Mapourika , New Zealand Lakes have numerous features in addition to lake type , such as drainage basin ( also known as catchment area ) , inflow and outflow , nutrient content , dissolved oxygen , pollutants , pH , and sedimentation . Changes in the level of a lake are controlled by the difference between the input and output compared to the total volume of the lake . Significant input sources are precipitation onto the lake , runoff carried by streams and channels from the lake 's catchment area , groundwater channels and aquifers , and artificial sources from outside the catchment area . Output sources are evaporation from the lake , surface and groundwater flows , and any extraction of lake water by humans . As climate conditions and human water requirements vary , these will create fluctuations in the lake level . Lakes can be also categorized on the basis of their richness in nutrients , which typically affect plant growth . Nutrient - poor lakes are said to be oligotrophic and are generally clear , having a low concentration of plant life . Mesotrophic lakes have good clarity and an average level of nutrients . Eutrophic lakes are enriched with nutrients , resulting in good plant growth and possible algal blooms . Hypertrophic lakes are bodies of water that have been excessively enriched with nutrients . These lakes typically have poor clarity and are subject to devastating algal blooms . Lakes typically reach this condition due to human activities , such as heavy use of fertilizers in the lake catchment area . Such lakes are of little use to humans and have a poor ecosystem due to decreased dissolved oxygen . Due to the unusual relationship between water 's temperature and its density , lakes form layers called thermoclines , layers of drastically varying temperature relative to depth . Fresh water is most dense at about 4 degrees Celsius ( 39.2 ° F ) at sea level . When the temperature of the water at the surface of a lake reaches the same temperature as deeper water , as it does during the cooler months in temperate climates , the water in the lake can mix , bringing oxygen - starved water up from the depths and bringing oxygen down to decomposing sediments . Deep temperate lakes can maintain a reservoir of cold water year - round , which allows some cities to tap that reservoir for deep lake water cooling . Lake Teletskoye , Siberia Since the surface water of deep tropical lakes never reaches the temperature of maximum density , there is no process that makes the water mix . The deeper layer becomes oxygen starved and can become saturated with carbon dioxide , or other gases such as sulfur dioxide if there is even a trace of volcanic activity . Exceptional events , such as earthquakes or landslides , can cause mixing which rapidly brings the deep layers up to the surface and release a vast cloud of gas which lay trapped in solution in the colder water at the bottom of the lake . This is called a limnic eruption . An example is the disaster at Lake Nyos in Cameroon . The amount of gas that can be dissolved in water is directly related to pressure . As deep water surfaces , the pressure drops and a vast amount of gas comes out of solution . Under these circumstances carbon dioxide is hazardous because it is heavier than air and displaces it , so it may flow down a river valley to human settlements and cause mass asphyxiation . The material at the bottom of a lake , or lake bed , may be composed of a wide variety of inorganics , such as silt or sand , and organic material , such as decaying plant or animal matter . The composition of the lake bed has a significant impact on the flora and fauna found within the lake 's environs by contributing to the amounts and the types of nutrients available . A paired ( black and white ) layer of the varved lake sediments correspond to a year . During winter , when organisms die , carbon is deposited down , resulting to a black layer . At the same year , during summer , only few organic materials are deposited , resulting to a white layer at the lake bed . These are commonly used to track past paleontological events . Natural lakes provide a microcosm of living and nonliving elements that are relatively independent of their surrounding environments . Therefore , lake organisms can often be studied in isolation from the lake 's surroundings . Limnology ( edit ) Main articles : Limnology , Lake ecosystem , and Lake aeration Lake Billy Chinook , Deschutes National Forest , Oregon . Lake Cugun , Kirsehir , Turkey . Lake of Flowers ( Liqeni i Lulëve ) , one of the Lurë Mountains glacial lakes , Albania . Limnology is the study of inland bodies of water and related ecosystems . Limnology divides lakes into three zones : the littoral zone , a sloped area close to land ; the photic or open - water zone , where sunlight is abundant ; and the deep - water profundal or benthic zone , where little sunlight can reach . The depth to which light can reach in lakes depends on turbidity , determined by the density and size of suspended particles . A particle is in suspension if its weight is less than the random turbidity forces acting upon it . These particles can be sedimentary or biological in origin and are responsible for the color of the water . Decaying plant matter , for instance , may be responsible for a yellow or brown color , while algae may cause greenish water . In very shallow water bodies , iron oxides make water reddish brown . Biological particles include algae and detritus . Bottom - dwelling detritivorous fish can be responsible for turbid waters , because they stir the mud in search of food . Piscivorous fish contribute to turbidity by eating plant - eating ( planktonivorous ) fish , thus increasing the amount of algae ( see aquatic trophic cascade ) . The light depth or transparency is measured by using a Secchi disk , a 20 - cm ( 8 in ) disk with alternating white and black quadrants . The depth at which the disk is no longer visible is the Secchi depth , a measure of transparency . The Secchi disk is commonly used to test for eutrophication . For a detailed look at these processes , see lentic ecosystems . A lake moderates the surrounding region 's temperature and climate because water has a very high specific heat capacity ( 4,186 J kg K ) . In the daytime a lake can cool the land beside it with local winds , resulting in a sea breeze ; in the night it can warm it with a land breeze . How lakes disappear ( edit ) Lake Chad in a 2001 satellite image , with the actual lake in blue , and vegetation on top of the old lake bed in green . Lake Badwater , February 9 , 2005 . Landsat 5 satellite photo . Badwater Basin dry lake , February 15 , 2007 . Landsat 5 satellite photo . The lake may be infilled with deposited sediment and gradually become a wetland such as a swamp or marsh . Large water plants , typically reeds , accelerate this closing process significantly because they partially decompose to form peat soils that fill the shallows . Conversely , peat soils in a marsh can naturally burn and reverse this process to recreate a shallow lake resulting in a dynamic equilibrium between marsh and lake . This is significant since wildfire has been largely suppressed in the developed world over the past century . This has artificially converted many shallow lakes into emergent marshes . Turbid lakes and lakes with many plant - eating fish tend to disappear more slowly . A `` disappearing '' lake ( barely noticeable on a human timescale ) typically has extensive plant mats at the water 's edge . These become a new habitat for other plants , like peat moss when conditions are right , and animals , many of which are very rare . Gradually the lake closes and young peat may form , forming a fen . In lowland river valleys where a river can meander , the presence of peat is explained by the infilling of historical oxbow lakes . In the very last stages of succession , trees can grow in , eventually turning the wetland into a forest . Some lakes can disappear seasonally . These are called intermittent lakes , ephemeral lakes , or seasonal lakes and can be found in karstic terrain . A prime example of an intermittent lake is Lake Cerknica in Slovenia or Lag Prau Pulte in Graubünden . Other intermittent lakes are only the result of above - average precipitation in a closed , or endorheic basin , usually filling dry lake beds . This can occur in some of the driest places on earth , like Death Valley . This occurred in the spring of 2005 , after unusually heavy rains . The lake did not last into the summer , and was quickly evaporated ( see photos to right ) . A more commonly filled lake of this type is Sevier Lake of west - central Utah . Sometimes a lake will disappear quickly . On 3 June 2005 , in Nizhny Novgorod Oblast , Russia , a lake called Lake Beloye vanished in a matter of minutes . News sources reported that government officials theorized that this strange phenomenon may have been caused by a shift in the soil underneath the lake that allowed its water to drain through channels leading to the Oka River . The presence of ground permafrost is important to the persistence of some lakes . According to research published in the journal Science ( `` Disappearing Arctic Lakes '' , June 2005 ) , thawing permafrost may explain the shrinking or disappearance of hundreds of large Arctic lakes across western Siberia . The idea here is that rising air and soil temperatures thaw permafrost , allowing the lakes to drain away into the ground . Some lakes disappear because of human development factors . The shrinking Aral Sea is described as being `` murdered '' by the diversion for irrigation of the rivers feeding it . See also : Prairie Lake Extraterrestrial lakes ( edit ) Titan 's north polar hydrocarbon seas and lakes as seen in a false - color Cassini synthetic aperture radar mosaic . Only one world other than Earth is known to harbor large lakes , Saturn 's largest moon , Titan . Photographs and spectroscopic analysis by the Cassini -- Huygens spacecraft show liquid ethane on the surface , which is thought to be mixed with liquid methane . The largest Titanean lake , Kraken Mare at 400,000 km , is three - times the size of any lake on Earth , and even the second , Ligeia Mare , is estimated to be slightly larger than Earth 's Lake Michigan -- Huron . Jupiter 's large moon Io is volcanically active , and as a result sulfur deposits have accumulated on the surface . Some photographs taken during the Galileo mission appear to show lakes of liquid sulfur in volcanic caldera , though these are more analogous to lake of lava than of water on Earth . The planet Mars is too cold and has too little atmospheric pressure to permit the pooling of liquid water . Geologic evidence appears to confirm , however , that ancient lakes once formed on the surface . It is also possible that volcanic activity on Mars will occasionally melt subsurface ice , creating large temporary lakes . This water would quickly freeze and then sublimate , unless insulated in some manner , such as by a coating of volcanic ash . There are dark basaltic plains on the Moon , similar to lunar maria but smaller , that are called lacus ( singular lacus , Latin for `` lake '' ) because they were thought by early astronomers to be lakes of water . Notable lakes on Earth ( edit ) Round Tangle Lake , one of the Tangle Lakes , 2,864 feet ( 873 m ) above sea level in interior Alaska The largest lake by surface area is Caspian Sea , which is despite its name considered as a lake from the point of view of geography . Its surface area is 143,000 sq. mi. / 371,000 km . The second largest lake by surface area is Lake Michigan - Huron , which is hydrologically a single lake . Its surface area is 45,300 sq. mi. / 117,400 km . For those who consider Lake Michigan - Huron to be separate lakes , and Caspian Sea to be a sea , Lake Superior would be the largest lake at 31,700 sq. mi. / 82,100 km . The deepest lake is Lake Baikal in Siberia , with a bottom at 1,637 metres ( 5,371 ft ) . Its mean depth is also the greatest in the world ( 749 metres ( 2,457 ft ) ) . It is also the world 's largest lake by volume ( 23,600 cubic kilometres ( 5,700 cu mi ) , though smaller than the Caspian Sea at 78,200 cubic kilometres ( 18,800 cu mi ) ) , and the second longest ( about 630 kilometres ( 390 mi ) from tip to tip ) . The longest lake is Lake Tanganyika , with a length of about 660 kilometres ( 410 mi ) ( measured along the lake 's center line ) . It is also the second largest by volume and second deepest ( 1,470 metres ( 4,820 ft ) ) in the world , after lake Baikal . The world 's oldest lake is Lake Baikal , followed by Lake Tanganyika ( Tanzania ) . Lake Maracaibo is considered by some to be the second - oldest lake on Earth , but since it lies at sea level and nowadays is a contiguous body of water with the sea , others consider that it has turned into a small bay . The world 's highest lake , if size is not a criterion , may be the crater lake of Ojos del Salado , at 6,390 metres ( 20,965 ft ) . The highest large ( greater than 250 square kilometres ( 97 sq mi ) ) lake in the world is the 290 square kilometres ( 110 sq mi ) Pumoyong Tso ( Pumuoyong Tso ) , in the Tibet Autonomous Region of China , at 28 - 34N 90 - 24E , 5,018 metres ( 16,463 ft ) above sea level . The world 's highest commercially navigable lake is Lake Titicaca in Peru and Bolivia at 3,812 m ( 12,507 ft ) . It is also the largest lake in South America . The world 's lowest lake is the Dead Sea , bordering Israel and Jordan at 418 metres ( 1,371 ft ) below sea level . It is also one of the lakes with highest salt concentration . Lake Michigan -- Huron has the longest lake coastline in the world : about 5,250 kilometres ( 3,260 mi ) , excluding the coastline of its many inner islands . Even if it is considered two lakes , Lake Huron alone would still have the longest coastline in the world at 2,980 kilometres ( 1,850 mi ) . The largest island in a lake is Manitoulin Island in Lake Huron , with a surface area of 2,766 square kilometres ( 1,068 sq mi ) . Lake Manitou , on Manitoulin Island , is the largest lake on an island in a lake . The largest lake on an island is Nettilling Lake on Baffin Island , with an area of 5,542 square kilometres ( 2,140 sq mi ) and a maximum length of 123 kilometres ( 76 mi ) . The largest lake in the world that drains naturally in two directions is Wollaston Lake . Lake Toba on the island of Sumatra is in what is probably the largest resurgent caldera on Earth . The largest lake completely within the boundaries of a single city is Lake Wanapitei in the city of Sudbury , Ontario , Canada . Before the current city boundaries came into effect in 2001 , this status was held by Lake Ramsey , also in Sudbury . Lake Enriquillo in Dominican Republic is the only saltwater lake in the world inhabited by crocodiles . Lake Bernard , Ontario , Canada , claims to be the largest lake in the world with no islands . The largest lake in one country is Lake Michigan , in the U.S.A . However , it is sometimes considered part of Lake Michigan - Huron , making the record go to Great Bear Lake , Northwest Territories , in Canada , the largest lake within one jurisdiction . The largest lake on an island in a lake on an island is Crater Lake on Vulcano Island in Lake Taal on the island of Luzon , The Philippines . The northernmost named lake on Earth is Upper Dumbell Lake in the Qikiqtaaluk Region of Nunavut , Canada at a latitude of 82 ° 28'N . It is 5.2 kilometres ( 3.2 mi ) southwest of Alert , the northernmost settlement in the world . There are also several small lakes north of Upper Dumbell Lake , but they are all unnamed and only appear on very detailed maps . Largest by continent ( edit ) The largest lakes ( surface area ) by continent are : Australia -- Lake Eyre ( salt lake ) Africa -- Lake Victoria , also the third - largest freshwater lake on Earth . It is one of the Great Lakes of Africa . Antarctica -- Lake Vostok ( subglacial ) Asia -- Lake Baikal ( if the Caspian Sea is considered a lake , it is the largest in Eurasia , but is divided between the two geographic continents ) Oceania -- Lake Eyre when filled ; the largest permanent ( and freshwater ) lake in Oceania is Lake Taupo . Europe -- Lake Ladoga , followed by Lake Onega , both in northwestern Russia . North America -- Lake Michigan - Huron , which is hydrologically a single lake . However , lakes Huron and Michigan are usually considered separate lakes , in which case Lake Superior would be the largest . South America -- Lake Titicaca , which is also the highest navigable body of water on Earth at 3,812 metres ( 12,507 ft ) above sea level . The much larger Lake Maracaibo is much older , but perceived by some to no longer be genuinely a lake for multiple reasons . See also ( edit ) Lake zones Littoral zone Limnetic zone Profundal zone Benthic zone Lake stratification Epilimnion Metalimnion Hypolimnion Destratification Lake types Holomictic lake Monomictic lake Dimictic lake Polymictic lake Meromictic lake Amictic lake See also Aquatic ecosystems Wild fisheries Angling Deep water source cooling Geography Great Lakes Lagoon Lake ecosystem Lake monster Liman Limnology List of lakes List of lakes by area List of lakes by depth List of lakes of the United States List of largest lakes of Europe Loch Mere ( lake ) Open and closed lakes , for a description of the difference between exorheic and endorheic lakes Pond River mouth Slough ( hydrology ) Tarn References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Purcell , Adam . `` Lakes '' . Basic Biology . Jump up ^ `` Dictionary.com definition '' . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 25 . Jump up ^ The Caspian Sea is generally regarded by geographers , biologists and limnologists as a huge inland salt lake . However , the Caspian 's large size means that for some purposes it is better modeled as a sea . Geologically , the Caspian , Black and Mediterranean seas are remnants of the ancient Tethys Ocean . Politically , the distinction between a sea and a lake may affect how the Caspian is treated by international law . ^ Jump up to : Esko Kuusisto and Veli Hyvärinen ( 2000 ) . `` Hydrology of Lakes '' . In Pertti Heinonen . Hydrological and Limnological Aspects of Lake Monitoring . John Wiley & Sons . pp. 4 -- 5 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 51113 - 8 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Williams , Penny ; Whitfield , Mericia ; Biggs , Jeremy ; Bray , Simon ; Fox , Gill ; Nicolet , Pascale ; Sear , David ( 2004 ) . `` Comparative biodiversity of rivers , streams , ditches and ponds in an agricultural landscape in Southern England '' ( PDF ) . Biological Conservation. 115 ( 2 ) : 329 -- 341 . doi : 10.1016 / S0006 - 3207 ( 03 ) 00153 - 8 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ Moss , Brian ; Johnes , Penny ; Phillips , Geoffrey ( 1996 ) . `` The monitoring of ecological quality and the classification of standing waters in temperate regions : '' . Biological Reviews . 71 ( 2 ) : 301 -- 339 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 185X. 1996. tb00750. x . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands ( RIS ) '' . Ramsar Convention on Wetlands . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2009 . Retrieved 2 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Elton , Charles Sutherland ; Miller , Richard S. ( 1954 ) . `` The Ecological Survey of Animal Communities : With a Practical System of Classifying Habitats by Structural Characters '' . The Journal of Ecology . British Ecological Society . 42 ( 2 ) : 460 -- 496 . doi : 10.2307 / 2256872 . JSTOR 2256872 . Jump up ^ Thomas V. Cech ( 2009 ) . Principles of Water Resources : History , Development , Management , and Policy . John Wiley & Sons . p. 83 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 13631 - 7 . Jump up ^ M. Shahin ( 2002 ) . Hydrology and Water Resources of Africa . Springer . p. 427 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4020 - 0866 - 5 . Jump up ^ Index Copernicus ( 2004 ) . Ecohydrology & Hydrobiology 2004 . Index Copernicus . p. 381 . ISSN 1642 - 3593 . Jump up ^ http://atlas.nrcan.gc.ca/site/english/learningresources/facts/lakes.html/#numberoflakes ( Archived April 15 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . ) Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 20 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 30 . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ Carreck , Rosalind , ed. ( 1982 ) . The Family Encyclopedia of Natural History . The Hamlyn Publishing Group . p. 205 . ISBN 978 - 0711202252 . Jump up ^ Downing , J.A. ; Prairie , Y.T. ; Cole , J.J. ; Duarte , C.M. ; Tranvik , L.J. ; Striegl , R.G. ; McDowell , W.H. ; Kortelainen , P. ; Caraco , N.F. ; Melack , J.M. ( 2006 ) . `` The global abundance and size distribution of lakes , ponds , and impoundments '' . Limnology and Oceanography. 51 ( 5 ) : 2388 -- 2397 . doi : 10.4319 / lo. 2006.51. 5.2388 . ISSN 0024 - 3590 . ^ Jump up to : Hutchinson , G.E. 1957 . A treatise on limnology , v. 1 . Geography , Physics and Chemistry . Wiley . 1015p . ^ Jump up to : Cohen , A.S. , 2003. Paleolimnology : the history and evolution of lake systems . Oxford University Press . ^ Jump up to : Håkanson , L. , and Jansson , J. , 1983 . Principles of Lake Sedimentology . Springer - Verlag , New York . 320 pp . ^ Jump up to : Håkanson , L. , 2012 . Lakes on Earth , Different Types . In Encyclopedia of Lakes and Reservoirs ( pp. 471 -- 472 ) . Springer Netherlands . Jump up ^ Johnson , Daniel M. ; Petersen , Richard R. ; Lycan , D. Richard ; Sweet , James W. ; Neuhaus , Mark E. , and Schaedel , Andrew L. ( 1985 ) . Atlas of Oregon Lakes . Corvallis : Oregon State University Press . pp. 96 -- 97 . ISBN 0 - 87071 - 343 - 4 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Veillette , J. , Mueller , D.R. , Antoniades , D. and Vincent , W.F. , 2008 . Arctic epishelf lakes as sentinel ecosystems : Past , present and future . Journal of Geophysical Research : Biogeosciences , 113 ( G04014 ) . 11 p . ^ Jump up to : Mosley , Paul . `` Geomorphology and Hydrology of Lakes '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Schoenherr , Allan A. ( 2017 - 07 - 03 ) . A Natural History of California : Second Edition . Univ of California Press . ISBN 9780520964556 . ^ Jump up to : Neuendorf , K.K.E. , Mehl Jr. , J.P. , and Jackson , J.A. , 2005 . Glossary of Geology , 5th revised and enlarged ed . Berlin : Springer . Approx. 900 p . ISBN 3 - 540 - 27951 - 2 . Jump up ^ Myers , W.B. and Hamilton , W. , 1964 . The Hebgen Lake , Montana , earthquake of August 17 , 1959 . Geological Survey Professional Paper , 435 , p. 51 . Jump up ^ Maloof , A.C. , Stewart , S.T. , Weiss , B.P. , Soule , S.A. , Swanson - Hysell , N.L. , Louzada , K.L. , Garrick - Bethell , I. and Poussart , P.M. , 2010 . Geology of lonar crater , India . Geological Society of America Bulletin , 122 ( 1 -- 2 ) , pp. 109 -- 126 . ^ Jump up to : Wennrich , V. , Andreev , A.A. , Tarasov , P.E. , Fedorov , G. , Zhao , W. , Gebhardt , C.A. , Meyer - Jacob , C. , Snyder , J.A. , Nowaczyk , N.R. , Schwamborn , G. and Chapligin , B. , 2016 . Impact processes , permafrost dynamics , and climate and environmental variability in the terrestrial Arctic as inferred from the unique 3.6 Myr record of Lake El'gygytgyn , Far East Russia -- A review . Quaternary Science Reviews , 147 , pp. 221 -- 244 . ^ Jump up to : Desiage , P.A. , Lajeunesse , P. , St - Onge , G. , Normandeau , A. , Ledoux , G. , Guyard , H. and Pienitz , R. , 2015 . Deglacial and postglacial evolution of the Pingualuit Crater Lake basin , northern Québec ( Canada ) . Geomorphology , 248 , pp. 327 -- 343 . Jump up ^ Forel , F.A. , 1901 . Handbuch der Seenkunde . Allgemeine Limnologie . J. von Engelhorn , Stuttgart , Germany . ^ Jump up to : Loffler , H. , 1957 . Die klimatischen Typen des holomiktischen Sees . Mitteilungen der Geographischen Gesellschaft , 99 , pp. 35 -- 44 . ^ Jump up to : Hutchinson , G.E. and Löffler , H. , 1956 . The thermal classification of lakes . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , 42 ( 2 ) , pp. 84 -- 86 . ^ Jump up to : Gangstad , E.O. , 1979 . Glossary of Biolimnological Terms . Washington , D.C. United States Army Corps of Engineers . 22 p . Jump up ^ Poehls , D.J. and Smith , G.J. eds. , 2009 . Encyclopedic dictionary of hydrogeology . Academic Press . p. 517 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 558690 - 0 Jump up ^ `` Lakes - Aquatic Havens '' . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : Last , W.M. and Smol , J.P. , 2001 . Tracking environmental change using lake sediments . Volume 1 : basin analysis , coring , and chronological techniques . Springer Science & Business Media . Jump up ^ Theal , G.M. , 1877 . Compendium of South African history and geography , 3rd . Institution Press , Lovedale , South Africa . Jump up ^ W. Geller and others ( eds . ) , 2013 . Acidic Pit Lakes , Environmental Science and Engineering , Springer - Verlag Berlin Heidelberg Jump up ^ Patrick , R. , Binetti , V.P. and Halterman , S.G. , 1981 . Acid lakes from natural and anthropogenic causes . Science , 211 ( 4481 ) , pp. 446 -- 448 . Jump up ^ D. Rouwet and others ( eds . ) , 2015 . Volcanic Lakes , Advances in Volcanology , Springer - Verlag Berlin Heidelberg Jump up ^ Witham , F. and Llewellin , E.W. , 2006 . Stability of lava lakes . Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research , 158 ( 3 ) , pp. 321 -- 332 . Jump up ^ Mastrogiuseppe , M. , Poggiali , V. , Hayes , A. , Lorenz , R. , Lunine , J. , Picardi , G. , Seu , R. , Flamini , E. , Mitri , G. , Notarnicola , C. and Paillou , P. , 2014 . The bathymetry of a Titan sea . Geophysical Research Letters , 41 ( 5 ) , pp. 1432 -- 1437 . ^ Jump up to : Cohen , A.S. , 2003 . Paleolimnology . History and Evolution of Lake Systems . Oxford University Press , Oxford . ISBN 0 - 19 - 513353 - 6 Jump up ^ Goudie , A. , 2008 . Arid Climates and Indicators . Gornitz , V. ed. , 2008 . Encyclopedia of paleoclimatology and ancient environments . Springer Science & Business Media . pp 45 -- 51 . ^ Jump up to : Manivanan , R. , 2008 . Water Quality Modeling : Rivers , Streams , and Estuaries . New India Publishing , New Delhi , India . ISBN 8189422936 Jump up ^ Currey , D.R. , 1990 . Quaternary palaeolakes in the evolution of semidesert basins , with special emphasis on Lake Bonneville and the Great Basin , USA . Palaeogeography , Palaeoclimatology , Palaeoecology , 76 ( 3 -- 4 ) , pp. 189 -- 214 . Jump up ^ Gierlowski - Kordesch , E. and Kelts , K.R. eds. , 2000 . Lake Basins Through Space and Time . AAPG Studies in Geology 46 ( No. 46 ) . The American Association of Petroleum Geologists , Tulsa , Oklahoma , U.S.A. ISBN 0 - 89181 - 052 - 8 Jump up ^ Schnurrenberger , D. , Russell , J. and Kelts , K. , 2003 . Classification of lacustrine sediments based on sedimentary components . Journal of Paleolimnology , 29 ( 2 ) , pp. 141 -- 154 . Jump up ^ Ancient Chinese cultural landscape , the West Lake of Hangzhou , inscribed on UNESCO 's World Heritage List Jump up ^ Forbes , Stephen . `` The Lake as a Microcosm '' . `` Bulletin of the Peoria Scientific Association '' vol. 87 , 1887 . p. 77 - 87 . Jump up ^ Marsh / lake origins and classification matrix Jump up ^ NPR.org Jump up ^ The Montana Standard Jump up ^ The Nine Planets Solar System Tour . `` Io '' . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ Council ) , GMAC ( Graduate Management Admission ( 2014 - 06 - 26 ) . The Official Guide for GMAT Review 2015 with Online Question Bank and Exclusive Video . John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 9781118914106 . Jump up ^ Andes Website -- Information about Ojos del Salado volcano , a high mountain in South America and the world 's highest volcano Jump up ^ `` China wetlands '' ( PDF ) . Ramsar Wetlands International . p. 77 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2013 - 06 - 17 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ The Lake and Island Combination External links ( edit ) The Wikibook Historical Geology has a page on the topic of : Lakes Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lakes . Look up lake in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . World Lake Database Global Lake Database Water portal LCCN : sh85074030 GND : 4054084 - 4 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lake&oldid=815572225 '' Categories : Lakes Bodies of water Fluvial landforms Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from June 2009 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2009 Articles needing additional references from July 2013 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from November 2010 Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Acèh Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Aragonés ܐܪܡܝܐ Asturianu Atikamekw Avañe'ẽ Aymar aru Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bahasa Banjar Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ भोजपुरी Bikol Central Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština ChiShona Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Dolnoserbski Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Эрзянь Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Furlan Gaeilge Gaelg Gàidhlig Galego 贛語客家語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Ирон IsiZulu Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Коми Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Кырык мары Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Lingála Livvinkarjala La . lojban . 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About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake	1,069
who played cindy lou who in the grinch stole christmas	Taylor Michel Momsen ( born July 26 , 1993 ) is an American singer , songwriter , former actress , and model . She is known for being the lead singer and frontwoman of the American rock band The Pretty Reckless . She is also known for portraying the character of Jenny Humphrey on the CW teen drama series Gossip Girl ( 2007 -- 2012 ) and Cindy Lou Who in the film Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas ( 2000 ) .	Taylor Michel Momsen	Taylor Momsen	taylor momsen	Taylor Michel Momsen ( born July 26 , 1993 ) is an American singer , songwriter , former actress , and model . She is known for being the lead singer and frontwoman of the American rock band The Pretty Reckless . She is also known for portraying the character of Jenny Humphrey on the CW teen drama series Gossip Girl ( 2007 -- 2012 ) and Cindy Lou Who in the film Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas ( 2000 ) .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Acting 3 Modeling 4 Music 5 Discography 6 Filmography 7 References 8 External links Early life ( edit ) Taylor Momsen was born on July 26 , 1993 , in St. Louis , Missouri . Her parents are Michael and Collette Momsen and she has a younger sister , Sloane Momsen , who is also an actress . She has Russian ancestry . She was raised Roman Catholic and attended Our Lady of Lourdes Catholic School for elementary school and later Herbert Hoover Middle School in Potomac , Maryland . Although , she says now that she is older she is not a religious person . She studied dance at the Center of Creative Arts in St. Louis . Momsen was signed with Ford Models at a very young age : `` My parents signed me up with Ford ( Modeling ) at the age of 2 . No 2 - year - old wants to be working , but I had no choice . My whole life , I was in and out of school . I did n't have friends . I was working constantly and I did n't have a real life . '' She began acting professionally at three years of age in a 1997 national commercial for Shake ' n Bake . She was then cast in The Prophet 's Game . Momsen is included on the list of Unclaimed Coogan accounts for performing children whose partial childhood earnings are mandated to be put in a special fund but who have yet to claim their earnings . Momsen attended the Professional Performing Arts School in Manhattan for high school alongside Connor Paolo , Gregori Lukas and Sarah Hyland . Acting ( edit ) Momsen at the Metropolitan Opera in 2008 In 2000 , Momsen played the role of Cindy Lou Who in Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas , her breakout role . In 2002 , she was given the role of Gretel in the motion picture : Hansel and Gretel , as well as Alexandra , the President 's daughter , in Spy Kids 2 : The Island of Lost Dreams . Momsen 's career came to a halt for over three years until she received a lead role in the WB series Misconceptions , which was never aired , after that she also appeared in the 2006 film Saving Shiloh . She also auditioned for the title role in Hannah Montana , and was in the top three , but the role was instead awarded to Miley Cyrus -- a decision that Momsen was happy with in retrospect . In 2007 she starred in the Walt Disney Pictures film Underdog , as Molly and as Jennifer in the movie Paranoid Park , directed by Gus Van Sant . Beginning in 2007 , she played the character of Jenny Humphrey in The CW television series Gossip Girl , which is based on the book series by Cecily von Ziegesar . Momsen 's appearances on the series became increasingly sporadic , and by the end of the first half of the fourth season , she had only appeared in four episodes . It was then announced that the actress would be scheduled for an indefinite hiatus from the show , which ultimately resulted in her leaving the series as a regular cast member , following the completion of the fourth season in 2011 . Later that year , on August 16 , 2011 , Momsen told Elle magazine that she had quit acting to focus on her music career . However , on October 16 , 2012 , it was reported that Momsen would be returning to Gossip Girl for the final episode of the sixth and final season , in which she appeared briefly in the wedding sequence . Modeling ( edit ) In June 2008 , at the age of fourteen , Momsen signed to IMG Models . Taylor was the face of British fashion chain New Look for its spring / summer 2010 collection . After weeks of speculation of who was the face of Madonna 's 2010 fashion line `` Material Girl '' , Momsen was announced on July 15 , 2010 . A week later , Momsen was announced as the model for John Galliano 's new women 's fragrance , scheduled to launch in autumn 2010 . In 2010 , she appeared in a video for John Galliano 's `` Parlez - Moi d'Amour '' fragrance ad campaign Momsen is currently the face of Samantha Thavasa 's handbag line . She has done multiple photoshoots , press events , and commercials . She covered Page Six Magazine when she was fifteen years old in 2009 . Momsen also covered on the February 2010 cover of Seventeen In October 2010 , Momsen wore a pair of platform stilettos , thigh - high stockings , and had a holster strapped around her leg for Revolver . Two months after she covered French magazine Rock One 's . Momsen appeared on the cover of FHM 's March 2012 edition and FHM ranked Momsen # 29 in its 2012 Hot 100 issue . She also made her debut Maxim cover in the November 2013 issue Music ( edit ) Momsen performing in April 2010 Momsen has said that `` music is where I can be me '' , stating that `` acting is easy . I 've been doing it for so long and I totally love it . But you 're playing a character instead of yourself . Music is more personal because you 're writing it and you 're involved in every step of it . '' At 5 years old , Momsen recorded the song `` Christmas , Why Ca n't I Find You ? '' for the soundtrack to How the Grinch Stole Christmas . In 2002 , she recorded the songs `` One Small Voice '' and `` Rudolph The Red - Nosed Reindeer '' for the compilation album School 's Out ! Christmas . In March 2009 , Momsen stated in an interview with OK ! magazine that her band The Pretty Reckless had signed a deal with Interscope Records . She played her first tour with her band opening for The Veronicas on their Revenge Is Sweeter Tour in spring 2009 . After the tour , Momsen began working with guitarist Ben Phillips , who would soon join the band . Momsen subsequently swapped out her former bandmates . She co-writes songs with Phillips ; in addition to lead vocals , Momsen also plays rhythm guitar . The band 's debut album Light Me Up was released on August 30 , 2010 in the UK , where it debuted at number 6 , as well as at number 18 in Ireland . The first single `` Make Me Wanna Die '' was released on May 30 , 2010 , while the second single `` Miss Nothing '' which was released on August 23 , 2010 peaked at number 39 . `` Just Tonight '' was released as the album 's third single . Songs from this album have been in the movie `` Kick - ass '' as well as shows like `` The Vampire Diaries '' and `` Gossip Girl '' . Television personality Heidi Montag recorded `` Blackout '' , a song written by Momsen . According to Momsen , she wrote the song when she was 8 years old and recorded it as a demo with a producer . Montag released the song as a digital only single , with the music video being directed by her husband Spencer Pratt . Momsen commented about the recording : `` I 'm like , okay , dude , you 're singing an 8 - year - old 's words , but that 's cool . It 's so funny because I did n't shop it or anything and I get this call going , ' Did you write a song for Heidi Montag ' ? And I 'm like , ' What ? ' '' . The track was later included on Montag 's debut studio album Superficial ( 2010 ) . On July 27 , 2011 , Momsen announced via Twitter that the band would be the supporting act for Evanescence during the fall of 2011 . Throughout 2012 , Momsen and her band toured North America ; the second headlining tour , titled the Medicine Tour , began in March 2012 and culminated with supporting dates for Marilyn Manson 's 2012 world tour Hey Cruel World ... Tour . Momsen also appeared as guest vocalist on the first track of ex Ministry member Paul Barker 's 2012 album Fix This . On November 30 , 2012 , it was announced that The Pretty Reckless ' fourth single `` Kill Me '' would be released on December 11 . The track was the last song to be featured in the Gossip Girl series finale . Momsen cites Kurt Cobain , The Beatles , Led Zeppelin , The Who , Pink Floyd , AC / DC , Marilyn Manson , Oasis and Shirley Manson of Garbage as some of her personal influences . Going to Hell was released on March 18 , 2014 . The release marked the band 's largest sales week to date and landed at # 5 on the Billboard 200 with over 35,000 copies sold in its first week . The success of the record saw Taylor , along with the rest of the band , break records when they became the first female - fronted band to reach No. 1 on the rock radio charts with its first two singles - `` Heaven Knows '' in March 2014 and `` Fucked Up World '' in September 2014 . The Pretty Reckless also spent the majority of late 2013 throughout 2014 on tour supporting Going To Hell . In 2014 , her band also supported Fall Out Boy in their European leg of the Save Rock n Roll Tour along with New Politics . Throughout 2015 , Momsen continued to record new material for the third Pretty Reckless album . On September 29 , 2016 , the band released the single `` Take Me Down '' , which reached number two on the Billboard Mainstream Rock Chart . The third album , Who You Selling For was released in October 2016 . Discography ( edit ) Main article : The Pretty Reckless discography Filmography ( edit ) Film Year Title Role Notes 1999 Prophet 's Game , The The Prophet 's Game Honey Bee Swan 2000 Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas Cindy Lou Who Nominated -- Blockbuster Entertainment Award for Favorite Female Newcomer Nominated -- Saturn Award for Best Performance by a Younger Actor Nominated -- Young Artist Award for Best Performance in a Feature Film -- Young Actress Age Ten or Under 2002 We Were Soldiers Julie Moore 2002 Spy Kids 2 : The Island of Lost Dreams Alexandra 2002 Hansel & Gretel Gretel 2006 Saving Shiloh Samantha Wallace 2007 Paranoid Park Jennifer 2007 Underdog Molly Nominated -- Young Artist Award for Best Performance in a Feature Film -- Supporting Young Actress 2008 Spy School Madison Kramer Television Year Title Role Notes 1998 Early Edition Allie Uncredited ; episode : `` A Minor Miracle '' 2006 Misconceptions Hopper Watson Unaired WB series 2007 -- 2010 ; 2012 Gossip Girl Jennifer `` Jenny '' Humphrey Main cast ( season 1 -- 4 ) Special guest star ( season 6 ) : 66 episodes Nominated -- Teen Choice Award for Choice TV Breakout Star : Female Nominated -- Young Artist Award for Best Performance in a TV Series ( Comedy or Drama ) -- Leading Young Actress References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Taylor Momsen Biography '' . TV Guide . Retrieved October 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Momsen : Not a Girl , Not Yet a Woman '' . The New York Observer Jump up ^ Momsen , Taylor ( July 8 , 2013 ) . `` Twitter : taylormomsen : @ Zheka_Kinoman yes , I 'm part Russian '' . Twitter.com . Retrieved July 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Momsen Gets Spiritual - Daily Intelligencer '' . Nymag.com . Retrieved September 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Momsen '' . Movies.yahoo.com. April 20 , 2011 . Retrieved September 2 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Blonska , Joanna . `` The Young and the ' Reckless ' '' . Bethesda Magazine . Retrieved 4 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Vozick - Levinson , S. ( 2014 , Apr 10 ) . Taylor momsen . Rolling Stone , , 26 . Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/1528439768 Jump up ^ `` Taylor Momsen , Age 3 , In Shake ' N Bake Commercial ( VIDEO ) '' . Huffington Post . 15 November 2010 . Retrieved December 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Unclaimed Coogan Fund list '' . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Momsen Glad She 's Not ' Hannah Montana ' '' . www.starpulse.com . January 25 , 2010 . Retrieved September 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael `` ' Gossip Girl ' Sidelines Taylor Momsen '' , Deadline.com , November 22 , 2010 . Retrieved November 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Momen Quit Acting '' . www.yahooblogs.com . August 16 , 2011 . Retrieved August 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Momsen Returning To ' Gossip Girl ' Along With Connor Paolo '' . The Huffington Post . AOL . October 16 , 2011 . Retrieved October 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Murray , Rheana ( October 17 , 2012 ) . `` ' Gossip Girl ' Alums Taylor Momsen and Connor Paolo Make Surprise Return for Show 's Final Episode '' . Daily News . Retrieved November 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Momsen : From Gossip Girl to Supermodel '' . Offtherack.people.com . June 25 , 2008 . Retrieved June 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Vogue , Teen . `` Taylor Momsen : Girl on Film '' . Teenvogue.com . Retrieved June 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Momsen for new look '' . The Express online . March 8 , 2010 . Retrieved April 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Grazia Fashion : Taylor Momsen is the face of Material Girl ! '' . Graziadaily.co.uk . Retrieved August 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Grazia Fashion : Taylor Momsen To Model For Galllano ! ! '' . Graziadaily.co.uk . Retrieved August 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Samantha Thavasa Will Have You Know Taylor Momsen Is Employable '' . Retrieved June 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Momsen Seventeen Cover - Interview and Pictures of Taylor Momsen '' . Seventeen.com . Retrieved February 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` FHM at Taylor Momsen 's sexy house party ! Girls '' . FHM.com . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2013 . Retrieved February 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 '' . FHM. 2012 . Retrieved January 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Tweet ( October 10 , 2013 ) . `` Taylor Momsen Pictures of a Pretty Reckless Singer '' . Maxim . Retrieved February 9 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Wightman , Catriona , `` Taylor Momsen : ' Music is my only goal ' '' , Digital Spy , November 3 , 2010 , retrieved November 3 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` Taylor Momsen Not Kissing Chace Crawford Offscreen '' . Okmagazine.com . March 3 , 2009 . Retrieved June 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` TAYLOR MOMSEN 'S `` Pretty Reckless '' : The Veronicas Pick `` GOSSIP GIRL '' Band As Tour Opener `` . Huffingtonpost.com. April 17 , 2009 . Retrieved November 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ New Song from Taylor Momsen 's Pretty Reckless By Avery Spofford on July 12 , 2010 5 : 56 pm -- Spin Jump up ^ DREAMSEEKERS : THE BEST MUSIC YOU 'VE NEVER HEARD. ( 2011 , Mar 19 ) . Billboard - the International Newsweekly of Music , Video and Home Entertainment , 123 , A , B , C , D. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/868612104 ^ Jump up to : Harp , Justin , `` Momsen ' surprised by Montag song cover ' '' , Digital Spy , October 15 , 2010 , retrieved January 3 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` Taylor Momsen announces tour with Evanescence , AHN , July 27 , 2011 , retrieved July 31 , 2011 Jump up ^ The Pretty Reckless Bring ' Medicine Tour ' Stateside By Tara Hall on January 31 , 2012 5 : 56 pm -- Soundspike Jump up ^ `` Kill Me ( Explicit ) '' . Amazon.com . Amazon.com. 2012 . Retrieved November 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Momsen of The Pretty Reckless - ' Wikipedia : Fact or Fiction ? ' '' . Loudwire . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Momsen : ' I admire Shirley Manson ' - Music News '' . Digital Spy. 29 August 2010 . Retrieved 2 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` I love Oasis . I love Noel Gallagher . He 's a great songwriter . I 'd love to be able to write a song with him at some point . '' . The A.V. Club . 10 March 2011 . Retrieved 5 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` THE PRETTY RECKLESS TO RELEASE NEW ALBUM ' GOING TO HELL ' MARCH 18 , 2014 ON RAZOR & TIE '' . Razor & Tie Direct L.L.C. 2014 - 01 - 21 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` ' Frozen ' Soundtrack Earns Its Biggest Sales Week Yet , Recalling Adele 's Longevity '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Pretty Reckless Only Female - Fronted Band to Top Mainstream Rock With First 2 Hits '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` Video Premiere : THE PRETTY RECKLESS 's ' Take Me Down ' '' . blabbermouth.net. 2016 - 09 - 29 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` The Pretty Reckless - Chart history Billboard '' . www.billboard.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 29 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Taylor Momsen . Official website Taylor Momsen on IMDb ( hide ) The Pretty Reckless Taylor Momsen Jamie Perkins Ben Phillips Mark Damon Nick Carbone Matt Chiarelli John Secolo Studio albums Light Me Up Going to Hell Who You Selling For Extended plays The Pretty Reckless Hit Me Like a Man EP Singles `` Make Me Wanna Die '' `` Miss Nothing '' `` Just Tonight '' `` Kill Me '' `` Heaven Knows '' `` Messed Up World '' `` Follow Me Down '' `` Take Me Down '' `` Back to the River '' Tours Light Me Up Tour The Medicine Tour Going to Hell Tour Who You Selling For Tour Related articles Discography Interscope Records VIAF : 10175733 LCCN : n2003080676 ISNI : 0000 0000 8356 3618 GND : 141515686 SUDOC : 124063888 BNF : cb15683982x ( data ) MusicBrainz : d1ecf86c - 3d89 - 420e - b8c1 - bceb6b101c61 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taylor_Momsen&oldid=802721745 '' Categories : 1993 births Living people 20th - century American actresses 21st - century American actresses 21st - century American singers Actresses from St. Louis Actresses of Russian descent American alternative rock musicians American child actresses American child models American child singers American female guitarists American female models American female rock singers American female singer - songwriters American singer - songwriters American feminists American film actresses American hard rock musicians American people of Russian descent American rock guitarists American rock songwriters American Roman Catholics American television actresses Female post-grunge singers Feminist musicians Guitarists from Missouri Kerrang ! 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who played bass on barney miller theme song	The show 's instrumental jazz fusion theme music , written by Jack Elliott and Allyn Ferguson , opens with a distinctive bass line performed by studio musician Chuck Berghofer . The bass line was improvised by Berghofer at the request of producer Dominik Hauser : `` Can you do something on the bass ? This guy is a cop in New York . Can we just start it out with the bass ? '' The theme song was ranked # 23 and # 27 , respectively , by Complex and Paste magazines , in their lists of `` best TV theme songs '' .	Chuck Berghofer	Barney Miller	barney miller	Barney Miller is an American sitcom set in a New York City Police Department police station in Greenwich Village . The series was broadcast from January 23 , 1975 , to May 20 , 1982 , on ABC . It was created by Danny Arnold and Theodore J. Flicker . Noam Pitlik directed the majority of the episodes .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast 2.1 Regulars 2.2 Recurring characters 2.2. 1 Other officers and staff 2.2. 2 12th Precinct regulars 2.2. 3 Guest stars 2.2. 4 Fish 's family 2.2. 5 Barney 's family 3 Pilot 4 Opening theme 5 Production 6 Reception by police 7 Awards and honors 8 DVD releases 9 References 10 External links Premise ( edit ) Barney Miller takes place almost entirely within the confines of the detectives ' squad room and Captain Barney Miller 's adjoining office of New York City 's fictional 12th Precinct , located in Greenwich Village . A typical episode featured the detectives of the 12th bringing in several complainants and / or suspects to the squad room . Usually , two or three separate subplots are in a given episode , with different officers dealing with different crimes . Once a year , an episode would feature one or more of the detectives outside of the walls of the precinct , either on a stakeout or at one of their homes . Primary characters : Captain Barney Miller ( Hal Linden ) is the sensible captain of the precinct who tries to retain his sanity while dealing with the foibles of his staff and the unending stream of budget problems and paperwork that make up his job . Sgt . Philip K. Fish ( Abe Vigoda ) is the senior detective on the squad . Crotchety , world - weary , and near retirement , he always seems to be suffering through some physical ailment , but his years of experience as a police officer make him a very good detective and mentor to other members of his squad . Frequently , he is on the phone dealing with a minor marital crisis with his wife Bernice . The character was eventually spun off into its own series . Det . ( later Sgt . ) Stanley Thaddeus `` Wojo '' Wojciehowicz ( Max Gail ) is the naive , gung - ho but goodhearted Catholic Polish - American , who gradually transforms from a macho former Marine into a sensitive character who tries to see things from a decidedly humanitarian point of view , while performing his duties as a detective . He takes and fails the sergeant 's examination four times , but finally passes on his fifth try and gets promoted in season four . Sgt . Ron Nathan Harris ( Ron Glass ) is an ambitious , intellectual African American , who lives well beyond his means , and who frequently seems more preoccupied with his attire and his career as a writer than with his police work . A long - running plotline about his various attempts to establish a writing career eventually has Harris emerge as a published author , with his lurid memoir Blood on the Badge . Sgt . Nick Yemana ( Jack Soo ) is a surrealistically philosophical , wisecracking Japanese American detective . He is noted for his `` off the wall '' sense of humor and wry observations about life , as well as for his gambling habits , extraordinarily poor paperwork filing skills , and for making extremely bad coffee for the other members of the squad . Sgt . Miguel `` Chano '' Amanguale ( Gregory Sierra ) is a dauntless , beleaguered Puerto Rican detective , who is very emotionally attached to his job . Sgt . Arthur Dietrich ( Steve Landesberg ) is an intellectual detective with a calm , unflappable nature and a seemingly endless supply of knowledge on a wide array of subjects . Deputy Inspector Frank Luger ( James Gregory ) is Miller 's rambling , out - of - touch , and unapologetic old - school superior who frequently drops by the precinct to `` chat with '' Barney . Officer Carl Levitt ( Ron Carey ) is a diminutive and obsequious ( but competent and hard - working ) uniformed officer who constantly , passive - aggressively badgers Miller about being promoted , and in the last season is promoted to detective . Barney and Liz Miller Elizabeth Miller ( Barbara Barrie ) : Barney 's wife , a dedicated social worker is intended to be a regular character , and listed in the opening credits during seasons one and two , Liz is seen fairly infrequently ; she is , however , often referred to , and Barney is often seen ( and heard ) on the phone with her . The show 's focus was split between the detectives ' interactions with each other and with the suspects and witnesses they detained , processed , and interviewed . Some typical conflicts and long - running plotlines included Miller 's frustration with red tape and paperwork , his constant efforts to maintain peace , order , and discipline , and his numerous failed attempts to get a promotion ; Harris 's preoccupation with outside interests , such as his living arrangements but mainly his memoir ( Blood on the Badge ) , and his inability to remain focused on his police work ; Fish 's age - related health issues , marital problems , and reluctance to retire ; Wojciehowicz 's impulsive behavior and love life ; Luger 's nostalgia for the old days with partners Foster , Kleiner , and `` Brownie '' Brown ; Levitt 's quest to become a detective ( which is eventually successful ) ; the rivalry between the precinct 's resident intellectuals , Harris and Dietrich ; and continually -- but reliably -- bad coffee , usually made by Yemana . Cast ( edit ) Regulars ( edit ) Actor Character Seasons Notes Hal Linden Captain Barney Miller 1 -- 8 Main star and regular character throughout the series ' run . Max Gail ( second season billed as Maxwell Gail ) Detective Stan `` Wojo '' Wojciehowicz 1 -- 8 Regular character throughout the series ' run . Ron Glass Detective Ron Harris 1 -- 8 Regular character throughout the series ' run . James Gregory Deputy Inspector Franklin D. Luger 1 -- 8 A regular character throughout the series , usually seen in about a third to a half of any given season 's episodes . Gregory was only listed in the opening credits during Season 4 , and in the first four episodes and last episode of Season 5 ; in other seasons , he was listed as a `` Special Guest '' in the closing credits . Abe Vigoda Sergeant Philip K. Fish 1 -- 4 , 7 Vigoda was a regular for the first three seasons . Though still in the opening credits , he appeared in only about half of the episodes in the last half of Season 3 . ( The character was simultaneously seen on the spin - off show Fish at this same time . ) Fish `` retired '' as of Season 4 , Episode 2 , though he returned for two guest appearances , one later in Season 4 and one in Season 7 . Jack Soo Sergeant Nick Yemana 1 -- 5 A regular in Seasons 1 to 5 , Soo died on January 11 , 1979 ( midway through Season 5 ) . A special memorial episode was aired , with the actors breaking character and recalling their favorite Yemana scenes . The episode ended with the entire cast raising their coffee cups in tribute . Barbara Barrie Elizabeth `` Liz '' Miller 1 -- 2 , 4 , 5 Though appearing in only a handful of episodes after the pilot , Barrie received billing in the opening credits of every episode in Seasons 1 and 2 . Often mentioned , her character returned for a one - episode guest appearance in Season 4 , and a two - part guest appearance and a single episode guest appearance in Season 5 . Gregory Sierra Sergeant Miguel `` Chano '' Amangual 1 -- 2 Regular character for seasons 1 and 2 , then left the show . No explanation is given for his character 's absence at the start of Season 3 . In Season 4 , Officer Roslyn Licori is brought in as his replacement two years after the official request was made ( with no satisfactory explanation from the Personnel Department as to why the request took so long to be filled ) . Steve Landesberg Detective Arthur Dietrich 2 -- 8 Landesberg was first seen as a one - shot character , a priest ( Father Paul ) , in Season 2 Episode 1 -- `` Doomsday '' . Later that season , he first appeared as Dietrich in the twelfth episode , `` Fish '' . Dietrich was a transfer from the 33rd when budget cuts closed that precinct . He became a semi-regular in Season 3 and a full - time cast member from Season 4 onwards ( essentially replacing the retired Det . Fish ) Ron Carey Officer Carl Levitt 3 -- 8 Carey first appeared as a perp , Angelo `` The Mole '' Molinari , in the last episode of Season 2 . He began his role as a recurring character , Officer Levitt , in Season 3 , becoming a full - time cast member by Season 4 ( his character would finally make detective in the series ' final episode ) . With the 2016 deaths of Abe Vigoda and Ron Glass , Hal Linden and Max Gail are the only living full - time cast members . Although Gregory Sierra is still living , he left the show after Season 2 . Barbara Barrie became a recurring character as Barney 's wife Liz . Recurring characters ( edit ) Other officers and staff ( edit ) Actor Character Seasons Notes Milt Kogan Officer Kogan 1 -- 2 Though not seen after season 2 , Kogan ( the downstairs desk sergeant ) was frequently referred to throughout the series ' run . Paul Lichtman Mr. Beckman , the building repairman 1 -- 3 George Murdock ‡ Lt. Ben Scanlon , Internal Affairs 2 , 4 -- 8 A member of the Internal Affairs Department , the eternally suspicious Scanlon was not attached to the 12th Precinct . His visits from headquarters involved trying to find corruption inside the precinct , especially in the detective squad . Linda Lavin Detective Janice Wentworth 1 , 2 An extremely dedicated and enthusiastic ( sometimes overly so ) member of the squad who developed a romantic relationship with Wojo . After a short run as a regular guest on Barney Miller ( beginning with episode 8 of the first season , `` Ms. Cop '' ) , Lavin left the series to star in Alice . Wentworth 's name can still be seen on the staff duty roster through most of Season 3 and a flashback scene of her was used in the final episode . June Gable Detective Maria Battista Short - lived addition to the 12th Precinct 's detective room , lasting two episodes . Mari Gorman ‡ Officer Roslyn Licori Gorman made a guest appearance ( season 4 , episode 3 ) as an amateur prostitute housewife , and then , after a three - episode run as Licori in season 4 , she played another recurring role during season 8 , as Mrs. Binder , wife of frequent precinct visitor Bruno Binder . Dino Natali Officer Zatelli 4 -- 7 A gay officer . Particularly loathed by the homophobic Lt. Scanlon , who desperately wants to find a reason to fire him ; after he was outed by a careless remark by Wojo , he was promoted to a position as Administrative Assistant at Police Headquarters . Paul Lieber ‡ Detective Eric Dorsey 7 Another three - episode detective , who came in with a cynical attitude toward the squad that Levitt took as a good sign that the newcomer would not fit in . Dorsey straightened out , but was reassigned regardless . ‡ Murdock , Gorman , Dullaghan , and Leiber all made guest appearances in other roles in addition to their regularly recurring series roles . Barney Miller had a stock company of character actors who made frequent appearances in different roles , among them Phil Leeds , Kay Medford , Bruce Kirby , Kenneth Tigar , Arny Freeman , Don Calfa , Walter Janowitz , Peggy Pope , Nehemiah Persoff , Rosana Soto ( Rosanna DeSoto ) , Todd Susman , Leonard Stone , Philip Sterling , Sal Viscuso , Rod Colbin , Martin Garner , and Jack Kruschen . 12th precinct regulars ( edit ) The 12th Precinct had a number of regular complainants , habitués of the holding cell , or other people who often dropped by . Characters seen on three or more episodes included : Actor Character # of appearances Seasons Notes Jack DeLeon Marty Morrison 8 1 -- 8 Marty , a gay man , is arrested for snatching purses in the series ' second episode . Later he is occasionally brought in as a suspect , other times as a complainant . Alex Henteloff ‡ Arnold Ripner 7 1 -- 8 An ambulance - chasing attorney , Ripner visits the precinct whenever he has a client to defend . His first appearance is in the series ' second episode as Marty Morrison 's lawyer . ( He also sometimes visits just to try to drum up business amongst those in the holding cell . ) Ripner later sues Harris for Harris ' depiction of him in his novel Blood on the Badge , winning a $320,000 judgment . Stanley Brock ‡ Bruno Binder 7 4 -- 8 The owner of a sporting goods store and would - be vigilante frequently in trouble for his overzealous ways to get rid of what he considered undesirable elements . Jack Somack Mr. Cotterman 6 1 -- 5 , 7 Owner of the frequently - robbed Cotterman 's Liquor Store . In the second part of the season 7 episode `` Homicide '' , the squad learns that he was shot in the head and killed by two would - be extortionists . Ray Stewart Darryl Driscoll 5 2 -- 8 Marty 's somewhat more sensible and grounded lover , who lends Marty moral support during his visits to the precinct ; formerly married with a young son . John Dullaghan ‡ Ray Brewer 5 5 -- 8 A lonely transient , Ray stops by the precinct during open houses to talk and sample the coffee . Later joins the Salvation Army . J.J. Barry ‡ Arthur Duncan 7 -- 8 A small - time crook who is frequently arrested . Ralph Manza ‡ Leon Roth 3 -- 8 A blind man who is first arrested for shoplifting , Mr. Roth returned later as both arrestee and complainant . Doris Roberts ‡ Harriet Brauer 4 -- 7 A frequent complainant ( against her husband ) . Peter Hobbs Phillip Brauer 4 -- 7 A middle - aged married man whose attempts to spice up his married life often end disastrously . Paula Shaw Paula Capshaw 3 -- 4 A cynical prostitute who is a frequent arrestee . ‡ cast in several different roles over the series ' run Guest stars ( edit ) Herbert Edelman Todd Bridges Billy Barty Barney Martin Marla Gibbs Danny Dayton Roscoe Lee Browne David Wayne Dick O'Neill David Lander Queenie Smith Jack Dodson Charlotte Rae Florence Halop Denise Miller Brett Somers James Cromwell Michael Tucci Peggy Pope Larry B. Scott Christopher Lloyd Ed Peck Ben Piazza Jeffrey Tambor Fish 's family ( edit ) Fish 's wife Bernice made an appearance from time to time in Seasons 1 to 4 . In Seasons 1 , 3 and 4 she was played by Florence Stanley ( in a total of seven appearances ) ; in Bernice 's only Season 2 appearance she was portrayed by Doris Belack . In that episode , Fish also had a grown daughter named Beverly played by Emily Levine . Also seen as recurring characters in Season 3 were group home children Jilly ( Denise Miller ) and Victor ( John Cassisi ) , who would eventually become Fish 's foster children . In 1977 , the Fishes were spun off into their own show , Fish . Barney 's family ( edit ) In addition to Barney 's wife Liz , Barney 's son David ( Michael Tessier ) and daughter Rachel ( Anne Wyndham ) appeared in the pilot . Barney 's son was written out of the show after the first episode ( though his daughter appeared once more , in The Courtesans ) , while his wife made appearances through the second season . Wyndham also reprised her role in two later episodes . Pilot ( edit ) A scene from the series , 1974 The series was born out of an unsold television pilot , The Life and Times of Captain Barney Miller , that aired on August 22 , 1974 , as part of an ABC summer anthology series , Just for Laughs . Linden and Vigoda were cast in their series roles ; no other eventual cast members were present . Abby Dalton played Barney Miller 's wife , Liz , while Val Bisoglio , Rod Perry , and a pre-Hill Street Blues Charles Haid rounded out the cast of the pilot . Guest stars included Mike Moore , Chu Chu Mulave , Henry Beckman , Buddy Lester , Michael Tessier and Anne Wyndham . The pilot script was later largely reused in the debut episode Ramon . For this reworked episode , Bisoglio 's lines were more or less evenly split between the new characters of Yemana and Chano , while Haid 's character of Kazinski became Max Gail 's Wojciehowicz . Rod Perry 's character , Sgt . Wilson , was replaced by Harris in the reworked episode , although Wilson would reappear one more time in the first - season episode Experience before disappearing from the series entirely . Abby Dalton was replaced by Barbara Barrie as Liz , and Henry Beckman 's character of Uncle Charlie was dropped entirely . The rest of the guest cast ( Moore , Malave , Lester , Tessier and Wyndham ) reprised their roles in the debut episode . Unlike the remainder of the series , the pilot was shot on film at CBS Studio Center , where the sets of the 12th Precinct and the Miller apartment were originally built . When the show went into regular production in late 1974 , it was recorded on videotape . The sets were moved to the ABC Television Center in Hollywood , where they remained until production ended in 1982 . The pilot was never broadcast in syndication . It was released in 2011 as part of Shout Factory 's complete series set on DVD . Opening theme ( edit ) The show 's instrumental jazz fusion theme music , written by Jack Elliott and Allyn Ferguson , opens with a distinctive bass line performed by studio musician Chuck Berghofer . The bass line was improvised by Berghofer at the request of producer Dominik Hauser : `` Can you do something on the bass ? This guy is a cop in New York . Can we just start it out with the bass ? '' The theme song was ranked # 23 and # 27 , respectively , by Complex and Paste magazines , in their lists of `` best TV theme songs '' . The theme plays over the Manhattan skyline , followed by shots of the characters and opening credits . Season 1 opened and closed with a shot of Midtown Manhattan as seen from Weehawken , New Jersey . Season 2 onward opened with a shot of Lower Manhattan as seen from Brooklyn Heights , with a barge being towed in the foreground , and closed with a shot of the Midtown Manhattan skyline as seen from Long Island City . Several versions of the theme were used during different seasons , with minor variations in composition and performance . Production ( edit ) Production of Barney Miller deliberately resembled a theatrical play ; scenes rarely strayed from the precinct station 's squadroom , with its prominent open - barred holding cell , and Miller 's adjoining office . Characters came and went , but always within the confines of the precinct . Barney Miller tended to obey two of the three classical unities of drama : unity of place and unity of time . The third unity , unity of action , was not followed , since each episode had multiple subplots . Barney Miller was notorious for its marathon taping sessions . Early seasons were recorded before a live studio audience and used a laugh track for sweetening reactions during post-production . Creator and executive producer Danny Arnold would then rewrite and restage entire scenes after the audience departed , actively looking for quieter , subtler moments that would not play well before a crowd ; a taping session that began in the afternoon or early evening would then continue into the early morning hours . Max Gail referred to this in the Jack Soo retrospective episode aired on May 17 , 1979 , remarking that one of the clips shown was a scene that `` we finished around 2 : 30 in the morning . '' In a 1977 blooper , a crew member mentions it being 3 : 15 a.m. Writer Tom Reeder described working on the show : Danny Arnold was the creator of the show , and especially in the early years , he was a marvel . When he was `` on '' , he could spin out entire scenes , ad - libbing dialogue -- and great jokes -- for every character . By the time those scenes got to script form , though , he obsessively rewrote them . That 's true of a lot of showrunners , but Danny could n't seem to stop himself . Sometime during season 2 ( or maybe it was 3 ) the show was no longer taped in front of an audience , partly because the script was rarely done by show night . When one season began , six pages were in print . Not six scripts -- six pages of one script . This meant that on the day the show was taped , the actors would hang around on the stage , waiting for pages to be sent down . Then -- sometimes at 2 a.m. -- they would have to learn new scenes . Ron Carey ( Officer Levitt ) would get his fairly quickly : `` Here 's your mail , Captain . '' On the other hand , poor Steve Landesberg ( Dietrich ) might have to memorize long speeches explaining how nuclear fission works . In the early years , Danny benefited from the heroic writing efforts of Chris Hayward , who was a veteran writer , and rookies Tony Sheehan and Reinhold Weege who , like me , did n't know any better . They were the Barney Miller writing staff . My agent wisely turned down Danny 's annual offers of staff jobs , negotiating freelance assignments ( so - called `` multiple deals '' ) for me instead . Even so , the pace was frantic -- on one assignment I was given 3 hours to write the story outline . On another occasion , a friend came into my office at ABC - Vine Street and said , `` Hey , Reeder , want to go get some lunch ? '' I pointed to the paper in my typewriter and said , `` This script is on the stage -- thanks anyway . '' Employing a live audience became impractical as lengthy reshoots became commonplace . By Season 4 , only a quiet laugh track was used when necessary . Marty and Darryl were among the earliest recurring gay characters on American television . Danny Arnold worked closely with the Gay Media Task Force , an activist group that worked on LGBT representation in media , in developing the characters . Initially both characters were presented in a stereotypically effeminate manner but in later appearances Darryl began dressing and speaking in a more mainstream fashion . Officer Zitelli 's coming out was the first gay story arc on American television , occurring across the series ' sixth and seventh seasons . The series took a while to become a hit , but ABC supported it anyway . Danny Arnold ended production of Barney Miller in 1982 after eight seasons for fear of repeating storylines ; the show was not cancelled by the network . Reception by police ( edit ) Barney Miller retains a devoted following among real - life police officers , who appreciate the show 's emphasis on dialog and believably quirky characters , and its low - key portrayal of cops going about their jobs . In a 2005 op - ed for the New York Times , real - life New York police detective Lucas Miller wrote : Real cops are not usually fans of cop shows . ( ... ) Many police officers maintain that the most realistic police show in the history of television was the sitcom Barney Miller , ( ... ) The action was mostly off screen , the squad room the only set , and the guys were a motley bunch of character actors who were in no danger of being picked for the N.Y.P.D. pin - up calendar . But they worked hard , made jokes , got hurt and answered to their straight - man commander . For real detectives , most of the action does happen off screen , and we spend a lot of time back in the squad room writing reports about it . Like Barney Miller 's squad , we crack jokes at one another , at the cases that come in , and at the crazy suspect locked in the holding cell six feet from the new guy 's desk . Life really is more like Barney Miller than NYPD Blue , but our jokes are n't nearly as funny . Similarly , during his appearance on Jon Favreau 's Independent Film Channel talk show Dinner for Five , Dennis Farina , who worked as a Chicago police officer before turning to acting , called Barney Miller the most realistic cop show ever seen on television . Awards and honors ( edit ) Barney Miller won a DGA Award from the Directors Guild of America in 1981 . The series won a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series in 1982 , after it ended . It received six other nominations in that category , from 1976 to 1981 . The series won Primetime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Writing in a Comedy Series in 1980 ( in addition to nominations in 1976 , 1977 and 1982 ) , Outstanding Directing in a Comedy or Comedy - Variety or Music Series in 1979 , and was nominated for a number of others . It won Golden Globe Awards for Best Television Comedy or Musical Series in 1976 and 1977 ( from a total of seven nominations ) , and won a Peabody Award in 1978 . In 2013 , TV Guide ranked Barney Miller at # 46 on its list of the 60 best series of all time . DVD releases ( edit ) Sony Pictures Home Entertainment has released the first three seasons of Barney Miller on DVD in Region 1 . Season 1 was released on January 20 , 2004 , to slow sales , and Sony decided not to release any more seasons . However , the decision was later reversed and Season 2 was released in 2008 ( four years after the release of Season 1 ) , followed by Season 3 in 2009 . Shout ! Factory acquired the rights to the series in 2011 and subsequently released a complete series set on October 25 , 2011 . The 25 - disc set features all 168 episodes of the series as well as bonus features and the first season of the Abe Vigoda spin - off , Fish . In 2014 , Shout ! began releasing individual season sets , season 4 was released on January 7 , 2014 , season 5 on May 13 , 2014 . Season 6 on December 9 , 2014 . and Season 7 on April 7 , 2015 , followed by the eighth and final season on July 7 , 2015 . Season 1 was released on DVD in Region 4 on December 20 , 2006 . DVD Name Ep # Release Date The First Season 13 January 20 , 2004 The Complete Second Season 22 January 22 , 2008 The Complete Third Season 22 March 17 , 2009 The Complete Fourth Season 23 January 7 , 2014 The Complete Fifth Season 24 May 13 , 2014 The Complete Sixth Season 22 December 9 , 2014 The Complete Seventh Season 22 April 7 , 2015 The Complete Eighth Season 22 July 7 , 2015 The Complete Series 168 October 25 , 2011 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Garson , Bob ( June 7 , 1975 ) . `` The Law Takes Time Out to Be Human on ABC 's Barney Miller '' . St. Joseph News - Press . p . S2 . Retrieved March 23 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Life and Times of Captain Barney Miller '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved 8 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Barney Miller -- `` Ramon '' `` . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved 8 June 2014 . Jump up ^ http://www.notreble.com/buzz/2015/04/23/stories-behind-the-songs-chuck-berghofer/ Jump up ^ http://www.complex.com/pop-culture/2012/02/the-50-best-tv-show-theme-songs/barney-miller Jump up ^ https://www.pastemagazine.com/articles/2017/05/the-50-best-tv-theme-songs.html?a=1 Jump up ^ Barney Miller entry Archived May 4 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine. , Old TV Tickets blog Jump up ^ Barney Miller : An Inside Look , By Ken Levine blog guest entry '' Jump up ^ `` Barney Miller '' . tvtropes.org . Retrieved 23 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Capsuto , p. 122 Jump up ^ Capsuto , pp. 148 -- 49 Jump up ^ `` Netflix helps shift Hollywood 's business model '' . O.canada.com. 2013 - 07 - 24 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ Miller , Lucas ( 2005 ) . `` Watching the Detectives '' . 1 March 2005 , accessed 31 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago -- Chicago : News : Politics : Things To Do : Sports '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Archived from the original on 2014 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Barney Miller Emmy Awards and Nominations '' . Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . Retrieved September 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Barney Miller : 7 Nominations , 2 Wins '' . Golden Globe Awards Official Website . Retrieved January 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Barney Miller Peabody Award Citation '' . George Foster Peabody Awards . Retrieved September 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` TV Guide Magazine 's 60 Best Series of All Time '' . TV Guide . Jump up ^ `` Barney Miller DVD news : Announcement for Barney Miller -- The Complete Series '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com. 2011 - 11 - 07 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Barney Miller DVD news : Announcement for Barney Miller -- The Complete 4th Season '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Barney Miller DVD news : Box Art for Barney Miller -- The Complete 5th Season '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Shout ! Factory -- Barney Miller : Season Six '' . shoutfactory.com . Retrieved 23 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Barney Miller DVD news : Announcement for Barney Miller - The Complete 7th Season - TVShowsOnDVD.com '' . tvshowsondvd.com . Retrieved 23 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Barney Miller DVD news : Announcement for Barney Miller - The Final Season - TVShowsOnDVD.com '' . tvshowsondvd.com . Retrieved 23 September 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Barney Miller Wikimedia Commons has media related to Barney Miller . Barney Miller on IMDb The Life and Times of Captain Barney Miller on IMDb TV.com : Barney Miller The Barney Miller homepage Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series 1950s The Red Skelton Show ( season 1 , 1952 ) I Love Lucy ( season 2 , 1953 ) I Love Lucy ( season 3 , 1954 ) Make Room for Daddy ( season 2 , 1955 ) The Phil Silvers Show ( season 1 , 1956 ) The Phil Silvers Show ( season 2 , 1957 ) The Phil Silvers Show ( season 3 , 1958 ) The Jack Benny Program , season 9 ( 1959 ) 1960s The Art Carney Special ( 1960 ) The Jack Benny Program , season 11 ( 1961 ) The Bob Newhart Show ( season 1 , 1962 ) The Dick Van Dyke Show , season 2 ( 1963 ) The Dick Van Dyke Show , season 3 ( 1964 ) The Dick Van Dyke Show , season 4 ( 1965 ) The Dick Van Dyke Show , season 5 ( 1966 ) The Monkees ( season 1 , 1967 ) Get Smart , season 3 ( 1968 ) Get Smart , season 4 ( 1969 ) 1970s My World and Welcome to It ( season 1 , 1970 ) All in the Family , season 1 ( 1971 ) All in the Family , season 2 ( 1972 ) All in the Family , season 3 ( 1973 ) M * A * S * H , season 2 ( 1974 ) The Mary Tyler Moore Show , season 5 ( 1975 ) The Mary Tyler Moore Show , season 6 ( 1976 ) The Mary Tyler Moore Show , season 7 ( 1977 ) All in the Family , season 8 ( 1978 ) Taxi , season 1 ( 1979 ) 1980s Taxi , season 2 ( 1980 ) Taxi , season 3 ( 1981 ) Barney Miller , season 8 ( 1982 ) Cheers , season 1 ( 1983 ) Cheers , season 2 ( 1984 ) The Cosby Show , season 1 ( 1985 ) The Golden Girls , season 1 ( 1986 ) The Golden Girls , season 2 ( 1987 ) The Wonder Years , season 1 ( 1988 ) Cheers , season 7 ( 1989 ) 1990s Murphy Brown ( season 2 , 1990 ) Cheers , season 9 ( 1991 ) Murphy Brown ( season 4 , 1992 ) Seinfeld , season 4 ( 1993 ) Frasier , season 1 ( 1994 ) Frasier , season 2 ( 1995 ) Frasier , season 3 ( 1996 ) Frasier , season 4 ( 1997 ) Frasier , season 5 ( 1998 ) Ally McBeal , season 2 ( 1999 ) 2000s Will & Grace , season 2 ( 2000 ) Sex and the City , season 3 ( 2001 ) Friends , season 8 ( 2002 ) Everybody Loves Raymond , season 7 ( 2003 ) Arrested Development , season 1 ( 2004 ) Everybody Loves Raymond , season 9 ( 2005 ) The Office , season 2 ( 2006 ) 30 Rock , season 1 ( 2007 ) 30 Rock , season 2 ( 2008 ) 30 Rock , season 3 ( 2009 ) 2010s Modern Family , season 1 ( 2010 ) Modern Family , season 2 ( 2011 ) Modern Family , season 3 ( 2012 ) Modern Family , season 4 ( 2013 ) Modern Family , season 5 ( 2014 ) Veep , season 4 ( 2015 ) Veep , season 5 ( 2016 ) Veep , season 6 ( 2017 ) Golden Globe Award for Best Television Series -- Musical or Comedy The Governor & J.J. ( 1969 ) The Carol Burnett Show ( 1970 ) All in the Family , season 1 / season 2 ( 1971 ) All in the Family , season 2 / season 3 ( 1972 ) All in the Family , season 3 / season 4 ( 1973 ) Rhoda , season 1 ( 1974 ) Barney Miller , season 1 / season 2 ( 1975 ) Barney Miller , season 2 / season 3 ( 1976 ) All in the Family , season 7 / season 8 ( 1977 ) Taxi , season 1 ( 1978 ) Alice / Taxi , season 1 / season 2 ( 1979 ) Taxi , season 2 / season 3 ( 1980 ) M * A * S * H , season 9 / season 10 ( 1981 ) Fame ( 1982 ) Fame ( 1983 ) The Cosby Show , season 1 ( 1984 ) The Golden Girls , season 1 ( 1985 ) The Golden Girls , season 1 / season 2 ( 1986 ) The Golden Girls , season 2 / season 3 ( 1987 ) The Wonder Years , season 1 / season 2 ( 1988 ) Murphy Brown ( 1989 ) Cheers , season 8 / season 9 ( 1990 ) Brooklyn Bridge ( 1991 ) Roseanne , season 4 / season 5 ( 1992 ) Seinfeld , season 4 / season 5 ( 1993 ) Frasier , season 1 / season 2 & Mad About You ( 1994 ) Cybill ( 1995 ) 3rd Rock from the Sun , season 1 / season 2 ( 1996 ) Ally McBeal , season 1 ( 1997 ) Ally McBeal , season 1 / season 2 ( 1998 ) Sex and the City , season 2 ( 1999 ) Sex and the City , season 3 ( 2000 ) Sex and the City , season 4 ( 2001 ) Curb Your Enthusiasm ( 2002 ) The Office ( UK ) ( 2003 ) Desperate Housewives , season 1 ( 2004 ) Desperate Housewives , season 1 / season 2 ( 2005 ) Ugly Betty , season 1 ( 2006 ) Extras ( 2007 ) 30 Rock , season 2 / season 3 ( 2008 ) Glee , season 1 ( 2009 ) Glee , season 1 / season 2 ( 2010 ) Modern Family , season 2 / season 3 ( 2011 ) Girls , season 1 ( 2012 ) Brooklyn Nine - Nine , season 1 ( 2013 ) Transparent , season 1 ( 2014 ) Mozart in the Jungle , season 1 ( 2015 ) Atlanta , season 1 ( 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barney_Miller&oldid=800022432 '' Categories : Barney Miller characters 1970s American comedy television series 1975 American television series debuts 1980s American comedy television series 1982 American television series endings American Broadcasting Company network shows American television sitcoms Fictional New York City Police Department detectives Fictional New York City Police Department captains Television series by Sony Pictures Television Television shows set in New York City Best Musical or Comedy Series Golden Globe winners Fictional portrayals of the New York City Police Department Police comedies Peabody Award - winning television programs Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series winners English - language television programs Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Deutsch Français Italiano Nederlands Português Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Edit links This page was last edited on 11 September 2017 , at 05 : 03 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barney%20Miller	1,071
how many seats are in a row at greensboro coliseum			Greensboro Coliseum complex	greensboro coliseum complex	Coordinates : 36 ° 3 ′ 35 '' N 79 ° 49 ′ 32 '' W / 36.05972 ° N 79.82556 ° W / 36.05972 ; - 79.82556	Greensboro Coliseum Complex Ariel view of the complex in 2007 Address 1921 W Gate City Blvd Greensboro , NC 27403 - 2614 Location Latham Town Owner City of Greensboro Construction Broke ground January 1958 Opened October 29 , 1959 Renovated 1994 , 2005 , 2013 , 2016 Expanded 1972 , 1993 , 2003 , 2011 Construction cost US $4.5 million ( 1959 ) ( $37.4 million in 2016 dollars ) $63 million ( 1993 Expansion ) Architect FABRAP Website Venue Website The Greensboro Coliseum Complex ( GCC ) is an entertainment and sports complex located in Greensboro , North Carolina . Opened in 1959 , the arena was once one of the largest venues in the South , with a seating capacity of over 23,000 . The complex holds eight venues that includes an amphitheater , arena , aquatic center , banquet hall , convention center , museum , theatre and an indoor pavilion . It is the home of the University of North Carolina at Greensboro 's `` Spartans '' men 's basketball team , the Greensboro Swarm of the NBA G League , as well as the Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) with their Men 's and Women 's Basketball Tournaments . It has hosted the Men 's ACC Tournament twenty - three times since 1967 and the Women 's ACC Tournament twelve times since 2000 . The Coliseum hosted both tournaments until 2015 . Other notable sporting events include the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Men 's `` Final Four '' in 1974 and the East Regionals in 1976 , 1979 and 1998 . It is also the former home of several professional hockey teams including the Greensboro Generals , Greensboro Monarchs of the East Coast Hockey League ( ECHL ) and the National Hockey League 's Carolina Hurricanes . The complex has hosted the `` Central Carolina Fair '' since 1999 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Facilities 2.1 Greensboro Coliseum 2.2 War Memorial Auditorium 2.3 Special Events Center 2.4 Odeon Theatre 2.5 White Oak Amphitheatre 2.6 Fieldhouse 2.7 Greensboro Aquatic Center 2.8 ACC Hall of Champions 2.9 The Terrace 3 Sports 3.1 Hockey 3.2 Basketball 3.3 Indoor football 4 Events 5 Other events 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) Main entrance of the complex in 2016 . The complex was first proposed in 1944 by the city 's mayor . The idea was to create a war memorial to honor veterans of World War I and World War II . The building was approved by city officials in 1956 , followed by a groundbreaking in January 1958 . With its opening in 1959 , the complex held four venues : War Memorial Auditorium , Town Hall Auditorium , The Blue Room and the Greensboro Coliseum . The complex opened on October 29 , 1959 for historic show , `` Holiday on Ice '' . Shortly after its opening , the Coliseum began to scout for a hockey team . Partnering with the EHL , the city formed the `` Greensboro Generals '' . The team 's first match was November 11 , 1959 , against the Washington Presidents . The Generals won the game 4 -- 1 . The Generals would go on to win the EHL Championships . Over the years , the complex hosted several conventions , sporting and musical events . The Coliseum was part - time home of the Carolina Cougars of the American Basketball Association from 1969 to 1974 after the Houston Mavericks moved to North Carolina in 1969 . The Cougars were a `` regional franchise , '' playing `` home '' games in Charlotte ( Bojangles ' Coliseum ) , Greensboro ( Greensboro Coliseum ) , Winston - Salem Memorial Coliseum and Raleigh ( Dorton Arena ) . Hall of Fame Coach Larry Brown began his coaching career with the Cougars in 1972 . Billy Cunningham was the ABA MVP for the Cougars in the 1972 - 73 season . Despite a strong fan base the Cougars were sold and moved to St. Louis in 1974 . To meet demands , the Coliseum expanded its seating to 15,000 in 1972 . Six years later , the complex expanded to include an exhibition center , known at the time as the Greensboro Coliseum Complex Exhibition Building ( shortened to Exhibition Building ) . The building 's first event was `` Super Flea '' , a flea market for the Triad area . In 1991 , the Coliseum 's manager ( Jim Evans ) proposed an additional expansion of the complex . This expansion would raise the seating capacity of the Coliseum an additional 8,000 ( adding a third tier ) to 23,000 . It would also see The Blue Room demolished to make way for a small arena in the Exhibition Hall ( now called the Special Events Center ) . The venue reopened in December 28 , 1993 , for the `` Reunion Classic '' , a men 's basketball game between the UCLA Bruins and NC State Wolfpack . This game was met with controversy as the Coliseum was not fully complete at the time of the game . City officials paid $200,000 to have firefighters on stand by during the game . The Coliseum and the newly expanded exhibition hall did not meet state and city building codes nor fire regulations , because of incomplete construction . Additionally , the Coliseum did not hold the permits to host the event . This decision resulted in city council firing both the Coliseum manager and its contractors , Huber , Hunt and Nichols , Inc. ( known for the Spectrum Center , BB&T Center ( Sunrise ) and the Consol Energy Center ) . It was later determined it would take an additional ten months to have the complex comply with regulations . The city added in additional $20 million to the budget to renovate the Coliseum and the auditorium . Additional expansion came in 2003 when the complex added The Fieldhouse ( formerly the GCC Pavilion ) . Two years later , the complex renovated the old Town Hall Auditorium into the smaller Odeon Theatre . In 2011 , the complex added three additional venues : the White Oak Amphitheatre , the Greensboro Aquatic Center and the ACC Hall of Champions . Since its opening , the complex has been visited by nearly 57 million people and hosts over 800 events per year . In September 2014 , the War Memorial Auditorium closed its doors . Facilities ( edit ) Seating Capacity Greensboro Coliseum 23,500 White Oak Amphitheatre 7,061 The Fieldhouse 2,118 Special Events Center ( East Wing ) 5,100 Odeon Theatre 300 Greensboro Aquatic Center 2,500 The Terrace 800 Greensboro Coliseum ( edit ) One of the original four buildings of the complex , the Coliseum ( also called Coliseum Arena ) is one of the oldest buildings on the property . Construction began on the venue in 1958 and was completed in September 1959 . Known originally as the `` Greensboro Memorial Coliseum '' ( until 1980 ) , the arena hosted its first event on October 29 , 1959 . At the time , the Coliseum held 7,100 seats , becoming one of the largest arenas on the East Coast . Less than one year after its opening , the Coliseum was about to be visited by presidential nominee Richard Nixon . Nixon sustained a knee injury while campaigning in Greensboro , causing him to stop his campaign tour . Although the tour continued in late August 1960 , Nixon still suffered pain from the injury . In September , the first debate between John F. Kennedy and Nixon aired on television , with Nixon appearing to look `` sickly '' . Nixon lost the debate and would go on to lose the presidential race . Nixon later stated the knee injury at the Coliseum resulted in him losing the race . Through the years , the Coliseum has hosted several sporting events , most notably basketball ( see below ) . The Coliseum has also hosted concerts for over 40 years . During the 1960s and 1970s , the Coliseum was frequented by rock and R&B performers . The first major concert held at the Coliseum was by The Monkees . Elvis Presley played a concert at the Coliseum on April 14 , 1972 ; the footage was used for his final film , entitled Elvis on Tour . Presley performed the Coliseum again on April 21 , 1977 , one of the final venues of his tour , before his death on August 16 . Casting Crowns recorded their live album , entitled Until the Whole World Hears ... Live , at the Coliseum on April 24 , 2010 . The arena has also hosted WJMH 's SuperJam since 1997 . The music festival has featured prominent artists in the hip hop community including LL Cool J , Soulja Boy , Ludacris , Ja Rule , Plies , Nas , Lil Jon & the East Side Boyz , Travis Porter and the Ying Yang Twins . The Coliseum was also the site of auditions for American Idol , Season 5 on October 3 , 2005 . Between Sunday , July 8 and Tuesday , July 10 , 2012 , it played host to the Greensboro audition stages in the second season of the Fox singer search program The X Factor . War Memorial auditorium ( edit ) One of the original four buildings of the complex , the War Memorial Auditorium was one of the oldest buildings on the property , until it was razed in 2014 . Along with the original concept , the venue opened in 1959 to house performing arts events . Playing predominately to an African American audience , the auditorium became a notable venue on the chitlin ' circuit . James Brown , Ray Charles and Aretha Franklin were among the many performers who played the auditorium during the 1960s . The Rolling Stones played the auditorium during the band 's 1965 North American Tour on November 12 , 1965 . The venue was primarily used for town meetings , theatrical events , religious meetings and concerts . Presidential candidate Barack Obama held a town hall meeting on March 26 , 2008 to a full house . Guilford County native Fantasia Barrino gave her first concert , in her home state , during her Back to Me Tour on November 18 , 2010 . The auditorium was torn down in October 2014 ; a premium parking lot planned on the site will subsidize the Steven Tanger Center for the Performing Arts , to open downtown as a replacement facility in 2019 . A closing ceremony took place September 4 . An O'Jays concert September 5 was the last event , and items from the auditorium were auctioned off the next week . Special events center ( edit ) Originally known as the `` Exhibition Building '' , the exhibition center opened in 1978 . Its purpose was to host business conferences and conventions . The venue was primarily used by `` Super Flea '' , the flea market for the Triad area . In 1993 , the center was expanded , converting the old Blue Room into a mid-sized arena known as Hall C or the East Wing . In its current state , the 167,000 - square foot center `` includes three exhibition halls , a 4,500 - seat mini-arena and eight meeting rooms ... '' The arena is often used for musical performances during the Central Carolina Fair . It is also utilized by Greensboro College men 's and women 's basketball home games . Other sporting events include boxing and UFC matches . The arena will often host concerts and comedy shows . Odeon theatre ( edit ) Opening in 1958 as the `` Town Hall Auditorium '' , the Odeon Theatre is a small venue primarily used for community events . The original auditorium housed 1,000 seats . In 2004 , the auditorium was converted to the smaller theatre and reopened in March 2005 . White Oak amphitheatre ( edit ) The newest addition to the complex , the White Oak Amphitheatre is the first outdoor venue for the Triad area . The venue was originally proposed in 2007 along with the aquatic center . The city purchased the nearby Canada Dry bottling plant to allow space for the amphitheatre . Construction began in 2010 and was completed in June 2011 . The first concert for the venue was by The Beach Boys on June 5 , 2011 to a crowd of 4,000 spectators . The amphitheatre is expected to operate from April to October , hosting community , comedy and musical events . The project cost $946,000 to construct . Fieldhouse ( edit ) Known simply by one name ( although acknowledged as Greensboro Coliseum Fieldhouse ) , the Fieldhouse is a standalone exhibition hall adjacent to the Special Events Center . The 30,000 sq ft space opened in March 2003 as the `` GCC Pavilion '' . The project was designed by Sutton - Kennerly Associates . In 2016 , the Fieldhouse became the home of the Greensboro Swarm , the NBA Development League ( later called the NBA G League ) affiliate of the Charlotte Hornets . To accommodate the team the Fieldhouse was renovated with a permanent roof , locker room , and seating for 2,118 . Greensboro aquatic center ( edit ) Another expansion project for the complex is the new aquatic center . The center features three main pools including a warm - up and training pool . The main pool is used for events by nearby high schools , colleges , and USA Swimming events , and can hold eight 50 - meter ( long course ) lanes or 20 short course competition lanes plus a warmup pool . The complex also includes springboard and platform diving facilities and hosts meets for USA Diving . The facility has an available classroom and a 24 ' × 19 ' video screen , as well as a concessions stand and swim store . The venue hosts events in competitive swimming and diving , synchronized swimming and water polo up through USA National competition levels . It also hosts the National Mermaid Convention . Paid parking is available . The project began in 2010 along with the amphitheatre and cost $18.8 million to build . The City of Greensboro provided a live cam feed to watch the progress of the construction . The venue has hosted the 2012 U.S. Masters Swimming Spring National Championship . , the 2015 NCAA Women 's Division I Swimming and Diving Championships , and other tournaments as well . ACC hall of Champions ( edit ) To commemorate its legacy with the ACC Tournaments , the complex opened a museum in 2011 to show the history of the ACC . The venue celebrates the past , present and future of the ACC . It features numerous exhibits including an interactive broadcast booth , memorabilia , a video globe and school mascots . The Terrace ( edit ) Opened in March 2011 , The Terrace is one of new expansions for the complex . Its main purpose is a banquet hall and will be used for speaking events as well as weddings . The Terrace is an indoor venue located in between the auditorium and Coliseum . Sports ( edit ) Tenants Carolina Cobras NAL 2018 -- Greensboro Swarm NBA G League 2016 -- present Greensboro Roller Derby WFTDA 2010 -- present UNC Greensboro Spartans SoCon 2009 -- present Greensboro Revolution NIFL 2006 -- 07 Greensboro Prowlers AF2 2000 -- 03 Atlantic Coast Conference Women 's NCAA basketball tournament 2000 -- present Greensboro Generals ECHL 1999 -- 2004 Carolina Hurricanes NHL 1997 -- 99 Carolina Monarchs AHL 1995 -- 97 Greensboro City Gators GBA 1991 -- 92 Greensboro Monarchs ECHL 1989 -- 95 NCAA Final Four NCAA Carolina Cougars ABA 1969 -- 74 Atlantic Coast Conference Men 's NCAA basketball tournament 1967 -- present Wake Forest Demon Deacons ACC 1959 -- 89 Greensboro Generals EHL / SHL 1959 -- 77 Hockey ( edit ) The hockey history of Greensboro began in 1959 , when the Greensboro Generals of the Eastern Hockey League arrived and competed until the league folded in 1973 . The team moved to the Southern Hockey League for four seasons until it too ceased operations in January 1977 . Greensboro hockey 's modern era began with the establishment of the Greensboro Monarchs of the East Coast Hockey League , who played from 1989 -- 90 to 1994 -- 95 . When the American Hockey League expanded southward in 1995 , it invited Greensboro to join ; the new team took the Monarchs nickname , but attempted to draw a more regional fan base by labeling themselves the Carolina Monarchs . When the Hartford Whalers announced their move to Raleigh , North Carolina , in 1997 as the Carolina Hurricanes , they leased the Coliseum for two years while waiting for the Raleigh Entertainment and Sports Arena in Raleigh , North Carolina , to be completed . Subjected to ticket price increases and unwilling to support a team that was destined for Raleigh , Greensboro hockey fans rarely filled the arena for Hurricane games . Meanwhile , Triangle fans were unwilling to make the hour - long drive across Interstate 40 to Greensboro . As a result , the Hurricanes played in front of some of the smallest NHL crowds since the 1950s . During the 1998 -- 99 season , the team curtained off most of the upper deck for home games in an effort to artificially create scarcity in the ticket market , force would - be attendees to purchase higher - priced tickets , and hide what national media mocked as `` green acres '' of empty seats . Once the Raleigh Entertainment and Sports Arena ( later the RBC Center , now the PNC Arena ) was completed and the Hurricanes moved out , the plan was that the Monarchs , who spent those two years in New Haven , Connecticut , as the Beast of New Haven , would move back into the venue as a Hurricanes affiliate . Monarchs owner Bill Black tried to bring the Monarchs back to Greensboro , but the Hurricanes refused to claim the Monarchs as their affiliate . After the deal fell through , Bill Black tried to sell shares to the public in a final attempt to bring the Monarchs back to Greensboro . Unable to regain enough interest the team was sold and became the Manchester Monarchs . Rather than leave the Coliseum without a hockey team for the first time in more than 10 years , a new hockey team was founded , the Greensboro Generals , returning the city to the East Coast Hockey League . The Generals competed in the arena until 2004 , when they were terminated by the ECHL due to poor performance and lackluster support from the community . Increased operating expenses from the ECHL Players Union and overhead costs as a result of recent Coliseum renovations significantly affected the Generals ' ability to promote within the community . It was revealed that after the team folded , nearly all of the money used to support the team over and above ticket revenues , could have been covered by Coliseum advertising revenue that was purchased as a direct result of the hockey team 's presence . After the team folded , the complex saw a significant revenue drop in local advertising and to this day , the Coliseum operations must be supplemented with nearly $2 million a year from the city government . Basketball ( edit ) UNC vs. Radford ( c. 2009 ) . The Carolina Cougars of the American Basketball Association played a majority of their home games at the Greensboro Coliseum during their tenure in North Carolina from 1969 to 1974 , before moving to St. Louis and becoming the Spirits of St. Louis . The Greensboro City Gaters played their first and only season as a charter franchise of the Global Basketball Association minor league in 1991 -- 1992 in the Greensboro Coliseum . The Greensboro Coliseum has played host to many college basketball tournaments . The Atlantic Coast Conference has held their men 's basketball tournament at the Coliseum 23 times since 1967 , the most of any venue . This is in part because the arena was within seven hours ' drive of the conference 's original footprint , and is within an hour of most of the fanbases of the conference 's heartland in North Carolina . The Coliseum hosted the 2010 , 2011 , 2013 , 2014 , and 2015 men 's tournament . It has also hosted the MEAC Men 's Basketball Tournament ten times . In 1974 , the Coliseum hosted the NCAA Men 's Final Four . It was the host of the Southern Conference men 's basketball tournament from 1996 to 1999 . The Coliseum has been the home for the ACC Women 's Basketball Tournament since 2000 , and is contracted through 2015 . It has played host to 12 Men 's NCAA Tournaments , most notably the 1974 Final Four and Lehigh 's upset of Duke in 2012 . It hosted the NCAA Tournament in 2006 and 2009 , when it served as a first and second round site . It hosted the Greensboro Regional in the Women 's NCAA Tournament in 2007 and 2008 . The Coliseum is the first arena to host three basketball tournaments in consecutive weeks . The Coliseum has also hosted NBA basketball , high school basketball , and the Harlem Globetrotters . From 1959 to 1989 , the Wake Forest Demon Deacons basketball team played a portion of its home schedule there , usually games against popular opponents that could not be accommodated in the smaller Winston - Salem Memorial Coliseum . Since 2010 , the UNC Greensboro Spartans men 's basketball team has played at the Coliseum , having moved there from the smaller Fleming Gymnasium on the campus of UNCG . In October 2015 , the Charlotte Hornets chose Greensboro for the location of their new NBA D - League team the Greensboro Swarm . The Swarm began play at the Fieldhouse in the 2016 -- 17 season . On October 6 , 2016 , the Hornets played a preseason game against the Boston Celtics at Greensboro Coliseum . Indoor football ( edit ) The Coliseum first saw an arena football team when the Greensboro Prowlers of the af2 league played in the Coliseum from 1999 until 2004 . The team folded due to a poor record and lack of fan support . The Greensboro Revolution of the National Indoor Football League played here in 2006 and 2007 . The team ceased operations on January 23 , 2008 . Beginning in 2018 , the Coliseum will be home to indoor football again as the Carolina Cobras of the National Arena League . Events ( edit ) ( show ) List of events held at the Coliseum Complex Artist Event Date Opening act ( s ) Venue 1964 the Tribute 2005 Tour October 29 , 2005 N / A Special Events 3 Doors Down 3 Doors Down Tour December 17 , 2008 Switchfoot & American Bang Coliseum 311 Universal Pulse Tour November 29 , 2011 DJ Soulman Special Events 70 's Soul Jam -- January 18 , 2009 N / A War Memorial A&T Homecoming Concert -- October 12 , 2001 N / A Special Events A Day to Remember House Party Tour October 13 , 2013 All Time Low , Pierce the Veil & The Wonder Years Aaron Carter Aaron 's Party ( Come Get It ) Tour July 29 , 2001 A-Teens & Leslie Carter Aaron Tippin 2006 Tour July 29 , 2006 N / A ABBA - The Concert 2011 Tour September 24 , 2011 N / A White Oak AC / DC Highway to Hell Tour October 3 , 1979 Blackfoot & Mother 's Finest Coliseum Back in Black Tour August 10 , 1980 Nantucket Fly on the Wall Tour November 17 , 1985 Yngwie Malmsteen Blow Up Your Video World Tour August 27 , 1988 White Lion Razors Edge World Tour February 17 , 1991 King 's X Ballbreaker World Tour January 12 , 1996 The Poor Stiff Upper Lip World Tour March 29 , 2001 Wide Mouth Mason Black Ice World Tour October 25 , 2009 The Answer Rock or Bust World Tour August 27 , 2016 Tyler Bryant & The Shakedown Acquire the Fire RESILIENT Tour March 20 , 2015 N / A March 21 , 2015 N / A Aerosmith Toys in the Attic Tour October 10 , 1975 REO Speedwagon & Ted Nugent Aerosmith Express Tour May 5 , 1978 Mahogany Rush Right in the Nuts Tour December 15 , 1979 N / A Permanent Vacation Tour March 23 , 1988 Dokken & White Lion Nine Lives Tour January 21 , 1998 Guns N ' Roses & Kenny Wayne Shepherd April 15 , 1999 The Afghan Whigs Just Push Play Tour November 25 , 2001 Fuel Rockin ' the Joint Tour January 21 , 2006 Lenny Kravitz Aerosmith & KISS AeroKiss Tour November 22 , 2003 Saliva After 7 Timeless Tour June 17 , 2017 Total & Case White Oak Alabama Feels So Right Tour November 21 , 1981 Janie Fricke Coliseum The Closer You Get ... Tour February 12 , 1983 N / A 40 - Hour Week Tour February 8 , 1985 Bill Medley Farewell Tour June 5 , 2004 N / A Special Events Alan Jackson Drive Tour November 8 , 2002 N / A Coliseum Alejandra Guzmán Alejandra Guzmàn in Concert October 7 , 2015 N / A Special Events Center All - Star Rock All - Star Rock Tour June 9 , 2011 N / A War Memorial Alice Cooper Killer Tour May 13 , 1972 Todd Rundgren & Free Coliseum Billion Dollar Babies Holiday Tour December 9 , 1973 ZZ Top School 's Out For Summer Tour June 30 , 1978 Sweet Raise Your Fist and Yell Tour January 29 , 1988 Motörhead Alicia Keys As I Am Tour May 30 , 2008 Jordin Sparks Set the World on Fire Tour March 30 , 2013 Miguel The Allman Brothers Band Brothers and Sisters Tour May 24 , 1974 N / A Reach for the Sky Tour August 16 , 1980 Nantucket American Idol LIVE ! American Idols LIVE ! Tour 2005 July 17 , 2005 N / A American Idols LIVE ! Tour 2006 July 30 , 2006 American Idols LIVE ! Tour 2007 September 11 , 2007 American Idols LIVE ! Tour 2009 August 2 , 2009 America 's Got Talent America 's Got Talent : Live November 5 , 2010 N / A War Memorial Amy Grant A Christmas to Remember Tour December 4 , 1999 Michael W. Smith , Point of Grace & The Katinas Coliseum Amy Grant & Vince Gill 12 Days of Christmas Tour December 18 , 2010 N / A War Memorial December 18 , 2011 Angie Stone Sisters in the Spirit Tour February 4 , 2007 Kelly Price Special Events Ann & Nancy Wilson 1999 Tour July 13 , 1999 N / A War Memorial Annual All White Affair Concert -- July 27 , 2013 N / A White Oak July 26 , 2014 N / A Anthony Hamilton Ai n't Nobody Worryin ' Tour April 7 , 2006 Heather Headley War Memorial Back to Love Tour October 6 , 2012 Estelle & Antoine Dunn Arcade Fire Free Concert May 1 , 2008 Superchunk Ashford & Simpson 1982 Tour August 20 , 1982 N / A Coliseum Ashlee Simpson Autobiography Tour April 1 , 2005 The Click Five War Memorial Austin Mahone Live on Tour August 29 , 2014 5th Harmony , Shawn Mendes & DJ Alex Angelo White Oak Avenged Sevenfold & Buckcherry Avenged Sevenfold Tour November 29 , 2008 Shinedown & Saving Abel Coliseum The Avett Brothers Emotionalism Tour September 15 , 2007 N / A War Memorial October 31 , 2008 Nicole Atkins 2011 Tour October 8 , 2011 N / A White Oak The Carpenter Tour December 31 , 2012 Amos Lee Coliseum The B - 52 's 2011 Tour August 13 , 2011 Mark Kano White Oak B.B. King Deuces Wild Tour June 15 , 1997 N / A War Memorial Blues on the Bayou Tour September 16 , 1998 N / A Let the Good Times Roll Tour September 21 , 1999 N / A Reflections Tour February 28 , 2003 N / A One Kind Favor Tour May 9 , 2008 Papa Mali 2011 Tour October 16 , 2011 N / A Bachman -- Turner Overdrive Four Wheel Drive Tour July 12 , 1975 Bob Seger Coliseum Backstreet Boys Into the Millennium Tour February 20 , 2000 N / A Black & Blue Tour June 17 , 2001 Shaggy & Krystal Harris Bad Company Straight Shooter Tour May 14 , 1975 N / A Run with the Pack Tour April 3 , 1976 Kansas The Bar - Kays Nightcruising Tour March 12 , 1982 N / A Barack Obama Town Hall Meeting March 26 , 2008 N / A War Memorial Barry Manilow If I Should Love Again Tour October 31 , 1981 N / A Coliseum Singin ' with the Big Bands Tour April 27 , 1994 N / A Barry White Staying Power Tour September 18 , 1999 N / A War Memorial Bassnectar Vava Voom Tour September 27 , 2012 Gramatik & Gladkill Special Events Noise vs. Beauty Tour October 18 , 2014 Kill Paris & Son of Kick The Beach Boys The Beach Boys ' Christmas Album Tour January 1 , 1965 N / A Coliseum Summer Days ( And Summer Nights ! ! ) Tour July 13 , 1965 The Roemans Wild Honey Tour April 23 , 1968 Buffalo Springfield & Strawberry Alarm Clock Friends Tour October 20 , 1968 1910 Fruitgum Company & The Pickle Brothers 1975 Tour April 5 , 1975 Billy Joel L.A. ( Light Album ) Tour April 29 , 1979 Ian Matthews 1982 Tour June 2 , 1982 Alliance Still Cruisin ' Tour July 30 , 1989 Chicago The Beach Boys : Live in Concert June 5 , 2011 N / A White Oak Beatles Tribute Band Let It Be : A Celebration of the Music of The Beatles April 23 , 2016 N / A Bee Gees Spirits Having Flown Tour October 2 , 1979 Sweet Inspirations Coliseum Ben Harper & The Innocent Criminals Burn to Shine Tour November 18 , 2000 Gov 't Mule War Memorial Beyoncé , Alicia Keys & Missy Elliott Verizon Ladies First Tour March 21 , 2004 Tamia Coliseum Beyoncé I Am ... Tour June 27 , 2009 RichGirl Bill Clinton Embracing Our Common Humanity November 30 , 2010 N / A Billy Currington Summer Forever Tour February 26 , 2016 Kelsea Ballerini Billy Ray Cyrus Shot Full of Love Tour September 19 , 1999 N / A Billy Joel Turnstiles Tour March 23 , 1977 N / A 52nd Street Tour December 3 , 1978 N / A Billy Squier Emotions in Motion Tour January 21 , 1983 Def Leppard Signs of Life Tour November 1 , 1984 Ratt The Black Crowes The Southern Harmony and Musical Companion Tour September 24 , 1992 N / A War Memorial Souled Out Tour March 17 , 1999 N / A Special Events Black Sabbath Master of Reality Tour April 1 , 1972 N / A Coliseum Sabbath Bloody Sabbath Tour February 24 , 1974 Bedlam Sabotage Tour December 7 , 1975 Savoy Brown & Grey Ghost Mob Rules Tour February 16 , 1982 Doc Holliday Blackfoot Marauder Tour September 26 , 1981 Outlaws Blue Man Group 2012 Tour January 9 , 2012 N / A War Memorial January 10 , 2012 Blue Öyster Cult Agents of Fortune Tour December 28 , 1976 Grinderswitch Coliseum Bo Diddley Bo Diddley in the Spotlight Tour April 20 , 1960 N / A War Memorial September 14 , 1960 Bob Dylan 1978 World Tour December 7 , 1978 N / A Coliseum Bob Seger & The Silver Bullet Band Night Moves Tour April 1 , 1977 N / A Against the Wind Tour March 23 , 1980 N / A The Distance Tour March 11 , 1983 John Hall Band 2011 Tour April 23 , 2011 Frankie Ballard Bon Jovi Slippery When Wet Tour May 9 , 1987 Cinderella Lost Highway Tour March 16 , 2008 Daughtry Bonnie Raitt Slipstream Tour November 27 , 2013 Paul Brady War Memorial Boston Boston Tour May 14 , 1977 Starcastle Coliseum Do n't Look Back Tour January 19 , 1979 Sammy Hagar War Memorial Bow Wow The Price of Fame Tour May 13 , 2007 Lloyd & Crime Mob Boys Like Girls 2008 Tour October 8 , 2008 Cute Is What We Aim For & Lights Special Events Brad Paisley Bonfires & Amplifiers Tour November 9 , 2007 Rodney Atkins & Taylor Swift Coliseum Brantley Gilbert Let It Ride Tour April 10 , 2014 Thomas Rhett & Eric Paslay The Devil Do n't Sleep Tour February 24 , 2017 Luke Combs , Tucker Beathard & Brian Davis Bread Lost Without Your Love Tour August 26 , 1977 N / A Brian McKnight Just Me Tour July 28 , 2011 N / A War Memorial Britney Spears ( You Drive Me ) Crazy Tour March 29 , 2000 LFO & Bosson Coliseum The Circus Starring Britney Spears September 5 , 2009 Jordin Sparks & Kristinia DeBarge Bruce Springsteen Devils & Dust Tour July 26 , 2005 N / A Bruce Springsteen & The E Street Band The River Tour February 28 , 1981 N / A Born in the U.S.A. Tour January 18 , 1985 N / A January 19 , 1985 The Rising Tour November 16 , 2002 N / A Magic Tour April 28 , 2008 N / A Working on a Dream Tour May 2 , 2009 N / A Wrecking Ball World Tour March 19 , 2012 N / A Bryan Adams Reckless Tour September 10 , 1985 N / A Into the Fire Tour May 29 , 1987 N / A Buddy Guy Bring ' Em In Tour October 15 , 2005 N / A War Memorial Budweiser Superfest -- August 21 , 2010 N / A Coliseum Carman Heart of a Champion Tour December 9 , 2000 ZOEgirl War Memorial Carrie Underwood Play On Tour October 29 , 2010 Billy Currington & Sons of Sylvia Coliseum Blown Away Tour November 4 , 2012 Hunter Hayes Storyteller Tour : Stories in the Round February 3 , 2016 The Swon Brothers & Easton Corbin Cassady in Concert 2008 Tour May 2 , 2008 N / A Special Events Casting Crowns The Altar and the Door Tour November 17 , 2007 Leeland & John Waller Coliseum Peace on Earth Tour December 12 , 2008 Natalie Grant & Denver and the Mile High Orchestra Until the Whole World Hears Tour April 24 , 2010 Tenth Avenue North & CALEB Come to the Well Tour October 22 , 2011 Sanctus Real , The Afters & Lindsay McCaul Story Tour November 24 , 2012 Natalie Grant & Jeremy Camp THRIVE Tour November 8 , 2014 Mandisa & Sidewalk Prophets CeCe Winans His Gift Tour January 16 , 1999 Kirk Franklin War Memorial Celtic Woman A New Journey Tour February 26 , 2008 N / A Isle of Hope Tour October 22 , 2009 N / A Charlie Daniels Band 2012 Tour September 16 , 2012 Little River Band Chance the Rapper Be Encouraged Tour June 7 , 2017 King Louie & DJ Oreo Coliseum Charlie Wilson In It to Win It Tour March 3 , 2017 N / A Cheap Trick In Color Tour December 18 , 1977 AC / DC One on One Tour August 22 , 1982 N / A The Cheetah Girls Cheetah - licious Christmas Tour November 19 , 2005 Aly & AJ War Memorial One World Tour November 22 , 2008 Clique Girlz Coliseum Cher Living Proof : The Farewell Tour September 7 , 2002 Cyndi Lauper Chicago Chicago XXX Tour March 9 , 2007 America War Memorial Chris Brown & Bow Wow UCP Exclusive Tour December 23 , 2007 Sean Kingston , Soulja Boy , Shop Boyz & Lil Mama Coliseum Chris Brown Between The Sheets Tour March 18 , 2015 Tyga Cinco de Mayo Festival -- May 11 , 2014 N / A White Oak Cirque du Soleil Delirium May 6 , 2006 N / A Coliseum May 7 , 2006 Saltimbanco September 19 , 2007 N / A September 20 , 2007 September 21 , 2007 September 22 , 2007 September 23 , 2007 Alegría April 13 , 2011 N / A April 14 , 2011 April 15 , 2011 April 16 , 2011 April 17 , 2011 Quidam April 17 , 2013 N / A April 18 , 2013 N / A April 19 , 2013 N / A April 20 , 2013 N / A April 21 , 2013 N / A Michael Jackson : The Immortal April 11 , 2014 N / A April 12 , 2014 OVO April 20 , 2016 N / A April 21 , 2016 N / A April 22 , 2016 N / A April 23 , 2016 N / A April 24 , 2016 N / A Clay Aiken Clay Aiken : Live in Concert Tour July 16 , 2004 Cherie War Memorial Clay Aiken & The Greensboro Symphony Orchestra 2006 Joyful Noise Tour December 23 , 2006 N / A Cliff Richard & The Shadows Greyhound Tour of America Tour February 10 , 1960 N / A Commodores Natural High Tour September 16 , 1978 N / A Coliseum In the Pocket Tour September 19 , 1981 N / A Confederate Railroad 2005 Tour July 30 , 2005 N / A War Memorial The Connells Fun & Games Tour November 25 , 1989 Hoodoo Gurus Conway Twitty Southern Comfort Tour May 1 , 1982 Ronnie McDowell Coliseum Country Shindig -- January 25 , 1970 N / A July 4 , 1975 N / A January 25 , 1976 N / A January 15 , 1977 N / A Creed Human Clay Tour May 3 , 2000 Sevendust & Guano Apes Crosby , Stills & Nash CSN Tour November 12 , 1977 N / A Daylight Again Tour October 21 , 1982 N / A 2014 Tour August 15 , 2014 N / A War Memorial Crosby , Stills , Nash & Young CSNY Tour of America April 16 , 2002 N / A Coliseum The Cult Sonic Temple Tour February 20 , 1990 Bonham Ceremony Tour February 12 , 1992 N / A Dan Fogelberg The Innocent Age Tour January 31 , 1982 N / A Darius Rucker True Believers Tour May 30 , 2013 Justin Moore & Jana Kramer White Oak Daughtry Daughtry Tour December 21 , 2007 N / A War Memorial December 22 , 2007 Leave This Town Tour November 12 , 2009 Theory of a Deadman & Cavo Coliseum Break the Spell Tour April 7 , 2012 SafetySuit & Mike Sanchez Baptized World Tour November 7 , 2014 Drew Bordeaux The Dave Clark Five 1965 North American Tour July 22 , 1965 N / A December 7 , 1965 1966 North American Tour July 20 , 1966 N / A Dave Matthews Band Before These Crowded Streets Tour November 28 , 1998 Béla Fleck and the Flecktones David Bowie Diamond Dogs Tour July 6 , 1974 N / A David Cassidy Tour April 29 , 1972 N / A David Lee Roth Skyscraper Tour January 28 , 1989 Poison & Tesla DC Talk Supernatural Tour March 11 , 1999 The W 's & Jennifer Knapp The Dead 2009 Tour April 12 , 2009 N / A Deep Purple Stormbringer Tour December 13 , 1974 Electric Light Orchestra & Elf Come Taste the Band Tour January 30 , 1976 Ted Nugent & Nazareth Def Leppard Hysteria World Tour December 19 , 1987 Tesla Songs from the Sparkle Lounge Tour March 27 , 2008 Styx & REO Speedwagon Demi Lovato 2009 North American Tour July 29 , 2009 David Archuleta , Jordan Pruitt & KSM Dierks Bentley Home Tour May 18 , 2012 Eli Young Band White Oak Dio Dream Evil Tour January 21 , 1988 Megadeth & Savatage Coliseum Dire Straits Communiqué Tour September 18 , 1979 N / A Dixie Chicks Top of the World Tour May 17 , 2003 Joan Osborne Dolly Parton Pure and Simple Tour June 3 , 2016 N / A Don Williams 2011 Tour March 24 , 2011 N / A War Memorial Donny & Marie Osmond Donny & Marie Christmas Tour December 9 , 2013 N / A Coliseum The Doobie Brothers 1974 Tour April 27 , 1974 N / A 1975 Tour October 26 , 1975 1978 Tour October 7 , 1978 Minute by Minute Tour September 22 , 1979 One Step Closer Tour October 31 , 1980 The Doodlebops 2006 Tour November 11 , 2006 N / A Special Events 2007 Tour November 10 , 2007 N / A Dr. Hook Pleasure & Pain Tour January 30 , 1979 Sha Na Na Coliseum Drake Light , Dreams & Nightmares Tour October 9 , 2010 Rick Ross & J. Cole Drake & Future Summer Sixteen Tour August 23 , 2016 Roy Wood $ & Dvsn Duran Duran Sing Blue Silver Tour March 30 , 1984 N / A Eagles One of These Nights Tour August 1 , 1975 Seals and Crofts Hotel California Tour June 27 , 1977 N / A The Long Run Tour January 29 , 1980 N / A Hell Freezes Over Reunion Tour June 17 , 1996 N / A Farewell 1 Tour May 23 , 2003 N / A Long Road Out of Eden Tour January 17 , 2009 N / A History of the Eagles Tour November 16 , 2013 JD & The Straight Shot An Evening with the Eagles October 17 , 2017 N / A Earth , Wind & Fire All ' n All Tour January 6 , 1978 N / A I Am Tour September 21 , 1979 N / A Raise ! Tour October 27 , 1981 N / A Now & Then Tour June 8 , 2013 N / A White Oak Edgar Winter Group They Only Come Out at Night Tour August 10 , 1973 Foghat Coliseum Edwin McCain Band Scream & Whisper Tour October 2 , 2004 N / A War Memorial Electric Light Orchestra On the Third Day Tour October 27 , 1973 REO Speedwagon & Foghat Coliseum Face the Music Tour March 27 , 1976 Journey Out of the Blue Tour July 11 , 1978 N / A Time Tour October 17 , 1981 Hall & Oates Elton John 1974 North American Tour November 8 , 1974 Kiki Dee Louder Than Concorde Tour July 13 , 1976 N / A Elton John & Billy Joel Face to Face 2001 April 28 , 2001 N / A Elvis Presley 1972 North American Tour April 14 , 1972 N / A 1974 North American Tour March 13 , 1974 N / A 1975 North American Tour July 21 , 1975 N / A 1976 North American Tour June 30 , 1976 N / A 1977 North American Tour April 21 , 1977 N / A Emerson , Lake & Palmer Works Volume 1 Tour June 29 , 1977 N / A Eminem Anger Management Tour December 13 , 2000 N / A Eric Church Blood , Sweat & Beers Tour February 18 , 2012 Brantley Gilbert & Sonia Leigh The Outsiders Tour September 27 , 2014 Dwight Yoakam & Brothers Osborne Holdin ' My Own Tour May 20 , 2017 N / A Eric Clapton 461 Ocean Boulevard Tour August 2 , 1974 Ross There 's One in Every Crowd Tour August 29 , 1975 Poco Another Ticket Tour May 24 , 1981 N / A Journeyman Tour August 2 , 1990 Erykah Badu The Vortex Tour May 17 , 2008 The Roots Special Events 2013 Tour November 1 , 2013 N / A War Memorial Everyday Sunday Best Night of Our Lives Tour March 19 , 2010 Unhindered Special Events Experience Hendrix 2012 Tour March 7 , 2012 N / A War Memorial Faith United Music Festival -- September 23 , 2011 N / A Fantasia Barrino Back to Me Tour November 18 , 2010 Eric Benét & Kandi Burruss Five Finger Death Punch Share the Welt Tour November 15 , 2011 Hatebreed , All That Remains & Rains Special Events Fleetwood Mac Rumours Tour March 19 , 1977 Firefall Coliseum Mirage Tour September 1 , 1982 N / A Say You Will Tour September 10 , 2003 On with the Show Tour March 17 , 2015 Flip Flop Beach Music Festival -- August 25 , 2012 N / A White Oak September 7 , 2013 September 6 , 2014 Florida Georgia Line Here 's to the Good Times Tour November 23 , 2013 Colt Ford & Tyler Farr Coliseum Smooth Tour March 23 , 2017 Dustin Lynch , Chris Lane & Seth Ennis Foghat Fool for the City Tour May 30 , 1975 Blue Öyster Cult & Thee Image November 7 , 1975 N / A Night Shift Tour April 10 , 1976 Montrose Stone Blue Tour May 19 , 1978 N / A Tight Shoes Tour October 3 , 1980 Foo Fighters Concrete and Gold Tour October 15 , 2017 The Struts Foreigner 4 Tour March 28 , 1982 Bob Welch Fresh Music Festival -- May 27 , 2012 N / A FunFourth Festival -- July 4 , 2013 N / A White Oak Furthur Festival -- September 21 , 2000 N / A Coliseum Gaither Homecoming 2001 Tour April 20 , 2001 N / A 2008 Tour July 19 , 2008 2009 Tour April 25 , 2009 2014 Tour September 20 , 2014 Special Events The Gap Band The Gap Band Tour August 4 , 1979 Mass Production , McFadden & Whitehead Anita Ward & Five Special Coliseum Gap Band IV Tour September 24 , 1982 N / A Garth Brooks The Garth Brooks World Tour with Trisha Yearwood November 19 , 2014 Trisha Yearwood November 20 , 2014 November 21 , 2014 November 22 , 2014 November 23 , 2014 George Jones The Rock : Stone Cold Country 2001 Tour October 4 , 2002 Kevin Denney War Memorial 2005 Tour May 21 , 2005 N / A 2009 Tour November 14 , 2009 George Strait Honkytonkville Tour February 22 , 2004 Dierks Bentley & Kellie Coffey Coliseum It Just Comes Natural Tour January 20 , 2007 Ronnie Milsap & Taylor Swift The Cowboy Rides Away Tour March 23 , 2013 Martina McBride George Strait & Reba Twang Tour January 23 , 2010 Lee Ann Womack Genesis Mama Tour December 11 , 1983 N / A Invisible Touch Tour February 23 , 1987 Gloria Estefan Live & Re-Wrapped Tour September 7 , 2004 N / A Gloria Trevi & Alejandra Guzmán Versus World Tour October 1 , 2017 N / A Golden Earring Moontan Tour June 7 , 1974 N / A Goo Goo Dolls Something for the Rest of Us Tour April 23 , 2010 The Rocket Summer War Memorial Gordon Lightfoot Salute Tour March 1 , 1984 N / A Coliseum 2001 Tour March 23 , 2001 War Memorial 2011 Tour March 25 , 2011 Grand Funk Railroad Shinin ' On Tour April 6 , 1974 N / A Coliseum Grateful Dead Go to Heaven Tour May 1 , 1980 N / A 1981 Tour April 30 , 1981 N / A April 31 , 1981 1983 Tour October 9 , 1983 N / A Built to Last Tour March 30 , 1989 N / A March 31 , 1989 1991 Tour March 31 , 1991 N / A April 1 , 1991 Greensboro Blues Festival -- March 15 , 2008 N / A February 20 , 2009 N / A April 2 , 2010 N / A February 13 , 2011 N / A Gregg Allman Band 2005 Tour February 15 , 2005 N / A War Memorial Guns N ' Roses Use Your Illusion Tour June 25 , 1991 Skid Row Coliseum Chinese Democracy Tour November 2 , 2006 Papa Roach & Sebastian Bach Hall & Oates 2014 Tour September 16 , 2014 N / A White Oak Hank Williams , Jr . Strong Stuff Tour April 15 , 1983 N / A Coliseum Major Moves Tour May 11 , 1984 N / A Rowdy Frynds Tour May 9 , 2008 Lynyrd Skynyrd Hawk Nelson Revolve Tour January 23 , 2009 Natalie Grant & Krystal Meyers January 24 , 2009 Heart Dog & Butterfly Tour February 3 , 1979 Firefall Bebe le Strange Tour May 14 , 1980 N / A Private Audition Tour November 5 , 1982 Héctor Delgado Farewell Tour August 14 , 2010 N / A War Memorial High School Musical High School Musical : The Concert December 27 , 2006 Jordan Pruitt Coliseum Hillsong United Aftermath Tour August 19 , 2011 N / A Zion Tour November 18 , 2013 N / A Huey Lewis and the News Fore ! Tour February 15 , 1987 Robert Cray Band Coliseum Humble Pie Smokin ' Tour July 10 , 1972 Eagles Eat It Tour July 7 , 1973 N / A Hunter Hayes CMT on Tour November 2 , 2013 Ashley Monroe War Memorial Indigo Girls All That We Let In Tour June 23 , 2005 N / A Iron Maiden World Slavery Tour February 9 , 1985 N / A Coliseum Somewhere on Tour April 5 , 1987 Waysted The Jackson 5 The Jackson 5 First National Tour December 29 , 1970 N / A The Jackson 5 World Tour July 8 , 1973 N / A Jackson Browne Lawyers in Love Tour August 6 , 1983 N / A The Naked Ride Home Tour May 21 , 2002 N / A War Memorial The Jacksons Triumph Tour July 24 , 1981 N / A Coliseum Jake Owen Days of Gold Tour May 16 , 2014 Eli Young Band & The Cadillac Three White Oak Jamie Foxx Unpredictable Tour March 17 , 2007 Fantasia Barrino Coliseum Blame It Tour July 19 , 2009 Collie Buddz James Brown 2001 Tour July 6 , 2001 N / A War Memorial James Taylor Before This World Tour July 31 , 2015 N / A Coliseum Janet Jackson Rhythm Nation 1814 World Tour August 14 , 1990 Chuckii Booker All for You Tour September 9 , 2001 N / A Jars of Clay Much Afraid Tour December 31 , 1998 Silage War Memorial Jason Aldean Wide Open Tour May 29 , 2009 Colt Ford Coliseum My Kinda Party Tour February 4 , 2011 Eric Church & The JaneDear Girls Night Train Tour May 18 , 2013 Jake Owen & Thomas Rhett Burn It Down Tour February 13 , 2015 Tyler Farr & Cole Swindell Jason Isbell -- October 15 , 2016 Josh Ritter White Oak Jay Z BP3 Tour February 28 , 2010 Jeezy & Trey Songz Coliseum Magna Carter World Tour January 5 , 2014 N / A Jay Z & R. Kelly Best of Both Worlds Tour October 9 , 2004 N / A Jay Z & Mary J. Blige Heart of the City Tour April 5 , 2008 The - Dream Jay Z & Kanye West Watch the Throne Tour October 30 , 2011 N / A Jennifer Hudson & Robin Thicke 2009 Tour April 18 , 2009 N / A War Memorial Jerry Lee Lewis 1969 Tour June 28 , 1969 N / A Coliseum 1971 Tour May 22 , 1971 N / A November 27 , 1971 N / A 1973 Tour January 28 , 1973 N / A 1975 Tour March 9 , 1975 N / A 1977 Tour January 15 , 1977 N / A 1981 Tour March 6 , 1981 N / A Jethro Tull Aqualung Tour November 8 , 1971 N / A A Passion Play Tour May 19 , 1973 N / A Minstrel in the Gallery Tour August 9 , 1975 N / A Songs from the Wood Tour November 23 , 1977 N / A Jill Scott Words And Sounds Tour August 19 , 2001 Mark Phillips War Memorial Big Beautiful Tour March 3 , 2005 Common The Real Thing Tour March 2 , 2008 Raheem DeVaughn March 3 , 2008 Jim Brickman 2001 Tour November 15 , 2001 N / A 15th Anniversary Tour December 5 , 2010 Richie McDonald Love Tour November 15 , 2013 N / A Jimmy Buffett & The Coral Reefer Band Tuesdays , Thursdays , Saturdays Tour February 17 , 2001 N / A Coliseum Far Side of the World Tour April 20 , 2002 N / A Jim Gaffigan Fully Dressed Tour August 13 , 2016 N / A White Oak Joan Jett & The Blackhearts Album Tour November 11 , 1983 N / A Coliseum Joe Bonamassa Dust Bowl Tour November 16 , 2011 N / A War Memorial John Anderson 2005 Tour April 30 , 2005 Fanny Grace Special Events John Denver Back Home Again Tour October 11 , 1974 N / A Coliseum I Want to Live Tour March 26 , 1978 N / A Autograph Tour May 16 , 1980 N / A Seasons of the Heart Tour May 24 , 1982 N / A John Mayer Battle Studies World Tour March 15 , 2010 Michael Franti & Spearhead John Mellencamp No Better Than This Tour November 6 , 2011 N / A War Memorial John Prine Fair & Square Tour February 11 , 2006 N / A 2013 Tour December 6 , 2013 Justin Townes Earle John Tesh 2012 Tour July 21 , 2012 N / A White Oak Johnny Cash Happiness Is You Tour October 15 , 1966 N / A War Memorial Johnny Winter Still Alive and Well Tour January 7 , 1974 N / A Coliseum Jordin Sparks & Jesse McCartney Jesse & Jordin LIVE Tour August 30 , 2008 Prima J War Memorial Josh Groban Josh Groban on Stage July 19 , 2016 Sarah McLachlan White Oak Journey Raised on Radio Tour November 13 , 1986 Glass Tiger Coliseum Trial By Fire Reunion Tour November 22 , 1998 N / A War Memorial Revelation Tour September 18 , 2009 Cheap Trick & Night Ranger Coliseum Eclipse Tour October 3 , 2012 Pat Benatar & Loverboy June 12 , 2017 Asia Judas Priest Screaming for Vengeance Tour January 16 , 1983 N / A Mercenaries of Metal Tour September 8 , 1988 N / A Judy Garland That 's Entertainment ! Tour April 17 , 1961 N / A War Memorial Justin Bieber My World Tour December 15 , 2010 Sean Kingston & Mindless Behavior Coliseum Believe Tour January 19 , 2013 Carly Rae Jepsen & Cody Simpson Purpose World Tour July 6 , 2016 Post Malone & Moxie Raia Justin Moore Off the Beaten Path Tour January 23 , 2014 Randy Houser & Josh Thompson Kansas Leftoverture Tour February 17 , 1977 Styx Point of Know Return Tour November 6 , 1977 Crawler 2 For the Show Tour July 30 , 1978 Walter Egan Monolith Tour October 27 , 1979 Sniff ' n ' the Tears Kanye West Touch the Sky Tour November 18 , 2005 Fantasia Barrino Special Events KC and the Sunshine Band 2004 Tour June 4 , 2004 N / A War Memorial KEM Album II Tour June 29 , 2005 Fantasia Barrino & Rahsaan Patterson Promise to Love Tour November 23 , 2014 Joe & L Renee Special Events Kenny Chesney Greatest Hits Tour November 17 , 2000 N / A Coliseum September 14 , 2001 Lee Ann Womack Margarita 's & Senorita 's Tour February 15 , 2003 Montgomery Gentry & Kellie Coffey Guitars , Tiki - Bars & A Whole Lotta Love Tour April 24 , 2004 Keith Urban Flip - Flop Summer Tour April 19 , 2007 Pat Green & Sugarland The Big Revival Tour April 16 , 2015 Jake Owen & Chase Rice Kenny Rogers Love Will Turn You Around Tour March 27 , 1982 Larry Gatlin & The Gatlin Brothers Band We 've Got Tonight Tour March 20 , 1983 Crystal Gayle The Heart of the Matter Tour March 9 , 1985 Dottie West & Sawyer Brown Kevin Hart What Now Tour April 21 , 2015 N / A Keyshia Cole A Different Me Tour May 22 , 2009 The - Dream , Keri Hilson & Bobby V Special Events Kidz Bop Best Time Ever Tour May 14 , 2017 N / A ) White Oak Kid Rock & Twisted Brown Trucker Born Free Part 1 Tour February 22 , 2011 Jamey Johnson & Ty Stone Coliseum Rebel Soul Tour February 26 , 2013 Buckcherry & Hellbound Glory Kirk Franklin The Rebirth of Kirk Franklin Tour November 7 , 2002 Yolanda Adams & Donnie McClurkin War Memorial The Fight of My Life Tour September 22 , 2008 N / A Fearless Tour November 12 , 2011 Isaac Carree KISS Alive ! Tour September 12 , 1975 Slade Coliseum Destroyer Tour August 27 , 1976 Ted Nugent , Bob Seger & Cheap Trick Alive II Tour December 31 , 1977 AC / DC Dynasty Tour July 3 , 1979 Nantucket Asylum Tour December 29 , 1985 N / A Crazy Nights Tour February 5 , 1988 N / A Hot in the Shade Tour July 27 , 1990 Slaughter Alive / Worldwide Tour September 28 , 1996 The Verve Pipe Kiss Farewell Tour April 22 , 2000 Ted Nugent & Skid Row KoЯn Rock Is Dead Tour March 29 , 1999 Rob Zombie & Videodrone Sick and Twisted Tour April 15 , 2000 Staind & Mindless Self Indulgence Lauryn Hill -- April 26 , 2016 Gary Clark Jr . White Oak Lecrae Anomaly Tour November 20 , 2014 Andy Mineo & DJ Promote Special Events Led Zeppelin 1975 North American Tour January 29 , 1975 N / A Coliseum 1977 North American Tour May 31 , 1977 N / A Ledisi Turn Me Loose Tour February 12 , 2010 N / A Special Events B.G.T.Y. Tour June 30 , 2012 Eric Benét White Oak Lee Brice & Justin Moore Made in America Tour February 4 , 2017 William Michael Morgan Coliseum Lee Greenwood 2006 Tour April 29 , 2006 N / A War Memorial Lifehouse & Switchfoot Looking for Summer Tour August 22 , 2017 Brynn Elliott White Oak Lil Wayne I Am Music Tour December 29 , 2008 Keyshia Cole & T - Pain Coliseum I Am Music II Tour April 8 , 2011 Nicki Minaj , Travis Barker , Cory Gunz & Birdman Linkin Park Meteora Tour March 2 , 2004 P.O.D. , Hoobastank & Story of the Year Little Anthony and the Imperials 2009 Tour September 5 , 2009 Deniece Williams Special Events Little Big Town Pain Killer Tour October 15 , 2015 Drake White & The Big Fire Coliseum Little Feat Let It Roll Tour November 26 , 1988 Colin James War Memorial Live Songs from Black Mountain Tour October 14 , 2007 N / A Coliseum Loggins and Messina So Fine Tour July 2 , 1975 N / A Loretta Lynn 2011 Tour February 11 , 2011 Sonia Leigh War Memorial 2013 Tour May 10 , 2013 N / A Lorrie Morgan Show Me How Tour September 17 , 2004 N / A The Lox We Are the Streets Tour March 16 , 2000 DMX , Juvenile , Lil Wayne & Eve Coliseum Luke Bryan CMT on Tour October 14 , 2011 Josh Kelley , Josh Thompson & Matt Mason White Oak That 's My Kind of Night Tour February 17 , 2014 Lee Brice & Kelleigh Bannen Coliseum Lyle Lovett It 's Not Big It 's Large Tour October 17 , 2008 John Hiatt War Memorial Release Me Tour November 16 , 2012 N / A Lynyrd Skynyrd Nuthin ' Fancy Tour June 28 , 1975 N / A Coliseum Street Survivors Tour May 13 , 1977 Mandisa Freedom Tour November 6 , 2009 N / A War Memorial November 7 , 2009 Mannheim Steamroller A Candlelight Christmas Tour March 19 , 2008 N / A 2010 Christmas Tour November 22 , 2010 N / A Marco Antonio Solís Yla Historia Continúa Tour September 3 , 2017 Jesse and Joy Coliseum Marilyn Manson Guns , God and Government Tour November 13 , 2000 gODHEAD & The Union Underground War Memorial Martina McBride Shine All Night Tour April 30 , 2010 Blake Shelton & The Lost Trailers Coliseum Mary J. Blige The Mary Show Tour July 28 , 2000 Carl Thomas & Jagged Edge War Memorial Matchbox 20 Mad Season Tour September 20 , 2000 The Jayhawks Coliseum Maxwell Maxwell 08 Tour November 14 , 2008 Jazmine Sullivan War Memorial 2010 Tour June 28 , 2010 Melanie Fiona Maze 1982 Tour January 2 , 1982 L.T.D. 2001 Tour November 9 , 2001 Gerald Levert Special Events 2011 Tour June 25 , 2011 Mint Condition White Oak MegaGate Festival -- September 1 , 2012 N / A September 2 , 2012 MercyMe Undone Tour April 22 , 2005 Jeremy Camp , The Afters & Monk & Neagle Special Events Merle Haggard & The Strangers Working in Tennessee Tour April 14 , 2012 N / A War Memorial Metallica Damaged Justice Tour February 19 , 1989 Queensrÿche Coliseum Wherever We May Roam Tour March 26 , 1992 Metal Church Poor Touring Me Tour April 12 , 1997 Corrosion of Conformity Michael Bublé It 's Time Tour July 16 , 2005 N / A War Memorial Michael W. Smith Freedom Tour December 17 , 2000 Point of Grace & Anointed Miley Cyrus Best of Both Worlds Tour November 25 , 2007 Jonas Brothers Coliseum Wonder World Tour November 22 , 2009 Metro Station Mindless Behavior All Around the World Tour July 14 , 2013 OMG Girlz , Coco Jones & Joung Marqus Special Events Mint Condition -- July 30 , 2016 Big Daddy Cane White Oak Miranda Lambert On Fire Tour February 19 , 2012 Chris Young & Jerrod Niemann Coliseum Mitzi Gaynor 1982 Tour March 8 , 1982 N / A War Memorial Modest Mouse We Were Dead Before the Ship Even Sank Tour May 4 , 2007 Love as Laughter & Man Man Special Events The Monkees 1967 North American Tour July 12 , 1967 The Jimi Hendrix Experience Coliseum The Moody Blues Octave Tour November 15 , 1978 Jimmie Spheeris 1994 Tour March 17 , 1994 N / A Mötley Crüe Welcome to the Theatre of Pain Tour December 13 , 1985 N / A Girls , Girls , Girls Tour November 15 , 1987 Guns N ' Roses Mötley Crüe vs. The Earth Tour October 28 , 1997 N / A Red , White & Crüe Tour April 21 , 2005 N / A Farewell Tour October 22 , 2014 Alice Cooper Mott the Hoople Mott Tour October 21 , 1973 Aerosmith War Memorial Mountain Avalanche Tour June 21 , 1974 N / A Coliseum September 14 , 1974 Wet Willie My Morning Jacket Circuital Tour December 12 , 2011 Delta Spirit War Memorial NEEDTOBREATHE The Reckoning Tour September 13 , 2012 Parachute & Drew Holcomb and The Neighbors Neil Diamond Beautiful Noise Tour May 3 , 1977 N / A Coliseum You Do n't Bring Me Flowers Tour December 15 , 1978 N / A Heartlight Tour September 14 , 198 N / A New Edition 30th Anniversary Tour February 17 , 2012 N / A Newsboys Adoration Tour March 12 , 2005 N / A Special Events Join the Tribe Tour March 14 , 2009 DecembeRadio War Memorial Love Riot Tour October 11 , 2016 The Afters & Ryan Stevenson Coliseum Nick Lachey What 's Left of Me Tour October 14 , 2006 N / A War Memorial Nickel Creek Why Should the Fire Die ? Tour November 12 , 2005 Martin Sexton Nickelback Dark Horse Tour April 17 , 2010 Shinedown , Breaking Benjamin & Sick Puppies Coliseum Nine Inch Nails Lights in the Sky Tour November 3 , 2008 HEALTH NKOTBSB NKOTBSB Tour July 21 , 2011 Matthew Morrison Norah Jones Not Too Late Tour April 24 , 2007 M. Ward War Memorial * NSYNC No Strings Attached Tour May 16 , 2000 Sisqó & P ! nk Coliseum The O'Jays My Favorite Person Tour June 18 , 1982 Cameo , Atlantic Starr & One Way 2014 Tour September 5 , 2014 Calvin Richardson War Memorial The Oak Ridge Boys Bobbie Sue Tour February 19 , 1982 T.J. Sheppard Coliseum 2014 Tour March 28 , 2014 N / A War Memorial Old Crow Medicine Show & Brandi Carlile 2016 Tour Sampler May 7 , 2016 N / A White Oak Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark Crush Tour December 6 , 1985 Thompson Twins Coliseum The Osmonds 1971 North American Tour August 27 , 1971 N / A 1972 North American Tour July 19 , 1972 The Osmond Brothers Tour July 6 , 1982 One Way Rider Tour April 4 , 1984 April 5 , 1984 Ozzy Osbourne Diary of a Madman Tour April 30 , 1982 Magnum The Ultimate Sin Tour September 13 , 1986 Queensrÿche No Rest for the Wicked Tour November 22 , 1988 Anthrax Ozzmosis Tour May 17 , 1996 N / A Panic ! at the Disco Death of a Bachelor Tour April 11 , 2017 MisterWives & Saint Motel Parliament - Funkadelic 1976 Tour November 21 , 1976 N / A 1979 Tour February 9 , 1979 The Brides of Funkenstein Passion Pit Campus Consciousness Tour October 30 , 2010 Black Joe Lewis & the Honeybears Pat Benatar Get Nervous Tour February 13 , 1983 N / A Polyamnesia Off the Rock Tour June 16 , 2006 N / A War Memorial Patti LaBelle 2014 Tour January 12 , 2014 N / A Paul McCartney Out There Tour October 30 , 2014 N / A Coliseum Pearl Jam Binaural Tour August 6 , 2000 Sonic Youth & Lukin Peter Frampton I 'm in You Tour August 29 , 1977 N / A Where I Should Be Tour August 8 , 1979 N / A 2012 Tour August 10 , 2012 N / A War Memorial Phil Collins The No Jacket Required World Tour May 22 , 1985 N / A Coliseum Phish Round Room Tour March 1 , 2003 N / A Pixies 2011 Tour November 18 , 2011 N / A War Memorial Poco Rose of Cimarron Tour July 17 , 1976 The Stills -- Young Band The Police Ghost in the Machine Tour January 26 , 1982 The Go - Go 's & Joan Jett and the Blackhearts Coliseum Synchronicity Tour February 10 , 1984 N / A February 11 , 1984 Poison Power to the People Tour September 1 , 2000 Dokken , Cinderella & Slaughter Special Events Harder , Louder , Faster Tour August 1 , 2003 Skid Row & Vince Neil Band Coliseum Prince & The Revolution 1999 Tour February 4 , 1983 The Time & Vanity 6 Purple Rain Tour November 14 , 1984 Sheila E . November 15 , 1984 November 16 , 1984 Lovesexy Tour October 16 , 1988 N / A Prince & The New Power Generation Jam of the Year Tour November 8 , 1997 N / A Welcome 2 March 26 , 2011 Chaka Khan Queen The Game Tour August 14 , 1980 Dakota Queensrÿche Building Empires Tour July 13 , 1991 N / A R. Kelly TP-2.com Tour August 9 , 2001 Sunshine Anderson & Syleena Johnson Double Up Tour November 16 , 2007 Keyshia Cole & J. Holiday Special Events Ladies Make Some Noise Tour November 22 , 2009 Pleasure P Single Ladies Tour December 7 , 2012 Tamia War Memorial Rain : A Tribute to the Beatles 2009 Tour November 20 , 2009 N / A War Memorial November 21 , 2009 Randy Owen One on One Tour August 28 , 2008 David St. Romain Rascal Flatts Me and My Gang Tour February 24 , 2006 Blake Shelton & Jason Aldean Coliseum Changed Tour February 15 , 2013 The Band Perry & Kristen Kelly RatDog 2007 Tour March 24 , 2007 N / A War Memorial 2008 Tour November 16 , 2008 N / A Ratt Dancing Undercover Tour December 5 , 1986 Poison , Cinderella & Loudness Coliseum Ray LaMontagne The Ouroboros Tour August 9 , 2017 N / A White Oak Reba McEntire Starting Over Tour April 1 , 1996 N / A Coliseum What If It 's You Tour April 18 , 1997 Brooks & Dunn Rebirth Brass Band 2013 Tour March 10 , 2013 N / A White Oak Red Hot Chili Peppers I 'm with You World Tour April 9 , 2012 Santigold Coliseum REO Speedwagon Hi Infidelity Tour June 30 , 1981 N / A Good Trouble Tour August 1 , 1982 Survivor Wheels Are Turnin ' Tour March 1 , 1985 Life as We Know It Tour May 14 , 1987 Joan Jett & The Blackhearts R.E.M. Reckoning Tour July 27 , 1984 The Dream Syndicate War Memorial Green Tour November 10 , 1989 Pylon Coliseum Monster Tour November 11 , 1995 Luscious Jackson Rhett Akins 2004 Tour June 5 , 2004 N / A Rhythms of Triumph Concert -- January 30 , 2015 N / A Rick James Fire It Up Tour April 11 , 1980 Prince & Kleeer Street Songs Tour August 14 , 1981 Teena Marie & Cameo Throwin ' Down Tour July 31 , 1982 Dazz Band & One Day Rick Ross MMG Tour December 7 , 2012 Meek Mill & Wale Rick Springfield Success Has n't Spoiled Me Yet Tour May 22 , 1982 N / A Tao Tour July 14 , 1985 N / A Ricky Martin Livin ' la Vida Loca Tour June 13 , 2000 N / A Rihanna Loud Tour July 16 , 2011 J. Cole & CeeLo Green Robert Plant Now and Zen Tour July 19 , 1988 Cheap Trick Manic Nirvana Tour October 15 , 1990 The Black Crowes Robin Trower Band Long Misty Days Tour September 3 , 1976 N / A War Memorial In City Dreams Tour October 26 , 1977 Rock Allegiance Tour September 22 , 2013 Special Events Rod Stewart Footloose & Fancy Free Tour November 10 , 1977 N / A Coliseum Worth Leavin ' Home For Tour November 11 , 1981 Camouflage Tour October 2 , 1984 Out of Order Tour May 6 , 1989 Vagabond Heart Tour January 12 , 1992 When We Were the New Boys Tour March 13 , 1999 Live the Life Tour October 17 , 2013 Steve Winwood & Lucy Woodward Rodney Carrington 2010 Tour February 27 , 2010 N / A War Memorial 2013 Tour January 24 , 2013 N / A Roger Waters Us + Them Tour July 18 , 2017 N / A Coliseum The Rolling Stones 1965 North American Tour November 12 , 1965 N / A War Memorial 1975 Tour of the Americas July 31 , 1975 N / A Coliseum US Tour 1978 June 26 , 1978 Peter Tosh & Etta James Ronnie Milsap Keyed Up Tour November 19 , 1983 Barbara Mandrell & Ricky Skaggs Rush A Farewell to Kings Tour March 18 , 1978 Pat Travers Band & The Babys Hemispheres Tour April 14 , 1979 Molly Hatchet Moving Pictures Tour December 6 , 1981 Riot Signals Tour March 27 , 1983 Jon Butcher Axis Power Windows Tour April 22 , 1986 Blue Öyster Cult Time Machine Tour April 2 , 2011 N / A Sade Sade Live September 10 , 2011 John Legend Santana Santana III Tour October 21 , 1971 N / A Caravanserai Tour March 5 , 1973 N / A Scorpions Love at First Sting Tour July 8 , 1984 Bon Jovi SCREAM SCREAM Tour August 2 , 2002 N / A August 29 , 2003 August 27 , 2005 November 24 , 2006 December 30 , 2011 Special Events SGA Homecoming Concert -- October 13 , 2001 N / A Coliseum Shania Twain Come On Over Tour November 20 , 1999 Shane Minor Skillet Comatose Tour May 2 , 2008 Thousand Foot Krutch War Memorial Slipknot All Hope Is Gone World Tour February 9 , 2009 Coheed and Cambria & Trivium Coliseum The Smashing Pumpkins Sacred & Profane Tour May 2 , 2000 N / A War Memorial Zeitgeist Tour November 8 , 2007 Explosions in the Sky Snoop Dogg Wellness Retreat Tour April 29 , 2017 Flatbush ZOMBiES & Berner White Oak Staind The Illusion of Progress Tour March 7 , 2008 Papa Roach Special Events The Statler Brothers 10th Anniversary Tour November 23 , 1980 Brenda Lee War Memorial The Legend Goes On Tour January 30 , 1982 Steely Dan Jamalot Ever After Tour August 4 , 2014 N / A Steve Martin & The Steep Canyon Rangers Love Has Come For You Tour May 31 , 2013 Edie Brickell Steven Curtis Chapman All I Really Want for Christmas Tour ' November 26 , 2005 MercyMe 2010 Tour November 13 , 2010 Sandi Patty & Get The Led Out Stevie Nicks The Wild Heart Tour July 10 , 1983 Joe Walsh Coliseum Stevie Nicks & Rod Stewart Heart & Soul Tour August 1 , 2012 N / A Stevie Ray Vaughan & Double Trouble Could n't Stand the Weather Tour August 9 , 1984 Huey Lewis and the News Sting Brand New Day Tour May 8 , 2001 Jill Scott & Dominic Miller Stone Temple Pilots 2009 Tour October 7 , 2009 Jet Special Events Straight No Chaser Double Feature Tour July 29 , 2017 Postmodern Jukebox & Jon McLaughlin White Oak Styx Equinox Tour January 18 , 1976 N / A War Memorial The Grand Illusion Tour March 12 , 1978 N / A Coliseum Pieces of Eight Tour January 12 , 1979 Cindy Bullens Paradise Theater Tour April 11 , 1981 N / A Kilroy Was Here Tour June 3 , 1983 N / A Brave New World Tour August 12 , 1999 N / A November 29 , 2000 REO Speedwagon & Survivor Sugar Ray , Smash Mouth & Gin Blossoms Under the Sun Tour August 8 , 2013 Vertical Horizon & Fastball White Oak Summer 17 Throwback Party -- September 9 , 2017 N / A Superchick ShoutFest Tour June 11 , 2007 N / A Coliseum Switchfoot Nothing Is Sound Tour April 2 , 2006 Eisley & Reeve Oliver War Memorial Tank War Machine Tour July 24 , 2010 N / A Special Events Taylor Swift Fearless Tour June 12 , 2009 Kellie Pickler & Gloriana Coliseum Speak Now World Tour June 30 , 2011 NEEDTOBREATHE & James Wesley The Red Tour September 12 , 2013 Ed Sheeran & Casey James The 1989 World Tour October 21 , 2015 Vance Joy Miranda Lambert ( surprise guest ) Ted Nugent Cat Scratch Fever Tour February 2 , 1978 Sammy Hagar & Golden Earring Teddy Pendergrass Teddy Tour July 13 , 1979 Alton McClain and Destiny The Temptations 2003 Tour October 10 , 2003 N / A War Memorial 2007 Tour March 8 , 2007 Four Tops The Ten Tenors Here 's to the Heroes Tour November 9 , 2007 N / A November 10 , 2007 Three Days Grace One - X Tour March 7 , 2008 Seether & Breaking Benjamin Coliseum Three Dog Night Harmony Tour March 12 , 1972 N / A Third Day Come Together Tour February 15 , 2002 Bebo Norman & Paul Colman Trio War Memorial Wherever You Are Tour April 15 , 2006 David Crowder Band Special Events Make Your Move Tour May 13 , 2011 Tenth Avenue North & Trevor Morgan Miracle Tour April 20 , 2013 Colton Dixon & Josh Wilson Third Eye Blind Third Eye Blind Tour July 30 , 1998 Our Lady Peace & Eve 6 War Memorial Thousand Foot Krutch Welcome to the Masquerade Tour March 20 , 2010 Building 429 Special Events T.I. & Ciara Screamfest ' 07 Tour August 25 , 2007 T - Pain & Yung Joc Coliseum T.I. & J. Cole 2013 Tour November 2 , 2013 Kelly Rowland & Juicy J Tim McGraw Live Like You Were Dying Tour September 9 , 2004 Big & Rich Tim McGraw & Faith Hill Soul2Soul Tour October 17 , 2000 The Warren Brothers Soul2Soul II Tour July 20 , 2007 Halfway to Hazard Soul2Soul : The World Tour October 14 , 2017 Steve Moakler Tina Turner Private Dancer Tour November 23 , 1985 N / A Twenty Four Seven Tour April 1 , 2000 Lionel Richie & Janice Robinson Tito El Bambino El Patrón Tour ' May 29 , 2010 N / A War Memorial tobyMac & The Diverse City Band Re : Mix Momentum Tour April 16 , 2004 Third Day & Warren Barfield Special Events Welcome to Diverse City Tour February 10 , 2005 Audio Adrenaline , Kutless & Hawk Nelson Awake Tonight Tour December 9 , 2010 Skillet Coliseum Todd Rundgren Liars Tour April 20 , 2005 Joe Jackson War Memorial Todd Snider 2000 Tour September 8 , 2000 N / A Tom Jones 1979 Tour May 18 , 1979 N / A Coliseum Toni Braxton & Kenny G An Evening with Toni Braxton & Kenny G February 21 , 1997 N / A Tony Bennett 2014 Tour April 24 , 2014 Antonia Bennett War Memorial Tori Amos Dew Drop Inn Tour August 22 , 1996 N / A On Scarlet 's Walk Tour February 26 , 2003 Ben Folds Coliseum Trans - Siberian Orchestra Christmas Eve and Other Stories November 20 , 2003 N / A War Memorial November 20 , 2004 November 19 , 2005 Coliseum November 15 , 2006 December 19 , 2007 November 21 , 2008 November 25 , 2009 December 8 , 2010 December 7 , 2011 The Lost Christmas Eve December 2 , 2012 November 24 , 2013 The Christmas Attic November 26 , 2014 The Ghosts of Christmas Eve November 21 , 2015 TSO East 3026 December 11 , 2016 Trey Songz Passion , Pain & Pleasure Tour September 3 , 2010 Monica War Memorial The Anticipation 2our March 4 , 2012 Big Sean Special Events Triad College Music Festival -- April 30 , 2010 N / A April 21 , 2012 April 30 , 2013 April 8 , 2014 Twenty One Pilots Emotional Roadshow World Tour February 25 , 2017 Judah and the Lion , Jon Bellion , & Travis Mendes Coliseum Union Station Lonely Runs Both Ways Tour February 2 , 2005 N / A War Memorial Uriah Heep Sweet Freedom Tour September 12 , 1973 Earth , Wind & Fire Coliseum Usher ' OMG Tour December 7 , 2010 Miguel & Trey Songz Van Halen Fair Warning Tour August 25 , 1981 N / A Hide Your Sheep Tour July 16 , 1982 After the Fire 1984 Tour February 3 , 1984 Autograph 1986 Tour May 16 , 1986 N / A OU812 Tour October 6 , 1988 N / A Van Halen Summer Tour 2004 June 11 , 2004 Silvertide 2007 -- 2008 North American Tour September 29 , 2007 Ky - Mani Marley A Different Kind of Truth Tour April 21 , 2012 Kool & the Gang Village People Cruisin ' Tour ' May 10 , 1979 Gloria Gaynor 2004 Tour June 4 , 2004 The Trammps featuring Earl Young & Evelyn King Special Events Vince Neil Band 2007 Tour August 18 , 2007 Quiet Riot & Slaughter `` Weird Al '' Yankovic Touring With Scissors Tour May 21 , 2000 N / A War Memorial The Mandatory World Tour June 18 , 2017 N / A White Oak Whitney Houston Moment of Truth World Tour August 9 , 1987 Kenny G Coliseum I 'm Your Baby Tonight World Tour June 16 , 1991 After 7 My Love Is Your Love World Tour June 16 , 1999 112 The Who 1975 North American Tour November 28 , 1975 Toots and the Maytals 1980 North American Tour July 13 , 1980 N / A Quadrophenia and More Tour November 9 , 2012 Vintage Trouble Wildfire Music Festival -- June 14 , 2014 N / A White Oak The Wiggles 2006 Tour August 26 , 2006 ( 2 shows ) N / A Coliseum Willie Nelson & Family The Sound in Your Mind Tour May 14 , 1976 Poco Stardust Tour May 11 , 1979 Leon Russell Somewhere Over the Rainbow Tour December 12 , 1981 N / A Willie and the Wheel Tour February 21 , 2009 Asleep at the Wheel War Memorial To All the Girls ... Tour May 10 , 2014 Union Station & The Devil Makes Three White Oak Winter Jam Tour Spectacular -- March 2 , 2003 N / A Coliseum January 9 , 2004 February 25 , 2006 February 18 , 2007 February 12 , 2008 February 21 , 2009 February 6 , 2010 February 5 , 2011 February 4 , 2012 February 16 , 2013 February 15 , 2014 February 14 , 2015 March 26 , 2017 Wiz Khalifa Rolling Paper Tour July 21 , 2011 Big Sean & Chevy Woods White Oak WJMH 102.1 JAMZ SuperJam June 20 , 1997 N / A Coliseum June 19 , 1998 June 22 , 2001 June 21 , 2002 June 27 , 2003 June 24 , 2005 June 30 , 2006 June 29 , 2007 June 27 , 2008 June 19 , 2009 13th Anniversary Jam January 29 , 2010 SuperJam June 25 , 2010 June 17 , 2011 June 29 , 2012 June 21 , 2013 June 27 , 2014 Yes Close to the Edge Tour November 12 , 1972 N / A Relayer Tour November 24 , 1974 N / A Tormato Tour September 14 , 1978 N / A 90125 Tour September 14 , 1984 N / A 35th Anniversary Tour April 27 , 2004 N / A North American `` Yestival '' Summer Tour August 4 , 2017 Todd Rundgren & Carl Palmer 's Elp Legacy White Oak Yolanda Adams Day by Day Tour February 13 , 2005 Sheila E . Special Events Yonder Mountain String Band 2005 Tour February 24 , 2005 N / A Zac Brown Band Uncaged Tour January 26 , 2013 Blackberry Smoke & Levi Lowrey Coliseum ZZ Top Rio Grande Mud Tour June 5 , 1972 N / A War Memorial Tres Hombres Tour July 27 , 1974 N / A Coliseum Worldwide Texas Tour February 10 , 1977 N / A Expect No Quarter Tour November 16 , 1980 N / A El Loco - Motion Tour January 15 , 1982 N / A XXX Tour September 22 , 1999 Lynyrd Skynyrd & Screamin ' Cheetah Wheelies Other events ( edit ) Entrance to coliseum before a sports event ( c. 2010 ) . The Coliseum has hosted many events over time , including Monster Jam , Arenacross , the PBR , High School Musical : The Concert , the Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus , and large - scale religious gatherings . It 's also located between and within an hour 's drive of North Carolina 's five largest cities : Charlotte , Raleigh , Greensboro , Winston - Salem , and Durham . Former North Carolina senator Kay Hagan held her Senate Victory Party at the Special Events Center on November 4 , 2008 . The Greensboro Coliseum has also hosted the National Figure Skating Championships twice . In addition , its neighboring auditorium and special events center have hosted concerts , trade shows , broadway theatre shows , and similar events . The auditorium , which was not included in the 1993 renovation of the complex , will soon be renovated to include a banquet hall . In 2002 , the 1st Annual King of the Concrete indoor go - kart race was held at this facility . In February 2016 , The Coliseum is scheduled to host the 2016 US Olympic Table Tennis Trials . Greensboro Coliseum has had a wide history with hosting professional wrestling going back to the territorial days of Jim Crockett Promotions . It has hosted a number of NWA and WCW events through the years , including the first 4 Starrcade events in 1983 , 1984 , 1985 , and 1986 , as well as the 1990 WrestleWar event . WWE has also held events at the Greensboro Coliseum , including Unforgiven : In Your House in 1998 , the 1999 King of the Ring and the 2001 Survivor Series when Team WWF defeated Team Alliance and Alliance disbanded forever . Most recently WWE revived the Starrcade event and held it at the Colosseum on November 25 , 2017 . See also ( edit ) List of contemporary amphitheatres List of indoor arenas by capacity List of NCAA Division I basketball arenas References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Community Development Project . `` Consumer Price Index ( estimate ) 1800 -- '' . Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` History '' . Greensboro Coliseum Complex . Archived from the original on 29 June 2011 . Retrieved 27 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 11 - 27 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Greensboro Coliseum reopens '' . Times - News . Hendersonville , North Carolina . 16 November 1993 . p. 2B . Retrieved 27 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Friedlander , Brett ( 28 December 1993 ) . `` ` REUNION ' GAME CREATED FOR RENOVATED COLISEUM '' . The Fayetteville Observer . Fayetteville , North Carolina . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` Council Fires Coliseum Contractor '' . The Mount Airy News . Mount Airy , North Carolina : Mount Airy Newspapers , Inc. 17 May 1994 . p. 3 . Retrieved 27 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` GREENSBORO OKS $2 MILLION MORE FOR COLISEUM '' . The Charlotte Observer . Charlotte , North Carolina : Knight Ridder . 23 November 1994 . p. 5C . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Spencer , Jasmine ( September 4 , 2014 ) . `` Final ceremony held for Greensboro War Memorial Auditorium '' . WGHP . Tribune Broadcasting . Retrieved April 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Greensboro Coliseum Complex Promoters ' Guide '' ( PDF ) . Greensboro Coliseum Complex Official Website . September 2016 . Retrieved April 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sink , Alice E. ( November 27 , 2012 ) . Growing Up in the Piedmont Triad : Boomer Memories from Krispy Kreme to Coca - Cola Parties . Stroud , England : The History Press . ISBN 1614238065 . Jump up ^ Waters , Roy ( 20 December 2010 ) . `` The Greensboro Coliseum , home of memories '' . The News Herald . Media General . Archived from the original on 29 January 2013 . Retrieved 27 June 2011 . Jump up ^ DeCwikiel - Kane , Dawn ( August 3 , 2014 ) . `` Tanger delay leads to musical chairs '' . News & Record . Jump up ^ Killian , Joe ( September 5 , 2014 ) . `` Premium parking to subsidize Tanger Center '' . News & Record . Jump up ^ DeCwikiel - Kane , Dawn ( September 4 , 2014 ) . `` Closing ceremony held for War Memorial Auditorium '' . News & Record . Jump up ^ DeCwikiel - Kane , Dawn ( September 11 , 2014 ) . `` End of an era : Items auctioned off at War Memorial Auditorium '' . News & Record . Jump up ^ `` About Us '' . Greensboro Coliseum Complex . Archived from the original on 2015 - 09 - 15 . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ Ingraham , Mac ( June 2 , 2011 ) . `` Coliseum Complex : Money Maker Or Taker For Greensboro ? '' . WFMY - TV . Gannett Company . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2011 . Retrieved June 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Ryan ( June 5 , 2011 ) . `` Greensboro 's First Outdoor Concert Venue Opens '' . WGHP . Local TV . Archived from the original on 27 June 2011 . Retrieved June 27 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Mills , Jeff ( October 25 , 2015 ) . `` Charlotte Hornets chose Greensboro for new D - League team '' . Greensboro News - Record . Jump up ^ Witt , Gerald . `` PIECE BY PIECE , IT 'S COMING TOGETHER '' . News & Record . Archived from the original on 27 June 2011 . Retrieved 27 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Greensboro OKs $18.8 M swim center '' . Triad Business Journal . Advance Publications . 16 December 2009 . Archived from the original on 27 June 2011 . Retrieved 27 June 2011 . Jump up ^ MyFox8 Web Staff ( 20 September 2010 ) . `` Greensboro to Host 2012 U.S. Masters Swimming Championships '' . WGHP . Local TV . Archived from the original on 29 June 2011 . Retrieved 27 June 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Booking '' . Greensboro Coliseum Complex . Archived from the original on 29 June 2011 . Retrieved 27 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Krywyj , Yvonne ( June 11 , 1997 ) . `` Advertising , early success key to NHL 's survival in Triangle '' . The Chronicle . Duke University . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2011 . Retrieved June 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Rangers cool off Hurricanes '' . Sun Journal . Lewiston , Maine : Sun Media Group . November 22 , 1997 . p . C3 . Retrieved June 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Greensboro hockey team terminated by league '' . Triad Business Journal . Advance Publications . July 21 , 2004 . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2011 . Retrieved June 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Facts & Figures '' . Greensboro Coliseum Complex . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2011 . Retrieved June 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ACC Announces Future Sites & Dates for Men 's & Women 's Basketball & Baseball Tournaments '' ( Press release ) . Atlantic Coast Conference . 17 May 2006 . Archived from the original on 29 June 2011 . Retrieved 27 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Daniels , Rob ( December 12 , 2008 ) . `` Coliseum to serve as home of UNCG men 's basketball '' . News & Record . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2011 . Retrieved June 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Rosner , Mark ( December 17 , 2010 ) . `` UT , N.C. coaches keen for a clash '' . Austin American - Statesman . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2011 . Retrieved June 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NAL Expansion Heads to North Carolina - Expansion Team in Carolina to be named Cobras '' . NationalArenaLeague.com . December 4 , 2017 . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 07 - 02 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : `` A&T Today '' ( PDF ) . Archive-staff.ncat.edu. 2001 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 09 - 28 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 13 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 07 - 29 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Supporters Line Up For Chance To See Obama '' . WXII . Hearst Television . March 28 , 2008 . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2011 . Retrieved June 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Baker , Mike ( November 30 , 2011 ) . `` Bill Clinton expects leaks to cause lost lives '' . The San Diego Union - Tribune . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2011 . 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Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 06 - 15 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 13 . 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when were seat belts required to be put in cars	State Type of law Date of first law Who is covered Base fine before fees Seat Belt Usage Alabama Primary Enforcement July 18 , 1991 Age 15 + in front seats $25 91.4 % Alaska Primary Enforcement September 12 , 1990 Age 16 + in all seats $15 ( $25 actual ) 86.8 % Arizona Secondary Enforcement January 1 , 1991 Age 8 + in front seats ; Age 8 -- 15 in all seats $10 ( $37.20 actual ) 81.8 % Arkansas Primary Enforcement July 15 , 1991 Age 15 + in front seats $25 78.3 % California Primary Enforcement January 1 , 1986 Age 16 + in all seats $20 ( $162 actual ) $50 second offense ( $190 actual ) 96.2 % Colorado Secondary Enforcement exception Mountain View where it is a primary violation July 1 , 1987 Age 16 + in front seats $71 82.9 % Connecticut Primary Enforcement January 1 , 1986 Age 7 + in front seats $92 88.2 % Delaware Primary Enforcement January 1 , 1992 Age 16 + in all seats $25 90.7 % District of Columbia Primary Enforcement December 12 , 1985 Age 16 + in all seats $50 92.3 % Florida Primary Enforcement July 1 , 1986 6 + years in front seat ; 6 through 17 years in all seats $30 ( $116 actual ) 87.4 % Georgia Primary Enforcement September 1 , 1988 Age 8 -- 17 in all seats ; Age 18 + in front seats $15 89.6 % Hawaii Primary Enforcement December 16 , 1985 Age 8 + in all seats $45 ( $112 actual ) 97.6 % Idaho Secondary Enforcement July 1 , 1986 Age 7 + in all seats $10 ( $51.50 actual ) 77.9 % Illinois Primary Enforcement January 1 , 1988 Age 16 + in all seats $25 ( $60 actual or $95 if choosing traffic school ) 92.6 % Indiana Primary Enforcement July 1 , 1987 Age 16 + in all seats $25 92.4 % Iowa Primary Enforcement July 1 , 1986 All ages in front seats ; under 18 in rear seats $25 ( $127.50 actual ) 93.1 % Kansas Primary Enforcement July 1 , 1986 Age 14 + in all seats $60 for age 14 - 17 ; $10 for 18 + 81.8 % Kentucky Primary Enforcement July 15 , 1994 Age 7 and younger and more than 57 inches in all seats ; 8 + in all seats $25 80.3 % Louisiana Primary Enforcement July 1 , 1986 Age 13 + in front seats $25 75.9 % Maine Primary Enforcement December 26 , 1995 Age 18 + in all seats $50 82.0 % Maryland Primary Enforcement July 1 , 1986 Age 16 + in all seats $83 94.7 % Massachusetts Secondary Enforcement February 1 , 1994 Age 13 + in all seats $25 73.7 % Michigan Primary Enforcement July 1 , 1985 Age 16 + in front seats $25 ( $65 actual ) 95.2 % Minnesota Primary Enforcement August 1 , 1986 7 and younger and more than 57 inches in all seats ; 8 + in all seats $25 + $75 fee 92.3 % Mississippi Primary Enforcement July 1 , 1994 Age 7 + in all seats $25 81.0 % Missouri Secondary Enforcement September 28 , 1985 Age 16 + in front seats ; age 8 - 15 in all seats $10 for age 16 + ; $50 for age 8 - 15 76.0 % Montana Secondary Enforcement October 1 , 1987 Age 6 + in all seats $20 78.9 % Nebraska Secondary Enforcement January 1 , 1993 Age 18 + in front seats $25 84.1 % Nevada Secondary Enforcement July 1 , 1987 Age 6 + in all seats $25 93.2 % New Hampshire None , Primary for children only No law Age 17 and under in all seats $50 72.2 % New Jersey Primary Enforcement March 1 , 1985 Age 8 + in all seats $46 per person 93.7 % New Mexico Primary Enforcement January 1 , 1986 Age 18 + in all seats $25 89.8 % New York Primary Enforcement December 1 , 1984 Age 16 + in front seats ; under 16 in all seats $50 ( $135 Actual after surcharges ) 89.8 % North Carolina Primary Enforcement , Secondary for Backseat October 1 , 1985 All ages in all seats $161 for front seat ; $10 for rear seat 89.7 % North Dakota Secondary Enforcement July 14 , 1994 Age 18 + in front seats ; under 18 in all seats $20 for age 18 + ; $25 + 1 point on license for under 18 74.8 % Ohio Secondary Enforcement May 6 , 1986 Age 15 + in front seat ; 8 -- 14 in all seats $30 for driver ; $20 for passenger 83.8 % Oklahoma Primary Enforcement February 1 , 1987 Age 13 + in front seats $20 85.9 % Oregon Primary Enforcement December 7 , 1990 All ages in all seats $130 97.0 % Pennsylvania Secondary Enforcement November 23 , 1987 Age 18 + in front seats ; age 8 - 17 in all seats $10 86.0 % Rhode Island Primary Enforcement June 18 , 1991 Age 8 + in all seats $75 78.0 % South Carolina Primary Enforcement July 1 , 1989 Age 6 + in all seats $25 85.4 % South Dakota Secondary Enforcement January 1 , 1995 Age 18 + in front seats $25 74.5 % Tennessee Primary Enforcement April 21 , 1986 Age 16 + in front seats $25 87.1 % Texas Primary Enforcement September 1 , 1985 Age 7 years and younger and 57 inches or taller in all seats ; age 8 + years in all seats $200 if under 17 ( driver ) ; $50 if over 15 ( driver or passenger ) 93.8 % Utah Primary Enforcement April 28 , 1986 All ages in all seats $45 89.0 % Vermont Secondary Enforcement January 1 , 1994 All ages in all seats $25 85.2 % Virginia Secondary Enforcement January 1 , 1988 All drivers ; age 18 + in front seats ; under 18 in all seats $25 80.5 % Washington Primary Enforcement June 11 , 1986 Age 8 + in all seats $124 97.6 % West Virginia Primary Enforcement September 1 , 1993 All ages in front seats ; 8 -- 17 in rear seats $25 82.1 % Wisconsin Primary Enforcement December 1 , 1987 Age 8 + in all seats $10 79.2 % Wyoming Secondary Enforcement June 8 , 1989 Age 9 + in all seats $25 for driver ; $10 for passenger 78.9 %		Seat belt laws in the United States	seat belt laws in the united states	Most seat belt laws in the United States are left to the states . However , the first seat belt law was a federal law , Title 49 of the United States Code , Chapter 301 , Motor Vehicle Safety Standard , which took effect on January 1 , 1968 , that required all vehicles ( except buses ) to be fitted with seat belts in all designated seating positions . This law has since been modified to require three - point seat belts in outboard - seating positions , and finally three - point seat belts in all seating positions . Initially , seat belt use was voluntary . New York was the first state to pass a law which required vehicle occupants to wear seat belts , a law that came into effect on December 1 , 1984 . Officer Nicholas Cimmino of the Westchester County Department of Public Safety wrote the nation 's first ticket for such violation .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Primary and secondary enforcement 2 Laws by state 3 Damages reduction 4 Effectiveness 5 See also 6 References Primary and secondary enforcement ( edit ) U.S. seatbelt laws may be subject to primary enforcement or secondary enforcement . Primary enforcement allows a police officer to stop and ticket a driver if he or she observes a violation . Secondary enforcement means that a police officer may only stop or cite a driver for a seatbelt violation if the driver committed another primary violation ( such as speeding , running a stop sign , etc . ) at the same time . New Hampshire is the only U.S. state that does not by law require adult drivers to wear safety belts while operating a motor vehicle . In 15 of the 50 states , the seat belt law is considered a secondary offense , which means that a police officer can not stop and ticket a driver for the sole offense of not wearing a seatbelt . ( One exception to this is Colorado , where children not properly restrained is a primary offense and brings a much larger fine . ) If a driver commits a primary violation ( e.g. , for speeding ) he may additionally be charged for not wearing a seatbelt . In most states the seat belt law was originally a secondary offense ; in many it was later changed to a primary offense : California was the first state to do this , in 1993 . Of the 30 with primary seat belt laws , all but 8 , Connecticut , Hawaii , Iowa , New Mexico , New York , North Carolina , Oregon , and Texas , originally had only secondary enforcement laws . Laws by state ( edit ) This table contains a brief summary of all seatbelt laws in the United States . This list includes only seatbelt laws , which often do not themselves apply to children ; however , all 50 states and the District of Columbia have separate child restraint laws . Keep in mind these fines are the base fines only . In many cases considerable extra fees such as the head injury fund and court security fees can mark up the fine to almost five times as much in some cases . These are also `` first offense '' fines ; a subsequent offense may be much higher . State Type of law Date of first law Who is covered Base fine before fees Seat Belt Usage Alabama Primary Enforcement July 18 , 1991 Age 15 + in front seats $25 91.4 % Alaska Primary Enforcement September 12 , 1990 Age 16 + in all seats $15 ( $25 actual ) 86.8 % Arizona Secondary Enforcement January 1 , 1991 Age 8 + in front seats ; Age 8 -- 15 in all seats $10 ( $37.20 actual ) 81.8 % Arkansas Primary Enforcement July 15 , 1991 Age 15 + in front seats $25 78.3 % California Primary Enforcement January 1 , 1986 Age 16 + in all seats $20 ( $162 actual ) $50 second offense ( $190 actual ) 96.2 % Colorado Secondary Enforcement exception Mountain View where it is a primary violation July 1 , 1987 Age 16 + in front seats $71 82.9 % Connecticut Primary Enforcement January 1 , 1986 Age 7 + in front seats $92 88.2 % Delaware Primary Enforcement January 1 , 1992 Age 16 + in all seats $25 90.7 % District of Columbia Primary Enforcement December 12 , 1985 Age 16 + in all seats $50 92.3 % Florida Primary Enforcement July 1 , 1986 6 + years in front seat ; 6 through 17 years in all seats $30 ( $116 actual ) 87.4 % Georgia Primary Enforcement September 1 , 1988 Age 8 -- 17 in all seats ; Age 18 + in front seats $15 89.6 % Hawaii Primary Enforcement December 16 , 1985 Age 8 + in all seats $45 ( $112 actual ) 97.6 % Idaho Secondary Enforcement July 1 , 1986 Age 7 + in all seats $10 ( $51.50 actual ) 77.9 % Illinois Primary Enforcement January 1 , 1988 Age 16 + in all seats $25 ( $60 actual or $95 if choosing traffic school ) 92.6 % Indiana Primary Enforcement July 1 , 1987 Age 16 + in all seats $25 92.4 % Iowa Primary Enforcement July 1 , 1986 All ages in front seats ; under 18 in rear seats $25 ( $127.50 actual ) 93.1 % Kansas Primary Enforcement July 1 , 1986 Age 14 + in all seats $60 for age 14 - 17 ; $10 for 18 + 81.8 % Kentucky Primary Enforcement July 15 , 1994 Age 7 and younger and more than 57 inches in all seats ; 8 + in all seats $25 80.3 % Louisiana Primary Enforcement July 1 , 1986 Age 13 + in front seats $25 75.9 % Maine Primary Enforcement December 26 , 1995 Age 18 + in all seats $50 82.0 % Maryland Primary Enforcement July 1 , 1986 Age 16 + in all seats $83 94.7 % Massachusetts Secondary Enforcement February 1 , 1994 Age 13 + in all seats $25 73.7 % Michigan Primary Enforcement July 1 , 1985 Age 16 + in front seats $25 ( $65 actual ) 95.2 % Minnesota Primary Enforcement August 1 , 1986 7 and younger and more than 57 inches in all seats ; 8 + in all seats $25 + $75 fee 92.3 % Mississippi Primary Enforcement July 1 , 1994 Age 7 + in all seats $25 81.0 % Missouri Secondary Enforcement September 28 , 1985 Age 16 + in front seats ; age 8 - 15 in all seats $10 for age 16 + ; $50 for age 8 - 15 76.0 % Montana Secondary Enforcement October 1 , 1987 Age 6 + in all seats $20 78.9 % Nebraska Secondary Enforcement January 1 , 1993 Age 18 + in front seats $25 84.1 % Nevada Secondary Enforcement July 1 , 1987 Age 6 + in all seats $25 93.2 % New Hampshire None , Primary for children only No law Age 17 and under in all seats $50 72.2 % New Jersey Primary Enforcement March 1 , 1985 Age 8 + in all seats $46 per person 93.7 % New Mexico Primary Enforcement January 1 , 1986 Age 18 + in all seats $25 89.8 % New York Primary Enforcement December 1 , 1984 Age 16 + in front seats ; under 16 in all seats $50 ( $135 Actual after surcharges ) 89.8 % North Carolina Primary Enforcement , Secondary for Backseat October 1 , 1985 All ages in all seats $161 for front seat ; $10 for rear seat 89.7 % North Dakota Secondary Enforcement July 14 , 1994 Age 18 + in front seats ; under 18 in all seats $20 for age 18 + ; $25 + 1 point on license for under 18 74.8 % Ohio Secondary Enforcement May 6 , 1986 Age 15 + in front seat ; 8 -- 14 in all seats $30 for driver ; $20 for passenger 83.8 % Oklahoma Primary Enforcement February 1 , 1987 Age 13 + in front seats $20 85.9 % Oregon Primary Enforcement December 7 , 1990 All ages in all seats $130 97.0 % Pennsylvania Secondary Enforcement November 23 , 1987 Age 18 + in front seats ; age 8 - 17 in all seats $10 86.0 % Rhode Island Primary Enforcement June 18 , 1991 Age 8 + in all seats $75 78.0 % South Carolina Primary Enforcement July 1 , 1989 Age 6 + in all seats $25 85.4 % South Dakota Secondary Enforcement January 1 , 1995 Age 18 + in front seats $25 74.5 % Tennessee Primary Enforcement April 21 , 1986 Age 16 + in front seats $25 87.1 % Texas Primary Enforcement September 1 , 1985 Age 7 years and younger and 57 inches or taller in all seats ; age 8 + years in all seats $200 if under 17 ( driver ) ; $50 if over 15 ( driver or passenger ) 93.8 % Utah Primary Enforcement April 28 , 1986 All ages in all seats $45 89.0 % Vermont Secondary Enforcement January 1 , 1994 All ages in all seats $25 85.2 % Virginia Secondary Enforcement January 1 , 1988 All drivers ; age 18 + in front seats ; under 18 in all seats $25 80.5 % Washington Primary Enforcement June 11 , 1986 Age 8 + in all seats $124 97.6 % West Virginia Primary Enforcement September 1 , 1993 All ages in front seats ; 8 -- 17 in rear seats $25 82.1 % Wisconsin Primary Enforcement December 1 , 1987 Age 8 + in all seats $10 79.2 % Wyoming Secondary Enforcement June 8 , 1989 Age 9 + in all seats $25 for driver ; $10 for passenger 78.9 % 1 Colorado and Missouri 's law is Secondary for adults but Primary for under the age of 16 . Idaho , North Dakota , Pennsylvania , Vermont and Virginia 's law is Secondary for adults but Primary for under 18 . Kansas , Maryland , and New Jersey , law is Secondary Enforcement for rear seat occupants ( 18 + in Kansas ) . These states assess points on one 's driving record for the seat belt violation . In California - An additional penalty of $24 shall be levied upon every $10 or fraction thereof , of every fine , penalty , or forfeiture imposed by and collected by the court for criminal offenses , including all traffic offenses , except parking offenses as defined in subdivision ( i ) of Penal Code § 1463 . The additional penalty is calculated as follows : State penalty required by PC 1464 $10 , County penalty required by GC 76000 ( e ) , $ 7 Court facilities construction penalty required by GC 70372 ( a ) , $ 3 DNA Identification Fund penalty required by GC 76104.6 and 76104.7 , $ 2 Emergency medical services penalty required by GC 76000.5 , $ 2 Penal Code § 1465.8 requires imposition of an additional fee of twenty dollars ( $20 ) for court security on every conviction for a criminal offense , including a traffic offense , except parking offenses as defined in Penal Code § 1463 , $20 Damages reduction ( edit ) A person involved in a car accident who was not using a seatbelt may be liable for damages far greater than if they had been using a seatbelt . However , when in court , most states protect motorists from having their damages reduced in a lawsuit due to the nonuse of a seatbelt , even if they were acting in violation of the law by not wearing the seatbelt . Currently , damages may be reduced for the nonuse of a seatbelt in 16 states : Alaska , Arizona , California , Colorado , Florida ( See F.S.A. 316.614 ( 10 ) ) , Iowa , Michigan , Missouri , Nebraska , New Jersey , New York , North Dakota , Ohio , Oregon , West Virginia , and Wisconsin . Effectiveness ( edit ) Seat belt laws are effective in reducing car crash deaths . One study found that mandatory - seatbelt laws reduced traffic fatalities by 8 % and serious traffic - related injuries by 9 % , respectively . Primary - seatbelt laws seem to be more effective at reducing crash deaths than secondary laws . See also ( edit ) Seat belt legislation Seat belt use rates in the United States Transportation safety in the United States References ( edit ) Jump up ^ US Department of Transportation National Highway Traffic Safety Administration ( January 1 , 1968 ) . `` Title 49 of the United States Code , Chapter 301 , Motor Vehicle Safety Standard No. 208 - Occupant Crash Protection Passenger Cars '' . Jump up ^ US Department of Transportation National Highway Traffic Safety Administration ( January 1 , 1968 ) . `` Title 49 of the United States Code , Chapter 301 , Motor Vehicle Safety Standard No. 208 - Occupant Crash Protection Passenger Cars '' . Jump up ^ Website of the Westchester County Department of Public Safety , retrieved February 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Safety belt use laws '' . Insurance Institute for Highway Safety . October 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Governors highway safety association '' . Ghsa.org . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Seat Belt Use in 2010 -- Use Rates in the States and Territories '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ 9News Jeremy Jojola on Denver Metro Speed Traps . 9News. 8 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Iowa Seat Belt Law Guide '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ MGL PartI TitleXIV Chapter90 Section13a See also : the child passenger restraint law Jump up ^ `` vehicle and traffic state mandated surcharges $85 for seatbelt '' . Horseheads.org . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Home GHSA '' . ghsa.org . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Child restraint / belt use laws '' . Iihs.org . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Alma ; Einav , Liran ( November 2003 ) . `` The Effects of Mandatory Seat Belt Laws on Driving Behavior and Traffic Fatalities '' . Review of Economics and Statistics . 85 ( 4 ) : 828 -- 843 . doi : 10.1162 / 003465303772815754 . Jump up ^ Carpenter , Christopher S. ; Stehr , Mark ( May 2008 ) . `` The effects of mandatory seatbelt laws on seatbelt use , motor vehicle fatalities , and crash - related injuries among youths '' . Journal of Health Economics . 27 ( 3 ) : 642 -- 662 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jhealeco. 2007.09. 010 . PMID 18242744 . Jump up ^ Lee , Lois K. ; Monuteaux , Michael C. ; Burghardt , Lindsey C. ; Fleegler , Eric W. ; Nigrovic , Lise E. ; Meehan , William P. ; Schutzman , Sara A. ; Mannix , Rebekah ( 4 August 2015 ) . `` Motor Vehicle Crash Fatalities in States With Primary Versus Secondary Seat Belt Laws '' . Annals of Internal Medicine . 163 ( 3 ) : 184 . doi : 10.7326 / M14 - 2368 . PMID 26098590 . Jump up ^ Rivara , FrederickP. ; Thompson , DianeC. ; Cummings , Peter ( January 1999 ) . `` Effectiveness of primary and secondary enforced seat belt laws '' . American Journal of Preventive Medicine . 16 ( 1 ) : 30 -- 39 . doi : 10.1016 / S0749 - 3797 ( 98 ) 00113 - 5 . 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which of the following amendments are the most critical under the ffdca			Federal Insecticide , Fungicide , and Rodenticide Act	federal insecticide, fungicide, and rodenticide act	The Federal Insecticide , Fungicide , and Rodenticide Act ( FIFRA ) is a United States federal law that set up the basic U.S. system of pesticide regulation to protect applicators , consumers , and the environment . It is administered and regulated by the United States Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) and the appropriate environmental agencies of the respective states . FIFRA has undergone several important amendments since its inception . A significant revision in 1972 by the Federal Environmental Pesticide Control Act ( FEPCA ) and several others have expanded EPA 's present authority to oversee the sales and use of pesticides with emphasis on the preservation of human health and protection of the environment by `` ( 1 ) strengthening the registration process by shifting the burden of proof to the chemical manufacturer , ( 2 ) enforcing compliance against banned and unregistered products , and ( 3 ) promulgating the regulatory framework missing from the original law '' .	Contents 1 History 2 Major code sections 3 Regulations 3.1 Import and export 4 Registration of pesticide products 4.1 Reregistration of pesticides 4.2 Fees 5 Regulated non-pesticidal products not requiring registration 6 Enforcement 6.1 Civil penalties 6.2 Federal / criminal penalties 7 Special review 8 Pesticides and endangered species 9 See also 10 References 11 External links History ( edit ) The Federal Insecticide Act ( FIA ) of 1910 was the first pesticide legislation enacted . This legislation ensured quality pesticides by protecting farmers and consumers from fraudulent and / or adulterated products by manufacturers and distributors . During World War II there was a marked increase in the pesticide market , as wartime research and development produced many chemicals with newly discovered insecticidal properties . Widespread usage of pesticides garnered much public and political support due to the resulting post war food surplus made possible by higher crop yield from significantly lower pest damage . Synthetic organic insecticide usage increased from 100 million pounds in 1945 to over 300 million pounds by 1950 . The Federal Insecticide Act of 1910 set standards for chemical quality and provided consumers protection but did not address the growing issue of potential environmental damage and biological health risks associated with such widespread use of insecticides . Congress passed the Federal Insecticide , Fungicide , and Rodenticide Act in 1947 to address some of the shortcomings of the Federal Insecticide Act . Congress enacted major revisions to FIFRA in 1972 with the Federal Environmental Pesticide Control Act ( FEPCA ) . The 1947 law assigned the United States Department of Agriculture responsibility for regulating pesticides . The 1972 amendment transferred this responsibility to the Environmental Protection Agency and shifted emphasis to protection of the environment and public health . In 1988 , Congress amended the pesticide registration provisions required re-registration of many pesticides that had been registered before 1984 . The act was amended again in 1996 by the Food Quality Protection Act . More recently the act was amended in 2012 by the Pesticide Registration Improvement Extension Act of 2012 . As of May 2007 , there are 28 listed restricted pesticides of different formulas and mixtures . Any area these pesticides are used or applied is considered a restricted area . Major code sections ( edit ) Table 2 . Major U.S. Code Sections of the Federal Insecticide , Fungicide , and Rodenticide Act ( codified generally as 7 U.S.C. 136 - 136y ) 7 U.S.C. Section Title FIFRA Short title and table of contents Section 1 136 Definitions Section 2 136a Registration of pesticides Section 3 136a - 1 Reregistration of registered pesticides Section 4 136c Experimental use permits Section 5 136d Administration review ; suspension Section 6 136e Registration of establishments Section 7 136f Books and records Section 8 136g Inspection of establishments Section 9 136h Protection of trade secrets and other information Section 10 136i Restricted use pesticides ; applicators Section 11 136j Unlawful acts Section 12 136k Stop sale , use , removal , and seizure Section 13 136l Penalties Section 14 136m Indemnities Section 15 136n Administrative procedure ; judicial review Section 16 136o Exemption of federal and state agencies Section 17 136p Exemption of federal and state agencies Section 18 136q Storage , disposal , transportation , and recall Section 19 136r Research and monitoring Section 20 136s Solicitation of comments ; notice of public hearings Section 21 136t Delegation and cooperation Section 22 136u State cooperation , aid , and training Section 23 136v Authority of states Section 24 136w Authority of Administrator Section 25 136w - 1 State primary enforcement responsibility Section 26 136w - 2 Failure by the state to assure enforcement of state pesticides use regulations Section 27 136w - 3 Identification of pests ; cooperation with Department of Agriculture 's program Section 28 136w - 4 Annual report Section 29 136w - 5 Minimum requirements for training of maintenance applicators and service technicians Section 30 136w - 6 Environmental Protection Agency minor use program Section 31 136w - 7 Department of Agriculture minor use program Section 32 136w - 8 Pesticide Registration Service Fees Section 33 136x Severability Section 34 136y Authorization of Appropriations Section 35 Note : This table shows only the major code sections . For more detail and to determine when a section was added , the reader should consult the official printed version of the U.S. Code . Regulations ( edit ) In order to be considered for use , pesticides had to undergo 120 tests with regards to safety and its actual effectiveness . Because of these rigorous test , only 1 in 139,000 actually make it through to be used in agriculture . FIFRA established a set of pesticide regulations : FIFRA established registration for all pesticides , which is only done after a period of data collection to determine the effectiveness for its intended use , appropriate dosage , and hazards of the particular material . When registered , a label is created to instruct the final user the proper usage of the material . If instructions are ignored , users are liable for any negative consequences . Label directions are designed to maximize the effectiveness of the product , while protecting the applicator , consumers , and the environment . Critics of the process point out on the one hand that the research to produce the label is entirely done by the manufacturer and not much checking is done on its accuracy . On the other hand , some consider the process too strict . It costs millions of dollars and often several years to register a pesticide , which limits production only to large players . Likewise many smaller or specialty uses are never registered , because the companies do not consider the potential sales sufficient to justify the investment . Only a few pesticides are made available to the general public . Most pesticides are considered too hazardous for general use , and are restricted to certified applicators . FIFRA established a system of examination and certification both at the private level and at the commercial level for applicators who wish to purchase and use restricted use pesticides . The distribution of restricted pesticides is also monitored . The EPA has different review processes for three categories of pesticides : antimicrobials , biopesticides , and conventional pesticides . The three categories have a similar application process , but have different data requirements and review policies . Depending on the category of pesticide , the review process can take several years . After a pesticide is registered with the EPA , there may be state registration requirements to consider . In addition to the rules and regulations given by the EPA , the states may also offer an additional set of rules and registration requirements for a registered pesticide . They can also request annual usage reports from the pesticide users . In addition to the FIFRA , the Pesticide Registration Improvement Act of 2003 amended the authorized fees for certain products , assessed the process of collecting maintenance fees , and decided on a review process for approving the pesticides . The Pesticide Registration Improvement Act of 2007 renewed these changes to stay in place until 2012 . The purpose of the PRIA is to ensure a smooth implementation of pesticide rules and regulations to its users . Import and export ( edit ) Pesticides intended for import into the U.S. require a complete Notice of Arrival ( NOA ) through U.S. Customs and Border Protection . If this NOA is not complete the product would not make it through customs . The NOA lists the identity of the product , the amount within the package , the date of arrival , and where it can be inspected . There are also other rules listed below : It must comply with standards set with the U.S. pesticide law The pesticide has to be registered with the EPA , except if it 's on the exemption list It can not be adulterated or violative There must be proper labeling The product must have been produced in an EPA registered establishment that files annually Pesticides intended for export to other parts of the world do not have a registration requirement under certain conditions . The conditions are as follows : The foreign purchaser has to submit a statement to the EPA stating it knows the product is not registered and ca n't be sold on U.S. soil . The pesticide must contain a label that `` Not Registered for Use in the United States '' The label requirements must be met and the label must contain the English language and the language of the receiving country ( ies ) . The pesticide must comply with all FIFRA establishment registration and reporting requirements It must comply with FIFRA record keeping requirements Note : An EPA registered establishment is one that produces pesticides , the active ingredients in pesticides , and devices for pesticide use and reports initial and annual production . On April 22 , 2016 , the Office of Inspector General issued a memorandum announcing its intent to begin preliminary research to assess the EPA 's inspections of , and enforcement against , illegal pesticide imports . The objective of this project is to `` determine whether the EPA 's Federal Insecticide , Fungicide , and Rodenticide Act ( FIFRA ) import inspection program is effectively deterring , identifying and confiscating illegal pesticide imports , to protect human health and the environment . '' Registration of pesticide products ( edit ) Before a company can register its pesticide products with the EPA , it must know what the EPA considers a pesticide under the law . According to section 2 ( u ) of FIFRA , 7 U.S.C. section 136 ( u ) , the term `` pesticide '' is defined as the following : any substance or mixture of substances intended for preventing , destroying , repelling , or mitigating any pest , any substance or mixture of substances intended for use as a plant regulator , defoliant , or desiccant , and any nitrogen stabilizer , except that the term `` pesticide '' shall not include any article that is a `` new animal drug '' within the meaning of section 321 ( w ) ( 1 ) of title 21 , that has been determined by the Secretary of Health and Human Services not to be a new animal drug by a regulation establishing conditions of use for the article , or that is an animal feed within the meaning of section 321 ( x ) ( 1 ) of title 21 bearing or containing a new animal drug . The term `` pesticide '' does not include liquid chemical sterilant products ( including any sterilant or subordinate disinfectant claims on such products ) for use on a critical or semi-critical device , as defined in section 321 of title 21 . For purposes of the preceding sentence , the term `` critical device '' includes any device which is introduced directly into the human body , either into or in contact with the bloodstream or normally sterile areas of the body and the term `` semi-critical device '' includes any device which contacts intact mucous membranes but which does not ordinarily penetrate the blood barrier or otherwise enter normally sterile areas of the body . An applicant will have to prove that the pesticide active ingredient , pesticide product , or proposed new use of a registered pesticide will not cause unreasonable adverse effects on human health and environment . An unreasonable adverse effect is `` ( 1 ) any risk that is unreasonable to man or the environment that takes social , economic , and environmental costs as well as benefits into consideration and ( 2 ) any dietary risk that could be the result of a pesticide used with any food lacking consistency with the standards listed under Section 408 of the Federal Food , Drug , and Cosmetic Act '' ( FDCA ) . The applicant must provide scientific data from any combinations of over 100 different tests conducted under EPA guidelines to assess these potential adverse short - term and long - term effects . Under Section 408 of the Federal Food , Drug , and Cosmetic Act ( FFDCA ) , the EPA can also regulate the amount of pesticide residues permissible on or in food / feed items , by establishing a `` safe '' level meaning there is `` a reasonable certainty of no harm '' from the exposure to the residue whether directly from the consumption of such food or from other non-occupational sources . For food crops , the EPA is required to establish a `` tolerance '' level , the maximum `` safe '' level of pesticide present on or in the particular food / feed commodity . The EPA may also choose to provide an exemption to the requirement of an established tolerance level , allowing any amount of a pesticide residue to remain on or in food or feed as long as the exemption meets FFDCA safety standards . Successfully registered pesticides must conform to approved uses and conditions of use , which the registrant must state on the label . Reregistration of pesticides ( edit ) A majority of older registered were required to be reregistered under guidelines set by Amendments in 1972 , 1988 , and 1996 ( Table1 ) in order to meet current health and safety standards , labeling requirements , and for risk regulation and moderation . The Food Quality Protection Act ( FQPA ) , amended FIFRA to require all older pesticides to cause no harm to infants , children , and sensitive individuals within `` reasonable certainty '' . Through the reregistration program , older pesticides are eligible for reregistration if they have a complete database and not cause unreasonable health and environmental risks if used as directed in accordance to their labels . FQPA also requires the EPA to review pesticides on a 15 - year cycle to ensure all pesticides meet contemporary safety and regulatory standards . Fees ( edit ) Initial and final fees for reregistration of food or feed use active ingredients are $50,000 and $100,000 - $150,000 , respectively . Reregistration fees for non-food use pesticides are $50,000 - $100,000 . Annual maintenance fees are also imposed : $425 per product up to fifty products and a maximum of $20,000 per company . For each product over fifty , the fee is $100 , for a maximum fee of $35,000 . Fees may be reduced or waived for small business registrants , public health pesticides , or minor use pesticides at the EPA 's discretion , and failure to pay reregistration fees or maintenance fees may result in cancellation of a product registration . Regulated non-pesticidal products not requiring registration ( edit ) Adjuvants are chemicals added to enhance the performance / efficacy and / or alter the physical properties of the pesticidal agents . More than 200 EPA registered pesticides recommends specific addition of one or more adjuvants into the pesticidal mixture to improve overall efficacy . Recognized as `` other ingredients '' , the EPA also establishes tolerance levels for adjuvants , but they are not required to be registered . Examples of adjuvants include : acidifying agents , buffering agents , anti-foam agents , defoaming agents , anti-transpirants , dyes and brighteners , compatibility agents , crop oil concentrates , oil surfactants , deposition agents , drift reduction agents , foam markers , feeding stimulants , herbicide safeners , spreaders , extenders , adhesive agents , suspension agents , gelling agents , synergists , wetting agents , emulsifiers , dispersing agents , penetrants , tank and equipment cleaners , neutralizers , water absorbents , and water softeners . Devices and instruments used to trap or kill pests or plant life , but not including equipment used to apply pesticides when sold separately , are also regulated but not required to be registered . Pesticide `` intermediates '' used in the synthesis or manufacture of the pesticide products may be regulated but are also not required to be registered with FIFRA . However , these pesticide intermediates may be regulated by the Toxic Substances Control Act of 1976 . Enforcement ( edit ) Under FIFRA no individual may sell , use , nor distribute a pesticide not registered with the United States Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) . A few exceptions allow a pesticide to be exempt from registration requirements . There must be a label on each pesticide describing , in detail , instructions for safe use . Under the act , the EPA must identify each pesticide as `` general use '' , `` restricted use '' , or both . `` General use '' labeled pesticides are available to anyone in the general public . Those labeled as `` restricted use '' require specific credentials and certifications through the EPA ( certified applicator ) . Although FIFRA is generally enforced by the EPA , Sections 23 , 24 , 26 and 27 extend primary enforcement authorities to the states . However , EPA authority always supersedes state authority , and primary state authority can be rescinded if the state fails to assure safe enforcement of pesticides usage . Section 9 authorizes inspection of pesticides in storage for sale or distribution . Under Section 13 , EPA may issue a Stop Sale , Use or Removal Order ( SSURO ) to prevent the sale or distribution of violative pesticides and for the authority to seize these pesticides . Section 15 provides indemnity payments for suspended or cancelled registrations . Section 16 allows for a judicial review process for individuals or entities affected by an EPA order or action . Section 14 establishes civil and federal penalties for violative acts . Some examples of these unlawful acts include : Distributing , selling , or delivering any unregistered pesticide . Making any advertising claim about a pesticide not included in the registration statement . Selling any registered pesticide if its content does not conform to label data . Falsification of any test - related information or the submission of any false data to support registration . Selling an adulterated or misbranded pesticide . Detaching , altering , defacing , or destroying any part of a container or label . Refusing to keep records or permit authorized EPA inspections . Making a guarantee other than that specified by the label . Advertising a restricted - use pesticide without giving the product classification . Making a restricted - use pesticide available to a non-certified applicator ( except as provided by law ) . Using a pesticide in any manner not consistent with the label . Civil penalties ( edit ) When determining civil penalties , the EPA would take into consideration the severity of infraction , effects of penalties , and size of business . Under Section 14 ( a ) ( 1 ) , commercial applicators , wholesalers , dealers , and retailers `` may be assessed a civil penalty ... of not more than $5,000 for each offense '' . Private applicators would be given a warning for the first offense , and a fine up to $1000 may be assessed for each subsequent violation . Federal / criminal penalties ( edit ) Violative acts are charged as misdemeanors and subject to fines and / or imprisonment . A private applicator is subject to $1000 and / or 30 days imprisonment . A commercial applicator is subject to $25,000 and / or up to one year imprisonment . A manufacturer or producer is subject to $50,000 and / or up to one year imprisonment . Special review ( edit ) FIFRA requires the EPA to continually monitor and update registered pesticides for any new information concerning their safety . Registrants are required to promptly report any new evidence of adverse side effects and to continually conduct studies to aid in risk assessments . If new information indicates adverse side effects , then EPA may conduct a special review to assess the risks and benefit of continued use of the suspect pesticide . With the completion of a special review , EPA may choose to amend or cancel the registration . Pesticides and endangered species ( edit ) The Endangered Species Act protects and promotes animal and plant recovery of ones in danger of extinction due to human activity . Under this act the EPA must also consider the dangers of animals and plants when registering a new pesticide . The pesticide must not harm the listed endangered and threatened animals and habitats . To be sure this program is implemented , some labels will direct users of the pesticides to bulletins with specific information regarding use . The protection program has 2 main goals : ( 1 ) provide the best protection of endangered species from pesticides and ( 2 ) minimize the impact of the program on pesticide users . To protect the endangered species with the EPA program , the following was implemented : sound science is used to assess risk to the listed species there is an attempt at finding means to avoid concerns of listed species When concerns of the listed species are n't avoidable , they consult with the Fish and Wildlife Services scientist Implement usage limitations when the Fish and Wildlife service express a potential adverse effect on a particular species based on a biological opinion In order to implement the usage limitations mentioned above , the EPA will : add a generic label to the pesticide develop bulletins containing habitat location and pesticide use limitations distributing the bulletins containing this information to pesticide users providing a toll - free number for users to contact regarding information in bulletins and how to obtain one . See also ( edit ) Agriculture ministry Endangered Species Act Paris Green Pesticide Pesticide misuse Restricted pesticides References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Federal Environmental Pesticide Control Act , Pub. L. 92 -- 516 . Approved 1972 - 10 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : U.S Environmental Protection Agency . `` Federal Insecticide , Fungicide , and Rodenticide Act ( FIFRA ) '' . Retrieved 10 March 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Schierow , Linda - Jo ( 1 February 2012 ) . `` Pesticide Law : A Summary of the Statutes '' ( PDF ) . p. 6 . Retrieved 8 March 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Finegan , Pamela ( 1 April 1989 ) . `` FIFRA Lite : A Regulatory Solution or Part of the Pesticide Problem ? '' . Pace Environmental Law Review . 6 ( 2 ) : 623 . Retrieved 12 March 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Toth , Stephen . `` Federal Pesticide Laws and Regulations '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 12 March 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Schierow , Linda - Jo. `` Federal Insecticide , Fungicide , and Rodenticide Act '' . Retrieved 12 March 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Willson , Harold R ( February 23 , 1996 ) , `` Pesticide Regulations '' Archived 2011 - 06 - 17 at the Wayback Machine ... IPM World Textbook . University of Minnesota . Retrieved on 2007 - 10 - 15 . Jump up ^ Food Quality Protection Act , Pub. L. 104 -- 170 . Approved 1996 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ Pesticide Registration Improvement Extension Act of 2012 , Pub. L. 112 -- 177 . Approved 2012 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` TITLE 7 - AGRICULTURE CHAPTER 6 -- INSECTICIDES AND ENVIRONMENTAL PESTICIDE CONTROL '' ( PDF ) . Cornell University Law School - Legal Information Institute . Retrieved 20 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Lisa M. ; Burchi , Lisa R. ( 6 May 2016 ) . `` U.S. EPA OIG to Review EPA 's Inspections and Enforcement Actions Related to Illegal Pesticide Imports '' . The National Law Review . Bergeson & Campbell , P.C . Retrieved 22 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Evaluation of EPA 's Pesticide Import Inspections Project No . OPE - FY16 - 00 25 '' ( PDF ) . The Office of Inspector General ( OIG ) for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) . 22 April 2016 . Retrieved 22 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 7 USC § 136 - Definitions '' . 7 USC Chapter 6 - INSECTICIDES AND ENVIRONMENTAL PESTICIDE CONTROL . Cornell University Law School - Legal Information Institute . Retrieved 31 March 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chapter 1 - Overview of Requirements for Pesticide Registration and Registrant Obligations '' . Chapter 1 - Overview of Requirements for Pesticide Registration and Registrant Obligations . Retrieved 1 April 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Utah Department of Agriculture and Food . `` Federal Pesticide Laws '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 01 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Hock , Winand K. `` Horticultural Spray Adjuvants '' ( PDF ) . Publications Distribution Center , The Pennsylvania State University . Retrieved 1 April 2012 . External links ( edit ) EPA summary of FIFRA laws concerning pesticides EPA summary on regulating pesticides EPA Pesticide Product Label System Copies of the labels of most pesticides registered in the USA can be obtained at Crop Data Management Systems , Inc . Environmental Resource Center for Higher Education Pesticide Use and Water Quality : Are the Laws Complementary or in Conflict Pesticide regulation in the United States History DDT in the United States Agencies California Department of Pesticide Regulation United States Environmental Protection Agency Regulations Delaney clause Federal Insecticide , Fungicide , and Rodenticide Act Good Laboratory Practice Maintenance fee Pesticide misuse Restricted use pesticide Toxicity category rating Worker Protection Standard Programs Inter-Regional Research Project Number 4 National Pesticide Information Center SENSOR - Pesticides Related topics Industrial Bio-Test Laboratories Pesticides in the United States Toxicity Class Categorical index United States environmental law Supreme Court decisions Missouri v. Holland ( 1920 ) Sierra Club v. Morton ( 1972 ) United States v. SCRAP ( 1973 ) Tennessee Valley Authority v. Hill ( 1978 ) Vermont Yankee v. NRDC ( 1978 ) Hughes v. Oklahoma ( 1979 ) Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife ( 1992 ) United States v. Bestfoods ( 1998 ) Friends of the Earth v. Laidlaw Environmental Services ( 2000 ) SWANCC v. Army Corps of Engineers ( 2001 ) Department of Transportation v. Public Citizen ( 2004 ) Rapanos v. United States ( 2006 ) Massachusetts v. EPA ( 2007 ) National Ass'n of Home Builders v. Defenders of Wildlife ( 2007 ) Coeur Alaska , Inc. v. Southeast Alaska Conservation Council ( 2009 ) Major federal legislation and treaties Rivers and Harbors Act ( 1899 ) Lacey Act ( 1900 ) Weeks Act ( 1911 ) North Pacific Fur Seal Convention of 1911 ( 1911 ) Migratory Bird Treaty Act ( 1918 ) Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act ( 1934 ) Watershed Protection and Flood Prevention Act ( 1954 ) Clean Air Act ( 1963 , 1970 ) National Environmental Policy Act ( 1970 ) Clean Water Act ( 1972 ) Federal Insecticide , Fungicide , and Rodenticide Act ( 1972 ) Noise Control Act ( 1972 ) Endangered Species Act ( 1973 ) Safe Drinking Water Act ( 1974 ) Resource Conservation and Recovery Act ( 1976 ) Toxic Substances Control Act ( 1976 ) Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act ( 1977 ) CERCLA ( Superfund ) ( 1980 ) Emergency Planning and Community Right - to - Know Act ( 1986 ) Emergency Wetlands Resources Act ( 1986 ) Frank R. Lautenberg Chemical Safety for the 21st Century Act ( 2016 ) Federal agencies Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry Council on Environmental Quality Office of Surface Mining United States Environmental Protection Agency United States Fish and Wildlife Service Regulations and concepts Best available technology Citizen suit Discharge Monitoring Report Effluent guidelines Environmental crime Environmental impact statement Environmental justice National Ambient Air Quality Standards National Priorities List New Source Performance Standard Not - To - Exceed ( NTE ) Right to know Total maximum daily load Toxicity category rating Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Federal_Insecticide,_Fungicide,_and_Rodenticide_Act&oldid=849298078 '' Categories : 1972 in law 92nd United States Congress United States federal environmental legislation History of agriculture in the United States 1972 in the environment Pesticide regulation in the United States Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 8 July 2018 , at 00 : 55 ( UTC ) . 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when did lord of the flies became popular			Lord of the Flies	lord of the flies	Lord of the Flies is a 1954 novel by Nobel Prize - winning British author William Golding . The book focuses on a group of British boys stranded on an uninhabited island and their disastrous attempt to govern themselves .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Plot 3 Themes 4 Reception 5 In other media 5.1 Film 5.2 Stage 5.3 Radio 6 Influence 6.1 Film 6.2 Literature 6.3 Music 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Background Published in 1954 , Lord of the Flies was Golding 's first novel . Although it was not a great success at the time -- selling fewer than three thousand copies in the United States during 1955 before going out of print -- it soon went on to become a best - seller . It has been adapted to film twice in English , in 1963 by Peter Brook and 1990 by Harry Hook , and once in Filipino ( 1975 ) . The book takes place in the midst of an unspecified nuclear war . Some of the marooned characters are ordinary students , while others arrive as a musical choir under an established leader . With the exception of the choirboys , Sam , and Eric , they appear never to have encountered each other before . The book portrays their descent into savagery ; left to themselves on a paradisiacal island , far from modern civilization , the well - educated children regress to a primitive state . Golding wrote his book as a counterpoint to R.M. Ballantyne 's youth novel The Coral Island ( 1858 ) , and included specific references to it , such as the rescuing naval officer 's description of the children 's pursuit of Ralph as `` a jolly good show , like the Coral Island '' . Golding 's three central characters -- Ralph , Piggy and Jack -- have been interpreted as caricatures of Ballantyne 's Coral Island protagonists . Plot In the midst of a wartime evacuation , a British aeroplane crashes on or near an isolated island in a remote region of the Pacific Ocean . The only survivors are boys in their middle childhood or preadolescence . Two boys -- the fair - haired Ralph and an overweight , bespectacled boy nicknamed `` Piggy '' -- find a conch , which Ralph uses as a horn to convene all the survivors to one area . Ralph is optimistic , believing that grown - ups will come to rescue them but Piggy realizes the need to organize : ( `` put first things first and act proper '' ) . Because Ralph appears responsible for bringing all the survivors together , he immediately commands some authority over the other boys and is quickly elected their `` chief '' . He does not receive the votes of the members of a boys ' choir , led by the red - headed Jack Merridew , although he allows the choir boys to form a separate clique of hunters . Ralph establishes three primary policies : to have fun , to survive , and to constantly maintain a smoke signal that could alert passing ships to their presence on the island and thus rescue them . The boys establish a form of democracy by declaring that whoever holds the conch shall also be able to speak at their formal gatherings and receive the attentive silence of the larger group . Jack organises his choir into a hunting party responsible for discovering a food source . Ralph , Jack , and a quiet , dreamy boy named Simon soon form a loose triumvirate of leaders with Ralph as the ultimate authority . Upon inspection of the island , the three determine that it has fruit and wild pigs for food . The boys also use Piggy 's spectacles to create a fire . Though he is Ralph 's only real confidant , Piggy is quickly made into an outcast by his fellow `` biguns '' ( older boys ) and becomes an unwilling source of laughs for the other children while being hated by Jack . Simon , in addition to supervising the project of constructing shelters , feels an instinctive need to protect the `` littluns '' ( younger boys ) . The semblance of order quickly deteriorates as the majority of the boys turn idle ; they give little aid in building shelters , spend their time having fun and begin to develop paranoias about the island . The central paranoia refers to a supposed monster they call the `` beast '' , which they all slowly begin to believe exists on the island . Ralph insists that no such beast exists , but Jack , who has started a power struggle with Ralph , gains a level of control over the group by boldly promising to kill the creature . At one point , Jack summons all of his hunters to hunt down a wild pig , drawing away those assigned to maintain the signal fire . A ship travels by the island , but without the boys ' smoke signal to alert the ship 's crew , the vessel continues without stopping . Ralph angrily confronts Jack about his failure to maintain the signal ; in frustration Jack assaults Piggy , breaking his glasses . The boys subsequently enjoy their first feast . Angered by the failure of the boys to attract potential rescuers , Ralph considers relinquishing his position as leader , but is convinced not to do so by Piggy , who both understands Ralph 's importance and deeply fears what will become of him should Jack take total control . One night , an aerial battle occurs near the island while the boys sleep , during which a fighter pilot ejects from his plane and dies in the descent . His body drifts down to the island in his parachute ; both get tangled in a tree near the top of the mountain . Later on , while Jack continues to scheme against Ralph , the twins Sam and Eric , now assigned to the maintenance of the signal fire , see the corpse of the fighter pilot and his parachute in the dark . Mistaking the corpse for the beast , they run to the cluster of shelters that Ralph and Simon have erected to warn the others . This unexpected meeting again raises tensions between Jack and Ralph . Shortly thereafter , Jack decides to lead a party to the other side of the island , where a mountain of stones , later called Castle Rock , forms a place where he claims the beast resides . Only Ralph and a quiet suspicious boy , Roger , Jack 's closest supporter , agree to go ; Ralph turns back shortly before the other two boys but eventually all three see the parachutist , whose head rises via the wind . They then flee , now believing the beast is truly real . When they arrive at the shelters , Jack calls an assembly and tries to turn the others against Ralph , asking them to remove Ralph from his position . Receiving no support , Jack storms off alone to form his own tribe . Roger immediately sneaks off to join Jack , and slowly an increasing amount of older boys abandon Ralph to join Jack 's tribe . Jack 's tribe continues to lure recruits from the main group by promising feasts of cooked pig . The members begin to paint their faces and enact bizarre rites , including sacrifices to the beast . One night , Ralph and Piggy decide to go to one of Jack 's feasts . Simon , who faints frequently and is likely an epileptic , has a secret hideaway where he goes to be alone . One day while he is there , Jack and his followers erect a faux sacrifice to the beast nearby : a pig 's head , mounted on a sharpened stick and soon swarming with scavenging flies . Simon conducts an imaginary dialogue with the head , which he dubs the `` Lord of the Flies '' . The head mocks Simon 's notion that the beast is a real entity , `` something you could hunt and kill '' , and reveals the truth : they , the boys , are the beast ; it is inside them all . The Lord of the Flies also warns Simon that he is in danger , because he represents the soul of man , and predicts that the others will kill him . Simon climbs the mountain alone and discovers that the `` beast '' is the dead parachutist . He rushes down to tell the other boys , who are engaged in a ritual dance . The frenzied boys mistake Simon for the beast , attack him , and beat him to death . Both Ralph and Piggy participate in the melee , and they become deeply disturbed by their actions after returning from Castle Rock . Jack and his rebel band decide that the real symbol of power on the island is not the conch , but Piggy 's glasses -- the only means the boys have of starting a fire . They raid Ralph 's camp , confiscate the glasses , and return to their abode on Castle Rock . Ralph , now deserted by most of his supporters , journeys to Castle Rock to confront Jack and secure the glasses . Taking the conch and accompanied only by Piggy , Sam , and Eric , Ralph finds the tribe and demands that they return the valuable object . Confirming their total rejection of Ralph 's authority , the tribe capture and bind the twins under Jack 's command . Ralph and Jack engage in a fight which neither wins before Piggy tries once more to address the tribe . Any sense of order or safety is permanently eroded when Roger , now sadistic , deliberately drops a boulder from his vantage point above , killing Piggy and shattering the conch . Ralph manages to escape , but Sam and Eric are tortured by Roger until they agree to join Jack 's tribe . Ralph secretly confronts Sam and Eric , who warn him that Jack and Roger hate him and that Roger has sharpened a stick at both ends , implying the tribe intends to hunt him like a pig and behead him . The following morning , Jack orders his tribe to begin a hunt for Ralph . Jack 's savages set fire to the forest while Ralph desperately weighs his options for survival . Following a long chase , most of the island is consumed in flames . With the hunters closely behind him , Ralph trips and falls . He looks up at a uniformed adult -- a British naval officer whose party has landed from a passing warship to investigate the fire . Ralph bursts into tears over the death of Piggy and the `` end of innocence '' . Jack and the other children , filthy and unkempt , also revert to their true ages and erupt into sobs . The officer expresses his disappointment at seeing British boys exhibiting such feral , warlike behaviour before turning to stare awkwardly at his own warship . Themes At an allegorical level , the central theme is the conflicting human impulses toward civilization and social organization -- living by rules , peacefully and in harmony -- and toward the will to power . Themes include the tension between groupthink and individuality , between rational and emotional reactions , and between morality and immorality . How these play out , and how different people feel the influences of these form a major subtext of Lord of the Flies . The name `` Lord of the Flies '' is a literal translation of Beelzebub , from 2 Kings 1 : 2 -- 3 , 6 , 16 . Reception Its stances on the already controversial subjects of human nature and individual welfare versus the common good earned it position 68 on the American Library Association 's list of the 100 most frequently challenged books of 1900 -- 1999 . It was awarded a place on both lists of Modern Library 100 Best Novels , reaching number 41 on the editor 's list , and 25 on the reader 's list . In 2003 , the novel was listed at number 70 on the BBC 's survey The Big Read . In 2005 the novel was chosen by TIME magazine as one of the 100 best English - language novels from 1923 to 2005 . In other media Film There have been three film adaptations based on the book : Lord of the Flies ( 1963 ) , directed by Peter Brook Alkitrang dugo ( 1975 ) , a Filipino film , directed by Lupita A. Concio Lord of the Flies ( 1990 ) , directed by Harry Hook A fourth adaptation , to feature an all - female cast , was announced by Warner Bros. in August 2017 . Scott McGehee and David Siegel were slated to write and direct . Stage Nigel Williams adapted the text for the stage . It was debuted by the Royal Shakespeare Company in July 1996 . The Pilot Theatre Company has toured it extensively in the United Kingdom and elsewhere . In October 2014 it was announced that the 2011 production of Lord of the Flies would return to conclude the 2015 season at the Regent 's Park Open Air Theatre ahead of a major UK tour . The production is to be directed by the Artistic Director Timothy Sheader who won the 2014 Whatsonstage.com Awards Best Play Revival for To Kill A Mockingbird . Radio In June 2013 , BBC Radio 4 Extra broadcast a dramatization by Judith Adams in four 30 - minute episodes directed by Sasha Yevtushenko . The cast included Ruth Wilson as `` The Narrator '' , Finn Bennett as `` Ralph '' , Richard Linnel as `` Jack '' , Caspar Hilton - Hilley as `` Piggy '' and Jack Caine as `` Simon '' . Fire on the Mountain Painted Faces Beast from the Air Gift for Darkness Influence This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( April 2015 ) Many writers have borrowed plot elements from Lord of the Flies . By the early 1960s , it was required reading in many schools and colleges . Film Stephen King 's fictional town of Castle Rock , inspired by the fictional mountain fort of the same name in Lord of the Flies , in turn inspired the name of Rob Reiner 's production company , Castle Rock Entertainment , which produced the film Lord of the Flies ( 1990 ) . Literature Stephen King got the name Castle Rock from the fictional mountain fort of the same name in Lord of the Flies and used the name to refer to a fictional town that has appeared in a number of his novels . The book itself appears prominently in his novels Hearts in Atlantis ( 1999 ) , Misery ( 1987 ) , and Cujo ( 1981 ) . Stephen King wrote an introduction for a new edition of Lord of the Flies ( 2011 ) to mark the centenary of William Golding 's birth in 2011 . The novel Garden Lakes by Jaime Clarke is an homage to Lord of the Flies . Music The final song on U2 's debut album Boy ( 1980 ) takes its title , `` Shadows and Tall Trees '' , from Chapter 7 in the book . Iron Maiden wrote a song inspired by the book , included in their 1995 album The X Factor . Blues Traveler wrote a song called `` Justify the Thrill '' , in which a small part of the lyrics are in reference to the book : `` The pig 's head on a stick does grin . As we teeter on the brink . He 's singing you are all my children . My island 's bigger than you think . '' The Radiohead song `` The Daily Mail '' includes lyrics that make direct reference to the title of the novel . See also A High Wind in Jamaica Batavia ( ship ) `` Das Bus '' , an episode of The Simpsons with a similar plot Heart of Darkness ( 1899 ) , short novel by Joseph Conrad Island mentality State of nature The Cement Garden , a 1978 novel by Ian McEwan The Coral Island : A Tale of the Pacific Ocean ( 1858 ) , novel by R.M. Ballantyne with a similar premise but an opposite perspective Two Years ' Vacation ( 1888 ) , adventure novel by Jules Verne Robbers Cave Experiment References Jump up ^ `` Bound books -- a set on Flickr '' . Retrieved 10 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Weiskel , Portia Williams , ed. ( 2010 ) . `` Peter Edgerly Firchow Examines the Implausible Beginning and Ending of Lord of the Flies '' . William Golding 's Lord of the Flies . Bloom 's Guides . Infobase . ISBN 9781438135397 . Jump up ^ Kundu , Rama ( 2006 ) , New Perspectives on British Authors : From William Shakespeare to Graham Greene , Sarup & Sons , p. 219 , ISBN 978 - 81 - 7625 - 690 - 2 Jump up ^ Reiff , Raychel Haugrud ( 2010 ) , William Golding : Lord of the Flies , Marshall Cavendish , p. 93 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7614 - 4700 - 9 Jump up ^ Singh , Minnie ( 1997 ) , `` The Government of Boys : Golding 's Lord of the Flies and Ballantyne 's Coral Island '' , Children 's Literature , 25 : 205 -- 213 , doi : 10.1353 / chl. 0.0478 Jump up ^ Baker , James Rupert ; Ziegler , Arthur P. , eds. ( 1983 ) . William Golding 's Lord of the Flies . Penguin . p. xxi . Jump up ^ Rosenfield , Claire ( 1990 ) . `` Men of a Smaller Growth : A Psychological Analysis of William Golding 's Lord of the Flies '' . Contemporary Literary Criticism. 58 . Detroit , MI : Gale Research . pp. 93 -- 101 . Jump up ^ `` 100 most frequently challenged books : 1990 -- 1999 '' . American Library Association . 2009 . Retrieved 16 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Read - Top 100 Books '' . BBC . April 2003 . Retrieved 18 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Grossman , Lev ; Lacayo , Richard ( 6 October 2005 ) . `` ALL - TIME 100 Novels . Lord of the Flies ( 1955 ) , by William Golding '' . Time . ISSN 0040 - 781X . Retrieved 10 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Galuppo , Mia . `` Warner Bros. Plans Female - Led ' Lord of the Flies ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 31 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lord of the Flies , Open Air Theatre , Regent 's Park , review '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 26 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` William Golding - Lord of the Flies '' . BBC Radio 4 . Jump up ^ http://learning.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/08/05/teaching-the-lord-of-the-flies-with-the-new-york-times/?_r=0 ^ Jump up to : King , Stephen ( 2011 ) . `` Introduction by Stephen King '' . Faber and Faber . Retrieved 12 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Beahm , George ( 1992 ) . The Stephen King story ( Revised ed . ) . Kansas City : Andrews and McMeel . p. 120 . ISBN 0 - 8362 - 8004 - 0 . Castle Rock , which King in turn had got from Golding 's Lord of the Flies . Jump up ^ Liukkonen , Petri . `` Stephen King '' . Books and Writers ( kirjasto.sci.fi ) . Finland : Kuusankoski Public Library . Archived from the original on 23 March 2007 . Jump up ^ Bailie , Stuart ( 13 June 1992 ) . `` Rock and Roll Should Be This Big ! '' . NME . UK . Retrieved 28 November 2007 . Jump up ^ http://ilcala.blogspot.com/2013_08_01_archive.html Jump up ^ http://www.bluestraveler.net/music/song_display.php?song_id=94 Jump up ^ https://genius.com/1962012 Jump up ^ Cohen , David ( 2006 ) . The Simpsons The Complete Ninth Season DVD commentary for `` Das Bus '' ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox . Golding , William ( 1958 ) ( 1954 ) . Lord of the Flies ( Print ed . ) . Boston : Faber & Faber . External links Wikibooks has more on the topic of : Lord of the Flies Wikiquote has quotations related to : Lord of the Flies Chapter 1 : `` The Sound of the Shell '' of the novel Lord of the Flies by William Golding on eNotes Lord of the Flies student guide and teacher resources ; themes , quotes , characters , study questions Reading and teaching guide from Faber and Faber , the book 's UK publisher An interview with Judy Golding , the author 's daughter , in which she discusses the inspiration for the book , and the reasons for its enduring legacy William Golding official website run and administered by the William Golding Estate Works by William Golding Poems ( 1934 ) Lord of the Flies ( 1954 ) The Inheritors ( 1955 ) Pincher Martin ( 1956 ) The Brass Butterfly : a Play in Three Acts ( 1958 ) Free Fall ( 1959 ) The Spire ( 1964 ) The Hot Gates , and Other Occasional Pieces ( 1965 ) The Pyramid ( 1967 ) The Scorpion God : Three Short Novels ( 1971 ) Darkness Visible ( 1979 ) Rites of Passage ( 1980 ) A Moving Target ( 1982 ) Nobel Lecture , 7 December 1983 ( 1984 ) The Paper Men ( 1984 ) An Egyptian Journal ( 1985 ) Close Quarters ( 1987 ) Fire Down Below ( 1989 ) The Double Tongue ( 1995 ) William Golding 's Lord of the Flies Films Lord of the Flies ( 1963 ) Alkitrang dugo ( 1975 ) Lord of the Flies ( 1990 ) Other `` Lord of the Flies ( song ) Related `` Das Bus '' Exile BNF : cb11992683c ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lord_of_the_Flies&oldid=799642996 '' Categories : 1954 British novels Dystopian novels Allegory British novels adapted into films Novels by William Golding Debut novels British young adult novels Novels set on islands Castaways in fiction Faber and Faber books Uninhabited islands in fiction Novels set in Oceania Pigs in literature Novels about survival British adventure novels Hidden categories : All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from November 2014 Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Articles needing additional references from April 2015 All articles needing additional references Pages to import images to Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2013 Articles to be expanded from April 2015 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Official website not in Wikidata Use British English from May 2011 Use dmy dates from August 2016 Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Беларуская Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Кыргызча Latviešu Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 September 2017 , at 23 : 44 . 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what is the chip in the credit card for	EMV is a payment method based upon a technical standard for smart payment cards and for payment terminals and automated teller machines that can accept them . EMV cards are smart cards ( also called chip cards or IC cards ) that store their data on integrated circuits in addition to magnetic stripes ( for backward compatibility ) . These include cards that must be physically inserted ( or `` dipped '' ) into a reader and contactless cards that can be read over a short distance using near - field communication ( NFC ) technology . Payment cards that comply with the EMV standard are often called Chip and PIN or Chip and Signature cards , depending on the authentication methods employed by the card issuer .		EMV	emv		A credit card issued by Japan Airlines and Visa , showing the square , gold - plated contact pads for connecting to the chip . EMV is a payment method based upon a technical standard for smart payment cards and for payment terminals and automated teller machines that can accept them . EMV cards are smart cards ( also called chip cards or IC cards ) that store their data on integrated circuits in addition to magnetic stripes ( for backward compatibility ) . These include cards that must be physically inserted ( or `` dipped '' ) into a reader and contactless cards that can be read over a short distance using near - field communication ( NFC ) technology . Payment cards that comply with the EMV standard are often called Chip and PIN or Chip and Signature cards , depending on the authentication methods employed by the card issuer . EMV stands for Europay , MasterCard , and Visa , the three companies that originally created the standard . The standard is now managed by EMVCo , a consortium with control split equally among Visa , MasterCard , JCB , American Express , China UnionPay , and Discover . There are standards based on ISO / IEC 7816 for contact cards , and standards based on ISO / IEC 14443 for contactless cards ( MasterCard Contactless , PayWave , ExpressPay ) . The most widely known chip of the EMV standard are VIS -- Visa MasterCard chip -- MasterCard AEIPS -- American Express UICS -- China Union Pay J Smart -- JCB D - PAS -- Discover / Diners Club International . Rupay - NPCI Visa and MasterCard have also developed standards for using EMV cards in devices to support ( CNP ) card not present transactions over the telephone and Internet . MasterCard has the Chip Authentication Program ( CAP ) for secure e-commerce . Its implementation is known as EMV - CAP and supports a number of modes . Visa has the Dynamic Passcode Authentication ( DPA ) scheme , which is their implementation of CAP using different default values . In February 2010 , computer scientists from Cambridge University demonstrated that an implementation of EMV PIN entry is vulnerable to a man - in - the - middle attack ; however , the way PINs are processed depends on the capabilities of the card and the terminal and in this demonstration it was only implementations where the PIN was validated offline that were vulnerable . Contents 1 History 2 Differences and benefits of EMV 3 Chip and PIN versus chip and signature 4 Online , phone , and mail order transactions 5 Commands 6 Transaction flow 6.1 Application selection 6.2 Initiate application processing 6.3 Read application data 6.4 Processing restrictions 6.5 Offline data authentication ( ODA ) 6.6 Cardholder verification 6.7 Terminal risk management 6.8 Terminal action analysis 6.9 First card action analysis 6.10 Online transaction authorization 6.11 Second card action analysis 6.12 Issuer script processing 7 Control of the EMV standard 8 List of EMV documents and standards 8.1 Versions 9 Vulnerabilities 9.1 Opportunities to harvest PINs and clone magnetic stripes 9.1. 1 Successful attacks 9.1. 2 Demonstration of PIN harvesting and stripe cloning 9.2 2010 : Hidden hardware disables PIN checking on stolen card 9.3 2011 : CVM downgrade allows arbitrary PIN harvest 10 Implementation 10.1 Africa 10.1. 1 South Africa 10.2 Asian / Pacific countries 10.2. 1 Australia 10.2. 2 Malaysia 10.2. 3 New Zealand 10.3 Europe 10.3. 1 United Kingdom 10.4 Latin America and the Caribbean 10.4. 1 Brazil 10.4. 2 Colombia 10.4. 3 Mexico 10.4. 4 Venezuela 10.5 Middle East 10.6 North America 10.6. 1 Canada 10.6. 2 United States 11 See also 12 References 13 External links History ( edit ) Until the introduction of Chip & PIN , all face - to - face credit or debit card transactions involved the use of a magnetic stripe or mechanical imprint to read and record account data , and a signature for purposes of identity verification . The customer hands their card to the cashier at the point of sale who then passes the card through a magnetic reader or makes an imprint from the raised text of the card . In the former case , the system verifies account details and prints a slip for the customer to sign . In the case of a mechanical imprint , the transaction details are filled in , a list of stolen numbers is consulted , and the customer signs the imprinted slip . In both cases the cashier must verify that the customer 's signature matches that on the back of the card to authenticate the transaction . Using the signature on the card as a verification method has a number of security flaws , the most obvious being the relative ease with which cards may go missing before their legitimate owners can sign them . Another involves the erasure and replacement of legitimate signature , and yet another involves the forgery of the correct signature on the card . More recently , technology has become available on the black market for both reading and writing the magnetic stripes , making cards easy to clone and use without the owner 's knowledge . The first standard for smart payment cards was the Carte Bancaire M4 from Bull - CP8 deployed in France in 1986 , followed by the B4B0 ' ( compatible with the M4 ) deployed in 1989 . Geldkarte in Germany also predates EMV . EMV was designed to allow cards and terminals to be backwardly compatible with these standards . France has since migrated all its card and terminal infrastructure to EMV . The EMV standard was initially written in 1993 and 1994 . JCB joined the consortium in February 2009 , China UnionPay in May 2013 , and Discover in September 2013 . Differences and benefits of EMV ( edit ) There are two major benefits to moving to smart - card - based credit card payment systems : improved security ( with associated fraud reduction ) , and the possibility for finer control of `` offline '' credit - card transaction approvals . One of the original goals of EMV was to provide for multiple applications on a card : for a credit and debit card application or an e-purse . With current processing regulations in the United States , new issue debit cards contain two applications -- a card association ( Visa , MasterCard etc . ) application , and a common debit application . The common debit application ID is somewhat of a misnomer as each `` common '' debit application actually uses the resident card association application . EMV chip card transactions improve security against fraud compared to magnetic stripe card transactions that rely on the holder 's signature and visual inspection of the card to check for features such as hologram . The use of a PIN and cryptographic algorithms such as Triple DES , RSA and SHA provide authentication of the card to the processing terminal and the card issuer 's host system . The processing time is comparable to online transactions , in which communications delay accounts for the majority of the time , while cryptographic operations at the terminal take comparatively little time . The supposed increased protection from fraud has allowed banks and credit card issuers to push through a `` liability shift '' , such that merchants are now liable ( as of 1 January 2005 in the EU region and 1 October 2015 in the US ) for any fraud that results from transactions on systems that are not EMV - capable . Although not the only possible method , the majority of implementations of EMV cards and terminals confirm the identity of the cardholder by requiring the entry of a personal identification number ( PIN ) rather than signing a paper receipt . Whether or not PIN authentication takes place depends upon the capabilities of the terminal and programming of the card . For more details of this ( specifically , the system being implemented in the UK ) see Chip and PIN , below . Under the previous system , a customer typically had to hand their card to a sales clerk to pay for a transaction . When credit cards were first introduced , merchants used mechanical ( rather than magnetic ) portable card imprinters that required carbon paper to make an imprint . They did not communicate electronically with the card issuer , and the card never left the customer 's sight . The merchant had to verify transactions over a certain currency limit by telephoning the card issuer . During the 1970s in the United States , many merchants subscribed to a regularly - updated list of stolen or otherwise invalid credit cards numbers . This list was commonly printed in booklet form on newsprint , in numerical order , much like a slender phone book , yet without any data aside from the list of invalid numbers . Checkout cashiers were expected to thumb through this booklet each and every time a credit card was presented for payment of any amount , prior to approving the transaction , which incurred a short delay . Later , equipment electronically contacted the card issuer , using information from the magnetic stripe to verify the card and authorize the transaction . This was much faster than before , but required the transaction to occur in a fixed location . Consequently , if the transaction did not take place near a terminal ( in a restaurant , for example ) the clerk or waiter had to take the card away from the customer and to the card machine . It was easily possible at any time for a dishonest employee to swipe the card surreptitiously through a cheap machine that instantly recorded the information on the card and stripe ; in fact , even at the terminal , a thief could bend down in front of the customer and swipe the card on a hidden reader . This made illegal cloning of cards relatively easy , and a more common occurrence than before . Since the introduction of payment card Chip and PIN , however , cloning of the chip is not feasible ; only the magnetic stripe can be copied , and a copied card can not be used by itself on a terminal requiring a PIN . The introduction of Chip and PIN coincided with wireless data transmission technology becoming inexpensive and widespread . In addition to mobile - phone - based magnetic readers , merchant personnel can now bring wireless PIN pads to the customer , so the card is never out of the cardholder 's sight . Thus , both chip - and - PIN and wireless technologies can be used to reduce the risks of unauthorized swiping and card cloning . Chip and PIN versus Chip and signature ( edit ) Chip and PIN is one of the two verification methods that EMV enabled cards can employ . Rather than physically signing a receipt for identification purposes , the user just enters a personal identification number ( PIN ) , typically of 4 -- 6 digits in length . This number must correspond to the information stored on the chip . Chip and PIN technology makes it much harder for fraudsters to use a found card , so if someone steals a card , they ca n't make fraudulent purchases unless they know the PIN . Chip and Signature , on the other hand , differentiates itself from Chip and PIN by verifying a consumers identity with a signature . As of 2015 , Chip and Signature cards are more common in the USA , Mexico , parts of South America ( such as Argentina , Colombia , Peru ) and some Asian countries ( such as Taiwan , Hong Kong , Thailand , South Korea , Singapore , and Indonesia ) , whereas Chip and PIN cards are more common in most European countries ( e.g. , the UK , Ireland , France , Portugal , Finland and the Netherlands ) as well as in Brazil , Venezuela , India , Sri Lanka , Canada , Australia and New Zealand . Online , phone , and mail order transactions ( edit ) While EMV technology has helped reduce crime at the point of sale , fraudulent transactions have shifted to more vulnerable telephone , Internet , and mail order transactions -- known in the industry as card - not - present or CNP transactions . As of May 2009 CNP transactions made up at least 50 % of all credit card fraud . Because of physical distance , it is not possible for the merchant to present a keypad to the customer in these cases , so alternatives have been devised , including Software approaches for online transactions that involve interaction with the card - issuing bank or network 's web site , such as Verified by Visa and MasterCard SecureCode ( implementations of Visa 's 3 - D Secure protocol ) . Creating a one - time virtual card backed to a physical card with a given maximum amount . Additional hardware with keypad and screen that can produce a one - time password , such as the Chip Authentication Program . Keypad and screen integrated into the card to produce a one - time password . Since 2008 , Visa has been running pilot projects using the Emue card , where the generated number replaces the code printed on the back of standard cards . Commands ( edit ) ISO / IEC 7816 - 3 defines the transmission protocol between chip cards and readers . Using this protocol , data is exchanged in application protocol data units ( APDUs ) . This comprises sending a command to a card , the card processing it , and sending a response . EMV uses the following commands : application block application unblock card block external authenticate ( 7816 - 4 ) generate application cryptogram get data ( 7816 - 4 ) get processing options internal authenticate ( 7816 - 4 ) PIN change / unblock read record ( 7816 - 4 ) select ( 7816 - 4 ) verify ( 7816 - 4 ) . Commands followed by `` 7816 - 4 '' are defined in ISO / IEC 7816 - 4 and are interindustry commands used for many chip card applications such as GSM SIM cards . Transaction flow ( edit ) An EMV transaction has the following steps : Application selection Initiate application processing Read application data Processing restrictions Offline data authentication Cardholder verification Terminal risk management Terminal action analysis First card action analysis Online transaction authorization ( only carried out if required by the result of the previous steps ; mandatory in ATMs ) Second card action analysis Issuer script processing . Application selection ( edit ) ISO / IEC 7816 defines a process for application selection . The intent of application selection was to let cards contain completely different applications -- for example GSM and EMV . However , EMV developers implemented application selection as a way of identifying the type of product , so that all product issuers ( Visa , MasterCard , etc . ) must have their own application . The way application selection is prescribed in EMV is a frequent source of interoperability problems between cards and terminals . Book 1 of the EMV standard devotes 15 pages to describing the application selection process . An application identifier ( AID ) is used to address an application in the card . An AID consists of a registered application provider identifier ( RID ) of five bytes , which is issued by the ISO / IEC 7816 - 5 registration authority . This is followed by a proprietary application identifier extension ( PIX ) , which enables the application provider to differentiate among the different applications offered . The AID is printed on all EMV cardholder receipts . List of applications : Card scheme RID Product PIX AID Danmønt ( Denmark ) A000000001 Cash card 1010 A0000000011010 Visa A000000003 Visa credit or debit 1010 A0000000031010 Visa Electron A0000000032010 V Pay 2020 A0000000032020 Plus 8010 A0000000038010 MasterCard A000000004 MasterCard credit or debit 1010 A0000000041010 MasterCard 9999 A0000000049999 Maestro 3060 A0000000043060 Cirrus ATM card only 6000 A0000000046000 MasterCard A000000005 Maestro UK ( formerly branded as Switch ) 0001 A0000000050001 American Express A000000025 American Express 01 A00000002501 LINK ATM network A000000029 ATM card 1010 A0000000291010 CB ( France ) A000000042 CB ( credit or debit card ) 1010 A0000000421010 CB ( Debit card only ) A0000000422010 JCB A000000065 Japan Credit Bureau 1010 A0000000651010 Dankort ( Denmark ) A000000121 Debit card 1010 A0000001211010 Dankort ( debit card ) 4711 A0000001214711 Consorzio Bancomat ( Italy ) A000000141 Bancomat / PagoBancomat 0001 A0000001410001 Diners Club / Discover A000000152 Diners Club / Discover 3010 A0000001523010 Banrisul ( Brazil ) A000000154 Banricompras Debito 4442 A0000001544442 SPAN2 ( Saudi Arabia ) A000000228 SPAN 1010 A00000022820101010 Interac ( Canada ) A000000277 Debit card 1010 A0000002771010 Discover A000000324 ZIP 1010 A0000003241010 UnionPay A000000333 Debit 010101 A000000333010101 Credit 010102 A000000333010102 Quasi-credit 010103 A000000333010103 Electronic cash 010106 A000000333010106 ZKA ( Germany ) A000000359 Girocard 1010028001 A0000003591010028001 EAPS Bancomat ( Italy ) A000000359 PagoBancomat 10100380 A00000035910100380 Verve ( Nigeria ) A000000371 Verve 0001 A0000003710001 The Exchange Network ATM network A000000439 ATM card 1010 A0000004391010 RuPay ( India ) A000000524 RuPay 1010 A0000005241010 MIR ( Russia ) A000000658 MIR Debit A0000006582010 MIR Credit 1010 A0000006581010 Edenred A000000436 Ticket Restaurant ( Belgium ) 0100 A0000004360100 eftpos ( Australia ) A000000384 Savings ( debit card ) 10 A00000038410 Cheque ( debit card ) 20 A00000038420 GIM - UEMOA ( Eight West African countries : Benin , Burkina Faso , Côte d'Ivoire , Guinea Bissau , Mali , Niger , Senegal , Togo ) A000000337 Retrait 01 000001 A000000337301000 Standard 01 000002 A000000337101000 Classic 01 000003 A000000337102000 Prepaye Online 01 000004 A000000337101001 Prepaye Possibile Offline 01 000005 A000000337102001 Porte Monnaie Electronique 01 000006 A000000337601001 Initiate application processing ( edit ) The terminal sends the get processing options command to the card . When issuing this command , the terminal supplies the card with any data elements requested by the card in the processing options data objects list ( PDOL ) . The PDOL ( a list of tags and lengths of data elements ) is optionally provided by the card to the terminal during application selection . The card responds with the application interchange profile ( AIP ) , a list of functions to perform in processing the transaction . The card also provides the application file locator ( AFL ) , a list of files and records that the terminal needs to read from the card . Read application data ( edit ) Smart cards store data in files . The AFL contains the files that contain EMV data . These all must be read using the read record command . EMV does not specify which files data is stored in , so all the files must be read . Data in these files is stored in BER TLV format . EMV defines tag values for all data used in card processing . Processing restrictions ( edit ) The purpose of the processing restrictions is to see if the card should be used . Three data elements read in the previous step are checked . Application version number Application usage control ( This shows whether the card is only for domestic use , etc . ) Application effective / expiration dates checking . If any of these checks fails , the card is not necessarily declined . The terminal sets the appropriate bit in the terminal verification results ( TVR ) , the components of which form the basis of an accept / decline decision later in the transaction flow . This feature lets , for example , card issuers permit cardholders to keep using expired cards after their expiry date , but for all transactions with an expired card to be performed on - line . Offline data authentication ( oda ) ( edit ) Offline data authentication is a cryptographic check to validate the card using public - key cryptography . There are three different processes that can be undertaken depending on the card : Static data authentication ( SDA ) ensures data read from the card has been signed by the card issuer . This prevents modification of data , but does not prevent cloning . Dynamic data authentication ( DDA ) provides protection against modification of data and cloning . Combined DDA / generate application cryptogram ( CDA ) combines DDA with the generation of a card 's application cryptogram to assure card validity . Support of CDA in devices may be needed , as this process has been implemented in specific markets . This process is not mandatory in terminals and can only be carried out where both card and terminal support it . Cardholder verification ( edit ) Cardholder verification is used to evaluate whether the person presenting the card is the legitimate cardholder . There are many cardholder verification methods ( CVMs ) supported in EMV . They are Signature Offline plaintext PIN Offline enciphered PIN Offline plaintext PIN and signature Offline enciphered PIN and signature Online PIN0601 No CVM required Fail CVM processing The terminal uses a CVM list read from the card to determine the type of verification to perform . The CVM list establishes a priority of CVMs to use relative to the capabilities of the terminal . Different terminals support different CVMs . ATMs generally support online PIN . POS terminals vary in their CVM support depending on type and country . Terminal risk management ( edit ) Terminal risk management is only performed in devices where there is a decision to be made whether a transaction should be authorised on - line or offline . If transactions are always carried out on - line ( e.g. , ATMs ) or always off - line , this step can be skipped . Terminal risk management checks the transaction amount against an offline ceiling limit ( above which transactions should be processed on - line ) . It is also possible to have a 1 in an online counter , and a check against a hot card list ( which is only necessary for off - line transactions ) . If the result of any of these tests is positive , the terminal sets the appropriate bit in the terminal verification results ( TVR ) . Terminal action analysis ( edit ) The results of previous processing steps are used to determine whether a transaction should be approved offline , sent online for authorization , or declined offline . This is done using a combination of data objects known as terminal action codes ( TACs ) held in the terminal and issuer action codes ( IACs ) read from the card . The TAC is logically OR 'd with the IAC , to give the transaction acquirer a level of control over the transaction outcome . Both types of action code take the values Denial , Online , and Default . Each action code contains a series of bits which correspond to the bits in the Terminal verification results ( TVR ) , and are used in the terminal 's decision whether to accept , decline or go on - line for a payment transaction . The TAC is set by the card acquirer ; in practice card schemes advise the TAC settings that should be used for a particular terminal type depending on its capabilities . The IAC is set by the card issuer ; some card issuers may decide that expired cards should be rejected , by setting the appropriate bit in the Denial IAC . Other issuers may want the transaction to proceed on - line so that they can in some cases allow these transactions to be carried out . An online - only device such as an ATM always attempts to go on - line with the authorization request , unless declined off - line due to Issuer action codes -- Denial settings . During IAC -- Denial and TAC -- Denial processing , for an online only device , the only relevant Terminal verification results bit is `` Service not allowed '' . When an online - only device performs IAC -- Online and TAC -- Online processing the only relevant TVR bit is `` Transaction value exceeds the floor limit '' . Because the floor limit is set to zero , the transaction should always go online and all other values in TAC -- Online or IAC -- Online are irrelevant . Online - only devices do not need to perform IAC - default processing . First card action analysis ( edit ) One of the data objects read from the card in the Read application data stage is CDOL1 ( Card Data object List ) . This object is a list of tags that the card wants to be sent to it to make a decision on whether to approve or decline a transaction ( including transaction amount , but many other data objects too ) . The terminal sends this data and requests a cryptogram using the generate application cryptogram command . Depending on the terminal ′ s decision ( offline , online , decline ) , the terminal requests one of the following cryptograms from the card : Transaction certificate ( TC ) -- Offline approval Authorization Request Cryptogram ( ARQC ) -- Online authorization Application Authentication Cryptogram ( AAC ) -- Offline decline . This step gives the card the opportunity to accept the terminal 's action analysis or to decline a transaction or force a transaction on - line . The card can not return a TC when an ARQC has been asked for , but can return an ARQC when a TC has been asked for . Online transaction authorization ( edit ) Transactions go online when an ARQC has been requested . The ARQC is sent in the authorisation message . The card generates the ARQC . Its format depends on the card application . EMV does not specify the contents of the ARQC . The ARQC created by the card application is a digital signature of the transaction details , which the card issuer can check in real time . This provides a strong cryptographic check that the card is genuine . The issuer responds to an authorisation request with a response code ( accepting or declining the transaction ) , an authorisation response cryptogram ( ARPC ) and optionally an issuer script ( a string of commands to be sent to the card ) . Second card action analysis ( edit ) CDOL2 ( Card data object list ) contains a list of tags that the card wants to be sent after online transaction authorisation ( response code , ARPC , etc . ) . Even if for any reason the terminal could not go online ( e.g. , communication failure ) , the terminal should send this data to the card again using the generate authorisation cryptogram command . This lets the card know the issuer 's response . The card application may then reset offline usage limits . Issuer script processing ( edit ) If a card issuer wants to update a card post issuance it can send commands to the card using issuer script processing . Issuer scripts are encrypted between the card and the issuer , so are meaningless to the terminal . Issuer script can be used to block cards , or change card parameters . Control of the EMV standard ( edit ) The first version of EMV standard was published in 1995 . Now the standard is defined and managed by the privately owned corporation EMVCo LLC . The current members of EMVCo are JCB International , American Express , MasterCard , China UnionPay , Discover Financial and Visa Inc . Each of these organizations owns an equal share of EMVCo and has representatives in the EMVCo organization and EMVCo working groups . Recognition of compliance with the EMV standard ( i.e. , device certification ) is issued by EMVCo following submission of results of testing performed by an accredited testing house . EMV Compliance testing has two levels : EMV Level 1 , which covers physical , electrical and transport level interfaces , and EMV Level 2 , which covers payment application selection and credit financial transaction processing . After passing common EMVCo tests , the software must be certified by payment brands to comply with proprietary EMV implementations such as Visa VSDC , American Express AEIPS , MasterCard MChip , JCB JSmart , or EMV - compliant implementations of non-EMVCo members such as LINK in the UK , or Interac in Canada . The EMVCo standards have been integrated into the broader electronic payment security standards being developed by the Secure POS Vendor Alliance , with a specific effort to develop a common interpretation of EMVCo 's place relative to , and interactions with , other existing security standards , such as Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard ( PCI - DSS ) . List of EMV documents and standards ( edit ) Since version 4.0 , the official EMV standard documents that define all the components in an EMV payment system are published as four `` books '' and some additional documents : Book 1 : Application Independent ICC to Terminal Interface Requirements Book 2 : Security and Key Management Book 3 : Application Specification Book 4 : Cardholder , Attendant , and Acquirer Interface Requirements Common Payment Application Specification EMV Card Personalisation Specification Versions ( edit ) First EMV standard came into view in 1995 as EMV 2.0 . This was upgraded to EMV 3.0 in 1996 ( sometimes referred to as EMV ' 96 ) with later amendments to EMV 3.1. 1 in 1998 . This was further amended to version 4.0 in December 2000 ( sometimes referred to as EMV 2000 ) . Version 4.0 became effective in June 2004 Version 4.1 became effective in June 2007 Version 4.2 is in effect since June 2008 Version 4.3 is in effect since November 2011 . Vulnerabilities ( edit ) Opportunities to harvest PINs and clone magnetic stripes ( edit ) In addition to the track - two data on the magnetic stripe , EMV cards generally have identical data encoded on the chip , which is read as part of the normal EMV transaction process . If an EMV reader is compromised to the extent that the conversation between the card and the terminal is intercepted , then the attacker may be able to recover both the track - two data and the PIN , allowing construction of a magnetic stripe card , which , while not usable in a Chip and PIN terminal , can be used , for example , in terminal devices that permit fallback to magstripe processing for foreign customers without chip cards , and defective cards . This attack is possible only where ( a ) the offline PIN is presented in plaintext by the PIN entry device to the card , where ( b ) magstripe fallback is permitted by the card issuer and ( c ) where geographic and behavioural checking may not be carried out by the card issuer . It was claimed that changes specified to the protocol ( specifying different card verification values between the chip and magnetic stripe -- the iCVV ) rendered this attack ineffective . APACS ( the UK Payments Association ) stated that such measures would be in place from January 2008 , although tests on cards in February 2008 indicated this may have been delayed . Successful attacks ( edit ) Conversation capturing is the form of attack that was reported to have taken place against Shell terminals in May 2006 , when they were forced to disable all EMV authentication in their filling stations after more than £ 1 million was stolen from customers . In October 2008 it was reported that hundreds of EMV card readers for use in Britain , Ireland , the Netherlands , Denmark , and Belgium had been expertly tampered with in China during or shortly after manufacture . For 9 months details and PINs of credit and debit cards were sent over mobile phone networks to criminals in Lahore , Pakistan . United States National Counterintelligence Executive Joel Brenner said , `` Previously only a nation state 's intelligence agency would have been capable of pulling off this type of operation . It 's scary . '' Data were typically used a couple of months after the card transactions to make it harder for investigators to pin down the vulnerability . After the fraud was discovered it was found that tampered - with terminals could be identified as the additional circuitry increased their weight by about 100 g . Tens of millions of pounds sterling are believed to have been stolen . This vulnerability spurred efforts to implement better control of electronic POS devices over their entire life cycle , a practice endorsed by electronic payment security standards like those being developed by the Secure POS Vendor Alliance ( SPVA ) . Demonstration of PIN harvesting and stripe cloning ( edit ) Cambridge University researchers Steven Murdoch and Saar Drimer demonstrated in a February 2008 BBC Newsnight programme one example attack , to illustrate that Chip and PIN is not secure enough to justify passing the liability to prove fraud from the banks onto customers . The Cambridge University exploit allowed the experimenters to obtain both card data to create a magnetic stripe and the PIN . APACS , the UK payments association , disagreed with the majority of the report , saying `` The types of attack on PIN entry devices detailed in this report are difficult to undertake and not currently economically viable for a fraudster to carry out . '' They also said that changes to the protocol ( specifying different card verification values between the chip and magnetic stripe -- the iCVV ) would make this attack ineffective from January 2008 . The fraud reported in October 2008 to have operated for 9 months ( see above ) was probably in operation at the time , but was not discovered for many months . In August 2016 , NCR ( payment technology company ) computer security researchers showed how credit card thieves can rewrite the code of a magnetic strip to make it appear like a chipless card , which allows for counterfeiting . 2010 : hidden hardware disables PIN checking on stolen card ( edit ) Wikinews has related news : Chip and PIN ' not fit for purpose ' , says Cambridge researcher On 11 February 2010 Murdoch and Drimer 's team at Cambridge University announced that they had found `` a flaw in chip and PIN so serious they think it shows that the whole system needs a re-write '' that was `` so simple that it shocked them '' . A stolen card is connected to an electronic circuit and to a fake card that is inserted into the terminal ( `` man - in - the - middle attack '' ) . Any four digits are typed in and accepted as a valid PIN . A team from the BBC 's Newsnight programme visited a Cambridge University cafeteria ( with permission ) with the system , and were able to pay using their own cards ( a thief would use stolen cards ) connected to the circuit , inserting a fake card and typing in `` 0000 '' as the PIN . The transactions were registered as normal , and were not picked up by banks ' security systems . A member of the research team said , `` Even small - scale criminal systems have better equipment than we have . The amount of technical sophistication needed to carry out this attack is really quite low . '' The announcement of the vulnerability said , `` The expertise that is required is not high ( undergraduate level electronics ) ... We dispute the assertion by the banking industry that criminals are not sophisticated enough , because they have already demonstrated a far higher level of skill than is necessary for this attack in their miniaturized PIN entry device skimmers . '' It is not known if this vulnerability has been exploited . EMVCo disagreed and published a response saying that , while such an attack might be theoretically possible , it would be extremely difficult and expensive to carry out successfully , that current compensating controls are likely to detect or limit the fraud , and that the possible financial gain from the attack is minimal while the risk of a declined transaction or exposure of the fraudster is significant . When approached for comment , several banks ( Co-operative Bank , Barclays and HSBC ) each said that this was an industry - wide issue , and referred the Newsnight team to the banking trade association for further comment . According to Phil Jones of the Consumers ' Association , Chip and PIN has helped to bring down instances of card crime , but many cases remain unexplained `` What we do know is that we do have cases that are brought forward from individuals which seem quite persuasive . '' Because submission of the PIN is suppressed , this is the exact equivalent of a merchant performing a PIN bypass transaction . Such transactions ca n't succeed offline , as a card never generates an offline authorisation without a successful PIN entry . As a result of this , the transaction ARQC must be submitted online to the issuer , who knows that the ARQC was generated without a successful PIN submission ( since this information is included in the encrypted ARQC ) and hence would be likely to decline the transaction if it were for a high value , out of character , or otherwise outside of the typical risk management parameters set by the issuer . Originally , bank customers had to prove that they had not been negligent with their PIN before getting redress , but UK regulations in force from 1 November 2009 placed the onus firmly on the banks to prove that a customer has been negligent in any dispute , with the customer given 13 months to make a claim . Murdoch said that `` ( the banks ) should look back at previous transactions where the customer said their PIN had not been used and the bank record showed it has , and consider refunding these customers because it could be they are victim of this type of fraud . '' 2011 : CVM downgrade allows arbitrary PIN harvest ( edit ) At the CanSecWest conference in March 2011 , Andrea Barisani and Daniele Bianco presented research uncovering a vulnerability in EMV that would allow arbitrary PIN harvesting despite the cardholder verification configuration of the card , even when the supported CVMs data is signed . The PIN harvesting can be performed with a chip skimmer . In essence , a CVM list that has been modified to downgrade the CVM to Offline PIN is still honoured by POS terminals , despite its signature being invalid . Implementation ( edit ) In many countries of the world , debit card and / or credit card payment networks have implemented liability shifts . Normally , the card issuer is liable for fraudulent transactions . However , after a liability shift is implemented , if the ATM or merchant 's point of sale terminal does not support EMV , the ATM owner or merchant is liable for the fraudulent transaction . Chip and PIN systems can cause problems for travellers from countries that do not issue Chip and PIN cards as some retailers may refuse to accept their chipless cards . While most terminals still accept a magnetic strip card , and the major credit card brands require vendors to accept them , some staff may refuse to take the card , under the belief that they are held liable for any fraud if the card can not verify a PIN . Non-chip - and - PIN cards may also not work in some unattended vending machines at , for example , train stations , or self - service check - out tills at supermarkets . Africa ( edit ) MasterCard 's liability shift among countries within this region took place on 1 January 2006 . By 1 October 2010 , a liability shift had occurred for all point of sale transactions . Visa 's liability shift for points of sale took place on 1 January 2006 . For ATMs , the liability shift took place on 1 January 2008 . South africa ( edit ) MasterCard 's liability shift took place on 1 January 2005 . Asian / pacific countries ( edit ) MasterCard 's liability shift among countries within this region took place on 1 January 2006 . By 1 October 2010 , a liability shift had occurred for all point of sale transactions , except for domestic transactions in China and Japan . Visa 's liability shift for points of sale took place on 1 October 2010 . For ATMs , the liability shift date took place on 1 October 2015 , except in China , India , Japan , and Thailand , where the liability shift will be 1 October 2017 . Domestic ATM transactions in China are not currently not subject to a liability shift deadline . Australia ( edit ) MasterCard required that all point of sale terminals be EMV capable by April 2013 . For ATMs , the liability shift took place in April 2012 . ATMs must be EMV compliant by the end of 2015 Visa 's liability shift for ATMs took place 1 April 2013 . Malaysia ( edit ) Malaysia is the first country in the world to completely migrate to EMV - compliant smart cards two years after its implementation in 2005 . New Zealand ( edit ) MasterCard required all point of sale terminals to be EMV compliant by 1 July 2011 . For ATMs , the liability shift took place in April 2012 . ATMs are required to be EMV compliant by the end of 2015 . Visa 's liability shift for ATMs was 1 April 2013 . Europe ( edit ) MasterCard 's liability shift took place on 1 January 2005 . Visa 's liability shift for points of sale took place on 1 January 2006 . For ATMs , the liability shift took place on 1 January 2008 . France has cut card fraud by more than 80 % since its introduction in 1992 ( see Carte Bleue ) . United Kingdom ( edit ) Chip and PIN UK logo Chip and PIN was trialled in Northampton , England from May 2003 , and as a result was rolled out nationwide in the United Kingdom on 14 February 2006 with advertisements in the press and national television touting the `` Safety in Numbers '' slogan . During the first stages of deployment , if a fraudulent magnetic swipe card transaction was deemed to have occurred , the retailer was refunded by the issuing bank , as was the case prior to the introduction of Chip and PIN . On January 1 , 2005 , the liability for such transactions was shifted to the retailer ; this acted as an incentive for retailers to upgrade their point of sale ( PoS ) systems , and most major high - street chains upgraded on time for the EMV deadline . Many smaller businesses were initially reluctant to upgrade their equipment , as it required a completely new PoS system -- a significant investment . New cards featuring both magnetic strips and chips are now issued by all major banks . The replacement of pre-Chip and PIN cards was a major issue , as banks simply stated that consumers would receive their new cards `` when their old card expires '' -- despite many people having had cards with expiry dates as late as 2007 . The card issuer Switch lost a major contract with HBOS to Visa , as they were not ready to issue the new cards as early as the bank wanted . The Chip and PIN implementation was criticised as designed to reduce the liability of banks in cases of claimed card fraud by requiring the customer to prove that they had acted `` with reasonable care '' to protect their PIN and card , rather than on the bank having to prove that the signature matched . Before Chip and PIN , if a customer 's signature was forged , the banks were legally liable and had to reimburse the customer . Until 1 November 2009 there was no such law protecting consumers from fraudulent use of their Chip and PIN transactions , only the voluntary Banking Code . While this code stated that the burden of proof is on the bank to prove negligence or fraud rather than the cardholder having to prove innocence , there were many reports that banks refused to reimburse victims of fraudulent card use , claiming that their systems could not fail under the circumstances reported , despite several documented successful large - scale attacks . The Payment Services Regulations 2009 came into force on 1 November 2009 and shifted the onus onto the banks to prove , rather than assume , that the cardholder is at fault . The Financial Services Authority ( FSA ) said `` It is for the bank , building society or credit card company to show that the transaction was made by you , and there was no breakdown in procedures or technical difficulty '' before refusing liability . Latin America and the caribbean ( edit ) MasterCard 's liability shift among countries within this region took place on 1 January 2005 . Visa 's liability shift for points of sale took place on 1 October 2012 , for any countries in this region that had not already implemented a liability shift . For ATMs , the liability shift took place on 1 October 2014 , for any countries in this region that had not already implemented a liability shift . Brazil ( edit ) MasterCard 's liability shift took place on 1 March 2008 . Visa 's liability shift for points of sale took place on 1 April 2011 . For ATMs , the liability shift took place on 1 October 2012 . Colombia ( edit ) MasterCard 's liability shift took place on 1 October 2008 . Mexico ( edit ) Discover implemented a liability shift on 1 October 2015 . For pay at the pump at gas stations , the liability shift is 1 October 2017 . Visa 's liability shift for points of sale took place on 1 April 2011 . For ATMs , the liability shift took place on 1 October 2012 . Venezuela ( edit ) MasterCard 's liability shift took place on 1 July 2009 . Middle east ( edit ) MasterCard 's liability shift among countries within this region took place on 1 January 2006 . By 1 October 2010 , a liability shift had occurred for all point of sale transactions . Visa 's liability shift for points of sale took place on 1 January 2006 . For ATMs , the liability shift took place on 1 January 2008 . North America ( edit ) Canada ( edit ) American Express implemented a liability shift on 31 October 2012 . Discover implemented a liability shift on 1 October 2015 for all transactions except pay - at - the - pump at gas stations ; those transactions shifted on 1 October 2017 . Interac ( Canada 's debit card network ) stopped processing non-EMV transactions at ATMs on 31 December 2012 , and mandated EMV transactions at point - of - sale terminals on 30 September 2016 , with a liability shift taking place on 31 December 2015 . MasterCard implemented domestic transaction liability shift on 31 March 2011 , and international liability shift on 15 April 2011 . For pay at the pump at gas stations , the liability shift was implemented 31 December 2012 . Visa implemented domestic transaction liability shift on 31 March 2011 , and international liability shift on 31 October 2010 . For pay at the pump at gas stations , the liability shift was implemented 31 December 2012 . Over a 5 - year period post-EMV migration , domestic card - card present fraudulent transactions significantly reduced in Canada . According to Helcim 's reports , card - present domestic debit card fraud reduced 89.49 % and credit card fraud 68.37 % . United States ( edit ) After widespread identity theft due to weak security in the point - of - sale terminals at Target , Home Depot , and other major retailers , Visa , MasterCard and Discover in March 2012 -- and American Express in June 2012 -- announced their EMV migration plans for the United States . Since the announcement , multiple banks and card issuers have announced cards with EMV chip - and - signature technology , including American Express , Bank of America , Citibank , Wells Fargo , JPMorgan Chase , U.S. Bank , and several credit unions . In 2010 , a number of companies began issuing pre-paid debit cards that incorporate Chip and PIN and allow Americans to load cash as euros or pound sterling . United Nations Federal Credit Union was the first United States issuer to offer Chip and PIN credit cards . In May 2010 , a press release from Gemalto ( a global EMV card producer ) indicated that United Nations Federal Credit Union in New York would become the first EMV card issuer in the United States , offering an EMV Visa credit card to its customers . JPMorgan was the first major bank to introduce a card with EMV technology , namely its Palladium card , in mid-2012 . As of April 2016 , 70 % of U.S. consumers have EMV cards and as of December 2016 roughly 50 % of merchants are EMV compliant . However , deployment has been slow and inconsistent across vendors across rollout . Even merchants with EMV hardware may not be able to process chip transactions due to software or compliance deficiencies . Bloomberg has also cited issues with software deployment , including changes to audio prompts for Verifone machines which can take several months to release and deploy software out . Industry experts , however , expect more standardization in the United States for software deployment and standards . Visa and Mastercard have both implemented standards to speed up chip transactions with a goal of reducing the time for these to be under three seconds . These systems are labelled as Visa Quick Chip and Mastercard M / Chip Fast . American Express implemented liability shift for point of sale terminals on 1 October 2015 . For pay at the pump , at gas stations , the liability shift is 1 October 2020 . Discover implemented liability shift on 1 October 2015 . For pay at the pump , at gas stations , the liability shift is 1 October 2020 . Maestro implemented liability shift of 19 April 2013 , for international cards used in the United States . MasterCard implemented liability shift for point of sale terminals on 1 October 2015 . For pay at the pump , at gas stations , the liability shift formally is on 1 October 2020 . For ATMs , the liability shift date was on 1 October 2016 . Visa implemented liability shift for point of sale terminals on 1 October 2015 . For pay at the pump , at gas stations , the liability shift formally is on 1 October 2020 . For ATMs , the liability shift date was on 1 October 2017 . See also ( edit ) Contactless payment Supply chain attack Two - factor authentication MM code References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` EMVCo Members '' . EMVCo . Retrieved 10 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Fiat , Amos ; Shamir , Adi ( August 1986 ) . `` How to prove yourself : Practical solutions to identification and signature problems '' . Conference on the Theory and Application of Cryptographic Techniques : 186 -- 194 . Jump up ^ Kitten , Tracy ( 7 March 2011 ) . `` EMV Roots Go Deep in Europe : Global Shifts , New Headaches for U.S. Issuers '' . BankInfoSecurity . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` China UnionPay joins EMVCo '' ( Press release ) . Finextra Research . 20 May 2013 . Retrieved 10 May 2015 . 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Jump up ^ Camhi , Jonathan ( 3 August 2012 ) . `` Wells Fargo Introduces New EMV Card for Consumers '' . Bank Systems & Technology . Retrieved 10 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Paul Riegler ( 25 July 2013 ) . `` Chip - and - Pin and Chip - and - Signature Credit Card Primer for 2013 '' . Frequent Business Traveler . Retrieved 10 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Travelex Offers America 's First Chip & PIN Enabled Prepaid Foreign Currency Card '' . Business Wire . Business Wire. 1 December 2010 . Retrieved 6 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` UNFCU to be first issuer in the US to offer credit cards with a high security chip '' . United Nations Federal Credit Union . Jump up ^ Ray Wizbowski ( 13 May 2010 ) . `` United Nations Federal Credit Union Selects Gemalto for First U.S. Issued Globally Compliant Payment Card '' ( Press release ) . Austin , Texas : Gemalto . Retrieved 10 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Sharon . `` Is the rocky road to EMV retail adoption getting smoother ? '' . Retrieved 17 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` EMV Credit Cards Poll '' . Jump up ^ `` Retailers have chip card readers -- why are n't they using them ? '' . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` The Plan to Make Chip Credit Cards Less Annoying '' . Bloomberg.com. 2017 - 07 - 17 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Cathy Medich ( July 2012 ) . `` EMV Migration -- Driven by Payment Brand Milestones '' . Retrieved 10 May 2015 . Jump up ^ David Heun ( 10 September 2012 ) . `` MasterCard Brings EMV Chip - Card Liability Policy to U.S. ATMs '' . SourceMedia . Archived from the original on 22 February 2014 . Retrieved 10 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` EMV Fuel Liability Delay Pumps Card Fraud Concerns '' . Credit Union Times . Retrieved 4 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Beth Kitchener ( 10 September 2012 ) . `` MasterCard Extends U.S. EMV Migration Roadmap to ATM Channel '' ( Press release ) . Purchase , N.Y. : Mastercard . Retrieved 10 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` EMV For U.S. Acquirers : Seven Guiding Principles for EMV Readiness '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 5 July 2016 . Retrieved 17 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Visa Announces U.S. Participation in Global Point - of - Sale Counterfeit Liability Shift '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . Visa . 9 August 2011 . Retrieved 10 May 2015 . External links ( edit ) EMVCo , the organization responsible for developing and maintaining the standard Chip and SPIN , discussion of some security aspects of EMV , from members of the University of Cambridge Security Group Cryptography of EMV cards by Gaurav , an explanation of EMV card cryptography EMV Accepted Here , a crowdsourced database tracking EMV adoption by merchants EMV Explained , an agency dedicated to EMV adoption by merchants Credit , charge and debit cards Major cards American Express Diners Club Mastercard Debit Mastercard Maestro Visa Visa Debit Visa Electron UnionPay Regional and specialty cards Bancomat BC Card BCA Card Cabcharge Dankort Discover EFTPOS Electronic Payment Services ( EPS ) Forbrugsforeningen Girocard Interac Isracard JCB Mir MEPS NETS RuPay UATP V Pay Verve Defunct cards Access Bankcard Carte Blanche Carte Bleue Choice enRoute Eurocard Everything Laser Rail Travel Card Revolution Card Solo Switch PIN Accounts Payment card number Card association Card enclosure Credit card balance transfer Credit limit Installment credit Revolving account Deposit account Current / checking account Savings account ATM card Debt Cash advance Charge - off Maxed out Interest Grace period Introductory rate Universal default Payment Card not present transaction Chargeback Controlled payment number Dispute Interchange fee Interchange fee Surcharge Security Card security code Chargeback fraud Credit card fraud Credit card hijacking Technology Cash machine Chip and PIN Contactless payment Credit card terminal Interbank network Magnetic stripe card Smart card Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=EMV&oldid=854211907 '' Categories : EMV Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Use dmy dates from July 2013 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from December 2014 Articles containing potentially dated statements from May 2009 All articles containing potentially dated statements All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from January 2012 All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from June 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano Lietuvių Nederlands Русский Simple English Svenska Українська 中文 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 August 2018 , at 18 : 21 ( UTC ) . 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which country borders papua new guinea on its west side	Papua New Guinea ( PNG ; UK : / ˈpæp ( j ) uə ... ˈɡɪni , ˈpɑː - / , US : / ˈpæpjuə , pɑːˈpuːə / ; Tok Pisin : Papua Niugini ; Hiri Motu : Papua Niu Gini ) , officially the Independent State of Papua New Guinea , is an Oceanian country that occupies the eastern half of the island of New Guinea and its offshore islands in Melanesia , a region of the southwestern Pacific Ocean north of Australia . Its capital , located along its southeastern coast , is Port Moresby . The western half of New Guinea forms the Indonesian provinces of Papua and West Papua .		Papua New Guinea	papua new guinea	Coordinates : 6 ° S 147 ° E / 6 ° S 147 ° E / - 6 ; 147	Independent State of Papua New Guinea Independen Stet bilong Papua Niugini Papua Niu Gini Flag National emblem Motto : `` Unity in diversity '' Anthem : O Arise , All You Sons Location of Papua New Guinea ( green ) Capital and largest city Port Moresby 9 ° 30 ′ S 147 ° 07 ′ E / 9.500 ° S 147.117 ° E / - 9.500 ; 147.117 Official languages English Hiri Motu PNG Sign Language Tok Pisin Demonym Papua New Guinean Government Unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy Monarch Elizabeth II Governor - General Bob Dadae Prime Minister Peter O'Neill Legislature National Parliament Independence from Australia Papua and New Guinea Act 1949 1 July 1949 Declared and recognised 16 September 1975 Area Total 462,840 km ( 178,700 sq mi ) ( 54th ) Water ( % ) Population 2016 census preliminary estimate 8,084,999 ( 101st ) 2000 census 5,190,783 Density 15 / km ( 38.8 / sq mi ) ( 201st ) GDP ( PPP ) 2018 estimate Total $32 billion ( 139th ) Per capita $3,789 GDP ( nominal ) 2018 estimate Total $26 billion ( 115th ) Per capita $3,123 Gini ( 1996 ) 50.9 high HDI ( 2017 ) 0.544 low 153rd Currency Papua New Guinean kina ( PGK ) Time zone UTC + 10 , + 11 ( AEST ) Driving side left Calling code + 675 ISO 3166 code PG Internet TLD . pg Papua New Guinea ( PNG ; UK : / ˈpæp ( j ) uə ... ˈɡɪni , ˈpɑː - / , US : / ˈpæpjuə , pɑːˈpuːə / ; Tok Pisin : Papua Niugini ; Hiri Motu : Papua Niu Gini ) , officially the Independent State of Papua New Guinea , is an Oceanian country that occupies the eastern half of the island of New Guinea and its offshore islands in Melanesia , a region of the southwestern Pacific Ocean north of Australia . Its capital , located along its southeastern coast , is Port Moresby . The western half of New Guinea forms the Indonesian provinces of Papua and West Papua . At the national level , after being ruled by three external powers since 1884 , Papua New Guinea established its sovereignty in 1975 . This followed nearly 60 years of Australian administration , which started during World War I. It became an independent Commonwealth realm in 1975 with Queen Elizabeth II as its head of state and became a member of the Commonwealth of Nations in its own right . Papua New Guinea is one of the most culturally diverse countries in the world . It is also one of the most rural , as only 18 per cent of its people live in urban centres . There are 852 known languages in the country , of which 12 now have no known living speakers . Most of the population of more than 8 million people lives in customary communities , which are as diverse as the languages . The country is one of the world 's least explored , culturally and geographically . It is known to have numerous groups of uncontacted peoples , and researchers believe there are many undiscovered species of plants and animals in the interior . Papua New Guinea is classified as a developing economy by the International Monetary Fund . Strong growth in Papua New Guinea 's mining and resource sector led to the country becoming the sixth - fastest - growing economy in the world in 2011 . Growth was expected to slow once major resource projects came on line in 2015 . Mining remains a major economic factor , however . Local and national governments are discussing the potential of resuming mining operations at the Panguna mine in Bougainville Province , which has been closed since the civil war in the 1980s -- 1990s . Nearly 40 per cent of the population lives a self - sustainable natural lifestyle with no access to global capital . Most of the people still live in strong traditional social groups based on farming . Their social lives combine traditional religion with modern practices , including primary education . These societies and clans are explicitly acknowledged by the Papua New Guinea Constitution , which expresses the wish for `` traditional villages and communities to remain as viable units of Papua New Guinean society '' and protects their continuing importance to local and national community life . Contents 1 History 2 Government and politics 2.1 Law 2.2 Foreign policy 2.3 Military 2.4 Human rights 2.5 Administrative divisions 3 Geography 3.1 Borders 3.2 Ecology 3.3 Environmental issues 3.4 2018 earthquake 4 Economy 4.1 Land tenure 5 Demographics 5.1 Urbanisation 5.2 Languages 5.3 Health 5.4 Religion 6 Culture 6.1 Sport 7 Education 8 Science and technology 9 Transport 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of Papua New Guinea Kerepunu women at the marketplace of Kalo , British New Guinea , 1885 Female gable image , Sawos people , Oceanic art in the Bishop Museum . British annexation of southeast New Guinea in 1884 Archaeological evidence indicates that humans first arrived in Papua New Guinea around 42,000 to 45,000 years ago . They were descendants of migrants out of Africa , in one of the early waves of human migration . Agriculture was independently developed in the New Guinea highlands around 7000 BC , making it one of the few areas in the world where people independently domesticated plants . A major migration of Austronesian - speaking peoples to coastal regions of New Guinea took place around 500 BC . This has been correlated with the introduction of pottery , pigs , and certain fishing techniques . In the 18th century , traders brought the sweet potato to New Guinea , where it was adopted and became part of the staples . Portuguese traders had obtained it from South America and introduced it to the Moluccas . The far higher crop yields from sweet potato gardens radically transformed traditional agriculture and societies . Sweet potato largely supplanted the previous staple , taro , and resulted in a significant increase in population in the highlands . Although by the late 20th century headhunting and cannibalism had been practically eradicated , in the past they were practised in many parts of the country as part of rituals related to warfare and taking in enemy spirits or powers . In 1901 , on Goaribari Island in the Gulf of Papua , missionary Harry Dauncey found 10,000 skulls in the island 's long houses , a demonstration of past practices . According to Marianna Torgovnick , writing in 1991 , `` The most fully documented instances of cannibalism as a social institution come from New Guinea , where head - hunting and ritual cannibalism survived , in certain isolated areas , into the Fifties , Sixties , and Seventies , and still leave traces within certain social groups . '' Little was known in Europe about the island until the 19th century , although Portuguese and Spanish explorers , such as Dom Jorge de Menezes and Yñigo Ortiz de Retez , had encountered it as early as the 16th century . Traders from Southeast Asia had visited New Guinea beginning 5,000 years ago to collect bird - of - paradise plumes . The country 's dual name results from its complex administrative history before independence . The word papua is derived from an old local term of uncertain origin . `` New Guinea '' ( Nueva Guinea ) was the name coined by the Spanish explorer Yñigo Ortiz de Retez . In 1545 , he noted the resemblance of the people to those he had earlier seen along the Guinea coast of Africa . Guinea , in its turn , is etymologically derived from the Portuguese word Guiné . The name is one of several toponyms sharing similar etymologies , ultimately meaning `` land of the blacks '' or similar meanings , in reference to the dark skin of the inhabitants . New Guinea from 1884 to 1919 . Germany and Britain controlled the eastern half of New Guinea . In the nineteenth century , Germany ruled the northern half of the country for some decades , beginning in 1884 , as a colony named German New Guinea . In 1914 after the outbreak of World War I , Australian forces landed and captured German New Guinea in a small military campaign and occupied it throughout the war . After the war , in which Germany and the Central Powers were defeated , the League of Nations authorised Australia to administer this area as a League of Nations mandate territory . The southern half of the country had been colonised in 1884 by the United Kingdom as British New Guinea . With the Papua Act 1905 , the UK transferred this territory to the newly formed Commonwealth of Australia , which took on its administration . Additionally , from 1905 , British New Guinea was renamed as the Territory of Papua . In contrast to establishing an Australian mandate in former German New Guinea , the League of Nations determined that Papua was an External Territory of the Australian Commonwealth ; as a matter of law it remained a British possession . The difference in legal status meant that until 1949 , Papua and New Guinea had entirely separate administrations , both controlled by Australia . These conditions contributed to the complexity of organising the country 's post-independence legal system . Australian forces attack Japanese positions during the Battle of Buna -- Gona , 7 January 1943 . During World War II , the New Guinea campaign ( 1942 -- 1945 ) was one of the major military campaigns and conflicts between Japan and the Allies . Approximately 216,000 Japanese , Australian , and US servicemen died . After World War II and the victory of the Allies , the two territories were combined into the Territory of Papua and New Guinea . This was later referred to as `` Papua New Guinea '' . The natives of Papua appealed to the United Nations for oversight and independence . The nation established independence from Australia on 16 September 1975 , becoming a Commonwealth realm , continuing to share Queen Elizabeth II as its head of state . It maintains close ties with Australia , which continues to be its largest aid donor . Papua New Guinea was admitted to membership in the United Nations on 10 October 1975 . Australian patrol officer in 1964 A secessionist revolt in 1975 -- 76 on Bougainville Island resulted in an eleventh - hour modification of the draft Constitution of Papua New Guinea to allow for Bougainville and the other eighteen districts to have quasi-federal status as provinces . A renewed uprising on Bougainville started in 1988 and claimed 20,000 lives until it was resolved in 1997 . Bougainville had been the chief mining region of the country , generating 40 % of the national budget . The native peoples felt they were bearing the adverse environmental effects of the mining , which poisoned the land , water and air , without gaining a fair share of the profits . The government and rebels negotiated a peace agreement that established the Bougainville Autonomous District and Province . The autonomous Bougainville elected Joseph Kabui as president in 2005 , who served until his death in 2008 . He was succeeded by his deputy John Tabinaman as acting president while an election to fill the unexpired term was organised . James Tanis won that election in December 2008 and served until the inauguration of John Momis , the winner of the 2010 elections . As part of the current peace settlement , a referendum on independence is planned to be held in Bougainville sometime before mid-2020 . Preparations were underway in 2015 . Numerous Chinese have worked and lived in Papua New Guinea , establishing Chinese - majority communities . Chinese merchants became established in the islands before European exploration . Anti-Chinese rioting involving tens of thousands of people broke out in May 2009 . The initial spark was a fight between ethnic Chinese and Papua New Guinean workers at a nickel factory under construction by a Chinese company . Native resentment against Chinese ownership of numerous small businesses and their commercial monopoly in the islands led to the rioting . The Chinese have long been merchants in Papua New Guinea . In the same year , Papua New Guinea asked various Southeast Asian nations for their support for Papua New Guinea 's full membership bid in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations ( ASEAN ) . Indonesia supported the bid after Papua New Guinea supported Indonesia 's hold on West Papua . However , the Christian - majority Philippines and Buddhist - majority Thailand , Vietnam , and Cambodia have expressed displeasure over Papua New Guinea 's anti-LGBT laws , stating that equality - friendly Timor - Leste would most likely be a more feasible ASEAN member state in the future . In 2012 , despite a refugee crisis at the border of Papua New Guinea and West Papua , the country was steadfast in its support of Indonesia , which promised Papua New Guinea a greater role in ASEAN in the future . By 2017 , the Indonesian - led genocide against West Papuan natives peaked with almost 25 % of the native population killed within a 50 - year period . The realisation caused massive backlash from Oceanian nations against Papua New Guinea 's policy on West Papua . In January 2017 , Papua New Guinea gave citizenship to 138 West Papuan refugees in a bid to calm tensions . In September 2017 , Papua New Guinea rejected the West Papuan Independence Petition in the United Nations General Assembly , to the pleasure of Indonesia . From March to April 2018 , a chain of earthquakes hit Papua New Guinea , causing various damage . Various nations from Oceania , Australia , the Philippines and Timor - Leste immediately sent aid to the country . Government and politics ( edit ) Main article : Politics of Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea is a Commonwealth realm . Queen Elizabeth II is its sovereign and head of state . The constitutional convention , which prepared the draft constitution , and Australia , the outgoing metropolitan power , had thought that Papua New Guinea would not remain a monarchy . The founders , however , considered that imperial honours had a cachet . The monarch is represented by the Governor - General of Papua New Guinea , currently Bob Dadae . Papua New Guinea ( and the Solomon Islands ) are unusual among Commonwealth realms in that governors - general are elected by the legislature , rather than chosen by the executive branch . The Prime Minister heads the cabinet , which consists of 31 MPs from the ruling coalition , which make up the government . The current prime minister is Peter O'Neill . The unicameral National Parliament has 111 seats , of which 22 are occupied by the governors of the 22 provinces and the National Capital District ( NCD ) . Candidates for members of parliament are voted upon when the prime minister asks the governor - general to call a national election , a maximum of five years after the previous national election . In the early years of independence , the instability of the party system led to frequent votes of no confidence in parliament , with resulting changes of the government , but with referral to the electorate , through national elections only occurring every five years . In recent years , successive governments have passed legislation preventing such votes sooner than 18 months after a national election and within 12 months of the next election . In December 2012 , the first two ( of three ) readings were passed to prevent votes of no confidence occurring within the first 30 months . This restriction on votes of no confidence has arguably resulted in greater stability , although perhaps at a cost of reducing the accountability of the executive branch of government . Elections in PNG attract numerous candidates . After independence in 1975 , members were elected by the first - past - the - post system , with winners frequently gaining less than 15 % of the vote . Electoral reforms in 2001 introduced the Limited Preferential Vote system ( LPV ) , a version of the Alternative Vote . The 2007 general election was the first to be conducted using LPV . Prime Minister Peter O'Neill This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( October 2012 ) In 2011 there was a constitutional crisis between the parliament - elect Prime Minister , Peter O'Neill ( voted into office by a large majority of MPs ) , and Sir Michael Somare , who was deemed by the supreme court ( in a December Opinion , 3 : 2 ) to retain office . The stand - off between parliament and the supreme court continued until the July 2012 national elections , with legislation passed effectively removing the chief justice and subjecting the supreme court members to greater control by the legislature , as well as a series of other laws passed , for example limiting the age for a prime minister . The confrontation reached a peak , with the Deputy Prime Minister entering the supreme court during a hearing , escorted by some police , ostensibly to arrest the Chief Justice . There was strong pressure among some MPs to defer the national elections for a further six months to one year , although their powers to do that were highly questionable . The parliament - elect prime minister and other cooler - headed MPs carried the votes for the writs for the new election to be issued , slightly late , but for the election itself to occur on time , thereby avoiding a continuation of the constitutional crisis . The crisis was tense at times , but largely restricted to the political and legal fraternity , plus some police factions . The public and public service ( including most police and military ) stood back . It was a period when , with increased telecommunication access and use of social media ( notably Facebook and mobile phones ) , the public and students played some part in helping maintain restraint and demanding the leadership to adhere to constitutional processes . They insisted on having the elections so that the people could say who should be their legitimate representatives for the next five years . Under a 2002 amendment , the leader of the party winning the largest number of seats in the election is invited by the governor - general to form the government , if he can muster the necessary majority in parliament . The process of forming such a coalition in PNG , where parties do not have much ideology , involves considerable horsetrading right up until the last moment . Peter O'Neill emerged as Papua New Guinea 's prime minister after the July 2012 election , and formed a government with Leo Dion , the former Governor of East New Britain Province , as deputy prime minister . Law ( edit ) The Parliament building of Papua New Guinea in Port Moresby Main article : Law of Papua New Guinea The unicameral Parliament enacts legislation in the same manner as in other jurisdictions that have `` cabinet , '' `` responsible government , '' or `` parliamentary democracy '' : it is introduced by the executive government to the legislature , debated and , if passed , becomes law when it receives royal assent by the Governor - General . Most legislation is regulation implemented by the bureaucracy under enabling legislation previously passed by Parliament . All ordinary statutes enacted by Parliament must be consistent with the Constitution . The courts have jurisdiction to rule on the constitutionality of statutes , both in disputes before them and on a reference where there is no dispute but only an abstract question of law . Unusual among developing countries , the judicial branch of government in Papua New Guinea has remained remarkably independent , and successive executive governments have continued to respect its authority . The `` underlying law '' ( Papua New Guinea 's common law ) consists of principles and rules of common law and equity in English common law as it stood on 16 September 1975 ( the date of Independence ) , and thereafter the decisions of PNG 's own courts . The courts are directed by the Constitution and , latterly , the Underlying Law Act , to take note of the `` custom '' of traditional communities . They are to determine which customs are common to the whole country and may be declared also to be part of the underlying law . In practice , this has proved extremely difficult and has been largely neglected . Statutes are largely adapted from overseas jurisdictions , primarily Australia and England . Advocacy in the courts follows the adversarial pattern of other common - law countries . This national court system , used in towns and cities , is supported by a village court system in the more remote areas . The law underpinning the village courts is ' customary law ' . Foreign policy ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In foreign policy , Papua New Guinea is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations , Pacific Islands Forum , and the Melanesian Spearhead Group ( MSG ) of countries . It was accorded Observer status within ASEAN in 1976 , followed later by Special Observer status in 1981 . It is also a member of APEC and an ACP country , associated with the European Union . The country has a low - key initiative when it comes to the Indonesia - sponsored genocide in West Papua due to its application in ASEAN , where the headquarters is in Jakarta . Papua New Guinea has positive ties with Australia and countries in Oceania . It also has good ties with fellow - Christian country , the Philippines , especially in the education sector . The country 's policy has been focusing on ties with Southeast Asia in recent years due to its application in ASEAN , which is supported by the Philippines and co-observer Timor - Leste . Military ( edit ) Main article : Papua New Guinea Defence Force The Papua New Guinea Defence Force ( PNGDF ) is the military organisation responsible for the defence of Papua New Guinea . Human rights ( edit ) Papua New Guinean children , men and women show their support for putting an end to violence against women during a White Ribbon Day march Main article : Human rights in Papua New Guinea See also : Sexual violence in Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea is often ranked as likely the worst place in the world for violence against women . A 2013 study in The Lancet found that 27 % of men on Bougainville Island , Papua New Guinea , reported having raped a non-partner , while 14.1 % reported having committed gang rape . According to UNICEF , nearly half of reported rape victims are under 15 years of age and 13 % are under 7 years of age . A report by ChildFund Australia , citing former Parliamentarian Dame Carol Kidu , claimed 50 % of those seeking medical help after rape are under 16 , 25 % are under 12 , and 10 % are under 8 . The 1976 Sorcery Act imposed a penalty of up to 2 years in prison for the practice of `` black '' magic , until the Act was repealed in 2013 . An estimated 50 -- 150 alleged witches are killed each year in Papua New Guinea . There are also no protections given to LGBT citizens in the country . Homosexual acts are prohibited by law in Papua New Guinea ; it is one of the very few Christian countries in present time to criminalise homosexuality . Administrative divisions ( edit ) Main articles : Regions of Papua New Guinea , Provinces of Papua New Guinea , and Districts and LLGs of Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea is divided into four regions , which are not the primary administrative divisions but are quite significant in many aspects of government , commercial , sporting and other activities . The nation has 22 province - level divisions : twenty provinces , the Autonomous Region of Bougainville and the National Capital District . Each province is divided into one or more districts , which in turn are divided into one or more Local - Level Government areas . Provinces are the primary administrative divisions of the country . Provincial governments are branches of the national government -- Papua New Guinea is not a federation of provinces . The province - level divisions are as follows : Central Chimbu ( Simbu ) Eastern Highlands East New Britain East Sepik Enga Gulf Madang Manus Milne Bay Morobe New Ireland Northern ( Oro Province ) Bougainville ( autonomous region ) Southern Highlands Western Province ( Fly ) Western Highlands West New Britain West Sepik ( Sandaun ) National Capital District ( Port Moresby ) Hela Jiwaka Provinces of Papua New Guinea . In 2009 , Parliament approved the creation of two additional provinces : Hela Province , consisting of part of the existing Southern Highlands Province , and Jiwaka Province , formed by dividing Western Highlands Province . Jiwaka and Hela officially became separate provinces on 17 May 2012 . The declaration of Hela and Jiwaka is a result of the largest liquefied natural gas ( LNG ) project in the country that is situated in both provinces . The government set 15 June 2019 as the voting date for an independence referendum in the Bougainville ( autonomous region ) . The Australian Strategic Policy Institute has said that there is a wide expectation Bougainville will vote to become independent . Geography ( edit ) Main article : Geography of Papua New Guinea Map of Papua New Guinea At 462,840 km ( 178,704 sq mi ) , Papua New Guinea is the world 's fifty - fourth - largest country . Including all its islands , it lies between latitudes 0 ° and 12 ° S , and longitudes 140 ° and 160 ° E . Located north of the Australian mainland , the country 's geography is diverse and , in places , extremely rugged . A spine of mountains , the New Guinea Highlands , runs the length of the island of New Guinea , forming a populous highlands region mostly covered with tropical rainforest , and the long Papuan Peninsula , known as the ' Bird 's Tail ' . Dense rainforests can be found in the lowland and coastal areas as well as very large wetland areas surrounding the Sepik and Fly rivers . This terrain has made it difficult for the country to develop transportation infrastructure . Some areas are accessible only on foot or by aeroplane . The highest peak is Mount Wilhelm at 4,509 metres ( 14,793 ft ) . Papua New Guinea is surrounded by coral reefs which are under close watch , in the interests of preservation . The country is situated on the Pacific Ring of Fire , at the point of collision of several tectonic plates . There are a number of active volcanoes , and eruptions are frequent . Earthquakes are relatively common , sometimes accompanied by tsunamis . The mainland of the country is the eastern half of New Guinea island , where the largest towns are also located , including Port Moresby ( capital ) and Lae ; other major islands within Papua New Guinea include New Ireland , New Britain , Manus and Bougainville . Papua New Guinea is one of the few regions close to the equator that experience snowfall , which occurs in the most elevated parts of the mainland . Borders ( edit ) The border between Papua New Guinea and Indonesia was confirmed by treaty with Australia before independence in 1974 . Maritime boundaries with Australia were confirmed by a treaty in 1978 . Ecology ( edit ) See also : Conservation in Papua New Guinea Mount Tavurvur Papua New Guinea 's highlands Papua New Guinea is part of the Australasia ecozone , which also includes Australia , New Zealand , eastern Indonesia , and several Pacific island groups , including the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu . Geologically , the island of New Guinea is a northern extension of the Indo - Australian tectonic plate , forming part of a single land mass which is Australia - New Guinea ( also called Sahul or Meganesia ) . It is connected to the Australian segment by a shallow continental shelf across the Torres Strait , which in former ages lay exposed as a land bridge , particularly during ice ages when sea levels were lower than at present . Consequently , many species of birds and mammals found on New Guinea have close genetic links with corresponding species found in Australia . One notable feature in common for the two landmasses is the existence of several species of marsupial mammals , including some kangaroos and possums , which are not found elsewhere . Papua New Guinea is a megadiverse country . Many of the other islands within PNG territory , including New Britain , New Ireland , Bougainville , the Admiralty Islands , the Trobriand Islands , and the Louisiade Archipelago , were never linked to New Guinea by land bridges . As a consequence , they have their own flora and fauna ; in particular , they lack many of the land mammals and flightless birds that are common to New Guinea and Australia . A tree - kangaroo in Papua New Guinea Australia and New Guinea are portions of the ancient supercontinent of Gondwana , which started to break into smaller continents in the Cretaceous era , 66 -- 130 million years ago . Australia finally broke free from Antarctica about 45 million years ago . All the Australasian lands are home to the Antarctic flora , descended from the flora of southern Gondwana , including the coniferous podocarps and Araucaria pines , and the broadleafed southern beech ( Nothofagus ) . These plant families are still present in Papua New Guinea . As the Indo - Australian Plate ( which includes landmasses of India , Australia , and the Indian Ocean floor in between ) drifts north , it collides with the Eurasian Plate . The collision of the two plates pushed up the Himalayas , the Indonesian islands , and New Guinea 's Central Range . The Central Range is much younger and higher than the mountains of Australia , so high that it is home to rare equatorial glaciers . New Guinea is part of the humid tropics , and many Indomalayan rainforest plants spread across the narrow straits from Asia , mixing together with the old Australian and Antarctic floras . PNG includes a number of terrestrial ecoregions : Admiralty Islands lowland rain forests -- forested islands to the north of the mainland , home to a distinct flora . Central Range montane rain forests Green tropical rainforest of Papua New Guinea bears a sharp contrast to nearby arid Australia . Huon Peninsula montane rain forests Louisiade Archipelago rain forests New Britain - New Ireland lowland rain forests New Britain - New Ireland montane rain forests New Guinea mangroves Northern New Guinea lowland rain and freshwater swamp forests Northern New Guinea montane rain forests Solomon Islands rain forests ( includes Bougainville Island and Buka ) Southeastern Papuan rain forests Southern New Guinea freshwater swamp forests Southern New Guinea lowland rain forests Trobriand Islands rain forests Trans Fly savanna and grasslands Central Range sub-alpine grasslands Three new species of mammals were discovered in the forests of Papua New Guinea by an Australian - led expedition . A small wallaby , a large - eared mouse and shrew - like marsupial were discovered . The expedition was also successful in capturing photographs and video footage of some other rare animals such as the Tenkile tree kangaroo and the Weimang tree kangaroo . Environmental issues ( edit ) Main article : Environmental issues in Papua New Guinea At current rates of deforestation , more than half of Papua New Guinea 's forests could be lost or seriously degraded by 2021 , according to a new satellite study of the region . Nearly one quarter of Papua New Guinea 's rainforests were damaged or destroyed between 1972 and 2002 . 2018 earthquake ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Papua New Guinea earthquake On February 25 , 2018 , an earthquake of magnitude 7.5 and depth of 35 kilometres struck the middle of Papua New Guinea . The worst of the damage was centred around the Southern Highlands region . As of March 1 there were 31 reported deaths , and that number was expected to rise . Economy ( edit ) Main article : Economy of Papua New Guinea Port Moresby 's central business district Papua New Guinea is richly endowed with natural resources , including mineral and renewable resources , such as forests , marine ( including a large portion of the world 's major tuna stocks ) , and in some parts agriculture . The rugged terrain -- including high mountain ranges and valleys , swamps and islands -- and high cost of developing infrastructure , combined with other factors ( including serious law and order problems in some centres and the system of customary land title ) makes it difficult for outside developers . Local developers are handicapped by years of deficient investment in education , health , ICT and access to finance . Agriculture , for subsistence and cash crops , provides a livelihood for 85 % of the population and continues to provide some 30 % of GDP . Mineral deposits , including gold , oil , and copper , account for 72 % of export earnings . Oil palm production has grown steadily over recent years ( largely from estates and with extensive outgrower output ) , with palm oil now the main agricultural export . In households participating , coffee remains the major export crop ( produced largely in the Highlands provinces ) , followed by cocoa and coconut oil / copra from the coastal areas , each largely produced by smallholders and tea , produced on estates and rubber . The Iagifu / Hedinia Field was discovered in 1986 in the Papuan fold and thrust belt . Former Prime Minister Sir Mekere Morauta tried to restore integrity to state institutions , stabilise the kina , restore stability to the national budget , privatise public enterprises where appropriate , and ensure ongoing peace on Bougainville following the 1997 agreement which ended Bougainville 's secessionist unrest . The Morauta government had considerable success in attracting international support , specifically gaining the backing of the International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) and the World Bank in securing development assistance loans . Significant challenges face Prime Minister Sir Michael Somare , including gaining further investor confidence , continuing efforts to privatise government assets , and maintaining the support of members of Parliament . In March 2006 , the United Nations Development Programme Policy called for Papua New Guinea 's designation of developing country to be downgraded to least - developed country because of protracted economic and social stagnation . However , an evaluation by the IMF in late 2008 found that `` a combination of prudent fiscal and monetary policies , and high global prices for mineral commodity exports , have ( sic ) underpinned Papua New Guinea 's recent buoyant economic growth and macroeconomic stability . By 2012 PNG had enjoyed a decade of positive economic growth , at over 6 % since 2007 , even during the Global Financial Crisis years of 2008 / 9 . PNG 's Real GDP growth rate as at 2011 was 8.9 % , '' and 9.2 % for 2012 , according to the Asian Development Bank . This economic growth has been primarily attributed to strong commodity prices , particularly mineral but also agricultural , with the high demand for mineral products largely sustained even during the crisis by the buoyant Asian markets , a booming mining sector , and particularly since 2009 by a buoyant outlook and the construction phase for natural gas exploration , production , and exportation in liquefied form ( liquefied natural gas or `` LNG '' ) by LNG tankers ( LNG carrier ) , all of which will require multibillion - dollar investments ( exploration , production wells , pipelines , storage , liquefaction plants , port terminals , LNG tanker ships ) . The first major gas project was the PNG LNG joint venture . ExxonMobil is operator of the joint venture , also comprising PNG company Oil Search , Santos , Kumul Petroleum Holdings ( Papua New Guinea 's national oil and gas company ) , JX Nippon Oil and Gas Exploration , the PNG government 's Mineral Resources Development Company and Petromin PNG Holdings . The project is an integrated development that includes gas production and processing facilities in the Hela , Southern Highlands and Western Provinces of Papua New Guinea , including liquefaction and storage facilities ( located northwest of Port Moresby ) with capacity of 6.9 million tonnes per year . There are over 700 kilometres ( 430 mi ) of pipelines connecting the facilities . It is the largest private - sector investment in the history of PNG . A second major project is based on initial rights held by the French oil and gas major Total S.A. and the US company InterOil Corp . ( IOC ) , which have partly combined their assets after Total agreed in December 2013 to purchase 61.3 % of IOC 's Antelope and Elk gas field rights , with the plan to develop them starting in 2016 , including the construction of a liquefaction plant to allow export of LNG . Total S.A. has separately another joint operating agreement with Oil Search . Further gas and mineral projects are proposed ( including the large Wafi - Golpu copper - gold mine ) , with extensive exploration ongoing across the country . Economic ' development ' based on the extractive industries carries difficult consequences for local communities . There has been much contention around river tailings in the vast Fly River , submarine tailings from the new Ramu - Nickel - cobalt mine , commencing exports in late 2012 ( after a delay from landowner - led court challenges ) , and from proposed submarine mining in the Bismarck Sea ( by Nautilus Minerals ) . One major project conducted through the PNG Department for Community Development suggested that other pathways to sustainable development should be considered . The PNG government 's long - term Vision 2050 and shorter - term policy documents , including the 2013 Budget and the 2014 Responsible Sustainable Development Strategy , emphasise the need for a more diverse economy , based upon sustainable industries and avoiding the effects of Dutch disease from major resource extraction projects undermining other industries , as has occurred in many countries experiencing oil or other mineral booms , notably in Western Africa , undermining much of their agriculture sector , manufacturing and tourism , and with them broad - based employment prospects . Measures have been taken to mitigate these effects , including through the establishment of a sovereign wealth fund , partly to stabilise revenue and expenditure flows , but much will depend upon the readiness to make real reforms to effective use of revenue , tackling rampant corruption and empowering households and businesses to access markets , services and develop a more buoyant economy , with lower costs , especially for small to medium - size enterprises . The Institute of National Affairs , a PNG independent policy think tank , provides a report on the business and investment environment of Papua New Guinea every five years , based upon a survey of large and small , local and overseas companies , highlighting law and order problems and corruption , as the worst impediments , followed by the poor state of transport , power and communications infrastructure . Land tenure ( edit ) The Ok Tedi Mine in southwestern Papua New Guinea The PNG legislature has enacted laws in which a type of tenure called `` customary land title '' is recognised , meaning that the traditional lands of the indigenous peoples have some legal basis to inalienable tenure . This customary land notionally covers most of the usable land in the country ( some 97 % of total land area ) ; alienated land is either held privately under state lease or is government land . Freehold title ( also known as fee simple ) can only be held by Papua New Guinean citizens . Only some 3 % of the land of Papua New Guinea is in private hands ; this is privately held under 99 - year state lease , or it is held by the State . There is virtually no freehold title ; the few existing freeholds are automatically converted to state lease when they are transferred between vendor and purchaser . Unalienated land is owned under customary title by traditional landowners . The precise nature of the seisin varies from one culture to another . Many writers portray land as in the communal ownership of traditional clans ; however , closer studies usually show that the smallest portions of land whose ownership can not be further divided are held by the individual heads of extended families and their descendants or their descendants alone if they have recently died . This is a matter of vital importance because a problem of economic development is identifying the membership of customary landowning groups and the owners . Disputes between mining and forestry companies and landowner groups often devolve on the issue of whether the companies entered into contractual relations for the use of land with the true owners . Customary property -- usually land -- can not be devised by will . It can only be inherited according to the custom of the deceased 's people . The Lands Act was amended in 2010 along with the Land Group Incorporation Act , intended to improve the management of state land , mechanisms for dispute resolution over land , and to enable customary landowners to be better able to access finance and possible partnerships over portions of their land , if they seek to develop it for urban or rural economic activities . The Land Group Incorporation Act requires more specific identification of the customary landowners than hitherto and their more specific authorisation before any land arrangements are determined ; ( a major issue in recent years has been a land grab , using , or rather misusing , the Lease - Leaseback provision under the Land Act , notably using ' Special Agricultural and Business Leases ' ( SABLs ) to acquire vast tracts of customary land , purportedly for agricultural projects , but in an almost all cases as a back - door mechanism for securing tropical forest resources for logging -- circumventing the more exacting requirements of the Forest Act , for securing Timber Permits ( which must comply with sustainability requirements and be competitively secured , and with the customary landowners approval ) . Following a national outcry , these SABLs have been subject to a Commission of Inquiry , established in mid-2011 , for which the report is still awaited for initial presentation to the Prime Minister and Parliament . Demographics ( edit ) Main article : Demographics of Papua New Guinea Huli wigman from the Southern Highlands Population Year Million 1950 1.7 2000 5.6 2016 8.1 Papua New Guinea is one of the most heterogeneous nations in the world . There are hundreds of ethnic groups indigenous to Papua New Guinea , the majority being from the group known as Papuans , whose ancestors arrived in the New Guinea region tens of thousands of years ago . The other indigenous peoples are Austronesians , their ancestors having arrived in the region less than four thousand years ago . There are also numerous people from other parts of the world now resident , including Chinese , Europeans , Australians , Indonesians , Filipinos , Polynesians , and Micronesians ( the last four belonging to the Austronesian family ) . Around 40,000 expatriates , mostly from Australia and China , were living in Papua New Guinea in 1975 . Urbanisation ( edit ) Largest cities and towns in Papua New Guinea www.geonames.org/PG/largest-cities-in-papua-new-guinea.html Rank Name Province Pop . Port Moresby Lae Port Moresby National capital district 283,733 Lae Morobe 76,255 Arawa Bougainville 40,266 Mount Hagen Western Highlands 33,623 5 Popondetta Northern Province 28,198 6 Madang Madang 27,419 7 Kokopo East New Britain 26,273 8 Mendi Southern Highlands 26,252 9 Kimbe West New Britain 18,847 10 Goroka Eastern Highlands 18,503 Languages ( edit ) Main article : Languages of Papua New Guinea The language families in Ross 's conception of the Trans - New Guinea language family Papua New Guinea has more languages than any other country , with over 820 indigenous languages , representing 12 % of the world 's total , but most have fewer than 1,000 speakers . The most widely spoken indigenous language is Enga , with about 200,000 speakers , followed by Melpa and Huli . Indigenous languages are classified into two large groups , Austronesian languages and non-Austronesian , or Papuan , languages . There are four official languages in Papua New Guinea : English , `` sign language '' ( which in practice means Papua New Guinean Sign Language ) , Tok Pisin and Hiri Motu . English is the language of government and the education system , but it is not spoken widely . The primary lingua franca of the country is Tok Pisin ( commonly known in English as New Guinean Pidgin or Melanesian Pidgin ) , in which much of the debate in Parliament is conducted , many information campaigns and advertisements are presented , and until recently a national newspaper , Wantok , was published . The only area where Tok Pisin is not prevalent is the southern region of Papua , where people often use the third official language , Hiri Motu . Although it lies in the Papua region , Port Moresby has a highly diverse population which primarily uses Tok Pisin , and to a lesser extent English , with Motu spoken as the indigenous language in outlying villages . With an average of only 7,000 speakers per language , Papua New Guinea has a greater density of languages than any other nation on earth except Vanuatu . Health ( edit ) Government expenditure health in 2014 accounted for 9.5 % of total government spending , with total health expenditure equating to 4.3 % of GDP . There were five physicians per 100,000 people in the early 2000s . Malaria is the leading cause of illness and death in New Guinea . In 2003 , the most recently reported year , 70,226 cases of laboratory - confirmed malaria were reported , along with 537 deaths . A total of 1,729,697 cases were probable . Papua New Guinea has the highest incidence of HIV and AIDS in the Pacific region and is the fourth country in the Asia Pacific region to fit the criteria for a generalised HIV / AIDS epidemic . Lack of HIV / AIDS awareness is a major problem , especially in rural areas . The 2010 maternal mortality rate per 100,000 births for Papua New Guinea was 250 . This is compared with 311.9 in 2008 and 476.3 in 1990 . The under - 5 mortality rate , per 1,000 births is 69 and the neonatal mortality as a percentage of under - 5s ' mortality is 37 . In Papua New Guinea , the number of midwives per 1,000 live births is 1 and the lifetime risk of death for pregnant women is 1 in 94 . Religion ( edit ) Main article : Religion in Papua New Guinea Citizen population in Papua New Guinea by religion , based on the 2011 census Roman Catholic ( 26 % ) Evangelical Lutheran Church of Papua New Guinea ( 18.4 % ) Seventh - day Adventist ( 12.9 % ) Pentecostal ( 10.4 % ) United Church in Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands ( 10.3 % ) Evangelical Alliance Papua New Guinea ( 5.9 % ) Anglican Church of Papua New Guinea ( 3.2 % ) Baptist ( 2.8 % ) Salvation Army ( 0.4 % ) Kwato Church ( 0.2 % ) Other Christian ( 5.1 % ) Non Christian ( 1.4 % ) Not stated ( 3.1 % ) The courts and government practice uphold the constitutional right to freedom of speech , thought , and belief , and no legislation to curb those rights has been adopted . The 2011 census found that 95.6 % of citizens identified themselves as members of a Christian church , 1.4 % were not Christian , 3.1 % did not answer this census question . These who stated no religion accounted for , approximately , 0 % . Many citizens combine their Christian faith with some traditional indigenous religious practices . Christianity in Papua New Guinea is predominantly made up of Protestants , who collectively constitute roughly 70 % of the total population . They are mostly represented by the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Papua New Guinea , the Seventh - day Adventist Church , diverse Pentecostal denominations , the United Church in Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands , the Evangelical Alliance Papua New Guinea , and the Anglican Church of Papua New Guinea . Apart from Protestants , there is a notable Roman Catholic minority with approximately 25 % of the population . There are approximately 2,000 Muslims in the country . The majority belong to the Sunni group , while a small number are Ahmadi . Non-traditional Christian churches and non-Christian religious groups are active throughout the country . The Papua New Guinea Council of Churches has stated that both Muslim and Confucian missionaries are active , and foreign missionary activity in general is high . Traditional religions are often animist . Some also tend to have elements of veneration of the dead , though generalisation is suspect given the extreme heterogeneity of Melanesian societies . Prevalent among traditional tribes is the belief in masalai , or evil spirits , which are blamed for `` poisoning '' people , causing calamity and death , and the practice of puripuri ( sorcery ) . Culture ( edit ) Main articles : Culture of Papua New Guinea , Music of Papua New Guinea , and Papua New Guinean cuisine Bilum bag from Goroka , Eastern Highlands Province A resident of Boga - Boga , a village on the southeast coast of mainland Papua New Guinea Asaro Mudmen A 20th - century wooden Abelam ancestor figure ( nggwalndu ) It is estimated that more than a thousand cultural groups exist in Papua New Guinea . Because of this diversity , many styles of cultural expression have emerged . Each group has created its own expressive forms in art , dance , weaponry , costumes , singing , music , architecture and much more . Most of these cultural groups have their own language . People typically live in villages that rely on subsistence farming . In some areas people hunt and collect wild plants ( such as yam roots and karuka ) to supplement their diets . Those who become skilled at hunting , farming and fishing earn a great deal of respect . On the Sepik river , there is a tradition of wood carving , often in the form of plants or animals , representing ancestor spirits . Seashells are no longer the currency of Papua New Guinea , as they were in some regions -- sea shells were abolished as currency in 1933 . This tradition is still present in local customs . In some cultures , to get a bride , a groom must bring a certain number of golden - edged clam shells as a bride price . In other regions , the bride price is paid in lengths of shell money , pigs , cassowaries or cash . Elsewhere , it is brides who traditionally pay a dowry . People of the highlands engage in colourful local rituals that are called `` sing sings '' . They paint themselves and dress up with feathers , pearls and animal skins to represent birds , trees or mountain spirits . Sometimes an important event , such as a legendary battle , is enacted at such a musical festival . The country possesses one ( 1 ) UNESCO World Heritage site , namely , Kuk Early Agricultural Site , which was inscribed in 2008 . The country , however , has no elements inscribed yet in the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists , despite having one of the widest array of intangible cultural heritage elements in the world . Sport ( edit ) Main article : Sport in Papua New Guinea Sport is an important part of Papua New Guinean culture and rugby league is by far the most popular sport . In a nation where communities are far apart and many people live at a minimal subsistence level , rugby league has been described as a replacement for tribal warfare as a way of explaining the local enthusiasm for the game ( a matter of life or death ) . Many Papua New Guineans have become instant celebrities by representing their country or playing in an overseas professional league . Even Australian rugby league players who have played in the annual State of Origin series , which is celebrated feverishly every year in PNG , are among the most well - known people throughout the nation . State of Origin is a highlight of the year for most Papua New Guineans , although the support is so passionate that many people have died over the years in violent clashes supporting their team . The Papua New Guinea national rugby league team usually plays against the Australian Prime Minister 's XIII ( a selection of NRL players ) each year , normally in Port Moresby . Although not as popular , Australian rules football is more significant in another way , as the national team is ranked second , only after Australia . Other major sports which have a part in the Papua New Guinea sporting landscape are association football , rugby union , basketball and , in eastern Papua , cricket . The capital city , Port Moresby , hosted the Pacific Games in 2015 . Education ( edit ) Main article : Education in Papua New Guinea A large proportion of the population is illiterate , with women predominating in this area . Much of the education in PNG is provided by church institutions . This includes 500 schools of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Papua New Guinea . Papua New Guinea has six universities apart from other major tertiary institutions . The two founding universities are the University of Papua New Guinea , based in the National Capital District , and the Papua New Guinea University of Technology , based outside of Lae , in Morobe Province . The four other universities which were once colleges were established recently after gaining government recognition . These are the University of Goroka in the Eastern Highlands province , Divine Word University ( run by the Catholic Church 's Divine Word Missionaries ) in Madang Province , Vudal University in East New Britain Province and Pacific Adventist University ( run by the Seventh - day Adventist Church ) in the National Capital District . Science and technology ( edit ) Papua New Guinea 's National Vision 2050 was adopted in 2009 . This has led to the establishment of the Research , Science and Technology Council . At its gathering in November 2014 , the Council re-emphasised the need to focus on sustainable development through science and technology . Vision 2050 's medium - term priorities are : emerging industrial technology for downstream processing ; infrastructure technology for the economic corridors ; knowledge - based technology ; Science and engineering education ; and to reach the target of investing 5 % of GDP in research and development by 2050 . ( There is no recent data for this indicator . ) According to Thomson Reuters ' Web of Science , Papua New Guinea had the largest number of publications ( 110 ) among Pacific Island states in 2014 , followed by Fiji ( 106 ) . Nine out of ten scientific publications from Papua New Guinea focused on immunology , genetics , biotechnology and microbiology . Nine out of ten were also co-authored by scientists from other countries , mainly Australia , the United States of America , United Kingdom , Spain and Switzerland . Forestry is an important economic resource for Papua New Guinea but the industry uses low and semi-intensive technological inputs . As a result , product ranges are limited to sawed timber , veneer , plywood , block board , moulding , poles and posts and wood chips . Only a few limited finished products are exported . Lack of automated machinery , coupled with inadequately trained local technical personnel , are some of the obstacles to introducing automated machinery and design . Policy - makers need to turn their attention to eliminating these barriers , in order for forestry to make a more efficient and sustainable contribution to national economic development . In Papua New Guinea , renewable energy sources represent two - thirds of the total electricity supply . In 2015 , the Secretariat of the Pacific Community observed that , ' while Fiji , Papua New Guinea and Samoa are leading the way with large - scale hydropower projects , there is enormous potential to expand the deployment of other renewable energy options such as solar , wind , geothermal and ocean - based energy sources ' . The European Union has funded the Renewable Energy in Pacific Island Countries Developing Skills and Capacity programme ( EPIC ) . Since its inception in 2013 , the programme has developed a master 's programme in renewable energy management at the University of Papua New Guinea and helped to establish a Centre of Renewable Energy at the same university . Papua New Guinea is one of the 15 beneficiaries of a programme on Adapting to Climate Change and Sustainable Energy worth € 37.26 million . The programme resulted from the signing of an agreement in February 2014 between the European Union and the Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat . The other beneficiaries are the Cook Islands , Fiji , Kiribati , Marshall Islands , Federated States of Micronesia , Nauru , Niue , Palau , Samoa , Solomon Islands , Timor - Leste , Tonga , Tuvalu and Vanuatu . Transport ( edit ) Main article : Transport in Papua New Guinea Transport in Papua New Guinea is heavily limited by the country 's mountainous terrain . As a result , air travel is the single most important form of transport for human and high density / value freight . Aeroplanes made it possible to open up the country during its early colonial period . Even today the two largest cities , Port Moresby and Lae , are only directly connected by planes . Port Moresby is not linked by road to any of the other major towns , and many remote villages can only be reached by light aircraft or on foot . Jacksons International Airport is the major international airport in Papua New Guinea , located 8 kilometres ( 5 mi ) from Port Moresby . In addition to two international airfields , Papua New Guinea has 578 airstrips , most of which are unpaved . See also ( edit ) Papua New Guinea portal Outline of Papua New Guinea References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Somare , Michael ( 6 December 2004 ) . `` Stable Government , Investment Initiatives , and Economic Growth '' . Keynote address to the 8th Papua New Guinea Mining and Petroleum Conference . Archived from the original on 2006 - 06 - 28 . Retrieved 9 August 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Never more to rise '' . The National . 6 February 2006 . Archived from the original on 13 July 2007 . Retrieved 19 January 2005 . ^ Jump up to : `` Papua New Guinea '' . The World Factbook . Langley , Virginia : Central Intelligence Agency . 2012 . Retrieved 5 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sign language becomes an official language in PNG '' . Radio New Zealand . 21 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Papua New Guinea Population ( 2016 ) '' . worldbank.org . Retrieved 19 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Papua New Guinea '' . International Monetary Fund . Retrieved 25 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` GINI index '' . World Bank . Retrieved 30 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Human Development Report '' ( PDF ) . United Nations Development Programme. 2018 . Retrieved 14 September 2018 . Jump up ^ Jones , Daniel ( 2003 ) ( 1917 ) , Peter Roach ; James Hartmann ; Jane Setter , eds. , English Pronouncing Dictionary , Cambridge University Press , ISBN 978 - 3 - 12 - 539683 - 8 Jump up ^ `` World Bank data on urbanisation '' . World Development Indicators . World Bank . 2005 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 02 - 03 . Retrieved 15 July 2005 . Jump up ^ Papua New Guinea , Ethnologue ^ Jump up to : James , Paul ; Nadarajah , Yaso ; Haive , Karen ; Stead , Victoria ( 2012 ) . Sustainable Communities , Sustainable Development : Other Paths for Papua New Guinea . Honolulu : University of Hawaii Press . Jump up ^ Gelineau , Kristen ( 26 March 2009 ) . `` Spiders and frogs identified among 50 new species '' . The Independent . Retrieved 26 March 2009 . Jump up ^ World Economic Outlook Database , October 2015 , International Monetary Fund . Database updated on 6 October 2015 . Accessed on 6 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Raising the profile of PNG in Australia '' . Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade . 9 March 2012 . Retrieved 27 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Asian Development Outlook 2015 : Financing Asia 's Future Growth . Asian Development Bank ( March 2015 ) Jump up ^ `` Bougainville Copper Limited '' . Retrieved 24 August 2015 . Jump up ^ World Bank . 2010 . World Development Indicators . Washington DC . Jump up ^ `` Constitution of Independent State of Papua New Guinea ( consol. to amendment # 22 ) '' . Pacific Islands Legal Information Institute . Retrieved 16 July 2005 . Jump up ^ O'Connell , J.F. , and J. Allen . `` Pre-LGM Sahul ( Australia - New Guinea ) and the archaeology of early modern humans , '' Rethinking the human revolution : new behavioural and biological perspectives on the origin and dispersal of modern humans ( 2007 ) : 395 -- 410 . Jump up ^ Diamond , J. ( March 1997 ) . Guns , Germs , and Steel : The Fates of Human Societies . W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 0 - 393 - 03891 - 2 . Jump up ^ Swadling , p. 282 Jump up ^ Knauft , Bruce M. ( 1999 ) From Primitive to Postcolonial in Melanesia and Anthropology . University of Michigan Press . p. 103 . ISBN 0 - 472 - 06687 - 0 Jump up ^ `` Cannibalism Normal For Early Humans ? '' . National Geographic News . 10 April 2003 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Laurence ( 1999 ). The Anthropology of Cannibalism . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 19 . ISBN 0 - 89789 - 596 - 7 Jump up ^ Torgovnick , Marianna ( 1991 ) . Gone Primitive : Savage Intellects , Modern Lives , University of Chicago Press . p. 258 ISBN 0 - 226 - 80832 - 7 Jump up ^ Swadling : `` Such trade links and the nominal claim of the Sultan of Ceram over New Guinea constituted the legal basis for the Netherlands ' claim over West New Guinea and ultimately that of Indonesia over what is new West Papua . '' Jump up ^ Pickell , David & Müller , Kal ( 2002 ) . Between the Tides : A Fascinating Journey among the Kamoro of New Guinea . Tuttle Publishing . p. 153 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7946 - 0072 - 3 . Jump up ^ Fenton , Damien . `` '' How many died ? ( QnA ) `` '' . Archived from the original on 5 July 2009 . Retrieved 9 August 2012 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) . Australian War Memorial . Jump up ^ `` United Nations Official Document '' . www.un.org . Jump up ^ `` New report doubles death toll on Bougainville to 20,000 '' . Radio Australia . 19 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Australia 's interest in Bougainville 's independence is far from locals ' wishes '' , The Guardian . 20 May 2015 Jump up ^ `` Bougainville makes first preparations for referendum '' . Radio New Zealand . 17 April 2015 Jump up ^ Callick , Rowan ( 23 May 2009 ) . `` Looters shot dead amid chaos of Papua New Guinea 's anti-Chinese riots '' . The Australian . Retrieved 30 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Overseas and under siege '' , The Economist , 11 August 2009 Jump up ^ `` Papua New Guinea asks RP support for Asean membership bid News GMA News Online '' . Gmanetwork.com. 30 March 2009 . Retrieved 10 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Papua New Guinea keen to join ASEAN The Brunei Times '' . bt.com.bn . Archived from the original on 7 March 2016 . Retrieved 25 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` PNG resettles hundreds of West Papuan asylum seekers '' . 18 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Namorong , Martyn ( 3 March 2017 ) . `` Can the next # PNG Government do better on West Papua ? '' . Jump up ^ `` PNG grants citizenship to 138 West Papuan refugees '' . 19 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Doherty , Ben ; Lamb , Kate ( 30 September 2017 ) . `` West Papua independence petition is rebuffed at UN '' . the Guardian . Jump up ^ Roy , Eleanor Ainge ( 5 April 2018 ) . `` Papua New Guinea earthquake : UN pulls out aid workers from violence - hit region '' . the Guardian . Jump up ^ Roy , Eleanor Ainge ( 8 March 2018 ) . `` Papua New Guinea earthquake : anger grows among ' forgotten victims ' '' . the Guardian . Jump up ^ Bradford , Sarah ( 1997 ) . Elizabeth : A Biography of Britain 's Queen . Riverhead Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57322 - 600 - 4 . Jump up ^ Papua New Guinea Constitution Schedule 2.2. 2 Jump up ^ Davidson , Helen ( 5 July 2013 ) . `` Médecins Sans Frontières opens Papua New Guinea clinic for abuse victims '' . Guardian News and Media Limited . Retrieved 12 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Davidson , Helen ( 19 July 2013 ) . `` Papua New Guinea : a country suffering spiralling violence '' . Guardian News and Media Limited . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ Jewkes , Rachel ; Fulu , Emma ; Roselli , Tim ; Garcia - Moreno , Claudia ( 2013 ) . `` Prevalence of and factors associated with non-partner rape perpetration : findings from the UN Multi-country Cross-sectional Study on Men and Violence in Asia and the Pacific '' . The Lancet . 323 ( 4 ) : e208 . doi : 10.1016 / S2214 - 109X ( 13 ) 70069 - X . PMID 25104346 . Jump up ^ `` UNICEF strives to help Papua New Guinea break cycle of violence '' . UNICEF. 18 August 2008 . Retrieved 26 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Wiseman H ( August 2013 ) . `` Stop Violence Against Women and Children in Papua New Guinea '' ( PDF ) . ChildFund . p. 5 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2015 - 08 - 27 . Retrieved 18 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` PNG repeals sorcery law and expands death penalty '' . BBC News . 29 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Papua New Guinea 's ' Sorcery Refugees ' : Women Accused of Witchcraft Flee Homes to Escape Violence '' . Vice News . 6 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The state of gay rights around the world '' . The Washington Post 14 June 2016 . Jump up ^ The Constitution of Papua New Guinea sets out the names of the 19 provinces at the time of Independence . Several provinces have changed their names ; such changes are not strictly speaking official without a formal constitutional amendment , though `` Oro , '' for example , is universally used in reference to that province . Jump up ^ Kolo , Pearson ( 15 July 2009 ) . `` Jiwaka , Hela set to go ! '' . Postcourier.com.pg . Archived from the original on 16 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hela , Jiwaka declared '' . The National ( Papua New Guinea ) . 17 May 2012 . Retrieved 18 May 2012 . Jump up ^ LNG Jump up ^ Australian Associated Press , `` PNG leader apologises to Bougainville for bloody 1990s civil war '' , 29 January 2014 https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jan/29/papua-new-guinea-apologises-bougainville-civil-war Jump up ^ `` Agreement between Australia and Indonesia concerning Certain Boundaries between Papua New Guinea and Indonesia ( 1974 ) ATS 26 '' . www3.austlii.edu.au . Austraasian Legal Information Institute , Australian Treaties Library . Retrieved 19 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Treaty between Australia and the Independent State of Papua New Guinea concerning Sovereignty and Maritime Boundaries in the area between the two Countries , including the area known as Torres Strait , and Related Matters ( 1985 ) ATS 4 '' . www3.austlii.edu.au . Austraasian Legal Information Institute , Australian Treaties Library . Retrieved 19 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Australian Geographic ( July 2014 ) . `` New and rare species found in remote PNG '' . Jump up ^ `` Satellite images show Papua New Guinea deforestation at critical level '' , Guardian , 2 June 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Satellite images uncover rapid PNG deforestation '' . ABC News . 2 June 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Major earthquake strikes Papua New Guinea '' . CBC News . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` State of Emergency declared as PNG earthquake toll rises to 31 '' . SBS News . Sydney , NSW. 1 March 2018 . Retrieved 23 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Matzke , R.H. , Smith , J.G. , and Foo , W.K. , 1992 , Iagifu / Hedinia Field , In Giant Oil and Gas Fields of the Decade , 1978 -- 1988 , AAPG Memoir 54 , Halbouty , M.T. , editor , Tulsa : American Association of Petroleum Geologists , ISBN 0 - 89181 - 333 - 0 Jump up ^ `` Review of the status of least - developed countries '' . Overcoming economic vulnerability and creating employment ( PDF ) . Committee for Development Policy . 20 -- 24 March 2006 . p. 29 . Retrieved 24 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` GDP -- Real Growth Rate '' . cia.gov. 5 July 2012 . Retrieved 27 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Maierbrugger , Arno ( 31 March 2013 ) . `` Asia - Pacific : PNG , East Timor grew fastest '' . Inside Investor . Retrieved 1 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Papua New Guinea '' . ExxonMobil . Retrieved 13 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Voters in Papua New Guinea head to the polls '' . The Economist. 29 June 2017 . Retrieved 30 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Project Overview '' . pnglng.com . Retrieved 27 July 2012 . Jump up ^ James , P. ; Nadarajah , Y. ; Haive , K. and Stead , V. ( 2012 ) Sustainable Communities , Sustainable Development : Other Paths for Papua New Guinea , Honolulu , University of Hawaii Press . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Institute of National Affairs ( 2013 ) Jump up ^ Armitage , Lynne . `` Customary Land Tenure in Papua New Guinea : Status and Prospects '' ( PDF ) . Queensland University of Technology . Retrieved 15 July 2005 . Jump up ^ HBW International Inc. ( 10 September 2003 ) . `` Facilitating Foreign Investment through Property Lease Options '' ( PDF ) . p. 9 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 25 September 2007 . Retrieved 28 August 2007 . Jump up ^ `` World Population Prospects : The 2017 Revision '' . ESA.UN.org ( custom data acquired via website ) . United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs , Population Division . Retrieved 10 September 2017 . Jump up ^ James Fearon ( 2003 ) . `` Ethnic and Cultural Diversity by Country '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Economic Growth . 8 ( 2 ) : 195 -- 222 . doi : 10.1023 / A : 1024419522867 . Jump up ^ `` Chinese targeted in PNG riots -- report '' . News.com.au. 15 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Papua New Guinea '' . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Jump up ^ `` Seven decades after Independence , many small languages in India face extinction threat '' . Jump up ^ `` Languages on Papua vanish without a whisper '' . Archived from the original on 11 January 2012 . Retrieved 22 July 2011 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) . AFP via dawn.com ( 21 July 2011 ) Jump up ^ Translations , Pangeanic . `` The country with the highest level of language diversity : Papua New Guinea -- Pangeanic Translations '' . Pangeanic.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Papua New Guinea '' . World Health Organization . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Human Development Report 2009 '' . Retrieved 19 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Papua New Guinea Overview of malaria control activities and programme results '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 24 August 2009 . Retrieved 19 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` HIV / AIDS in Papua New Guinea '' . Australia 's Aid Program ( AusAID ) . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 01 . Retrieved 16 December 2005 . Jump up ^ `` The State of the World 's Midwifery -- Papua New Guinea '' ( PDF ) . United Nations Population Fund . Jump up ^ http://sdd.spc.int/en/resources/document-library?view=preview&format=raw&fileId=218 Jump up ^ `` Papua New Guinea '' . International Religious Freedom Report 2003 . US Department of State . Jump up ^ `` Papua New Guinea '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Islam in Papua New Guinea '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 31 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Salak , Kira ( 2004 ) . Four Corners : A Journey into the Heart of Papua New Guinea . National Geographic Society . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7922 - 7417 - 9 . Jump up ^ puripuri . coombs.anu.edu.au ( 26 January 2005 ) Jump up ^ `` Papua New Guinea -- culture '' . Datec Pty Ltd . Archived from the original on 10 February 1999 . Retrieved 16 December 2005 . Jump up ^ Centre , UNESCO World Heritage . `` Kuk Early Agricultural Site '' . whc.unesco.org . Jump up ^ `` Papua New Guinea - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO '' . ich.unesco.org . Jump up ^ Hadfield , Dave ( 8 October 1995 ) . `` Island gods high in a dream world '' . The Independent . Retrieved 6 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Three dead in PNG after State of Origin violence '' . BrisbaneTimes.com.au. 26 June 2009 . Retrieved 27 June 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Papua New Guinea HDI Rank -- 145 '' . 2007 / 2008 Human Development Report , Hdrstats.undp.org . Archived from the original on 2009 - 04 - 29 . Retrieved 27 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Kichte-in-not.de '' . Kirche-in-not.de. 6 March 2009 . Retrieved 27 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Evangelisch - Lutherische Kirche in Papua - Neuguinea '' . NMZ-mission.de . Archived from the original on 2010 - 12 - 31 . Retrieved 27 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Vahau , Alfred ( 5 January 2007 ) . `` University of Papua New Guinea '' . Upng.ac.pg . Retrieved 27 June 2010 . ^ Jump up to : UNESCO Science Report : towards 2030 ( PDF ) . Paris : UNESCO . 2015 . pp. 693 -- 731 . ISBN 978 - 92 - 3 - 100129 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Pacific - first centre of excellence for renewable energy and energy efficiency takes shape '' . Secretariat of Pacific Community press release . 18 June 2015 . Retrieved 17 March 2017 . This article incorporates text from a free content work . Licensed under CC - BY - SA IGO 3.0 UNESCO Science Report : towards 2030 , 535 -- 555 , UNESCO , UNESCO Publishing . To learn how to add open license text to Wikipedia articles , please see Wikipedia : Adding open license text to Wikipedia . For information on reusing text from Wikipedia , please see the terms of use . Further reading ( edit ) Biskup , Peter , B. Jinks and H. Nelson . A Short History of New Guinea ( 1970 ) Connell , John . Papua New Guinea : The Struggle for Development ( 1997 ) online Gash , Noel . A Pictorial History of New Guinea ( 1975 ) Golson , Jack . 50,000 years of New Guinea history ( 1966 ) Griffin , James . Papua New Guinea : A political history ( 1979 ) James , Paul ; Nadarajah , Yaso ; Haive , Karen ; Stead , Victoria ( 2012 ) . Sustainable Communities , Sustainable Development : Other Paths for Papua New Guinea . Honolulu : University of Hawaii Press . Knauft , Bruce M. South Coast New Guinea Cultures : History , Comparison , Dialectic ( 1993 ) excerpt and text search McCosker , Anne . Masked Eden : A History of the Australians in New Guinea ( 1998 ) Mckinnon , Rowan , et al. Papua New Guinea & Solomon Islands ( Country Travel Guide ) ( 2008 ) excerpt and text search Swadling , Pamela ( 1996 ) . Plumes from Paradise . Papua New Guinea National Museum . ISBN 978 - 9980 - 85 - 103 - 1 . Waiko . John . Short History of Papua New Guinea ( 1993 ) Waiko , John Dademo . Papua New Guinea : A History of Our Times ( 2003 ) Zimmer - Tamakoshi , Laura . Modern Papua New Guinea ( 1998 ) online Primary sources Jinks , Brian , ed . Readings in New Guinea history ( 1973 ) Tim Flannery Throwim ' Way Leg : Tree - Kangaroos , Possums , and Penis Gourds ( 2000 ) memoir excerpt and text search Malinowski , Bronislaw . Argonauts of the Western Pacific : An Account of Native Enterprise and Adventure in the Archipelagoes of Melanesian New Guinea ( 2002 ) famous anthropological account of the Trobriand Islanders ; based on field work in 1910s online Visser , Leontine , ed . Governing New Guinea : An Oral History of Papuan Administrators , 1950 -- 1990 ( 2012 ) Whitaker , J.L. et al. eds . Documents and readings in New Guinea history : Pre-history to 1889 ( 1975 ) External links ( edit ) Find more aboutPapua New Guineaat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity Data from Wikidata Wikisource has original text related to this article : Constitution of the Independent State of Papua New Guinea Government Prime Minister of Papua New Guinea General information `` Papua New Guinea '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . Papua New Guinea at UCB Libraries GovPubs . 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Declared itself a republic in 1970 . Melanesia Sovereign states Fiji Papua New Guinea Solomon Islands Vanuatu Other political units West Papua ( region ) Papua ( province ) West Papua ( province ) New Caledonia Culture People Languages Music Mythology Universities Geography Region Island Melanesia New Guinea Louisiade archipelago Bismarck Archipelago Santa Cruz Islands Loyalty Islands Lau Islands d'Entrecasteaux Islands Raja Ampat Islands Schouten Islands Torres Strait Islands Trobriand Islands Woodlark Island Organizations Melanesian Spearhead Group Melanesia 2000 Sports Melanesia Cup Melanesian Super Cup Politics Political parties United Liberation Movement for West Papua Commons Category Countries and territories of Oceania Sovereign states Entire Australia Federated States of Micronesia Fiji Kiribati Marshall Islands Nauru New Zealand Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu In part Chile Easter Island Juan Fernández Islands Indonesia West Papua Papua Japan Bonin Islands Minami - Tori - Shima United States Hawaii Palmyra Atoll Associated states of New Zealand Niue Cook Islands Dependencies and other territories Australia Ashmore and Cartier Islands Coral Sea Islands Norfolk Island United States American Samoa Baker Island Guam Howland Island Jarvis Island Johnston Atoll Kingman Reef Midway Atoll Northern Mariana Islands Wake Island New Zealand Tokelau France French Polynesia New Caledonia Wallis and Futuna United Kingdom Pitcairn Islands Countries of the Malay Archipelago Brunei East Timor Indonesia Malaysia Philippines Singapore Papua New Guinea WorldCat Identities BNE : XX454068 BNF : cb10133671v ( data ) GND : 4044569 - 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when does more episodes of riverdale come out on netflix			Riverdale ( 2017 TV series )	riverdale ( 2017 tv series )	Riverdale is an American television series based on the characters by Archie Comics . The series was adapted for The CW by Archie Comics ' chief creative officer Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa . The series is produced by CBS Television Studios and Warner Bros. Television , in association with Berlanti Productions and Archie Comics . Originally conceived as a feature film adaptation for Warner Bros. Pictures , the idea was re-imagined as a television series for Fox . In 2015 , development on the project moved to The CW , where the series was ordered for a pilot . Filming takes place in Vancouver , British Columbia .	The series features an ensemble cast based on the characters of Archie Comics , with KJ Apa in the role of Archie Andrews ; Lili Reinhart as Betty Cooper , Camila Mendes as Veronica Lodge , and Cole Sprouse as Jughead Jones , the series ' narrator . The cast also features Ashleigh Murray as Josie McCoy and Madelaine Petsch as Cheryl Blossom . Other characters in the series include Fred Andrews , Alice Cooper , FP Jones , and Hermione Lodge , the parents of Archie , Betty , Jughead , and Veronica respectively . The thirteen - episode first season premiered on January 26 , 2017 to positive reviews , before concluding on May 11 , 2017 . On March 7 , 2017 , The CW renewed the series for a second season , which premiered on October 11 , 2017 . In September 2017 , a spin - off series , titled The Chilling Adventures of Sabrina , was revealed to be in development . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.3 Guest 3 Episodes 3.1 Series overview 3.2 Season 1 ( 2017 ) 3.3 Season 2 ( 2017 ) 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Casting 4.3 Filming 5 Release 5.1 Broadcast 5.2 Marketing 5.3 Comic - book adaptation 6 Reception 6.1 Critical response 6.2 Ratings 6.2. 1 Season 1 ( 2017 ) 6.2. 2 Season 2 ( 2017 ) 6.3 Awards and nominations 7 Spin - off 8 References 9 External links Premise The series follows Archie Andrews ' life in the small town of Riverdale and explores the darkness hidden behind its seemingly perfect image . Cast and characters Main KJ Apa as Archibald `` Archie '' Andrews : An intense and conflicted teen , Archie is a boyish high school sophomore who got pumped up over the summer working at his father 's construction business . He is now juggling the interest of several girls , as well as trying to balance his passion for writing and performing music -- against the wishes of his father and his football coach . Lili Reinhart as Elizabeth `` Betty '' Cooper : A sweet , smart , eager - to - please and beautiful girl with a longtime crush on her best friend , Archie . She is tired of being the perfect daughter , student , sister , etc. , so she turns to her new friend , Veronica , for life advice -- much to the consternation of her emotionally brittle mother . Camila Mendes as Veronica Lodge : A beautiful , sophisticated , confident , silver - tongued high school sophomore and former socialite . Veronica is the `` new girl '' in town and is eager for a fresh start . Veronica sees the move to Riverdale from New York as an opportunity to reinvent herself while making amends to redeem herself from the rich spoiled girl she once was . Humbled from her old ways in the past and from an embezzlement scandal involving her father , she and her mother have lost most of their status and wealth . Cole Sprouse as Forsythe `` Jughead '' Jones III : A philosophically inclined social outcast who was once Archie 's best friend , and who is still dealing with the rift that developed between them over the summer . His father is the leader of a local motorcycle gang called the Southside Serpents . Marisol Nichols as Hermione Lodge : Veronica 's mother , who has returned to Riverdale with her daughter in order to continue a deal established by Lodge Industries and to start an affair with Fred Andrews , following the recent incarceration of her husband Hiram Lodge . Madelaine Petsch as Cheryl Blossom : A wealthy , entitled , and manipulative girl who recently lost her twin brother in a mysterious accident . Ashleigh Murray as Josephine `` Josie '' McCoy : A striving , competitive , fierce , snooty , and ambitious girl who is the lead singer for the popular band Josie and the Pussycats . Mädchen Amick as Alice Cooper : Polly and Betty 's mother , who is the editor of the local paper . She is a controlling and demanding perfectionist who places exceedingly high expectations on her daughters . Luke Perry as Frederick `` Fred '' Andrews : Archie 's father , who owns a construction firm that he hopes his son will take over one day . Mark Consuelos as Hiram Lodge : Veronica 's father , who was recently incarcerated for illegal activities . Casey Cott as Kevin Keller : An openly gay high school student who is friends with Archie , Betty and Veronica . He is the son of Riverdale 's sheriff . Cott was promoted to series regular in the second season . Skeet Ulrich as Forsythe `` F.P. '' Jones II : Jughead 's estranged father and the leader of the Southside Serpents , a gang of criminals that live and operate on the fringes of Riverdale . Ulrich was promoted to series regular in the second season . Recurring Martin Cummins as Sheriff Keller : The town 's police chief and Kevin 's father . Robin Givens as Sierra McCoy : the Mayor of Riverdale and mother of Josie McCoy . Nathalie Boltt as Penelope Blossom : Cheryl and Jason 's mother . Lochlyn Munro as Hal Cooper : Polly and Betty 's father , and Alice Cooper 's husband . Colin Lawrence as Coach Floyd Clayton : Chuck 's father , and coach of Riverdale Bulldogs Football Team . Peter James Bryant as Mr. Waldo Weatherbee : Riverdale High School 's principal . Sarah Habel as Miss Geraldine Grundy : Riverdale High School 's young music teacher , who had a sexual relationship with Archie over the summer . It is revealed in the fourth episode of Riverdale that Grundy moved to Riverdale after changing her name from Jennifer Gibson after her divorce , to escape from an abusive relationship . Since then Grundy has moved from Riverdale to avoid police capture because of her relationship with Archie . Ross Butler ( season 1 ) and Charles Melton ( season 2 ) as Reginald `` Reggie '' Mantle : Archie 's long - time friend and rival , a football player at Riverdale High and town prankster . Butler left the series after season 1 owing to his commitments as a series regular on 13 Reasons Why ; Melton has been cast to take over the role of Reggie in season 2 . Jordan Calloway as Chuck Clayton : A football - star jock at Riverdale High School with a reputation for being a player Rob Raco as Joaquin DeSantos : The youngest member of the Southside Serpents , who finds himself tied between a romantic relationship with Kevin and the mystery of Jason Blossom 's murder . Asha Bromfield as Melody Valentine : The drummer for the popular band Josie and the Pussycats . Cody Kearsley as Marmaduke `` Moose '' Mason : Archie 's bicurious jock friend who propositions Kevin . Hayley Law as Valerie Brown : The songwriter , bassist , and backup vocalist for the popular band Josie and the Pussycats and Archie 's ex-girlfriend . Emilija Baranac as Midge Klump : Moose 's girlfriend and member of Riverdale 's cheerleading squad . Shannon Purser as Ethel Muggs : A victim of Chuck Clayton 's slut - shaming who is also facing problems with her dad 's condition due to Hiram Lodge . Trevor Stines as Jason Blossom : Cheryl 's twin brother , whose murder hangs over the town of Riverdale . Olivia Ryan Stern as Tina Patel : The super-smart little sister of Archie Comics character Raj Patel , Tina has been described as an Indian Veronica . Tina is one of Cheryl Blossom 's best friends . Caitlin Mitchell - Markovitch as Ginger Lopez : One of Cheryl 's best friends . Major Curda as Dilton Doiley : The leader of the town 's troop of Ranger Scouts . Daniel Yang portrayed Dilton in the pilot . Tiera Skovbye as Polly Cooper : Betty 's older sister , and the daughter of Alice and Hal Cooper . She is pregnant with Jason Blossom 's children . Barclay Hope as Clifford Blossom : Cheryl and Jason 's father . Alvin Sanders as Pop Tate : The owner of the local diner ; Pop 's Chock'lit Shoppe . Tom McBeath as Smithers : The Lodge family butler . Adain Bradley as Trev Brown : Valerie 's younger brother . Hart Denton as Chic Cooper : Betty and Polly 's long - lost older brother . Guest Raúl Castillo as Oscar Castillo : A serious and successful songwriter from New York who is a visiting professor at Riverdale 's Carson College who agrees to audition Archie in the hopes of possibly mentoring the aspiring singer - songwriter . Molly Ringwald as Mary Andrews : Archie 's mother , who left two years ago to Chicago to follow her dreams , but returns to Riverdale in her family 's hour of need . She not only reconnects with Archie and her husband , Fred , but also her former high school friends Hermione and Alice . Episodes Series overview Season Episodes Originally aired Nielsen ratings First aired Last aired Rank Average viewers ( in millions inc . DVR ) 13 January 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 26 ) May 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 11 ) 154 1.69 22 October 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 11 ) TBA TBA TBA Season 1 ( 2017 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Chapter One : The River 's Edge '' Lee Toland Krieger Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa January 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 26 ) T15. 10136 1.38 During an eventful summer , including the tragic death of quarterback Jason Blossom on the Fourth of July , Archie Andrews discovers his passion for music . He soon begins his sophomore year and expresses his love for music to Betty Cooper , the sweet girl - next - door who harbors her own secret -- her feelings for Archie . Meanwhile , Veronica Lodge , the daughter of Hermione and Hiram , a millionaire facing embezzlement charges , arrives in town , instantly capturing Archie 's attention . Despite the fact that a love triangle is developing , Betty and Veronica become fast friends , united when Veronica stands up against the condescending captain of the cheerleading squad , Cheryl Blossom , who may be hiding a secret concerning her brother 's death . Archie 's former best friend , Jughead Jones , begins to write a novel retelling the events of the summer , including what happened between him and Archie . Kevin Keller and Moose Mason stumble across Jason 's body by the lake . `` Chapter Two : A Touch of Evil '' Lee Toland Krieger Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa February 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 02 ) T13. 20302 1.15 Veronica 's kiss with Archie strains his relationship with both girls , while Miss Grundy insists that he not reveal that the two of them heard the gunshot that may have killed Jason since it would also expose their secret affair . Kevin , disturbed by the discovery of Jason 's body , refuses to acknowledge Moose 's affections for him . Jughead , after accidentally discovering Archie and Grundy holding hands , deduces their secret and confronts Archie for refusing to go to the sheriff , Kevin 's father . Archie asks his father , Fred , for advice and decides to come clean . Cheryl strikes up a friendship with Betty , but it soon ends when it becomes clear that she blames Betty 's sister , Polly , for Jason 's death . At a pep rally in his honor , Cheryl runs away after hallucinating Jason on the field ; in the locker room , where Veronica has followed to comfort her , Cheryl admits to her that Jason was supposed to `` come back . '' Against the wishes of her mother , Alice , Betty renews her friendship with both Archie and Veronica , while Archie also reconciles with Jughead . The next day , during science class , Cheryl is arrested due to evidence from Jason 's autopsy , which revealed that he was actually murdered a week after the Fourth of July . `` Chapter Three : Body Double '' Lee Toland Krieger Yolonda E. Lawrence February 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 09 ) T13. 20303 1.20 Cheryl is questioned by Sheriff Keller about her role in Jason 's death , but she gets bailed out by her parents , Clifford and Penelope . Betty , upset with how Alice is attacking the Blossom family in the press , restarts the school newspaper , The Blue and Gold , and sends Jughead to interview the Adventure Scouts who found Cheryl at Sweet Water River just after Jason died . Veronica is enraged to learn that Chuck Clayton , whom she had one date with , has been slut shaming her to the rest of the school and , when he refuses to stop , she , Betty , and Cheryl find evidence linking him and his friends , including Jason , to the shaming . Jughead learns from one of the Scouts that the shot heard on the Fourth of July was fired by the troop 's Scoutmaster , Dilton Doiley , during a training exercise . Betty and Veronica drug and torture Chuck until he apologizes and Jughead pressures Dilton to come clean . Fred builds Archie a studio in which to practice , Chuck is kicked off the football team , and Betty and Cheryl burn the evidence together . Dilton reveals that he saw Miss Grundy 's car by the river and Jughead realizes Archie 's secret is at risk . `` Chapter Four : The Last Picture Show '' Mark Piznarski Michael Grassi February 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 16 ) T13. 20304 1.14 Jughead despairs over the news that the local drive - in where he works is closing and compares Riverdale 's atmosphere of suspicion to that of Salem . At the diner , Betty spots Archie and Fred having dinner with Miss Grundy and she confronts him about their relationship . Under the guise of an interview , Betty questions Miss Grundy about her life , while Veronica demands answers from Hermione upon learning she was speaking to a gangbanger ; Hermione insists that nothing shady happened . Betty and Veronica meet with Archie and inform him that there is no trace of Geraldine Grundy ever existing aside from a woman who died seven years ago . They break into her car and find a gun and ID with the name `` Jennifer Gibson . '' Grundy reveals that she was in an abusive relationship and only wanted to escape . At the drive - in 's final night , Veronica spots Hermione meeting with the same man from before . Alice exposes Archie 's affair and threatens to put Grundy on trial , but agrees to stand down as long as she leaves town . Sheriff Keller finds that all of his evidence pertaining to Jason 's murder has been stolen . Jughead vandalizes the projectionist 's booth before leaving his temporary home in full view of the gang leader , who turns out to be his father . 5 5 `` Chapter Five : Heart of Darkness '' Jesse Warn Ross Maxwell February 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 23 ) T13. 20305 0.98 Clifford and Penelope refuse to allow Cheryl to speak at Jason 's memorial , but she does so anyway , ultimately breaking down during her speech while wearing the white dress she had on the day he left . Coach Clayton pits Archie and Reggie against each other for the coveted spot of team captain . Archie is introduced to a potential songwriting mentor , who ultimately decides not to teach him . Trev informs Betty that Jason had become much more secretive in the weeks before his death and was rumored to be selling drugs . Jughead suggests searching the Blossom family mansion for clues during the memorial dinner . He and Betty encounter Jason 's grandmother , Rose , who mistakes Betty for Polly and reveals that she and Jason were engaged . While cleaning the diner , Hermione finds a box with a snake inside it , a warning from the Serpents . Betty learns that her family has hated the Blossoms ever since their ancestor killed great - grandfather Cooper decades before . Archie is named captain , but turns it down to focus on his music . Jughead and Betty deduce that her father , Hal , is responsible for stealing the sheriff 's evidence . 6 6 `` Chapter Six : Faster , Pussycats ! Kill ! Kill ! '' Steven A. Adelson Tessa Leigh Williams & Nicholas Zwart March 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 02 ) T13. 20306 1.09 With Riverdale High 's annual variety show approaching , Valerie 's efforts to help Archie prepare for his debut performance lead to a major fallout with Josie . Meanwhile , Betty and Jughead 's investigation into Jason 's murder brings them face - to - face with Betty 's sister Polly , who is revealed to be captive at a home for troubled youth , unaware of Jason 's death and seven months pregnant . As Veronica decides to rebuild her relationship with her mother , she learns that Hermione is using her for her own purposes . At the same time , Hermione 's first day of work at Andrews Construction brings her closer to Fred . Josie deals with her own family pressures after her father visits for her performance at the variety show . Betty confronts Hal and Alice about Jason 's death to no avail , but grows closer to Jughead , eventually kissing him . After , they discover a car hidden in the woods containing drugs and Jason 's belongings . However , an unknown perpetrator torches the car and destroys all the evidence before the police arrive , around the same time that Polly escapes from the home . 7 7 `` Chapter Seven : In a Lonely Place '' Allison Anders Aaron Allen March 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 09 ) T13. 20307 1.03 Cheryl informs Sheriff Keller that Polly has escaped and the town organizes a search party to find her , which fails . As tensions continue to grow between the Blossoms and the Coopers , Betty finds her sister hiding in the attic of their house . Cheryl offers to help Betty take care of Polly . F.P. , after being offered a job by Fred , reveals that he and Fred founded Andrews Construction together , but Fred kicked him out of the business after bailing him out of jail . Fred counters that F.P. was stealing money from him while abusing drugs and alcohol and that he had no choice . Jughead is taken into custody as a suspect in Jason 's murder , but Fred provides Keller with an alibi . Cheryl suspects that her parents have bad intentions with Polly , so Polly moves in with the Lodges instead . F.P. is revealed to have Jason 's jacket in his trailer . 8 8 `` Chapter Eight : The Outsiders '' David Katzenberg Julia Cohen March 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 30 ) T13. 20308 0.99 Polly reveals to Sheriff Keller that Jason was supposed to make a drug delivery for `` some biker gang '' , implied to be the Southside Serpents , in exchange for money before both of them ran away . Veronica suggests hosting a baby shower for Polly . Fred 's workers leave because of promised work from Clifford . Archie tries to help Fred by getting some friends to work on the construction project , but Moose is attacked after witnessing someone vandalize the machinery and warned they should stop . After a confrontation with F.P. Jones in the Serpents ' bar , Archie realizes Jughead 's father is a Serpent . At the baby shower , Penelope and Alice argue over with whom Polly should live . Alice learns that Hal threatened Polly with an abortion , and when he refuses to let her come back , Alice kicks him out of the Cooper household . F.P. recruits some of his Serpents to replace Fred 's crew and informs Hermione that Hiram was behind the attack on Fred 's construction site . Polly chooses to live with the Blossoms . 9 9 `` Chapter Nine : La Grande Illusion '' Lee Rose James DeWille April 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 06 ) T13. 20309 0.91 As the Blossom family 's annual maple tree - tapping ceremony approaches , Cheryl asks Archie to be her escort . When he refuses , Penelope offers to get him into an exclusive music school as a favor . Veronica grows close to Ethel but , when Hermione reveals that her father was one of Hiram 's investors , she becomes distraught upon learning that he attempted suicide due to his financial hardship . Alice prepares to publish a full - blown exposé on the Blossoms , but Hal fires her from the paper as retaliation for being kicked out of the house . Betty gets a call from Archie , learning that Polly moved in with the Blossoms to uncover the truth about Jason 's death . She and Jughead decide to write the tell - all exposé in The Blue and Gold and ask Alice to join them . Finally realizing that the Blossoms are using him , Archie attempts to reconcile with Val , but she breaks up with him . 10 10 `` Chapter Ten : The Lost Weekend '' Dawn Wilkinson Britta Lundin & Brian E. Paterson April 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 13 ) T13. 20310 0.87 Fred leaves for Chicago to finalize his divorce , leaving Archie alone . Betty learns that Jughead 's birthday is coming up and that he has never had an actual party . She and Veronica persuade Archie to let them throw it at his house . Hiram threatens retaliation against Hermione if Veronica refuses to testify on his behalf . The Vixens elect Veronica as captain over Cheryl , who retaliates by crashing the party with Chuck and his friends . F.P. also shows up after Betty 's insistence . Jughead argues with Betty and tries to leave , but Cheryl forces him to stay for a `` game '' in which participants are forced to reveal their secrets . Jughead and Chuck get into a fight and F.P. declares the party over . He urges his son to reconcile with Betty and confronts Alice , implying she was once a member of the Serpents . Archie and Veronica comfort each other and share a kiss . Veronica agrees to testify on Hiram 's behalf . To Archie 's surprise , his father returns home with his mother , Mary . 11 11 `` Chapter Eleven : To Riverdale and Back Again '' Kevin Sullivan Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa April 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 27 ) T13. 20311 0.89 While Archie and his mother reconnect , Veronica learns that Hiram may soon be released from prison . F.P. questions the purpose of Jughead 's novel , urging him to consider moving on . To learn the truth about Hiram , Veronica decides to investigate F.P. as a possible suspect in Jason 's murder . The Blossoms , increasingly suspicious of Polly , forbid her from entering their master bedroom . Fred and Mary agree to attend homecoming together . Polly and Cheryl discover the former 's engagement ring in Penelope 's jewelry collection , which she claims is because Jason threw it away in disgust after arguing with Clifford . At a contentious dinner , Alice tries to question F.P. , but he shuts her down . Afterwards , he informs Jughead that they will be moving to Toledo to reunite with the rest of the Jones family . While Archie and Veronica perform `` Kids in America '' at homecoming , the police execute a search warrant on F.P. 's trailer , find a gun , and arrest him for murder . Jughead disappears and Archie and Veronica deduce that someone is framing F.P. for Jason 's death . 12 12 `` Chapter Twelve : Anatomy of a Murder '' Rob Seidenglanz Michael Grassi May 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 04 ) T13. 20312 0.98 Jughead calls his mother , but she refuses to let him move in with her . F.P. confesses to everything , including Jason 's murder . Betty and Alice catch Hal trying to destroy evidence and learn the family secret : the Coopers are , in fact , Blossoms by blood , making Jason and Polly 's relationship technically incest . The Coopers take Polly back to their home . Mary , posing as F.P. 's lawyer , advises Jughead to visit his father , who tells him never to come see him again . With Joaquin 's help , the group tracks down one of F.P. 's associates , but finds him dead of an apparent overdose . The police are summoned and find a bag full of money with Hermione 's initials on it . With both Hal and Hermione cleared as suspects , Jughead and Betty investigate a lead from Kevin and find Jason 's varsity jacket . Inside one of the pockets , they find a thumb drive and discover Clifford murdered Jason , which they tell Cheryl . Nevertheless , Jughead learns that his father 's other charges will not be dropped . Veronica learns that Hiram has been released and is coming to Riverdale and Mary returns to Chicago . When the police go to arrest Clifford , they discover he has hanged himself in the syrup distillery . 13 13 `` Chapter Thirteen : The Sweet Hereafter '' Lee Toland Krieger Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa May 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 11 ) T13. 20313 0.96 It is revealed that Clifford was in the drug business and Jason found out . Clifford killed Jason to stop him from exposing the family business . F.P. is cleared of all charges relating to the murder , but remains in police custody . Alice reveals to Betty that , in high school , she found out she was pregnant , but Hal sent her to the Sisters of Silent Mercy and made her give up the child , a baby boy , for adoption . Jughead is placed in the care of a foster family and transfers to Southside High . Devastated by her father 's secrets and suicide , Cheryl attempts to drown herself in Sweetwater River , but Archie , along with Veronica , Betty , and Jughead , saves her . Cheryl later burns down the Thornhill mansion , much to Penelope 's dismay . The next day , Archie meets Fred at Pop 's , where a masked gunman arrives and demands Pop turn over his money . He then tells Fred to turn over his wallet at gunpoint . When Archie tries to intervene , the gunman shoots Fred . Season 2 ( 2017 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 14 `` Chapter Fourteen : A Kiss Before Dying '' Rob Seidenglanz Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa October 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 11 ) T13. 20801 2.34 After being shot , Fred is rushed to the hospital by Archie , who is soon joined by his friends . Sheriff Keller gains a description of the shooter from Archie and calls him in for a lineup , but none of the men in the lineup are the shooter . When Veronica searches Fred 's belongings , Archie sees that his wallet is missing . Betty and Jughead visit Pop 's to look for the wallet but find nothing ; instead , they learn from Pop that the shooter did not take any money from the register , meaning that it was actually a hit against Fred . Jughead asks the Southside Serpents to investigate the shooting , but to no avail . Veronica accuses Hermione of hiring a hitman to kill Fred , but she vehemently denies this and tensions develop between them when Veronica is not sure of her mother is telling the truth . Meanwhile , Cheryl intimidates Penelope -- who suffers severe burns due to the fire at their mansion and is hospitalized -- into lying that it was an accident . Fred survives his shooting . Hiram returns to Riverdale , further escalating the tensions in the Lodge family . In the nearby town of Greendale , Ms. Grundy is strangled to death by Fred 's shooter . 15 `` Chapter Fifteen : Nighthawks '' Allison Anders Michael Grassi October 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 18 ) T13. 20802 1.76 After learning of Ms. Grundy 's murder , an increasingly anxious Archie suspects that her death is connected with Fred 's shooting , which pushes him to get a gun from Dilton Doiley . Following the shooting , business at Pop 's Chock'lit Shoppe has declined , leading Pop to consider selling the diner , but Betty convinces Pop to let her throw a retro fun night to drum up business . Jughead learns that F.P. is facing 20 years in prison and seeks help from Penny Peabody , a Serpent lawyer , who advises Jughead to ask the Blossoms to testify on F.P. 's behalf . Cheryl initially refuses , but relents when Betty extorts her with the video of Jason 's murder . With Cheryl 's testimony , the judge decides to revisit F.P 's sentence . Hiram quietly buys the diner from Pop , but tells Veronica he made a `` charitable donation '' . In the woods , Moose Mason and Midge Klump take some jingle jangle ( a new drug to Riverdale ) , and as they do so , they are shot by Fred 's shooter . 16 `` Chapter Sixteen : The Watcher in the Woods '' Kevin Sullivan Ross Maxwell October 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 25 ) T13. 20803 1.62 Kevin , who was in the forest , hears the gunshots and rushes to find Midge crying . Moose , who shielded Midge from the gunfire , is hospitalized and survives . Following the incident , Archie founds a vigilante group called the Red Circle , to protect Riverdale High students . The Coopers receive a letter from `` the Black Hood '' , taking responsibility for the shootings and the murder of Ms. Grundy , and detailing his intentions to target sinners . Polly leaves town , fearing for her babies . Meanwhile , Jughead begins his tenure at Southside High , befriends Toni Topaz , a Serpent , and refounds the school newspaper , the Red and Black , under the advisory of English teacher Robert Philips . Kevin keeps going out late at night , which concerns Betty . Betty follows him on one of his runs , which leads to him lashing out at her . Hiram tells Archie that he should utilize the Black Hood 's main weapons for the Red Circle . Inspired by this , the Red Circle makes a video calling out the Black Hood . 17 `` Chapter Seventeen : The Town That Dreaded Sundown '' Allison Anders Amanda Lasher November 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 01 ) T13. 20804 1.51 Archie 's viral video results in negative repercussions , as Principal Waldo Weatherby demands he disband the Red Circle . Though Archie refuses , the Red Circle disbands regardless due to the football team being suspended but later reassembles when Archie runs afoul of the Serpents and assists him in a rumble , in which Dilton is injured . Veronica finds out that Archie intends to murder the Black Hood and convinces him to discard his gun . Betty receives a letter from the Black Hood , revealing that her speech from the jubilee ball inspired his actions and gives her a cipher that only she could solve . Mayor Sierra McCoy ( Josie 's mother ) hosts a town meeting to discuss action against the Black Hood , in which Alice blames the Serpents , but Fred argues against letting fear rule them . Betty and Jughead figure out that the Black Hood intends to attack town hall and have the meeting evacuated , before showing the letter to her parents , Sheriff Keller and Mayor McCoy . Later , Betty receives a call from the Black Hood . 18 5 `` Chapter Eighteen : When a Stranger Calls '' Ellen Pressman Aaron Allen November 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 08 ) T13. 20805 1.47 The Black Hood reveals to Betty that he knows where Polly is and threatens to kill her unless she publishes a mugshot of Alice , who at the time was a teen on the Southside , which she does . Hiram invites the St. Clair 's , friends of the Lodges from New York . On the Southside , Jughead attempts to stop Sweet Pea and the Serpents from blowing up the Riverdale Register office and decides to join the gang to prevent unnecessary violence from happening . Betty 's next call from the Black Hood forces her to cut ties with Veronica and Jughead , which she confides in Archie . At the Lodge 's open house event , Nick St. Clair drugs Cheryl and takes her back to his hotel room to rape her , but is stopped and beaten by Veronica and the Pussycats . Betty receives a call from the Black Hood telling her to go to an abandoned house , where she 'll find who the Black Hood is . Jughead and Toni sit in his trailer , where he tells her his relationship with Betty is over ; they kiss . Back at Betty 's house , the Black Hood tells her that by telling Archie , she has broken the rules and he will now kill Polly unless she gives him the name of a `` sinner '' to kill , to which Betty names Nick St. Clair for his rape attempt . 19 6 `` Chapter Nineteen : Death Proof '' Maggie Kiley Tessa Leigh Williams & Arabella Anderson November 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 15 ) T13. 20806 TBD The Black Hood challenges Betty to find the identity of The Sugarman , who has been supplying the jingle jangle to Riverdale . Cheryl wants to press charges against Nick , who survived The Black Hood 's attack , but Penelope agrees not in exchange for money from the St. Clair 's . Archie goes to Southside High , where he saves Jughead from a raid organized by McCoy and Sheriff Keller . Tall Boy , F.P. 's right hand man , reaches an agreement with the Ghoulies , the dealers of jingle jangle . Jughead and Archie visit F.P. , who tells Jughead to challenge the Ghoulies to a race . During the race , Archie pulls the brake on Jughead 's car , and reveals he called Sheriff Keller , who arrests the Ghoulie leader . Veronica learns that her parents are still investing with the St. Clair 's and reveals that Nick attempted to rape her . Later , the Lodges receive a call that Nick has been run off the road . Penelope reveals to Cheryl the name of the Sugarman , Robert Philips ; Cheryl later tells Betty , who exposes him in the Blue and Gold . Philips is subsequently arrested and confronted by the Black Hood in jail . 20 7 `` Chapter Twenty : Tales from the Darkside '' Dawn Wilkinson James DeWille November 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 29 ) TBA TBD 21 8 `` Chapter Twenty - One : House of the Devil '' TBA Yolonda Lawrence TBA TBA TBD 22 9 `` Chapter Twenty - Two : Silent Night , Deadly Night '' TBA Shepard Boucher TBA TBA TBD 23 10 `` Chapter Twenty - Three : The Blackboard Jungle '' TBA Britta Lundin & Brian E. Paterson TBA TBA TBD 24 11 `` Chapter Twenty - Four : The Wrestler '' Gregg Araki Greg Murray & Devon Turner TBA TBA TBD 25 12 `` Chapter Twenty - Five : The Wicked and the Divine '' Rachel Talalay Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa TBA TBA TBD 26 13 `` Chapter Twenty - Six : The Tell - Tale Heart '' Julie Plec Michael Grassi TBA TBA TBD Production Development Warner Bros. began development on an Archie feature film in 2013 , after a pitch from writer Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa and director Jason Moore that would place Archie 's gang into a teen comedy feature film in the John Hughes tradition . Dan Lin and Roy Lee became producers on the project , which eventually stalled as priorities shifted at Warner Bros. towards larger tentpole films and was reimagined as a television series . Riverdale was originally in development at Fox , with the network landing the project in 2014 with a script deal plus penalty . However , Fox did not go forward with the project . In 2015 , the show 's development was moved to The CW , which officially ordered a pilot on January 29 , 2016 . On March 7 , 2017 , The CW announced that the series had been renewed for a second season . Casting Casting Archie was a difficult process , with Aguirre - Sacasa stating `` I think we literally saw every redheaded young guy in L.A. It certainly felt that way . '' The production team found KJ Apa just three days before they had to present screen tests to the network , which created tension in the last few days leading up to the studio presentation . In April 2017 , it was announced Mark Consuelos had signed on for the second season to play Veronica Lodge 's father , Hiram Lodge . The role was in second position to his existing role on Pitch but the cancellation of that series was announced on May 1 , 2017 . The next month , it was announced Charles Melton was cast to take over the role of Reggie from Ross Butler in season 2 due to his status as a series regular on 13 Reasons Why . It was also announced that Casey Cott was promoted to a series regular . In July 2017 , it was announced that True Blood star Brit Morgan had been cast in the recurring role of Penny Peabody , an attorney the Southside Serpents call in case of any run - ins with the law . In August 2017 , it was announced Graham Phillips had been cast to play Nick St. Clair , Veronica 's ex-boyfriend from New York . Filming The Pop 's Chock'lit Shoppe set in Vancouver Filming of the pilot began on March 14 and ended on April 1 , in Vancouver , British Columbia . Production on the remaining 12 episodes of season one began on September 7 in Vancouver . Sets include Pop Tate 's Chock'lit Shoppe , a copy of the functioning diner used in the pilot that is so realistic a truck driver parked his 18 - wheeler there , believing that it was open . Production of season two will return to Vancouver and the Fraser Valley . Principal photography began on June 22 , 2017 . Release Broadcast Netflix acquired the exclusive international broadcast rights to Riverdale , making the series available as an original series to its platform less than a day after its original U.S. broadcast . Marketing In July 2016 , members of the cast and the executive producers attended San Diego Comic - Con to promote the upcoming series , where they premiered the first episode `` Chapter One : The River 's Edge '' . The first trailer for the series was released in early December 2016 , while additional teasers followed later that month and into 2017 . The CW also sponsored multiple Tastemade videos , where they cooked several foods that are popular in the Archie universe . Comic - book adaptation Along with heavily promoting the TV series in their regular comics since January 2017 , Archie Comics are planning to release a comic book adaptation of Riverdale , featuring auxiliary story arcs set within the television series ' own continuity . The comic book adaptation is being headed by Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa himself , along with various other writers from the show . Alongside a one - shot pilot issue , illustrated by Alitha Martinez , released in March 2017 , the first issue of the ongoing Riverdale comic book series was set to release starting April 2017 . In addition to the adaptation , Archie Comics are releasing a series of compilation graphic novels branded under the title Road to Riverdale . This series features early issues from the New Riverdale reboot line , introducing the audience of the TV series to the regular ongoing comic series that inspired it . Archie Comics plans to re-print the volumes of Road to Riverdale in subsequent months as digest magazines . The first volume was released in March 2017 . Reception Critical response The first season of Riverdale has received generally positive reviews from critics . On Rotten Tomatoes , it has a fresh rating of 87 % based on 53 reviews , with a weighted average of 7.27 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Riverdale offers an amusingly self - aware reimagining of its classic source material that proves eerie , odd , daring , and above all addictive . '' On Metacritic , the season has a score of 67 out of 100 based on 35 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Dave Nemetz of TVLine gave the series a `` B + '' saying that it turned , `` out to be an artfully crafted , instantly engaging teen soap with loads of potential . '' Some writers have criticized the series for its handling of minority characters . While reviewing the first season , Kadeen Griffiths of Bustle declared `` the show marginalizes and ignores the ( people of color ) in the cast to the point where they may as well not be there . '' In an article for Vulture , Angelica Jade Bastien discussed the show 's treatment of Josie and the Pussycats ( who are each played by African Americans ) , noting , `` They 're not characters so much as they are a vehicle for a Message . Josie and her fellow pussycats are positioned to communicate the message that Riverdale is more modern and inclusive than teen dramas of the past , even though it has yet to prove it beyond its casting . '' Monique Jones of Ebony noted , `` Despite the show 's multi-racial casting choices , it seems like Riverdale is still a mostly white town . '' She also expressed fondness for the relationship between Archie Andrews and Valerie Brown , but declared `` Archie should n't be what makes Valerie interesting to us '' . Ratings Season Timeslot ( ET ) Episodes First aired Last aired TV season Rank Avg . viewers ( millions ) 18 -- 49 rating ( average ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Thursday 9 : 00 pm 13 January 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 26 ) 1.38 May 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 11 ) 0.96 2016 -- 17 154 1.69 0.7 / 2 Wednesday 8 : 00 pm 22 October 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 11 ) 2.34 TBA TBD 2017 -- 18 TBD TBD TBD Riverdale : U.S. viewers per episode ( millions ) Source : Nielsen Media Research Season 1 ( 2017 ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Chapter One : The River 's Edge '' January 26 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.38 0.4 1.01 0.9 2.38 `` Chapter Two : A Touch of Evil '' February 2 , 2017 0.4 / 2 1.15 0.4 0.76 0.8 1.91 `` Chapter Three : Body Double '' February 9 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.20 N / A 0.71 N / A 1.90 `` Chapter Four : The Last Picture Show '' February 16 , 2017 0.4 / 1 1.14 0.4 0.73 0.8 1.87 5 `` Chapter Five : Heart of Darkness '' February 23 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.98 0.4 0.71 0.7 1.69 6 `` Chapter Six : Faster , Pussycats ! Kill ! Kill ! '' March 2 , 2017 0.4 / 1 1.09 N / A N / A N / A N / A 7 `` Chapter Seven : In a Lonely Place '' March 9 , 2017 0.4 / 1 1.03 0.3 0.76 0.7 1.80 8 `` Chapter Eight : The Outsiders '' March 30 , 2017 0.4 / 2 0.99 N / A 0.55 N / A 1.54 9 `` Chapter Nine : La Grande Illusion '' April 6 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.91 N / A 0.63 N / A 1.54 10 `` Chapter Ten : The Lost Weekend '' April 13 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.87 0.3 0.58 0.6 1.48 11 `` Chapter Eleven : To Riverdale and Back Again '' April 27 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.89 N / A N / A N / A N / A 12 `` Chapter Twelve : Anatomy of a Murder '' May 4 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.98 0.3 0.58 0.6 1.56 13 `` Chapter Thirteen : The Sweet Hereafter '' May 11 , 2017 0.4 / 2 0.96 N / A 0.56 N / A 1.52 Season 2 ( 2017 ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Chapter Fourteen : A Kiss Before Dying '' October 11 , 2017 0.8 / 3 2.34 0.6 1.40 1.4 3.74 `` Chapter Fifteen : Nighthawks '' October 18 , 2017 0.6 / 2 1.76 0.6 1.34 1.2 3.10 `` Chapter Sixteen : The Watcher in the Woods '' October 25 , 2017 0.6 / 2 1.62 0.6 1.32 1.2 2.94 `` Chapter Seventeen : The Town That Dreaded Sundown '' November 1 , 2017 0.6 / 2 1.51 TBD TBD TBD TBD 5 `` Chapter Eighteen : When a Stranger Calls '' November 8 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.47 TBD TBD TBD TBD 6 `` Chapter Nineteen : Death Proof '' November 15 , 2017 TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD Awards and nominations Year Award Category Nominee ( s ) Result Ref . 2017 Saturn Awards Best Action - Thriller Television Series Riverdale Won Best Performance by a Younger Actor in a Television Series KJ Apa Nominated Breakthrough Performance KJ Apa Won Teen Choice Awards Choice Drama TV Show Riverdale Won Choice Drama TV Actor Cole Sprouse Won Choice Breakout TV Show Riverdale Won Choice Breakout TV Star K.J. Apa Nominated Lili Reinhart Won Choice TV Ship # BUGHEAD ( Lili Reinhart & Cole Sprouse ) Won Choice Hissy Fit Madelaine Petsch Won Choice Scene Stealer Camila Mendes Won Spin - off In September 2017 , it was reported that a live - action television series , The Chilling Adventures of Sabrina , was being developed for The CW by Warner Bros. Television and Berlanti Productions , with a planned release in the 2018 -- 2019 television season . Based on the comic series of the same name , featuring the Archie Comics character Sabrina the Teenage Witch , the series would be a companion series to Riverdale. Lee Toland Krieger will direct the pilot , which will be written by Aguirre - Sacasa . Both are executive producers along with Berlanti , Schechter , and Goldwater . References Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( January 29 , 2016 ) . `` CW Picks Up Four Pilots Including Greg Berlanti 's Archie Comics Project ' Riverdale ' '' . Variety . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( February 24 , 2016 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' Finds Its Archie & Josie : KJ Apa To Topline CW Pilot '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( February 9 , 2016 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' Archie Comics CW Pilot Casts Its Betty Cooper & Jughead Jones '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 26 , 2016 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' CW Pilot Finds Veronica '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( March 3 , 2016 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' CW Pilot Finds Hermione Lodge '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 24 , 2016 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' CW Pilot Finds Cheryl Blossom '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' CW Pilot Casts Mädchen Amick As Alice Cooper '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 24 , 2016 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' : Luke Perry To Play Archie 's Dad In Archie Comics CW Pilot '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Mark Consuelos Joins ' Riverdale ' For Season 2 ; ' Suits ' Casts Dulé Hill '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Riverdale Promotes Casey Cott to Regular for Season 2 '' . TVLine . May 12 , 2017 . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : @ CWRiverdaleNews ( December 12 , 2016 ) . `` Episode 10 is called ' The Lost Weekend ' It confirms Jordan Calloway as Chuck Clayton and the recasting of Dilton Doily . And Mary Andrews 😱 '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Burlingame , Russ ( September 27 , 2016 ) . `` Scream 's Skeet Ulrich Joins Riverdale -- As Jughead 's Dad ? '' . Comicbook.com . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' : Skeet Ulrich Upped To Series Regular For Season 2 Of the CW Drama '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Instagram post by Martin Cummins Jan 13 , 2017 at 11 : 20pm UTC '' -- via Instagram . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( August 30 , 2016 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' : Robin Givens Cast As Riverdale 's Mayor In The CW Series '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mädchen Amick on Twitter '' -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Ge , Linda ( March 9 , 2016 ) . `` CW 's Archie Pilot ' Riverdale ' Casts Reggie , Moose and Dilton ( Exclusive ) '' . TheWrap . Retrieved March 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Riverdale Set to Recast a Major Character Ahead of Season 2 '' . TVLine . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Riverdale ' Casts Its New Reggie '' . Entertainment Weekly . May 13 , 2017 . Retrieved May 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ @ RiverdaleBrazil ( September 20 , 2016 ) . `` Rob Raco added to cast of CW 's Riverdale as `` Joaquin '' '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( August 30 , 2016 ) . `` Barb from Stranger Things to join Archie reboot Riverdale '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/TieraSkovbye1/status/793673086956662784 Jump up ^ Nemetz , Dave ( October 6 , 2017 ) . `` Riverdale Casts Hart Denton to Play Betty 's Long - Lost Brother Chic '' . TVLine . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( October 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' Looking ' Star Raúl Castillo Joins The CW 's ' Riverdale ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schwindt , Oriana ( December 15 , 2016 ) . `` Molly Ringwald Joins The CW 's ' Riverdale ' as Archie 's Mom '' . Variety . ^ Jump up to : de Moraes , Lisa ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` Final 2016 - 17 TV Rankings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Winning Streak Continues '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Apa , KJ ( July 6 , 2017 ) . `` First ep of riverdale season 2 is wrapped up . directed by the legend @ robseidenglanz who is an epic director , but more importantly , an epic human being . One of the narliest weeks of shooting I 've done in a wee while , ca n't wait for you guys to see what we 're doing with Season2 ! ! 1 in the bank ! ! 21 left to go . # deehaa haha u know what 's up when u get into your trailer in the morning and the only wardrobe you have is a pair of skin * coloured jocks '' . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 -- via Instagram . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Scandal ' and ' My Kitchen Rules ' adjust down , Mary Tyler Moore special adjusts up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Scandal ' adjusts down a little : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' adjusts up ; ' Great Indoors , ' ' Powerless , ' ' Mom , ' ' Chicago Med ' down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Big Bang Theory ' adjust up , ' Scandal ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' How to Get Away with Murder ' finale , ' Training Day ' adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' When We Rise , ' ' Life in Pieces ' rerun adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Mom ' and NBC shows adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' adjusts up ; ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Scandal , ' ' Mom , ' ' Powerless ' down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Blacklist : Redemption ' adjust up , ' Scandal ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( April 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' and ' Chicago Med ' adjust up , ' Scandal ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy ' and ' Masterchef Junior ' adjust up ; ' The Catch ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Masterchef Junior ' adjust up , ' Riverdale ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( May 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory , ' ' Masterchef Junior ' adjust up , ' The Blacklist ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' Survivor , ' ' Goldbergs , ' ' Blacklist ' adjust up , ' Dynasty ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Survivor , ' ' Goldbergs , ' ' SEAL Team ' adjust up , ' Criminal Minds ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Blacklist ' and ' Designated Survivor ' adjust down , final World Series numbers : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` World Series ends big , ' Survivor , ' ' Goldbergs , ' ' Blacklist , ' ' Speechless ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' SVU , ' CMAs and others unchanged : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 206 ) `` Chapter Twenty : Tales from the Darkside '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa ( @ WriterRAS ) ( August 29 , 2017 ) . `` Uh - oh . Now it 's # Archie and # Veronica 's turn to enter # Riverdale 's ... House of the Devil ! ! Will # Varchie survive ? '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa ( @ WriterRAS ) ( September 13 , 2017 ) . `` He sees you when you 're sleeping , he knows when you 're awake ... Who 's been naughty or nice in # Riverdale this year ? '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa ( @ WriterRAS ) ( September 13 , 2017 ) . `` The Red Queen returns in all her glory in # Riverdale episode 210 ... You ready , @ madelainepetsch ? '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa ( @ WriterRAS ) ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` EPIC THANKS to # Riverdale fans for watching live this week ! We 're just getting started ... Episode 211 on deck ! ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved October 14 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa ( @ WriterRAS ) ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` Our 25th episode of # Riverdale is on deck ! And this week , one of our best : `` The Watcher in the Woods '' ! Watch live ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa ( @ WriterRAS ) ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` And the # Riverdale train keeps going ... Never a dull moment in this town ... Love this script by @ thatthingofwhen ! ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Barth , Bob ( February 20 , 2017 ) . `` A Touch of Evil with creator and show runner Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa '' . Welcome to Riverdale : Official Podcast ( Podcast ) . Retrieved May 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( October 23 , 2014 ) . `` Archie Comics Drama Series ' Riverdale ' Set At Fox With Greg Berlanti Producing '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( July 10 , 2015 ) . `` Archie Comics Drama ' Riverdale ' Moved To CW With Greg Berlanti Producing -- Comic Con '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( January 29 , 2016 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' , ' Transylvania ' , ' No Tomorrow ' & Mars Drama Get CW Pilot Orders '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' Renewed For Season 2 By the CW '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jung , E. Alex ( February 15 , 2017 ) . `` How Riverdale Found Its ( Hot ) Archie Andrews '' . Vulture . Retrieved July 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Mark Consuelos Joins ' Riverdale ' For Season 2 ; ' Suits ' Casts Dulé Hill '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roots , Kimberly ( May 1 , 2017 ) . `` Fox 's Pitch Cancelled After One Season '' . TVLine . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nemetz , Dave ( May 12 , 2017 ) . `` Riverdale Promotes Casey Cott to Series Regular for Season 2 '' . TVLine . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( July 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' : Brit Morgan Set To Recur In Season 2 Of the CW Drama '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved July 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Riverdale ' : Meet Veronica 's Ex-Boyfriend '' . Entertainment Weekly . August 11 , 2017 . Retrieved August 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Riverdale Casts The Good Wife Alum as Veronica 's Ex '' . TV Guide . August 11 , 2017 . Retrieved August 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` RIVERDALE NEWS ! on Twitter : `` # RIVERDALE has officially wrapped filming ! '' `` . April 1 , 2016 . Retrieved August 28 , 2016 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 25 , 2016 ) . `` Pilot Locations 2016 : Los Angeles Continues Rebound , New York Tally Slips '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Movies and TV Shows Filming in Vancouver Soon '' . Whatsfilming.ca . Retrieved August 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Riesman , Abraham ( February 2 , 2017 ) . `` Cole Sprouse on Riverdale , your drunk uncle at Thanksgiving , and Jughead 's Asexuality '' . New York . Jump up ^ `` Riverdale '' . Netflix Media Center . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Munn , Patrick ( December 16 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix UK Acquires The CW 's ' Riverdale ' , Freeform 's ' Beyond ' & Polyamorous Comedy ' You Me Her ' '' . TVWise . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Will ( July 23 , 2016 ) . `` Comic - Con 2016 : Riverdale pilot things to know '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` YouTube '' -- via Youtube . Jump up ^ `` YouTube '' -- via Youtube . Jump up ^ `` Instagram post by Tastemade Jan 26 , 2017 at 8 : 01pm UTC '' -- via Instagram . Jump up ^ `` Instagram post by Tastemade Jan 23 , 2017 at 9 : 14pm UTC '' -- via Instagram . Jump up ^ `` Instagram post by Tastemade Jan 17 , 2017 at 8 : 01pm UTC '' -- via Instagram . Jump up ^ C. , Ron ( February 28 , 2017 ) . `` Check out a preview of RIVERDALE ONE SHOT and more new Archie Comics on sale 3 / 1 / 17 ! '' . Archie Comics . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : C. , Ron ( January 23 , 2017 ) . `` Get a sneak peek at the Archie Comics solicitations for April 2017 ! '' . Archie Comics . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Riverdale : Season 1 ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Riverdale : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved January 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nemetz , Dave ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' Review : Archie Gets a Dark , Moody Update ... and Surprise , It Works ! '' . TVLine . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Griffiths , Kadeen ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' Has A Huge Representation Problem Despite Its Amazingly Diverse Cast '' . Bustle.com . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bastien , Angelica ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` Why Do Teen Dramas Like ' Riverdale ' Keep Sidelining Black Female Characters ? '' . Vulture.com . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jones , Monique ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Riverdale 's ' Woke Report Card '' . Ebony . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Riverdale : Season One Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . May 12 , 2017 . Retrieved November 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Riverdale : Season Two Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . Retrieved November 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and TGIT rise above the rest in week 19 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Agents of SHIELD ' benefit the most in week 20 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' Timeless ' lead the week 21 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' Agents of SHIELD ' on top again : Week 22 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' makes biggest gains again : Week 23 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Sleepy Hollow ' & 5 more shows double , ' This Is Us ' has biggest total gain : Week 25 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' scores again , 7 shows double in week 28 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' iZombie ' premiere gets decent bump in week 29 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 26 , 2017 ) . `` 6 shows double , led by ' Designated Survivor ' : Week 30 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Modern Family , ' ' Big Bang ' gain the most , 10 shows double : Week 33 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor , ' ' Big Bang Theory ' finale lead week 34 's broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' is the most - watched show on TV in week 3 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago PD , ' 10 more shows double in week 4 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' keeps rolling along in week 5 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` Saturn Awards Nominations 2017 : ' Rogue One , ' ' Walking Dead ' Lead '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2017 . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Staley , Brandon ( June 29 , 2017 ) . `` Supergirl , Luke Cage , Doctor Strange Win at Annual Saturn Awards '' . Comic Book Resources . Retrieved July 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rubin , Rebecca ( August 13 , 2017 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2017 : ' Riverdale , ' Fifth Harmony Shut Out Competition '' . Variety . Retrieved August 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stanhope , Kate ( September 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' Companion Series ' The Chilling Adventures of Sabrina ' In the Works at The CW '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . 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which raja of chamba transferred the capital of his state from bharmaur to chamba	Though historical records date the history of the Chamba region to the Kolian tribes in the 2nd century BC , the area was formally ruled by the Maru dynasty , starting with the Raju Maru from around 500 AD , ruling from the ancient capital of Bharmour , which is located 75 kilometres ( 47 mi ) from the town of Chamba . In 920 , Raja Sahil Varman ( or Raja Sahil Verma ) shifted the capital of the kingdom to Chamba , following the specific request of his daughter Champavati ( Chamba was named after her ) . From the time of Raju Maru , 67 Rajas of this dynasty have ruled over Chamba until it finally merged with the Indian Union in April 1948 , although Chamba was under British suzerainty from 1846 to this time .	Raja Sahil Varman ( or Raja Sahil Verma )	Chamba , Himachal Pradesh	chamba, himachal pradesh	Chamba ( Hindi : चम्बा ) is a town in the Chamba district in the state of Himachal Pradesh , in northern India . According to the 2001 Indian census the town is situated on the banks of the Ravi River ( a major tributary of the Trans - Himalayan Indus River ) , at its confluence with the Sal River . Chambial were the Rulers of Chamba State Chambials use suffix Varmans .	Though historical records date the history of the Chamba region to the Kolian tribes in the 2nd century BC , the area was formally ruled by the Maru dynasty , starting with the Raju Maru from around 500 AD , ruling from the ancient capital of Bharmour , which is located 75 kilometres ( 47 mi ) from the town of Chamba . In 920 , Raja Sahil Varman ( or Raja Sahil Verma ) shifted the capital of the kingdom to Chamba , following the specific request of his daughter Champavati ( Chamba was named after her ) . From the time of Raju Maru , 67 Rajas of this dynasty have ruled over Chamba until it finally merged with the Indian Union in April 1948 , although Chamba was under British suzerainty from 1846 to this time . The town has numerous temples and palaces , and hosts two popular jatras ( fairs ) , the `` Suhi Mata Mela '' and the `` Minjar Mela '' , which last for several days of music and dancing . Chamba is also well noted for its arts and crafts , particularly its Pahari paintings , which originated in the Hill Kingdoms of North India between the 17th and 19th century , and its handicrafts and textiles . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Early history 1.2 Modern history 2 Geography and climate 3 Demographics 4 Administration 5 Landmarks and cityscape 5.1 Monuments built prior to 1846 5.1. 1 Champavati Temple 5.1. 1.1 Banni Mata Temple 5.1. 2 Lakshmi Narayan temples 5.1. 3 Chamunda Devi Temple 5.1. 4 Akhand Chandi Palace 5.2 Monuments built after 1846 5.2. 1 Chaugan 5.2. 2 Church of Scotland 5.2. 3 Bhuri Singh Museum 6 Culture 6.1 Arts 6.1. 1 Chamba miniature paintings 6.1. 2 Handicrafts and musical instruments 6.2 Festivals , fairs and dances 6.3 Costumes 7 Music of Chamba 8 Notes 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links History ( edit ) See also : Chamba State Early history ( edit ) Chamba has an ancient history , which is inseparable from that of the surrounding district of Chamba . The earliest rulers were Kolian tribes . In the 2nd century BC the Khasas and Audumbaras were in power in the region . In the 4th century AD during the Gupta period , the Thakurs and Ranas ruled . From the 7th century , the Gurjara Pratiharas or the Rajput dynasty came into power . Narasimha Temple , Brahmaur , the ancient capital of the district . The recorded history of the Rajput rulers is traced to an eminent individual named Maru who is said to have moved to northwest India from Kalpagrama , around 500 AD . He founded his capital in the Budhal river valley at a place called Brahmaputra , which later became known as Bharmour or Bhramaur , which is situated 75 kilometres ( 47 mi ) to the east of the present day Chamba town . For three hundred years , kings of Rajput Dynasty ruled from their capital in Bharmour . However , in 920 , Raja Sahil Varman ( or Raja Sahila Verma ) , King of Bharmour , shifted his capital from Bharmour to a more centrally located plateau in the lower Ravi valley , and named the city Champavati , after his daughter . There is some variation in the story to how exactly this transition came about in the historical records of Chamba . One version tells how Varman , who , after being childless for a significant period , was blessed with ten sons and a daughter , named `` Champavati '' . It was Champavati who urged her father to build a new capital town in the valley . However , obstacles stood in the way to relocating his capital , given that the king had previously granted the land in the modern Chamba vicinity to the Kanwan Brahmins . A solution was found in the form of offering a gift of eight copper coins called chaklis on the occasion of every marriage that took place in the Brahmin family , if they would agree to surrender their land to pave the way for the new capital . With the land thus obtained , the new capital was built and named as Champa after Chamapavati , the King 's daughter , which , over the years , was simply shortened to `` Chamba ' . A variation of this origin of Chamba is that it originated as a hermitage which Champavati , a devout Hindu , used to frequent . The king , being suspicious of his daughter 's fidelity , one day investigated and followed her to the hermitage , but surprisingly he found neither his daughter nor the hermit there . Suddenly he was said to have heard a voice which informed him that his suspicions were ill - founded , admonishing him and informing him that his daughter had been taken away from him permanently as a punishment for his lack of trust in her morals . The King , fully chastened , sought redemption for his sin by expanding the hermitage into a temple , named in his daughter 's honour and built a city around the temple . Today this temple , called the Champavati Temple , belongs to the Royal family and the King 's daughter is venerated as a goddess . Every year , since 935 , the Minjar festival or fair has been held . It lasts for 21 days , coinciding with the first day of Baisakhi . The remoteness and ruggedness of the Ravi River valley secured Chamba from successful invasions for around 1,000 years . Since Raja Sahil Varman , the dynasty ruled without successful invasion for around a millennium , until the British gained power . The isolation of the town and its rugged hilly terrain is believed to have been a contributing factor to this unusual state of security . Later , Mughal emperors Akbar and Aurangzeb did attempt to annex Chamba but were unsuccessful in subjugating this territory into their kingdoms . Raja Prithvi Singh ( 1641 - 1664 AD ) , who was on amiable terms with Emperor Shahjahan was instrumental in introducing the court lifestyles of the Mughals . Modern history ( edit ) In 1806 A.D. , the combined forces of Gurkhas and local hills chiefs attacked the forces of Raja Sansar Chand in the battle and forced a crushing defeat on him along with family took shelter in the Kangra fort . The Gurkhas sieged the Kangra fort and ruthlessly looted the area between the fort of Kangra and Mahal Mohrian and virtually destroyed the villages . The siege of the fort continued for three years . In 1809 A.D. , Raja Ranjit Singh , the Sikh ruler of Lahore , on the request of Sansar Chand , waged war against the Gurkhas and defeated them in But Sansar Chand had to pay a heavy price whereby he had to lose Kangra fort and 66 villages to the Sikhs . Ranjit Singh controlled the region and had even placed a garrison at Chamba , forced the hill states to pay tribute to them . Ranjit Singh deposed the hill princes , including the more powerful Kangra ruler , Sansar Chand Katoch , but spared Chamba , given that the Wazir Nathu of Chamba had been important as an ambassador in negotiations with Katoch in 1809 and had saved his life in 1817 by succumbing his horse to King Singh to escape during a winter campaign in Kashmir . The Chamba Valley , c. 1865 In 1845 , the Sikh army invaded the British territory . The result was disastrous , with the British defeating the army , leaving Chamba in a poor position . Wazir Bagha of Chamba was important in negotiations in its aftermath , and the Rajas of Chamba , on the advice of Bagha , agreed to the British suzerainty as part of Jammu and Kashmir in favour of an annuity of Rs 12,000 . The Treaty of Lahore was signed in 1846 , in which the Rajas agreed to cede the territory of Chamba district . From then on , relations with the British were cordial , and all of the Rajas of Chamba under the British rule , Sri Singh , Gopal Singh , Sham Singh , Bhuri Singh , Ram Singh , and Laxman Singh , were on good terms with the British army officers . Many progressive reforms and developments were made in Chamba under the British . In 1863 , the first Post office was established in Chamba and a daily mail service and a primary school . In December , 1866 , a hospital was opened by Doctor Elmslie of the Kashmir Medical Mission . In the late 1860s two new roads to Dalhousie via Kolri and Khajiar were built . Gopal Singh , who ruled from 1870 to 1873 , after abdicating , was responsible for building the grand Jandarighat Palace as his summer residence . After India becoming an independent nation in August 1947 , the princely state of Chamba finally merged with India on 15 April 1948 along with the other princedoms of Mandi - Suket State , Sirmour State and all of those in the Shimla hills . Geography and climate ( edit ) Panorama of the upper part of the town and mountains surrounding it Chamba is the headquarters of the Chamba district , bordered by Jammu and Kashmir to the north - west and west , the Ladakh area of Jammu and Kashmir and Lahaul and Bara Banghal to the north - east and east , Kangra to the south - east and Pathankot district of Punjab to the south . It has an average elevation of 1,006 metres ( 3,301 ft ) . The Ravi River flowing through Chamba The town , the district and the valley where the town is located , share the name of Chamba . The town of Chamba is located at the junction of Ravi River and its tributary , the Sal River , with the Shah Madar hill forming the backdrop on its eastern side . The Ravi flows in east - west direction forming deep canyons . During the spring and summer months , the levels of the river rise significantly from snow melt and pose a flooding risk . Record levels were experienced in early July 2005 , when the National Hydroelectric Power Corporation was forced to shut down the power generation on its 300 - MW Chamera Power Station . Located on the right bank of the Ravi river valley , built on successive flat terraces , the town is bounded topographically by the Dhauladhar and Zanskar ranges , south of the inner Himalayas . Chamba , despite its hill location , is well connected by road to the rest of the state and country , including Shimla , Delhi and Chandigarh along several routes . The nearest broad gauge railway stations are at Chakki Bank and Pathankot , the latter of which is 120 kilometres ( 75 mi ) away by road . The temperatures in summer vary between 38 ° C ( 100 ° F ) and 15 ° C ( 59 ° F ) and in winter : 15 ° C ( 59 ° F ) and 0 ° C ( 32 ° F ) . The maximum temperature recorded in summer is 39 ° C ( 102 ° F ) and the minimum temperature in winter is − 1 ° C ( 30 ° F ) . Climatically March to June is said to be the best period to visit Chamba , which is a well known hill station . The average annual rainfall in the town is 785.84 millimetres ( 30.939 in ) . Demographics ( edit ) As of 2001 India census , Chamba had a population of 20,312 . Males constituted 52 % of the population and females 48 % . Chamba has an average literacy rate of 81 % , higher than the national average of 59.5 % ; with a male literacy of 85 % and female literacy of 77 % . The administrative language is Hindi , the local language of Pahari , and Himachali is common language spoken by inhabitants . There are some speakers of Punjabi , mostly of Sikh and Hindu descent , Those came here after partition . Away from the urban centre , the tribal people of Chamba are divided into two major groups ; the Gujjars and the Gaddis . The Gujjars , mainly nomads , came to Chamba across the state border from Kashmir along the trade routes . They belong to nomadic herdsmen of the Islamic community , and travel to lowland Punjab in the autumn with their livestock to avoid the harsh winter of the Chamba hills . Their features are Turkic and have a distinct language and culture aloof from the main town . The Gaddis comprise several ethnic groups ; namely the Brahmans , Rajputs , Thakurs , Rathis and the Khatris , who form the majority . They are agricultural peoples , and the name `` Gaddi '' means `` shepherd '' . They mainly inhabit an area of the Chamba district in the Dhaula Dhar mountains , known as Brahmaur Wazarat or `` Gadaran '' , located between Chamba and Kangra . `` Gadar '' means sheep , so their land is informally referred to as `` Gadaran '' , literally meaning `` sheep country '' . They are believed to have come to Chamba in the 10th century , although an influx of Gaddi people migrated to Chamba from Lahore in the 18th century , during the Mughal Empire . They are said to practice animism combined with the worship of Lord Shiva . Administration ( edit ) Gopal Singh , Raja of Chamba ( ruled 1870 -- 1873 ) There have been a total of 67 rajas who have ruled Chamba district since the Principality of Bharmour was established in the 6th century , beginning with Raja Maru . Indeed , it is believed to have been an isolated case in the history of India that the Chamba kingdom remained independent without interference for over 1000 years . Before Raja Sahila Varman , however , the territorial extent of the state of Chamba was ill - defined and was more a loosely based territory , marked by disunity . Chamba state was run by Ranas , petty rulers who were allocated locally governed areas known as `` fiefdoms '' and treated them as their own virtually independent kingdoms . It was n't until the reign of Sahila Varman that these Raja lords were subjugated and the district of Chamba was consolidated formally as a unified entity . The rajas of the Chamba Kingdom , ruling from the capital in Chamba divided the kingdom into 5 mandalas , later termed wazarats . These sub-territories consisted of Chamba , Bharmour , Bhatti , Churah and Pangi . Landmarks and cityscape ( edit ) The city layout can be distinctly demarcated into two zones ; namely the ' Old Town ' before the British introduced their urban architectural styles and the British period of contemporary monuments , bridges and buildings . In a study of the architecture of Chamba , instituted by the Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage ( INTACH ) , with the objective of conserving and restoring individual heritage buildings , it has been observed that the urban architecture of Chamba evolved under three distinct phases . The first phase from 930 , dating from the Rajput dynasty establishing the capital at Chamba until 1846 , the second phase during the British period ; and the third phase constituting the post independent period after its merger with the Indian Union in April 1948 . Monuments built prior to 1846 ( edit ) View of Chamba . Chamba Town . Buildings in Chamba were traditionally constructed using local materials . Buildings were made out of dry stone masonry , with the walls and floors of the older houses plastered with a concoction of clay and cow - dung . Thick wooden beams were used to support the walls , paying attention to durability and to withstand earthquakes , and wooden cantilever construction was often used to support the verandas . The staircases and doors were made from wood , with the doors often decorated in religious reliefs and flanked by two lamps to light it at night . Before the arrival of the British , who introduced slate roofs to Chamba , roofs were covered with planks , coated in clay . Few of these houses remain today , although a number still have wood - clay roofs in villages in the suburbs . The old heritage monuments , which are palaces and temples are located in the old town ( east of the Chaugans ) , on the lower slopes of Shah Madar hill . They were built in the lower valley where the two rivers and steep thickly forested hillsides provided a strong defense . Located here is the 10th century Champavati Temple , said to have marked the birth of the town , the Lakshmi Narayan group of temples ( built from 10th - 19th century ) , the 10th century Sita Ram Temple , Bansi Gopal temple , Kharura Mohalla and Hari Rai temple , the 11th century Sui Mata Temple and Chamunda Devi Temple , and the Akhand Chandi palace , overlooking the Chaugan , which has since been converted into a college . Additions were made to the palace in the form of the Zenana Mahal and the Rang Mahal in the 18th century . The temples built in Chamba demonstrate a strong Kashmiri influence with their stone temple architecture and temple iconography . Given their age however , only their unicellular layout with fluted pillars has been retained . Champavati temple ( edit ) This temple was built by Raja Sahil Varman in memory of his daughter Champavati . The temple , located near the Police Post and the Treasury building , is built in the Shikhara style , with intricate stone carvings . It has a wheel roof and is large as the Laxmi Narayan Temple . An idol of the goddess Mahishasuramardini ( Durga ) is worshipped in the temple . The walls of the temple are full of exquisite stone sculptures . On account of its historical and archaeological importance , the temple is maintained by the Archaeological Survey of India . Champavati Temple , located in the heart of the city of Chamba , is a pilgrim destination for many Hindus . It is named after Champavati , the daughter of King Sahil Varman , the founder of the temple . The temple holds great historical and religious relevance for many Hindus . Champavati Temple enshrines an idol of Goddess Mahisasuramardini , the avatar of Goddess Durga . According to the legend , the daughter of King Sahil Varman Champavati was a religious person and used to visit temples and sadhu 's ashrams regularly . The king , after getting suspicious of her actions , once followed her to a sadhu 's place , with a dagger in his cloak . Once he reached the ashram , he found that there was no one inside . To his surprise , both the sadhu and his daughter Champavati had vanished . When he was about to return , he heard a voice saying that his daughter had been taken away as a punishment of his suspicion . The voice also asked him to build a temple , on the name of his daughter Champavati , if he wanted to avoid further familial calamities . The king ordered the construction of the Champavati Temple . Now , the temple is under the Archaeological Survey of India , for its historical and archaeological importance . The major attraction of the temple is its Shikhara style architecture . Stone carved walls , full with sculptures , make the temple an attractive tourist spot . The temple has a large wheel on the rooftop , which adores it and makes it a distinguished temple in North India . The Champavati Temple is often compared with Laxmi Narayan Temple , in its grandeur . Banni Mata Temple ( edit ) See Banni Mata Temple Lakshmi Narayan temples ( edit ) Laxmi Narayan temple in Chamba The Lakshmi Narayan temples complex , devoted to the Vaishnavite sect , includes the main Lakshmi Narayan temple , built in the 10th century by Raja Sahil Verman . It has been built to suit the local climatic conditions with wooden chatries and has a shikara , and a sanctum sanctorum ( Garbhagriha ) , with an antarala and a mantapa . A metallic image of Garuda , the vahana ( mount ) of Vishnu is installed on the dwajastamba pillar at the main gate of the temple . In 1678 , Raja Chhatra Singh adorned the temple roof with gold plated pinnacles , as a riposte to Auranagzeb , who had ordered demolition of this temple . Chamunda Devi temple ( edit ) Champa Devi Temple near old market place , 1860 Chamunda Devi Temple is located in a prominent position on the spur of Shah Madar range of hills , opposite to the Chamba town . It was built by Raja Umed Singh , and was completed in 1762 . It is the only wooden temple with gabled roof ( single storied ) in Chamba , while all others in the town are built from stone in the north Indian Nagara architectural style . In the past , the temple was accessed through a stone paved steep path laid with 378 steps , but it is now approached by a 3 kilometres ( 9,800 ft ) motorable road . The temple , a trabeated structure , is built on a high raised plinth , buttressed on all four sides , and has a rectangular layout on the outside . It exterior measures 9.22 metres ( 30.2 ft ) x 6 metres ( 20 ft ) , the inner square sanctum measures 3.55 metres ( 11.6 ft ) x 3.55 metres ( 11.6 ft ) and has a parikrama path ( circumambulatory path ) of 1.67 metres ( 5.5 ft ) around the perimeter . There is a mandap in the foreground of the temple of 5.1 metres ( 17 ft ) x 6 metres ( 20 ft ) size with an agni - kund or fire pit in the centre and a gable roof covered with slates . The mandapa has carvings in wood in its multi paneled ceiling with reliefs of human figures on the pillars and brackets . Votive bells are provided in the mandap entrance and it has a Nagari inscription , which records it as the offering from Pandit Vidhadhara to the goddess Chamunda deified in the temple on 2 April 1762 , the date when the temple was consecrated . Akhand Chandi palace ( edit ) Akhand Chandi Palace The Akhand Chandi Palace , noted for its distinct green roof , was built by Raja Umed Singh between 1747 and 1765 and used as his residence . Later , Raja Sham Singh refurbished it with the assistance of British engineers . In 1879 , the Darbar Hall ( also named ' Marshal Hall ' after the builder ) was built . Raja Bhuri Singh added the Zenana Mahal ( residence of Royal ladies ) . The building was exemplary of the fusion of Mughal and British architectural influences . In 1973 , the Royal family of Chamba sold the palace to the Government of Himachal Pradesh , who in turn converted it into a Government College and District Library . Maintenance of the attractive palace , however , which has painted walls and glass work and intricate woodwork , has not been satisfactory , due to the lack of funds allocated to refurbish it . The palace provides scenic views of the Chaugan , Laxmi Narayana Temple , Sui Mata , Chamunda Devi Temple , Rang Mehal , Hari Rai Temple and Bansi Gopal Temple . Monuments built after 1846 ( edit ) The lower , old part of the town and bridge In the second half of the nineteenth century , the British administration drew up an urban plan for the development of Chamba . They laid emphasis on the building of civic buildings around the Chaugan to conceal the unorthodox structural layout of the residential complexes . The western oriented development programme grew particularly active after the arrival of Major Blair Reid in January 1863 , during the reign of Raja Shri Singh . The next fourteen years in particular , until his retirement in March 1877 , were characterised by large - scale building projects in Chamba , with Reid fully revising the administrative and revenue departments of Chamba and reorganizing the state machinery to make development more efficient . Orderly new building complexes with `` simple visual discipline with white plastered walls , lancer arch windows , cornices , sloping sheet roofs , wooden eaves and deep verandahs were planned and built '' . Road communications were dramatically improved , with the approach road to the town being diverted , to provide a way for vehicular traffic to enter from the western end of the chaugan . A cabled suspension bridge was built across the Ravi River in the lower outskirts of the town , and many important public welfare projects were started , and well as many temples , gates , gardens and churches between 1863 and 1910 . Notable works built during the colonial period include the temples in the Jansali Bazar , Gandhi Gate ( Curzon Gate ) , Shiva Temple , the Chaugans , the Police Lines , the Church of Scotland , the Shyam Singh Hospital ( built in 1891 ) , Chamba Library , the Post Office building , Bhuri Singh Museum , the State Forces barracks , and the administrative buildings of the British period . Today , architectural materials have evolved considerably since ancient times and reinforced concrete structures are rapidly changing the skyline of the town . Chaugan ( edit ) Chamba Chaugan The Chaugan ( a Sanskrit word meaning : `` four sided '' ) is the nucleus of all activity in Chamba , surrounded by impressive administrative buildings and a shopping arcade built during the British period , with the old Akhand Chandi palace standing nearby . It has a terraced grass green , and is exceptionally large for a hill station , measuring 800 metres ( 2,600 ft ) length and 80 metres ( 260 ft ) width . In 1890 , the British converted five small chaugans into a single chaugan for use as an esplanade and sports complex , and today it is commonly used for cricket matches , picnics and promenades during the mid summer months . During the annual ' Minjar Mela ' fair , the entire ground becomes a flea market . After the Dussera festival , the grounds are closed to the public until April , for maintenance purposes . Church of Scotland ( edit ) The Church of Scotland , a Presbyterian Church , known as ' St. Andrew 's Church ' , was established by the first missionary in Chamba , the Reverend William Ferguson , who served there between 1863 and 1873 . The foundation stone for building the new church was laid by the Raja of Chamba on 17 February 1899 , in the presence of the Scottish reverend Dr. M'Clymont who had come from Scotland . The Raja had contributed a generous grant to build the church and ensured that it was exquisitely built in fine stone masonry . The walls are supported by buttresses , and lancer arch windows provide the light and ventilation . Several schools are run by the Mission located within the church precincts . Bhuri Singh museum ( edit ) The Bhuri Singh Museum The Bhuri Singh Museum at Chamba was established on 14 September 1908 in honour of the raja at the time , Raja Bhuri Singh , who ruled Chamba from 1904 to 1919 . J. Ph . Vogel , an eminent indologist , and expert on the history of Chamba state , proposed the museum to preserve a number of valuable inscriptions , mostly in Sarda script , which contained some rare information about the medieval history of Chamba ; the prashastis ( inscriptions ) of Sarahan , Devi - ri - kothi and mul Kihar ( fountain inscription ) are still preserved in the museum . Bhuri Singh donated his family collection of paintings to the museum , including royal portraits which ranged from Basohli to Guler - Kangra in style , and embroidered Pahari miniatures . Numerous artifacts , important to the heritage of Chamba were added , including coins , hill jewelry and royal and traditional costumes , arms and armour , musical instruments and other items . The current museum was built in 1975 in concrete . Culture ( edit ) Arts ( edit ) Chamba miniature Pahari paintings Varaha , the boar , avatar ( incarnate ) of god Vishnu Pahari painting , 1800 , of Shiva 's family on the march Chamba miniature paintings ( edit ) Chamba is noted for its miniature Pahari paintings , where Basohli style of Pahari paintings took roots with Nikku , the artist of Basohli migrating from Guler to Chamba in the eighteenth century . Raja Udai Singh and Raja Jai Singh patronized this school of painting . During the reign of Raja Charhat Singh , folk art developed and had a lasting influence on local artists . The paintings of Chamba encompass both miniatures and murals and the Mughal influence is clearly discerned in these paintings . Distinguished artists of Chamba who have painted in this art form include Lehru , Durga and Miyan Jara Singh . The paintings were generally painted with Hindu religious themes , particularly the legends of Hindu mythology such as Radha Krishna , Shiva - Parvati , Rama Darbar , Yashoda and Krishna , Gopis , love scenes , deer , birds and women , Daya Saptashati and Krishna - Sudama . Romantic ambiance of the monsoon season in Chamba has also been painted by the artists of Pahari miniature art , in various moods and styles in Basholi colours . They are displayed in the museums at Chamba and also at Shimla and Dharamsala . Handicrafts and musical instruments ( edit ) Chamba is an important centre for the making of traditional handicrafts , and the town has numerous small workshops maintained by the artisans . Many of the items produced are exquisite and lavish , testament to the towns ' aristocratic heritage . Casting metalware in Chamba is an ancient tradition , dating back to the Bronze Age period , with items typically made out of copper or brass , and also iron , especially in the traditional making of implements and weapons by blacksmiths . Of particular note in this trade are the large plaques with reliefs , commonly used for wall decoration . The temple cupolas in Chamba district are often furnished with copper and brass items made in Chamba and often the golden kalasha or vessel crowning them is produced here . Chamba has its own unique traditional system of men 's and women 's foot wares . The foot wares were originally made from locally produced leather but is today transported to Chamba from the south of India . Women 's foot wares are embroidered as are the `` vegetarian '' foot wares which are purposefully made without leather for use in places where leather is prohibited for religious reasons . Handkerchiefs and shawls are also made in abundance in Chamba . Traditionally handspun , they are designed in such a way as to make both sides of the cloth look identical , and are beautifully embroidered . Chamba shawls are woven on hand looms in wool and typically have a bright border in a traditional design . A similar woven design is used for making caps . Traditional jewellery is made in gold and silver in Chamba as its pottery , typically kitchenware , utensils and earthen pots . Given Chamba 's history of new immigration from other parts of the country and Tibet , a variety of influences can be seen in the pieces of jewellery that are produced in Chamba . Chamba is also noted for its wood carvings , which , like the metalware is often used for iconography in temples , such as Chamunda Devi . A `` Nagara '' , a form of kettle drum is produced in Chamba as are cymbals , bells and `` Singa '' or `` Ransinga '' ( horns ) produced in both straight and curved styles . Other instruments include Shankh , Nad , Beiunsuli , Saihna , Nag Pheni , Thali Ghada , Bhana , Karnal , Pohol , Dhons , Kahal , Kansi , Hasat Ghanta and Drugg . Festivals , fairs and dances ( edit ) The Chaugan in Chamba , where fairs are held Chamba is one of those places where Basohli effect actually reached . Two melas or fairs , also known as Jatras , are of particular note in Chamba ; `` Suhi Mata Mela '' and `` Minjar Mela '' . A notable event of such fairs is when the ' chela '. a subordinate of the deity who is being worshipped goes into a trance and answers the queries and prayers of the devotees . An important festival held in Chamba is known as the `` Suhi Mata Mela '' . It is held annually in March -- April for four days to commemorate the sacrifice made by the queen of Chamba with her life , to bring water to the town . The legend associated with this festival and the Sui Mata temple , built in memory of the queen ( wife of Raja Sahil Varman ) , relates to the sacrifice she made to fulfill a prophecy in a dream , which said that water from the Sarota stream could only be accessed through an aqueduct if the queen or her son was sacrificed . Rather than kill her own son she sacrificed her own life for the town . To commemorate this event , women and children take a lead role in the festival . An image of Champavati , with banners of the Rajput solar emblem , are taken by them in a procession , dancing and singing , through the Chaugan to the Suhi Mata temple . Another popular festival held in Chamba is the `` Minjar Mela '' , held on the second Sunday of the Shravana month , corresponding to the month of August in the Gregorian calendar . It marks the triumph of the Raja of Chamba over the ruler of Trigarta ( now called as Kangra ) , in 935 AD and also celebrates the paddy and maize crops grown at this time of the year . The festival commences with offerings of ' minjar ' , consisting of a bunch of paddy plant and golden silk wrapped in red fabric . The offerings also include a rupee , a seasonal fruit , and a coconut . This occasion is also celebrated with a flag hoisting ceremony at the Chaugan that initiates a week of cultural and social programmes . The image of the deity , Lord Raghuvira , and more than 200 other deities , are taken in a procession , in a chariot pulled by ropes . Folk dances and music performances known as ' Kunjari Malhar ' are part of the festivities . On the last day of the festival , a parade is held from the Akhand Chandi Palace to Ravi River , where offerings are made to the river . This commemorates an event in which Raja Sahil Verman changed the course of the river , to make the Hari Rai temple accessible to all devotees . Chamba and the surrounding district have many local customs in dancing , illustrating the differences in geographical , anthropological and social cultures and religious beliefs in the area . A solo dance or a dance of two people such as the Pharati or Khad - dumbi is commonly performed during the Nuwala ceremony and other important occasions , such as marriages etc. and the Dangri and Sikri are said to be of note . Notable male dances include the Gaddi and Gujjar dances , Dandaras , Nat , Ghorda , Nachan , Dharumsde , the Khad - dumbi and the Chhinjhati . Notable female dances include the Ghurei , Dangi and Kikli , whilst dances such as the Shain , Dhamal , Sohal , Sal Kukdi Nachan , Ratege and Til - Chauti are performed by both sexes . Several forms of masked dance are also performed in Chamba , such as the Chhatradhi Jatar . Costumes ( edit ) Ancient people of Chamba were known to have worn a fine woolen blanket or chadar around the waist , to keep warm in the cold climate . It was often tied or girdled with a band or patka , as evidenced by some archaeological discoveries in the area depicting this fashion . The Gaddi people have traditionally worn white embroidered caps and loose - fitting white woolen garments known as a chola , tied around the waist with a black wool rope . A local custom in Chamba was to give the Jogi of the Natha sect a cotton maikhal sheet to wear over the head during the Nuwala ceremony to honour Lord Siva . Chamba and the surrounding district have been well documented as being a producer of fine cloth and embroidered dresses for centuries . `` The Jakatas , the Milinda Panha and the Vinaya of the Mulasarvastivadins mention the beautifully embroidered Kotumbara clothes of the Audumbara country ( Pathankot and Chamba ) and the fine textiles captured in the lot of Kangra Fort in 1009 around the astonishment of the soldiers of Mahmud of Ghazni . A heavier , though not less luxurious type of embriodered dresses can be traced on the fountain stones , which had been erected by the local aristocracy of Churah , in western Chamba in the 11th to 12th centuries . '' - Hermann Goetz Given the history of migrants arriving in Chamba from across Kashmir and Tibet over the centuries , today Chamba has a variety of traditional dresses , defined by the region to which they belong . The most traditional dress worn by Hindu women , on special occasions , is the pashwaj . Pashwaj is a gown with a short bodice ( blouse ) covering up to the waist . A shirt is worn , below which the dress falls in many folds , nearly touching the ground . The typical casual dress though , however , is a pairahan , with a chadar or dupatta ( stoll ) worn over the head . The lower half of the body is covered by a pyjama , known as a suthan . Muslim women also generally wear similar dresses as the Hindu women . However , the one difference is that the tunic they wear is considerably shorter , just touching the knee . They don a small vest called a angi , worn beneath the bodice . A small shirt or kurta is also common . Hindu men wear an angrakha , long tunic that touches the knees . A cloth waist - band and tight fitting pajama and a small pagri ( top hat ) worn on top of the head completes their ensemble . Music of Chamba ( edit ) Devotional songs known as ' Ainchali ' are sung throughout the night . The ' Chella ' is summoned who goes into a Tranceas soon as the sacrifices are referred to Lord Shiva . He is said to be possessed of the Lord himself . He answers the questions put to him by members of the family and their friends . Chambyal ( people of Chamba ) enjoy the traditional folk music of their area . This consists of folk songs , dances and folklores and these are accompanied by various musical instruments . Their love for folk music is evident from their keen interest in folk music which is different from that of other regions . Folk songs of Gaddis can be categorized as marriage songs , festivity songs , love songs . Marriage Songs The theme of the marriage songs is mostly related to the selection of groom and the girl 's wishes regarding it . The songs which are sung at the time of wedding ceremony are known as ' Charlai ' and these songs depict that the relatives of the bride and groom seek the blessings from the God . Festivity Songs Chambyals celebrate many fairs and festivals with great pump and show . They sing many songs which are usually accompanied by folk dances . Major folk songs are - ' Sukart and Ghanihar ' , ' Kunjadi Malhar ' during Minjar Mela , ' Ainchali ' on Nuala , songs related to Baisakhi at the time of ' Basoa ' and ' Kunjadi ' songs of the rainy season are sung during Patroru festival . Love Songs These songs are of Shrinagar rasa . Mostly the feelings of separation , hard life of Gaddis , their social bindings and the tales of sacrifice , unsuccessful love etc. are depicted through these songs . Famous Love songs are , ' Kunju and Chanchlo ' , ' Phulmu and Ranjhu ' , ' Raja Gaddan ' and ' Bhunku Gaddi ' that are very popular among the city and the state . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Aśoka Jeratha . Dogra legends art and culture . Chamba : Indus Publishing , 1998 . pp. 271 pages . ISBN 9788173870828 . ^ Jump up to : Sharma & Sethi ( 1997 ) , p. 34 ^ Jump up to : Bhatnagar ( 2008 ) , pages 39 - 44 ^ Jump up to : `` Places of Interest in Chamba '' . National Informatics Centre : Government of Chamba district . Archived from the original on 2009 - 10 - 20 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Hindu Hill Kingdoms '' . Victoria and Albert Museum . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` PahariKamat '' . ^ Jump up to : Bradnock ( 2000 ) , p. 211 ^ Jump up to : `` Chamba at Glance : History '' . National Informatics Centre : Government of Chamba district . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : Bharati ( 2001 ) , pp. 16 - 23 Jump up ^ Bharati ( 2001 ) , pp. 23 - 24 ^ Jump up to : Bharati ( 2001 ) , p. 24 ^ Jump up to : `` Introducing Chamba '' . Lonely Planet . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` CHAMBA : Gopal Singh , Raja of Chamba ( ruled 1870 - 1873 ) '' . British Library . Jump up ^ htm Jump up ^ Archer ( 1973 ) , p. 68 ^ Jump up to : Pramanik , Prabal . `` History of Chamba '' . Chamba Heritage . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` About Chamba '' . Himachal Pradesh Tourism Department . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : Bharati ( 2001 ) , p. 16 ^ Jump up to : `` Chamera power station shut down '' . The Tribune ( Himachal Pradesh ) . 2005 - 07 - 06 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ Bhatnagar ( 2008 ) , p. 40 ^ Jump up to : `` Chamba Hill station '' . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Access to Chamba '' . National Informatics Centre : Government of Chamba district . Archived from the original on 8 December 2008 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chamba Tourism '' . India Line . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Chamba - Himachal Pradesh '' . Hill Resorts in India . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Census of India 2001 : Data from the 2001 Census , including cities , villages and towns ( Provisional ) '' . Census Commission of India . Archived from the original on 2004 - 06 - 16 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Census of India '' . Chamba at Srno932 . Census of India . Archived from the original on 2004 - 06 - 16 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Pramanik , Prabal . `` Gaddis and Gujjars '' . Chamba Heritage . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Sharma & Sethi ( 1997 ) , p. 35 Jump up ^ Bhatnagar ( 2008 ) , p. 43 ^ Jump up to : Pramanik , Prabal . `` Traditional architecture in Chamba '' . Chamba Heritage . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Bradnock ( 2000 ) , p. 212 ^ Jump up to : Bhatnagar ( 2008 ) , p. 42 Jump up ^ Handa ( 2005 ) , p. 174 Jump up ^ `` ChampavatiTempleChamba '' . Himachal Tourism . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chamunda devi temple history '' . Tourism Chamba . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ Handa ( 2001 ) , pp. 133 - 135 ^ Jump up to : `` AkhandChandiPalaceChamba '' . Himachal Pradesh Tourism . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Pramanik , Prabal . `` Development of Chamba '' . Chamba Heritage . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : The Church of Scotland home and foreign mission record , Volume 24 . Chamba , laying the foundation stone of the New Church . Church of Scotland . 1899 . p. 136 . Jump up ^ `` Church of Scotland '' . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Dogra legends of art & culture By Aśoka Jeratha pp. 112 - 4 ^ Jump up to : `` Himachal Pradesh : Fine Arts - Chamba School '' . Archived from the original on 22 October 2007 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` FINE ARTS Himachal Pradesh '' . Chamba School . Archived from the original on 22 October 2007 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Tourism '' . National Informatics Centre : Government of Chamba district . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : Pramanik , Prabal . `` Handicrafts of Chamba '' . Chamba Heritage . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ Margabandhu , Chedarambattu ( 1991 ) . Indian Archaeological Heritage : Shri K.V. Soundara Rajan Festschrift , Chedarambattu Margabandhu , Volume 2 . Agam Kala Prakashan . p. 595 . Jump up ^ `` Folk instruments '' . National Informatics Centre : Government of Chamba district . Archived from the original on 4 August 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fairs in Chamba '' . National Informatics Centre : Government of Chamba district . Archived from the original on 27 August 2002 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` MinjarMelaChamba '' . Himachal Tourism . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Sharma ( 2004 ) , p. 50 Jump up ^ Pramanik , Prabal . `` Festivals of Chamba '' . Chamba Heritage . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ Sharma ( 2004 ) , p. 08 ^ Jump up to : Sharma ( 2004 ) , p. 07 ^ Jump up to : Sharma ( 1997 ) , p. 36 ^ Jump up to : `` Dress and Ornaments '' . National Informatics Centre . Archived from the original on 28 August 2002 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ Music of Chamba - https://books.google.com/books?id=CDxa5G2S0AwC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false References ( edit ) Archer , W. G ( 1973 ) . Indian Paintings from the Punjab Hills : A Survey and History of Pahari Miniature Painting . Sotheby Parke Bernet . ISBN 0 - 85667 - 002 - 2 . Bhatnagar , Manu ( 2008 ) . `` Chamba Urban evolution of an ancient town in the Himalaya '' ( pdf ) . Journal of the Development and Research Organization for Nature , Arts and Heritage . UNESCO . Indian Heritage Cities Network . 5 ( 1 ) : 39 -- 44 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 26 . Bharati , K.R ( 2001 ) . Chamba Himalaya : amazing land , unique culture . Indus Publishing . ISBN 81 - 7387 - 125 - 6 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 26 . Bradnock , Robert & Roma ( 2000 ) . Footprint Indian Himalaya Handbook : The Travel Guide . Footprint Travel Guides . ISBN 1 - 900949 - 79 - 2 . Handa , O.C ( 2001 ) . Temple architecture of the western Himalaya : wooden temples . Chamunda Devi temple at Chamba . Indus Publishing . ISBN 81 - 7387 - 115 - 9 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 28 . Handa , O.C ( 2005 ) . Gaddi land in Chamba : its history , art & culture : new light on the early ... Gaddi Land in Chamba Stone temples . Indus Publishing . ISBN 81 - 7387 - 174 - 4 . Scotland , Church of ( 1899 ) . The Church of Scotland home and foreign mission record , Volume 24 . Chamba , laying the foundation stone of the New Church . Church of Scotland . Sharma , K.P. ; Sethi , S.M. ( 1997 ) . Costumes and ornaments of Chamba . Indus Publishing . ISBN 81 - 7387 - 067 - 5 . Sharma , K.P. ( 2004 ) . Folk dances of Chambā . Indus Publishing . ISBN 81 - 7387 - 166 - 3 . Negi , Baldev Singh ( 2012 ) , Single Line Administration and Tribal Development in Himachal Pradesh , Lambert Academic Publishing , Germany , ISBN 978 - 3 - 8473 - 3461 - 3 . Rana , Kulwant Singh , Negi , Baldev Singh ( 2012 ) , Changing Cropping Pattern in the Tribal Areas of Himachal Pradesh : with special reference to Pangi Valley , Lambert Academic Publishing , Germany , ISBN 978 - 3 - 8473 - 7695 - 8 . Negi , Baldev Singh ( 2012 ) , Village Studies in Northern India : a case study of Devikothi , Lambert Academic Publishing , Germany , ISBN 978 - 3 - 8473 - 4743 - 9 Further reading ( edit ) Hutchinson , J. & J. PH Vogel ( 1933 ) . History of the Panjab Hill States , Vol . I. 1st edition : Govt . Printing , Pujab , Lahore , 1933 . Reprint 2000 . Department of Language and Culture , Himachal Pradesh . Chapter IV Chamba State , pp. 268 -- 339 . Negi , Baldev Singh ( 2012 ) , Single Line Administration and Tribal Development in Himachal Pradesh , Lambert Academic Publishing , Germany , ISBN 978 - 3 - 8473 - 3461 - 3 . Rana , Kulwant Singh , Negi , Baldev Singh ( 2012 ) , Changing Cropping Pattern in the Tribal Areas of Himachal Pradesh : with special reference to Pangi Valley , Lambert Academic Publishing , Germany , ISBN 978 - 3 - 8473 - 7695 - 8 . Negi , Baldev Singh ( 2012 , Village Studies in Northern India : a case study of Devikothi , Lambert Academic Publishing , Germany , ISBN 978 - 3 - 8473 - 4743 - 9 Ulrich Friebel , Trekking in Himachal Pradesh , NaturFreunde - Verlag Stuttgart 2001 , ISBN 3 - 925311 - 23 - 8 External links ( edit ) Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Chamba . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chamba . MyBhaderwah - The heaven on earth Chamba district website Nearby Valley ( hide ) State of Himachal Pradesh Capital : Shimla History Prehistory and protohistory Early history Mughal rule British rule Freedom struggle Kangra - Lambagraon Punjab Hill States agency Guge Culture Arts and crafts Languages Mandiyali Kangri Kinnauri Pahari Music Traditional dances Jurisdiction Chief Ministers Governors High Court Government Vidhan Sabha Districts Mandi Shimla Solan Kangra Kullu Una Bilaspur Chamba Hamirpur Kinnaur Lahul and Spiti Sirmaur Major cities Shimla Solan Nahan Mandi Sundar Nagar Dharamsala Economy Agriculture Animal husbandry Industry Social services Transport Geography Lakes Rivers Climate Protected areas Highest point Education Indian Institute of Technology Mandi Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry Green Hills Engineering College Himachal University IITT college of Engineering Indian Institute of Advanced Study Institute of Engineering and Emerging Technologies National Institute of Technology , Hamirpur Jaypee University of Information Technology Chitkara University Lawrence School University Institute of Information Technology ( UIIT ) People The Great Khali 14th Dalai Lama Mohit Chauhan Prem Kumar Dhumal Anupam Kher Kangana Ranaut Preity Zinta Sukh Ram Anurag Thakur James Quinton Norah Richards Anuj Sharma Ruskin Bond Pratibha Singh Kaul Singh Thakur Virbhadra Singh Kaul Singh Thakur Shanta Kumar more Images Picture gallery Image gallery at Wikimedia Commons Others Bilaspur -- Mandi -- Leh line Rohtang Tunnel Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chamba,_Himachal_Pradesh&oldid=793883150 '' Categories : 920 establishments in Asia Cities and towns in Chamba district Chamba , Himachal Pradesh 10th - century establishments in India Hidden categories : Use Indian English from April 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from April 2017 Articles containing Hindi - language text Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2001 All articles containing potentially dated statements Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Languages Bân - lâm - gú Cebuano Deutsch Français ગુજરાતી हिन्दी Italiano മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski संस्कृतम् Svenska اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 4 August 2017 , at 14 : 50 . 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how many teams in the nba in 1956	1956 -- 57 NBA season League National Basketball Association Sport Basketball Number of games 72 Number of teams 8 TV partner ( s ) NBC Regular season Season MVP Bob Cousy ( Boston ) Top scorer Paul Arizin ( Philadelphia ) Playoffs Eastern champions Boston Celtics Eastern runners - up Syracuse Nationals Western champions St. Louis Hawks Western runners - up Minneapolis Lakers Finals Champions Boston Celtics Runners - up St. Louis Hawks NBA seasons ← 1955 -- 56 1957 -- 58 →	8	1956 -- 57 NBA season	1956 - - 57 nba season	The 1956 -- 57 NBA season was the 11th season of the National Basketball Association . The season ended with the Boston Celtics winning the NBA Championship ( which would be the first of their 17 NBA titles ) , beating the St. Louis Hawks 4 games to 3 in the NBA Finals .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Notable occurrences 2 Final standings 2.1 Eastern Division 2.2 Western Division 3 Statistics leaders 4 NBA awards 5 References Notable occurrences ( edit ) The 1957 NBA All - Star Game was played in Boston , Massachusetts , with the East beating the West 109 - 97 . Local hero Bob Cousy of the Boston Celtics wins the game 's MVP award . Final standings ( edit ) Eastern Division ( edit ) Eastern Division PCT GB Home Road Neutral Div x-Boston Celtics 44 28 . 611 - 24 - 4 11 - 18 9 - 6 20 - 16 x-Syracuse Nationals 38 34 . 528 6 23 - 9 9 - 15 6 - 10 20 - 16 x-Philadelphia Warriors 37 35 . 514 7 20 - 5 5 -- 25 12 - 5 17 - 19 New York Knicks 36 36 . 500 8 18 - 10 9 - 19 9 - 7 15 - 21 Western division ( edit ) Western Division PCT GB Home Road Neutral Div x-St . Louis Hawks 34 38 . 472 - 17 - 9 10 - 20 7 - 9 22 - 14 x-Minneapolis Lakers 34 38 . 472 - 15 - 9 5 - 22 14 - 7 18 - 18 x-Fort Wayne Pistons 34 38 . 472 - 23 - 5 5 - 23 6 - 10 17 - 19 Rochester Royals 31 41 . 431 19 - 10 7 - 17 5 - 14 15 - 21 St. Louis finished ahead of Fort Wayne and Minneapolis by defeating them in tiebreaker matches . x -- clinched playoff spot Statistics leaders ( edit ) Player Team Stat Points Paul Arizin Philadelphia Warriors 1,817 Rebounds Maurice Stokes Rochester Royals 1,256 Assists Bob Cousy Boston Celtics 478 FG % Neil Johnston Philadelphia Warriors . 447 FT % Bill Sharman Boston Celtics . 905 Note : Prior to the 1969 -- 70 season , league leaders in points , rebounds , and assists were determined by totals rather than averages . NBA awards ( edit ) Most Valuable Player : Bob Cousy , Boston Celtics Rookie of the Year : Tom Heinsohn , Boston Celtics All - NBA First Team : Paul Arizin , Philadelphia Warriors Bob Pettit , St. Louis Hawks Bob Cousy , Boston Celtics Bill Sharman , Boston Celtics Dolph Schayes , Syracuse Nationals All - NBA Second Team : Dick Garmaker , Minneapolis Lakers Neil Johnston , Philadelphia Warriors Slater Martin , St. Louis Hawks Maurice Stokes , Rochester Royals George Yardley , Fort Wayne Pistons References ( edit ) 1956 -- 57 NBA Season Summary basketball-reference.com . Retrieved December 10 , 2010 NBA seasons 1940s 1946 -- 47 1947 -- 48 1948 -- 49 1950s 1949 -- 50 1950 -- 51 1951 -- 52 1952 -- 53 1953 -- 54 1954 -- 55 1955 -- 56 1956 -- 57 1957 -- 58 1958 -- 59 1960s 1959 -- 60 1960 -- 61 1961 -- 62 1962 -- 63 1963 -- 64 1964 -- 65 1965 -- 66 1966 -- 67 1967 -- 68 1968 -- 69 1970s 1969 -- 70 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 72 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 1980s 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1990s 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 2000s 1999 -- 00 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2010s 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 1956 -- 57 NBA season Draft All - Star Game Playoffs Finals Eastern Boston New York Philadelphia Syracuse Western Fort Wayne Minneapolis Rochester St. Louis This basketball - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1956 -- 57_NBA_season&oldid = 764445911 '' Categories : 1956 -- 57 NBA season Basketball stubs Hidden categories : Pages using infobox sports season with unknown parameters All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Català Español Français Հայերեն Italiano עברית Latviešu Magyar Монгол 日本語 Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 February 2017 , at 23 : 48 . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956%25E2%2580%259357%20NBA%20season	1,079
i can't drink you away original singer			Drink You Away	drink you away		`` Drink You Away '' Single by Justin Timberlake from the album The 20 / 20 Experience -- 2 of 2 Released November 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 23 ) Format Airplay single Recorded 2012 at Larrabee Studios ( North Hollywood ) Genre Classic rock country pop gospel blues Memphis soul Length 5 : 31 ( album version ) 4 : 15 ( radio edit ) Label RCA Nashville Songwriter ( s ) Justin Timberlake Timothy Mosley Jerome `` J - Roc '' Harmon James Fauntleroy Producer ( s ) Timbaland Justin Timberlake Jerome `` J - Roc '' Harmon Justin Timberlake singles chronology `` Love Never Felt So Good '' ( 2014 ) `` Drink You Away '' ( 2015 ) `` Ca n't Stop the Feeling ! '' ( 2016 ) `` Love Never Felt So Good '' ( 2014 ) `` Drink You Away '' ( 2015 ) `` Ca n't Stop the Feeling ! '' ( 2016 ) `` Drink You Away '' is a song recorded by American singer and songwriter Justin Timberlake for his fourth studio album , The 20 / 20 Experience -- 2 of 2 ( 2013 ) . It was written and produced by Timberlake , Timothy `` Timbaland '' Mosley and Jerome `` J - Roc '' Harmon , with additional writing from James Fauntleroy . It was sent to US country radio stations on November 23 , 2015 as the fourth and final single from the album . Musically , it was defined by critics as a multi-genre song including classic rock , country pop , gospel blues and Memphis soul . Lyrically , on the track , Timberlake compares love to alcoholism while making references to several alcoholic brands including Jack Daniel 's and Jim Beam . As of May 2016 , the song has sold over 600,000 copies in the US . `` Drink You Away '' received generally positive response from contemporary critics , with some of them labeling the song as a highlight and one of the most impressive moments on the album . Timberlake performed the song at the 2013 American Music Awards and it was part of the set list of The 20 / 20 Experience World Tour ( 2013 -- 15 ) . In November 2015 , the singer together with Chris Stapleton gave a rendition of track at the 2015 Country Music Association Awards ; following it , `` Drink You Away '' sold 76,000 digital copies and debuted at number five on the US Hot Digital Songs chart . It also peaked at number 85 on the Canadian Hot 100 chart . Contents 1 Production and release 2 Composition and lyrical interpretation 3 Reception 3.1 Critical 3.2 Commercial 4 Live performances and covers 5 Credits and personnel 6 Charts 7 Certifications 8 Release history 9 References 10 External links Production and release ( edit ) `` Drink You Away '' was written by Timberlake , Timothy `` Timbaland '' Mosley , Jerome `` J - Roc '' Harmon and James Fauntleroy . The song was produced by Timbaland , Timberlake and Harmon while Jones provided additional production . It was recorded the Larrabee Studios in North Hollywood , Los Angeles . Timberlake arranged and produced his vocals . Harmon provided keyboards for the song , while Ives played the guitar . The track was engineered by Chris Godbey and mixed by Jimmy Douglass , Godbey and Timberlake ; for the process they were assisted by Alejandro Baima . The keyboards were provided by Harmon . It was sent to country radio in the United States on November 23 , 2015 , as the fourth and final single from The 20 / 20 Experience -- 2 of 2 ( 2013 ) . Regarding the single release , Sony Music Nashville executive vice president , promotion / artist development Steve Hodges stated , `` we received several requests from key programmers and we decided to get them a shortened version ( of `` Drink You Away '' ) so they did n't have to air the longer cut from the album , '' adding `` our promotion staffs will not be actively working the single , we simply wanted to make the song easily accessible for country radio . Now they have it and can play it if they 'd like '' in an interview for Billboard . Composition and lyrical interpretation ( edit ) `` Drink You Away '' A sample of `` Drink You Away '' , a multi-genre song with pop and rock music influences . Throughout the chorus Timberlake makes references to several alcoholic beverages in the lines , `` I ca n't drink you away . I 've tried Jack , I 've tried Jim ... '' . Problems playing this file ? See media help . `` Drink You Away '' runs for a duration of five minutes and thirty - one seconds , while its radio edit lasts for four minutes and fifteen seconds . Chris Bosman of Time magazine described the track as a country - pop . On the other hand , Greg Kot of Chicago Tribune thought that it was a gospel - blues song , while according to The A.V. Club 's Annie Zaleski it is a classic - rock `` homage '' . Kira Willis of Starpulse.com noted that `` Drink You Away '' is an `` unabashed '' Memphis soul song , `` steeped in a gritty country riff . '' Its instrumentation includes organ and acoustic guitar ; elements of pop and rock music can be heard in the song 's guitar . Lyrically , the song features references to several alcoholic drinks which can be seen in the lyrics , `` I ca n't drink you away . I 've tried Jack , I 've tried Jim ... Now , tell me baby , do they make a medicine for heartbreak . '' Brad Stern of MTV News described it as a `` plethora of alcohol references , and a whole lot of bluesy sorrow . '' According to Stacy - Ann Ellis of Vibe magazine , the song 's lyrics continue the `` druggy love analogy '' which Timberlake started with some of the lyrical themes on The 20 / 20 Experience ( 2013 ) most particularly on , `` Pusher Love Girl '' ; she noted that he is `` trying to drown a bitter memory of her by opening up a bar tab and taking Tennessee whiskies to the head . '' Eric Henderson of Slant Magazine described `` Drink You Away '' as a `` honky - tonking '' song on which the singer compares his love to alcoholism . Reception ( edit ) Critical ( edit ) HitFix 's Melinda Newman gave `` Drink You Away '' an A grade and called it `` the best '' and `` the most captivating track '' on The 20 / 20 Experience -- 2 of 2 , `` with potential to be ' 2 of 2 's ' '' `` Mirrors '' . Similarly , Stern of MTV News thought that the song was one of the biggest surprises and one of the most impressive tracks on the album . Lewis Corner of Digital Spy labeled it as a `` highlight '' on the album and encouraged Timberlake to further explore the `` Tennessee swagger '' present on the track . PopMatters ' Brice Ezell called the song a `` hat trick '' on the album and also described it as one of its most `` weirdest '' and `` successful '' moments . According to him , the way Timberlake lists the beverages in the lyrics it 's an unorthodox style for the singer and in addition it differs musically from the rest of the material on the album , however , `` for whatever reason , though , it works '' . He also noted that the song would suit better on a Montgomery Gentry LP . Kory Grow of Rolling Stone described it as a `` a big genre - bending , feel - good sing - along that really actually does feels good . '' Jason King for Spin called the song `` organ - laced '' and thought it was `` a surefire hit , a country twanger lifted to heaven by Timberlake 's quilted , hermetic harmonies . '' Ryan Dombal of Pitchfork Media thought that `` his heartbrokenness falls flat '' on the song which he further described as `` plastic blues '' and compared it to the works of the American country singer , Kid Rock . Variety 's Andrew Barker described `` Drink You Away '' as one of the `` lows '' on the album and compared it to the music of Rock and Lynyrd Skynyrd . Stephen Carlick of Exclaim ! concluded that the track , `` relies too heavily on repetition '' . Commercial ( edit ) Following Timberlake 's performance at the Country Music Association Awards , for the issue dated November 21 , 2015 , the song sold 76,000 digital copies and appeared at number five on the US Hot Digital Songs chart . It has since peaked at number 5 . For the chart dated February 6 , 2016 , the song debuted at number 60 on Billboard 's Country Airplay chart and climbed 38 - 36 on the Mainstream Top 40 radio airplay chart . The single is his 26th entry on the latter as a solo artist . It has also peaked at number 17 on the US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs chart . As of May 2016 , it has sold 609,085 copies in the United States . `` Drink You Away '' also peaked at number 85 on the Canadian Hot 100 chart . In South Korea , following the release of the parent album , the song sold 2,358 digital copies and peaked at number 96 on the Gaon Digital Chart . Live performances and covers ( edit ) Timberlake performing `` Drink You Away '' during The 20 / 20 Experience World Tour Timberlake performed `` Drink You Away '' for the first time at the 2013 American Music Awards held at the Nokia Theatre in Los Angeles ; Rolling Stone 's Grow ranked the performance at number five out of 16 performances that night . The song was part of the setlist of The 20 / 20 Experience World Tour ( 2013 -- 15 ) . Timberlake and Chris Stapleton performed the song together along with the latter 's `` Tennessee Whiskey '' at the Country Music Association Awards on November 4 , 2015 . Rolling Stone magazine praised it as `` the best performance of the entire show '' , while The New York Times editor Katie Rogers highlighted Timberlake 's crossover appeal . Entertainment Weekly declared it as one of the best performances of 2015 and wrote , `` In an unapologetic display of talent , Nashville met Motown during country music 's biggest night for a hands - in - the - air , take - us - to - church mash - up that was everything you hope for from an all - star duet . '' American country music artist Craig Morgan has performed the song at several of his concerts . David Fanning 's cover of `` Drink You Away '' peaked at number 58 on the Country Airplay chart . Credits and personnel ( edit ) Credits adapted from the liner notes of The 20 / 20 Experience -- 2 of 2 . Locations Vocals recorded and mixed at Larrabee , North Hollywood Personnel Justin Timberlake -- vocals , mixing , production , vocal production , vocal arrangement , guitar Timothy `` Timbaland '' Mosley -- production Jerome `` J - Roc '' Harmon -- keyboards , production Chris Godbey -- engineering , mixing Jimmy Douglass -- mixing Elliot Ives -- guitar Alejandro Baima -- additional mixing Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2013 -- 16 ) Peak position Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 85 South Korea ( Gaon Digital Chart ) 96 US Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles ( Billboard ) 9 US Country Airplay ( Billboard ) 60 US Hot Digital Songs ( Billboard ) 5 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) 17 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 32 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales United States ( RIAA ) 650,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Region Date Format Label Ref . United States November 23 , 2015 Country radio RCA Nashville References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Nielsen SoundScan Charts '' . Nielsen . Retrieved July 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : The 20 / 20 Experience -- 2 of 2 ( booklet ) . Justin Timberlake . New York City , NY : RCA Records , a division of Sony Music Entertainment . 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Country Future Releases '' . AllAccess . Retrieved November 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Asker , Jim ( November 12 , 2015 ) . `` Will Country Radio Take a Taste of Justin Timberlake 's ' Drink ' ? '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The 20 / 20 Experience -- 2 of 2 by Justin Timberlake '' . iTunes Store ( US ) . Retrieved November 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bosman , Chris ( October 2 , 2013 ) . `` Justin Timberlake Overreaches on His 20 / 20 Follow - Up '' . Time . Retrieved November 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kot , Greg ( September 30 , 2015 ) . `` Justin Timberlake , ' The 20 / 20 Experience 2 of 2 ' review '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved November 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Zaleski , Annie ( October 1 , 2013 ) . `` Justin Timberlake : The 20 / 20 Experience -- 2 of 2 '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved November 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Willis , Kira ( September 30 , 2013 ) . `` Justin Timberlake 's ' The 20 / 20 Experience : 2 of 2 ' Review : Album Of The Year ? '' . Starpulse.com . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Newman , Melinda ( September 30 , 2013 ) . `` Justin Timberlake 's ' The 20 / 20 Experience 2 of 2 ' : Track - by - track review '' . HitFix . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Farber , Jim ( September 27 , 2013 ) . `` Justin Timberlake 's ' 20 - 20 Experience 2 of 2 ' : album review '' . Daily News . Retrieved November 9 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Stern , Brad ( October 1 , 2013 ) . `` The 20 / 20 Experience - 2 of 2 : Track by Track Review ... In GIFs ! '' . MTV News . Retrieved November 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ellis , Stacy - Ann ( September 30 , 2013 ) . `` Review : Leftovers Struggle To Hit The Spot On Justin Timberlake 's ' The 20 / 20 Experience -- 2 of 2 ′ '' . Vibe . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Henderson , Eric ( September 28 , 2013 ) . `` Justin Timberlake : The 20 / 20 Experience - 2 of 2 '' . Slant Magazine . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Corner , Lewis ( September 30 , 2013 ) . `` Justin Timberlake : ' The 20 / 20 Experience - 2 of 2 ' - Album review '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved November 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ezell , Brice ( September 30 , 2013 ) . `` Justin Timberlake : The 20 / 20 Experience ( 2 of 2 ) '' . PopMatters . Retrieved November 9 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Grow , Kory ( November 25 , 2013 ) . `` Rihanna to TLC : Ranking the American Music Awards Performances '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved November 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ King , Jason ( September 30 , 2013 ) . `` Justin Timberlake Attempts to Wow Us Again on ' The 20 / 20 Experience 2 of 2 ′ '' . Spin . SpinMedia . Retrieved November 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dombal , Ryan ( October 1 , 2013 ) . `` Justin Timberlake : The 20 / 20 Experience 2 of 2 '' . Pitchfork Media . Retrieved November 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Barker , Andrew ( October 1 , 2013 ) . `` Album Review : Justin Timberlake , ' The 20 / 20 Experience : 2 of 2 ' '' . Variety . Retrieved November 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Carlick , Stephen ( September 28 , 2013 ) . `` Justin Timberlake : The 20 / 20 Experience 2 of 2 '' . Exclaim ! . Retrieved November 9 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Caulfield , Keith ( November 8 , 2015 ) . `` Chris Stapleton Soars to No. 1 on Billboard 200 Albums Chart After CMAs '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Digital Music Chart : 2015 - 11 - 28 Billboard '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Timberlake Lands First Hit on Billboard 's Country Airplay Chart '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . January 28 , 2016 . Retrieved January 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Justin Timberlake Chart History ( Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 6 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Justin Timberlake Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Gaon Chart - 2013.09. 29 - 2013.10. 05 '' . Gaon Chart . Retrieved November 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gaon Digital Chart '' . Gaon Chart . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2013 . Retrieved November 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Farber , Jim ( November 7 , 2013 ) . `` Concert review : Justin Timberlake kicks off ' 20 / 20 Experience ' tour with flirty gig at Barclays Center '' . Daily News . Retrieved November 9 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Rogiers , Katie ( November 5 , 2015 ) . `` Justin Timberlake Shows Crossover Appeal at C.M.A. Awards '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 CMA Awards : 12 Best and Worst Moments '' . Rolling Stone . November 5 , 2015 . Retrieved November 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 19 Best Music Performances of 2015 '' . Entertainment Weekly . December 16 , 2015 . Retrieved December 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Gayle ( June 21 , 2014 ) . `` ' Drink You Away ' -- Who Sings It Best ? '' . The Boot . Retrieved November 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` David Fanning - Chart History '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Timberlake Chart History ( Bubbling Under Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Timberlake Chart History ( Country Airplay ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Timberlake Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Justin Timberlake -- Drink You Away '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved July 11 , 2016 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics `` Drink You Away '' ( David Fanning version ) on YouTube Justin Timberlake songs Discography Justified `` Like I Love You '' `` Cry Me a River '' `` Rock Your Body '' `` Señorita '' Live from London `` I 'm Lovin ' It '' FutureSex / LoveSounds `` FutureSex / LoveSound '' `` SexyBack '' `` My Love '' `` LoveStoned '' `` What Goes Around ... Comes Around '' `` Summer Love '' `` Until the End of Time '' The 20 / 20 Experience `` Pusher Love Girl '' `` Suit & Tie '' `` Do n't Hold the Wall '' `` Strawberry Bubblegum '' `` Tunnel Vision '' `` Let the Groove Get In '' `` Mirrors '' `` Blue Ocean Floor '' The 20 / 20 Experience -- 2 of 2 `` Gimme What I Do n't Know ( I Want ) '' `` Cabaret '' `` TKO '' `` Take Back the Night '' `` Drink You Away '' `` Not a Bad Thing '' Trolls `` Ca n't Stop the Feeling ! '' `` Hair Up '' `` What U Workin ' With ? '' Man of the Woods `` Filthy '' `` Man of the Woods '' `` Supplies '' `` Say Something '' Other songs `` SoulMate '' Collaborations `` 3 - Way ( The Golden Rule ) '' `` 4 Minutes '' `` Ayo Technology '' `` Ca n't Believe It '' `` Carry Out '' `` Dead and Gone '' `` Dick in a Box '' `` Give It to Me '' `` Hallelujah '' `` Heaven '' `` Holy Grail '' `` Love Dealer '' `` Love Never Felt So Good '' `` Love Sex Magic '' `` Motherlover '' `` The Only Promise That Remains '' `` Release '' `` Rehab '' `` Signs '' `` Work It '' `` Winner '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Drink_You_Away&oldid=847190841 '' Categories : 2013 songs 2015 singles Justin Timberlake songs Songs written by James Fauntleroy Songs written by Jerome `` J - Roc '' Harmon Songs written by Justin Timberlake Songs written by Timbaland Country pop Gospel blues RCA Records Nashville singles Songs about alcohol Hidden categories : Good articles Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart called without song Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Billboardbubbling100 Singlechart usages for Billboardcountryairplay Singlechart usages for Billboardrandbhiphop Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Português Edit links This page was last edited on 23 June 2018 , at 15 : 13 ( UTC ) . 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who has the distinction of being the only english monarch executed in its history			List of monarchs of the British Isles by cause of death	list of monarchs of the british isles by cause of death	This is a list of Monarchs of the British Isles by cause of death .	They are grouped by the type of death and then ordered by the date of death . The monarchical status of some people is disputed , but they have been included here for the sake of completeness . Contents ( hide ) 1 Natural causes 2 Killed 2.1 In battle 2.2 Murdered , assassinated , executed or euthanised 2.3 Other 3 Accidental death 4 Unknown 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References Natural causes ( edit ) Those monarchs that are assumed to have died through natural causes ( through disease ) . Name House Born Reign Death Notes Kenneth I House of Alpin ( Scotland ) after 800 843 -- 858 13 February 858 Tumour Constantine II House of Alpin ( Scotland ) before 879 900 -- 943 952 Edred West Saxons ( England ) c. 923 946 -- 955 23 November 955 Edgar the Peaceable West Saxons ( England ) c. 942 959 -- 975 8 July 975 Ethelred the Unready West Saxons ( England ) c. 968 978 -- 1013 1014 -- 1016 23 April 1016 Edmund Ironside West Saxons ( England ) c. 988 / 993 1016 30 November 1016 Sweyn Forkbeard Danish Kings ( England ) ? ? ? 1013 -- 1014 3 February 1014 Malcolm II House of Alpin ( Scotland ) c. 980 1005 -- 1034 25 November 1034 Canute Danish Kings ( England ) c. 995 1016 -- 1035 12 November 1035 Harold Harefoot Danish Kings ( England ) c. 1015 1035 -- 1040 17 March 1040 Harthacanute Danish Kings ( England ) 1018 1040 -- 1042 8 June 1042 St Edward the Confessor West Saxon Restoration ( England ) c. 1004 1042 -- 1066 4 January 1066 Edgar House of Dunkeld ( Scotland ) 1074 1097 -- 1107 8 January 1107 Alexander I House of Dunkeld ( Scotland ) c. 1078 1107 -- 1124 23 April 1124 Edgar the Atheling West Saxon Restoration ( England ) c. 1051 1066 c. 1126 Proclaimed by surviving English nobles , clerics and magnates , but never crowned , as the Normans approached after Hastings . Henry I The Normans ( England ) c. 1068 1100 -- 1135 1 December 1135 Died of food poisoning from eating `` a surfeit of lampreys '' David I House of Dunkeld ( Scotland ) 1084 1124 -- 1153 24 May 1153 Stephen House of Blois ( England ) 1096 1135 -- 1154 25 October 1154 Malcolm IV House of Dunkeld ( Scotland ) c. 1141 1153 -- 1165 9 December 1165 His premature death may have been hastened by osteitis deformans . Matilda ( Empress Maud ) Angevins or Plantagenets ( England ) February 1101 1141 10 September 1167 Henry II Angevins or Plantagenets ( England ) 5 March 1133 1154 -- 1189 6 July 1189 William I House of Dunkeld ( Scotland ) around 1142 1165 -- 1214 4 December 1214 Natural causes John `` Lackland '' Monarchs of England and Ireland ( England ) 24 December c. 1166 1199 -- 1216 18 / 19 October 1216 Retreating from the French invasion , John crossed the marshy area known as The Wash in East Anglia and eventually succumbed to dysentery . Alexander II House of Dunkeld ( Scotland ) 24 August 1198 1214 -- 1249 6 July 1249 Died after suffering a fever at the Isle of Kerrera in the Inner Hebrides Henry III Monarchs of England and Ireland ( England ) 1 October 1207 1216 -- 1272 16 November 1272 Margaret House of Fairhair ( England ) 9 April 1283 1286 -- 1290 26 November 1290 Edward I `` Longshanks '' House of Plantagenet ( England ) 16 November 1239 1272 -- 1307 7 July 1307 Dysentery ( confirmed ) ; cancer ( possible ) John House of Balliol ( Scotland ) 1248 1292 -- 1296 1314 Natural causes Robert I House of Bruce ( Scotland ) 11 July 1274 1306 -- 1329 7 June 1329 Suffered for some years from what some contemporary accounts describe as an `` unclean ailment '' ; the traditional story is that he died of leprosy , but this is disputed . Other suggestions include syphilis , psoriasis , and a series of strokes . Edward Balliol House of Balliol ( Scotland ) c. 1282 1332 -- 1336 1364 Natural causes David II House of Bruce ( Scotland ) 5 March 1324 1329 -- 1371 22 February 1371 Natural causes Edward III Monarchs of England and Ireland ( England ) 13 November 1312 1327 -- 1377 21 June 1377 Died of a stroke Robert II House of Stuart ( Scotland ) 2 March 1316 1371 -- 1390 19 April 1390 Robert III House of Stuart ( Scotland ) c. 1340 1390 -- 1406 4 April 1406 Henry IV House of Lancaster ( England ) 3 April 1367 1399 -- 1413 20 March 1413 Several years of ill health - some type of visible skin ailment . Leprosy is also rumoured to have been possible . Henry V House of Lancaster ( England ) 16 September 1387 1413 -- 1422 31 August 1422 Natural causes , probably dysentery Edward IV House of York ( England ) 28 April 1442 1461 -- 1470 1471 -- 1483 9 April 1483 Henry VII House of Tudor ( England ) 28 January 1457 1485 -- 1509 21 April 1509 Tuberculosis James V House of Stuart ( Scotland ) 10 April 1512 1513 -- 1542 14 December 1542 Died of ill health shortly after the Battle of Solway Moss Henry VIII House of Tudor ( England ) 28 June 1491 1509 -- 1547 28 January 1547 Suffered from gout , Obesity dates from a jousting accident in 1536 in which he suffered a leg wound . This prevented him from exercising and gradually became ulcerated . Also possibly suffered from syphilis and / or diabetes Edward VI House of Tudor ( England ) 12 October 1537 1547 -- 1553 6 July 1553 Tuberculosis , arsenic poisoning , or congenital syphilis ? Mary I House of Tudor ( England ) 18 February 1516 1553 -- 1558 17 November 1558 Possibly ovarian cancer Philip House of Habsburg ( England ) 21 May 1527 1554 -- 1558 13 September 1598 Elizabeth I House of Tudor ( England ) 7 September 1533 1558 -- 1603 24 March 1603 Suffered from frailty and insomnia James VI & I House of Stuart 19 June 1566 1567 -- 1625 27 March 1625 Suffered from senility and died of ' tertian ague ' , probably brought on by kidney failure and a stroke Charles II House of Stuart 29 May 1630 1660 -- 1685 England 1649 -- 1651 and 1660 -- 1685 Scotland ( 1649 -- 1685 de jure ) 6 February 1685 Died suddenly of uremia James II & VII House of Stuart 14 October 1633 1685 -- 1689 16 September 1701 Stroke Mary II House of Stuart 30 April 1662 1689 -- 1694 28 December 1694 Died of smallpox at Kensington Palace Anne House of Stuart 6 February 1665 1702 -- 1714 1 August 1714 Died of suppressed gout , ending in erysipelas , an abscess and fever . Her 17 ill - fated pregnancies perhaps ravaged her body . George I House of Hanover 28 May 1660 1714 -- 1727 11 June 1727 Stroke George II House of Hanover 10 November 1683 1727 -- 1760 25 October 1760 Aortic dissection while on the toilet George III House of Hanover 4 June 1738 1760 -- 1820 29 January 1820 Senile dementia . Suffered bouts of mental illness from 1788 onwards . George IV House of Hanover 12 August 1762 1820 -- 1830 26 June 1830 Upper gastrointestinal bleeding caused by the rupture of gastric varices . Suffered from cataracts , alcoholism , opioid dependence , obesity , gout , oedema , arteriosclerosis and possibly porphyria and cancer . William IV House of Hanover 21 August 1765 1830 -- 1837 20 June 1837 Congestive heart failure and bronchopneumonia . Victoria House of Hanover 24 May 1819 1837 -- 1901 22 January 1901 Age and heart failure Edward VII House of Saxe - Coburg - Gotha 9 November 1841 1901 -- 1910 6 May 1910 Bed - ridden by bronchitis , he died of a myocardial infarction George VI House of Windsor 14 December 1895 1936 -- 1952 6 February 1952 Suffered from lung cancer and arteriosclerosis due to heavy smoking ; died of a coronary thrombosis Edward VIII House of Windsor 23 June 1894 1936 28 May 1972 Throat cancer Killed ( edit ) In Battle ( edit ) Those that died in battle either as the antagoniser or otherwise . Name House Born Reign Death Notes Constantine I House of Alpin ( Scotland ) unknown 862 -- 877 877 Killed fighting the Viking army Edward the Elder West Saxons ( England ) c. 874 -- 877 899 -- 924 17 July 924 Died leading an army against a Cambro - Mercian rebellion at Farndon - Upon - Dee Malcolm I House of Alpin ( Scotland ) before 900 943 -- 954 954 Indulf House of Alpin ( Scotland ) 954 -- 962 962 Killed fighting Vikings near Cullen Kenneth III House of Alpin ( Scotland ) before 967 997 -- 1005 1005 Killed in battle at Strathearn by Malcolm II Duncan I House of Alpin ( Scotland ) unknown 1034 -- 1040 15 August 1040 Killed by his own men led by Mac Bethed at Pitgaveny near Elgin Macbeth House of Alpin ( Scotland ) c. 1005 1040 -- 1057 15 August 1057 Defeated and mortally wounded by Máel Coluim mac Donnchada at the Battle of Lumphanan , dying at Scone . Harold Godwinson West Saxon Restoration ( England ) c. 1022 1066 14 October 1066 Killed at the Battle of Hastings William I , the Conqueror The Normans ( England ) c. 1028 1066 -- 1087 9 September 1087 Died at the Convent of St Gervais , near Rouen , France , from abdominal injuries received from his saddle pommel when he fell off a horse at the Siege of Mantes . Malcolm III House of Dunkeld ( Scotland ) 1030 or 1038 1058 -- 1093 13 November 1093 Ambushed by Robert de Mowbray , Earl of Northumbria , near Alnwick Richard I , the Lionheart Angevins or Plantagenets ( England ) 8 September 1157 1189 -- 1199 6 April 1199 Died during a siege of the castle of Châlus - Charbrol in Limousin , France , facing a rebellion by the Viscount of Limoges and his half - brother , the Count of Angoulême James II House of Stuart ( Scotland ) 16 October 1430 1437 -- 1460 3 August 1460 An early - adopter of artillery , James was killed when a cannon exploded while attacking one of the last Scottish castles still held by the English after the Wars of Independence . Richard III House of York ( England ) 2 October 1452 1483 -- 1485 22 August 1485 Killed at the Battle of Bosworth Field James III House of Stuart ( Scotland ) 1451 / 1452 1460 -- 1488 11 June 1488 Killed at the Battle of Sauchieburn while fighting an army raised by disaffected nobles , former councillors , and his son , the future James IV of Scotland . James IV House of Stuart ( Scotland ) 17 March 1473 1488 -- 1513 9 September 1513 Killed at the Battle of Flodden while attacking the English Murdered , assassinated , executed or euthanised ( edit ) Those that were murdered , assassinated , executed away from the battlefield , or euthanised by their doctors . Name House Born Reign Death Notes Áed House of Alpin ( Scotland ) unknown 877 -- 878 878 Killed by his successor , Giric Edmund I West Saxons ( England ) 921 939 -- 946 26 May 946 Murdered at a party in Pucklechurch by Leofa , an exiled thief Dub House of Alpin ( Scotland ) 962 -- 966 967 Cuilén House of Alpin ( Scotland ) 966 -- 971 971 Killed in Lothian when the hall he was in was burnt to the ground Amlaíb House of Alpin ( Scotland ) ? -- 977 977 Killed by Kenneth II St Edward the Martyr West Saxons ( England ) c. 962 975 -- 978 18 March 978 Killed at Corfe Castle by his stepmother Ælfthryth or one of her party . Canonised as Saint Edward the Martyr in 1001 . Kenneth II House of Alpin ( Scotland ) 971 -- ? 977 -- 995 995 Constantine III House of Alpin ( Scotland ) before 971 995 -- 997 997 Lulach House of Alpin ( Scotland ) before 1033 1057 -- 1058 17 March 1058 Assassinated and succeeded by Malcolm III Duncan II House of Dunkeld ( Scotland ) before 1069 1094 12 November 1094 Killed by Máel Petair of Mearns Edward II Monarchs of England and Ireland ( England ) 25 April 1284 1307 -- 1327 21 September 1327 Supposedly murdered in Berkeley Castle in Gloucestershire after a metal tube ( or , in some versions , a sawn - off ram 's horn ) and a red - hot poker were inserted into his anus . Allegedly by Sir John Maltravers of Dorset . No contemporary account survives to this effect , which is probably a later interpolation James I House of Stuart ( Scotland ) 10 December 1394 1406 -- 1437 21 February 1437 A group of Scots led by Sir Robert Graham assassinated James at the Friars Preachers Monastery in Perth . He attempted to escape his assailants through a sewer but , three days earlier , he had had the other end of the drain blocked up because of its connection to the tennis court outside . Henry VI House of Lancaster ( England ) 6 December 1421 1422 -- 1461 1470 -- 1471 21 / 22 May 1471 Imprisoned in the Tower of London , where he was murdered Jane House of Tudor ( England ) c . September -- October 1537 1553 12 February 1554 Executed ( beheaded ) , but not for being the 9 Day Queen Mary I House of Stuart ( Scotland ) 8 December 1542 1542 -- 1567 8 February 1587 Convicted of treason against the English Crown and beheaded at Fotheringay Castle , Northamptonshire Charles I House of Stuart 19 November 1600 1625 -- 1649 30 January 1649 Found guilty of high treason by 59 commissioners and was beheaded George V House of Saxe - Coburg - Gotha House of Windsor 3 June 1865 1910 -- 1936 20 January 1936 Drug overdose ( Euthanasia lethal injection administered by his doctor ) Other ( edit ) Name House Born Reign Death Notes Richard II Monarchs of England and Ireland ( England ) 6 January 1367 1377 -- 1399 14 February 1400 Placed in Pontefract Castle , and probably murdered ( or starved to death ) there . Edward V House of York ( England ) 4 November 1470 1483 c. 1483 Imprisoned in the Tower of London along with his younger brother Richard , Duke of York ; the date and cause of death of both Princes in the Tower remain unknown . Accidental death ( edit ) Name House Born Reign Death Notes William II , Rufus The Normans ( England ) c. 1056 1087 -- 1100 2 August 1100 Killed by an arrow through the heart during a hunting trip Alexander III House of Dunkeld ( Scotland ) 4 September 1241 1249 -- 1286 19 March 1286 Fell from his horse in the dark while riding to visit the queen at Kinghorn in Fife . He had been separated from his guides and it is assumed that in the dark his horse lost its footing . William III & II House of Orange 14 November 1650 1689 -- 1702 8 March 1702 Died of pneumonia , a complication from a broken collarbone resulting from a fall off his horse . He was asthmatic . Unknown ( edit ) Name House Born Reign Death Notes Donald I House of Alpin ( Scotland ) unknown 858 -- 862 13 April 862 According to the Chronicle of the Kings of Alba , died `` at the palace of Cinnbelathoir '' , possibly near or at Scone , probably from natural causes Eochaid House of Alpin ( Scotland ) 878 -- 889 Giric House of Alpin ( Scotland ) 878 -- 889 Alfred the Great West Saxons ( England ) c. 849 871 -- 899 26 October 899 Married to Earlswith in 868. Father of Edward the Elder Donald II House of Alpin ( Scotland ) 889 -- 900 According to the Chronicle of the Kings of Alba killed in battle against Vikings at Dunnottar Ælfweard West Saxons ( England ) 924 2 August 924 Apparently natural causes Athelstan West Saxons ( England ) c. 895 924 -- 939 27 October 939 Died at Gloucester , apparently natural causes Edwy the Fair West Saxons ( England ) c. 941 955 -- 959 1 October 959 Presumed to be natural causes Donald III House of Dunkeld ( Scotland ) before 1040 1093 -- 1094 1094 -- 1097 1097 or after William of Malmesbury tells us that he was `` slain by the craftiness of David ... and by the strength of William ( Rufus ) '' . The Anglo - Saxon Chronicle says of Domnall that he was expelled , while the Annals of Tigernach have him blinded by his brother , for which we should read nephew . John of Fordun , following the king - lists , writes that Domnall was `` blinded , and doomed to eternal imprisonment '' by Edgar , omitting that the place of his imprisonment was said to be Rescobie , by Forfar , in Angus . Margaret House of Dunkeld ( Scotland ) early 1283 1286 -- 1290 September / October 1290 See also ( edit ) List of British monarchs by longevity Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Duncan , p. 60 Jump up ^ Duncan , pp. 74 -- 75 . ^ Jump up to : Scottish Annals , p. 119 . Jump up ^ Annals of Tigernach , s.a. 1097 . Jump up ^ Fordun , V , xxvi ; Duncan , pp. 57 -- 58 ; Oram , David I , pp. 47 -- 48 . References ( edit ) Anderson , Alan Orr , Scottish Annals from English Chroniclers A.D. 500 -- 1286 . D. Nutt , London , 1908 . Duncan , A.A.M. , The Kingship of the Scots 842 -- 1292 : Succession and Independence . Edinburgh University Press , Edinburgh , 2002 . ISBN 0 - 7486 - 1626 - 8 John of Fordun , Chronicle of the Scottish Nation , ed . William Forbes Skene , tr. Felix J.H. Skene , 2 vols . Reprinted , Llanerch Press , Lampeter , 1993 . ISBN 1 - 897853 - 05 - X McDonald , R. Andrew , Outlaws of Medieval Scotland : Challenges to the Canmore Kings , 1058 -- 1266 . Tuckwell Press , East Linton , 2003 . ISBN 1 - 86232 - 236 - 8 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_monarchs_of_the_British_Isles_by_cause_of_death&oldid=824058035 '' Categories : Lists of monarchs Murdered monarchs Executed royalty Lists of British monarchs Monarchs in the British Isles British Isles - related lists Hidden categories : EngvarB from February 2018 Use dmy dates from November 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 5 February 2018 , at 02 : 19 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20monarchs%20of%20the%20British%20Isles%20by%20cause%20of%20death	1,081
how many series of silk have been made	Series Episodes Originally broadcast DVD release date Series premiere Series finale Region 2 Region 1 6 22 February 2011 29 March 2011 11 April 2011 12 November 2013 6 15 May 2012 20 June 2012 25 June 2012 1 March 2016 6 24 February 2014 31 March 2014 7 April 2014 3 January 2017		Silk ( TV series )	silk ( tv series )	Silk is a British television drama series produced by the BBC which was broadcast over three series on BBC One between 22 February 2011 and 31 March 2014 . Created by Peter Moffat , the series follows the daily goings on of Shoe Lane Chambers and its members in their personal and professional lives .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin 2 Overview 3 Cast 3.1 Main cast 3.2 Recurring cast 4 Episode list 4.1 Series 1 ( 2011 ) 4.2 Series 2 ( 2012 ) 4.3 Series 3 ( 2014 ) 5 Home media 6 In other media 6.1 Radio 7 Critical reception 8 References 9 External links Origin ( edit ) The series ' writer , Peter Moffat , also wrote the series Criminal Justice and North Square , as well as an episode of Kavanagh QC . Before the series started , Moffat said in an interview , `` I wanted Silk to be full of politics and intrigue . From my experience at the Bar , I felt life in chambers had all of those components , with big stories and lots of courtroom drama -- but I wanted to make it as much about barristers and their life in chambers as about the trials '' . Silk was commissioned by Jay Hunt , then - Controller of BBC One and Ben Stephenson , BBC Controller of Drama Commissioning , and started filming in July 2010 . It is based on Moffat 's experiences at the Bar . In an interview with The Guardian , he said `` I want to tell it as it really is . The extreme pressure , the hard choices , the ethical dilemmas , the overlap between the personal and the professional , principles fought for and principles sacrificed , the Machiavellian politics , the sex , the drinking , the whole story -- life at the bar is the richest possible drama territory . '' The series ' title is a colloquial reference to someone who has attained the status of Queen 's Counsel , which entitles the person to wear a certain design of gown in court , which is usually made of silk . Overview ( edit ) Silk follows barristers from a set of chambers in London . The series ' main focus is on Martha Costello ( Maxine Peake ) and her ambition to become Queen 's Counsel as well as on her rival , Clive Reader ( Rupert Penry - Jones ) . Martha achieves her ambition at the end of Series One , leaving Clive disappointed . He however becomes a QC in the opening episode of Series 3 . The chambers ' senior clerk , Billy Lamb ( Neil Stuke ) , also features heavily in the series . In series 3 , Miranda Raison joins the show as Harriet Hammond who is a thorn in the side of Billy , as well as a confidante , supporter , and potential love interest for Clive Reader . Silk ended with series 3 because creator Moffat and lead actress , Maxine Peake , were keen to end at a high point . Rupert Penry - Jones commented that : `` It 's a courtroom drama so it could go on and on and there is a whole echelon of stuff we could go into but it will be interesting to see what people make of this series because the way it is left , we as a cast are n't sure whether it 's been written as , ' This is it ' , or whether it 's got more to come because it feels like everyone gets blasted in different directions at the end of this series , so maybe the writer has thrown a grenade in and blown the whole show up . But it will very much depend on how people react to it '' . In March 2014 , it was announced there will be a radio spin - off following the lives of the clerks of Shoe Lane Chambers . In October 2014 , it was announced that the series would be adapted by ABC for USA television . Peter Moffat is due to executive produce with the pilot being written by Marty Scott . Cast ( edit ) Main cast ( edit ) Maxine Peake as Martha Costello QC , Defence Barrister Rupert Penry - Jones as Clive Reader QC , Barrister Neil Stuke as Billy Lamb , Senior Clerk John MacMillan as John Bright , Clerk Theo Barklem - Biggs as Jake Milner , Junior Clerk Alex Jennings as Alan Cowdrey QC , Head of Chambers Recurring cast ( edit ) Tom Hughes as Nick Slade , a pupil who shadows Martha Costello ( Series 1 ) Natalie Dormer as Niamh Cranitch , a pupil who shadows Clive Reader ( Series 1 ) Nina Sosanya as Kate Brockman , Prosecution Barrister ( Series 1 ) Jamie Di Spirito as Jimmy Johnson , Junior Clerk ( Series 1 ) Frances Barber as Caroline Warwick QC , Prosecution Barrister ( Series 2 -- 3 ) Amy Wren as Bethany Brassington , Junior Clerk ( Series 2 -- 3 ) Phil Davis as Mickey Joy , Solicitor ( Series 2 -- 3 ) Indira Varma as George Duggan , CPS Solicitor ( Series 2 ) Shaun Evans as Daniel Lomas , a pupil who shadows Martha Costello ( Series 2 ) Miranda Raison as Harriet Hammond , Practice Manager ( Series 3 ) Jessica Henwick as Amy Lang , a pupil who shadows Martha Costello , Clive Reader & Caroline Warwick ( Series 3 ) Episode list ( edit ) Series Episodes Originally broadcast DVD release date Series premiere Series finale Region 2 Region 1 6 22 February 2011 29 March 2011 11 April 2011 12 November 2013 6 15 May 2012 20 June 2012 25 June 2012 1 March 2016 6 24 February 2014 31 March 2014 7 April 2014 3 January 2017 Series 1 ( 2011 ) ( edit ) Episode Title Written by Directed by Viewers ( millions ) Original airdate `` The Bitter End '' Peter Moffat Michael Offer 6.34 m 22 February 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 22 ) Martha represents a pregnant drugs mule who is pleading unfit to stand trial , as well as a man charged with robbery and assault on an elderly war hero . `` High and Dry '' Peter Moffat Michael Offer 5.67 m 1 March 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 01 ) Martha is pitted against Clive in the case of a man accused of raping his ex-girlfriend , before discovering that she is pregnant . `` Close Quarters '' Peter Moffat David Evans 5.80 m 8 March 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 08 ) Martha takes on the case of a teenage rent boy who is charged with indecency in a public lavatory . Niamh defends a couple accused of breeding dangerous dogs . `` Touch and Go '' Peter Moffat David Evans 5.84 m 15 March 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 15 ) Martha defends an Asian policewoman accused of racial assault on a fellow colleague . Billy tries to get rid of Clive by asking a friend from a fellow chambers to offer him a job . 5 `` All Plain Sailing '' Steve Thompson Catherine Morshead 5.74 m 22 March 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 22 ) Martha attempts to use the case of a teacher , who is accused of murdering a pupil who persecuted him , as a spring board for promotion . 6 `` Three Sheets to the Wind '' Peter Moffat Catherine Morshead 5.72 m 29 March 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 29 ) Martha defends a couple who inadvertently caused the murder of a judge after breaking into his house with the intent of robbing him . Series 2 ( 2012 ) ( edit ) Episode Title Written by Directed by Viewers ( millions ) Original airdate `` Famous Last Words '' Peter Moffat Peter Hoar 6.56 m 15 May 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 15 ) Martha and Clive defend a thug connected to a well - known crime family who is accused of blinding a man who fell foul of his boss . `` The House of Ill Repute '' Peter Moffat Peter Hoar 6.08 m 22 May 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 22 ) Martha defends a young Captain at a court - martial . He is accused of disobeying orders , and that his disobedience led to the death of an unarmed Private . `` In the Family Way '' Peter Moffat Alice Troughton 5.56 m 29 May 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 29 ) Martha defends a youth accused of trashing a corner shop after his girlfriend was insulted . Clive prosecutes three Oxford students accused of assaulting a young waitress . `` Wooden Overcoat '' Debbie O'Malley Alice Troughton 5.64 m 5 June 2012 ( 2012 - 06 - 05 ) Martha defends a prison van driver accused of neglect and manslaughter after a claustrophobic prisoner dies while in his care . 5 `` Shooting Blanks ( Part 1 ) '' Peter Moffat Jeremy Webb 5.33 m 12 June 2012 ( 2012 - 06 - 12 ) Caroline seeks out Clive 's assistance in the prosecution of Jody Farr , in exchange for a deal for one of her clients . 6 `` Shooting Blanks ( Part 2 ) '' Peter Moffat Jeremy Webb 5.28 m 20 June 2012 ( 2012 - 06 - 20 ) Martha decides to claim that Jody Farr was framed by the police as her first line of defence . Billy goes in for his operation . Series 3 ( 2014 ) ( edit ) Episode Title Written by Directed by Viewers ( millions ) Original airdate `` The Goodbye Kid '' Peter Moffat Marc Jobst 6.13 m 24 February 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 24 ) Alan 's son is arrested on suspicion of the murder of a policeman , while Martha hits the bottle after an Inspector lies in court to frame her client . `` Big Fish , Small Pond '' Mick Collins Marc Jobst 5.42 m 3 March 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 03 ) Martha defends a footballer accused of attacking one of his fellow team players after a match . `` Heavy Metal '' Colin Teevan Michael Keillor 5.16 m 10 March 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 10 ) Martha is approached by a Euthanasia campaigner to defend a friend , who helped her paraplegic daughter to take her own life . `` Mother Country '' Christian Spurrier Michael Keillor 5.10 m 17 March 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 17 ) Martha is asked to help an American solicitor whose nephew is wanted for extradition by the American authorities in relation to a bomb scare at Arizona university . 5 `` The Real McCoy ( Part 1 ) '' Peter Moffat Cilla Ware 5.06 m 24 March 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 24 ) Martha goes into prison to visit an ex-lover who is accused of shooting dead gang leader Jimmy Monk , who demanded protection money for him to open a night club . 6 `` The Real McCoy ( Part 2 ) '' Peter Moffat Cilla Ware 5.33 m 31 March 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 31 ) Clive is forced to withdraw from the case , convinced of Sean McBride 's guilt . Billy tries to help Martha by convincing Micky Joy to give evidence on police corruption . Harriet and Clive consummate their relationship . Home media ( edit ) DVD Title Season Episodes Aspect Ratio Running time Year Season One 6 16 : 9 360 minutes 12 November 2013 Season Two 6 16 : 9 352 minutes 1 March 2016 Season Three 6 16 : 9 300 minutes 3 January 2017 In other media ( edit ) Radio ( edit ) BBC Radio 4 featured a spin - off `` Silk : The Clerks Room '' that lasted for two seasons from 2014 -- 2015 , featuring Theo Barklem - Biggs as Jake , Neil Stuke as Billy , and Jessica Henwick as Amy . Critical reception ( edit ) Writing in The Daily Telegraph , barrister Sarah Palin praised Silk , saying that `` the opening episodes do a good job of capturing the relentless pressure of the criminal Bar '' and that `` the competition for silk , while a useful plot device , also accurately reflects the fiercely competitive nature of the Bar '' , but added `` the characters featured are a little more youthful than their real - life counterparts '' and that the storyline in which one of the pupil barristers shoplifts his wig and gown struck `` an absurd note '' . The Telegraph 's television reviewer , James Walton , compared the series to Moffat 's previous production , North Square , but said that Silk was `` more viewer - friendly '' and the characters `` far easier to divide into heroes and villains '' . He concluded that the first episode was `` a perfectly OK hour of telly -- marred only by the fact that we 've come to expect a bit more than that from Moffat . '' Alex Aldridge of The Guardian , meanwhile , called the series `` underwhelming '' and stated that it implied that cocaine use was `` rife '' among criminal barristers . Also writing in The Guardian , Lucy Mangan implied that the series was predictable and called it `` a rare misfire by Peter Moffat ( ... ) and aggravated by the squandering of Peake , whose usually overflowing talents seem to have been dammed here rather than encouraged to irrigate an oddly bloodless role . '' The first series averaged 5.85 million viewers . The second series averaged 5.74 million viewers . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Palin , Sarah ( 22 February 2011 ) . `` Silk , BBC One : a lawyer 's verdict '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 7 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Maxine Peake and Rupert Penry - Jones called to the bar in new BBC legal drama Silk BBC Press Office , 13 July 2010 Jump up ^ Deans , Jason ( 13 July 2010 ) . `` Maxine Peake to star in BBC1 legal drama Silk '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 1 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Why is law such a fertile ground for drama ? '' . BBC News . 22 February 2011 . Retrieved 7 March 2011 . Jump up ^ http://www.radiotimes.com/news/2014-03-20/bbc-legal-drama-silk-to-end-with-series-three Jump up ^ `` TV drama Silk in radio spin - off '' . BBC News . Retrieved 26 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Morgan Jeffery ( 27 October 2014 ) . `` BBC One 's Silk to be remade for US television by ABC '' . DigitalSpy . Jump up ^ `` Silk -- Series 1 ( DVD ) '' . Retrieved 26 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Silk -- Series 2 ( DVD ) '' . Retrieved 26 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : http://www.barb.co.uk/whats-new/weekly-top-30 ? Jump up ^ Silk : The Clerks ' Room , BBC Radio Jump up ^ Walton , James ( 22 February 2011 ) . `` Silk , BBC One , review '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 7 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Aldridge , Alex ( 3 March 2011 ) . `` Alex Aldridge : Is there a cocaine culture at the criminal bar ? '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 7 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Mangan , Lucy ( 23 February 2011 ) . `` TV review : Silk , Heston 's Mission Impossible '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 7 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Viewing data '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Retrieved 11 September 2013 . External links ( edit ) Silk on IMDb Silk at BBC Programmes Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Silk_(TV_series)&oldid=814712745 '' Categories : 2010s British drama television series 2011 British television programme debuts 2014 British television programme endings BBC high definition programmes BBC television dramas British crime television series British legal television series Television programmes shot in London English - language television programs Hidden categories : EngvarB from July 2017 Use dmy dates from July 2017 Pages using deprecated image syntax All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Italiano Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 December 2017 , at 13 : 19 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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why does jain practice emphasize asceticism as the path to liberation			Asceticism	asceticism	Asceticism ( / əˈsɛtɪsɪzəm / ; from the Greek : ἄσκησις áskesis , `` exercise , training '' ) is a lifestyle characterized by abstinence from sensual pleasures , often for the purpose of pursuing spiritual goals . Ascetics may withdraw from the world for their practices or continue to be part of their society , but typically adopt a frugal lifestyle , characterised by the renunciation of material possessions and physical pleasures , and time spent fasting while concentrating on the practice of religion or reflection upon spiritual matters .	Asceticism has been historically observed in many religious traditions , including Buddhism , Jainism , Hinduism , Christianity , and Judaism . Contemporary mainstream Islam practices asceticism in the form of fasting during Ramadan by abstaining from all sensual pleasures , food & water from sunrise until sunset . The observation of fasting during Ramadan is purely done for God and to increase one 's spiritual connection with God ; it is compulsory on all Muslims to fast as it is one of the Five Pillars of Islam . The Sufism sects tradition has included strict asceticism throughout history . The practitioners of these religions abandoned sensual pleasures and led an abstinent lifestyle , in the pursuit of redemption , salvation or spirituality . Asceticism is seen in the ancient theologies as a journey towards spiritual transformation , where the simple is sufficient , the bliss is within , the frugal is plenty . Contents 1 Etymology and meaning 2 Religions 2.1 Abrahamic religions 2.1. 1 Christianity 2.1. 1.1 Evagrius Ponticus : monastic teaching 2.1. 2 Islam 2.1. 2.1 Sufism 2.1. 3 Judaism 2.1. 4 Bahá'í Faith 2.2 Indian religions 2.2. 1 Buddhism 2.2. 1.1 Theravada 2.2. 1.2 Mahayana 2.2. 2 Hinduism 2.2. 3 Jainism 2.2. 3.1 Monastic practice 2.3 Other religions 2.3. 1 Inca religion 2.3. 2 Taoism 2.3. 3 Zoroastrianism 3 Sociological and psychological views 4 Nietzsche 's view 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 Sources 9 Further reading 10 External links Etymology and meaning ( edit ) The adjective `` ascetic '' derives from the ancient Greek term askēsis , which means `` training '' or `` exercise '' . The original usage did not refer to self - denial , but to the physical training required for athletic events . Its usage later extended to rigorous practices used in many major religious traditions , in varying degrees , to attain redemption and higher spirituality . Dom Cuthbert Butler classified asceticism into natural and unnatural forms : `` Natural asceticism '' involves a lifestyle which reduces material aspects of life to the utmost simplicity and to a minimum . This may include minimal , simple clothing , sleeping on a floor or in caves , and eating a simple minimal amount of food . Natural asceticism , state Wimbush and Valantasis , does not include maiming the body or harsher austerities that make the body suffer . `` Unnatural asceticism '' , in contrast , covers practices that go further , and involves body mortification , punishing one 's own flesh , and habitual self - infliction of pain - such as by sleeping on a bed of nails . Religions ( edit ) Self - discipline and abstinence in some form and degree are parts of religious practice within many religious and spiritual traditions . Ascetic lifestyle is associated particularly with monks , nuns , fakirs in Abrahamic religions , and bhikkhus , munis , sannyasis , yogis in Indian religions . Abrahamic religions ( edit ) Christianity ( edit ) Part of a series on Christian mysticism Theology Philosophy ( show ) Apophatic Ascetical Cataphatic Catholic spirituality Hellenistic Mystical theology Neoplatonic Henosis Practices ( show ) Monasticism Monasticism Asceticism Spiritual direction Meditation Meditation Lectio Divina Invoking of Mystic Saints Active ascetism Contemplation Hesychasm Jesus prayer Quietism Stages of Christian perfection Divinization Catharsis Theosis Kenosis Spiritual dryness Religious ecstasy Passive ascetism Abstinence People ( by era or century ) ( show ) Antiquity ( show ) Ancient African Origen Gregory of Nyssa Pseudo-Dionysius Desert Fathers ( show ) Paul of Thebes Anthony the Great Arsenius the Great Poemen Macarius of Egypt Moses the Black Syncletica Athanasius John Chrysostom Hilarion John Cassian 11th 12th ( show ) Bernard of Clairvaux Guigo II Hildegard of Bingen Symeon the New Theologian 13th 14th ( show ) Dominican Dominic de Guzmán Franciscan Francis of Assisi Anthony of Padua Bonaventure Jacopone da Todi Angela of Foligno English Richard Rolle Walter Hilton Julian of Norwich Margery Kempe Flemish Hadewijch Beatrice of Nazareth John of Ruysbroeck German Meister Eckhart Johannes Tauler Henry Suso Female Beatrice of Nazareth Bridget of Sweden Catherine of Siena Mechthild of Magdeburg Marguerite Porete 15th 16th ( show ) Spanish Ignatius of Loyola Francisco de Osuna John of Ávila Teresa of Ávila John of the Cross Others Catherine of Genoa 17th 18th ( show ) French Pierre de Bérulle Jean - Jacques Olier Louis de Montfort Charles de Condren John Eudes John of St. Samson Others María de Ágreda Anne Catherine Emmerich Veronica Giuliani Francis de Sales 19th ( show ) Dina Bélanger Catherine Labouré Mélanie Calvat Maximin Giraud Bernadette Soubirous Conchita de Armida Luisa Piccarreta Mary of the Divine Heart Thérèse of Lisieux Gemma Galgani 20th ( show ) Padre Pio Therese Neumann Marthe Robin Adrienne von Speyr Alexandrina of Balazar Faustina Kowalska Berthe Petit Sister Lúcia of Fátima Edgar Cayce Simone Weil Alfred Delp Thomas Merton Charles de Foucauld Contemporary papal views ( show ) Aspects of meditation ( Orationis Formas , 1989 ) Reflection on the New Age ( 2003 ) Literature Media ( show ) Lingua Ignota Ordo Virtutum Scivias Ascent of Mount Carmel Dark Night of the Soul Spiritual Canticle Way of Perfection Book of the First Monks The Interior Castle Abbey of the Holy Ghost A Dialogue of Comfort against Tribulation Diary : Divine Mercy in My Soul From Willow Creek to Sacred Heart The Glories of Mary The Imitation of Christ The Ladder of Divine Ascent Philokalia Revelations of Divine Love Spiritual Canticle The Story of a Soul Theologia Germanica Devotio Moderna The Miracle of Our Lady of Fatima Sol de Fátima The Cloud of Unknowing The Consolation of Philosophy The Mirror of Simple Souls Sister Catherine Treatise Tractatus de Purgatorio Sancti Patricii The Vision of Adamnán Divine Comedy Inferno Purgatorio Paradiso See also : Ascetical theology and Degrees of Orthodox monasticism Christian authors of late antiquity such as Origen , St. Jerome , St. Ignatius , John Chrysostom , and Augustine interpreted meanings of Biblical texts within a highly asceticized religious environment . Scriptural examples of asceticism could be found in the lives of John the Baptist , Jesus , the twelve apostles and the Apostle Paul . The Dead Sea Scrolls revealed ascetic practices of the ancient Jewish sect of Essenes who took vows of abstinence to prepare for a holy war . An emphasis on an ascetic religious life was evident in both early Christian writings ( see the Philokalia ) and practices ( see hesychasm ) . Other Christian practitioners of asceticism include individuals such as Simeon Stylites , Saint David of Wales and Francis of Assisi . According to Richard Finn , much of early Christian asceticism has been traced to Judaism , but not to traditions within Greek asceticism . Some of the ascetic thoughts in Christianity nevertheless , Finn states , have roots in Greek moral thought . Virtuous living is not possible when an individual is craving bodily pleasures with desire and passion . Morality is not seen in the ancient theology as a balancing act between right and wrong , but a form of spiritual transformation , where the simple is sufficient , the bliss is within , the frugal is plenty . The deserts of the Middle East were at one time inhabited by thousands of Christian hermits including St. Anthony the Great ( aka St. Anthony of the Desert ) , St. Mary of Egypt , and St. Simeon Stylites . In 963 CE , an association of monasteries called Lavra was formed on Mount Athos , in Eastern Orthodox tradition . This became the most important center of orthodox Christian ascetic groups in the centuries that followed . In the modern era , Mount Athos and Meteora have remained a significant center . Sexual abstinence such as those of the Encratites sect of Christians was only one aspect of ascetic renunciation , and both natural and unnatural asceticism have been part of Christian asceticism . The natural ascetic practices have included simple living , begging , fasting and ethical practices such as humility , compassion , patience and prayer . Evidence of extreme unnatural asceticism in Christianity appear in 2nd century texts and thereafter , in both the Eastern Orthodox Christianity and the Western sister tradition , such as the practice of chaining the body to rocks , eating only grass , praying seated on a pillar in the elements for decades such as by the monk Simeon Stylites , solitary confinement inside a cell , abandoning personal hygiene and adopting lifestyle of a beast , self - inflicted pain and voluntary suffering . Such ascetic practices were linked to the Christian concepts of sin and redemption . Evagrius Ponticus : monastic teaching ( edit ) See also : Evagrius Ponticus , Origen , and Clement of Alexandria Evagrius Ponticus , also called Evagrius the Solitary ( 345 - 399 AD ) was a highly educated monastic teacher who produced a large theological body of work , mainly ascetic , including the Gnostikos ( from Ancient Greek : γνωστικός gnostikos , `` learned '' , from γνῶσις gnōsis , knowledge ) , also known as The Gnostic : To the One Made Worthy of Gnosis . The Gnostikos is the second volume of a trilogy containing the Praktikos , intended for young monks to achieve apatheia , i.e. `` a state of calm which is the prerequisite for love and knowledge `` , in order to purify their intellect and make it impassible to reveal the truth hidden in every being . The third book , Kephalaia Gnostika , was meant for meditation by advanced monks . Those writings made him part of the most recognized ascetic teachers and scriptural interpreters of his time , which include Clement of Alexandria and Origen . The ascetic literature of early Christianity was influenced by pre-Christian Greek philosophical traditions , especially Plato and Aristotle , looking for the perfect spiritual way of life . According to Clement of Alexandria , Philosophy and Scriptures can be seen as `` double expressions of one pattern of knowledge `` . According to Evagrius , '' body and the soul are there to help the intellect and not to hinder it `` . Islam ( edit ) See also : Dervish , Faqir , and Sufism The Arabic word for asceticism is zuhd ( Zuhd in Islam ) . The prophet Mohammad and his followers practiced asceticism . However , contemporary mainstream Islam has not had a tradition of asceticism , but its Sufi sects -- a minority within Islam -- have cherished an ascetic tradition for many centuries . Monasticism is forbidden in Islam . Sufism ( edit ) A Sufi Muslim ascetic ( fakir ) in Bengal in the 1860s . Scholars in the field of Sufi studies have argued that asceticism ( zuhd ) served as a precursor to the later doctrinal formations of Sufis that began to emerge in the 10th century through the works of individuals such as al - Junayd , al - Qushayrī , al - Sarrāj , al - Hujwīrī , and others . Sufism grew as a mystical , somewhat hidden tradition in the mainstream Sunni and Shia Islam , state Eric Hanson and Karen Armstrong , likely in reaction to `` the growing worldiness of Ummayyad and ' Abassid societies '' . Acceptance of asceticism emerged in Sufism slowly because it was contrary to the sunnah , states Nile Green , and early Sufis condemned `` ascetic practices as unnecessary public displays of what amounted to false piety '' . The ascetic Sufis were hunted and persecuted by Sunni and Shia rulers , in various centuries . Sufism was adopted and then grew particularly in the frontier areas of Islamic states , where the asceticism of its fakirs ( or dervish ) appealed to a population used to the monastic traditions of Buddhism , Hinduism or Christianity . Ascetic practices of Sufi fakirs have included celibacy , fasting and self - mortification . Sufi ascetics also participated in mobilizing Islamic warriors for holy war , helping travelers , dispensing blessings through their perceived magical powers , and in helping settle disputes . Ritual ascetic practices , such as self - flagellation ( Tatbir ) has been practiced by Shia Muslims annually at the Mourning of Muharram . Judaism ( edit ) Main article : Asceticism in Judaism Chassidei Ashkenaz were a Jewish mystical and ascetic movement in medieval Germany . Asceticism has not been a dominant theme within Judaism , but minor to significant ascetic traditions have been a part of Jewish spirituality . The history of Jewish asceticism is traceable to 1st millennium BCE era with the references of the Nazirite ( or Nazorean , Nazarene , Naziruta , Nazir ) , whose rules of practice are found in Book of Numbers 6 : 1 - 21 . The ascetic practices included not cutting the hair , abstaining from eating meat or grapes , abstention from wine , or fasting and hermit style living conditions for a period of time . Literary evidence suggests that this tradition continued for a long time , well into the common era , and both Jewish men and women could follow the ascetic path , with examples such as the ascetic practices for fourteen years by Queen Helena of Adiabene , and by Miriam of Tadmor . After the Jews returned from the Babylonian exile and the Mosaic institution was done away with , a different form of asceticism arose when Antiochus IV Epiphanes threatened the Jewish religion in 167 BC . The Hasidaean - Essene tradition of the second Temple period is described as one of the movements within historic Jewish asceticism between 2nd century BCE and 1st century CE . Ascetic Jewish sects existed in ancient and medieval era times , most notably the Essenes and Ebionites . According to Allan Nadler , two most significant examples of medieval Jewish asceticism have been Havoth ha - Levavoth and Hasidei Ashkenaz . Pious self - deprivation was a part of the dualism and mysticism in these ascetic groups . This voluntary separation from the world was called Perishuth , and the Jewish society widely accepted this tradition in late medieval era . Extreme forms of ascetic practices have been opposed or controversial in the Hassidic movement . The Ashkenazi Hasidim ( Hebrew : חסידי אשכנז ‎ , Chassidei Ashkenaz ) were a Jewish mystical , ascetic movement in the German Rhineland whose practices are documented in the texts of the 12th and 13th centuries . Peter Meister states that this Jewish asceticism emerged in the 10th century , grew much wider with prevalence in southern Europe and the Middle East through the Jewish pietistic movement . According to Shimon Shokek , these ascetic practices were the result of an influence of medieval Christianity on Ashkenazi Hasidism . The Jewish faithful of this Hasidic tradition practiced the punishment of body , self - torture by starvation , sitting in the open in freezing snow , or in the sun with fleas in summer , all with the goal of purifying the soul and turning one 's attention away from the body unto the soul . Another significant school of Jewish asceticism appeared in the 16th - century led from Safed . These mystics engaged in radical material abstentions and self - mortification with the belief that this helps them transcend the created material world , reach and exist in the mystical spiritual world . A studied example of this group was Hayyim ben Joseph Vital , and their rules of ascetic lifestyle ( Hanhagoth ) are documented . Bahá'í faith ( edit ) According to Shoghi Effendi , in Bahai faith , the maintenance of a high standard of moral conduct is not to be associated or confused with any form of asceticism , or of excessive and bigoted puritanism . The standard inculcated by Bahá'u'lláh seeks , under no circumstances , to deny anyone the legitimate right and privilege to derive the fullest advantage and benefit from the manifold joys , beauties , and pleasures with which the world has been so plentifully enriched by an All - Loving Creator . Indian religions ( edit ) Asceticism is found in both non-theistic and theistic traditions within Indian religions . The origins of the practice are ancient and a heritage shared by major Indian religions such as Buddhism , Hinduism and Jainism . These probably developed from a syncretism of Vedic and Sramanic influences . Asceticism in Indian religions includes a spectrum of diverse practices , ranging from the mild self - discipline , self - imposed poverty and simple living typical of Buddhism and Hinduism , to more severe austerities and self - mortification practices of monks in Jainism and now extinct Ajivikas in the pursuit of salvation . Some ascetics live as loner hermits relying on whatever food they can find in the forests , then sleep and meditate in caves ; others travel from one holy site to another while sustaining their body by begging for food ; yet others live in monasteries as monks or nuns . Some ascetics live like priests and preachers , other ascetics are armed and militant , to resist any persecution -- a phenomenon that emerged after the arrival of Islam in India . Self - torture is relatively uncommon practice but one that attracts public attention . In Indian traditions such as Buddhism and Hinduism , self - mortification is typically criticized . However , Indian mythologies also describe numerous ascetic gods or demons who pursued harsh austerities for decades or centuries that helped each gain special powers . Buddhism ( edit ) The Buddha as an ascetic . Gandhara , 2 - 3rd century CE . British Museum . The historical Siddhartha Gautama adopted an extreme ascetic life in search of enlightenment . However , before enlightenment he rejected extreme asceticism . According to Hajime Nakamura and other scholars , some early Buddhist texts suggest that asceticism was a part of Buddhist practice in its early days . Further , in practice , records from about the start of the common era through the 19th century CE suggest that asceticism has been a part of Buddhism , both in Theravada and Mahayana traditions . Theravada ( edit ) Textual evidence suggests that ascetic practices were a part of the Buddhist tradition in Sri Lanka by the 3rd century BCE , and this tradition continued through the medieval era in parallel to sangha style monastic tradition . In the Theravada tradition of Thailand , medieval texts report of ascetic monks who wander and dwell in the forest or crematory alone , do austere practices , and these came to be known as Thudong . Ascetic Buddhist monks have been and continue to be found in Myanmar , and as in Thailand , they are known to pursue their own version of Buddhism , resisting the hierarchical institutionalized sangha structure of monasteries in Buddhism . Mahayana ( edit ) In the Mahayana tradition , asceticism with esoteric and mystical meanings became an accepted practice , such as in the Tendai and Shingon schools of Japanese Buddhism . These Japanese practices included penance , austerities , ablutions under a waterfall , and rituals to purify oneself . Japanese records from the 12th century record stories of monks undertaking severe asceticism , while records suggest that 19th century Nichiren Buddhist monks woke up at midnight or 2 : 00 AM daily , and performed ascetic water purification rituals under cold waterfalls . Other practices include the extreme ascetic practices of eating only pine needles , resins , seeds and ultimately self - mummification , while alive , or Sokushinbutsu ( miira ) in Japan . In Chinese Buddhism , self - mummification ascetic practices were less common but recorded in the Ch'an ( Zen Buddhism ) tradition there . More ancient Chinese Buddhist asceticism , somewhat similar to Sokushinbutsu are also known , such as the public self - immolation ( self cremation , as shaoshen 燒身 or zifen 自焚 ) practice , aimed at abandoning the impermanent body . The earliest documented ascetic Buddhist monk biography is of Fayu ( 法羽 ) in 396 CE , followed by more than fifty documented cases in the centuries that followed including that of monk Daodu ( 道度 ) . This was considered as evidence of a renunciant bodhisattva , and may have been inspired by the Jataka tales wherein the Buddha in his earlier lives immolates himself to assist other living beings , or by the Bhaiṣajyaguruvaiḍūryaprabhārāja - related teachings in the Lotus Sutra . Historical records suggest that the self - immolation practices were observed by nuns in Chinese Buddhism as well . The Chinese Buddhist asceticism practices , states James Benn , were not an adaptation or import of Indian ascetic practices , but an invention of Chinese Buddhists , based on their unique interpretations of Saddharmapuṇḍarīka or Lotus Sūtra . It may be an adoption of more ancient pre-Buddhist Chinese practices , or from Taoism . It is unclear if self - immolation was limited primarily to Chinese asceticism tradition , and strong evidence of it being a part of a large scale , comprehensive ascetic program among Chinese Buddhists is lacking . Hinduism ( edit ) See also : Tapas ( Sanskrit ) , Sannyasa , and Ataptatanu A female ascetic of the Vaishnavism tradition , 19th - century India . Renunciation from the worldly life , and a pursuit of spiritual life either as a part of monastic community or as a loner , has been a historic tradition of Hinduism since ancient times . The renunciation tradition is called Sannyasa , and this is not the same as asceticism -- which typically connotes severe self - denial and self - mortification . Sannyasa often involved a simple life , one with minimal or no material possessions , study , meditation and ethical living . Those who undertook this lifestyle were called Sannyasi , Sadhu , Yati , Bhiksu , Pravrajita / Pravrajitā , and Parivrajaka in Hindu texts . The term with a meaning closer to asceticism in Hindu texts is Tapas , but it too spans a spectrum of meanings ranging from inner heat , to self - mortification and penance with austerities , to meditation and self - discipline . Female Asceticism Indeed , Vedic literature does provide irrefutable evidence for the existence of both female celibate students and female renouncers in ancient India . -- Lynn Denton , Female Ascetics in Hinduism Asceticism - like practices are hinted in the Vedas , but these hymns have been variously interpreted as referring to early Yogis and loner renouncers . One such mention is in the Kesin hymn of the Rigveda , where Keśins ( `` long - haired '' ascetics ) and Munis ( `` silent ones '' ) are described . These Kesins of the Vedic era , are described as follows by Karel Werner : The Keśin does not live a normal life of convention . His hair and beard grow longer , he spends long periods of time in absorption , musing and meditating and therefore he is called `` sage '' ( muni ) . They wear clothes made of yellow rags fluttering in the wind , or perhaps more likely , they go naked , clad only in the yellow dust of the Indian soil . But their personalities are not bound to earth , for they follow the path of the mysterious wind when the gods enter them . He is someone lost in thoughts : he is miles away . -- Karel Werner ( 1977 ) , `` Yoga and the Ṛg Veda : An Interpretation of the Keśin Hymn '' The Vedic and Upanishadic texts of Hinduism , states Mariasusai Dhavamony , do not discuss self - inflicted pain , but do discuss self - restraint and self - control . The monastic tradition of Hinduism is evidenced in 1st millennium BCE , particularly in its Advaita Vedanta tradition . This is evidenced by the oldest Sannyasa Upanishads , because all of them have a strong Advaita Vedanta outlook . Most of the Sannyasa Upanishads present a Yoga and nondualism ( Advaita ) Vedanta philosophy . The 12th - century Shatyayaniya Upanishad is a significant exception , which presents qualified dualistic and Vaishnavism ( Vishishtadvaita Vedanta ) philosophy . These texts mention a simple , ethical lifestyle but do not mention self - torture or body mortification . For example , These are the vows a Sannyasi must keep -- Abstention from injuring living beings , truthfulness , abstention from appropriating the property of others , abstention from sex , liberality ( kindness , gentleness ) are the major vows . There are five minor vows : abstention from anger , obedience towards the guru , avoidance of rashness , cleanliness , and purity in eating . He should beg ( for food ) without annoying others , any food he gets he must compassionately share a portion with other living beings , sprinkling the remainder with water he should eat it as if it were a medicine . -- Baudhayana Dharmasūtra , II. 10.18. 1 - 10 Similarly , the Nirvana Upanishad asserts that the Hindu ascetic should hold , according to Patrick Olivelle , that `` the sky is his belief , his knowledge is of the absolute , union is his initiation , compassion alone is his pastime , bliss is his garland , the cave of solitude is his fellowship '' , and so on , as he proceeds in his effort to gain self - knowledge ( or soul - knowledge ) and its identity with the Hindu metaphysical concept of Brahman . Other behavioral characteristics of the Sannyasi include : ahimsa ( non-violence ) , akrodha ( not become angry even if you are abused by others ) , disarmament ( no weapons ) , chastity , bachelorhood ( no marriage ) , avyati ( non-desirous ) , amati ( poverty ) , self - restraint , truthfulness , sarvabhutahita ( kindness to all creatures ) , asteya ( non-stealing ) , aparigraha ( non-acceptance of gifts , non-possessiveness ) and shaucha ( purity of body speech and mind ) . The 11th century text , Yatidharmasamuccaya is a Vaishnavism text that summarizes ascetic practices in Vaishnavism tradition of Hinduism . In Hindu traditions , as with other Indian religions , both men and women have historically participated in a diverse spectrum of ascetic practices . Jainism ( edit ) Main article : Jain monasticism Asceticism in one of its most intense forms can be found in one of the oldest religions , known as Jainism . Ascetic life may include nakedness symbolizing non-possession of even clothes , fasting , body mortification , penance and other austerities , in order to burn away past karma and stop producing new karma , both of which are believed in Jainism to be essential for reaching siddha and moksha ( liberation from rebirths , salvation ) . In Jainism , the ultimate goal of life is to achieve the liberation of soul from endless cycle of rebirths ( moksha from samsara ) , which requires ethical living and asceticism . Most of the austerities and ascetic practices can be traced back to Vardhaman Mahavira , the twenty - fourth `` fordmaker '' or Tirthankara who practiced 12 years of asceticism before reaching enlightenment . Jain texts such as Tattvartha Sutra and Uttaradhyayana Sutra discuss ascetic austerities to great lengths and formulations . Six outer and six inner practices are most common , and oft repeated in later Jain texts . According to John Cort , outer austerities include complete fasting , eating limited amounts , eating restricted items , abstaining from tasty foods , mortifying the flesh and guarding the flesh ( avoiding anything that is a source of temptation ) . Inner austerities include expiation , confession , respecting and assisting mendicants , studying , meditation and ignoring bodily wants in order to abandon the body . The Jain text of Kalpasutra describes Mahavira 's asceticism in detail , whose life is a source of guidance on most of the ascetic practices in Jainism : The Venerable Ascetic Mahavira for a year and a month wore clothes ; after that time he walked about naked , and accepted the alms in the hollow of his hand . For more than twelve years the Venerable Ascetic Mahivira neglected his body and abandoned the care of it ; he with equanimity bore , underwent , and suffered all pleasant or unpleasant occurrences arising from divine powers , men , or animals . -- Kalpa Sutra 117 Both Mahavira and his ancient Jaina followers are described in Jainism texts as practicing body mortification and being abused by animals as well as people , but never retaliating and never initiating harm or injury ( ahimsa ) to any other being . With such ascetic practices , he burnt off his past Karma , gained spiritual knowledge , and became a Jina . These austere practices are part of the monastic path in Jainism . The practice of body mortification is called kaya klesha in Jainism , and is found in verse 9.19 of the Tattvartha Sutra by Umaswati , the most authoritative oldest surviving Jaina philosophical text . Monastic practice ( edit ) Five Mahavratas of Jain ascetics In Jain monastic practice , the monks and nuns take ascetic vows , after renouncing all relations and possessions . The vows include a complete commitment to nonviolence ( Ahimsa ) . They travel from city to city , often crossing forests and deserts , and always barefoot . Jain ascetics do not stay in a single place for more than two months to prevent attachment to any place . However , during the four months of monsoon ( rainy season ) known as chaturmaas , they stay at a single place to avoid killing life forms that thrive during the rains . Jain monks and nuns practice complete celibacy . They do not touch or share a sitting platform with a person of the opposite sex . Jain ascetics follow a strict vegetarian diet without root vegetables . Prof. Pushpendra K. Jain explains : Clearly enough , to procure such vegetables and fruits , one must pull out the plant from the root , thus destroying the entire plant , and with it all the other micro organisms around the root . Fresh fruits and vegetables should be plucked only when ripe and ready to fall off , or ideally after they have fallen off the plant . In case they are plucked from the plants , only as much as required should be procured and consumed without waste . The monks of Shvetambara sub-tradition within Jainism do not cook food , but solicit alms from householders . Digambara monks have only a single meal a day . Neither group will beg for food , but a Jain ascetic may accept a meal from a householder , provided that the latter is pure of mind and body , and offers the food of his own volition and in the prescribed manner . During such an encounter , the monk remains standing and eats only a measured amount . Fasting ( i.e. , abstinence from food and sometimes water ) is a routine feature of Jain asceticism . Fasts last for a day or longer , up to a month . Some monks avoid ( or limit ) medicine and / or hospitalization out of disregard for the physical body . Shvetambara monks and nuns wear only unstitched white robes ( an upper and lower garment ) , and own one bowl they use for eating and collecting alms . Male Digambara sect monks do not wear any clothes , carry nothing with them except a soft broom made of shed peacock feathers ( pinchi ) to gently remove any insect or living creature in their way or bowl , and they eat with their hands . They sleep on the floor without blankets , and sit on wooden platforms . Other austerities include meditation in seated or standing posture near river banks in the cold wind , or meditation atop hills and mountains , especially at noon when the sun is at its fiercest . Such austerities are undertaken according to the physical and mental limits of the individual ascetic . When death is imminent from an advanced age or terminal disease , many Jain ascetics take a final vow of Santhara or Sallekhana , a fast to peaceful and detached death , by first reducing intake of and then ultimately abandoning all medicines , food , and water . Scholars state that this ascetic practice is not a suicide , but a form of natural death , done without passion or turmoil or suddenness , and because it is done without active violence to the body . Other religions ( edit ) Inca Religion ( edit ) In Inca religion of medieval South America , asceticism was practiced . The high priests of the Inca people lived an ascetic life , which included fasting , chastity and eating simple food . The Jesuit records report Christian missionaries encountering ascetic Inca hermits in the Andean mountains . Taoism ( edit ) Historical evidence suggest that the monastic tradition in Taoism practiced asceticism , and the most common ascetic practices included fasting , complete sexual abstinence , self - imposed poverty , sleep deprivation , and secluding oneself in the wilderness . More extreme and unnatural ascetic Taoist practices have included public self - drowning and self - cremation . The goal of these spectrum of practices , like other religions , was to reach the divine and get past the immortal body . According to Stephen Eskildsen , asceticism continues to be a part of modern Taoism . Zoroastrianism ( edit ) In Zoroastrianism , active participation in life through good thoughts , good words and good deeds is necessary to ensure happiness and to keep the chaos at bay . This active participation is a central element in Zoroaster 's concept of free will . In the Avesta , the sacred scriptures of Zoroastrianism , fasting and mortification are forbidden . Sociological and psychological views ( edit ) Early 20th - century German sociologist Max Weber made a distinction between innerweltliche and ausserweltliche asceticism , which means ( roughly ) `` inside the world '' and `` outside the world '' , respectively . Talcott Parsons translated these as `` worldly '' and `` otherworldly '' -- however , some translators use `` inner - worldly '' , and this is more in line with inner world explorations of mysticism , a common purpose of asceticism . `` Inner - or Other - worldly '' asceticism is practised by people who withdraw from the world to live an ascetic life ( this includes monks who live communally in monasteries , as well as hermits who live alone ) . `` Worldly '' asceticism refers to people who live ascetic lives but do not withdraw from the world . Wealth is thus bad ethically only in so far as it is a temptation to idleness and sinful enjoyment of life , and its acquisition is bad only when it is with the purpose of later living merrily and without care . -- Max Weber , The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism Weber claimed this distinction originated in the Protestant Reformation , but later became secularized , so the concept can be applied to both religious and secular ascetics . The 20th - century American psychological theorist David McClelland suggested worldly asceticism is specifically targeting worldly pleasures that `` distract '' people from their calling and may accept worldly pleasures that are not distracting . As an example , he pointed out Quakers have historically objected to bright - coloured clothing , but wealthy Quakers often made their drab clothing out of expensive materials . The color was considered distracting , but the materials were not . Amish groups use similar criteria to make decisions about which modern technologies to use and which to avoid . Nietzsche 's view ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In the third essay ( `` What Do Ascetic Ideals Mean ? '' ) from his book On the Genealogy of Morals , Friedrich Nietzsche discusses what he terms the `` ascetic ideal '' and its role in the formulation of morality along with the history of the will . In the essay , Nietzsche describes how such a paradoxical action as asceticism might serve the interests of life : through asceticism one can overcome their desire to perish from pain and despair and attain mastery over oneself . In this way one can express both ressentiment and the will to power . Nietzsche describes the morality of the ascetic priest as characterized by Christianity as one where , finding oneself in pain or despair and desiring to perish from it , the will to live causes one to place oneself in a state of hibernation and denial of the material world in order to minimize that pain and thus preserve life , a technique which Nietzsche locates at the very origin of secular science as well as of religion . He associated the `` ascetic ideal '' with Christian decadence . See also ( edit ) Ascetics ( category ) Abstinence Aesthetism Altruism Anatta Anti-consumerism Arthur Schopenhauer Cenobite Ctistae Cynicism Decadence ( usually opposite ) Desert Mothers Egoism Epicureanism Fakir Fasting Flagellant Gustave Flaubert Hedonism ( opposite ) Hermit Hermitage Lent Minimalism Monasticism Nazirite Paradox of hedonism Ramadan Rechabites Sensory deprivation Simple living Siddha Stoicism Temperance ( virtue ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Alternate practices included cutting off a part of one 's body . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Randall Collins ( 2000 ) , The sociology of philosophies : a global theory of intellectual change , Harvard University Press , ISBN 978 - 0674001879 , page 204 Jump up ^ William Cook ( 2008 ) , Francis of Assisi : The Way of Poverty and Humility , Wipf and Stock Publishers , ISBN 978 - 1556357305 , pages 46 - 47 ^ Jump up to : Richard Finn ( 2009 ) . Asceticism in the Graeco - Roman World . Cambridge University Press . pp. 94 -- 97 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 139 - 48066 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Spencer C. Tucker ( 2010 ) . The Encyclopedia of Middle East Wars . ABC - CLIO . p. 1176 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85109 - 948 - 1 . Jump up ^ Eric O. Hanson ( 2006 ) . Religion and Politics in the International System Today . Cambridge University Press . pp. 102 -- 103 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 61781 - 9 . Jump up ^ Vincent L. Wimbush ; Richard Valantasis ( 2002 ) . Asceticism . Oxford University Press . pp. 247 , 351 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 803451 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Lynn Denton ( 1992 ) . Julia Leslie , ed . Roles and Rituals for Hindu Women . Motilal Banarsidass . pp. 212 -- 219 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 208 - 1036 - 5 . Jump up ^ Clarke , Paul A.B. ; Andrew Linzey ( 1996 ) . Dictionary of ethics , theology and society . Routledge Reference . Taylor & Francis . p. 58 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 06212 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Vincent L. Wimbush ; Richard Valantasis ( 2002 ) . Asceticism . Oxford University Press . pp. 9 -- 10 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 803451 - 3 . Jump up ^ Maurice Waite ( 2009 ) . Oxford Thesaurus of English . Oxford University Press . p. 47 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 956081 - 3 . Jump up ^ Martin G. Wiltshire ( 1990 ) . Ascetic Figures Before and in Early Buddhism : The Emergence of Gautama as the Buddha . Walter de Gruyter . pp. xvi . ISBN 978 - 3 - 11 - 009896 - 9 . Jump up ^ New Advent -- Catholic Encyclopedia : Asceticism , quoting St. Jerome Jump up ^ From Chapter 1 of a letter from Ignatius to Polycarp Jump up ^ The Catholic Encyclopedia Jump up ^ for a study of the continuation of this early tradition in the Middle Ages , see Marina Miladinov , Margins of Solitude : Eremitism in Central Europe between East and West ( Zagreb : Leykam International , 2008 ) ^ Jump up to : William M. Johnston ( 2013 ) . Encyclopedia of Monasticism . Routledge . pp. 290 , 548 , 577 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 136 - 78716 - 4 . Jump up ^ William M. Johnston ( 2013 ) . Encyclopedia of Monasticism . Routledge . pp. 548 -- 550 . 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Asceticism and Exegesis in Early Christianity : The Reception of New Testament Texts in Ancient Ascetic Discourses . Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht . p. 224 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 525 - 59358 - 5 . Jump up ^ Evert Peeters ; Leen Van Molle ; Kaat Wils ( 2011 ) . Beyond Pleasure : Cultures of Modern Asceticism . Berghahn . pp. 5 -- 6 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84545 - 987 - 1 . Jump up ^ Robin Darling Young , Evagrius the Iconographer : Monastic Pedagogy in the Gnostikos , Journal of Early Christian Studies , Volume 9 , Number 1 , Spring 2001 , pp. 53 - 71 ( Article ) , ( Johns Hopkins University Press ) Jump up ^ Samuel Rubenson , The Cambridge History of Christianity , ( Edited by Augustine Casiday , Frederick W. Norris ) , Chapter 27 - Asceticism and monasticism , I : Eastern pp. 637 - 668 , 2006 Jump up ^ Robin Darling Young , Evagrius the Iconographer : Monastic Pedagogy in the Gnostikos , Journal of Early Christian Studies , Volume 9 , Number 1 , Spring 2001 , pp. 53 - 71 ( Article ) , ( Johns Hopkins University Press ) Jump up ^ Marcus Plested , The Macarian Legacy : The Place of Macarius - Symeon in the Eastern Christian Tradition , ( Oxford Theology and Religion Monographs ) , 2004 , p67 Jump up ^ Josef W. Meri ( 2002 ) . The Cult of Saints among Muslims and Jews in Medieval Syria . Oxford University Press . pp. 66 , 83 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 155473 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Shizuoka Muslim Association ( Shizuoka Muslim Association ) '' . Muslims in Japan Shizuoka Muslim Association website . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 09 . Jump up ^ The World 's Muslims : Religious Affiliations Pew Research ( 2012 ) Jump up ^ Felicity Crowe ; et al. ( 2011 ) . Illustrated Dictionary of the Muslim World . 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ISBN 978 - 962 - 201 - 412 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : William M. Johnston ( 2000 ) . Encyclopedia of Monasticism : A-L . Routledge . pp. 90 -- 91 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57958 - 090 - 2 . Jump up ^ Robert E. Buswell Jr. ; Donald S. Lopez Jr. ( 2013 ) . The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism . Princeton University Press . pp. 22 , 910 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4008 - 4805 - 8 . Jump up ^ K Tiyavanich ( 1997 ) . Forest Recollections : Wandering Monks in Twentieth - Century Thailand . University of Hawaii Press . pp. 1 -- 2 , 37 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8248 - 1781 - 7 . Jump up ^ John Powers ( 2015 ) . The Buddhist World . Routledge . p. 83 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 317 - 42017 - 0 . Jump up ^ Ichiro Hori ( 1962 ) , Self - Mummified Buddhas in Japan . An Aspect of the Shugen - Dô ( `` Mountain Asceticism '' ) Sect , History of Religions , Vol. 1 , No. 2 ( Winter , 1962 ) , pages 222 - 242 Jump up ^ Adriana Boscaro ; Franco Gatti ; Massimo Raveri ( 1990 ) . Rethinking Japan : Social sciences , ideology & thought . Routledge . p. 250 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 904404 - 79 - 1 . Jump up ^ Tullio Federico Lobetti ( 2013 ) . Ascetic Practices in Japanese Religion . Routledge . pp. 130 -- 136 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 134 - 47273 - 4 . Jump up ^ Paul Williams ( 2005 ) . Buddhism : Buddhism in China , East Asia , and Japan . Routledge . pp. 362 with footnote 37 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 33234 - 7 . Jump up ^ James A Benn ( 2012 ) , Multiple Meanings of Buddhist Self - Immolation in China -- A Historical Perspective , Revue des Études Tibétaines , no . 25 , page 205 Jump up ^ Shufen , Liu ( 2000 ) . `` Death and the Degeneration of Life Exposure of the Corpse in Medieval Chinese Buddhism '' . Journal of Chinese Religions. 28 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 30 . doi : 10.1179 / 073776900805306720 . ^ Jump up to : James A Benn ( 2012 ) , Multiple Meanings of Buddhist Self - Immolation in China -- A Historical Perspective , Revue des Études Tibétaines , no . 25 , page 211 Jump up ^ James A. Benn ( 2007 ) . Burning for the Buddha : Self - Immolation in Chinese Buddhism . University of Hawaii Press . pp. 33 -- 34 , 82 -- 84 , 3 -- 4 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8248 - 2992 - 6 . Jump up ^ Yün - hua Jan ( 1965 ) , Buddhist Self - Immolation in Medieval China , History of Religions , Vol. 4 , No. 2 ( Winter , 1965 ) , pages 243 - 268 Jump up ^ James A. Benn ( 2007 ) . Burning for the Buddha : Self - Immolation in Chinese Buddhism . University of Hawaii Press . pp. 112 -- 114 , 14 -- 16 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8248 - 2992 - 6 . Jump up ^ James A. Benn ( 2007 ) . Burning for the Buddha : Self - Immolation in Chinese Buddhism . University of Hawaii Press . p. 3 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8248 - 2992 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Shih Pao - ch'ang ; Kathryn Ann Tsai ( 1994 ) . Lives of the Nuns : Biographies of Chinese Buddhist Nuns from the Fourth to Sixth Centuries : a Translation of the Pi - chʻiu - ni Chuan . University of Hawaii Press . pp. 10 -- 12 , 65 -- 66 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8248 - 1541 - 7 . Jump up ^ James A Benn ( 2012 ) , Multiple Meanings of Buddhist Self - Immolation in China -- A Historical Perspective , Revue des Études Tibétaines , no . 25 , pages 203 -- 212 , Quote : `` Of all the forms of self - immolation , auto - cremation in particular seems to have been primarily created by medieval Chinese Buddhists . Rather than being a continuation or adaptation of an Indian practice ( although there were Indians who burned themselves ) , as far as we can tell , auto - cremation was constructed on Chinese soil and drew on range of influences such as a particular interpretation of an Indian Buddhist scripture ( the Saddharmapuṇḍarīka or Lotus Sūtra ) along with indigenous traditions , such as burning the body to bring rain , that long pre-dated the arrival of Buddhism in China . '' Jump up ^ James A Benn ( 2012 ) , Multiple Meanings of Buddhist Self - Immolation in China -- A Historical Perspective , Revue des Études Tibétaines , no . 25 , page 207 Jump up ^ James A. Benn ( 1998 ) , Where Text Meets Flesh : Burning the Body as an Apocryphal Practice in Chinese Buddhism , History of Religions , Vol. 37 , No. 4 ( May , 1998 ) , pages 295 - 322 Jump up ^ yatin Sanskrit - English Dictionary , Koeln University , Germany Jump up ^ pravrajitA Sanskrit - English Dictionary , Koeln University , Germany Jump up ^ Patrick Olivelle ( 1981 ) , Contributions to the Semantic History of Saṃnyāsa , Journal of the American Oriental Society , Vol. 101 , No. 3 , pages 265 - 274 Jump up ^ Kaelber , W.O. ( 1976 ) . `` Tapas '' , Birth , and Spiritual Rebirth in the Veda , History of Religions , 15 ( 4 ) , 343 - 386 Jump up ^ Jean W. Sedlar ( 1980 ) . India and the Greek world : a study in the transmission of culture . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 34 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8476 - 6173 - 2 . ; Lowitz , L. , & Datta , R. ( 2004 ) . Sacred Sanskrit Words : For Yoga , Chant , and Meditation . Stone Bridge Press , Inc. ; see Tapas or tapasya in Sanskrit means , the conditioning of the body through the proper kinds and amounts of diet , rest , bodily training , meditation , etc. , to bring it to the greatest possible state of creative power . It involves practicing the art of controlling materialistic desires to attain moksha. Yoga , Meditation on Om , Tapas , and Turiya in the principal Upanishads Archived 2013 - 09 - 08 at the Wayback Machine. , Chicago Jump up ^ Lynn Teskey Denton ( 2012 ) . Female Ascetics in Hinduism . State University of New York Press . p. 5 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7914 - 8462 - 3 . Jump up ^ Gavin D. Flood ( 1996 ) . An Introduction to Hinduism . Cambridge University Press . p. 77 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 43878 - 0 . Jump up ^ O'Flaherty , Wendy Doniger ( 2005 ) . The RigVeda . Penguin Classics . p. 137 . ISBN 0140449892 . ^ Jump up to : Werner , Karel ( 1977 ) . `` Yoga and the Ṛg Veda : An Interpretation of the Keśin Hymn ( RV 10 , 136 ) '' . Religious Studies . 13 ( 3 ) : 289 -- 302 . Jump up ^ Mariasusai Dhavamony ( 1982 ) . Classical Hinduism . Gregorian Biblical University . pp. 368 -- 369 . ISBN 978 - 88 - 7652 - 482 - 0 . Jump up ^ Stephen H Phillips ( 1995 ) , Classical Indian Metaphysics , Columbia University Press , ISBN 978 - 0812692983 , page 332 with note 68 Jump up ^ Antonio Rigopoulos ( 1998 ) , Dattatreya : The Immortal Guru , Yogin , and Avatara , State University of New York Press , ISBN 978 - 0791436967 , pages 62 - 63 ^ Jump up to : Olivelle , Patrick ( 1992 ) . The Samnyasa Upanisads . Oxford University Press . pp. 17 -- 18 . ISBN 978 - 0195070453 . Jump up ^ Antonio Rigopoulos ( 1998 ) , Dattatreya : The Immortal Guru , Yogin , and Avatara , State University of New York Press , ISBN 978 - 0791436967 , page 81 note 27 Jump up ^ Max Muller ( Translator ) , Baudhayana Dharmasūtra Prasna II , Adhyaya 10 , Kandika 18 , The Sacred Books of the East , Vol . XIV , Oxford University Press , pages 279 - 281 Jump up ^ Olivelle , Patrick ( 1992 ) . The Samnyasa Upanisads . Oxford University Press . pp. 227 -- 235 . ISBN 978 - 0195070453 . Jump up ^ P. 134 The rule of Saint Benedict and the ascetic traditions from Asia to the West By Mayeul de Dreuille Jump up ^ Mariasusai Dhavamony ( 2002 ) , Hindu - Christian Dialogue : Theological Soundings and Perspectives , ISBN 978 - 9042015104 , page 96 - 97 , 111 - 114 Jump up ^ Barbara Powell ( 2010 ) , Windows Into the Infinite : A Guide to the Hindu Scriptures , Asian Humanities Press , ISBN 978 - 0875730714 , pages 292 - 297 Jump up ^ Yādavaprakāśa ; Patrick Olivelle ( Translator ) ( 1995 ) . Rules and Regulations of Brahmanical Asceticism : Yatidharmasamuccaya of Yādava Prakāśa . State University of New York Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7914 - 2283 - 0 . Jump up ^ Cort 2001a , pp. 118 - 122 . Jump up ^ Fujinaga 2003 , pp. 205 - 212 with footnotes . Jump up ^ Balcerowicz 2015 , pp. 144 -- 150 . Jump up ^ Doniger 1999 , p. 549 . Jump up ^ Winternitz 1993 , pp. 408 -- 409 . Jump up ^ Cort 2001a , pp. 120 - 121 . ^ Jump up to : Cort 2001a , pp. 120 - 122 . Jump up ^ Jacobi , Hermann ( 1884 ) . F. Max Müller , ed . The Kalpa Sūtra ( Translated from Prakrit ) . Sacred Books of the East vol. 22 , Part 1 . Oxford : The Clarendon Press . ISBN 0 - 7007 - 1538 - X . Note : ISBN refers to the UK : Routledge ( 2001 ) reprint . URL is the scan version of the original 1884 reprint ^ Jump up to : Dundas 2002 , p. 180 . Jump up ^ Wiley 2009 , p. 210 . Jump up ^ W.J. Johnson ( 1995 ) . Harmless Souls : Karmic Bondage and Religious Change in Early Jainism with Special Reference to Umāsvāti and Kundakunda . Motilal Banarsidass . p. 197 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 208 - 1309 - 0 . Jump up ^ Vijay K. Jain 2011 , p. 134 . Jump up ^ Hermann Jacobi , `` Sacred Books of the East '' , vol. 22 : Gaina Sutras Part I. 1884 Jump up ^ `` Jaina Sutras , Part I ( SBE22 ) Index '' . Sacred-texts.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ Constance Jones ; James D. Ryan ( 2006 ) . Encyclopedia of Hinduism . Infobase . pp. 207 -- 208 , see Jain Festivals . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8160 - 7564 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : P.K. Jain . `` Dietary code of practice among the Jains '' . 34th World Vegetarian Congress Toronto , Canada , July 10th to 16th 2000 . ^ Jump up to : Michael Tobias ( 1995 ) . A Vision of Nature : Traces of the Original World . Kent State University Press . p. 102 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87338 - 483 - 4 . Jump up ^ Christopher Key Chapple ( 2015 ) . Yoga in Jainism . Routledge . pp. 199 -- 200 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 317 - 57218 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Margaret Pabst Battin ( 2015 ) . The Ethics of Suicide : Historical Sources . Oxford University Press . p. 47 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 513599 - 2 . Jump up ^ Classen , Constance ( 1990 ) . `` Aesthetics and Asceticism in Inca Religion '' . Anthropologica. 32 ( 1 ) : 101 . doi : 10.2307 / 25605560 . Jump up ^ Louis Baudin ( 1961 ) . Daily Life of the Incas . Courier . p. 136 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 486 - 42800 - 0 . Jump up ^ Sabine Hyland ( 2003 ) . The Jesuit and the Incas : The Extraordinary Life of Padre Blas Valera , S.J. University of Michigan Press . pp. 164 -- 165 . ISBN 0 - 472 - 11353 - 4 . Jump up ^ Stephen Eskildsen ( 1998 ) . Asceticism in Early Taoist Religion . State University of New York Press . pp. 24 , 153 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7914 - 3956 - 2 . Jump up ^ Julian F. Pas ( 1998 ) . Historical Dictionary of Taoism . Scarecrow . p. 54 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 6637 - 9 . Jump up ^ Stephen Eskildsen ( 1998 ) . Asceticism in Early Taoist Religion . State University of New York Press . pp. 28 -- 29 , 93 -- 101 , 131 -- 145 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7914 - 3956 - 2 . Jump up ^ Stephen Eskildsen ( 1998 ) . Asceticism in Early Taoist Religion . State University of New York Press . p. 157 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7914 - 3956 - 2 . Jump up ^ WR Garrett ( 1992 ) , The Ascetic Conundrum : The Confucian Ethic and Taoism in Chinese Culture , in William Swatos ( ed . ) , Twentieth - Century World Religious Movements in Neo-Weberian Perspective , Edwin Mellen Press , ISBN 978 - 0773495500 , pages 21 - 30 Jump up ^ `` In Zoroastrianism ( founded by the Persian prophet Zoroaster , 7th century bc ) , there is officially no place for asceticism . In the Avesta , the sacred scriptures of Zoroastrianism , fasting and mortification are forbidden , but ascetics were not entirely absent even in Persia . '' article `` Asceticism '' in Encyclopædia Britannica accessed June 21 , 2004 Jump up ^ Weber , Max ( 1905 ) . `` The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism '' . Jump up ^ Parsons , Talcott ( translator ) . `` Chapter 2 '' . The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism . See translator 's note on Weber 's footnote 9 in chapter 2 . Jump up ^ McClelland ( 1961 ) . The Achieving Society . Sources ( edit ) Balcerowicz , Piotr ( 2015 ) , Early Asceticism in India : Ājīvikism and Jainism , Routledge , ISBN 978 - 1 - 317 - 53853 - 0 Cort , John E. ( 2001a ) , Jains in the World : Religious Values and Ideology in India , Oxford University Press , ISBN 0 - 19 - 513234 - 3 Doniger , Wendy , ed. ( 1999 ) , Encyclopedia of World Religions , Merriam - Webster , ISBN 0 - 87779 - 044 - 2 Dundas , Paul ( 2002 ) ( 1992 ) , The Jains ( Second ed . ) , London and New York : Routledge , ISBN 0 - 415 - 26605 - X Fujinaga , S ( 2003 ) , Qvarnström , Olle , ed. , Jainism and Early Buddhism : Essays in Honor of Padmanabh S. Jaini , Jain Publishing Company , ISBN 978 - 0 - 89581 - 956 - 7 Jain , Vijay K. ( 2011 ) , Acharya Umasvami 's Tattvarthsutra ( 1st ed . ) , Uttarakhand : Vikalp Printers , ISBN 81 - 903639 - 2 - 1 , This article incorporates text from this source , which is in the public domain . Wiley , Kristi L. ( 2009 ) ( 1949 ) , The A to Z of Jainism , 38 , Scarecrow Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 6337 - 8 von Glasenapp , Helmuth ( 1925 ) , Jainism : An Indian Religion of Salvation , Delhi : Motilal Banarsidass ( Reprinted 1999 ) , ISBN 81 - 208 - 1376 - 6 Winternitz , Moriz ( 1993 ) , History of Indian Literature : Buddhist & Jain Literature , Motilal Banarsidass , ISBN 978 - 81 - 208 - 0265 - 0 Further reading ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Asceticism Valantasis , Richard . The Making of the Self : Ancient and Modern Asceticism . James Clarke & Co ( 2008 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 227 - 17281 - 0 . External links ( edit ) Look up asceticism in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Asketikos - articles , research , and discourse on asceticism . Simple living Practices Barter Cord - cutting DIY ethic Downshifting Dry toilet Forest gardening Freeganism Frugality Gift economy Intentional community Local currency Low - impact development Minimalism No frills Off - the - grid Permaculture Self - sufficiency Subsistence agriculture Sustainable living Sustainable sanitation Veganism Vegetarianism War tax resistance WWOOF Religious and spiritual Asceticism Aparigraha Cynicism Detachment Distributism Jesus movement Mendicant Mindfulness Monasticism New Monasticism Plain dress Plain people Quakers Rastafari Temperance Testimony of simplicity Tolstoyan movement Secular movements Back - to - the - land Car - free Compassionate living Environmental Hippie Slow Small house Transition town Open Source Ecology Notable writers Wendell Berry Ernest Callenbach G.K. Chesterton Duane Elgin Mahatma Gandhi Richard Gregg Tom Hodgkinson Harlan Hubbard Satish Kumar Helen Nearing Scott Nearing Peace Pilgrim Nick Rosen Dugald Semple E.F. 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san fernando academy of fine arts in madrid			Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando	real academia de bellas artes de san fernando	The Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando ( Royal Academy of Fine Arts of San Fernando ) , located on the Calle de Alcalá in the heart of Madrid , currently functions as a museum and gallery .	The academy was established by royal decree in 1744 . About twenty years later , the enlightened monarch Charles III purchased a palace in Madrid as the academy 's new home . The building had been designed by José Benito de Churriguera for the Goyeneche family . The king commissioned Diego de Villanueva to convert the building for academic use , employing a neoclassical style in place of Churriguera 's baroque design . Doubling as a museum and gallery , today it houses a fine art collection of paintings from the 15th to 20th centuries : Arcimboldo , Giovanni Bellini , Correggio , Guido Reni , Rubens , Zurbarán , Murillo , Fragonard , Goya , Juan Gris , Pablo Serrano , among others . The academy is also the headquarters of the Madrid Academy of Art . Francisco Goya was once one of the academy 's directors , and its alumni include Felip Pedrell , Pablo Picasso , Kiko Argüello , Salvador Dalí , Antonio López García , Juan Luna , Oscar de la Renta , and Fernando Botero . See also ( edit ) Enlightenment in Spain References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ( in Spanish ) La institución Official website . Retrieved 26 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Gomadrid.com Jump up ^ Karaart.com External links ( edit ) Media related to Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando at Wikimedia Commons Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando Android and iOS Official mobile app Spanish Royal Academies Institute of Spain Royal Spanish Academy Royal Academy of Fine Arts of St Ferdinand Royal Academy of History Spanish Royal Academy of Sciences Royal Academy of Moral and Political Sciences Royal National Academy of Medicine Royal Academy of Jurisprudence and Legislation Royal Academy of Pharmacy Coordinates : 40 ° 25 ′ 05 '' N 3 ° 42 ′ 01 '' W / 40.41806 ° N 3.70028 ° W / 40.41806 ; - 3.70028 This article about a museum in Spain or its islands is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Real_Academia_de_Bellas_Artes_de_San_Fernando&oldid=812615023 '' Categories : Museums in Madrid Art museums and galleries in the Community of Madrid Art schools in Spain Buildings and structures in Madrid Calle de Alcalá Bien de Interés Cultural landmarks in Madrid Educational institutions established in the 1740s Organisations based in Spain with royal patronage 1744 establishments in Spain Culture in Madrid Spanish museum stubs Hidden categories : Articles with Spanish - language external links Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles containing Spanish - language text Coordinates on Wikidata All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara Français Galego Հայերեն Italiano Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 28 November 2017 , at 21 : 36 . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real%20Academia%20de%20Bellas%20Artes%20de%20San%20Fernando	1,084
why was west berlin considered the heart of the cold war			Berlin blockade	berlin blockade	The Berlin Blockade ( 24 June 1948 -- 12 May 1949 ) was one of the first major international crises of the Cold War . During the multinational occupation of post -- World War II Germany , the Soviet Union blocked the Western Allies ' railway , road , and canal access to the sectors of Berlin under Western control . The Soviets offered to drop the blockade if the Western Allies withdrew the newly introduced Deutsche mark from West Berlin .	The Western Allies organized the Berlin airlift ( 26 June 1948 -- 30 September 1949 ) to carry supplies to the people of West Berlin , a difficult feat given the size of the city 's population . Aircrews from the United States Air Force , the British Royal Air Force , the French Air Force , The Royal Canadian Air Force , the Royal Australian Air Force , the Royal New Zealand Air Force , and the South African Air Force flew over 200,000 flights in one year , providing to the West Berliners up to 8,893 tons of necessities each day , such as fuel and food . The Soviets did not disrupt the airlift for fear this might lead to open conflict . By the spring of 1949 , the airlift was clearly succeeding , and by April it was delivering more cargo than had previously been transported into the city by rail . On 12 May 1949 , the USSR lifted the blockade of West Berlin . The Berlin Blockade served to highlight the competing ideological and economic visions for postwar Europe . Contents ( hide ) 1 Postwar division of Germany 1.1 Soviet zone and the Allies ' rights of access to Berlin 1.2 Focus on Berlin and the elections of 1946 2 Political division 2.1 Moves towards a West German state 2.2 April Crisis and the Little Air Lift 2.3 Currency crisis 3 Start of the Berlin Airlift 3.1 Beginning of the Blockade 3.2 Decision for an airlift 3.3 Airlift begins 3.4 Black Friday 3.5 `` Operation Little Vittles '' 4 Soviet responses 4.1 Initial reaction 4.2 Attempted Communist putsch in the municipal government 4.3 December elections 5 Winter 1948 to spring 1949 5.1 Preparing for winter 5.2 Easter parade 6 End of the blockade 7 Subsequent events 8 Aircraft used in the Berlin Airlift 9 See also 10 Footnotes 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Postwar division of Germany ( edit ) The red area of Germany ( above ) is Soviet controlled East Germany . German territory east of the Oder - Neisse line ( light beige ) was ceded to Poland , while a portion of the easternmost section of Germany East Prussia , Königsberg , was annexed by the USSR , as the Kaliningrad Oblast . From July 17 to August 2 , 1945 , the victorious Allies reached the Potsdam Agreement on the fate of postwar Europe , calling for the division of defeated Germany into four temporary occupation zones ( thus re-affirming principles laid out earlier by the Yalta Conference ) . These zones were located roughly around the then - current locations of the allied armies . Also divided into occupation zones , Berlin was located 100 miles ( 160 km ) inside Soviet - controlled eastern Germany . The United States , United Kingdom , and France controlled western portions of the city , while Soviet troops controlled the eastern sector . Soviet zone and the Allies ' rights of access to Berlin ( edit ) Sectors of divided Berlin The only three permissible air corridors to Berlin . In the eastern zone , the Soviet authorities forcibly unified the Communist Party of Germany and Social Democratic Party ( SPD ) in the Socialist Unity Party ( `` SED '' ) , claiming at the time that it would not have a Marxist -- Leninist or Soviet orientation . The SED leaders then called for the `` establishment of an anti-fascist , democratic regime , a parliamentary democratic republic '' while the Soviet Military Administration suppressed all other political activities . Factories , equipment , technicians , managers and skilled personnel were removed to the Soviet Union . In a June 1945 meeting , Stalin informed German communist leaders that he expected to slowly undermine the British position within their occupation zone , that the United States would withdraw within a year or two and that nothing would then stand in the way of a united Germany under communist control within the Soviet orbit . Stalin and other leaders told visiting Bulgarian and Yugoslavian delegations in early 1946 that Germany must be both Soviet and communist . A further factor contributing to the Blockade was that there had never been a formal agreement guaranteeing rail and road access to Berlin through the Soviet zone . At the end of the war , western leaders had relied on Soviet goodwill to provide them with access . At that time , the western allies assumed that the Soviets ' refusal to grant any cargo access other than one rail line , limited to ten trains per day , was temporary , but the Soviets refused expansion to the various additional routes that were later proposed . The Soviets also granted only three air corridors for access to Berlin from Hamburg , Bückeburg , and Frankfurt . In 1946 the Soviets stopped delivering agricultural goods from their zone in eastern Germany , and the American commander , Lucius D. Clay , responded by stopping shipments of dismantled industries from western Germany to the Soviet Union . In response , the Soviets started a public relations campaign against American policy and began to obstruct the administrative work of all four zones of occupation . Until the blockade began in 1948 , the Truman Administration had not decided whether American forces should remain in West Berlin after the establishment of a West German government , planned for 1949 . Focus on Berlin and the elections of 1946 ( edit ) Berlin quickly became the focal point of both US and Soviet efforts to re-align Europe to their respective visions . As Soviet Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov noted , `` What happens to Berlin , happens to Germany ; what happens to Germany , happens to Europe . '' Berlin had suffered enormous damage ; its prewar population of 4.3 million people was reduced to 2.8 million . After harsh treatment , forced emigration , political repression and the particularly hard winter of 1945 -- 1946 , Germans in the Soviet - controlled zone were hostile to Soviet endeavours . Local elections in 1946 resulted in a massive anti-communist protest vote , especially in the Soviet sector of Berlin . Berlin 's citizens overwhelmingly elected non-Communist members to its city government . Political division ( edit ) Moves towards a West German state ( edit ) Meanwhile , to coordinate the economies of the British and United States occupation zones , these were combined on 1 January 1947 into what was referred to as the Bizone ( renamed `` the Trizone '' when France joined on 1 June 1948 ) . After March 1946 the British zonal advisory board ( Zonenbeirat ) was established , with representatives of the states , the central offices , political parties , trade unions , and consumer organisations . As indicated by its name , the zonal advisory board had no legislative power , but was merely advisory . The Control Commission for Germany -- British Element made all decisions with its legislative power . In reaction to the Soviet and British advances , in October 1945 the Office of Military Government , United States ( OMGUS ) encouraged the states in the US zone to form a co-ordinating body , the so - called Länderrat ( council of states ) , with the power to legislate for the entire US zone . It created its own central bodies ( Ausschüsse or joint interstate committees ) headed by a secretariat seated in Stuttgart . While the British and Soviet central administrations were allied institutions , these US zone committees were not OMGUS subdivisions , but instead were autonomous bodies of German self - rule under OMGUS supervision . Representatives of these three governments , along with the Benelux nations , met twice in London ( London 6 - Power Conference ) in the first half of 1948 to discuss the future of Germany , going ahead despite Soviet threats to ignore any resulting decisions . Eventually the London Agreement on German External Debts , also known as the London Debt Agreement ( German : Londoner Schuldenabkommen ) , was concluded . Under the London Debts Agreement of 1953 , the repayable amount was reduced by 50 % to about 15 billion marks and stretched out over 30 years , and compared to the fast - growing German economy were of minor impact . In response to the announcement of the first of these meetings , in late January 1948 , the Soviets began stopping British and American trains to Berlin to check passenger identities . As outlined in an announcement on 7 March 1948 , all of the governments present approved the extension of the Marshall Plan to Germany , finalised the economic merger of the western occupation zones in Germany and agreed upon the establishment of a federal system of government for them . After a 9 March meeting between Stalin and his military advisers , a secret memorandum was sent to Molotov on 12 March 1948 , outlining a plan to force the policy of the western allies into line with the wishes of the Soviet government by `` regulating '' access to Berlin . The Allied Control Council ( ACC ) met for the last time on 20 March 1948 , when Vasily Sokolovsky demanded to know the outcome of the London Conference and , on being told by negotiators that they had not yet heard the final results from their governments , he said , `` I see no sense in continuing this meeting , and I declare it adjourned . '' The entire Soviet delegation rose and walked out . Truman later noted , `` For most of Germany , this act merely formalized what had been an obvious fact for some time , namely , that the four - power control machinery had become unworkable . For the city of Berlin , however , this was an indication for a major crisis . '' April crisis and the Little Air Lift ( edit ) On 25 March 1948 , the Soviets issued orders restricting Western military and passenger traffic between the American , British and French occupation zones and Berlin . These new measures began on 1 April along with an announcement that no cargo could leave Berlin by rail without the permission of the Soviet commander . Each train and truck was to be searched by the Soviet authorities . On 2 April , General Clay ordered a halt to all military trains and required that supplies to the military garrison be transported by air , in what was dubbed the `` Little Lift '' . The Soviets eased their restrictions on Allied military trains on 10 April 1948 , but continued periodically to interrupt rail and road traffic during the next 75 days , while the United States continued supplying its military forces by using cargo aircraft . Some 20 flights a day continued through June , building up stocks of food against future Soviet actions , so that by the time the blockade began at the end of June , at least 18 days supply per major food type , and in some types , much more , had been stockpiled that provided time to build up the ensuing airlift . At the same time , Soviet military aircraft began to violate West Berlin airspace and would harass , or what the military called `` buzz '' , flights in and out of West Berlin . On 5 April , a Soviet Air Force Yakovlev Yak - 3 fighter collided with a British European Airways Vickers Viking 1B airliner near RAF Gatow airfield , killing all aboard both aircraft . The Gatow air disaster exacerbated tensions between the Soviets and the other allied powers . Internal Soviet reports in April stated that `` Our control and restrictive measures have dealt a strong blow to the prestige of the Americans and British in Germany '' and that the Americans have `` admitted '' that the idea of an airlift would be too expensive . On 9 April , Soviet officials demanded that American military personnel maintaining communication equipment in the Eastern zone must withdraw , thus preventing the use of navigation beacons to mark air routes . On 20 April , the Soviets demanded that all barges obtain clearance before entering the Soviet zone . Currency crisis ( edit ) Further information : Heinrich Rau , East German mark , and Deutsche Mark Creation of an economically stable western Germany required reform of the unstable Reichsmark German currency introduced after the 1920s German inflation . The Soviets had debased the Reichsmark by excessive printing , resulting in Germans using cigarettes as a de facto currency or for bartering . The Soviets opposed western plans for a reform . They interpreted this new currency as an unjustified , unilateral decision . They responded by cutting all land links between West Berlin and West Germany . The Soviets believed that the only currency that should be allowed to circulate was the currency that they issued themselves . In February 1948 , the Americans and British had proposed to the ACC that a new German currency be created , replacing the over-circulated and devalued Reichsmark . The Soviets refused to accept this proposal , hoping to continue the German recession , in keeping with their policy of a weak Germany . Anticipating the introduction of a new currency by the other countries in the non-Soviet zones , the Soviet Union in May 1948 directed its military to introduce its own new currency and to permit only the Soviet currency to be used in their sector of Berlin , if the other countries brought in a different currency there . On 18 June the United States , Britain and France announced that on 21 June the Deutsche Mark would be introduced , but the Soviets refused to permit its use as legal tender in Berlin . The Allies had already transported 250,000,000 Deutsche marks into the city and it quickly became the standard currency in all four sectors . Against the wishes of the Soviets , the new currency , along with the Marshall Plan that backed it , appeared to have the potential to revitalise Germany . Stalin looked to force the Western nations to abandon Berlin . Start of the Berlin airlift ( edit ) Beginning of the blockade ( edit ) Eastern Bloc Soviet Socialist Republics ( show ) Armenia Azerbaijan Byelorussia Estonia Georgia Kazakhstan Kirghizia Latvia Lithuania Moldavia Russian SFSR Tajikistan Turkmenia Ukraine Uzbekistan Allied states ( show ) Hungarian People 's Republic Polish People 's Republic Czechoslovak Socialist Republic Socialist Republic of Romania German Democratic Republic People 's Republic of Bulgaria Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( to 1948 ) People 's Socialist Republic of Albania ( to 1961 ) Republic of Cuba People 's Revolutionary Government of Grenada People 's Republic of Benin People 's Republic of the Congo People 's Republic of Angola People 's Republic of Mozambique People 's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Somali Democratic Republic ( to 1977 ) People 's Democratic Republic of Yemen Democratic Republic of Afghanistan Mongolian People 's Republic People 's Republic of China ( to 1961 ) Democratic People 's Republic of Korea Socialist Republic of Vietnam Lao People 's Democratic Republic People 's Republic of Kampuchea Related organizations ( show ) Cominform COMECON Warsaw Pact World Federation of Trade Unions ( WFTU ) World Federation of Democratic Youth ( WFDY ) Dissent and opposition ( show ) Forest Brothers in Lithuania in Latvia in Estonia Operation `` Jungle '' Ukrainian Insurgent Army Goryani movement ( Bulgaria ) Romanian anti-communism Polish Cursed Soldiers 1953 uprisings in Plzeň in East Germany 1956 protests in Georgia in Poznań Hungarian Revolution of 1956 Novocherkassk massacre ( Russia ) 1968 events Prague Spring Invasion of Czechoslovakia Red Square demonstration Charter 77 ( Czechoslovakia ) Solidarity ( Poland ) Jeltoqsan ( Kazakhstan ) Braşov Rebellion ( Romania ) January Events ( Lithuania ) The Barricades ( Latvia ) April 9 tragedy ( Georgia ) Black January ( Azerbaijan ) Cold War events ( show ) Marshall Plan 1948 Czechoslovak coup Tito -- Stalin split Berlin Blockade 1961 Berlin Wall crisis Cuban Missile Crisis 1980 Moscow Olympics Decline ( show ) Singing Revolution Polish Round Table Agreement Revolutions of 1989 Fall of the Berlin Wall January 1991 in Lithuania in Latvia Breakup of Yugoslavia Yugoslav Wars End of the Soviet Union Fall of communism in Albania The day after the 18 June 1948 announcement of the new Deutsche Mark , Soviet guards halted all passenger trains and traffic on the autobahn to Berlin , delayed Western and German freight shipments and required that all water transport secure special Soviet permission . On 21 June , the day the Deutsche Mark was introduced , the Soviet military halted a United States military supply train to Berlin and sent it back to western Germany . On 22 June , the Soviets announced that they would introduce a new currency in their zone . That same day , a Soviet representative told the other three occupying powers that `` We are warning both you and the population of Berlin that we shall apply economic and administrative sanctions that will lead to the circulation in Berlin exclusively of the currency of the Soviet occupation zone . '' The Soviets launched a massive propaganda campaign condemning Britain , the United States and France by radio , newspaper and loudspeaker . The Soviets conducted well - advertised military maneuvers just outside the city . Rumors of a potential occupation by Soviet troops spread quickly . German communists demonstrated , rioted and attacked pro-West German leaders attending meetings for the municipal government in the Soviet sector . On 24 June , the Soviets severed land and water connections between the non-Soviet zones and Berlin . That same day , they halted all rail and barge traffic in and out of Berlin . The West answered by introducing a counter-blockade , stopping all rail traffic into East Germany from the British and US zones . Over the following months this counter-blockade would have a damaging impact on East Germany , as the drying up of coal and steel shipments seriously hindered industrial development in the Soviet zone . On 25 June , the Soviets stopped supplying food to the civilian population in the non-Soviet sectors of Berlin . Motor traffic from Berlin to the western zones was permitted , but this required a 23 - kilometer ( 14.3 - mile ) detour to a ferry crossing because of alleged `` repairs '' to a bridge . They also cut off the electricity relied on by Berlin , using their control over the generating plants in the Soviet zone . Surface traffic from non-Soviet zones to Berlin was blockaded , leaving open only the air corridors . The Soviets rejected arguments that the occupation rights in the non-Soviet sectors of Berlin and the use of the supply routes during the previous three years had given Britain , France and the United States a legal claim to use of the highways , tunnels , railroads , and canals . Relying on Soviet goodwill after the war , Britain , France , and the United States had never negotiated an agreement with the Soviets to guarantee these land - based rights of access to Berlin through the Soviet zone . At the time , West Berlin had 36 days ' worth of food , and 45 days ' worth of coal . Militarily , the Americans and British were greatly outnumbered because of the postwar scaling back of their armies . The United States , like other western countries , had disbanded most of its troops and was largely inferior in the European theatre . The entire United States Army had been reduced to 552,000 men by February 1948 . Military forces in the western sectors of Berlin numbered only 8,973 Americans , 7,606 British and 6,100 French . Of the 98,000 American troops in West Germany in March 1948 only 31,000 were combat forces , and only one reserve division was immediately available in the United States . Because of the imbalance , American war plans were based on using hundreds of atomic bombs , but only about 50 Fat Man - specification bombs , the only version then available to the American military , existed in mid-1948 . As of March 1948 only 35 `` Silverplate '' atomic - capable Boeing B - 29 Superfortress bombers -- just over half of the 65 Silverplate specification B - 29 aircraft built through the end of 1947 -- and a few trained flight and assembly crews existed . Three B - 29 groups arrived in Europe in July and August 1948 , but the Soviets possibly knew that none were atomic - capable ; the first Silverplate bombers arrived in April 1949 . Soviet military forces in the Soviet sector that surrounded Berlin totaled 1.5 million . The two United States regiments in Berlin could have provided little resistance against a Soviet attack . General Lucius D. Clay , in charge of the U.S. Occupation Zone in Germany , summed up the reasons for not retreating in a cable to Washington , D.C. on 13 June 1948 : `` There is no practicability in maintaining our position in Berlin and it must not be evaluated on that basis ... We are convinced that our remaining in Berlin is essential to our prestige in Germany and in Europe . Whether for good or bad , it has become a symbol of the American intent . '' Believing that Britain , France , and the United States had little option than to acquiesce , the Soviet Military Administration in Germany celebrated the beginning of the blockade . General Clay felt that the Soviets were bluffing about Berlin since they would not want to be viewed as starting a Third World War . He believed that Stalin did not want a war and that Soviet actions were aimed at exerting military and political pressure on the West to obtain concessions , relying on the West 's prudence and unwillingness to provoke a war . Commander of United States Air Forces in Europe ( USAFE ) General Curtis LeMay reportedly favoured an aggressive response to the blockade , in which his B - 29s with fighter escort would approach Soviet air bases while ground troops attempted to reach Berlin ; Washington vetoed the plan . Decision for an airlift ( edit ) Although the ground routes had never been negotiated , the same was not true of the air . On 30 November 1945 , it had been agreed in writing that there would be three twenty - mile - wide air corridors providing free access to Berlin . Additionally , unlike a force of tanks and trucks , the Soviets could not claim that cargo aircraft were some sort of military threat . In the face of unarmed aircraft refusing to turn around , the only way to enforce the blockade would have been to shoot them down . An airlift would put the Soviet Union in the position of either shooting down unarmed humanitarian aircraft , thus breaking their own agreements , or backing down . The airlift option critically depended on scale and effectiveness . If the supplies could not be flown in fast enough , Soviet help would eventually be needed to prevent starvation . Clay was told to take advice from General LeMay to see if an airlift was possible . Initially taken aback by the inquiry , which was `` Can you haul coal ? '' , LeMay replied `` We can haul anything . '' When American forces consulted Britain 's Royal Air Force ( RAF ) about a possible joint airlift , they learned the RAF was already running an airlift in support of British troops in Berlin . General Clay 's counterpart , General Sir Brian Robertson , was ready with some concrete numbers . During the Little Lift in April 1948 , British Air Commodore Reginald Waite had calculated the resources required to support the entire city . The American military government , based on a minimum daily ration of 1,990 kilocalories ( July 1948 ) , set a total of daily supplies needed at 646 tons of flour and wheat , 125 tons of cereal , 64 tons of fat , 109 tons of meat and fish , 180 tons of dehydrated potatoes , 180 tons of sugar , 11 tons of coffee , 19 tons of powdered milk , 5 tons of whole milk for children , 3 tons of fresh yeast for baking , 144 tons of dehydrated vegetables , 38 tons of salt and 10 tons of cheese . In all , 1,534 tons were required each day to sustain the over two million people of Berlin . Additionally , for heat and power , 3,475 tons of coal , diesel and petrol were also required daily . C - 47 Skytrains unloading at Tempelhof Airport during the Berlin Airlift . Carrying all this in would not be easy . The postwar demobilisation left the US forces in Europe with only two groups of C - 47 Skytrain transports ( the military version of the Douglas DC - 3 , which the British called `` Dakota '' ) , nominally 96 aircraft , each of which could carry about 3.5 tons of cargo . LeMay believed that `` with an all - out effort '' of 100 daily round trips these would be able to haul about 300 tons of supplies a day . The RAF was somewhat better prepared , since it had already moved some aircraft into the German area , and they expected to be able to supply about 400 tons a day . This was not nearly enough to move the 5,000 tons a day that would be needed , but these numbers could be increased as new aircraft arrived from the United Kingdom , the United States , and France . The RAF would be relied on to increase its numbers quickly . It could fly additional aircraft in from Britain in a single hop , bringing the RAF fleet to about 150 Dakotas and 40 of the larger Avro Yorks with a 10 - ton payload . With this fleet , the British contribution was expected to rise to 750 tons a day in the short term , a month , but even that at the cost of suspending all air traffic except for the airlift to Berlin and Warsaw . For a longer - term operation , the US would have to add additional aircraft as soon as possible , and those would have to be as large as possible while still able to fly into the Berlin airports . Only one aircraft type was suitable , the four - engined C - 54 Skymaster and its US Navy equivalent , the R5D , of which the US military had approximately 565 , with 268 Air Force and Navy Skymasters in MATS , 168 in the troop carrier groups , and 80 Navy R5Ds in miscellaneous commands . Planners calculated that including C - 54s already ordered to Germany and drawing on those flying with civilian carriers , 447 Skymasters could be available for an `` extreme emergency . '' Given the feasibility assessment made by the British , an airlift appeared to be the best course of action . One remaining concern was the population of Berlin . Clay called in Ernst Reuter , the mayor - elect of Berlin , accompanied by his aide , Willy Brandt . Clay told Reuter , `` Look , I am ready to try an airlift . I ca n't guarantee it will work . I am sure that even at its best , people are going to be cold and people are going to be hungry . And if the people of Berlin wo n't stand that , it will fail . And I do n't want to go into this unless I have your assurance that the people will be heavily in approval . '' Reuter , although sceptical , assured Clay that Berlin would make all the necessary sacrifices and that the Berliners would support his actions . General Albert Wedemeyer , the US Army Chief of Plans and Operations , was in Europe on an inspection tour when the crisis broke out . He had been the commander of the US China - Burma - India Theater in 1944 -- 45 and he had a detailed knowledge of the previously - largest airlift -- the World War II American airlift from India over the Hump of the Himalayas to China . His endorsement of the airlift option gave it a major boost . The British and Americans agreed to start a joint operation without delay ; the US action was dubbed `` Operation Vittles , '' while the British action was called `` Operation Plainfare '' . The Australian contribution to the airlift , begun in September 1948 , was designated `` Operation Pelican . '' The British asked Canada to contribute planes and crews . It refused , primarily on the grounds that the operation risked war and Canada had not been consulted . Airlift begins ( edit ) Loading milk on a West Berlin - bound aircraft On 24 June 1948 LeMay appointed Brigadier General Joseph Smith , headquarters commandant for USAFE at Camp Lindsey , as the Provisional Task Force Commander of the airlift. Smith had been chief of staff in LeMay 's B - 29 command in India during World War II and had no airlift experience . On 25 June 1948 Clay gave the order to launch Operation Vittles . The next day 32 C - 47s lifted off for Berlin hauling 80 tons of cargo , including milk , flour , and medicine . The first British aircraft flew on 28 June . At that time , the airlift was expected to last three weeks . On 27 June , Clay cabled William Draper with an estimate of the current situation : I have already arranged for our maximum airlift to start on Monday ( June 28 ) . For a sustained effort , we can use seventy Dakotas ( C - 47s ) . The number which the British can make available is not yet known , although General Robertson is somewhat doubtful of their ability to make this number available . Our two Berlin airports can handle in the neighborhood of fifty additional airplanes per day . These would have to be C - 47s , C - 54s or planes with similar landing characteristics , as our airports can not take larger planes . LeMay is urging two C - 54 groups . With this airlift , we should be able to bring in 600 or 700 tons a day . While 2,000 tons a day is required in normal foods , 600 tons a day ( utilizing dried foods to the maximum extent ) will substantially increase the morale of the German people and will unquestionably seriously disturb the Soviet blockade . To accomplish this , it is urgent that we be given approximately 50 additional transport planes to arrive in Germany at the earliest practicable date , and each day 's delay will of course decrease our ability to sustain our position in Berlin . Crews would be needed to permit maximum operation of these planes . -- Lucius D. Clay , June 1948 By 1 July , the system was getting under way . C - 54s were starting to arrive in quantity , and Rhein - Main Air Base became exclusively a C - 54 hub , while Wiesbaden retained a mix of C - 54s and C - 47s . Aircraft flew northeast through the American air corridor into Tempelhof Airport , then returned due west flying out on through the British air corridor . After reaching the British Zone , they turned south to return to their bases . Germans watching supply planes at Tempelhof . Play media 1950s film by the British Government about the Berlin airlift The British ran a similar system , flying southeast from several airports in the Hamburg area through their second corridor into RAF Gatow in the British Sector , and then also returning out on the center corridor , turning for home or landing at Hanover . However , unlike the Americans , the British also ran some round - trips , using their southeast corridor . To save time many flights did n't land in Berlin , instead air dropping material , such as coal , into the airfields . On 6 July the Yorks and Dakotas were joined by Short Sunderland flying boats . Flying from Finkenwerder on the Elbe near Hamburg to the Havel river next to Gatow , their corrosion - resistant hulls suited them to the particular task of delivering baking powder and other salt into the city . Accommodating the large number of flights to Berlin of dissimilar aircraft with widely varying flight characteristics required close co-ordination. Smith and his staff developed a complex timetable for flights called the `` block system '' : three eight - hour shifts of a C - 54 section to Berlin followed by a C - 47 section . Aircraft were scheduled to take off every four minutes , flying 1,000 feet higher than the flight in front . This pattern began at 5,000 feet and was repeated five times . ( This system of stacked inbound serials was later dubbed `` the ladder . '' ) During the first week the airlift averaged only ninety tons a day , but by the second week it reached 1,000 tons . This likely would have sufficed had the effort lasted only a few weeks , as originally believed . The Communist press in East Berlin ridiculed the project . It derisively referred to `` the futile attempts of the Americans to save face and to maintain their untenable position in Berlin . '' Despite the excitement engendered by glamorous publicity extolling the work ( and over-work ) of the crews and the daily increase of tonnage levels , the airlift was not close to being operated to its capability because USAFE was a tactical organisation without any airlift expertise . Maintenance was barely adequate , crews were not being efficiently used , transports stood idle and disused , necessary record - keeping was scant , and ad hoc flight crews of publicity - seeking desk personnel were disrupting a business - like atmosphere . This was recognised by the United States National Security Council at a meeting with Clay on 22 July 1948 , when it became clear that a long - term airlift was necessary . Wedemeyer immediately recommended that the deputy commander for operations of the Military Air Transport Service ( MATS ) , Maj. Gen. William H. Tunner , command the operation . When Wedemeyer had been the commander of US forces in China during World War II , Tunner as commander of the India - China Division of the Air Transport Command had reorganised the Hump airlift between India and China , doubling the tonnage and hours flown . USAF Chief of Staff Hoyt S. Vandenberg endorsed the recommendation . Black Friday ( edit ) On 28 July 1948 , Tunner arrived in Wiesbaden to take over the operation . He revamped the entire airlift operation , reaching an agreement with LeMay to form the Combined Air Lift Task Force ( CALTF ) to control both the USAFE and RAF lift operations from a central location , which went into effect in mid-October 1948 . MATS immediately deployed eight squadrons of C - 54s -- 72 aircraft to Wiesbaden and Rhein - Main Air Base to reinforce the 54 already in operation , the first by 30 July and the remainder by mid-August , and two - thirds of all C - 54 aircrew worldwide began transferring to Germany to allot three crews per aircraft . A C - 74 Globemaster plane at Gatow airfield on 19 August with more than 20 tons of flour from the United States . Two weeks after his arrival , on 13 August , Tunner decided to fly to Berlin to grant an award to Lt. Paul O. Lykins , an airlift pilot who had made the most flights into Berlin up to that time , a symbol of the entire effort to date . Cloud cover over Berlin dropped to the height of the buildings , and heavy rain showers made radar visibility poor . A C - 54 crashed and burned at the end of the runway , and a second one landing behind it burst its tires while trying to avoid it . A third transport ground looped after mistakenly landing on a runway under construction . In accordance with the standard procedures then in effect , all incoming transports including Tunner 's , arriving every three minutes , were stacked above Berlin by air traffic control from 3,000 feet ( 910 m ) to 12,000 feet ( 3,700 m ) in bad weather , creating an extreme risk of mid-air collision . Newly unloaded planes were denied permission to take off to avoid that possibility and created a backup on the ground . While no one was killed , Tunner was embarrassed that the control tower at Tempelhof had lost control of the situation while the commander of the airlift was circling overhead . Tunner radioed for all stacked aircraft except his to be sent home immediately . This became known as `` Black Friday , '' and Tunner personally noted it was from that date that the success of the airlift stemmed . As a result of Black Friday , Tunner instituted a number of new rules ; instrument flight rules ( IFR ) would be in effect at all times , regardless of actual visibility , and each sortie would have only one chance to land in Berlin , returning to its air base if it missed its approach , where it was slotted back into the flow . Stacking was completely eliminated , and with straight - in approaches , the planners found that in the time it once took to unstack and land nine aircraft , 30 could be landed bringing in 300 tons . Accident rates and delays dropped immediately . Another decision was made when it was realised that it took just as long to unload a 3.5 - ton C - 47 as a 10 - ton C - 54 . One of the reasons for this was the sloping cargo floor of the `` taildragger '' C - 47s , which made truck loading difficult . The tricycle geared C - 54 's cargo deck was level , so that a truck could back up to it and offload cargo quickly . Tunner decided , as he had done during the Hump operation , to replace all C - 47s in the airlift with C - 54s or larger aircraft , which went into full effect after 28 September 1948 . Having noticed on his first inspection trip to Berlin on 31 July that there were long delays as the flight crews returned to their aircraft after getting refreshments from the terminal , Tunner banned aircrew from leaving their aircraft for any reason while in Berlin . Instead , he equipped jeeps as mobile snack bars , handing out refreshments to the crews at their aircraft while it was being unloaded . Gail Halvorsen later noted , `` he put some beautiful German Fräuleins in that snack bar . They knew we could n't date them , we had no time . So they were very friendly . '' Operations officers handed pilots their clearance slips and other information while they snacked . With unloading begun as soon as engines were shut down on the ramp , turnaround before takeoff back to Rhein - Main or Wiesbaden was reduced to thirty minutes . An RAF Short Sunderland moored on the Havel near Berlin unloading salt during the airlift To maximise utilization of a limited number of aircraft , Tunner altered the `` ladder '' to three minutes and 500 feet ( 150 m ) of separation , stacked from 4,000 feet ( 1,200 m ) to 6,000 feet ( 1,800 m ) . Maintenance , particularly adherence to 25 - hour , 200 - hour , and 1000 - hour inspections , became the highest priority and further maximised utilization . Tunner also shortened block times to six hours to squeeze in another shift , making 1440 ( the number of minutes in a day ) landings in Berlin a daily goal . His purpose , illustrating his basic philosophy of the airlift business , was to create a `` conveyor belt '' approach to scheduling that could be sped up or slowed down as situations might dictate . The most effective measure taken by Tunner , and the most initially resisted until it demonstrated its efficiency , was creation of a single control point in the CALTF for controlling all air movements into Berlin , rather than each air force doing its own . The Berliners themselves solved the other problem , the lack of manpower . Crews unloading and making airfield repairs at the Berlin airports were replaced almost entirely by local people , who were given additional rations in return . As the crews improved , the times for unloading continued to fall , with a record being set by the unloading of an entire 10 - ton shipment of coal from a C - 54 in ten minutes , later beaten when a twelve - man crew unloaded the same quantity in five minutes and 45 seconds . By the end of August , after two months , the Airlift was succeeding ; daily operations flew more than 1,500 flights a day and delivered more than 4,500 tons of cargo , enough to keep West Berlin supplied . From January 1949 forward , 225 C - 54s ( 40 % of USAF and USN Skymasters worldwide ) were devoted to the lift . Supplies improved to 5,000 tons a day . `` Operation Little Vittles '' ( edit ) A Douglas C - 54 Skymaster dropping candy over Berlin , c. 1948 / 49 US Air Force pilot Gail Halvorsen , who pioneered the idea of dropping candy bars and bubble gum with handmade miniature parachutes , which later became known as `` Operation Little Vittles '' . Gail Halvorsen , one of the many Airlift pilots , decided to use his off time to fly into Berlin and make movies with his hand - held camera . He arrived at Tempelhof on 17 July on one of the C - 54s and walked over to a crowd of children who had gathered at the end of the runway to watch the aircraft . He introduced himself and they started to ask him questions about the aircraft and their flights . As a goodwill gesture , he handed out his only two sticks of Wrigley 's Doublemint Gum . The children quickly divided up the pieces as best they could , even passing around the wrapper for others to smell . He was so impressed by their gratitude and that they did n't fight over them , that he promised the next time he returned he would drop off more . Before he left them , a child asked him how they would know it was him flying over , and he replied , `` I 'll wiggle my wings . '' The next day , on his approach to Berlin , he rocked the aircraft and dropped some chocolate bars attached to a handkerchief parachute to the children waiting below . Every day after that the number of children increased and he made several more drops . Soon , there was a stack of mail in Base Ops addressed to `` Uncle Wiggly Wings '' , `` The Chocolate Uncle '' and `` The Chocolate Flier '' . His commanding officer was upset when the story appeared in the news , but when Tunner heard about it , he approved of the gesture and immediately expanded it into `` Operation Little Vittles '' . Other pilots participated , and when news reached the US , children all over the country sent in their own candy to help out . Soon , major candy manufacturers joined in . In the end , over twenty three tons of candy were dropped on Berlin , and the `` operation '' became a major propaganda success . German children christened the candy - dropping aircraft `` raisin bombers '' . Soviet responses ( edit ) The Soviets had an advantage in conventional military forces , but were preoccupied with rebuilding their war - torn economy and society . The U.S. had a stronger navy and air force , and had nuclear weapons . Neither side wanted a war ; the Soviets did not disrupt the airlift . Initial reaction ( edit ) As the tempo of the Airlift grew , it became apparent that the Western powers might be able to pull off the impossible : indefinitely supplying an entire city by air alone . In response , starting on 1 August , the Soviets offered free food to anyone who crossed into East Berlin and registered their ration cards there , but West Berliners overwhelmingly rejected Soviet offers of food . Throughout the airlift , Soviet and German communists subjected the hard - pressed West Berliners to sustained psychological warfare . In radio broadcasts , they relentlessly proclaimed that all Berlin came under Soviet authority and predicted the imminent abandonment of the city by the Western occupying powers . The Soviets also harassed members of the democratically elected citywide administration , which had to conduct its business in the city hall located in the Soviet sector . During the early months of the airlift , the Soviets used various methods to harass allied aircraft . These included buzzing by Soviet planes , obstructive parachute jumps within the corridors , and shining searchlights to dazzle pilots at night . Although the USAFE reported 733 separate harassing events , including flak , air - to - air fire , rocketing , bombing , and explosions , this is now considered to be exaggerated . None of these measures were effective . Former RAF Dakota pilot Dick Arscott described one `` buzzing '' incident . `` Yaks ( Soviet plane ) used to come and buzz you and go over the top of you at about twenty feet which can be off putting . One day I was buzzed about three times ... The following day it started again and he came across twice and I got a bit fed up with it . So when he came for the third time , I turned the aircraft into him and it was a case of chicken , luckily he was the one who chickened out . '' Attempted communist putsch in the municipal government ( edit ) In the autumn of 1948 it became impossible for the non-Communist majority in Greater Berlin 's citywide parliament to attend sessions at city hall within the Soviet sector . The parliament ( Stadtverordnetenversammlung von Groß - Berlin ) had been elected under the provisional constitution of Berlin two years earlier ( 20 October 1946 ) . As SED - controlled policemen looked on passively , Communist - led mobs repeatedly invaded the Neues Stadthaus , the provisional city hall ( located on Parochialstraße since all other central municipal buildings had been destroyed in the War ) , interrupted the parliament 's sessions , and physically menaced its non-Communist members . The Kremlin organised an attempted putsch for control of all of Berlin through a 6 September takeover of the city hall by SED members . Three days later RIAS Radio urged Berliners to protest against the actions of the communists . On 9 September 1948 a crowd of 500,000 people gathered at the Brandenburg Gate , next to the ruined Reichstag in the British sector . The Airlift was working so far , but many West Berliners feared that the Allies would eventually discontinue it . Then - SPD city councillor Ernst Reuter took the microphone and pleaded for his city , `` You peoples of the world , you people of America , of England , of France , look on this city , and recognise that this city , this people , must not be abandoned -- can not be abandoned ! '' . The crowd surged towards the Soviet - occupied sector and someone climbed up and ripped down the Soviet flag flying from atop the Brandenburg Gate . Soviet military police ( MPs ) quickly responded , resulted in the killing of one in the unruly crowd . The tense situation could have escalated further and ended up in more bloodshed but a British deputy provost then intervened and pointedly pushed the Soviet MPs back with his swagger stick . Never before this incident had so many Berliners gathered in unity . The resonance worldwide was enormous , notably in the United States , where a strong feeling of solidarity with Berliners reinforced a general widespread determination not to abandon them . Berlin 's parliament decided to meet instead in the canteen of the Technical College of Berlin - Charlottenburg in the British sector , boycotted by the members of SED , which had gained 19.8 % of the electoral votes in 1946 . On 30 November 1948 the SED gathered its elected parliament members and 1,100 further activists and held an unconstitutional so - called `` extraordinary city assembly '' ( außerordentliche Stadtverordnetenversammlung ) in East Berlin 's Metropol - Theater which declared the elected city government ( Magistrat ) and its democratic members ( city councillors ) to be deposed and replaced it with a new one led by Oberbürgermeister ( lord mayor ) Friedrich Ebert junior and consisting of communists only . This arbitrary act had no legal effect in West Berlin , but the Soviet occupants prevented the elected city government for all of Berlin from further acting in the eastern sector . December elections ( edit ) The city parliament , boycotted by its SED members , then voted for its re-election on 5 December 1948 , however , inhibited in the eastern sector and defamed by the SED as a Spalterwahl ( `` divisive election '' ) . The SED did not nominate any candidates for this election and appealed to the electorate in the western sectors to boycott the election , while the democratic parties ran for seats . The turnout amounted to 86.3 % of the western electorate with the SPD gaining 64.5 % of the votes ( = 76 seats ) , the CDU 19.4 % ( = 26 seats ) , and the Liberal - Demokratische Partei ( LDP , merged in the FDP in 1949 ) 16.1 % ( = 17 seats ) . On 7 December the new , de facto West - Berlin - only city parliament elected a new city government in West Berlin headed by Lord Mayor Reuter , who had already once been elected lord mayor in early 1946 but prevented from taking office by a Soviet veto . Thus two separate city governments officiated in the city divided into East and West versions of its former self . In the east , a communist system supervised by house , street , and block wardens was quickly implemented . West Berlin 's parliament accounted for the de facto political partition of Berlin and replaced the provisional constitution of Berlin by the Verfassung von Berlin ( constitution of Berlin ) , meant for all Berlin , with effect of 1 October 1950 and de facto restricted to the western sectors only , also renaming city parliament ( from Stadtverordnetenversammlung von Groß - Berlin to Abgeordnetenhaus von Berlin ) , city government ( from Magistrat von Groß - Berlin to Senate of Berlin ) , and head of government ( from Oberbürgermeister to Governing Mayor of Berlin ) . Winter 1948 to spring 1949 ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Preparing for winter ( edit ) Although the early estimates were that about 4,000 to 5,000 tons per day would be needed to supply the city , this was made in the context of summer weather , when the Airlift was only expected to last a few weeks . As the operation dragged on into autumn , the situation changed considerably . The food requirements would remain the same ( around 1,500 tons ) , but the need for additional coal to heat the city dramatically increased the total amount of cargo to be transported by an additional 6,000 tons a day . To maintain the Airlift under these conditions , the current system would have to be greatly expanded . Aircraft were available , and the British started adding their larger Handley Page Hastings in November , but maintaining the fleet proved to be a serious problem . Tunner looked to the Germans once again , hiring ( plentiful ) ex-Luftwaffe ground crews . C - 54s stand out against the snow at Wiesbaden Air Base during the Berlin Airlift in the Winter of 1948 -- 49 . Another problem was the lack of runways in Berlin to land on : two at Tempelhof and one at Gatow -- neither of which was designed to support the loads the C - 54s were putting on them . All of the existing runways required hundreds of labourers , who ran onto them between landings and dumped sand into the runway 's Marston Mat ( pierced steel planking ) to soften the surface and help the planking survive . Since this system could not endure through the winter , between July and September 1948 a 6,000 ft. - long asphalt runway was constructed at Tempelhof . Far from ideal , with the approach being over Berlin 's apartment blocks , the runway nevertheless was a major upgrade to the airport 's capabilities . With it in place , the auxiliary runway was upgraded from Marston Matting to asphalt between September and October 1948 . A similar upgrade program was carried out by the British at Gatow during the same period , also adding a second runway , using concrete . The French Air Force , meanwhile , had become involved in the First Indochina War , so it could only bring up some old Junkers Ju 52s to support its own troops and they were too small and slow to be of much help . However , France agreed to build a complete , new and larger airport in its sector on the shores of Lake Tegel . French military engineers , managing German construction crews , were able to complete the construction in under 90 days . The airport was mostly built by hand , by thousands of mostly female labourers who worked day and night . Heavy equipment was needed to level the ground , equipment that was too large and heavy to fly in on any existing cargo aircraft . The solution was to dismantle large machines and then re-assemble them . Using the five largest American C - 82 Packet transports , it was possible to fly the machinery into West Berlin . This not only helped to build the airfield , but also demonstrated that the Soviet blockade could not keep anything out of Berlin . The Tegel airfield was subsequently developed into Berlin - Tegel Airport . To improve air traffic control , which would be critical as the number of flights grew , the newly developed Ground Controlled Approach radar system ( GCA ) was flown to Europe for installation at Tempelhof , with a second set installed at Fassberg in the British Zone in West Germany . With the installation of GCA , all - weather airlift operations were assured . None of these efforts could fix the weather : which became the biggest problem . November and December 1948 proved to be the worst months of the airlift operation . One of the longest - lasting fogs ever experienced in Berlin blanketed the entire European continent for weeks . All too often , aircraft would make the entire flight and then be unable to land in Berlin . On 20 November , 42 aircraft departed for Berlin , but only one landed there . At one point , the city had only a week 's supply of coal left . However , the weather eventually improved , and more than 171,000 tons were delivered in January 1949 , 152,000 tons in February , and 196,223 tons in March . Easter parade ( edit ) By April 1949 , airlift operations were running smoothly and Tunner wanted to shake up his command to discourage complacency . He believed in the spirit of competition between units and , coupled with the idea of a big event , felt that this would encourage them to greater efforts . He decided that , on Easter Sunday , the airlift would break all records . To do this , maximum efficiency was needed and so , to simplify cargo - handling , only coal would be airlifted . Coal stockpiles were built up for the effort and maintenance schedules were altered so that the maximum number of aircraft were available . From noon on 15 April to noon on 16 April 1949 , crews worked around the clock . When it was over , 12,941 tons of coal had been delivered in 1,383 flights , without a single accident . A welcome side effect of the effort was that operations in general were boosted , and tonnage increased from 6,729 tons to 8,893 tons per day thereafter . In total , the airlift delivered 234,476 tons in April . On 21 April , the tonnage of supplies flown into the city exceeded that previously brought by rail . End of the blockade ( edit ) Berlin Airlift Monument in Berlin - Tempelhof with inscription `` They gave their lives for the freedom of Berlin in service of the Berlin Airlift 1948 / 49 '' . On 15 April 1949 , the Russian news agency TASS reported a willingness by the Soviets to lift the blockade . The next day , the US State Department stated that the `` way appears clear '' for the blockade to end . Soon afterwards , the four powers began serious negotiations , and a settlement was reached , on Western terms . On 4 May 1949 , the Allies announced an agreement to end the blockade in eight days ' time . Berlin Airlift Monument in Berlin - Tempelhof , displaying the names of the 39 British and 31 American airmen who lost their lives during the operation . Similar monuments can be found at the military airfield of Wietzenbruch near the former RAF Celle and at Rhein - Main Air Base . The Soviet blockade of Berlin was lifted at one minute after midnight on 12 May 1949 . A British convoy immediately drove through to Berlin , and the first train from West Germany reached Berlin at 5 : 32 A.M. Later that day , an enormous crowd celebrated the end of the blockade . General Clay , whose retirement had been announced by US President Truman on 3 May , was saluted by 11,000 US soldiers and dozens of aircraft . Once home , Clay received a ticker - tape parade in New York City , was invited to address the US Congress , and was honoured with a medal from President Truman . Nevertheless , flights continued for some time , to build up a comfortable surplus , though night flying and then weekend flights could be eliminated once the surplus was large enough . By 24 July 1949 , three months ' worth of supplies had been amassed , ensuring that there was ample time to restart the Airlift if needed . On the 18th August 1949 , Flt Lt Roy Mather DFC AFC and his crew of Flt Lt Hathaway , Flt Lt Richardson and AW Marshall of 206 squadron , flew back to Wunstorf for the 404th time during the blockade , the record number of flights for any pilot of any nationality , either civilian or military . The Berlin Airlift officially ended on 30 September 1949 , after fifteen months . In total , the USAF delivered 1,783,573 tons and the RAF 541,937 tons , totalling 2,326,406 tons , nearly two - thirds of which was coal , on 278,228 flights to Berlin . The Royal Australian Air Force delivered 7,968 tons of freight and 6,964 passengers during 2,062 sorties . The C - 47s and C - 54s together flew over 92 million miles in the process , almost the distance from Earth to the Sun . At the height of the Airlift , one plane reached West Berlin every thirty seconds . Pilots came from the United States , United Kingdom , Australia , Canada , New Zealand , and South Africa . A total of 101 fatalities were recorded as a result of the operation , including 40 Britons and 31 Americans , mostly due to non-flying accidents . One Royal Australian Air Force member was killed in an aircraft crash at Lubeck while attached to No. 27 Squadron RAF . Seventeen American and eight British aircraft crashed during the operation . The cost of the Airlift was shared between the USA , UK , and Germany . Estimated costs range from approximately US $224 million to over US $500 million ( equivalent to approximately $2.3 billion to $5.14 billion now ) . Subsequent events ( edit ) Operational control of the three Allied air corridors was assigned to BARTCC ( Berlin Air Route Traffic Control Center ) air traffic control located at Tempelhof . Diplomatic approval was granted by a four - power organisation called the Berlin Air Safety Center , also located in the American sector . Tegel was developed into West Berlin 's principal airport . In 2007 , it was joined by a re-developed Berlin - Schönefeld International Airport in Brandenburg . As a result of the development of these two airports , Tempelhof was closed in October 2008 , while Gatow is now home of the Museum of the German Luftwaffe and a housing development . During the 1970s and 1980s Schönefeld had its own crossing points through the Berlin Wall and communist fortifications for western citizens . The Soviets ' contravention by the blockade of the agreement reached by the London 6 - Power Conference , and the Czechoslovak coup d'état of 1948 , convinced Western leaders that they had to take swift and decisive measures to strengthen the portions of Germany not occupied by the Soviets . The Blockade also helped to overcome any remaining differences between the French , British and Americans regarding West Germany , leading to a merger of the three countries ' occupation zones into `` trizonia '' . These countries also agreed to replace their military administrations in those zones with High Commissioners operating within the terms of a three - power occupation statute . The Blockade also helped to unify German politicians in these zones in support of the creation of a West German state ; some of them had hitherto been fearful of Soviet opposition . The blockade also increased the perception among many Europeans that the Soviets posed a danger , helping to prompt the entry into NATO of Portugal , Iceland , Italy , Denmark , and Norway . Animosities between Germans and the western Allies -- Britain , France and the United States -- were greatly reduced by the airlift , with the former enemies recognizing common interests , shared values and mutual respect . The Soviets refused to return to the Allied Control Council in Berlin , rendering the four - power occupation authority set up at the Potsdam conference useless . It has been argued that the events of the Berlin Blockade are proof that the Allies conducted their affairs within a rational framework , since they were keen to avoid war . Aircraft used in the Berlin airlift ( edit ) A Douglas C - 54 Skymaster , called Spirit of Freedom , operated as a flying museum . It is owned and operated by the Berlin Airlift Historical Foundation . A British Avro York transport aircraft . A British Short Sunderland flying boat . In the early days , the Americans used their C - 47 Skytrain or its civilian counterpart Douglas DC - 3 . These machines could carry a payload of up to 3.5 tons , but were replaced by C - 54 Skymasters and Douglas DC - 4s , which could carry up to 10 tons and were faster . These made up a total of 330 aircraft , which made them the most used types . Other American aircraft such as the 5 C - 82 Packets , and the one YC - 97A Stratofreighter 45 - 59595 , with a payload of 20 tons -- a gigantic load for that time -- were only sparsely used . The British used a considerable variety of aircraft types . Many aircraft were either former bombers or civil versions of bombers . In the absence of enough transports , the British chartered many civilian aircraft . British European Airways ( BEA ) coordinated all British civil aircraft operations . Apart from BEA itself , the participating airlines included British Overseas Airways Corporation ( BOAC ) and most British independent airlines of that era -- e.g. Eagle Aviation , Silver City Airways , British South American Airways ( BSAA ) , the Lancashire Aircraft Corporation , Airwork , Air Flight , Aquila Airways , Flight Refuelling Ltd ( which used their Lancaster tankers to deliver aviation fuel ) , Skyways , Scottish Airlines and Ciro 's Aviation . Altogether , BEA was responsible to the RAF for the direction and operation of 25 British airlines taking part in `` Operation Plainfare '' . The British also used flying boats , particularly for transporting corrosive salt . These included civilian aircraft operated by Aquila Airways . These took off and landed on water and were designed to be corrosion - resistant . In winter , when ice covered the Berlin rivers and made the use of flying boats difficult , the British used other aircraft in their place . Avro Lancaster Avro Lincoln Avro York Avro Tudor Avro Lancastrian Boeing C - 97 Stratofreighter Bristol Type 170 Freighter Consolidated B - 24 Liberator Consolidated PBY Catalina Douglas C - 54 Skymaster and Douglas DC - 4 Douglas C - 74 Globemaster Douglas C - 47 Skytrain and Douglas DC - 3 ( UK : Dakota ) Fairchild C - 82 Packet Handley Page Hastings Handley Page Halifax Halton Junkers Ju 52 / 3m ( operated briefly by France ) Lockheed C - 121A Constellation Short Sunderland Vickers VC. 1 Viking Altogether , a total of 692 aircraft were engaged in the Berlin Airlift , more than 100 of which belonged to civilian operators . See also ( edit ) Armageddon : A Novel of Berlin , novel by Leon Uris chronicling the airlift Berlin Airlift Device for the Army of Occupation and Navy Occupation Service Medals The Big Lift , a 1950 film about the experiences of some Americans during the airlift . Deutsche Mark § Currency reform of June 1948 East German mark § Currency reform Medal for Humane Action American medal for the Airlift Heinrich Rau 1945 -- 1949 , chairman of the East German administration at the time . Footnotes ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ The 28th and 307th Bomb Groups deployed to England , while the 301st Bomb Group located at Fürstenfeldbruck , Germany . In all , about 90 conventionally armed B - 29s were assigned . Jump up ^ Miller acknowledges that most histories credit Smith with coining the term by dramatically stating : `` Hell 's Fire ! We 're hauling grub . Call it Operation Vittles ! '' However , he states that the origin is `` probably more prosaic '' and due to Col. William O. Large , Jr. , an duty officer in the Operations Division of Headquarters USAF in the Pentagon . At the time a codename was needed to coordinate activities . Large suggested `` Vittles '' because of its probable unfamiliarity to the Soviets . ( Miller 2000 , p. 58 ) Jump up ^ The original code name for the RAF operation was `` Carter Paterson '' , a noted British hauling ( U.S. = `` moving '' ) firm . A caustic Soviet jest prompted the change to `` Plainfare '' , a deliberate pun on `` plane fare '' ( airplane / food ) , on 19 July . Jump up ^ It is interesting to contrast this with Military Airlift Command 's hot - war requirements of only 1,600 sorties a day for all of Europe . See `` The Cognitive Dynamics of Computer Science '' , John Wiley and Sons , 2006 , pg. 213 Jump up ^ The figure of 225 Skymasters -- 201 from the Air Force and 24 from the Navy -- represents only those in Germany at any one time . Another 75 were always in the maintenance pipeline ( raised in April 1949 to 100 ) , and 19 more were assigned to the airlift replacement training unit at Great Falls AFB , Montana . At its maximum , 312 of the 441 USAF C - 54s were committed to the airlift . Jump up ^ A fleet of 104 varied transports from 25 civilian companies was integrated into Operation Plainfare and brought in 146,980 tons or 27 % of the RAF tonnage . ( Miller 1998 p. 40 ) Jump up ^ independent from government - owned corporations Citations Jump up ^ Journey Across Berlin ( 1961 ) . Universal Newsreel. 1957 . Retrieved 22 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Air Force Story , The -- Cold War , 1948 -- 1950 ( 1953 ) . Universal Newsreel. 1953 . Retrieved 22 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Jacques Bariéty ( 1994 ) . `` La France et la crise internationale du blocus de Berlin '' . Histoire , économie et société ; Volume 13 ; numéro 1 . pp. 29 -- 44 . Retrieved 11 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 5 -- National Security '' . South Africa : a country study ( PDF ) . Federal Research Division , Library of Congress . 1997 . ISBN 0 - 8444 - 0796 - 8 . Archived from the original ( pdf ) on 4 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Nash , Gary B . `` The Next Steps : The Marshall Plan , NATO , and NSC - 68 . '' The American People : Creating a Nation and a Society . New York : Pearson Longman , 2008 . P 828 . Jump up ^ Michael Laird , `` Wars averted : Chanak 1922 , Burma 1945 -- 47 , Berlin 1948 . '' The Journal of Strategic Studies ( 1996 ) 19 # 3 pp : 343 - 364 . ^ Jump up to : Miller 2000 , p. 4 Jump up ^ Wettig 2008 , pp. 96 -- 100 Jump up ^ Miller 2000 , p. 11 Jump up ^ Miller 2000 , p. 12 ^ Jump up to : Miller 2000 , p. 13 ^ Jump up to : Miller 2000 , p. 6 ^ Jump up to : Miller 2000 , p. 7 Jump up ^ Larson ( 2011 ) Jump up ^ Airbridge to Berlin , `` Background on Conflict '' chapter ^ Jump up to : Miller 2000 , p. 18 ^ Jump up to : Turner 1987 , p. 23 Jump up ^ Timothy W. Guinnane , `` Financial Vergangenheitsbewältigung : The 1953 London Debt Agreement '' ( Economic Growth Center , Yale University , 2004 ) pp 17 . 20 , 21 , 27 - 8 , 30 online ^ Jump up to : Miller 2000 , p. 20 ^ Jump up to : Miller 2000 , p. 19 Jump up ^ Airbridge to Berlin , `` Eye of the Storm '' chapter ^ Jump up to : Miller 2000 , p. 26 Jump up ^ Miller 1998 , p. 15 Jump up ^ Miller 1998 , pp. 27 -- 28 Jump up ^ Clarks , Delbert ( 2 April 1948 ) . `` Clay Halts Trains '' . The New York Times . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Accident Details '' . PlaneCrashInfo.com . Retrieved 27 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Accident '' . Retrieved 27 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Clarks , Delbert ( 6 April 1948 ) . `` Soviet - British Plane Collision Kills 15 ; Russian Apologizes '' . The New York Times . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Miller 2000 , p. 23 Jump up ^ Miller 2000 , p. 27 ^ Jump up to : Miller 2000 , p. 31 ^ Jump up to : Turner 1987 , p. 24 Jump up ^ Thody , Phillip Malcom Waller ( 2000 ) , `` Berlin Crisis of 1948 -- 1949 and 1958 -- 1962 '' , Europe since 1945 , London : Routledge . N. pag . Print . Jump up ^ Stent 2000 , p. x ^ Jump up to : Miller 2000 , p. 32 Jump up ^ `` Berlin 1948 - 1949 A Divided City '' . Retrieved 12 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Burgan , Michael . `` The Berlin Airlift : Breaking the Soviet Blockade '' . Google Books . Retrieved 12 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Wettig 2008 , p. 168 Jump up ^ Miller 2000 , p. 28 ^ Jump up to : Miller 2000 , p. 33 Jump up ^ Dawson , R. ; Rosecrance , R. ( 1966 ) . `` Theory and Reality in the Anglo - American Alliance '' . World Politics . 19 ( 1 ) : 21 -- 51 . doi : 10.2307 / 2009841 . JSTOR 2009841 . Jump up ^ Miller 1998 , pp. 24 , 31 ^ Jump up to : Young , Ken ( January 2007 ) . `` US ' Atomic Capability ' and the British Forward Bases in the Early Cold War '' . Journal of Contemporary History . 42 ( 1 ) : 117 -- 136 . doi : 10.1177 / 0022009407071626 . JSTOR . 30036432 . Jump up ^ Miller 2000 , p. 30 Jump up ^ Miller 2000 , p. 29 ^ Jump up to : Airbridge to Berlin , Chapter 11 Jump up ^ Miller 2000 , p. 35 ^ Jump up to : spiritoffreedom.org : The Berlin Airlift Jump up ^ Miller 1998 , p. 20 Jump up ^ Miller 1998 , p. 28 ^ Jump up to : pbs.org : The Berlin Airlift Jump up ^ Miller 1998 , p. 22 ^ Jump up to : Miller 1998 , p. 30 Jump up ^ Miller 1998 , p. 50 Jump up ^ Miller 2000 , p. 58 . Jump up ^ Miller 2000 , p. 65 . Jump up ^ Dr Chris Clark ( March 2008 ) . `` Operation Pelican : The Australian Air Force in the Berlin Airlift '' . Retrieved 14 February 2010 . Jump up ^ James Eayrs , In Defence of Canada : volume 4 : Growing Up Allied ( 1980 ) pp 39 -- 51 Jump up ^ Partos , Gabriel ( 1993 ) . The World That Came in from the Cold . London , United Kingdom : Royal Institute of International Affairs . p. 33 . ^ Jump up to : Miller 2000 , p. 90 ^ Jump up to : Miller 2000 , pp. 116 -- 117 Jump up ^ MAC and the Legacy of the Berlin Airlift ^ Jump up to : Fifty years ago , a massive airlift into Berlin showed the Soviets that a post-WW II blockade would not work , C.V. Glines Jump up ^ Tunner 1964 , p. 160 Jump up ^ Miller 2000 , p. 87 ^ Jump up to : Miller 2000 , p. 93 Jump up ^ Miller 1998 , pp. 62 -- 64 Jump up ^ Miller 1998 , p. 64 Jump up ^ Tunner 1964 , pp. 153 -- 155 Jump up ^ Miller 1998 , p. 65 Jump up ^ Miller 1998 , p. 63 Jump up ^ Tunner 1964 , p. 164 Jump up ^ Tunner 1964 , p. 169 Jump up ^ Miller 1998 , p. 92 Jump up ^ Smoler , Fredric ( April / May 2003 ) . `` Where Berlin and America Meet Archived 28 August 2008 at the Wayback Machine . '' American Heritage . Retrieved 29 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Michael Laird , `` Wars averted : Chanak 1922 , Burma 1945 -- 47 , Berlin 1948 . '' Journal of Strategic Studies ( 1996 ) 19 # 3 pp : 343 - 364 . ^ Jump up to : Turner 1987 , p. 29 Jump up ^ Cherny 2008 , pp. 129 -- 130 Jump up ^ Canwell 2008 , p. 200 Jump up ^ BBC Radio 4 programme `` The Reunion , The Berlin Airlift '' , first broadcast 22 August 2014 ^ Jump up to : Wettig 2008 , p. 173 Jump up ^ MacDonogh , G `` After the Reich '' John Murray London 2007 pg 533 Jump up ^ Cf . articles 25 and 40 of Die Verfassung von Berlin ( Constitution of Berlin ( West ) ) , Berlin ( West ) : Landeszentrale für politische Bildungsarbeit Berlin , 1982 , pp. 34 and 37 . Jump up ^ Roger G. Miller ( 2008 ) . To Save a City : The Berlin Airlift , 1948 -- 1949 . Texas A&M University Press . pp. 110 -- 11 . ISBN 9781603440905 . ^ Jump up to : Tunner 1964 , pp. 219 -- 222 ^ Jump up to : Turner 1987 , p. 27 Jump up ^ http://www.vickersvaliant.com/berlin-airlift.html ^ Jump up to : Berlin Airlift : Logistics , Humanitarian Aid , and Strategic Success , Major Gregory C. Tine , Army Logistician ^ Jump up to : The Berlin Airlift -- Facts & Figures , National Cold War Exhibition . Retrieved 2 January 2013 Jump up ^ `` Germany remembers Berlin airlift on 60th anniversary '' . New York Times . 26 June 2008 . Retrieved 6 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Tunner 1964 , p. 218 Jump up ^ `` RAAF Participation in Berlin Airlift 1948 -- 49 - Operation Pelican '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 5 Jan 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Berlin Airlift -- Die Luftbrücke 1948 -- 49 '' . Retrieved 24 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Community Development Project . `` Consumer Price Index ( estimate ) 1800 -- '' . Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Occupation of Germany , including the Berlin air lift , cost the UK taxpayer £ 35 million in 1948 Jump up ^ Hebel , Christina ( 30 October 2008 ) . `` An Era Ends with Closing of Berlin Airport '' . Der Spiegel . Spiegel Online . Retrieved 31 October 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Turner 1987 , p. 28 Jump up ^ Wettig 2008 , p. 174 Jump up ^ Turner 1987 , p. 30 Jump up ^ Lewkowicz 2008 Jump up ^ `` The Home Of Eagle '' ... -- Berlin Airlift commemorative stamp depicting Handley Page 61 Halifax 8 G - ALEF Red Eagle ( c / n 1399 ) Jump up ^ One - Eleven 500 into service ... , Flight International , 7 November 1968 , p. 742 Jump up ^ Eglin & Ritchie 1980 , pp. 14 -- 19 Jump up ^ Eglin & Ritchie 1980 , p. 17 References ( edit ) Beschloss , Michael R. ( 2003 ) , The Conquerors : Roosevelt , Truman and the Destruction of Hitler 's Germany , 1941 -- 1945 , Simon and Schuster , ISBN 0 - 7432 - 6085 - 6 Canwell , Diane ( 2008 ) , Berlin Airlift , the , Gretna : Pelican Publishing , ISBN 978 - 1 - 58980 - 550 - 7 Cherny , Andrei ( 2008 ) , The Candy Bombers : The Untold Story of the Berlin Airlift and America 's Finest Hour , New York : G.P. Putnam 's Sons , ISBN 978 - 0 - 399 - 15496 - 6 Eglin , Roger ; Ritchie , Berry ( 1980 ) , Fly me , I 'm Freddie , London , UK : Weidenfeld and Nicolson , ISBN 0 - 297 - 77746 - 7 Harrington , Daniel F. Berlin on the Brink : The Blockade , the Airlift , and the Early Cold War ( 2012 ) , University of Kentucky Press , Lexington , KY , ISBN 978 - 08131 - 3613 - 4 . Larson , Deborah Welch . `` The Origins of Commitment : Truman and West Berlin , '' Journal of Cold War Studies , 13 # 1 Winter 2011 , pp. 180 -- 212 Lewkowicz , N ( 2008 ) , The German Question and the Origins of the Cold War , Milan : IPOC , ISBN 978 - 88 - 95145 - 27 - 3 Miller , Roger Gene ( 1998 ) , To Save a City : The Berlin Airlift , 1948 -- 1949 ( pdf ) , US Government printing office , 1998 - 433 - 155 / 92107 Miller , Roger Gene ( 2000 ) , To Save a City : The Berlin Airlift , 1948 -- 1949 , Texas A&M University Press , ISBN 0 - 89096 - 967 - 1 Schrader , Helena P . The Blockade Breakers : The Berlin Airlift ( 2011 ) Stent , Angela ( 2000 ) , Russia and Germany Reborn : Unification , the Soviet Collapse , and the New Europe , Princeton University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 05040 - 9 Tunner , LTG ( USAF ) WIlliam H. ( 1998 ) ( 1964 ) , Over the Hump , Duell , Sloan and Pearce ( USAF History and Museums Program ) Turner , Henry Ashby ( 1987 ) , The Two Germanies Since 1945 : East and West , Yale University Press , ISBN 0 - 300 - 03865 - 8 Wettig , Gerhard ( 2008 ) , Stalin and the Cold War in Europe , Rowman & Littlefield , ISBN 0 - 7425 - 5542 - 9 Further reading ( edit ) Defrance , Corine ; Greiner , Bettina ; Pfeil , Ulrich , eds. ( 2018 ) , Die Berliner Luftbrücke . Erinnerungsort des Kalten Krieges ( in German ) , Berlin : Christoph Links , ISBN 978 - 3 - 86153 - 991 - 9 Giangreco , D.M. ; Griffin , Robert E. ( 1988 ) . Airbridge to Berlin : The Berlin Crisis of 1948 , Its Origins and Aftermath . Presidio Press . ISBN 0 - 89141 - 329 - 4 . Launius , Roger D. ; Cross , Coy F. ( 1989 ) . MAC and the Legacy of the Berlin Airlift . Scott Air Force Base IL : Office of History , Military Airlift Command . OCLC 21306003 . Lucas , F.L. ( 1960 ) . `` A Glimpse of History : Berlin of the Air - Lift , 1948 '' . The Greatest Problem , and Other Essays . New York : Macmillan & Co . An enlargement of two Manchester Guardian articles ( 19 / 10 / 48 and 20 / 10 / 48 ) . Nash , Gary B. ; Jeffrey , Julie Roy ; Howe , John R. ; Frederick , Peter J. ( 2007 ) . The American People Creating a Nation and a Society ( 6th ed . ) . New York : Longman . ISBN 978 - 0 - 205 - 56843 - 7 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Berlin Airlift . `` The Berlin Airlift '' . American Experience . Retrieved 5 March 2007 . -- A PBS site on the context and history of the Berlin Airlift . Operation Plainfare The Berlin Airlift Historical Foundation 's Website Luftbruecke : Allied Culture in the Heart of Berlin Agreement to divide Berlin Memorandum for the President : The Situation in Germany , 23 July 1948 Berlin Airlift : Logistics , Humanitarian Aid , and Strategic Success Royal Engineers Museum Royal Engineers and the Cold War ( Berlin Airlift ) Berlin Airlift US Department of Defense `` Berlin Airlift '' . Retrieved 22 October 2007 . -- A 1948 film about the airlift , told from the British point of view . The Berlin Airlift The short film BERLIN AIR LIFT ( OUTTAKES FROM `` OPERATIONS VITTLES '' ) is available for free download at the Internet Archive McFadden , SSG Joe W. ( November 28 , 2016 ) . `` Candy Bomber rededicates Frankfurt 's Berlin Airlift Memorial '' . 52d Fighter Wing Public Affairs . Retrieved November 30 , 2016 . Cold War USA USSR ANZUS NATO Non-Aligned Movement SEATO Warsaw Pact Cold War II 1940s Morgenthau Plan Hukbalahap Rebellion Dekemvriana Percentages agreement Yalta Conference Guerrilla war in the Baltic states Forest Brothers Operation Priboi Operation Jungle Occupation of the Baltic states Cursed soldiers Operation Unthinkable Operation Downfall Potsdam Conference Gouzenko Affair Division of Korea Operation Masterdom Operation Beleaguer Operation Blacklist Forty Iran crisis of 1946 Greek Civil War Baruch Plan Corfu Channel incident Turkish Straits crisis Restatement of Policy on Germany First Indochina War Truman Doctrine Asian Relations Conference May 1947 Crises Marshall Plan Comecon 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état Tito -- Stalin Split Berlin Blockade Western betrayal Iron Curtain Eastern Bloc Western Bloc Chinese Civil War ( Second round ) Malayan Emergency Albanian Subversion 1950s Papua conflict Bamboo Curtain Korean War McCarthyism Egyptian Revolution of 1952 1953 Iranian coup d'état Uprising of 1953 in East Germany Dirty War ( Mexico ) Bricker Amendment 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état Partition of Vietnam Vietnam War First Taiwan Strait Crisis Geneva Summit ( 1955 ) Bandung Conference Poznań 1956 protests Hungarian Revolution of 1956 Suez Crisis `` We will bury you '' Operation Gladio Arab Cold War Syrian Crisis of 1957 1958 Lebanon crisis Iraqi 14 July Revolution Sputnik crisis Second Taiwan Strait Crisis 1959 Tibetan uprising Cuban Revolution Kitchen Debate Sino - 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define personality disorders as a category and potential causal factors			Abnormal psychology	abnormal psychology	Abnormal psychology is the branch of psychology that studies unusual patterns of behavior , emotion and thought , which may or may not be understood as precipitating a mental disorder . Although many behaviors could be considered as abnormal , this branch of psychology generally deals with behavior in a clinical context . There is a long history of attempts to understand and control behavior deemed to be aberrant or deviant ( statistically , functionally , morally or in some other sense ) , and there is often cultural variation in the approach taken . The field of abnormal psychology identifies multiple causes for different conditions , employing diverse theories from the general field of psychology and elsewhere , and much still hinges on what exactly is meant by `` abnormal '' . There has traditionally been a divide between psychological and biological explanations , reflecting a philosophical dualism in regard to the mind - body problem . There have also been different approaches in trying to classify mental disorders . Abnormal includes three different categories ; they are subnormal , supernormal and paranormal .	The science of abnormal psychology studies two types of behaviors : adaptive and maladaptive behaviors . Behaviors that are maladaptive suggest that some problem ( s ) exist , and can also imply that the individual is vulnerable and can not cope with environmental stress , which is leading them to have problems functioning in daily life . Clinical psychology is the applied field of psychology that seeks to assess , understand and treat psychological conditions in clinical practice . The theoretical field known as ' abnormal psychology ' may form a backdrop to such work , but clinical psychologists in the current field are unlikely to use the term ' abnormal ' in reference to their practice . Psychopathology is a similar term to abnormal psychology but has more of an implication of an underlying pathology ( disease process ) , and as such is a term more commonly used in the medical specialty known as psychiatry . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Supernatural traditions 1.2 Asylums 1.3 Deinstitutionalisation 2 Explaining abnormal behaviour 2.1 Supernatural explanations 2.2 Biological explanations 2.3 Psychological explanations 2.3. 1 Underdeveloped Superego 2.3. 2 Irrational beliefs 2.3. 3 Sociocultural influences 2.4 Multiple causality 2.5 Recent concepts of abnormality 3 Approaches 4 Classification 4.1 DSM - 5 4.2 ICD - 10 5 Perspectives of Abnormal psychology 6 Cause 6.1 Genetics 6.2 Biological causal factors 6.3 Socio - cultural factors 6.4 Systemic factors 6.5 Biopsychosocial factors 7 Therapies 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of mental disorders Supernatural traditions ( edit ) Throughout time , societies have proposed several explanations of abnormal behavior within human beings . Beginning in some hunter - gatherer societies , animists have believed that people demonstrating abnormal behavior are possessed by malevolent spirits . This idea has been associated with trepanation , the practice of cutting a hole into the individual 's skull in order to release the malevolent spirits . Although it has been difficult to define abnormal psychology , one definition includes characteristics such as statistical infrequency . A more formalized response to spiritual beliefs about abnormality is the practice of exorcism . Performed by religious authorities , exorcism is thought of as another way to release evil spirits who cause pathological behavior within the person . In some instances , individuals exhibiting unusual thoughts or behaviors have been exiled from society or worse . Perceived witchcraft , for example , has been punished by death . Two Catholic Inquisitors wrote the Malleus Maleficarum ( Latin for `` The Hammer Against Witches '' ) , that was used by many Inquisitors and witch - hunters . It contained an early taxonomy of perceived deviant behavior and proposed guidelines for prosecuting deviant individuals . Asylums ( edit ) The act of placing mentally ill individuals in a separate facility known as an asylum dates to 1547 , when King Henry VIII of England established the St. Mary of Bethlehem asylum in London . This hospital , nicknamed Bedlam , was famous for its deplorable conditions . Asylums remained popular throughout the Middle Ages and the Renaissance era . These early asylums were often in miserable conditions . Patients were seen as a `` burden '' to society and locked away and treated almost as beasts to be dealt with rather than patients needing treatment . However , many of the patients received helpful medical treatment . There was scientific curiosity into abnormal behavior although it was rarely investigated in the early asylums . Inmates in these early asylums were often put on display for profit as they were viewed as less than human . The early asylums were basically modifications of the existing criminal institutions . In the late 18th century the idea of humanitarian treatment for the patients gained much favor due to the work of Philippe Pinel in France . He pushed for the idea that the patients should be treated with kindness and not the cruelty inflicted on them as if they were animals or criminals . His experimental ideas such as removing the chains from the patients were met with reluctance . The experiments in kindness proved to be a great success , which helped to bring about a reform in the way mental institutions would be run ... The examples and perspective in this section may not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( May 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Institutionalization would continue to improve throughout the 19th and 20th century due to work of many humanitarians such as Dorethea Dix , and the mental hygiene movement which promoted the physical well - being of the mental patients . `` Dix more than any other figure in the nineteenth century , made people in America and virtually all of Europe aware that the insane were being subjected to incredible abuses . '' Through this movement millions of dollars were raised to build new institutions to house the mentally ill . Mental hospitals began to grow substantially in numbers during the 20th century as care for the mentally ill increased in them . By 1939 there were over 400,000 patients in state mental hospitals in the USA . Hospital stays were normally quite long for the patients , with some individuals being treated for many years . These hospitals while better than the asylums of the past were still lacking in the means of effective treatment for the patients , and even though the reform movement had occurred ; patients were often still met with cruel and inhumane treatment . Things began to change in the year 1946 when Mary Jane Ward published the influential book titled `` The Snake Pit '' which was made into a popular movie of the same name . The book called attention to the conditions which mental patients faced and helped to spark concern in the general public to create more humane mental health care in these overcrowded hospitals . In this same year the National Institute of Mental Health was also created which provided support for the training of hospital employees and research into the conditions which afflicted the patients . During this period the Hill - Burton Acts was also passed which was a program that funded mental health hospitals . Along with the Community Health Services Act of 1963 , the Hill - Burton Acts helped with the creation of outpatient psychiatric clinics , inpatient general hospitals , and rehabilitation and community consultation centers . Deinstitutionalisation ( edit ) The neutrality of this section is disputed . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met . ( May 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In the late twentieth century however , the public view on the mentally ill was no longer in such a positive light . A large number of mental hospitals ended up closing down due to lack of funding and overpopulation . In England for example only 14 of the 130 psychiatric institutions that had been created in the early 20th century remained open at the start of the 21st century . In 1963 , President John Kennedy launched the community health movement in the United States as a `` bold new approach '' to mental health care , aimed at coordinating mental health services for citizens in mental health centers . In the span of 40 years , the United States was able to see an about 90 percent drop in the number of patients in Psychiatric hospitals . This trend was not only in the England and the United States but worldwide with countries like Australia feeling the pain of too many mentally ill patients and not enough treatment facilities . Recent studies have found that the prevalence of mental illness has not decreased significantly in the past 10 years , and has in fact increased in frequency regarding specific conditions such as anxiety and mood disorders . This led to a large number of the patients being released while not being fully cured of the disorder they were hospitalized for . This became known as the phenomenon of deinstitutionalization . This movement had noble goals of treating the individuals outside of the isolated mental hospital by placing them into communities and support systems . Another goal of this movement was to avoid the potential negative adaptations that can come with long term hospital confinements . Many professionals for example were concerned that patients would find permanent refuge in mental hospitals which would take them up when the demands of everyday life were too difficult . However , the patients moved to the community living have not fared well typically , as they often speak of how they feel `` abandoned '' by the doctors who used to treat them . It also has had the unfortunate effect of placing many of the patients in homelessness . Many safe havens for the deinstitutionalized mentally ill have been created but they are not as effective as needed . It is estimated that around 26.2 % of people who are currently homeless have some form of a mental illness . The placing of these individuals in homelessness is of major concern as the added stress of living on the streets is not beneficial for the individual to recover from the particular disorder with which they are afflicted . In fact while some of the homeless who are able to find some temporary relief in the form of shelters , many of the homeless with a mental illness `` lack safe and decent shelter '' . Explaining abnormal behaviour ( edit ) People have tried to explain and control abnormal behavior for thousands of years . Historically , there have been three main approaches to abnormal behavior : the supernatural , biological , and psychological traditions . Abnormal psychology revolves around two major paradigms for explaining mental disorders , the psychological paradigm and the biological paradigm . The psychological paradigm focuses more on the humanistic , cognitive and behavioral causes and effects of psychopathology . The biological paradigm includes the theories that focus more on physical factors , such as genetics and neurochemistry . Supernatural explanations ( edit ) In the first supernatural tradition , also called the demonological method , abnormal behaviors are attributed to agents outside human bodies . According to this model , abnormal behaviors are caused by demons , spirits , or the influences of moon , planets , and stars . During the Stone Age , trepanning was performed on those who had mental illness to literally cut the evil spirits out of the victim 's head . Conversely , Ancient Chinese , Ancient Egyptians , and Hebrews , believed that these were evil demons or spirits and advocated exorcism . By the time of the Greeks and Romans , mental illnesses were thought to be caused by an imbalance of the four humors , leading to draining of fluids from the brain . During the Medieval period , many Europeans believed that the power of witches , demons , and spirits caused abnormal behaviors . People with psychological disorders were thought to be possessed by evil spirits that had to be exercised through religious rituals . If exorcism failed , some authorities advocated steps such as confinement , beating , and other types of torture to make the body uninhabitable by witches , demons , and spirits . The belief that witches , demons , and spirits are responsible for the abnormal behavior continued into the 15th century . Swiss alchemist , astrologer , and physician Paracelsus ( 1493 -- 1541 ) , on the other hand , rejected the idea that abnormal behaviors were caused by witches , demons , and spirits and suggested that people 's mind and behaviors were influenced by the movements of the moon and stars . This tradition is still alive today . Some people , especially in the developing countries and some followers of religious sects in the developed countries , continue to believe that supernatural powers influence human behaviors . In Western academia , the supernatural tradition has been largely replaced by the biological and psychological traditions . Biological explanations ( edit ) In the biological tradition , psychological disorders are attributed to biological causes and in the psychological tradition , disorders are attributed to faulty psychological development and to social context . The medical or biological perspective holds the belief that most or all abnormal behavior can be attributed to a medical factor ; assuming all psychological disorders are diseases . The Greek physician Hippocrates , who is considered to be the father of Western medicine , played a major role in the biological tradition . Hippocrates and his associates wrote the Hippocratic Corpus between 450 and 350 BC , in which they suggested that abnormal behaviors can be treated like any other disease . Hippocrates viewed the brain as the seat of consciousness , emotion , intelligence , and wisdom and believed that disorders involving these functions would logically be located in the brain . These ideas of Hippocrates and his associates were later adopted by Galen , the Roman physician . Galen extended these ideas and developed a strong and influential school of thought within the biological tradition that extended well into the 18th century . Medical : Kendra Cherry states : `` The medical approach to abnormal psychology focuses on the biological causes on mental illness . This perspective emphasizes understanding the underlying cause of disorders , which might include genetic inheritance , related physical disorders , infections and chemical imbalances . Medical treatments are often pharmacological in nature , although medication is often used in conjunction with some other type of psychotherapy . '' Psychological explanations ( edit ) Underdeveloped Superego ( edit ) According to Sigmund Freud 's structural model , the Id , Ego and Superego are three theoretical constructs that defines the way an individual interacts with the external world as well as responding to internal forces . The Id represents the instinctual drives of an individual that remain unconscious ; the superego represents a person 's conscience and their internalization of societal norms and morality ; and finally the ego serves to realistically integrate the drives of the id with the prohibitions of the super-ego . Lack of development in the Superego , or an incoherently developed Superego within an individual , will result in thoughts and actions that are irrational and abnormal , contrary to the norms and beliefs of society . Irrational beliefs ( edit ) Irrational beliefs that are driven by unconscious fears , can result in abnormal behavior . Rational emotive therapy helps to drive irrational and maladaptive beliefs out of one 's mind . Sociocultural influences ( edit ) The term sociocultural refers to the various circles of influence on the individual ranging from close friends and family to the institutions and policies of a country or the world as a whole . Discriminations , whether based on social class , income , race , and ethnicity , or gender , can influence the development of abnormal behaviour . Multiple causality ( edit ) The number of different theoretical perspectives in the field of psychological abnormality has made it difficult to properly explain psychopathology . The attempt to explain all mental disorders with the same theory leads to reductionism ( explaining a disorder or other complex phenomena using only a single idea or perspective ) . Most mental disorders are composed of several factors , which is why one must take into account several theoretical perspectives when attempting to diagnose or explain a particular behavioral abnormality or mental disorder . Explaining mental disorders with a combination of theoretical perspectives is known as multiple causality . The diathesis -- stress model emphasizes the importance of applying multiple causality to psychopathology by stressing that disorders are caused by both precipitating causes and predisposing causes . A precipitating cause is an immediate trigger that instigates a person 's action or behavior . A predisposing cause is an underlying factor that interacts with the immediate factors to result in a disorder . Both causes play a key role in the development of a psychological disorder . For example , high neuroticism antedates most types of psychopathology . Recent concepts of abnormality ( edit ) Statistical abnormality -- when a certain behavior / characteristic is relevant to a low percentage of the population . However , this does not necessarily mean that such individuals are suffering from mental illness ( for example , statistical abnormalities such as extreme wealth / attractiveness ) Psychometric abnormality -- when a certain behavior / characteristic differs from the population 's normal dispersion e.g. having an IQ of 35 could be classified as abnormal , as the population average is 100 . However , this does not specify a particular mental illness . Deviant behavior -- this is not always a sign of mental illness , as mental illness can occur without deviant behavior , and such behavior may occur in the absence of mental illness . Combinations -- including distress , dysfunction , distorted psychological processes , inappropriate responses in given situations and causing / risking harm to oneself . Approaches ( edit ) Somatogenic -- abnormality is seen as a result of biological disorders in the brain . This approach has led to the development of radical biological treatments , e.g. lobotomy . Psychogenic -- abnormality is caused by psychological problems . Psychoanalytic ( Freud ) , Cathartic , Hypnotic and Humanistic Psychology ( Carl Rogers , Abraham Maslow ) treatments were all derived from this paradigm . This approach has , as well , led to some esoteric treatments : Franz Mesmer used to place his patients in a darkened room with music playing , then enter it wearing a flamboyant outfit and poke the `` infected '' body areas with a stick . Classification ( edit ) DSM - 5 ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The standard abnormal psychology and psychiatry reference book in North America is the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of the American Psychiatric Association . The current version of the book is known as DSM - 5 . It lists a set of disorders and provides detailed descriptions on what constitutes a disorder such as Major Depressive Disorder or anxiety disorder . It also gives general descriptions of how frequently the disorder occurs in the general population , whether it is more common in males or females and other such facts . The DSM - 5 identifies three key elements that must be present to constitute a mental disorder . These elements include : Symptoms that involve disturbances in behavior , thoughts , or emotions . Symptoms associated with personal distress or impairment . Symptoms that stem from internal dysfunctions ( i.e. specifically having biological and / or psychological roots ) . The diagnostic process uses five dimensions , each of which is identified as an `` axis '' , to ascertain symptoms and overall functioning of the individual . It is important to note that the DSM - 5 no longer uses this axis system . These axes are as follows : Axis I -- Clinical disorders , which would include major mental and learning disorders . These disorders make up what is generally acknowledged as a disorder including major depressive disorder , generalized anxiety disorder , schizophrenia , and substance dependence . To be given a diagnosis for a disorder in this axis the patient must meet the criteria for the particular disorder which is presented in the DSM in that particular disorders section . Disorders in this axis are of particular importance because they are likely to have an effect on the individual in many other axes . In fact the first 3 axes are highly related . This axis is similar to what would be considered an illness or disease in general medicine . Axis II -- Personality Disorders and a decrease of the use of intellect disorder . This is a very broad axis which contains disorders relating to how the individual functions with the world around him or herself . This axis provides a way of coding for long lasting maladaptive personality characteristics that could have a factor in the expression or development of a disorder on Axis I although this is not always the case . Disorders in this axis include disorders such as antisocial personality disorder , histrionic personality disorder , and paranoid personality disorder . Mental retardation is also coded in this axis although most other learning disabilities are coded in Axis I . This Axis is an example of how the Axes all interact with one another help to give an overall diagnosis for an individual . Axis III -- General medical conditions and `` Physical disorders '' . The conditions listed here are the ones that could potentially be relevant to the managing or understanding of the case . Axis III is often used together with an Axis I diagnosis to give a better rounded explanation of the particular disorder . An example of this can be seen in the relationship between major depressive disorder and unremitting pain caused from a chronic medical problem . This category could also include use of drugs and alcohols as these are often symptoms of a disorder themselves such as substance dependence or major depressive disorder . Due to the nature of Axis III it is often recommended that the patient visit a medical doctor when he or she is being assessed in order to determine if the problem could potentially require medical intervention such as surgery . When the first 3 axes are used multiple diagnosis are often found which is actually encouraged by the DSM . Axis IV -- Psychosocial / environmental problems , which would contribute to the disorder . Axis IV is used to inspect the broader aspects of a person 's situation . This axis will examine the social and environmental factors that could affect the person 's diagnosis . Stressors are the main focus of this axis and particular attention is paid to stressors that have been present in the past year ; however it is not a requirement that the stressor had to form or continued in the past year . Due to the large number of potential stressors in an individual 's life , therapists often find such stressors via a checklist approach which is encouraged by the DSM . An example of the checklist approach would be examine the individual 's family life , economic situation , occupation , potential legal problems and so on . It is crucial that the patient is honest in this section as environmental factors can have a huge impact on the patient especially in certain schools of therapy such as the cognitive approach . Axis V -- Global assessment of functioning ( often referred to as GAF ) or `` Children 's Global Assessment Scale '' ( for children and teenagers under the age of 18 ) . Axis V is a score given to the patient which is designed to indicate how well the individual is handling their situation at the current time . The GAF is based on a 100 - point scale which the examiner will use to give the patient a score . Scores can range from 1 to 100 and depending on the score on the GAF the examiner will decide the best course of action for the patient. `` According to the manual , scores higher than 70 indicate satisfactory mental health , good overall functioning , and minimal or transient symptoms or impairment , scores between 60 and 70 indicate mild symptoms or impairment , while scores between 50 and 60 indicate moderate symptoms , social or vocational problems , and scores below 50 severe impairment or symptoms '' . As GAF scores are the final Axis of the DSM the information present in the previous 4 axes are crucial for determining an accurate score . ICD - 10 ( edit ) The major international nosologic system for the classification of mental disorders can be found in the most recent version of the International Classification of Diseases , 10th revision ( ICD - 10 ) . The ICD - 10 has been used by World Health Organization ( WHO ) Member States since 1994 . Chapter five covers some 300 mental and behavioral disorders . The ICD - 10 's chapter five has been influenced by APA 's DSM - IV and there is a great deal of concordance between the two . WHO maintains free access to the ICD - 10 Online . Below are the main categories of disorders : F00 -- F09 Organic , including symptomatic , mental disorders F10 -- F19 Mental and behavioral disorders due to psychoactive substance use F20 -- F29 Schizophrenia , schizotypal and delusional disorders F30 -- F39 Mood ( affective ) disorders F40 -- F48 Neurotic , stress - related and somatoform disorders F50 -- F59 Behavioral syndromes associated with physiological disturbances and physical factors F60 -- F69 Disorders of adult personality and behavior F70 -- F79 Mental retardation F80 -- F89 Disorders of psychological development F90 -- F98 Behavioral and emotional disorders with onset usually occurring in childhood and adolescence F99 Unspecified mental disorder Perspectives of abnormal psychology ( edit ) Psychologists may use different perspectives to try to get better understanding on abnormal psychology . Some of them may just concentrate on a single perspective . But the professionals prefer to combine two or three perspectives together in order to get significant information for better treatments . Behavioral - the perspective focus on observable behaviors Medical - the perspective focus on biological causes on mental illness Cognitive - the perspective focus on how internal thoughts , perceptions and reasoning contribute to psychological disorders Cause ( edit ) Genetics ( edit ) Investigated through family studies , mainly of monozygotic ( identical ) and dizygotic ( fraternal ) twins , often in the context of adoption . Monozygotic twins should be more likely than dizygotic twins to have the same disorder because they share 100 % of their genetic material , whereas dizygotic twins share only 50 % . For many disorders , this is exactly what research shows . But given that monozygotic twins share 100 % of their genetic material , it may be expected of them to have the same disorders 100 % of the time , but in fact they have the same disorders only about 50 % of the time These studies allow calculation of a heritability coefficient . Biological causal factors ( edit ) Neurotransmitter ( imbalances of neurotransmitters like norepinephrine , dopamine , serotonin and GABA ( Gamma aminobutryic acid ) ) and hormonal imbalances in the brain Genetic vulnerabilities Constitutional liabilities ( physical handicaps and temperament ) Brain dysfunction and neural plasticity Physical deprivation or disruption ( deprivation of basic physiological needs ) Socio - cultural factors ( edit ) Effects of urban / rural dwelling , gender and minority status on state of mind Generalizations about cultural practices and beliefs may fail to capture the diversity that exists within and across cultural groups , so we must be extremely careful not to stereotype individuals of any cultural group Systemic factors ( edit ) Family systems Negatively Expressed Emotion playing a part in schizophrenic relapse and anorexia nervosa . Biopsychosocial factors ( edit ) Illness dependent on stress `` triggers '' . Therapies ( edit ) Psychoanalysis ( Freud ) Psychoanalytic theory is heavily based on the theory of the neurologist Sigmund Freud . These ideas often represented repressed emotions and memories from a patient 's childhood . According to psychoanalytic theory , these repressions cause the disturbances that people experience in their daily lives and by finding the source of these disturbances , one should be able to eliminate the disturbance itself . This is accomplished by a variety of methods , with some popular ones being free association , hypnosis , and insight . The goal of these methods is to induce a catharsis or emotional release in the patient which should indicate that the source of the problem has been tapped and it can then be helped . Freud 's psychosexual stages also played a key role in this form of therapy ; as he would often believe that problems the patient was experiencing were due to them becoming stuck or `` fixated '' in a particular stage . Dreams also played a major role in this form of therapy as Freud viewed dreams as a way to gain insight into the unconscious mind . Patients were often asked to keep dream journals and to record their dreams to bring in for discussion during the next therapy session . There are many potential problems associated with this style of therapy , including resistance to the repressed memory or feeling , and negative transference onto the therapist . Psychoanalysis was carried on by many after Freud including his daughter Ana Freud and Jacques Lacan . These and many others have gone on to elaborate on Freud 's original theory and to add their own take on defense mechanisms or dream analysis . While psychoanalysis has fallen out of favor to more modern forms of therapy it is still used by some clinical psychologists to varying degrees . Behavioral therapy ( Wolpe ) Behavior therapy relies on the principles of behaviorism , such as involving classical and operant conditioning . Behaviorism arose in the early 20th century due to the work of psychologists such as James Watson and B.F. Skinner . Behaviorism states that all behaviors humans do is because of a stimulus and reinforcement . While this reinforcement is normally for good behavior , it can also occur for maladaptive behavior . In this therapeutic view , the patients maladaptive behavior has been reinforced which will cause the maladaptive behavior to be repeated . The goal of the therapy is to reinforce less maladaptive behaviors so that with time these adaptive behaviors will become the primary ones in the patient . Humanistic therapy ( Rogers ) Humanistic therapy aims to achieve self - actualization ( Carl Rogers , 1961 ) . In this style of therapy , the therapist will focus on the patient themselves as opposed to the problem which the patient is afflicted with . The overall goal of this therapy is that by treating the patient as `` human '' instead of client will help get to the source of the problem and hopefully resolve the problem in an effective manner . Humanistic therapy has been on the rise in recent years and has been associated with numerous positive benefits . It is considered to be one of the core elements needed therapeutic effectiveness and a significant contributor to not only the well being of the patient but society as a whole . Some say that all of the therapeutic approaches today draw from the humanistic approach in some regard and that humanistic therapy is the best way for treat a patient . Humanistic therapy can be used on people of all ages ; however , it is very popular among children in its variant known as `` play therapy '' . Children are often sent to therapy due to outburst that they have in a school or home setting , the theory is that by treating the child in a setting that is similar to the area that they are having their disruptive behavior , the child will be more likely to learn from the therapy and have an effective outcome . In play therapy , the clinicians will `` play '' with their client usually with toys , or a tea party . Playing is the typical behavior of a child and therefore playing with the therapist will come as a natural response to the child . In playing together the clinician will ask the patient questions but due to the setting ; the questions no longer seem intrusive and therapeutic more like a normal conversation . This should help the patient realizes issues they have and confess them to the therapist with less difficulty than they may experience in a traditional counselling setting . Cognitive behavioural therapy ( Ellis and Beck ) Cognitive behavioural therapy aims to influence thought and cognition ( Beck , 1977 ) . This form of therapy relies on not only the components of behavioral therapy as mentioned before , but also the elements of cognitive psychology . This relies on not only the clients behavioral problems that could have arisen from conditioning ; but also there negative schemas , and distorted perceptions of the world around them . These negative schemas may be causing distress in the life of the patient ; for example the schemas may be giving them unrealistic expectations for how well they should perform at their job , or how they should look physically . When these expectations are not met it will often result in maladaptive behaviors such as depression , obsessive compulsions , and anxiety . With cognitive behavior therapy ; the goal is to change the schemas that are causing the stress in a persons life and hopefully replace them with more realistic ones . Once the negative schemas have been replaced , it will hopefully cause a remission of the patients symptoms . CBT is considered particularly effective in the treatment of depression and has even been used lately in group settings . It is felt that using CBT in a group setting aids in giving its members a sense of support and decreasing the likelihood of them dropping out of therapy before the treatment has had time to work properly . CBT has been found to be an effective treatments for many patients even those who do not have diseases and disorders typically thought of as psychiatric ones . For example , patients with the disease multiple sclerosis have found a lot of help using CBT . The treatment often helps the patients cope with the disorder they have and how they can adapt to their new lives without developing new problems such as depression or negative schemas about themselves . According to RAND , therapies are difficult to provide to all patients in need . A lack of funding and understanding of symptoms provides a major roadblock that is not easily avoided . Individual symptoms and responses to treatments vary , creating a disconnect between patient , society and care givers / professionals . See also ( edit ) Main article : Outline of abnormal psychology Abuse Cognitive behavioral therapy Diathesis - stress model DSM - 5 codes International Classification of Diseases Insanity defense Mental Health Act 1983 Mental Health Act 2007 Mental Health Alliance M'Naghten Rules Models of abnormality Outline of psychology Parapsychology Structured Clinical Interview for DSM - 5 ( SCID ) Seasonal affective disorder Zero stroke Society of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology List of organizations in psychology Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Abnormal psychology Jump up ^ Bridges , J.W. ( 1930 ) . `` What is abnormal psychology ? '' . The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology . 24 ( 4 ) : 430 -- 2 . doi : 10.1037 / h0074965 . Jump up ^ Sarason Irwin G. ; Sarason Barabara R. Abnormal Psychology ( 6th ed . ) . USA : Prentice Hall Inc . Jump up ^ James Hansell and Lisa Damour . Abnormal Psychology . Ch 3 . pp. 30 -- 33 . Jump up ^ Davison , Gerald C. ( 2008 ) . Abnormal Psychology . Toronto : Veronica Visentin . p. 3 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 84072 - 6 . Jump up ^ Nolen - Hoeksema , Susan ( 2013 ) . Abnormal Psychology ( 6th ed . ) . Boston : McGraw - Hill . ISBN 0078035384 ^ Jump up to : Fadul , Jose A. ( 2014 ) . Encyclopedia of Theory & Practice in Psychotherapy & Counseling . Raleigh , NC : Lulu Press Inc. p. 3 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 312 - 34920 - 9 . Jump up ^ Rimm , David C. , and John W. Somervill . Abnormal Psychology . New York : Academic , 1977 . Print . ^ Jump up to : Osborn , Lawrence A. ( 2009 ) . `` From Beauty to Despair : The Rise and Fall of the American State Mental Hospital '' . Psychiatric Quarterly . 80 ( 4 ) : 219 -- 31 . doi : 10.1007 / s11126 - 009 - 9109 - 3 . PMID 19633958 . Jump up ^ Nolen - Hoeksema , Susan ( 2013 ) . Abnormal Psychology ( 6th ed . ) . Boston : McGraw - Hill . ISBN 0078035384 . Jump up ^ Clifford , Katrina ( 2010 ) . `` The thin blue line of mental health in Australia '' . Police Practice and Research . 11 ( 4 ) : 355 -- 370 . doi : 10.1080 / 15614263.2010. 496561 . Jump up ^ Page , Jaimie ; Petrovich , James ; Kang , Suk - Young ( 2012 ) . `` Characteristics of Homeless Adults with Serious Mental Illnesses Served by Three Street - Level Federally Funded Homelessness Programs '' . Community Mental Health Journal . 48 ( 6 ) : 699 -- 704 . doi : 10.1007 / s10597 - 011 - 9473 - y . PMID 22370894 . Jump up ^ Jones , Billy E. Treating the Homeless : Urban Psychiatry 's Challenge . Washington , D.C. : American Psychiatric , 1986 . Print . Jump up ^ David H. Barlow and Vincent Mark Durand ( 2004 ) . Abnormal Psychology : An Integrative Approach . p. 7 Jump up ^ David H. Barlow and Vincent Mark Durand ( 2004 ) . Abnormal Psychology : An Integrative Approach . p. 8 ^ Jump up to : David H. Barlow and Vincent Mark Durand ( 2004 ) . Abnormal Psychology : An Integrative Approach . p. 11 ^ Jump up to : David H. Barlow and Vincent Mark Durand ( 2004 ) . Abnormal Psychology : An Integrative Approach . p. 26 Jump up ^ `` Perspectives : Medical '' . Jump up ^ Cherry , Kendra ( May 9 , 2016 ) . `` What Is Abnormal Psychology ? '' . Verywell . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 10 . Jump up ^ Richard P. Halgin ^ Jump up to : James Hansell and Lisa Damour . Abnormal Psychology . Ch 3 . p. 37 . Jump up ^ Zvolensky , Michael J. ; Kotov , Roman ; Antipova , Anna V. ; Schmidt , Norman B. ( 2005 ) . `` Diathesis stress model for panic - related distress : A test in a Russian epidemiological sample '' . Behaviour Research and Therapy . 43 ( 4 ) : 521 -- 32 . doi : 10.1016 / j. brat. 2004.09. 001 . PMID 15701361 . Jump up ^ Jeronimus B.F. ; Kotov , R. ; Riese , H. ; Ormel , J. ( 2016 ) . `` Neuroticism 's prospective association with mental disorders halves after adjustment for baseline symptoms and psychiatric history , but the adjusted association hardly decays with time : a meta - analysis on 59 longitudinal / prospective studies with 443 313 participants '' . Psychological Medicine . 46 ( 14 ) : 2883 -- 2906 . doi : 10.1017 / S0033291716001653 . PMID 27523506 . Jump up ^ Bennett 2003 , pp. 3 -- 5 Jump up ^ Kraeplin , 1883 Jump up ^ Bennett 2003 , pp. 7 -- 10 Jump up ^ Schacter , Daniel L. ; Gilbert , Daniel T. ; Wegner , Daniel M. ( 2010 ) . `` Identifying Psychological Disorders : What is Abnormal ? '' . Psychology ( 2nd ed . ) . New York , NY : Worth Publishers . pp. 550 -- 8 ( 553 ) . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4292 - 3719 - 2 . Jump up ^ Kvarstein , Elfrida Hartveit ; Karterud , Sigmund ( 2012 ) . `` Large Variations of Global Functioning over Five Years in Treated Patients with Personality Traits and Disorders '' . Journal of Personality Disorders. 26 ( 2 ) : 141 -- 61 . doi : 10.1521 / pedi. 2012.26. 2.141 . PMID 22486446 . Jump up ^ http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/intropsych/pdf/chapter15.pdf Jump up ^ Mash and Wolfe , Eric J. and David A. ( 2013 ) . Abnormal Child Psychology . Belmont , CA : Jon - David Hague . p. 110 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 111 - 83449 - 4 . Generalizations about cultural practices and beliefs may fail to capture the diversity that exists within and across cultural groups , so we must be extremely careful not to stereotype individuals of any cultural group Jump up ^ Bennett 2003 , pp. 17 -- 26 Jump up ^ Kovacevic , Filip ( 2013 ) . `` A Lacanian approach to dream interpretation '' . Dreaming. 23 ( 1 ) : 78 -- 89 . doi : 10.1037 / a0032206 . Jump up ^ Schneider , K.J. ; Längle , A. ( 2012 ) . `` The renewal of humanism in psychotherapy : Summary and conclusion '' . Psychotherapy. 49 ( 4 ) : 480 -- 1 . doi : 10.1037 / a0028026 . PMID 23205836 . Jump up ^ Bratton , Sue C. ; Ceballos , Peggy L. ; Sheely - Moore , Angela I. ; Meany - Walen , Kristin ; Pronchenko , Yulia ; Jones , Leslie D. ( 2013 ) . `` Head start early mental health intervention : Effects of child - centered play therapy on disruptive behaviors '' . International Journal of Play Therapy . 22 : 28 -- 42 . doi : 10.1037 / a0030318 . Jump up ^ Hans , Eva ; Hiller , Wolfgang ( 2013 ) . `` Effectiveness of and dropout from outpatient cognitive behavioral therapy for adult unipolar depression : A meta - analysis of nonrandomized effectiveness studies '' . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology . 81 ( 1 ) : 75 -- 88 . doi : 10.1037 / a0031080 . PMID 23379264 . Jump up ^ Moss - Morris , Rona ; Dennison , Laura ; Landau , Sabine ; Yardley , Lucy ; Silber , Eli ; Chalder , Trudie ( 2013 ) . `` A randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy ( CBT ) for adjusting to multiple sclerosis ( the saMS trial ) : Does CBT work and for whom does it work ? '' . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology . 81 ( 2 ) : 251 -- 62 . doi : 10.1037 / a0029132 . PMID 22730954 . Jump up ^ `` Are People With Mental Illness Getting the Help They Need ? '' . References ( edit ) Bennett , Paul ( 2003 ) . `` Abnormal and Clinical Psychology '' . Open University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 335 - 21236 - 1 . Hansell , James ; Lisa Damour ( 2005 ) . Abnormal Psychology . Von Hoffman Press . ISBN 0 - 471 - 38982 - X . Barlow , David H. ; Vincent Mark Durand ( 2004 ) . Abnormal Psychology : An Integrative Approach . Thomson Wadsworth . ISBN 0 - 534 - 63362 - 5 . Cherry , Kendra ( May 9 , 2016 ) . `` What Is Abnormal Psychology ? '' . Verywell . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 10 . Ormel , J. ; Jeronimus , B.F. ; Kotov , R. ; Riese , H. ; Bos , E.H. ; Hankin , B. ( 2013 ) . `` Neuroticism and common mental disorders : Meaning and utility of a complex relationship '' . Clinical Psychology Review . 33 ( 5 ) : 686 -- 697 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cpr. 2013.04. 003 . PMC 4382368 . PMID 23702592 . External links ( edit ) Library resources about Abnormal psychology Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Abnormal Psychology Students Practice Resources Zvolensky , M.J. ; Kotov , R. ; Antipova , A.V. ; Schmidt , N.B. ( 2005 ) . `` Diathesis stress model for panic - related distress : A test in a Russian epidemiological sample '' . Behaviour Research and Therapy . 43 ( 4 ) : 521 -- 532 . doi : 10.1016 / j. brat. 2004.09. 001 . PMID 15701361 . Psychology Terms Psychology Terms -- a 600 - page dictionary pdf A Course in Abnormal Psychology Psychology History Philosophy Portal Psychologist Basic psychology Abnormal Affective science Affective neuroscience Behavioral genetics Behavioral neuroscience Behaviorism Cognitive / Cognitivism Cognitive neuroscience Comparative Cross-cultural Cultural Developmental Differential Ecological Evolutionary Experimental Gestalt Intelligence Mathematical Neuropsychology Personality Positive Psycholinguistics Psychophysics Psychophysiology Quantitative Social Theoretical Applied psychology Anomalistic Applied behavior analysis Assessment Clinical Community Consumer Counseling Critical Educational Ergonomics Feminist Forensic Health Industrial and organizational Legal Media Military Music Occupational health Pastoral Political Psychometrics Psychotherapy Religion School Sport and exercise Suicidology Systems Traffic Methodologies Animal testing Archival research Behavior epigenetics Case study Content analysis Experiments Human subject research Interviews Neuroimaging Observation Qualitative research Quantitative research Self - report inventory Statistical surveys Psychologists William James ( 1842 -- 1910 ) Ivan Pavlov ( 1849 -- 1936 ) Sigmund Freud ( 1856 -- 1939 ) Edward Thorndike ( 1874 -- 1949 ) Carl Jung ( 1875 -- 1961 ) John B. Watson ( 1878 -- 1958 ) Clark L. Hull ( 1884 -- 1952 ) Kurt Lewin ( 1890 -- 1947 ) Jean Piaget ( 1896 -- 1980 ) Gordon Allport ( 1897 -- 1967 ) J.P. Guilford ( 1897 -- 1987 ) Carl Rogers ( 1902 -- 1987 ) Erik Erikson ( 1902 -- 1994 ) B.F. Skinner ( 1904 -- 1990 ) Donald O. Hebb ( 1904 -- 1985 ) Ernest Hilgard ( 1904 -- 2001 ) Harry Harlow ( 1905 -- 1981 ) Raymond Cattell ( 1905 -- 1998 ) Abraham Maslow ( 1908 -- 1970 ) Neal E. Miller ( 1909 -- 2002 ) Jerome Bruner ( 1915 -- 2016 ) Donald T. Campbell ( 1916 -- 1996 ) Hans Eysenck ( 1916 -- 1997 ) Herbert A. Simon ( 1916 -- 2001 ) David McClelland ( 1917 -- 1998 ) Leon Festinger ( 1919 -- 1989 ) George Armitage Miller ( 1920 -- 2012 ) Richard Lazarus ( 1922 -- 2002 ) Stanley Schachter ( 1922 -- 1997 ) Robert Zajonc ( 1923 -- 2008 ) Albert Bandura ( b . 1925 ) Roger Brown ( 1925 -- 1997 ) Endel Tulving ( b . 1927 ) Lawrence Kohlberg ( 1927 -- 1987 ) Noam Chomsky ( b . 1928 ) Ulric Neisser ( 1928 -- 2012 ) Jerome Kagan ( b . 1929 ) Walter Mischel ( b . 1930 ) Elliot Aronson ( b . 1932 ) Daniel Kahneman ( b . 1934 ) Paul Ekman ( b . 1934 ) Michael Posner ( b . 1936 ) Amos Tversky ( 1937 -- 1996 ) Bruce McEwen ( b . 1938 ) Larry Squire ( b . 1941 ) Richard E. Nisbett ( b . 1941 ) Martin Seligman ( b . 1942 ) Ed Diener ( b . 1946 ) Shelley E. Taylor ( b . 1946 ) John Anderson ( b . 1947 ) Ronald C. Kessler ( b . 1947 ) Joseph E. 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what team was lebron james on before lakers	LeBron James James with the Cavaliers in 2017 No. 23 -- Los Angeles Lakers Position Small forward / Shooting guard League NBA ( 1984 - 12 - 30 ) December 30 , 1984 ( age 33 ) Akron , Ohio Nationality American Listed height 6 ft 8 in ( 2.03 m ) Listed weight 250 lb ( 113 kg ) Career information High school St. Vincent -- St. Mary ( Akron , Ohio ) NBA draft 2003 / Round : 1 / Pick : 1st overall Selected by the Cleveland Cavaliers Playing career 2003 -- present Career history 2003 -- 2010 Cleveland Cavaliers 2010 -- 2014 Miami Heat 2014 -- 2018 Cleveland Cavaliers 2018 -- present Los Angeles Lakers Career highlights and awards 3 × NBA champion ( 2012 , 2013 , 2016 ) 3 × NBA Finals MVP ( 2012 , 2013 , 2016 ) 4 × NBA Most Valuable Player ( 2009 , 2010 , 2012 , 2013 ) 14 × NBA All - Star ( 2005 -- 2018 ) 3 × NBA All - Star Game MVP ( 2006 , 2008 , 2018 ) 12 × All - NBA First Team ( 2006 , 2008 -- 2018 ) 2 × All - NBA Second Team ( 2005 , 2007 ) 5 × NBA All - Defensive First Team ( 2009 -- 2013 ) NBA All - Defensive Second Team ( 2014 ) NBA Rookie of the Year ( 2004 ) NBA scoring champion ( 2008 ) J. Walter Kennedy Citizenship Award ( 2017 ) 2 × AP Athlete of the Year ( 2013 , 2016 ) 2 × Sports Illustrated Sportsperson of the Year ( 2012 , 2016 ) USA Basketball Male Athlete of the Year ( 2012 ) 2 × Mr. Basketball USA ( 2002 , 2003 ) Naismith Prep Player of the Year ( 2003 ) McDonald 's All - American Game MVP ( 2003 ) 3 × Ohio Mr. Basketball ( 2001 -- 2003 ) Stats at NBA.com Stats at Basketball-Reference.com Medals ( hide ) Men 's basketball Representing the United States Olympic Games 2008 Beijing Team 2012 London Team 2004 Athens Team FIBA World Championship 2006 Japan FIBA Americas Championship 2007 Las Vegas	Cleveland Cavaliers	LeBron James	lebron james		It has been suggested that LeBron James Jr. be merged into this article . ( Discuss ) Proposed since August 2018 . LeBron James James with the Cavaliers in 2017 No. 23 -- Los Angeles Lakers Position Small forward / Shooting guard League NBA ( 1984 - 12 - 30 ) December 30 , 1984 ( age 33 ) Akron , Ohio Nationality American Listed height 6 ft 8 in ( 2.03 m ) Listed weight 250 lb ( 113 kg ) Career information High school St. Vincent -- St. Mary ( Akron , Ohio ) NBA draft 2003 / Round : 1 / Pick : 1st overall Selected by the Cleveland Cavaliers Playing career 2003 -- present Career history 2003 -- 2010 Cleveland Cavaliers 2010 -- 2014 Miami Heat 2014 -- 2018 Cleveland Cavaliers 2018 -- present Los Angeles Lakers Career highlights and awards 3 × NBA champion ( 2012 , 2013 , 2016 ) 3 × NBA Finals MVP ( 2012 , 2013 , 2016 ) 4 × NBA Most Valuable Player ( 2009 , 2010 , 2012 , 2013 ) 14 × NBA All - Star ( 2005 -- 2018 ) 3 × NBA All - Star Game MVP ( 2006 , 2008 , 2018 ) 12 × All - NBA First Team ( 2006 , 2008 -- 2018 ) 2 × All - NBA Second Team ( 2005 , 2007 ) 5 × NBA All - Defensive First Team ( 2009 -- 2013 ) NBA All - Defensive Second Team ( 2014 ) NBA Rookie of the Year ( 2004 ) NBA scoring champion ( 2008 ) J. Walter Kennedy Citizenship Award ( 2017 ) 2 × AP Athlete of the Year ( 2013 , 2016 ) 2 × Sports Illustrated Sportsperson of the Year ( 2012 , 2016 ) USA Basketball Male Athlete of the Year ( 2012 ) 2 × Mr. Basketball USA ( 2002 , 2003 ) Naismith Prep Player of the Year ( 2003 ) McDonald 's All - American Game MVP ( 2003 ) 3 × Ohio Mr. Basketball ( 2001 -- 2003 ) Stats at NBA.com Stats at Basketball-Reference.com Medals ( hide ) Men 's basketball Representing the United States Olympic Games 2008 Beijing Team 2012 London Team 2004 Athens Team FIBA World Championship 2006 Japan FIBA Americas Championship 2007 Las Vegas LeBron Raymone James Sr. ( / ləˈbrɒn / ; born December 30 , 1984 ) is an American professional basketball player for the Los Angeles Lakers of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . Often considered the best basketball player in the world and regarded by some as the greatest player of all time , James ' NBA accomplishments are extensive and include four NBA Most Valuable Player Awards , three NBA Finals MVP Awards , two Olympic gold medals , three All - Star Game MVP awards , and an NBA scoring title . He is the all - time NBA playoffs scoring leader and has amassed fourteen NBA All - Star Game appearances , twelve All - NBA First Team designations , and five All - Defensive First Team honors . A prep - to - pro , James played high school basketball for St. Vincent -- St. Mary High School in his hometown of Akron , Ohio , where he was heavily touted in the national media as a future NBA superstar . He joined the Cleveland Cavaliers in 2003 as the first overall draft pick . James quickly emerged as a league star and concluded his first season by winning the NBA Rookie of the Year Award . He would go on to establish himself as one of the premier players in the NBA with multiple accolades , including being given the NBA Most Valuable Player Award in 2009 and 2010 . However , after falling short of the championship expectations set by the media , fans , and himself , James departed Cleveland in 2010 as a free agent to sign with the Miami Heat . This move was announced in an ESPN special titled The Decision , and is one of the most controversial free agent decisions in American sports history . In Miami , James won his first NBA championship in 2012 , and followed that with another title a year later . He was named league MVP and NBA Finals MVP in both championship years . In 2014 , James opted out of his contract with Miami after four seasons to re-sign with the Cavaliers . In 2016 , James led the Cavaliers to their first NBA championship by defeating the Golden State Warriors to end Cleveland 's 52 - year professional sports title drought . In 2018 , he opted out of his Cleveland contract to sign with the Lakers . Contents 1 Early life 2 High school career 2.1 Basketball 2.2 Football 3 Professional career 3.1 Cleveland Cavaliers 3.1. 1 2003 -- 2004 : Rookie season 3.1. 2 2004 -- 2008 : Rise to superstardom 3.1. 3 2008 -- 2010 : MVP seasons 3.2 Miami Heat 3.2. 1 The Decision 3.2. 2 2010 -- 2011 : Year of media and fan scrutiny 3.2. 3 2011 -- 2013 : Back - to - back championships 3.2. 4 2013 -- 2014 : Final season in Miami 3.3 Return to the Cavaliers 3.3. 1 2014 -- 16 : Ending the Cleveland sports curse 3.3. 2 2016 -- 18 : Final seasons in Cleveland 3.4 Los Angeles Lakers 4 National team career 5 Player profile 5.1 Offense 5.2 Defense 6 Off the court 6.1 Personal life 6.2 Public image 6.3 Media figure and business interests 6.4 Activism 7 NBA career statistics 7.1 Regular season 7.2 Playoffs 8 Awards and honors 9 Filmography 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links Early life James was born on December 30 , 1984 , in Akron , Ohio to a 16 - year - old mother , Gloria Marie James . His father , Anthony McClelland , has an extensive criminal record and was not involved in their life . When James was growing up , life was often a struggle for the family , as they moved from apartment to apartment in the seedier neighborhoods of Akron while Gloria struggled to find steady work . Realizing that her son would be better off in a more stable family environment , Gloria allowed him to move in with the family of Frank Walker , a local youth football coach who introduced James to basketball when he was nine years old . James started playing organized basketball in the fifth grade . He later played Amateur Athletic Union ( AAU ) basketball for the Northeast Ohio Shooting Stars . The team enjoyed success on a local and national level , led by James and his friends Sian Cotton , Dru Joyce III , and Willie McGee . The group was inseparable and dubbed themselves the `` Fab Four '' , promising each other that they would attend high school together . In a move that stirred local controversy , they chose to attend St. Vincent -- St. Mary High School , a predominantly white private Catholic school . High school career Basketball As a freshman , James averaged 21 points and 6 rebounds per game for the St. Vincent - St. Mary varsity basketball team . The Fighting Irish finished the year 27 -- 0 , winning the Division III state title and becoming the only boys high school team to have an undefeated season . As a sophomore , James averaged 25.2 points and 7.2 rebounds with 5.8 assists and 3.8 steals per game . For some home games during the season , St. Vincent - St. Mary played at the University of Akron 's 5,492 - seat Rhodes Arena to satisfy ticket demand from alumni , fans , and college and NBA scouts who wanted to see James play . The Fighting Irish finished the season 26 -- 1 and repeated as state champions . For his outstanding play , James was named Ohio Mr. Basketball and selected to the USA Today All - USA First Team , becoming the first sophomore to do either . Prior to the start of his junior year , James appeared in SLAM Magazine and writer Ryan Jones lauded him as possibly `` the best high school basketball player in America right now '' . During the season , he appeared on the cover of Sports Illustrated , becoming the first high school basketball underclassman to do so . With averages of 29 points , 8.3 rebounds , 5.7 assists , and 3.3 steals per game , he was again named Ohio Mr. Basketball and selected to the USA Today All - USA First Team , and became the first junior to be named boys ' basketball Gatorade National Player of the Year . St. Vincent - St. Mary finished the year with a 23 -- 4 record , ending their season with a loss in the Division II championship game . Following the loss , James unsuccessfully petitioned for a change to the NBA 's draft eligibility rules , which required prospective players to have at least a high school diploma , in an attempt to enter the 2002 NBA draft . During this time , he used marijuana , which he said was to help cope with the stress that resulted from the constant media attention he was receiving . Throughout his senior year , James and the Fighting Irish traveled around the country to play a number of nationally ranked teams , including a game against Oak Hill Academy that was nationally televised on ESPN2 . Time Warner Cable , looking to capitalize on James 's popularity , offered St. Vincent - St. Mary 's games to subscribers on a pay - per - view basis throughout the season . For the year , James averaged 31.6 points , 9.6 rebounds , 4.6 assists , and 3.4 steals per game , was named Ohio Mr. Basketball and selected to the USA Today All - USA First Team for an unprecedented third consecutive year , and was named Gatorade National Player of the Year for the second consecutive year . He participated in three year - end high school basketball all - star games -- the EA Sports Roundball Classic , the Jordan Capital Classic , and the McDonald 's All - American Game -- losing his National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) eligibility and making it official that he would enter the 2003 NBA draft . Many basketball analysts , scouts , and writers have remarked that James left high school as one of the best and most hyped prospects of all time . Also during his senior year , James was the centerpiece of several controversies . For his 18th birthday , he skirted state amateur bylaws by accepting a Hummer H2 from his mother , who had secured a loan for the vehicle by utilizing LeBron 's future earning power as an NBA superstar . This prompted an investigation by the Ohio High School Athletic Association ( OHSAA ) because its guidelines stated that no amateur may accept any gift valued over $100 as a reward for athletic performance . James was cleared of any wrongdoing because he had accepted the gift from a family member and not from an agent or any outside source . Later in the season , James accepted two throwback jerseys worth $845 from an urban clothing store in exchange for posing for pictures , officially violating OHSAA rules and resulting in him being stripped of his high school sports eligibility . James appealed the ruling and his penalty was eventually dropped to a two - game suspension , allowing him to play the remainder of the year . The Irish were also forced to forfeit one of their wins , their only official loss that season . In his first game back after the suspension , James scored a career - high 52 points . St. Vincent - St. Mary went on to win the Division II championship , marking their third division title in four years . Football As an underclassman , James played wide receiver for St. Vincent - St. Mary 's football team and was recruited by some Division I programs , including Notre Dame . In his sophomore year , he was named first team all - state , and as a junior , he helped lead the Fighting Irish to the state semifinals . After James broke his wrist during an AAU basketball game , he decided not to play football in his senior year . Some sports analysts , football critics , high school coaches , former and current players have speculated that he could have played in the National Football League . Professional career Cleveland Cavaliers 2003 -- 2004 : rookie season James picks up his dribble against the Washington Wizards in November 2006 . James was selected by his hometown team , the Cleveland Cavaliers , as the first overall pick of the 2003 NBA draft . In his first regular season game , he scored 25 points against the Sacramento Kings , setting an NBA record for most points scored by a prep - to - pro player in his debut performance . At the conclusion of the season , he was named the NBA Rookie of the Year , finishing with averages of 20.9 points , 5.5 rebounds , and 5.9 assists per game . He became the first Cavalier to receive the honor and just the third player in NBA history to average at least 20 points , 5 rebounds , and 5 assists per game as a rookie . The Cavaliers finished the season 35 -- 47 , failing to make the playoffs despite an 18 - game improvement over the previous year . 2004 -- 2008 : Rise to superstardom James earned his first NBA All - Star Game selection in 2004 -- 05 , contributing 13 points , 8 rebounds , and 6 assists in a winning effort for the Eastern Conference . Around the league , teams took note of his rapid development , with Denver Nuggets coach George Karl telling Sports Illustrated , `` It 's weird talking about a 20 - year - old kid being a great player , but he is a great player ... He 's the exception to almost every rule . '' On March 20 , James scored 56 points against the Toronto Raptors , setting Cleveland 's new single - game points record . With final averages of 27.2 points , 7.4 rebounds , 7.2 assists , and 2.2 steals per game , he was named to his first All - NBA Team . Despite a 30 -- 20 record to start the year , the Cavaliers again failed to make the playoffs , finishing the season 42 -- 40 . At the 2006 All - Star Game , James led the East to victory with 29 points and was named the NBA All - Star Game Most Valuable Player . Behind final season averages of 31.4 points , 7 rebounds , and 6.6 assists per game , he also finished second in overall NBA Most Valuable Player Award voting to Steve Nash . Under James 's leadership , the Cavaliers qualified for the playoffs for the first time since 1998 . In his postseason debut , James recorded a triple - double in a winning effort versus the Washington Wizards . In Game 3 of the series , he made the first game - winning shot of his career , making another in Game 5 . Cleveland would go on to defeat the Wizards before being ousted by the Detroit Pistons in the second round . James engages in his pre-game ritual of tossing crushed chalk into the air , March 2008 . The routine was mostly ended after 2011 . In 2006 -- 07 , James 's averages declined to 27.3 points , 6.7 rebounds , 6 assists , and 1.6 steals per game . Some analysts attributed the fall to a regression in his passing skills and shot selection , which stemmed from a lack of effort and focus . The Cavaliers finished the season with 50 wins for the second consecutive year and entered the playoffs as the East 's second seed . In Game 5 of the NBA Conference Finals , James notched 48 points with 9 rebounds and 7 assists , scoring 29 of Cleveland 's last 30 points , including the game - winning layup with two seconds left , against the Pistons . After the game , play - by - play announcer Marv Albert called the performance `` one of the greatest moments in postseason history '' and color commentator Steve Kerr described it as `` Jordan-esque '' . In 2012 , ESPN ranked the performance the fourth greatest in modern NBA playoff history . The Cavaliers went on to win Game 6 and claim their first - ever Eastern Conference championship , earning them a matchup with the San Antonio Spurs in the NBA Finals . During the championship round , James struggled , averaging 22 points , 7.0 rebounds , and 6.8 assists per game on just 35.6 percent shooting , and Cleveland was eliminated in a sweep . In February of the 2007 -- 08 season , James was named All - Star Game MVP for the second time behind a 27 - point , 8 - rebound , and 9 - assist performance . On March 21 , he moved past Brad Daugherty as the Cavaliers ' all - time leading scorer in a game against the Raptors , doing so in over 100 less games than Daugherty . His 30 points per game were also the highest in the league , representing his first scoring title . Despite his individual accomplishments , Cleveland 's record fell from the year before to 45 -- 37 . Seeded fourth in the East entering the playoffs , the Cavaliers defeated the Wizards in the first round for the third consecutive season before being eliminated in seven games by the eventual - champion Boston Celtics in the next round . During the decisive seventh game in Boston , James scored 45 points and Paul Pierce scored 41 in a game the Associated Press described as a `` shootout '' . 2008 -- 2010 : MVP seasons James and DeShawn Stevenson in April 2008 . The two had a short feud after Stevenson called James `` overrated '' . At the conclusion of the 2008 -- 09 season , James finished second in NBA Defensive Player of the Year voting and made his first NBA All - Defensive Team , posting 23 chase - down blocks and a career - high 93 total blocks . He also became only the fourth postmerger player to lead his team in points , rebounds , assists , steals , and blocks in a single season . Behind his play and the acquisition of All - Star guard Mo Williams , Cleveland went a franchise record 66 -- 16 and fell just one game short of matching the best home record in league history . With final averages of 28.4 points , 7.6 rebounds , 7.2 assists , 1.7 steals , and 1.2 blocks per game , James became the first Cavalier to win the MVP Award . Reflecting on James 's performance for ESPN , John Hollinger later wrote , `` He 's having what is arguably the greatest individual season in history , and it 's time we gave him his due for it . '' In the playoffs , Cleveland swept the Pistons and the Atlanta Hawks to earn a matchup with the Orlando Magic in the Conference Finals . In Game 1 of the series , James scored 49 points on 66 percent shooting in a losing effort for the Cavaliers . In Game 2 , he hit a game - winner to tie the series at 1 -- 1 . Cleveland would lose the series in six games , and following the loss in Game 6 , James immediately left the floor without shaking hands with his opponents , which was an act that many media members viewed as unsportsmanlike . For the series , he averaged 38.5 points , 8.3 rebounds , and 8 assists per game , finishing the postseason with a career playoff - high 35.3 points per game . In February of the 2009 -- 10 season , James was forced into a temporary point guard role following a series of injuries to players in the Cavaliers ' backcourt . Behind his leadership , Cleveland lost no momentum , finishing the year with the best record in the league for the second consecutive season . Due in part to his increased minutes as the Cavaliers ' primary ball handler , James increased his statistical production , averaging 29.7 points , 7.3 rebounds , 8.6 assists , 1.6 steals , and 1 block per game on 50 percent shooting en route to another MVP Award . To open the playoffs , Cleveland advanced past the Bulls to earn a matchup with the Celtics in the second round . James was heavily criticized for not playing well in Game 5 of the series , shooting only 20 percent on 14 shots and scoring 15 points . The team suffered its worst loss in franchise history , and at the conclusion of the game , James walked off the court to a smattering of boos from Cleveland 's home crowd . The Cavaliers were officially eliminated from the postseason in Game 6 , with James posting 27 points , 19 rebounds , 10 assists , and nine turnovers in the losing effort . Miami Heat The Decision Main article : The Decision ( TV special ) James with the Cavaliers in November 2009 . He finished his first stint with the Cavs averaging 27.8 points , 7 rebounds , 7 assists , and 1.7 steals per game . James became an unrestricted free agent at 12 : 01 am EDT on July 1 , 2010 . During this time , he was contacted by several teams , including the Bulls , Los Angeles Clippers , Miami Heat , New York Knicks , New Jersey Nets , and Cavaliers . On July 8 , he announced on a live ESPN special titled The Decision that he would sign with the Heat . The telecast was broadcast from the Boys & Girls Club of Greenwich , Connecticut and raised $2.5 million for the charity . An additional $3.5 million was raised from advertising revenue , which was donated to other charities . The day before the special , fellow free agents Chris Bosh and Dwyane Wade also announced that they would sign with Miami ; reports later arose that the trio had discussed their upcoming 2010 free agencies among themselves back in 2006 . James decided to join with Bosh and Wade in part so that he could shoulder less of the offensive load ; he thought that his improved teammates would give him a better chance of winning an NBA championship than had he stayed in Cleveland . Heat president Pat Riley played a major role in selling James on the idea of playing with Bosh and Wade . James would be relieved of the burden of scoring , and he thought he could be the first player since Oscar Robertson to average a triple - double in a season . Upon leaving the Cavaliers , James drew intense criticism from sports analysts , executives , fans , and current and former players . The Decision itself was also scrutinized and viewed as unnecessary . Many thought that the prolonged wait for James 's choice was unprofessional as not even the teams courting him were aware of his decision until moments before the show . Upon learning that James would not be returning to Cleveland , Cavaliers owner Dan Gilbert published an open letter to fans in which he aggressively denounced James 's actions . Some angry fans of the team recorded videos of themselves burning his jersey . Former NBA players , including Michael Jordan and Magic Johnson , were also critical of James , condemning him for joining with Bosh and Wade in Miami and not trying to win a championship as `` the guy '' . James drew further criticism in a September interview with CNN when he claimed that race might have been a factor in the fallout from The Decision . As a result of his actions during the 2010 free agency period , he quickly gained a reputation as one of America 's most disliked athletes , a radical change from years prior . The phrase `` taking my talents to South Beach '' became a punch line for critics . In retrospect , James has expressed some regret over his handling of The Decision . 2010 -- 2011 : year of media and Fan scrutiny James goes in for a slam dunk as a member of the Miami Heat in March 2011 . James officially signed with the Heat on July 10 , 2010 . With the move , he became only the third reigning MVP to change teams and the first since Moses Malone in 1982 . That evening , the Heat threw a welcome party for their new `` big three '' at the American Airlines Arena , an event that took on a rock concert atmosphere . During the gathering , James predicted a dynasty for the Heat and alluded to multiple championships . Outside of Miami , the spectacle was not well - received , furthering the negative public perception of James . Throughout the 2010 -- 11 season , James and the Heat were treated as villains by the media and opposing fanbases . To begin the year , they struggled to adjust to these new circumstances , going only 9 -- 8 after 17 games . James later admitted that the constant negativity surrounding the team made him play with an angrier demeanor than in years past . On December 2 , James faced the Cavaliers in Cleveland for the first time since departing as a free agent . He scored 38 points and led Miami to a win while being booed every time he touched the ball . The Heat eventually turned their season around and finished as the East 's second seed , with James averaging 26.7 points , 7.5 rebounds , and 7 assists per game on 51 percent shooting . In the conference semifinals , James and his teammates found themselves matched up with the Celtics for the second consecutive year . In Game 5 , he scored Miami 's last ten points to help seal a series - clinching win . After the final buzzer , he famously knelt on the court in an emotional moment , later telling reporters that it was an extremely personal victory for him and the team . The Heat eventually advanced to the Finals , where they were defeated by the Dallas Mavericks in six games . James received the brunt of the criticism for the loss , averaging only three points in fourth quarters in the series . His Finals scoring average of 17.8 points per game signified an 8.9 - point drop from the regular season , the largest point drop - off in league history . 2011 -- 2013 : back - to - back championships James was humbled by the Heat 's loss to the Mavericks , and the experience inspired him to leave behind the villain role that he had been embracing , which helped him regain a sense of joy on the court . He also decided that his post game needed improvement , so he worked with Hakeem Olajuwon during the offseason . Behind James 's significantly - expanded skillset , Miami began the year with a franchise - best 18 -- 6 record . He was eventually named MVP for the third time , finishing with averages of 27.1 points , 7.9 rebounds , 6.2 assists , and 1.9 steals per game on 53 percent shooting . James stands at midcourt during a dead ball in January 2013 . On that night , he became the youngest player in NBA history to score 20,000 career points . In the second round of the playoffs , Miami temporarily lost Chris Bosh to an abdominal injury and found themselves trailing the Indiana Pacers 2 -- 1 . James responded with a 40 - point , 18 - rebound , and 9 - assist outing in Game 4 to help even the series . To compensate for Bosh 's absence , the Heat embraced a small - ball lineup with James at power forward , which they retained even after Bosh 's return in the Conference Finals against the Celtics . Facing elimination in Game 6 , James scored 45 points to lead the Heat to victory in what The New York Times called a `` career - defining performance '' . Miami won Game 7 to advance to the Finals , earning them a matchup with the Oklahoma City Thunder and James 's budding rival , Kevin Durant . Late in Game 4 of the series , James hit a three - pointer to give the Heat a lead , helping them win the game despite missing time with leg cramps . In Game 5 , he registered a triple - double as Miami defeated Oklahoma City for their second - ever championship and James 's first championship . James was unanimously voted the Bill Russell NBA Finals Most Valuable Player with averages of 28.6 points , 10.2 rebounds , and 7.4 assists per game . His full postseason run , in which he averaged 30.3 points , 9.7 rebounds , and 5.6 assists per game , was ranked the second best in modern NBA history by ESPN . In February of the 2012 -- 13 season , James averaged 29.7 points and 7.8 assists per game while setting multiple shooting efficiency records . That same month , the Heat also began a 27 - game winning streak , the third longest in NBA history . Based on these accomplishments , James 's performance was described as a `` month for the ages '' by Sports Illustrated . Miami eventually finished the year with a franchise and league best 66 -- 16 record , and James was named MVP for the fourth time , falling just one vote shy of becoming the first player in NBA history to win the award unanimously . His final season averages were 26.8 points , 8 rebounds , 7.3 assists , and 1.7 steals per game on 56.5 percent shooting . In Game 1 of the Conference Finals , James scored a buzzer - beating layup to give Miami a one - point victory against the Pacers . Throughout the series , his supporting cast struggled significantly , and his added scoring load prompted him to compare his responsibilities to those of his `` Cleveland days '' . Despite these struggles , the Heat advanced to the Finals for a meeting with the Spurs , signifying a rematch for James from his first Finals six years earlier . At the beginning of the series , he was criticized for his lack of aggressiveness and poor shot selection as Miami fell behind 2 -- 3 . In Game 6 , he recorded his second triple - double of the series , including 16 fourth quarter points , to lead the Heat to a comeback victory . In Game 7 , he tied the Finals record for most points scored in a Game 7 victory , leading Miami over San Antonio with 37 points . He was named Finals MVP for the second straight season , averaging 25.3 points , 10.9 rebounds , 7 assists , and 2.3 steals per game for the championship round . 2013 -- 2014 : final season in Miami On March 3 of the 2013 -- 14 season , James scored a career - high and franchise - record 61 points in a game against the Charlotte Bobcats . Throughout the year , he was one of the few staples for a Heat roster that used 20 different starting lineups due to injuries , finishing with averages of 27.1 points , 6.9 rebounds , and 6.4 assists per game on 56.7 percent shooting . In the second round of the playoffs , he tied a career postseason - high by scoring 49 points in Game 4 against the Brooklyn Nets . In the next round , Miami defeated the Pacers to earn their fourth consecutive Finals berth , becoming one of only four teams in NBA history to do so . In Game 1 of the Finals , James missed most of the fourth quarter because of leg cramps , helping the Spurs take an early series lead . In Game 2 , he led the Heat to a series - tying victory with 35 points on a 64 percent shooting rate . San Antonio eventually eliminated the Heat in five games , ending Miami 's quest for a three - peat . For the Finals , James averaged 28.2 points , 7.8 rebounds , and 2.0 steals per game . Return to the Cavaliers James throws a pass in a game against the Minnesota Timberwolves , December 2014 . Later that season , he reached several passing milestones , including becoming the Cavaliers ' all - time assists leader . On June 25 , 2014 , James opted out of his contract with the Heat and officially became an unrestricted free agent on July 1 . On July 11 , he revealed via a first - person essay in Sports Illustrated that he intended to return to the Cavaliers . In contrast to The Decision , his announcement to return to Cleveland was well received . On July 12 , he officially signed with the team , who had compiled a league - worst 97 -- 215 record in the four seasons following his departure . A month after James 's signing , the Cavaliers acquired Kevin Love from the Minnesota Timberwolves , forming a new star trio along with Kyrie Irving . 2014 -- 16 : ending the Cleveland Sports curse In January of the 2014 -- 15 season , James missed two weeks due to left knee and lower back strains , the longest stretch of missed games in his career . In total , he played a career - low 69 games and his final averages were 25.3 points , 6 rebounds , and 7.4 assists per game . In the second round of the playoffs , he hit a baseline jumper at the buzzer to give Cleveland a 2 -- 2 series tie with the Bulls . In the Conference Finals , the Cavaliers defeated the Hawks to advance to the Finals , making James the first player since the 1960s to play in five consecutive Finals . For most of the Finals against the Golden State Warriors , Irving and Love were sidelined due to injury , giving James more offensive responsibilities . Behind his leadership , the Cavaliers opened the series with a 2 -- 1 lead before being eliminated in six games . Despite the loss , he received serious consideration for the Finals MVP Award , averaging 35.8 points , 13.3 rebounds , and 8.8 assists per game for the championship round . During the 2015 -- 16 season , James was criticized for his role in several off - court controversies , including the midseason firing of Cavaliers ' coach David Blatt . Despite these distractions , Cleveland finished the year with 57 wins and the best record in the East . James 's final averages were 25.3 points , 7.4 rebounds , and 6.8 assists per game on 52 percent shooting . In the playoffs , the Cavaliers advanced comfortably to the Finals , losing only two games en route to a rematch with the Warriors , who were coming off a record - setting 73 win season . To begin the series , Cleveland fell behind 3 -- 1 , including two blowout losses . James responded by registering back - to - back 41 point games in Games 5 and 6 , leading the Cavaliers to two consecutive wins to stave off elimination . In Game 7 , he posted a triple - double and made a number of key plays , including a memorable chase - down block on Andre Iguodala in the final two minutes , as Cleveland emerged victorious , winning the city 's first professional sports title in 52 years and becoming the first team in NBA history to come back from a 3 -- 1 series deficit in the Finals . James became just the third player to record a triple - double in an NBA Finals Game 7 , and behind series averages of 29.7 points , 11.3 rebounds , 8.9 assists , 2.3 blocks , and 2.6 steals per game , he also became the first player in league history to lead both teams in all five statistical categories for a playoff round , culminating in a unanimous Finals MVP selection . 2016 -- 18 : final seasons in Cleveland The 2016 -- 17 season was marred by injuries and unexpected losses for the Cavaliers ; James later described it as one of the `` strangest '' years of his career . Following a January defeat to the New Orleans Pelicans , he publicly criticized Cleveland 's front office for constructing a team that he felt was too `` top heavy '' , for which he received counter criticism . The Cavaliers finished the season as the East 's second seed , with James averaging 26.4 points and career highs in rebounds ( 8.6 ) , assists ( 8.7 ) , and turnovers ( 4.1 ) per game . In Game 3 of the first round of the postseason , he registered 41 points , 13 rebounds , and 12 assists against the Pacers , leading Cleveland to a comeback victory after trailing by 25 points at halftime , representing the largest halftime deficit overcome in NBA playoff history . In Game 5 of the Eastern Conference Finals against the Celtics , James scored 35 points and surpassed Michael Jordan as the league 's all - time postseason scoring leader . The Cavaliers won the game and the series , advancing to their third consecutive Finals against the Warriors . Behind averages of 33.6 points , 12 rebounds , and 10 assists per game , James became the first player to average a triple - double in the Finals , but Cleveland was defeated in five games . LeBron James and Celtics ' Kyrie Irving in October 2017 . After the Cavaliers traded All - Star point guard Kyrie Irving in the off - season , Cleveland started the 2017 -- 18 season with a 3 -- 5 record . The next game , the Cavaliers defeated the Washington Wizards 130 -- 122 . James scored 57 points in the game to set the second - highest point total of his career , making 23 of 34 field - goal tries and all nine free throws , adding 11 rebounds and seven assists . James reached at least 10 points for the 800th game in a row , joining Michael Jordan ( 866 ) as the only other NBA player with a streak that long . James also became the youngest player to reach 29,000 career points in the NBA . On November 28 , 2017 , James was ejected for the first time in his career during the third quarter of the Cavaliers ' 108 -- 97 win over the Miami Heat . James was in the midst of his 1,082 nd career regular season game , and 1,299 th overall . On December 16 , 2017 , he had his 60th career triple - double in a 109 -- 100 win over the Utah Jazz . James had his fifth triple - double of the season and passed Larry Bird for sixth on the career list . On January 23 , 2018 , in a 114 -- 102 loss to the San Antonio Spurs , James became the seventh player in NBA history to reach 30,000 career points . At 33 years and 24 days , James became the youngest player to score 30,000 -- Kobe Bryant was 34 years and 104 days when he got there . On February 27 , 2018 , he scored 31 points and finished a month averaging a triple - double for the first time in his career , as the Cavaliers defeated the Brooklyn Nets 129 -- 123 . James also had 12 rebounds and 11 assists for his 12th triple - double of the season and 67th of his career . He reached 8,000 assists during the game to become the first player in NBA history to reach 30,000 points , 8,000 rebounds and 8,000 assists . On March 30 , 2018 , in a 107 -- 102 win over the Pelicans , James scored in double digits in his 867th straight game , breaking Michael Jordan 's long - standing record . During the 2018 NBA Playoffs , James was named to the All - NBA First Team for the 12th straight year , marking a new NBA record . With the Cavaliers defeating the Boston Celtics 87 -- 79 in Game 7 of the Eastern Conference Finals , James reached the NBA Finals for the eighth straight year , which no player had done since members of the early Celtics dynasty did so in the 1960s . In Game 1 of the NBA Finals , James scored 51 points to go with eight assists and eight rebounds in a 124 -- 114 overtime loss . James became only the sixth player to ever score at least 50 points in a NBA Finals game . This also notched his eighth game of at least 40 points in the 2018 playoffs and tied Jerry West 's feat in 1965 for most in a single postseason . The Cavaliers went on to lose to the Warriors in four games , with James averaged 34 points ( his second - highest total ) , 8.5 rebounds and 10 assists in the series despite playing with a self - inflicted hand injury that he sustained after Game 1 . James scored 748 points in the playoffs , the second most in a postseason behind Jordan , who scored 759 in 1992 . On June 29 , 2018 , James announced that he opted out of his contract with the Cavaliers to become a free agent . Los Angeles Lakers On July 1 , James 's management agency announced that he had agreed to a four - year , $154 million contract with the Los Angeles Lakers , which he signed on July 9 . Within the first three hours of when his jersey went on sale , it saw a 600 percent spike compared to his new Cavaliers jersey upon his return to Cleveland in July 2014 . National team career James attempts a shot over China 's Yao Ming at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing en route to the gold medal . James made his debut for the United States national team at the 2004 Olympics in Athens , Greece . He spent the Games mostly on the bench , averaging 14.6 minutes per game with 5.8 points and 2.6 rebounds per game in eight games . Team USA finished the competition with a bronze medal , becoming the first U.S. basketball team to return home without a gold medal since adding active NBA players to their line - up . James felt his limited playing time was a `` lowlight '' and believed he was not given `` a fair opportunity to play '' . His attitude during the Olympics was described as `` disrespectful '' and `` distasteful '' by columnists Adrian Wojnarowski and Peter Vecsey , respectively . At the 2006 FIBA World Championship in Japan , James took on a greater role for Team USA , averaging 13.9 points , 4.8 rebounds , and 4.1 assists per game as co-captain . The team finished the tournament with an 8 -- 1 record , winning another bronze medal . James 's behavior was again questioned , this time by teammate Bruce Bowen , who confronted James during tryouts regarding his treatment of staff members . Before naming James to the 2008 Olympic team , Team USA managing director Jerry Colangelo and coach Mike Krzyzewski gave James an ultimatum to improve his attitude , and he heeded their advice . At the FIBA Americas Championship 2007 , he averaged 18.1 points , 3.6 rebounds , and 4.7 assists per game , including a 31 - point performance against Argentina in the championship game , the most ever by an American in an Olympic qualifier . Team USA went 10 -- 0 , winning the gold medal and qualifying for the 2008 Olympics in Beijing , China . James credited the team 's attitude and experience for their improvement , saying : `` I do n't think we understood what it meant to put on a USA uniform and all the people that we were representing in 2004 . We definitely know that now . '' At the Olympics , Team USA went unbeaten , winning their first gold medal since 2000 . In the final game , James turned in 14 points , 6 rebounds , and 3 assists against Spain . James did not play at the 2010 FIBA World Championship but rejoined Team USA for the 2012 Olympics in London , England . He became the leader of the team with Kobe Bryant , who would soon be 34 , stepping back . James facilitated the offense from the post and perimeter , called the defensive sets , and provided scoring when needed . During a game against Australia , he recorded the first triple - double in U.S. Olympic basketball history with 11 points , 14 rebounds and 12 assists . Team USA went on to win their second straight gold medal , again defeating Spain in the final game . James contributed 19 points in the win , becoming the all - time leading scorer in U.S. men 's basketball history . He also joined Michael Jordan as the only players to win an NBA MVP award , NBA championship , NBA Finals MVP , and Olympic gold medal in the same year . Afterwards , Krzyzewski said James `` is the best player , he is the best leader and he is as smart as anybody playing the game right now . '' Player Profile It 's not just that ( LeBron James ) is really good in his 15th year . He 's the best player . -- Greg Anthony , NBA TV and TNT analyst Standing 6 feet 8 inches ( 2.03 m ) and weighing 250 pounds ( 113 kg ) , James has started at small forward and power forward , but he can also play the other three positions . His athletic and versatile playing style has drawn comparisons to Hall of Famers Oscar Robertson , Magic Johnson , and Michael Jordan . James 's career averages are 27.2 points , 7.4 rebounds , 7.2 assists , and 1.6 steals per game . Many basketball analysts , coaches , fans , and current and former players consider James to be one of the greatest players of all time , often ranking him as the best small forward and in the top five overall . Since 2011 , he has been ranked the best player in the NBA by ESPN and Sports Illustrated . He has earned All - NBA honors every season since his second year , All - Defensive honors every season from 2009 to 2014 , and was named Rookie of the Year in his debut season . With four MVP awards , he is part of a select group of players who have won the award four times , including Kareem Abdul - Jabbar , Jordan , Wilt Chamberlain , and Bill Russell ; James and Russell are the only two players who have won four MVP awards in a five - year span . James has never won the Defensive Player of the Year Award , but he has twice finished second in the voting and lists the award as one of his main goals . James has appeared in the Finals nine times and won three championships . Some analysts have criticized him for not having a better Finals record , while others have defended him , arguing that James usually performed well , but his team was defeated by superior competition . Offense James drives to the basket in March 2008 . A deft finisher , he led the NBA in scoring and shooting percentage at the rim in 2013 . James entered the NBA as an 18 - year - old rookie and made an immediate offensive impact when he led the Cavaliers in scoring . He holds numerous `` youngest to '' distinctions , including being the youngest player to score 28,000 career points . During his first stint in Cleveland , he was primarily used as an on - ball point forward . His shooting tendencies were perimeter - oriented , and he established himself as one of the best slashers and finishers in basketball ; he led the NBA in three - point plays in 2006 . His combination of speed , quickness , and size often created matchup problems for opposing teams because he was capable of blowing by larger defenders and overpowering smaller ones . These qualities became more apparent in transition , where he developed a reputation for grabbing defensive rebounds and then beating the defense downcourt for highlight - quality baskets . Around this time , James was frequently criticized for not having developed a reliable jump shot or post game . Teams would try to exploit these weaknesses by giving him space in the half court and forcing him to settle for three - pointers and long two - pointers , a strategy famously utilized by Spurs coach Greg Popovich in the 2007 Finals , where James converted on only 36 percent of his field goals in four games . In Miami , Heat coach Erik Spoelstra changed James 's role to a more unconventional one . James began spending more time in the post and shooting fewer three - pointers , attempting a career - low 149 in 2012 . He improved his shot selection and accuracy on jump shots , finishing second in the league in catch - and - shoot field goal percentage in 2013 . He also learned how to work as an off - ball cutter in the Heat 's `` pass - happy '' offense . Behind these improvements , James 's overall scoring efficiency rose to historically - great levels , peaking in 2014 when he registered a 64.9 true shooting percentage . During this period , ESPN 's Tom Haberstroh called James 's free - throw shooting his biggest weakness , describing it as `` average '' . Upon returning to the Cavaliers , James began to experience subtle age - related declines in productivity , posting his lowest scoring averages since his rookie season in 2015 and 2016 . His shooting also temporarily regressed , and he briefly ranked as the worst high - volume outside shooter from outside the paint in the NBA . Despite these changes , he has remained an elite offensive player who is capable of beating defenses with body control , strength , and varying attacking speeds . James 's playmaking ability is generally considered to be one of his premier skills , with some analysts ranking him among the greatest passers in NBA history . He is the only frontcourt player in league history to register over 7,000 career assists . Using his size , vision , and the attention he garners from opposing defenses to his advantage , James is able to create easy points for his teammates with accurate assists , manufacturing a league leading 2.6 three - pointers per game by way of his passing alone in 2013 . He will often execute passes that would normally be considered unconventional , including passes after leaving his feet and passes through defensive traffic . His uncanny tendency to find the open man played a significant role in the evolution of modern NBA defenses , which forces teams to incorporate some elements of zone into their schemes to better cover the weak side of the court and prevent James from passing to open shooters . Early in James 's career , he was criticized by the media for his buck passing play in pressure situations ; specifically , for passing instead of shooting in the waning seconds of close games . In a 2011 interview , teammate Chris Bosh stated that he would rather have Dwyane Wade and not James take a last - second shot . Later in James 's career , his clutch play was viewed more favorably ; for example , in 2015 , FiveThirtyEight wrote that he might be `` the most clutch playoff shooter of his generation '' . Defense At the beginning of James 's NBA career , he was considered to be a poor defensive player , but he improved steadily through the years . Near the end of his first tenure in Cleveland , he became proficient at the chase - down block , which involved coming in from behind the opposition in transition to block their shot . In Miami , he developed into a more versatile defensive player , and the Heat relied on him to guard all five positions . James was paired with teammates Shane Battier and Dwyane Wade , and Miami used him in an ultra-aggressive defensive scheme , with James cheating off the ball to help out inside or get into rebounding position . Beginning in 2014 , some analysts noted a regression in his defensive impact , stemming from a lack of effort and expected age - related declines . James himself admitted to taking plays off at times , referring to this approach as `` chill mode '' . Writing for ESPN in 2016 , Nate Duncan observed that while James tended to take off more plays than in his younger days , he was able to raise his level in that year 's Finals and temporarily recapture his Miami form . Off the court Personal life James proposed to Savannah Brinson , his high school sweetheart , at a December 31 , 2011 party celebrating New Year 's Eve and his 27th birthday . She accepted , and the two were married on September 14 , 2013 in San Diego , California . Together , they have three children : LeBron James Jr. ( b . 2004 ) , Bryce Maximus James ( b . 2007 ) , and Zhuri Nova James ( b . 2014 ) . During his stint with the Heat , James resided in Coconut Grove , where he bought a $9 million three - story mansion overlooking Biscayne Bay . In November 2015 , James bought a 9,350 square - foot ( 870 m ) East Coast -- style mansion in Brentwood , Los Angeles for about $21 million . Public image James is considered by many people , including his fellow NBA players , to be the `` face of the NBA '' . His opinions have yielded significant influence on people who make important league decisions ; for example , in 2014 he asked commissioner Adam Silver to increase the duration of the All - Star break , and the request was granted the following season . On February 13 , 2015 , James was elected the first vice president of the National Basketball Players Association ( NBPA ) . The WWI Destroy This Mad Brute poster and the April 2008 Vogue cover with James and Gisele Bündchen , which critics said referenced the earlier poster . Throughout his career , James has been ranked by Forbes as one of the world 's most influential athletes , and in 2017 , he was listed by Time as one of the 100 most influential people in the world . During his first stint with the Cavaliers , he was adored by local fans , and Sherwin - Williams displayed a giant Nike - produced banner of James on its world headquarters . Despite their affection for James , Cleveland fans and critics were frequently annoyed when he sported a Yankees hat when he attended Cleveland Indians baseball games versus the New York Yankees . Following his actions during the 2010 free agency period and , more specifically , The Decision , he was listed as one of the world 's most disliked athletes . By 2013 , his image had mostly recovered and he was reported by ESPN as the most popular player in the NBA for the second time in his career . In 2014 , he was named the most popular male athlete in America by the Harris Poll . He has led the league in jersey sales six times . In March 2008 , James became the first black man -- and third man overall after Richard Gere and George Clooney -- to appear on the cover of Vogue , when he posed with Gisele Bündchen . In response , noted ESPN columnist Jemele Hill considered the cover offensive and `` memorable for the wrong reasons '' , describing the demeanor of James and his holding Bündchen as a reference to classic imagery of the movie monster King Kong , a dark savage capturing his light - skinned love interest . Media figure and business interests James is represented by agent Rich Paul of Klutch Sports . His first agent was Aaron Goodwin , whom he left in 2005 for Leon Rose . Rose joined Creative Artists Agency ( CAA ) in 2007 , and he worked with fellow CAA agent Henry Thomas , who represented Dwyane Wade and Chris Bosh , to bring James to Miami in 2010 . James left CAA for Paul in 2012 . James , Paul , Maverick Carter , and Randy Mims -- all childhood friends -- formed agent and sports - marketing company LRMR after James left Goodwin . LRMR handles James 's marketing , including the marketing of The Decision , for which it was criticized . Throughout his career , James has taken a unique approach to his NBA contracts , usually opting to sign shorter - term deals in order to maximize his earnings potential and flexibility ; for example , in 2006 , he and the Cavaliers negotiated a three - year , $60 million contract extension instead of the four - year maximum as it allotted him the option of seeking a new contract worth more money as an unrestricted free agent following the 2010 season . This move ultimately allowed James , Dwyane Wade , and Chris Bosh to sign with the Heat together . During his second stint in Cleveland , he began opting out and re-signing on new contracts after each season in order to take advantage of higher salaries resulting from the NBA 's rising salary cap . In 2016 , he signed with the Cavaliers on a three - year deal , becoming the highest - paid player in the league for the first time in his career . Nike installed a 10 - stories - tall mural of James in downtown Cleveland . James has signed numerous endorsement contracts ; some of the companies that he has done business with are Audemars Piguet , Coca - Cola , Dunkin ' Brands , McDonald 's , Nike , State Farm and Beats by Dre . Coming out of high school , he was the target of a three - way bidding war among Nike , Reebok , and Adidas , eventually signing with Nike for approximately $90 million . His signature shoes have performed well for Nike . In 2011 , Fenway Sports Group became the sole global marketer of his rights , and as part of the deal , he was granted a minority stake in the English Premier League football club Liverpool , who he has claimed his support for . As a result of James 's endorsement money and NBA salary , he has been listed as one of the world 's highest - paid athletes . In 2013 , he surpassed Kobe Bryant as the highest paid basketball player in the world , with earnings of $56.5 million . In 2014 , James realized a profit of more than $30 million as part of Apple 's acquisition of Beats Electronics ; he had originally struck a deal to get a small stake in the company at its inception in exchange for promoting its headphones . In 2015 , he was ranked the sixth highest earning sportsperson , and third highest in 2016 ( after Cristiano Ronaldo and Lionel Messi ) . James has stated that he would like to own an NBA team in the future , albeit in a hands - off capacity . James and comedian Jimmy Kimmel co-hosted the 2007 ESPY Awards . In other comedic pursuits , he hosted the 33rd - season premiere of Saturday Night Live . He has also tried his hand at acting , appearing in a cameo role on the HBO series Entourage . In 2015 , he played himself in the Judd Apatow film Trainwreck , receiving positive reviews for his performance . That same year , James 's digital video company , Uninterrupted , raised $15.8 million from Warner Bros. Entertainment and Turner Sports to help expand the company 's efforts to bring athlete - created content to fans . It is hosted on Bleacher Report and is used by several other athletes including New England Patriots tight end Rob Gronkowski and Seattle Seahawks cornerback Richard Sherman . James and his business partner Maverick Carter own production company SpringHill Entertainment , whose first work was the Lions Gate documentary More Than a Game , which was released in 2009 and chronicled James 's high school years . Series produced by SpringHill include the Disney XD sports documentaries Becoming , Starz sitcom Survivor 's Remorse , and animated web series The LeBrons . In 2016 , CNBC aired an unscripted series hosted by James called Cleveland Hustles , where four up - and - coming Northern Ohio entrepreneurs will be financed on the condition of revitalizing a neighborhood in Cleveland . In the 2017 Toronto International Film Festival , a 60 - minute Vince Carter documentary entitled The Carter Effect was executive produced by James and Maverick Carter along with rapper Drake and Future the Prince . In February 2018 it was announced that James ' production company will produce a new film in the House Party series with James expected to make a cameo . Later that month , Fox News journalist Laura Ingraham told James to `` Shut up and dribble '' as a response to his political agendas . This largely contributed to James creating a documentary series looking at the changing role of athletes in the current political and cultural climate , aptly named , `` Shut Up and Dribble '' on Showtime . Activism James , First Lady Michelle Obama , and Dwyane Wade tape a public service announcement , January 2014 . James is an active supporter of non-profit organizations , including After - School All - Stars , Boys & Girls Clubs of America , and Children 's Defense Fund . He also has his own charity foundation , the LeBron James Family Foundation , which is based in Akron . Since 2005 , the foundation has held an annual bike - a-thon to raise money for various causes . In 2015 , James announced a partnership with the University of Akron to provide scholarships for as many as 2,300 children beginning in 2021 . In 2016 , he donated $2.5 million to the Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and Culture to support an exhibit on Muhammad Ali . In 2017 , he received the J. Walter Kennedy Citizenship Award from the NBA for his `` outstanding service and dedication to the community . '' In November of that same year , the Akron School Board approved the `` I Promise School '' , a public elementary school created in a partnership with the LeBron James Family Foundation to help struggling elementary school students stay in school . James later reflected that it was his most important professional accomplishment of his life . The school officially opened on July 30 , 2018 . Throughout his career , James has taken stances on controversial issues . On several occasions , he mentioned a feeling of obligation to effect change using his status . Those include the War in Darfur , the Trayvon Martin case , the now - former NBA owner Donald Sterling 's racist comments in 2014 , the Michael Brown verdict , and the death of Eric Garner . Following a racist incident at his Los Angeles home in 2017 , James expressed , `` being black in America is tough . We got a long way to go for us as a society and for us as African Americans until we feel equal in America . '' Later on that same year , in the aftermath of the 2017 Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville , Virginia , James questioned president Donald Trump 's `` Make America Great Again '' slogan and said , `` It 's sad what 's going on in Charlottesville . Is this the direction our country is heading ? Make America Great Again huh ? '' and that `` Our youth deserve better ! ! '' James also called Trump a `` bum '' after the president rescinded a White House invitation to Stephen Curry . During a 2018 interview with CNN journalist Don Lemon , James accused the president for attempting to divide the country with sports , suggesting `` sports has never been something that divides people it 's always been something that brings someone together . '' He also declared he would `` never sit across from him . I 'd sit across from Barack ( Obama ) though . '' In response , Trump said `` LeBron James was just interviewed by the dumbest man on television , Don Lemon . He made LeBron look smart , which is n't easy to do . '' However , many players , including former NBA great Michael Jordan ( who was mentioned in Trump 's Tweet afterward ) , supported James and disavowed President Trump 's statements on the subject . In June 2008 , James donated $20,000 to a committee to elect Democratic presidential nominee Barack Obama . Later that year , James gathered almost 20,000 people at the Quicken Loans Arena for a viewing of Obama 's 30 - minute American Stories , American Solutions television advertisement . The advertisement was shown on a large screen above the stage , where Jay - Z later held a free concert . In November 2016 , James endorsed Democratic candidate Hillary Clinton in the 2016 presidential election . NBA career statistics Legend GP Games played GS Games started MPG Minutes per game FG % Field goal percentage 3P % 3 - point field goal percentage FT % Free throw percentage RPG Rebounds per game APG Assists per game SPG Steals per game BPG Blocks per game PPG Points per game Bold Career high † Denotes seasons in which James won an NBA championship * Led the league Regular season Year Team GP GS MPG FG % 3P % FT % RPG APG SPG BPG PPG 2003 -- 04 Cleveland 79 79 39.5 . 417 . 290 . 754 5.5 5.9 1.6 . 7 20.9 2004 -- 05 Cleveland 80 80 42.4 * . 472 . 351 . 750 7.4 7.2 2.2 . 7 27.2 2005 -- 06 Cleveland 79 79 42.5 . 480 . 335 . 738 7.0 6.6 1.6 . 8 31.4 2006 -- 07 Cleveland 78 78 40.9 . 476 . 319 . 698 6.7 6.0 1.6 . 7 27.3 2007 -- 08 Cleveland 75 74 40.4 . 484 . 315 . 712 7.9 7.2 1.8 1.1 30.0 * 2008 -- 09 Cleveland 81 81 37.7 . 489 . 344 . 780 7.6 7.2 1.7 1.1 28.4 2009 -- 10 Cleveland 76 76 39.0 . 503 . 333 . 767 7.3 8.6 1.6 1.0 29.7 2010 -- 11 Miami 79 79 38.8 . 510 . 330 . 759 7.5 7.0 1.6 . 6 26.7 2011 -- 12 † Miami 62 62 37.5 . 531 . 362 . 771 7.9 6.2 1.9 . 8 27.1 2012 -- 13 † Miami 76 76 37.9 . 565 . 406 . 753 8.0 7.3 1.7 . 9 26.8 2013 -- 14 Miami 77 77 37.7 . 567 . 379 . 750 6.9 6.4 1.6 . 3 27.1 2014 -- 15 Cleveland 69 69 36.1 . 488 . 354 . 710 6.0 7.4 1.6 . 7 25.3 2015 -- 16 † Cleveland 76 76 35.6 . 520 . 309 . 731 7.4 6.8 1.4 . 6 25.3 2016 -- 17 Cleveland 74 74 37.8 * . 548 . 363 . 674 8.6 8.7 1.2 . 6 26.4 2017 -- 18 Cleveland 82 82 36.9 * . 542 . 367 . 731 8.6 9.1 1.4 . 9 27.5 Career 1,143 1,142 38.8 . 504 . 344 . 739 7.4 7.2 1.6 . 8 27.2 All - Star 14 14 29.6 . 530 . 357 . 743 6.3 6.0 1.3 . 1 24.5 Playoffs Year Team GP GS MPG FG % 3P % FT % RPG APG SPG BPG PPG 2006 Cleveland 13 13 46.5 . 476 . 333 . 737 8.1 5.8 1.4 . 7 30.8 2007 Cleveland 20 20 44.7 . 416 . 280 . 755 8.1 8.0 1.7 . 5 25.1 2008 Cleveland 13 13 42.5 . 411 . 257 . 731 7.8 7.6 1.8 1.3 28.2 2009 Cleveland 14 14 41.4 . 510 . 333 . 749 9.1 7.3 1.6 . 9 35.3 Cleveland 11 11 41.8 . 502 . 400 . 733 9.3 7.6 1.7 1.8 29.1 2011 Miami 21 21 43.9 . 466 . 353 . 763 8.4 5.9 1.7 1.2 23.7 2012 † Miami 23 23 42.7 . 500 . 259 . 739 9.7 5.6 1.9 . 7 30.3 2013 † Miami 23 23 41.7 . 491 . 375 . 777 8.4 6.6 1.8 . 8 25.9 2014 Miami 20 20 38.2 . 565 . 407 . 806 7.1 4.8 1.9 . 6 27.4 2015 Cleveland 20 20 42.2 . 417 . 227 . 731 11.3 8.5 1.7 1.1 30.1 2016 † Cleveland 21 21 39.1 . 525 . 340 . 661 9.5 7.6 2.3 1.3 26.3 2017 Cleveland 18 18 41.3 . 565 . 411 . 698 9.1 7.8 1.9 1.3 32.8 2018 Cleveland 22 22 41.9 . 539 . 342 . 746 9.1 9.0 1.4 1.0 34.0 Career 239 239 42.0 . 491 . 323 . 743 8.9 7.1 1.8 1.0 28.9 Awards and honors Main article : List of career achievements by LeBron James James ( center ) celebrates during the Heat 's 2012 championship parade . NBA 3 × NBA Champion : 2012 , 2013 , 2016 3 × NBA Finals Most Valuable Player : 2012 , 2013 , 2016 4 × NBA Most Valuable Player : 2009 , 2010 , 2012 , 2013 14 × NBA All - Star : 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 , 2018 3 × NBA All - Star Game MVP : 2006 , 2008 , 2018 14 × All - NBA selection : 12 × First team : 2006 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 , 2018 2 × Second team : 2005 , 2007 6 × NBA All - Defensive selection : 5 × First team : 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 Second team : 2014 NBA Rookie of the Year : 2004 NBA All - Rookie First Team : 2004 NBA Scoring Champion : 2008 3 × NBA minutes leader : 2007 , 2017 , 2018 J. Walter Kennedy Citizenship Award : 2017 National team 2 × Olympic Gold Medal winner : 2008 , 2012 2004 Olympic Bronze Medal winner 2006 FIBA World Championship Bronze Medal winner 2007 FIBA Americas Championship Gold Medal winner 2012 USA Basketball Male Athlete of the Year Commemorative banner in Miami 's American Airlines Arena ( for his 2012 gold medal won as a member of the Miami Heat ) High school 2003 National Champion 3 × OHSAA Champion : 2000 , 2001 , 2003 2 × Gatorade National Player of the Year 2002 , 2003 2 × USA Today High School Player of the Year 2002 , 2003 3 × Ohio Mr. Basketball : 2001 , 2002 , 2003 3 × USA Today All - USA First Team : 2001 , 2002 , 2003 2 × PARADE High School Player of the Year : 2002 , 2003 2003 Naismith Prep Player of the Year 2003 McDonald 's National Player of the Year 2003 McDonald 's High School All - American 2003 McDonald 's All - American Game 2003 2003 EA Sports Roundball Classic MVP 2003 Jordan Capital Classic MVP Number 23 retired by St. Vincent - St. Mary St. Vincent - St. Mary Hall of Fame ( class of 2011 ) St. Vincent - St. Mary home basketball court named The LeBron James Arena Other 3 × Cleveland Sports Awards Professional Athlete of the Year : 2009 , 2016 , 2017 2 × AP Athlete of the Year ( 2013 , 2016 ) 2 × Sports Illustrated Sportsperson of the Year ( 2012 , 2016 ) 2011 -- 12 EFL Cup Champion ( as part owner of Liverpool F.C. ) 2012 Sporting News Athlete of the Year 2006 Sporting News NBA MVP 2004 Sporting News Rookie of the Year Sports Illustrated NBA All - Decade First Team ( 2000s ) 19 × ESPY Award winner in various categories ( 15 individually , four as part of a team ) 2 × Hickok Belt winner : 2012 , 2013 2017 NAACP Image Awards -- Jackie Robinson Award South Main Street in downtown Akron renamed King James Way Six - story commemorative banner in downtown Akron Three - story mural in Venice , California honoring his signing with the Lakers Honorary lockers at Ohio State 's football and basketball facilities Filmography Film roles Year Title Role Notes 2008 More than a Game Himself 2009 Square Roots : The Story of SpongeBob SquarePants 2015 Trainwreck 2018 Smallfoot Gwangi ( voice ) Post-production Television roles Year Title Role Notes 2009 My Wife and Kids Himself Episode : `` Outbreak Monkey '' 2009 Entourage Episode : `` Give a Little Bit '' 2009 SpongeBob 's Truth or Square 2011 -- 2014 The LeBrons 2015 Survivor 's Remorse Episode : `` Guts '' 2016 Teen Titans Go ! Episode : `` The Cruel Giggling Ghoul '' See also Basketball portal National Basketball Association portal NBA regular season records NBA post-season records NBA All - Star Game records List of National Basketball Association career scoring leaders List of National Basketball Association career assists leaders List of National Basketball Association career steals leaders List of National Basketball Association career turnovers leaders List of National Basketball Association career 3 - point scoring leaders List of National Basketball Association career free throw scoring leaders List of National Basketball Association franchise career scoring leaders List of National Basketball Association career playoff scoring leaders List of National Basketball Association career playoff rebounding leaders List of National Basketball Association career playoff assists leaders List of National Basketball Association career playoff steals leaders List of National Basketball Association career playoff blocks leaders List of National Basketball Association career playoff turnovers leaders List of National Basketball Association career playoff 3 - point scoring leaders List of National Basketball Association career playoff free throw scoring leaders List of National Basketball Association players with 1,000 games played List of National Basketball Association players with most points in a game List of National Basketball Association season minutes leaders List of Olympic medalists in basketball Cleveland Cavaliers draft history Notes Jump up ^ Assists were recorded as an official Olympic statistic starting in 1976 . Jump up ^ ESPN - 3rd ( March 2016 ) , Sports Illustrated - 5th ( March 2016 ) , Fox Sports - 2nd ( December 2016 ) , CBS Sports - 2nd ( February 2017 ) , Slam - 2nd ( February 2018 ) . Jump up ^ ESPN . Jump up ^ Sports Illustrated . Jump up ^ References Jump up ^ Lynch , Andrew ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` Here 's why LeBron James is the best NBA player of all time '' . FoxSports . Retrieved May 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Fromal , Adam ( April 27 , 2017 ) . `` LeBron Is the Best Player the NBA Has Ever Seen , Even If He 's Not the GOAT '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved May 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Armen - Graham , Bryan ( June 11 , 2017 ) . `` It 's time to call LeBron James what he is : the NBA 's greatest ever player '' . The Guardian . Retrieved May 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Baillie , Ryan ( December 4 , 2017 ) . `` LeBron James Is The Best NBA Player Of All Time And It Is Time To Accept It '' . Odyssey Online . Retrieved September 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jones , Ryan ( 2003 ) . King James : Believe the Hype . New York : St. Martin 's Griffin . ISBN 0 - 312 - 34992 - 0 . Jump up ^ Donegan , Lawrence ( March 2 , 2003 ) . `` America 's most wanted '' . The Guardian . Retrieved May 29 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` LeBron James Biography '' . JockBio.com . Retrieved May 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Nichols , Rachel . `` LeBron James opens up on his new school , the Lakers and life 's challenges '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved July 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Covert , Colin ( October 15 , 2009 ) . `` Movie review : Band of brothers in ' More Than a Game ' '' . Star Tribune . Retrieved July 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Plain Dealer Staff Reports ( August 22 , 2013 ) . `` LeBron James , SVSM teammates to enter school 's hall of fame : High school newswatch '' . cleveland.com . Retrieved July 1 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Prospect Profile : LeBron James '' . NBA.com . Retrieved March 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lee Morgan , David ; Gaffney , Tom ( March 26 , 2000 ) . `` Winning one for Carter '' . Akron Beacon Journal . p . D8 . Retrieved July 3 , 2018 -- via Newspapers.com . ^ Jump up to : `` LeBron James stats , details , videos , and news '' . NBA.com . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Jonathan ( May 2 , 2010 ) . `` Heading Home to Celebrate '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Jones , Ryan ( December 30 , 2014 ) . `` Ohio Player '' . SLAM Magazine . Retrieved May 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Garner , Dwight ( September 9 , 2009 ) . `` An N.B.A. Giant and How He Grew '' . The New York Times . p . C1 . Retrieved May 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Withers , Tom ( July 24 , 2009 ) . `` LeBron 's Book Shows Struggle With Fame '' . CBS News . Retrieved January 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Garcia , Julian ( July 23 , 2009 ) . `` The pot thickens : LeBron James admits smoking marijuana as a high school junior in new book '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved January 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Livingston , Bill ( July 22 , 2009 ) . `` New LeBron James book tells of a ' shooting star ' always willing to learn lessons '' . The Plain Dealer . Retrieved January 30 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` James ruled ineligible , plans to appeal decision '' . ESPN . ESPN.com News Services . January 31 , 2003 . Retrieved March 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Bilas , Jay ( December 17 , 2002 ) . `` Did ' LeBron Mania ' go too far ? '' . ESPN . Retrieved August 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Broussard , Chris ( October 30 , 2003 ) . `` James Answers the Hype with Standout Debut '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Smith , Sam ( December 12 , 2003 ) . `` Hype over LeBron does n't match Alcindor 's '' . ESPN . Retrieved August 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ford , Chad ( June 18 , 2014 ) . `` Top 25 draft prospects since 2000 '' . ESPN Insider . ESPN . Retrieved August 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Prep star James can continue drive for state title '' . ESPN . Associated Press . January 27 , 2003 . Retrieved March 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 -- 2010 NCAA Division I Manual '' ( PDF ) . National Collegiate Athletic Association . August 2009 . p. 163 . Jump up ^ Bolch , Ben ( February 9 , 2003 ) . `` James Is Too Much for Westchester '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Boys Basketball D2 State Champs '' . Retrieved June 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ward , Austin ( June 2 , 2016 ) . `` Remember that time Urban Meyer tried to recruit LeBron James ? '' . ESPN . Retrieved February 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Jonathan ( May 3 , 2009 ) . `` LeBron James : Two Sports , One Superstar '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Graham , Tim ( May 31 , 2009 ) . `` LBJ and NFL : A fantasy based in reality '' . ESPN . Retrieved August 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Breech , John ( May 27 , 2013 ) . `` Theismann : LeBron James is ' talented enough ' to be an NFL QB '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved May 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Barnwell , Bill ( August 5 , 2013 ) . `` Could LeBron James Really Play in the NFL ? '' . Grantland . Retrieved August 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Ryan ( August 12 , 2013 ) . `` Mike Wallace latest to say LeBron James would dominate NFL '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved August 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2003 NBA Draft '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved April 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Expectations for James more than met '' . ESPN . Associated Press . October 30 , 2003 . Retrieved May 30 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` LeBron James : Player Info Page '' . NBA.com . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2007 . Retrieved April 27 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 20 - 5 - 5 : Tyreke Evans makes rookie history '' . News10 / KXTV . Associated Press . Archived from the original on September 21 , 2013 . Retrieved April 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2003 -- 04 Cleveland Cavaliers '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved April 27 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 2005 NBA All - Star Game '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pierce , Charles ( February 21 , 2005 ) . `` The Future Is Now '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved May 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2004 -- 2005 Season '' ( PDF ) . NBA . Retrieved June 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2004 -- 05 Cleveland Cavaliers '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved April 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Sheridan , Chris ( February 19 , 2006 ) . `` LeBron and Pistons lead East to All - Star game win '' . ESPN . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` LeBron James NBA & ABA Stats '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved April 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` James , Nash share Sporting News MVP award '' . ESPN . Associated Press . May 12 , 2006 . Retrieved May 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` James , Cavs Top Mavs To Clinch Playoff Berth '' . NBA.com . March 29 , 2006 . Retrieved May 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` James ' playoff debut triple - double carries Cavs '' . ESPN . Associated Press . April 22 , 2006 . Retrieved May 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ The NBA Realist ( May 3 , 2011 ) . `` Kobe Bryant vs. Lebron James : Game Winning Shots '' . Chasing 23 . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2013 . Retrieved June 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cavaliers Win Series 4 -- 2 '' . ESPN . May 6 , 2006 . Retrieved May 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 NBA Playoffs Summary '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved April 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Windhorst , Brian ( Oct 2 , 2013 ) . `` LeBron James returns to chalk toss '' . ESPN . Retrieved November 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mandell , Nina ( October 30 , 2014 ) . `` LeBron James is bringing the chalk toss back after 95 % of Twitter users voted yes '' . USA Today . Retrieved November 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Simmons , Bill ( 2009 ) . The Book of Basketball . New York : ESPN Books . p. 499 . ISBN 9780345511768 . Jump up ^ `` Now playoff - bound , Cavs ' 50th win caps season '' . ESPN . Associated Press . April 19 , 2007 . Retrieved June 2 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 -- 07 Cleveland Cavaliers '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved April 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron bewilders Pistons as Cavaliers inch closer to NBA finals '' . ESPN . Associated Press . Jun 1 , 2007 . Retrieved May 31 , 2007 . Jump up ^ LeBron James takes over Game 5 ! on YouTube ^ Jump up to : ESPN.com Staff ( June 20 , 2012 ) . `` Greatest NBA playoff performances '' . ESPN . Retrieved June 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Gibson 's 31 points , James ' balanced play puts Cavs in NBA Finals '' . ESPN . Associated Press . June 2 , 2007 . Retrieved December 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2007 NBA Playoffs Summary '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved April 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2007 NBA Finals '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved 6 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Allen 's flurry of 3s help East hold on for All - Star win '' . ESPN . Associated Press . February 18 , 2008 . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Starkey , Mike ( March 21 , 2008 ) . `` LeBron James becomes Cleveland Cavaliers all - time scoring leader '' . cleveland.com . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Haberstroh , Tom ( December 26 , 2012 ) . `` LeBron James : ' Scoring not my job ' '' . ESPN . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2007 -- 08 NBA Standings '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved February 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 NBA Playoffs Summary '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved April 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pierce , James duke it out as Celtics close out Cavs in Game 7 '' . ESPN . Associated Press . May 19 , 2008 . Retrieved February 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ MacMahon , Tim ( May 28 , 2011 ) . `` Stevenson : LeBron beef ' pretty much over ' '' . ESPN . Retrieved April 13 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Jonathan ( May 5 , 2010 ) . `` On Defense , James Is Closer Than He Appears '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 11 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Howard , Bryant headline 2008 -- 09 NBA All - Defensive First Team '' . NBA.com . May 6 , 2009 . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Simmons , Bill ( 2009 ) . The Book of Basketball . New York : ESPN Books . p. 477 . ISBN 9780345511768 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron sits as Cavs fail to match best home record '' . Toledo Blade . Associated Press . April 16 , 2009 . Retrieved February 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` James outdistances Bryant in winning Kia MVP award '' . NBA.com . May 4 , 2009 . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2009 . Retrieved May 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Hollinger , John ( March 24 , 2009 ) . `` PER Diem : March 24 , 2009 '' . ESPN Insider . ESPN . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 NBA Playoffs Summary '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved April 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` James ' dramatic buzzer - beater drops Magic , evens series at 1 -- 1 '' . ESPN . Associated Press . May 23 , 2009 . Retrieved February 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Phil ( June 2 , 2009 ) . `` LeBron sent a clear message by not shaking hands with Magic '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved July 18 , 2010 . Not only would it have saved him the smattering of grief he 's been getting from the media and fans the last few days , it just would have also been the right thing to do Jump up ^ Rhoden , William ( June 2 , 2009 ) . `` A Handshake Is Not Too Much to Ask , Even From a King '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 18 , 2010 . It 's hard for me to congratulate somebody after you just lose to them ^ Jump up to : `` LeBron : Do what 's best for team '' . ESPN . Associated Press . June 8 , 2013 . Retrieved June 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Schmitt Boyer , Mary ( February 5 , 2010 ) . `` Cleveland Cavaliers star LeBron James glad point - guard assignment is temporary '' . cleveland.com . Retrieved July 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 -- 10 NBA Season Summary '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved July 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James Wins NBA 's 2009 -- 10 Most Valuable Player Award '' . Cleveland Cavaliers Official Website . May 2 , 2010 . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` LeBron 's triple - double not enough as Celtics move on to face Magic '' . ESPN . Associated Press . May 13 , 2010 . Retrieved July 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Moore , Matt ( May 11 , 2010 ) . `` NBA Playoffs Celtics Cavs Game 5 : Celtics dominate as LeBron James fails in the big time '' . NBC Sports . Retrieved July 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Celtics hand Cavaliers worst home playoff loss in team history '' . ESPN . Associated Press . May 11 , 2010 . Retrieved July 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James goes home '' . ESPN The Magazine . July 11 , 2014 . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Free Agency : Who 's going where ? '' . ESPN . June 30 , 2010 . Retrieved October 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron says he 'll sign with Miami Heat '' . Fox Sports . August 9 , 2010 . Retrieved October 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Windhorst , Brian ( July 8 , 2011 ) . `` A look back at the fateful ' Decision ' '' . ESPN . Retrieved April 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James makes his pick : He 's going to Miami '' . NBA.com . Associated Press . July 9 , 2010 . Archived from the original on July 11 , 2010 . Retrieved July 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Starting Blocks , The Plain Dealer ( July 12 , 2010 ) . `` LeBron James ' ' Decision ' generated $6 million in ad revenue '' . cleveland.com . Retrieved June 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Wade granted one of his wishes with Bosh coming to Miami '' . NBA.com . Associated Press . July 7 , 2010 . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2010 . Retrieved October 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Done deals : LeBron , Bosh and Wade sign six - year contracts '' . NBA.com . Associated Press . July 9 , 2010 . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Windhorst , Brian ( July 10 , 2010 ) . `` Inside ' The Decision ' : Miami 's coup was a ' surprise ' built on long - coveted goal of James , Wade and Bosh '' . The Plain Dealer . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2010 . Retrieved November 9 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Thomsen , Ian ( July 19 , 2010 ) . `` The Plot Starts Here ... Showtime Starts Here '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved March 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Biggane , Brian ( July 10 , 2010 ) . `` LeBron James admits Pat Riley sold him on being part of a family with Miami Heat '' . The Palm Beach Post . Retrieved July 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wojnarowski , Adrian ( July 16 , 2010 ) . `` Inside look at LeBron 's free - agent coup '' . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2010 . Retrieved November 9 , 2010 ... the issue of James ' immaturity and downright disrespectfulness had become a consuming topic on the march to the Olympics Jump up ^ `` Open Letter to Fans from Cavaliers Majority Owner Dan Gilbert '' ( Press release ) . Cleveland Cavaliers . July 8 , 2010 . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2010 . Retrieved November 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ron , Nurwisah ( November 9 , 2010 ) . `` Cleveland Plain Dealer 's final word on LeBron James '' . National Post . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Jonathan ; Shipp , Catherine ( July 10 , 2010 ) . `` Criticism Grows as James Arrives in Miami '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2010 . Retrieved November 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ ESPN.com News Services ( July 19 , 2010 ) . `` Jordan would n't have called Magic , Bird '' . ESPN . Retrieved July 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Rothbard , Barry ( July 20 , 2010 ) . `` Magic Johnson Says He Would n't Have Joined Bird After LeBron James 's Move '' . Bloomberg L.P. Archived from the original on November 9 , 2010 . Retrieved November 9 , 2010 . From college , I was trying to figure out how to beat Larry Bird . Jump up ^ Freeman , Mike ( September 30 , 2010 ) . `` Lambasted LeBron conveniently sees hurtful role of race '' . CBS Sports . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2010 . Retrieved November 9 , 2010 . He has catered to corporate America , mostly ignored issues that affect people of color , and then when so many people turned on James , he 's now suddenly seeing the racial light . Jump up ^ Whitlock , Jason ( September 30 , 2010 ) . `` Point the finger at yourself , LeBron '' . Fox Sports . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2010 . Retrieved November 9 , 2010 . LeBron 's enablers are providing him the racial cocoon of denial . They 're giving LeBron an excuse to avoid dealing with his own bad ( The ) Decision . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Michael ( February 8 , 2012 ) . `` Forbes : Vick , Tiger among most ' disliked ' athletes '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Weir , Tom ( December 6 , 2011 ) . `` LeBron James expresses regrets about ' The Decision ' '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wetzel , Dan ( December 21 , 2010 ) . `` LeBron 's decisive backlash tops all stories '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kerasotis , Peter ( December 25 , 2011 ) . `` For Miami Heat , High Hopes but Lower Volume '' . The New York Times . p . SP8 . Retrieved June 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Moehringer , J.R. ( September 2010 ) . `` Into the Funhouse with King James '' . GQ . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2010 . Retrieved November 9 , 2010 . During that postmortem interview , when Moehringer asked James what he 'd change if he had a do - over , James replied , ' Nothing at all . ' Jump up ^ Kaplan , Thomas ( November 1 , 2010 ) . `` James Faces Jeering , but Little Competition '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 5 , 2010 . ' If I had to go back on it , I probably would do it a little bit different , ' James said before the game . ' But I 'm happy with my decision . ' He declined to be more specific . ^ Jump up to : ESPN.com News Services ( July 10 , 2010 ) . `` Heat stars sign six - year deals '' . ESPN . Retrieved March 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hochman , Benjamin ( July 9 , 2010 ) . `` LeBron James ' choice puts Miami back in the game '' . The Denver Post . Retrieved July 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Heat throw welcome party for LeBron James , Chris Bosh '' . USA Today . Associated Press . July 9 , 2010 . Retrieved November 4 , 2010 . With 13,000 fans chanting `` Yes We Did ! '' amid an atmosphere more suited to a rock concert than a basketball game , the Miami Heat welcomed the NBA 's newest trio of superstars Friday night for a celebration unlike just about any other in team history . Jump up ^ Wade , Dwyane ; Bosh , Chris ; James , LeBron ( July 10 , 2010 ) . `` On Stage Interview with Wade , Bosh and James -- July 9 , 2010 '' . NBA.com ( Interview ) . Interviewed by Eric Reid . Retrieved June 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wharton , David ( January 10 , 2012 ) . `` Miami 's upgrade status holds lessons for Clippers '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved June 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Beck , Howard ( October 26 , 2010 ) . `` Shift in Talent Fortifies Elite Teams '' . The New York Times . p . B -- 12 . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2010 . Retrieved November 9 , 2010 . In that moment on July 9 , amid the pyrotechnics , the Miami Heat became a national Rorschach test . Everyone saw something : greatness , arrogance , self - indulgence , boldness , cowardice , pride , friendship , collusion , joy , cynicism , heroes , mercenaries . Jump up ^ Starting Blocks ( June 12 , 2011 ) . `` LeBron James : ' Not 2 , not 3 , not 4 , not 5 , not 6 , not 7 ' titles ... None ? : Video '' . cleveland.com . Retrieved June 28 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Windhorst , Brian ( December 7 , 2011 ) . `` LeBron James : No more Mr. Bad Guy '' . ESPN . Retrieved June 28 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Magoloff , Scott ( July 12 , 2014 ) . `` LeBron James : A timeline of his Miami Heat career '' . Miami Herald . Retrieved March 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James returns to Cleveland '' . ESPN . Associated Press . December 3 , 2010 . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron shrugs off boos in return to Cleveland to lead Heat to easy win '' . ESPN . Associated Press . December 2 , 2010 . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 - 11 NBA Season Summary '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved March 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2011 NBA Playoffs Summary '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved February 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Windhorst , Brian ( May 12 , 2011 ) . `` 1 . One Year Later , Sweet Turnaround For James '' . ESPN . Retrieved March 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Heat 's LeBron James closes out Celtics in Game 5 : Video '' . cleveland.com . Associated Press . May 12 , 2011 . Retrieved March 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kevin Durant , Thunder pull away from Heat , win Game 1 '' . ESPN . Associated Press . June 12 , 2012 . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hollis , Charles ( June 15 , 2011 ) . `` Hot Corner : With NBA title at stake , LeBron James was a big flop '' . cleveland.com . Retrieved March 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Goldsberry , Kirk . `` The Evolution of King James '' . Grantland . Retrieved April 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Dwork , David ( February 5 , 2012 ) . `` Heat top Raptors , tie best start in franchise history '' . Hot Hot Hoops . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James wins 3rd NBA MVP award '' . CBS News . Associated Press . May 12 , 2012 . Retrieved June 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James scores 20,000 th '' . ESPN . Associated Press . January 17 , 2013 . Retrieved November 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ ESPN.com News Services ( May 17 , 2012 ) . `` Roy Hibbert scores 19 and adds 18 boards as Pacers pound Heat '' . ESPN . Retrieved March 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` James ' box score gem powers Heat '' . ESPN . ESPN Stats & Information . May 20 , 2012 . Retrieved March 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Windhorst , Brian ( September 29 , 2012 ) . `` LeBron eyeing ' point power forward ' role ? '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Vardon , Joe ( March 5 , 2016 ) . `` LeBron James is embracing playing power forward for the Cavaliers like never before '' . The Plain Dealer . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Beck , Howard ( June 7 , 2012 ) . `` James Takes Game 6 Personally '' . New York Times . Retrieved March 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Abdul - Jabbar , Kareem ( June 13 , 2012 ) . `` Finals take edge off season 's start '' . ESPN . Retrieved March 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Heat overcome Russell Westbrook 's 43 points , take 3 -- 1 Finals lead '' . ESPN.com . Associated Press . Retrieved February 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James , Heat dominate Thunder to win NBA championship '' . ESPN . Associated Press . June 22 , 2012 . Retrieved February 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Washburn , Gary ( June 22 , 2012 ) . `` MVP clear choice '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved June 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Pelton , Kevin ( June 10 , 2013 ) . `` Best playoff runs : Players 1 - 5 '' . ESPN Insider . ESPN . Retrieved May 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James sets NBA record in Heat 's win against Blazers '' . ESPN . Associated Press . February 13 , 2013 . Retrieved May 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stein , Marc ( March 1 , 2013 ) . `` Weekend Dime -- ESPN '' . ESPN . Retrieved March 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jhabvala , Nicki . `` Timeline of the Miami Heat 's Winning Streak '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mahoney , Rob . `` LeBron James ' month for the ages '' . Sports Illustrated . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2013 . Retrieved March 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Miami Heat Franchise Index '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved August 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` James wins 4th Kia MVP award in near unanimous vote '' . NBA.com . Associated Press . May 6 , 2013 . Retrieved March 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James ' layup as time expires in OT lifts Heat past Pacers '' . ESPN.com . May 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James says he went back to his ' Cleveland days ' in Game 5 '' . Vox Media . Retrieved June 3 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2013 NBA Playoffs Summary '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved May 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Golliver , Ben . `` Heat 's LeBron James eyes Finals rematch with Spurs : ' I 'm a much better player ' '' . Sports Illustrated . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2013 . Retrieved June 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pelton , Kevin . `` What 's wrong with LeBron James ? '' . ESPN Insider . Retrieved June 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ray Allen 's late 3 forces OT , Heat edge Spurs to force Game 7 '' . ESPN . Retrieved June 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James named Finals MVP '' . ESPN . June 20 , 2013 . Retrieved June 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 NBA Finals Composite Box Score '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved June 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James ' 61 points in win set career , Heat records '' . ESPN . Retrieved March 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pacers get top seed in East as short - handed Heat fall to Wizards '' . ESPN . Retrieved May 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Notebook : Heat 102 , Nets 96 '' . NBA.com . Retrieved May 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Windhorst , Brian . `` Legacy grows for Miami 's Big 3 '' . ESPN . Retrieved May 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Young , Royce . `` Air conditioning goes out in Game 1 '' . ESPN.com . ESPN . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James leads all scorers with 35 points as Heat take Game 2 '' . ESPN . Retrieved June 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Spurs shake early deficit to snuff out Heat and win 5th NBA title '' . ESPN . Retrieved August 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 NBA Finals '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved June 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McMenamin , Dave ( February 25 , 2015 ) . `` LeBron breaks Scottie Pippen 's mark '' . ESPN . Retrieved February 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McMenamin , Dave . `` LeBron becomes Cavs ' assist leader '' . ESPN . Retrieved April 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James will opt out of contract '' . SportsCenter . ESPN . June 24 , 2014 . Retrieved June 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James rejoins Cleveland Cavaliers in free agency '' . Sports Illustrated . USA Today . July 11 , 2014 . Retrieved July 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Levin , Josh . `` Nice Rebound ! '' . Slate . Retrieved July 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Simmons , Bill . `` God Loves Cleveland '' . Grantland . Retrieved July 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Zach . `` The Decision 2.0 : OK , What 's Next ? '' . Grantland . Retrieved July 13 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Windhorst , Brian ( July 12 , 2014 ) . `` LeBron deal has eye on future cap '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved July 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bloomberg News . `` LeBron to Cleveland : I 'm coming home '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ESPN News Services . `` Kevin Love traded to Cavaliers '' . ESPN . Retrieved December 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Feldman , Dan . `` LeBron James out two weeks with multiple injuries '' . NBC Sports . Retrieved January 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James hits buzzer beater as Cavaliers edge Bulls '' . Yahoo Sports . Retrieved May 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Moore , Matt . `` The crown is forever heavy : LeBron James and his Finals legacy '' . CBS Sports . ^ Jump up to : `` 2015 NBA Finals '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved June 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Neck and neck : Just how close was Finals MVP voting ? '' . Fox Sports . Retrieved July 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Windhorst , Brian . `` For NBA coaches , is LeBron James really a big professional hazard ? '' . ESPN . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ SN Staff ; McMenamin , Dave ; Walks , Matt . `` LeBron not interested in discussing whether he unfollowed Cavs '' . ESPN . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2015 - 16 NBA Season Summary '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chase for 73 : Warriors one for the ages now '' . ESPN . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2016 NBA Finals '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Azande , J.A. `` LeBron James ' transcendent performance sets Game 7 stage '' . ESPN . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nadkarni , Rohan . `` The Block : An in - depth look at LeBron James 's game - altering play '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Herbert , James . `` Kevin Durant on LeBron James ' block : ' He looked like Batman ' '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McMenamin , Dave . `` When LeBron swooped in and changed the course of Cavs ' history '' . ESPN . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bontemps , Tim . `` Cavaliers end over 50 years of Cleveland sports heartbreak with first NBA championship '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James wins NBA Finals MVP for 3rd time '' . NBA.com . Associated Press . June 19 , 2016 . Retrieved June 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dan , Feldman . `` LeBron James becomes first player on record to lead series in points , rebounds , assists , steals and blocks '' . Pro Basketball Talk . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McMenamin , Dave . `` ' Fantasy ' no more : LeBron James gives Cavs ' season a wake - up call '' . ESPN . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vardon , Joe . `` LeBron James posts second straight triple - double , Cavs snap three - game skid 116 - 104 over Magic '' . Cleveland.com . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Joseph , Adi . `` Cavs should send LeBron on in - season vacation after latest rant '' . USA Today . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McMenamin , Dave . `` LeBron James leads Cleveland to historic comeback win '' . ESPN . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` James passes Jordan , Cavs back in Finals with 135 - 102 win '' . ESPN . May 25 , 2017 . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Maloney , Jack . `` Cavaliers set for third straight NBA Finals vs. Warriors after bouncing Celtics '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved August 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James Becomes 1st Player to Average Triple - Double in NBA Finals History '' . Bleacher Report . June 13 , 2017 . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James scores 57 , Cavaliers top Wiz 130 - 122 , end skid '' . ESPN . November 3 , 2017 . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cleveland Cavaliers star LeBron James ejected for first time in career '' . NBA.com . November 28 , 2017 . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James has 60th triple - double , Cavs beat Jazz 109 - 100 '' . ESPN . December 16 , 2017 . Retrieved December 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron gets 30,000 , but Spurs beat slumping Cavs 114 - 102 '' . ESPN . January 23 , 2018 . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` James leads Cavaliers past Nets 129 - 123 '' . ESPN . February 27 , 2018 . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron breaks Jordan record as Cavs down Pelicans 107 - 102 '' . ESPN . March 30 , 2018 . Retrieved March 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James reaches eighth straight NBA Finals as Cavaliers beat Celtics 87 - 79 in Game 7 '' . Chicago Tribune . May 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors withstand James ' 51 points to win NBA Finals Game 1 '' . ESPN . May 31 , 2018 . Retrieved May 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dub Dynasty : Warriors sweep Cavaliers for second straight title '' . ESPN.com . June 8 , 2018 . Retrieved June 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Andrea , Christian ( June 29 , 2018 ) . `` LeBron James will opt out of contract with Cavaliers , become free agent '' . SBNation.com . Retrieved July 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James agrees to four - year , $154 - million contract with Los Angeles Lakers '' . NBA.com . July 1 , 2018 . Retrieved July 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lakers Sign LeBron James '' . NBA.com . July 9 , 2018 . Retrieved July 9 , 2018 . 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Jump up ^ Simmons , Bill . `` 50 Shades of Westbrook '' . The Ringer . Retrieved April 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Araton , Harvey ( March 8 , 2011 ) . `` With Stars Aplenty , Heat Looks for Leader '' . The New York Times . p . B11 . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Zillgitt , Jeff . `` LeBron James ' 50 times better ' than in 2007 NBA Finals '' . USA Today . Retrieved April 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Haberstroh , Tom . `` Is LeBron James an elite shooter ? '' . ESPN . Retrieved June 17 , 2013 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Lowe , Zach . `` The Miami Juggernaut '' . Grantland . Retrieved April 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Levy , Ian . `` What Drives LeBron James ' Scoring Efficiency ? '' . Hardwood Paroxysm . Archived from the original on April 9 , 2017 . Retrieved April 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Haberstroh , Tom . `` Miami Heat : 2013 - 14 roster ( Subscription required ) '' . ESPN Insider . Retrieved September 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Shoals , Bethlehem . `` LeBron James Is Underrated and Overlooked '' . GQ . Retrieved April 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Engelmann , Jeremias . `` NBA has co-MVPs this season '' . ESPN Insider . Retrieved April 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ John Schuhmann ( @ johnschuhmann ) ( 29 December 2015 ) . `` The worst high - volume shooters from outside the paint , a list topped by LeBron James & Kobe Bryant '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Lowe , Zach . `` The Decision 2.0 : OK , What 's Next ? '' . Grantland . Jump up ^ McMenamin , Dave . `` LeBron James gets 7,000 th career assist in first quarter vs. Hornets '' . ESPN . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rosenberg , Michael ( May 21 , 2012 ) . `` Do n't hate LeBron , enjoy him ; he 's most gifted player in NBA history '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved June 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mahoney , Rob . `` The Case For : LeBron James as Most Valuable Player '' . Sports Illustrated . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2013 . Retrieved June 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Windhorst , Brian . `` LeBron James ' unprecedented season of sharing has arrived '' . ESPN . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Morre , Matt ( March 10 , 2012 ) . `` Heat 93 , Pacers 91 : LeBron is clutch , then not clutch , clutch enough ? '' . CBSSports.com . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Scoop ( March 8 , 2012 ) . `` LeBron 's stomach - turning stigma '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Chiavetta , Ryan ( January 13 , 2012 ) . `` Chris Bosh Says Dwyane Wade , Not Lebron James , Should Be Heat Closer '' . New England Sports Network . Archived from the original on January 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Pane , Neil . `` LeBron May Be The Most Clutch Playoff Shooter Of His Generation '' . Retrieved May 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron against the all - time greats '' . ESPN . Retrieved June 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Haberstroh , Tom . `` ' Point center ' LeBron James fourth in DPOY '' . ESPN . Retrieved June 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Zach . `` Lights , Cameras , Revolution '' . Grantland . Retrieved June 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Harper , Zach . `` LeBron James ' defensive assignment allows versatility for Miami Heat '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved June 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Haberstroh , Tom . `` Who 's the real plus - minus MVP ? '' . ESPN Insider . Retrieved June 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Partnow , Seth . `` Here 's proof LeBron James is exiting the prime of his career '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved August 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pelton , Kevin . `` LeBron 's ' chill mode ' hurting Cavs '' . ESPN . Retrieved April 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Duncan , Nate . `` Player profiles : Projecting LeBron , Kyrie , Love and the Cavs '' . ESPN Insider . Retrieved October 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wire Reports ( January 1 , 2012 ) . `` LeBron James and Savannah Brinson are engaged '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` LEBRON WEDS GIRLFRIEND IN SAN DIEGO '' . AP . Retrieved September 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Amato . `` LeBron James ' Kids : 5 Fast Facts You Need to Know '' . Heavy.com . Retrieved October 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Said . `` LeBron James Kids '' . TheRichest . Retrieved October 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ CNN Library . `` LeBron James Fast Facts '' . CNN . Retrieved August 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Carter , Nicole ( December 9 , 2010 ) . `` Miami heat : LeBron James buys $9 M mansion in Coconut Grove , Fla '' . New York : NY Daily News . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James Snags Brentwood Mansion for $21 Million '' . Variety . November 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Vardon , Joe . `` LeBron James is the ' face ' of the NBA , but is Stephen Curry next ? '' . Cleveland.com . Retrieved February 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Feldman , Dan . `` LeBron James reportedly asked Adam Silver for longer All - Star break , fewer back - to - backs '' . NBC Sports . Retrieved February 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pollakoff , Brett . `` Report : LeBron James elected Vice President of NBA Players Association '' . NBC Sports . Retrieved February 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Some Call LeBron James ' ' Vogue ' Cover Offensive '' . National Public Radio . March 27 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Hill , Jemele ( March 21 , 2008 ) . `` LeBron should be more careful with his image '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2010 . But this cover gave you the double - bonus of having LeBron and Gisele strike poses that others in the blogosphere have noted draw a striking resemblance to the racially charged image of King Kong enveloping his very fair - skinned lady love interest . Jump up ^ `` The Most Influential Athletes '' . Forbes . April 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Van Riper , Tom . `` Most Influential Athletes 2013 '' . Forbes . Retrieved July 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Dove , Rita . `` LeBron James : Time 100 '' . Time . Retrieved May 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cho , Janet . `` Sherwin - Williams replaces LeBron poster with Cleveland skyline '' . Cleveland.com . Retrieved July 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Briggs , David ( October 5 , 2007 ) . `` LeBron spurns Tribe , sports Yanks cap '' . MLB.com . Jump up ^ America 's Most Disliked Athletes . Forbes ; February 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rovell , Darren . `` LeBron James NBA 's most popular '' . ESPN . Retrieved July 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Harper , Zach . `` LeBron James is finally the most popular male athlete in America '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved July 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rovell , Darren . `` LeBron James tops jersey sale '' . ESPN . Retrieved April 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Chronicle News Services . `` NBA : LeBron becomes third man on Vogue cover '' . Houston Chronicle . Retrieved February 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James -- Forbes '' . Forbes . Retrieved June 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Windhost , Brian ( September 13 , 2012 ) . `` LeBron chooses Rich Paul as agent '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Freeman , Eric ( September 13 , 2012 ) . `` On LeBron James ' bold move to leave CAA , and the league - wide implications that could result '' . yahoo.com . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Taddeo , Lisa ( July 6 , 2010 ) . `` LeBron James 's Magnum - sized , Ultrashiny , Nike - powered Lawn Mower to the Next Century '' . Esquire . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Windhorst , Brian . `` LeBron James transitioning from businessman to a business , man '' . ESPN . Retrieved May 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Winderman , , Ira ( July 8 , 2010 ) . `` Sun Sentinel : LeBron James to join Chris Bosh , Heat 's Dwyane Wade '' . SunSentinel . Retrieved July 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron officially signs contract extension with Cavs '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved May 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Megdal , Howard . `` LeBron James , decisions , and how Carmelo Anthony squandered all his leverage '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved February 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James Opts Out of Contract '' . International Business Times . Retrieved June 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cavaliers Re-sign Forward LeBron James '' . NBA.com . July 10 , 2015 . Retrieved July 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sam , Amick . `` LeBron James gets two - year contract with Cavaliers '' . USA Today . Retrieved May 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cavaliers And LeBron James Sign Multi-Year Contract '' . NBA.com . August 12 , 2016 . Retrieved August 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Pat . `` NBA Scoreboard Stats Standings Teams Players Odds LeBron James Just Became NBA 's Highest - Paid Player For First Time Ever '' . NESN . Retrieved September 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Iconic LeBron James banner getting championship upgrade '' . USA Today . Associated Press . October 17 , 2016 . Retrieved March 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Adams , Ariel . `` You Can Now Buy The $51,500 LeBron James Limited Edition Watch By Audemars Piguet '' . Forbes . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Highkin , Sean . `` Magic Johnson thinks LeBron does n't have enough endorsements '' . USA Today . Retrieved June 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dunkin ' aims at China with pork donuts , LeBron James '' . Reuters . March 5 , 2012 . Retrieved June 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` James to endorse for McDonald 's '' . ESPN.com . Associated Press . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James enters partnership with State Farm '' . USA Today . February 13 , 2008 . Retrieved October 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Beats by Dre signs UFC star Conor McGregor to endorsement deal as it moves deeper into popular culture '' . The Drum . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 25 . Jump up ^ Rovell , Darren . `` LeBron James Signs New Deal With Nike '' . CNBC . Retrieved June 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Berman , John . `` Is LeBron James Worth $90 Million ? '' . ABC News . Retrieved June 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Eagle , Ben . `` LeBron James reportedly leads all NBA players in U.S. shoe sales '' . Sports Illustrated . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2013 . Retrieved June 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Futterman , Matthew ( April 6 , 2011 ) . `` LeBron James in Deal With Fenway Sports '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved April 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 10 famous Liverpool fans from North America '' . Liverpool F.C. April 12 , 2014 . Retrieved November 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Badenhausen , Kurt . `` Full List : The World 's 50 Highest - Paid Athletes '' . Forbes . Retrieved July 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Golliver , Ben . `` LeBron James passes Kobe Bryant on SI 's ' Fortunate 50 ' highest - earning athletes list '' . Sports Illustrated . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2013 . Retrieved May 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Windhorst , Brian . `` Heat look to target Carmelo Anthony '' . ESPN . Retrieved June 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The World 's Highest - Paid Celebrities '' . Forbes . November 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The World 's Highest Paid Athletes List 2016 '' . Forbes . June 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James : `` My Dream Is To Actually Own An NBA Team '' `` . Jump up ^ ESPN.com news services . `` LeBron , Kimmel to co-host ESPY Awards '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved February 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` SNL Transcripts : LeBron James '' . SNL Transcripts . Retrieved February 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lebron James Matt Damon `` Entourage '' Cameo October 4 `` . Pop Crunch . Retrieved July 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Smith , Troy L. `` LeBron James filming ' Trainwreck ' with Amy Schumer and other movie projects '' . Cleveland.com . Retrieved August 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Greatest Movie Performance by an Active Professional Basketball Player '' . The New Yorker . July 20 , 2015 . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James 's confessional video web site for athletes gets investment from Turner and Warner Bros '' . Mashable . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James ' SpringHill Entertainment Signs Deal With Warner Bros '' . The Hollywood Reporter . July 22 , 2015 . Retrieved May 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Levin , Josh . `` Self - Love and Basketball '' . Slate . Retrieved February 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Windhorst , Brian ( February 10 , 2015 ) . `` Disney XD picks up ' Becoming ' '' . ESPN . Retrieved May 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` King of Comedy : Trailer for LeBron 's new sitcom released '' . Fox Sports . Retrieved August 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The LeBrons : Season 2 Kickoff Party with LeBron James '' . Houston Press . February 18 , 2013 . Retrieved May 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James ' reality TV show ' Cleveland Hustles ' to premiere Aug. 24 '' . Crain 's Cleveland Business . April 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` '' The Carter Effect '' Trailer `` . cowbellkingdom.com . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Look : LeBron , business partner dine with Drake '' . theScore.com . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James ' production company to remake 1990 hit ' House Party ' '' . ABC.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2018/02/19/587097707/laura-ingraham-told-lebron-james-to-shutup-and-dribble-he-went-to-the-hoop Jump up ^ `` LeBron doc ' Shut Up and Dribble ' set to air on TV '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James Charity Work , Events and Causes '' . Look to the Stars . Retrieved July 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James Just Delivered Nikes He Helped Design for Kids With Disabilities '' . Global Citizen . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 25 . Jump up ^ EnStars ( 2015 - 12 - 17 ) . `` Inspiring Videos : Cleveland Cavaliers Star LeBron James Pays Respect To A Fan In The Middle Of A Game '' . Enstarz . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` The LeBron James Family Foundation to Unveil its Brand New Website , LeBronJamesFamilyFoundation.org '' . NBA.com . Retrieved July 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron 's bike event stresses education '' . ESPN.com . Associated Press . Retrieved July 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ ESPN.com news services . `` LeBron James , Akron to fund 4 - year scholarships for I Promise students '' . ESPN . Retrieved October 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James donates $2.5 million to Smithsonian 's Muhammad Ali exhibit '' . ESPN.com . November 17 , 2016 . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James Wins PBWA 's 2016 - 17 J. Walter Kennedy Citizenship Award '' . Cleveland Cavaliers Official Website . Retrieved May 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/nba/2017/11/28/board-oks-plan-for-lebron-james-i-promise-school-in-akron/108092894/ Jump up ^ Singer , Michael . `` LeBron James : Opening school is my most important professional accomplishment '' . USA Today . Retrieved 8 August 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Wallace , Michael . `` LeBron : No place for Sterling '' . ESPN . Retrieved April 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` James Draws Criticism For Stand on Darfur Issue '' . Yahoo . May 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Beck , Howard ( May 16 , 2007 ) . `` Cavalier Seeks Players ' Support for Darfur '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Zimmerman , Jonathan . `` On Darfur , LeBron James drops the ball '' . Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved June 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Smith , Shelley ( May 16 , 2008 ) . `` LeBron speaking out on Darfur '' . ESPN . Jump up ^ Hill , Jemele . `` The Heat 's hoodies as change agent '' . ESPN . Retrieved April 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McMenamin , Dave . `` LeBron James : Bigger issues at play '' . ESPN . Retrieved December 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McMenamin , Dave . `` LeBron , Irving in ' I Ca n't Breathe ' tees '' . ESPN . Retrieved December 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ward - Henninger , Colin . `` Cavs ' LeBron James responds to racist graffiti on house with powerful statement '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved 8 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Tsuji , Alysha . `` LeBron James saddened by Charlottesville : ' Make America Great Again huh ? ! ' '' . For The Win . USA Today . Retrieved 8 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Bonesteel , Matt ; Marissa Payne . `` LeBron James sticks up for Stephen Curry , calls President Trump a ' bum ' '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 8 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Gaydos , Ryan . `` LeBron : Trump is using sports to ' divide ' the country '' . New York Post . Retrieved 8 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Lieu , Amy . `` Trump tweet slams LeBron James , Don Lemon over CNN interview '' . Fox News . Retrieved 8 August 2018 . Jump up ^ https://www.sbnation.com/nba/2018/8/4/17651332/lebron-james-donald-trump-tweets Jump up ^ `` Lebron donates cash to Obama '' . InsideHoops.com . July 31 , 2008 . Retrieved May 7 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jay - Z , LeBron James get out vote for Obama '' . msnbc . October 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Rooney , Kyle ( November 8 , 2016 ) . `` Lebron James lets fans know Love , genuine LOVE and FAITH they 'll get through '' . Hotnewhiphop . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James '' . USA Basketball Official Website . Retrieved June 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Andrew Wiggins Named Naismith Player of the Year ; Quincy Lewis Named Coach of the Year '' . SLAM Online . Retrieved July 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Grimala , Michael . `` Shabazz Muhammad is McDonald 's POY '' . ESPN . Retrieved July 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` McDonald 's High School Basketball All American Teams '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved July 4 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cleveland Cavaliers choose LeBron James with No. 1 pick in 2003 : NBA Draft rewind '' . Cleveland.com . Retrieved July 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` James ' Number Retired '' . Associated Press via cincinnati.com . Retrieved February 20 , 2003 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James Arena '' . St. Vincent - St. Mary High School . Archived from the original on April 28 , 2015 . Retrieved April 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James Arena '' . St. Vincent St. Mary . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2016 . Retrieved June 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Finalists & Past Winners '' . Cleveland Sports Awards . Retrieved January 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Young , Royce . `` LeBron James named 2013 AP Male Athlete of the Year '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved March 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jenkins , Lee ( December 3 , 2012 ) . `` Miami Heat 's LeBron James named SI 's Sportsman of the Year '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved July 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sporting News Athlete of the Year 2012 '' . Sporting News . Retrieved July 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` James , Nash share Sporting News MVP award '' . ESPN . Retrieved June 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NBA & ABA Sporting News Rookie of the Year Award Winners '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved June 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The NBA All - Decade Team '' . Sports Illustrated . December 15 , 2009 . Retrieved July 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 ESPY Awards '' . ESPN . Retrieved July 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Akron designates downtown street `` King James Way '' `` . Akron Beacon Journal . Retrieved June 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James has honorary locker at OSU '' . Fox Sports . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James has football locker at OSU '' . Cavaliers 24 / 7 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 16 . Jump up ^ Zillgitt , Jeff ( June 30 , 2018 ) . `` LeBron James ' show ' Survivor 's Remorse ' begins second season '' . usatoday.com . Retrieved June 30 , 2018 . Further reading Freedman , Lew ( 2008 ) . LeBron James : A Biography . Westport , CT : Greenwood Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 34361 - 2 . Morgan , David Lee ( 2003 ) . LeBron James : The Rise of a Star . Cleveland : Gray & Co . ISBN 1 - 886228 - 74 - 4 . Pluto , Terry ; Windhorst , Brian ( 2007 ) . The Franchise : Lebron James and the Remaking of the Cleveland Cavaliers . Cleveland : Gray & Co . ISBN 1 - 59851 - 028 - 2 . External links Find more aboutLeBron Jamesat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Career statistics and player information from NBA.com , or Basketball-Reference.com Official website NBA.com Prospect Profile : LeBron James USA Basketball -- LeBron James 100 Olympic Athletes to Watch : 1 . LeBron James LeBron James ' 61 - point game vs Charlotte Bobcats on YouTube LeBron James on IMDb `` LeBron James collected news and commentary '' . The New York Times . Los Angeles Lakers current roster 0 Kuzma 1 Caldwell - Pope 2 Ball 3 Hart 4 Caruso ( TW ) 6 Stephenson 7 McGee 9 Deng 10 Mykhailiuk 11 Beasley 14 Ingram 15 Wagner 17 Bonga 21 Wear ( TW ) 23 James 30 Carroll 40 Zubac -- Berry -- Rondo -- Williams Head coach : Walton Assistant coaches : Keefe Madsen Mermuys Moser Murray Owens Robertson Shaw LeBron James Main Career achievements 40 - plus point games The Decision The Block Family Savannah James ( wife ) LeBron James Jr. ( son ) Films More than a Game Other Big Three ( Miami Heat ) I Promise School The LeBrons Links to related articles Mr. Basketball USA winners 1955 : Chamberlain 1956 : Robertson 1957 : Lucas 1958 : Lucas 1959 : Raftery 1960 : Hawkins 1961 : Bradley 1962 : Russell 1963 : Lacy 1964 : Alcindor 1965 : Alcindor 1966 : Murphy 1967 : Haywood 1968 : Westphal 1969 : McGinnis 1970 : McMillen 1971 : Lucas 1972 : Buckner 1973 : Dantley 1974 : Malone 1975 : Cartwright 1976 : Griffith 1977 : King 1978 : Aguirre 1979 : Kellogg 1980 : Rivers 1981 : Ewing 1982 : Tisdale 1983 : R. Williams 1984 : J. Williams 1985 : Ferry 1986 : Reid 1987 : Johnson 1988 : Mourning 1989 : Anderson 1990 : Bailey 1991 : Webber 1992 : Kidd 1993 : Wallace 1994 : Lopez 1995 : Garnett 1996 : Bibby 1997 : McGrady 1998 : Lewis 1999 : Bender 2000 : Miles 2001 : Wagner 2002 : James 2003 : James 2004 : Telfair 2005 : Ellis 2006 : Oden 2007 : Mayo 2008 : Jennings 2009 : Favors 2010 : Barnes 2011 : Kidd - Gilchrist 2012 : Muhammad 2013 : Wiggins 2014 : Alexander 2015 : Simmons 2016 : Ball 2017 : Porter 2018 : Barrett Naismith Prep Player of the Year Award 1987 : Scott 1988 : Mourning 1989 : Anderson 1990 : Bailey 1991 : Webber 1992 : Kidd 1993 : Livingston 1994 : Ward 1995 : Mercer 1996 : Bryant 1997 : Battier 1998 : Harrington 1999 : Harvey 2000 : Wallace 2001 : Wagner 2002 : Felton 2003 : James 2004 : Howard 2005 : Williams 2006 : Oden 2007 : Love 2008 : Jennings 2009 : Favors 2010 : Sullinger 2011 : Rivers 2012 : Muhammad 2013 : Wiggins 2014 : Alexander 2015 : Simmons 2016 : Ball 2017 : Porter 2018 : Barrett USA Today High School Boys ' Basketball Player of the Year Award 1983 : Williams 1984 : Brooks 1985 : Ferry 1986 : Reid 1987 : Liberty 1988 : Mourning 1989 : Anderson 1990 : Bailey 1991 : Webber 1992 : Kidd 1993 : Wallace 1994 : Lopez 1995 : Garnett 1996 : Bryant 1997 : McGrady 1998 : Harrington 1999 : Harvey 2000 : Wallace 2001 : Wagner 2002 : James 2003 : James 2004 : Howard 2005 : Oden 2006 : Oden 2007 : Love 2008 : Samuels 2009 : Favors 2010 : Barnes 2011 : Rivers 2012 : Noel 2013 : Wiggins 2014 : Okafor 2015 : Simmons 2016 : Ball 2017 : Porter Gatorade High School Basketball Player of the Year Award Boys 1986 : J.R. Reid 1987 : LaBradford Smith 1988 : Alonzo Mourning 1989 : Kenny Anderson 1990 : Damon Bailey 1991 : Chris Webber 1992 : Corliss Williamson 1993 : Randy Livingston 1994 : Felipe Lopez 1995 : Stephon Marbury 1996 : Kobe Bryant 1997 : Baron Davis 1998 : Al Harrington 1999 : LaVell Blanchard 2000 : Jared Jeffries 2001 : Kelvin Torbert 2002 : LeBron James 2003 : LeBron James 2004 : Dwight Howard 2005 : Greg Oden 2006 : Greg Oden 2007 : Kevin Love 2008 : Jrue Holiday 2009 : Brandon Knight 2010 : Brandon Knight 2011 : Bradley Beal 2012 : Jabari Parker 2013 : Andrew Wiggins 2014 : Karl - Anthony Towns 2015 : Ben Simmons 2016 : Jayson Tatum 2017 : Michael Porter 2018 : R.J. Barrett Girls 1986 : Susan Anderson 1987 : Kris Durham 1988 : Vicki Hall 1989 : Lisa Harrison 1990 : Lisa Leslie 1991 : Michelle Marciniak 1992 : Katie Smith 1993 : La'Keshia Frett 1994 : Monick Foote 1995 : Stephanie White 1996 : Jamie Walz 1997 : Nikki Teasley 1998 : Tamika Williams 1999 : Nicole Kaczmarski 2000 : Shereka Wright 2001 : Shyra Ely 2002 : Ann Strother 2003 : Candace Parker 2004 : Candace Parker 2005 : Abby Waner 2006 : Tina Charles 2007 : Maya Moore 2008 : Nneka Ogwumike 2009 : Skylar Diggins 2010 : Chiney Ogwumike 2011 : Kaleena Mosqueda - Lewis 2012 : Breanna Stewart 2013 : Mercedes Russell 2014 : Brianna Turner 2015 : Katie Lou Samuelson 2016 : Erin Boley 2017 : Megan Walker 2018 : Christyn Williams Gatorade High School Athlete of the Year Award Boys 2003 : James 2004 : Howard 2005 : Paulus 2006 : Oden 2007 : Love 2008 : Barkley 2009 : Gilbert 2010 : Knight 2011 : Bundy 2012 : Gray 2013 : Wiggins 2014 : Towns 2015 : Murray 2016 : Tatum 2017 : Gore Girls 2003 : Felix 2004 : Parker 2005 : Barboza 2006 : Charles 2007 : Moore 2008 : Price 2009 : Diggins 2010 : Ogwumike 2011 : Brian 2012 : Stewart 2013 : Andrews 2014 : Turner 2015 : Hill 2016 : McLaughlin 2017 : McLaughlin McDonald 's Morgan Wootten National Player of the Year 1997 : Battier 1998 : Curry 1999 : Williams 2000 : Duhon 2001 : Miles 2002 : Francis 2003 : James 2004 : Howard 2005 : McRoberts 2006 : Oden 2007 : Love 2008 : Monroe 2009 : Favors 2010 : Barnes 2011 : Rivers 2012 : Muhammad 2013 : Parker 2014 : Okafor 2015 : Simmons 2016 : Ball 2017 : Carter 2018 : Barrett McDonald 's All - American Game -- Boys ' MVPs 1979 : Daye 1980 : Cross 1981 : Branch & Sherrod 1982 : Winters 1983 : Bennett 1984 : Williams 1985 : Lambiotte 1986 : Reid 1987 : Macon 1988 : Mourning & Owens 1989 : Hurley & O'Neal 1990 : Bradley 1991 : Webber & Brunson 1992 : Harrington 1993 : Vaughn & Stackhouse 1994 : López 1995 : Garnett 1996 : Holloway 1997 : Gregory 1998 : R. Curry 1999 : Bender 2000 : Randolph 2001 : E. Curry 2002 : Redick 2003 : James 2004 : Howard & Smith 2005 : McRoberts 2006 : Budinger & Durant 2007 : Beasley 2008 : Evans 2009 : Favors 2010 : Barnes & Sullinger 2011 : Gilchrist & McAdoo 2012 : Muhammad 2013 : Gordon 2014 : Ju. Jackson & Okafor 2015 : Diallo 2016 : F. Jackson & Jo. Jackson 2017 : Porter 2018 : Little Jordan Brand Classic All - American Game -- Boys ' MVPs 2002 : Stoudemire & May 2003 : James & Brown 2004 : Howard 2005 : Hansbrough & Blatche 2006 : Young & Durant 2007 : Greene & Fisher 2008 : Evans & Jennings 2009 : Favors & Sidney 2010 : Barnes & Irving 2011 : Davis & McAdoo 2012 : Purvis & Muhammad 2013 : Randle & Parker 2014 : Alexander & Okafor 2015 : Diallo & Trier 2016 : Fox & Monk 2017 : Bowen & Walker 2018 : Little & Williams 2003 NBA draft First round LeBron James Darko Miličić Carmelo Anthony Chris Bosh Dwyane Wade Chris Kaman Kirk Hinrich T.J. Ford Michael Sweetney Jarvis Hayes Mickaël Piétrus Nick Collison Marcus Banks Luke Ridnour Reece Gaines Troy Bell Žarko Čabarkapa David West Sasha Pavlović Dahntay Jones Boris Diaw Zoran Planinić Travis Outlaw Brian Cook Carlos Delfino Ndudi Ebi Kendrick Perkins Leandro Barbosa Josh Howard Second round Maciej Lampe Jason Kapono Luke Walton Jerome Beasley Sofoklis Schortsanitis Szymon Szewczyk Mario Austin Travis Hansen Steve Blake Slavko Vraneš Derrick Zimmerman Willie Green Zaza Pachulia Keith Bogans Malick Badiane Matt Bonner Sani Bečirovič Mo Williams James Lang James Jones Paccelis Morlende Kyle Korver Remon van de Hare Tommy Smith Nedžad Sinanović Rick Rickert Brandon Hunter Xue Yuyang Andreas Glyniadakis NBA first overall draft picks 1947 : McNeely 1948 : Tonkovich 1949 : Shannon 1950 : Share 1951 : Melchiorre 1952 : Workman 1953 : Felix 1954 : Selvy 1955 : Ricketts 1956 : Green 1957 : Hundley 1958 : Baylor 1959 : Boozer 1960 : Robertson 1961 : Bellamy 1962 : McGill 1963 : Heyman 1964 : Barnes 1965 : Hetzel 1966 : Russell 1967 : Walker 1968 : Hayes 1969 : Alcindor 1970 : Lanier 1971 : Carr 1972 : L. Martin 1973 : Collins 1974 : Walton 1975 : D. Thompson 1976 : Lucas 1977 : Benson 1978 : M. Thompson 1979 : E. Johnson 1980 : Carroll 1981 : Aguirre 1982 : Worthy 1983 : Sampson 1984 : Olajuwon 1985 : Ewing 1986 : Daugherty 1987 : D. Robinson 1988 : Manning 1989 : Ellison 1990 : Coleman 1991 : L. Johnson 1992 : O'Neal 1993 : Webber 1994 : G. Robinson 1995 : Smith 1996 : Iverson 1997 : Duncan 1998 : Olowokandi 1999 : Brand 2000 : K. Martin 2001 : Brown 2002 : Yao 2003 : James 2004 : Howard 2005 : Bogut 2006 : Bargnani 2007 : Oden 2008 : Rose 2009 : Griffin 2010 : Wall 2011 : Irving 2012 : Davis 2013 : Bennett 2014 : Wiggins 2015 : Towns 2016 : Simmons 2017 : Fultz 2018 : Ayton NBA Rookie of the Year Award 1953 : Meineke 1954 : Felix 1955 : Pettit 1956 : Stokes 1957 : Heinsohn 1958 : Sauldsberry 1959 : Baylor 1960 : Chamberlain 1961 : Robertson 1962 : Bellamy 1963 : Dischinger 1964 : Lucas 1965 : Reed 1966 : Barry 1967 : Bing 1968 : Monroe 1969 : Unseld 1970 : Alcindor 1971 : Cowens & Petrie 1972 : Wicks 1973 : McAdoo 1974 : DiGregorio 1975 : Wilkes 1976 : Adams 1977 : Dantley 1978 : Davis 1979 : Ford 1980 : Bird 1981 : Griffith 1982 : Williams 1983 : Cummings 1984 : Sampson 1985 : Jordan 1986 : Ewing 1987 : Person 1988 : Jackson 1989 : Richmond 1990 : Robinson 1991 : Coleman 1992 : Johnson 1993 : O'Neal 1994 : Webber 1995 : Hill & Kidd 1996 : Stoudamire 1997 : Iverson 1998 : Duncan 1999 : Carter 2000 : Brand & Francis 2001 : Miller 2002 : Gasol 2003 : Stoudemire 2004 : James 2005 : Okafor 2006 : Paul 2007 : Roy 2008 : Durant 2009 : Rose 2010 : Evans 2011 : Griffin 2012 : Irving 2013 : Lillard 2014 : Carter - Williams 2015 : Wiggins 2016 : Towns 2017 : Brogdon 2018 : Simmons NBA All - Star Game Most Valuable Player Award 1951 : Macauley 1952 : Arizin 1953 : Mikan 1954 : Cousy 1955 : Sharman 1956 : Pettit 1957 : Cousy 1958 : Pettit 1959 : Baylor & Pettit 1960 : Chamberlain 1961 : Robertson 1962 : Pettit 1963 : Russell 1964 : Robertson 1965 : Lucas 1966 : A. Smith 1967 : Barry 1968 : Greer 1969 : Robertson 1970 : Reed 1971 : Wilkens 1972 : West 1973 : Cowens 1974 : Lanier 1975 : Frazier 1976 : Bing 1977 : Erving 1978 : R. Smith 1979 : Thompson 1980 : Gervin 1981 : Archibald 1982 : Bird 1983 : Erving 1984 : Thomas 1985 : Sampson 1986 : Thomas 1987 : Chambers 1988 : Jordan 1989 : Malone 1990 : Johnson 1991 : Barkley 1992 : Johnson 1993 : Stockton & Malone 1994 : Pippen 1995 : Richmond 1996 : Jordan 1997 : Rice 1998 : Jordan 1999 : No game played 2000 : O'Neal & Duncan 2001 : Iverson 2002 : Bryant 2003 : Garnett 2004 : O'Neal 2005 : Iverson 2006 : James 2007 : Bryant 2008 : James 2009 : Bryant & O'Neal 2010 : Wade 2011 : Bryant 2012 : Durant 2013 : Paul 2014 : Irving 2015 : Westbrook 2016 : Westbrook 2017 : Davis 2018 : James NBA season scoring leaders 1947 : Fulks 1948 : Zaslofsky 1949 : Mikan 1950 : Mikan 1951 : Mikan 1952 : Arizin 1953 : Johnston 1954 : Johnston 1955 : Johnston 1956 : Pettit 1957 : Arizin 1958 : Yardley 1959 : Pettit 1960 : Chamberlain 1961 : Chamberlain 1962 : Chamberlain 1963 : Chamberlain 1964 : Chamberlain 1965 : Chamberlain 1966 : Chamberlain 1967 : Barry 1968 : Bing 1969 : Hayes 1970 : West 1971 : Alcindor 1972 : Abdul - Jabbar 1973 : Archibald 1974 : McAdoo 1975 : McAdoo 1976 : McAdoo 1977 : Maravich 1978 : Gervin 1979 : Gervin 1980 : Gervin 1981 : Dantley 1982 : Gervin 1983 : English 1984 : Dantley 1985 : King 1986 : Wilkins 1987 : Jordan 1988 : Jordan 1989 : Jordan 1990 : Jordan 1991 : Jordan 1992 : Jordan 1993 : Jordan 1994 : Robinson 1995 : O'Neal 1996 : Jordan 1997 : Jordan 1998 : Jordan 1999 : Iverson 2000 : O'Neal 2001 : Iverson 2002 : Iverson 2003 : McGrady 2004 : McGrady 2005 : Iverson 2006 : Bryant 2007 : Bryant 2008 : James 2009 : Wade 2010 : Durant 2011 : Durant 2012 : Durant 2013 : Anthony 2014 : Durant 2015 : Westbrook 2016 : Curry 2017 : Westbrook 2018 : Harden NBA Most Valuable Player Award 1956 : Pettit 1957 : Cousy 1958 : Russell 1959 : Pettit 1960 : Chamberlain 1961 : Russell 1962 : Russell 1963 : Russell 1964 : Robertson 1965 : Russell 1966 : Chamberlain 1967 : Chamberlain 1968 : Chamberlain 1969 : Unseld 1970 : Reed 1971 : Alcindor 1972 : Abdul - Jabbar 1973 : Cowens 1974 : Abdul - Jabbar 1975 : McAdoo 1976 : Abdul - Jabbar 1977 : Abdul - Jabbar 1978 : Walton 1979 : M. Malone 1980 : Abdul - Jabbar 1981 : Erving 1982 : M. Malone 1983 : M. Malone 1984 : Bird 1985 : Bird 1986 : Bird 1987 : Johnson 1988 : Jordan 1989 : Johnson 1990 : Johnson 1991 : Jordan 1992 : Jordan 1993 : Barkley 1994 : Olajuwon 1995 : Robinson 1996 : Jordan 1997 : K. Malone 1998 : Jordan 1999 : K. Malone 2000 : O'Neal 2001 : Iverson 2002 : Duncan 2003 : Duncan 2004 : Garnett 2005 : Nash 2006 : Nash 2007 : Nowitzki 2008 : Bryant 2009 : James 2010 : James 2011 : Rose 2012 : James 2013 : James 2014 : Durant 2015 : Curry 2016 : Curry 2017 : Westbrook 2018 : Harden Bill Russell NBA Finals Most Valuable Player Award 1969 : West 1970 : Reed 1971 : Alcindor 1972 : Chamberlain 1973 : Reed 1974 : Havlicek 1975 : Barry 1976 : White 1977 : Walton 1978 : Unseld 1979 : D. Johnson 1980 : E. Johnson 1981 : Maxwell 1982 : E. Johnson 1983 : Malone 1984 : Bird 1985 : Abdul - Jabbar 1986 : Bird 1987 : E. Johnson 1988 : Worthy 1989 : Dumars 1990 : Thomas 1991 : Jordan 1992 : Jordan 1993 : Jordan 1994 : Olajuwon 1995 : Olajuwon 1996 : Jordan 1997 : Jordan 1998 : Jordan 1999 : Duncan 2000 : O'Neal 2001 : O'Neal 2002 : O'Neal 2003 : Duncan 2004 : Billups 2005 : Duncan 2006 : Wade 2007 : Parker 2008 : Pierce 2009 : Bryant 2010 : Bryant 2011 : Nowitzki 2012 : James 2013 : James 2014 : Leonard 2015 : Iguodala 2016 : James 2017 : Durant 2018 : Durant Miami Heat 2011 -- 12 NBA champions 1 Bosh 3 Wade 5 Howard 6 James ( Finals MVP ) 13 Miller 14 Harris 15 Chalmers 21 Turiaf 22 Jones 30 Cole 31 Battier 40 Haslem 45 Pittman 50 Anthony Head coach Spoelstra Assistant coaches McAdoo Askins Rothstein Fizdale Kammerer De La Grana Regular season Playoffs Miami Heat 2012 -- 13 NBA champions 1 Bosh 3 Wade 6 James ( Finals MVP ) 9 Lewis 11 Andersen 13 Miller 15 Chalmers 22 Jones 24 Varnado 30 Cole 31 Battier 34 Allen 40 Haslem 50 Anthony Head coach Spoelstra Assistant coaches McAdoo Askins Rothstein Fizdale Kammerer Craig Regular season Playoffs Cleveland Cavaliers 2015 -- 16 NBA champions 0 Love 1 J. Jones 2 Irving 4 Shumpert 5 Smith 8 Dellavedova 9 Frye 12 McRae 13 Thompson 14 Kaun 20 Mozgov 23 James ( Finals MVP ) 24 Jefferson 30 Dah . Jones 52 Williams Head coach Lue Assistant coaches Brielmaier Boylan Drew Handy Longabardi Dam . Jones Posey Potapenko Regular season Playoffs United States men 's basketball squad -- 2004 Summer Olympics -- Bronze medal 4 Iverson 5 Marbury 6 Wade 7 Boozer 8 Anthony 9 James 10 Okafor 11 Marion 12 Stoudemire 13 Duncan 14 Odom 15 Jefferson Coach : Brown United States squad -- 2006 FIBA World Championship -- Bronze medal 4 Johnson 5 Hinrich 6 James 7 Jamison 8 Battier 9 Wade 10 Paul 11 Bosh 12 Howard 13 Miller 14 Brand 15 Anthony Coach : Krzyzewski United States squad -- 2007 FIBA Americas Championship -- Gold medal 4 Billups 5 Kidd 6 James 7 Williams 8 Redd 9 Prince 10 Bryant 11 Howard 12 Stoudemire 13 Miller 14 Chandler 15 Anthony Coach : Krzyzewski United States men 's basketball squad -- 2008 Summer Olympics -- Gold medal 4 Boozer 5 Kidd 6 James 7 Williams 8 Redd 9 Wade 10 Bryant 11 Howard 12 Bosh 13 Paul 14 Prince 15 Anthony Coach : Krzyzewski United States men 's basketball squad -- 2012 Summer Olympics -- Gold medal 4 Chandler 5 Durant 6 James 7 Westbrook 8 Williams 9 Iguodala 10 Bryant 11 Love 12 Harden 13 Paul 14 Davis 15 Anthony Coach : Krzyzewski USA Basketball Male Athlete of the Year 1980 : Thomas 1981 : Boyle 1982 : Rivers 1983 : Jordan 1984 : Jordan & Perkins 1985 : Person 1986 : Robinson 1987 : Manning 1988 : Majerle 1989 : Johnson 1990 : Mourning 1991 : Laettner 1992 : U.S. men 's national team 1993 : Finley 1994 : O'Neal 1995 : Allen 1996 : Pippen 1997 : Boykins 1998 : Brand 1999 : Payton 2000 : Mourning 2001 : Duhon 2002 : Miller 2003 : Duncan 2004 : May & Paul 2005 : Williams 2006 : Anthony 2007 : Kidd 2008 : U.S. men 's national team 2009 : McAdoo 2010 : Durant 2011 : Parker 2012 : James 2013 : Gordon 2014 : Irving 2015 : Brunson 2016 : Anthony & Durant 2017 : Warney Sports Illustrated Sportsperson of the Year 1954 : Roger Bannister 1955 : Johnny Podres 1956 : Bobby Morrow 1957 : Stan Musial 1958 : Rafer Johnson 1959 : Ingemar Johansson 1960 : Arnold Palmer 1961 : Jerry Lucas 1962 : Terry Baker 1963 : Pete Rozelle 1964 : Ken Venturi 1965 : Sandy Koufax 1966 : Jim Ryun 1967 : Carl Yastrzemski 1968 : Bill Russell 1969 : Tom Seaver 1970 : Bobby Orr 1971 : Lee Trevino 1972 : Billie Jean King & John Wooden 1973 : Jackie Stewart 1974 : Muhammad Ali 1975 : Pete Rose 1976 : Chris Evert 1977 : Steve Cauthen 1978 : Jack Nicklaus 1979 : Terry Bradshaw & Willie Stargell 1980 : U.S. Olympic Hockey Team 1981 : Sugar Ray Leonard 1982 : Wayne Gretzky 1983 : Mary Decker 1984 : Edwin Moses & Mary Lou Retton 1985 : Kareem Abdul - Jabbar 1986 : Joe Paterno 1987 : Bob Bourne , Judi Brown King , Kipchoge Keino , Dale Murphy , Chip Rives , Patty Sheehan , Rory Sparrow , & Reggie Williams 1988 : Orel Hershiser 1989 : Greg LeMond 1990 : Joe Montana 1991 : Michael Jordan 1992 : Arthur Ashe 1993 : Don Shula 1994 : Bonnie Blair & Johann Olav Koss 1995 : Cal Ripken Jr . 1996 : Tiger Woods 1997 : Dean Smith 1998 : Mark McGwire & Sammy Sosa 1999 : U.S. Women 's Soccer Team 2000 : Tiger Woods 2001 : Curt Schilling & Randy Johnson 2002 : Lance Armstrong 2003 : David Robinson & Tim Duncan 2004 : Boston Red Sox 2005 : Tom Brady 2006 : Dwyane Wade 2007 : Brett Favre 2008 : Michael Phelps 2009 : Derek Jeter 2010 : Drew Brees 2011 : Mike Krzyzewski & Pat Summitt 2012 : LeBron James 2013 : Peyton Manning 2014 : Madison Bumgarner 2015 : Serena Williams 2016 : LeBron James 2017 : José Altuve & J.J. Watt Sporting News Sportsman / Pro Athlete of the Year 1968 : Denny McLain 1969 : Tom Seaver 1970 : John Wooden 1971 : Lee Trevino 1972 : Charlie Finley 1973 : O.J. Simpson 1974 : Lou Brock 1975 : Archie Griffin 1976 : Larry O'Brien 1977 : Steve Cauthen 1978 : Ron Guidry 1979 : Willie Stargell 1980 : George Brett 1981 : Wayne Gretzky 1982 : Whitey Herzog 1983 : Bowie Kuhn 1984 : Peter Ueberroth 1985 : Pete Rose 1986 : Larry Bird 1987 : None 1988 : Jackie Joyner - Kersee 1989 : Joe Montana 1990 : Nolan Ryan 1991 : Michael Jordan 1992 : Mike Krzyzewski 1993 : Cito Gaston & Pat Gillick 1994 : Emmitt Smith 1995 : Cal Ripken Jr . 1996 : Joe Torre 1997 : Mark McGwire 1998 : Mark McGwire & Sammy Sosa 1999 : New York Yankees 2000 : Marshall Faulk & Kurt Warner 2001 : Curt Schilling 2002 : Tyrone Willingham 2003 : Dick Vermeil & Jack McKeon 2004 : Tom Brady 2005 : Matt Leinart 2006 : Dwyane Wade 2007 : Tom Brady 2008 : Eli Manning 2009 : Mariano Rivera 2010 : Roy Halladay 2011 : Aaron Rodgers 2012 : LeBron James Associated Press Male Athlete of the Year 1931 : Pepper Martin 1932 : Gene Sarazen 1933 : Carl Hubbell 1934 : Dizzy Dean 1935 : Joe Louis 1936 : Jesse Owens 1937 : Don Budge 1938 : Don Budge 1939 : Nile Kinnick 1940 : Tom Harmon 1941 : Joe DiMaggio 1942 : Frank Sinkwich 1943 : Gunder Hägg 1944 : Byron Nelson 1945 : Byron Nelson 1946 : Glenn Davis 1947 : Johnny Lujack 1948 : Lou Boudreau 1949 : Leon Hart 1950 : Jim Konstanty 1951 : Dick Kazmaier 1952 : Bob Mathias 1953 : Ben Hogan 1954 : Willie Mays 1955 : Howard Cassady 1956 : Mickey Mantle 1957 : Ted Williams 1958 : Herb Elliott 1959 : Ingemar Johansson 1960 : Rafer Johnson 1961 : Roger Maris 1962 : Maury Wills 1963 : Sandy Koufax 1964 : Don Schollander 1965 : Sandy Koufax 1966 : Frank Robinson 1967 : Carl Yastrzemski 1968 : Denny McLain 1969 : Tom Seaver 1970 : George Blanda 1971 : Lee Trevino 1972 : Mark Spitz 1973 : O.J. Simpson 1974 : Muhammad Ali 1975 : Fred Lynn 1976 : Bruce Jenner 1977 : Steve Cauthen 1978 : Ron Guidry 1979 : Willie Stargell 1980 : U.S. Olympic Hockey Team 1981 : John McEnroe 1982 : Wayne Gretzky 1983 : Carl Lewis 1984 : Carl Lewis 1985 : Dwight Gooden 1986 : Larry Bird 1987 : Ben Johnson 1988 : Orel Hershiser 1989 : Joe Montana 1990 : Joe Montana 1991 : Michael Jordan 1992 : Michael Jordan 1993 : Michael Jordan 1994 : George Foreman 1995 : Cal Ripken Jr . 1996 : Michael Johnson 1997 : Tiger Woods 1998 : Mark McGwire 1999 : Tiger Woods 2000 : Tiger Woods 2001 : Barry Bonds 2002 : Lance Armstrong 2003 : Lance Armstrong 2004 : Lance Armstrong 2005 : Lance Armstrong 2006 : Tiger Woods 2007 : Tom Brady 2008 : Michael Phelps 2009 : Jimmie Johnson 2010 : Drew Brees 2011 : Aaron Rodgers 2012 : Michael Phelps 2013 : LeBron James 2014 : Madison Bumgarner 2015 : Stephen Curry 2016 : LeBron James 2017 : José Altuve ESPY Awards Cross-cutter Courage Female Athlete Male Athlete Breakthrough Athlete Championship Performance Coach / Manager Female College Athlete Male College Athlete Comeback Athlete Female Athlete with a Disability Male Athlete with a Disability Game Perseverance Upset Moment Play Record - Breaking Performance Team Individual Female Action Male Action Bowler Driver Fighter Female Golfer Male Golfer Jockey MLS MLB NBA NFL NHL Female Tennis Male Tennis WNBA International Athlete Male U.S. Olympian Female U.S. Olympian Discontinued Action Soccer Female Soccer Male Soccer U.S. Olympian Male College Basketball Female College Basketball College Football Disabled Angler Boxer Golfer Female Track Male Track Outdoor Sportsman Movie Undeniable Performance Track and Field Award ceremonies 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Best Male Athlete ESPY Award winners 1993 : Jordan 1994 : Bonds 1995 : Young 1996 : Ripken Jr . 1997 : Johnson 1998 : Woods / Griffey Jr . 1999 : McGwire 2000 : Woods 2001 : Woods 2002 : Woods 2003 : Armstrong 2004 : Armstrong 2005 : Armstrong 2006 : Armstrong 2007 : Tomlinson 2008 : Woods 2009 : Phelps 2010 : Brees 2011 : Nowitzki 2012 : James 2013 : James 2014 : Durant 2015 : Curry 2016 : James 2017 : Westbrook 2018 : Ovechkin Hickok Belt winners 1950 : Phil Rizzuto 1951 : Allie Reynolds 1952 : Rocky Marciano 1953 : Ben Hogan 1954 : Willie Mays 1955 : Otto Graham 1956 : Mickey Mantle 1957 : Carmen Basilio 1958 : Bob Turley 1959 : Ingemar Johansson 1960 : Arnold Palmer 1961 : Roger Maris 1962 : Maury Wills 1963 : Sandy Koufax 1964 : Jim Brown 1965 : Sandy Koufax 1966 : Frank Robinson 1967 : Carl Yastrzemski 1968 : Joe Namath 1969 : Tom Seaver 1970 : Brooks Robinson 1971 : Lee Trevino 1972 : Steve Carlton 1973 : O.J. Simpson 1974 : Muhammad Ali 1975 : Pete Rose 1976 : Ken Stabler 1977 -- 2011 not awarded 2012 : LeBron James 2013 : LeBron James 2014 : Madison Bumgarner 2015 : Stephen Curry 2016 : Michael Phelps 2017 : José Altuve LCCN : n2003099514 MusicBrainz : 7d6308c5 - 7412 - 4afe - 879f - 181c7827744d VIAF : 53530499 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LeBron_James&oldid=854764105 '' Categories : LeBron James 1984 births Living people African - American basketball players African - American investors American investors American soccer chairmen and investors Basketball players at the 2004 Summer Olympics Basketball players at the 2008 Summer Olympics Basketball players at the 2012 Summer Olympics Basketball players from Ohio Businesspeople from Akron , Ohio Businesspeople from Los Angeles Cleveland Cavaliers draft picks Cleveland Cavaliers players Film producers from California Gatorade National Basketball Player of the Year Liverpool F.C. chairmen and investors McDonald 's High School All - Americans Medalists at the 2012 Summer Olympics Medalists at the 2008 Summer Olympics Medalists at the 2004 Summer Olympics Miami Heat players National Basketball Association All - Stars National Basketball Association high school draftees Olympic bronze medalists for the United States in basketball Olympic gold medalists for the United States in basketball Parade High School All - Americans ( boys ' basketball ) People from Brentwood , Los Angeles Power forwards ( basketball ) Small forwards Sportspeople from Akron , Ohio Sportspeople from Los Angeles United States men 's national basketball team players American men 's basketball players Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Pages containing links to subscription - only content Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected biographies of living people Articles to be merged from August 2018 All articles to be merged Good articles Use mdy dates from May 2017 Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Kiswahili Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Malagasy Монгол Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Volapük 吴语 Yorùbá 粵語中文 60 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 August 2018 , at 16 : 23 ( UTC ) . 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where were the major american cities located during the first 50 years of independence			United States	united states	Coordinates : 40 ° N 100 ° W / 40 ° N 100 ° W / 40 ; - 100	United States of America Flag Great Seal Motto : `` In God We Trust '' Other traditional mottos ( show ) `` E pluribus unum '' ( Latin ) ( de facto ) `` Out of many , one '' `` Annuit cœptis '' ( Latin ) `` He has favored our undertakings '' `` Novus ordo seclorum '' ( Latin ) `` New order of the ages '' Anthem : `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' March : `` The Stars and Stripes Forever '' The contiguous United States plus Alaska and Hawaii The United States including its territories Capital Washington , D.C. 38 ° 53 ′ N 77 ° 01 ′ W / 38.883 ° N 77.017 ° W / 38.883 ; - 77.017 Largest city New York City 40 ° 43 ′ N 74 ° 00 ′ W / 40.717 ° N 74.000 ° W / 40.717 ; - 74.000 Official languages None at federal level National language English Ethnic groups ( 2016 ) By race : 77.1 % White 13.3 % Black 5.6 % Asian 2.6 % Other / multiracial 1.2 % Native 0.2 % Pacific Islander Ethnicity : 82.4 % non-Hispanic or Latino 17.6 % Hispanic or Latino Religion ( 2015 ) 70.6 % Christian 22.8 % Unaffiliated 1.9 % Jewish 1.8 % Other faiths 0.9 % Muslim 0.7 % Buddhist 0.7 % Hindu Demonym American Government Federal presidential constitutional republic President Donald Trump Vice President Mike Pence Speaker of the House Paul Ryan Chief Justice John Roberts Legislature Congress Upper house Senate Lower house House of Representatives Independence from Great Britain Declaration July 4 , 1776 Confederation March 1 , 1781 Treaty of Paris September 3 , 1783 Constitution June 21 , 1788 Last polity admitted March 24 , 1976 Area Total area 3,796,742 sq mi ( 9,833,520 km ) ( 3rd / 4th ) Water ( % ) 6.97 Total land area 3,531,905 sq mi ( 9,147,590 km ) Population 2017 estimate 325,365,189 ( 3rd ) 2010 census 308,745,538 ( 3rd ) Density 90.6 / sq mi ( 35.0 / km ) ( 180th ) GDP ( PPP ) 2016 estimate Total $18.558 trillion ( 2nd ) Per capita $57,220 ( 14th ) GDP ( nominal ) 2016 estimate Total $18.558 trillion ( 1st ) Per capita $57,467 ( 7th ) Gini ( 2013 ) 40.8 medium HDI ( 2015 ) 0.920 very high 10th Currency United States dollar ( $ ) ( USD ) Time zone ( UTC − 4 to − 12 , + 10 , + 11 ) Summer ( DST ) ( UTC − 4 to − 10 ) Date format mm / dd / yyyy ( AD ) Drives on the right Calling code + 1 ISO 3166 code US Internet TLD . us The United States of America ( U.S. ) , commonly known as the United States or America ( / əˈmɛrɪkə / ) , is a federal republic composed of 50 states , a federal district , five major self - governing territories , and various possessions . Forty - eight states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico . The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America , bordered by Canada to the east and across the Bering Strait from Russia to the west . The State of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean . The U.S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea , stretching across nine official time zones . The extremely diverse geography , climate and wildlife of the United States make it one of the world 's 17 megadiverse countries . At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km ) and with over 324 million people , the United States is the world 's third - or fourth - largest country by total area , and the third-most populous . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the largest city is New York City ; twelve other major metropolitan areas -- each with at least 4.5 million inhabitants -- are Los Angeles , Chicago , Dallas , Houston , Washington , D.C. , Philadelphia , Miami , Atlanta , Boston , San Francisco , Phoenix , and Riverside . Paleo - Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies following the Seven Years ' War led to the American Revolution , which began in 1775 , and the subsequent Declaration of Independence in 1776 . The war ended in 1783 with the United States becoming the first country to attain independence from a European power . The current constitution was adopted in 1788 , with the first ten amendments , collectively named the Bill of Rights , being ratified in 1791 to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century , acquiring new territories , displacing Native American tribes , and gradually admitting new states until it spanned the continent by 1848 . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the end of legal slavery in the country . By the end of that century , the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean , and its economy , driven in large part by the Industrial Revolution , began to soar . The Spanish -- American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power . The United States emerged from World War II as a global superpower , the first country to develop nuclear weapons , the only country to use them in warfare , and a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council . The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the world 's sole superpower . The U.S. is a founding member of the United Nations , World Bank , International Monetary Fund , Organization of American States ( OAS ) , and other international organizations . The United States is a highly developed country , with the world 's largest economy by nominal GDP and second - largest economy by PPP , accounting for approximately a quarter of global GDP . The U.S. economy is the fastest - growing in the Americas and is largely post-industrial , characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge - based activities , although the manufacturing sector remains the second - largest in the world . Though its population is only 4.3 % of the world total , Americans hold 33.2 % of the total wealth in the world , the largest share of global wealth concentrated in a single country . The United States ranks among the highest nations in several measures of socioeconomic performance , including average wage , human development , per capita GDP , and productivity per person . The U.S. is the foremost military power in the world , making up a third of global military spending . It is also a global leader in science and technology . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 Indigenous peoples and pre-Columbian history 2.2 European settlements 2.2. 1 Effects on and interaction with native populations 2.3 Independence and expansion ( 1776 -- 1865 ) 2.4 Civil War and Reconstruction Era 2.5 Further immigration , expansion and industrialization 2.6 World War I , Great Depression , and World War II 2.7 Cold War and civil rights era 2.8 Contemporary history 3 Geography , climate , and environment 3.1 Wildlife 4 Demographics 4.1 Population 4.2 Language 4.3 Religion 4.4 Family structure 5 Government and politics 5.1 Political divisions 5.2 Parties and elections 5.3 Foreign relations 5.4 Government finance 5.5 Military 6 Law enforcement and crime 7 Economy 7.1 Income , poverty and wealth 8 Infrastructure 8.1 Transportation 8.2 Energy 8.3 Water supply and sanitation 9 Education 10 Culture 10.1 Food 10.2 Literature , philosophy , and the arts 10.3 Music 10.4 Cinema 10.5 Sports 10.6 Media 11 Science and technology 12 Health 13 See also 14 Notes 15 References 16 Bibliography 16.1 Internet sources 17 External links Etymology See also : Naming of America , Names for United States citizens , and American ( word ) The Americas are named after Italian explorer Amerigo Vespucci . In 1507 , the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a world map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere the Americas in honor of the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci ( Latin : Americus Vespucius ) . The first documentary evidence of the phrase `` United States of America '' is from a letter dated January 2 , 1776 , written by Stephen Moylan , Esq. , George Washington 's aide - de-camp and Muster - Master General of the Continental Army . Addressed to Lt. Col. Joseph Reed , Moylan expressed his wish to carry the `` full and ample powers of the United States of America '' to Spain to assist in the revolutionary war effort . The second draft of the Articles of Confederation , prepared by John Dickinson and completed by June 17 , 1776 , at the latest , declared `` The name of this Confederation shall be the ' United States of America . ' '' The final version of the Articles sent to the states for ratification in late 1777 contains the sentence `` The Stile of this Confederacy shall be ' The United States of America ' '' . In June 1776 , Thomas Jefferson wrote the phrase `` UNITED STATES OF AMERICA '' in all capitalized letters in the headline of his `` original Rough draught '' of the Declaration of Independence . This draft of the document did not surface until June 21 , 1776 , and it is unclear whether it was written before or after Dickinson used the term in his June 17 draft of the Articles of Confederation . The short form `` United States '' is also standard . Other common forms are the `` U.S. '' , the `` USA '' , and `` America '' . Colloquial names are the `` U.S. of A . '' and , internationally , the `` States '' . `` Columbia '' , a name popular in poetry and songs of the late 18th century , derives its origin from Christopher Columbus ; it appears in the name `` District of Columbia '' . The phrase `` United States '' was originally plural , a description of a collection of independent states -- e.g. , `` the United States are '' -- including in the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution , ratified in 1865 . The singular form -- e.g. , `` the United States is '' -- became popular after the end of the American Civil War . The singular form is now standard ; the plural form is retained in the idiom `` these United States '' . The difference is more significant than usage ; it is a difference between a collection of states and a unit . A citizen of the United States is an `` American '' . `` United States '' , `` American '' and `` U.S. '' refer to the country adjectivally ( `` American values '' , `` U.S. forces '' ) . In English , the word `` American '' rarely refers to topics or subjects not connected with the United States . History Main articles : History of the United States , Timeline of United States history , American business history , Economic history of the United States , and Labor history of the United States Indigenous peoples and pre-Columbian History Further information : Pre-Columbian era and Colonial history of the United States Artist 's re-creation of the Kincaid Site from the prehistoric Mississippian culture , as it may have looked The first inhabitants of North America migrated from Siberia by way of the Bering land bridge and arrived at least 15,000 years ago , though increasing evidence suggests an even earlier arrival . After crossing the land bridge , the first Americans moved southward , either along the Pacific coast or through an interior ice - free corridor between the Cordilleran and Laurentide ice sheets . The Clovis culture appeared around 11,000 BC , and it is considered to be an ancestor of most of the later indigenous cultures of the Americas . While the Clovis culture was thought , throughout the late 20th century , to represent the first human settlement of the Americas , in recent years consensus has changed in recognition of pre-Clovis cultures . Over time , indigenous cultures in North America grew increasingly complex , and some , such as the pre-Columbian Mississippian culture in the southeast , developed advanced agriculture , grand architecture , and state - level societies . From approximately 800 to 1600 AD the Mississippian culture flourished , and its largest city Cahokia is considered the largest , most complex pre-Columbian archaeological site in the modern - day United States . In the southern Great Lakes region , the Iroquois Confederacy ( Haudenosaunee ) was established at some point between the twelfth and fifteenth centuries , lasting until the end of the Revolutionary War . The date of the first settlements of the Hawaiian Islands is a topic of continuing debate . Archaeological evidence seems to indicate a settlement as early as 124 AD . During his third and final voyage , Captain James Cook became the first European to begin formal contact with Hawaii . After his initial landfall in January 1778 at Waimea harbour , Kauai , Cook named the archipelago the `` Sandwich Islands '' after the fourth Earl of Sandwich -- the acting First Lord of the Admiralty of the British Royal Navy . European settlements Further information : European colonization of the Americas and Thirteen Colonies Saint Augustine , Florida , the oldest continuously occupied European - established settlement in the continental United States ( 1565 ) The Mayflower Compact , 1620 by Jean Leon Gerome Ferris After Spain sent Columbus on his first voyage to the New World in 1492 , other explorers followed . The first Europeans to arrive in territory of the modern United States were Spanish conquistadors such as Juan Ponce de León , who made his first visit to Florida in 1513 . The Spanish set up the first settlements in Florida and New Mexico such as Saint Augustine and Santa Fe . The French established their own as well along the Mississippi River . Successful English settlement on the eastern coast of North America began with the Virginia Colony in 1607 at Jamestown and the Pilgrims ' Plymouth Colony in 1620 . Many settlers were dissenting Christian groups who came seeking religious freedom . The continent 's first elected legislative assembly , Virginia 's House of Burgesses created in 1619 , the Mayflower Compact , signed by the Pilgrims before disembarking , and the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut , established precedents for the pattern of representative self - government and constitutionalism that would develop throughout the American colonies . Most settlers in every colony were small farmers , but other industries developed within a few decades as varied as the settlements . Cash crops included tobacco , rice and wheat . Extraction industries grew up in furs , fishing and lumber . Manufacturers produced rum and ships , and by the late colonial period Americans were producing one - seventh of the world 's iron supply . Cities eventually dotted the coast to support local economies and serve as trade hubs . English colonists were supplemented by waves of Scotch - Irish and other groups . As coastal land grew more expensive freed indentured servants pushed further west . A large - scale slave trade with English privateers was begun . The life expectancy of slaves was much higher in North America than further south , because of less disease and better food and treatment , leading to a rapid increase in the numbers of slaves . Colonial society was largely divided over the religious and moral implications of slavery and colonies passed acts for and against the practice . But by the turn of the 18th century , African slaves were replacing indentured servants for cash crop labor , especially in southern regions . With the British colonization of Georgia in 1732 , the 13 colonies that would become the United States of America were established . All had local governments with elections open to most free men , with a growing devotion to the ancient rights of Englishmen and a sense of self - government stimulating support for republicanism . With extremely high birth rates , low death rates , and steady settlement , the colonial population grew rapidly . Relatively small Native American populations were eclipsed . The Christian revivalist movement of the 1730s and 1740s known as the Great Awakening fueled interest in both religion and religious liberty . During the Seven Years ' War ( in America , known as the French and Indian War ) , British forces seized Canada from the French , but the francophone population remained politically isolated from the southern colonies . Excluding the Native Americans , who were being conquered and displaced , the 13 British colonies had a population of over 2.1 million in 1770 , about one - third that of Britain . Despite continuing new arrivals , the rate of natural increase was such that by the 1770s only a small minority of Americans had been born overseas . The colonies ' distance from Britain had allowed the development of self - government , but their success motivated monarchs to periodically seek to reassert royal authority . In 1774 the Spanish Navy ship Santiago , under Juan Pérez had entered and anchored in the inlet at Nootka Sound . Although the Spanish did not land , natives paddled to the ship to trade furs for abalone shells from California . At the time , the Spanish were able to monopolize the trade between Asia and North America , granting limited licenses to the Portuguese . When the Russians began establishing a growing fur trading system in Alaska the Spanish began to challenge the Russians , with Pérez 's voyage being the first of many to the Pacific Northwest . After having arrived in the Hawaiian islands in 1778 , Captain Cook sailed north and then north - east to explore the west coast of North America north of the Spanish settlements in Alta California . He made landfall on the Oregon coast at approximately 44 ° 30 ′ north latitude , naming his landing point Cape Foulweather . Bad weather forced his ships south to about 43 ° north before they could begin their exploration of the coast northward . In March 1778 , Cook landed on Bligh Island and named the inlet `` King George 's Sound '' . He recorded that the native name was Nutka or Nootka , apparently misunderstanding his conversations at Friendly Cove / Yuquot ; his informant may have been explaining that he was on an island ( itchme nutka , a place you can `` go around '' ) . There may also have been confusion with Nuu - chah - nulth , the natives ' autonym ( name for themselves ) . It may also have simply been based on Cook 's mispronunciation of Yuquot , the native name of the place . Effects on and interaction with Native populations Further information : American Indian Wars , Population history of indigenous peoples of the Americas , and James Cook With the progress of European colonization in the territories of the contemporary United States , the Native Americans were often conquered and displaced . The native population of America declined after Europeans arrived , and for various reasons , primarily diseases such as smallpox and measles . Violence was not a significant factor in the overall decline among Native Americans , though conflict among themselves and with Europeans affected specific tribes and various colonial settlements . In the early days of colonization , many European settlers were subject to food shortages , disease , and attacks from Native Americans . Native Americans were also often at war with neighboring tribes and allied with Europeans in their colonial wars . At the same time , however , many natives and settlers came to depend on each other . Settlers traded for food and animal pelts , natives for guns , ammunition and other European wares . Natives taught many settlers where , when and how to cultivate corn , beans and squash . European missionaries and others felt it was important to `` civilize '' the Native Americans and urged them to adopt European agricultural techniques and lifestyles . Death of Captain Cook by Johann Zoffany ( 1795 ) Captain James Cook 's last voyage included sailing along the coast of North America and Alaska searching for a Northwest Passage for approximately nine months . He returned to the Hawaii to resupply , initially exploring the coasts of Maui and the big island , trading with locals and then making anchor at Kealakekua Bay in January 1779 . When his ships and company left the islands , a ship 's mast broke in bad weather , forcing them to return in mid-February . Cook would be killed days later . Independence and expansion ( 1776 -- 1865 ) Further information : American Revolutionary War , United States Declaration of Independence , American Revolution , and Territorial evolution of the United States Declaration of Independence by John Trumbull The American Revolutionary War was the first successful colonial war of independence against a European power . Americans had developed an ideology of `` republicanism '' asserting that government rested on the will of the people as expressed in their local legislatures . They demanded their rights as Englishmen and `` no taxation without representation '' . The British insisted on administering the empire through Parliament , and the conflict escalated into war . Following the passage of the Lee Resolution , on July 2 , 1776 , which was the actual vote for independence , the Second Continental Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence on July 4 , which proclaimed , in a long preamble , that humanity is created equal in their unalienable rights and that those rights were not being protected by Great Britain , and declared , in the words of the resolution , that the Thirteen Colonies were independent states and had no allegiance to the British crown in the United States . The fourth day of July is celebrated annually as Independence Day . The Second Continental Congress declared on September 9 `` where , heretofore , the words ' United Colonies ' have been used , the stile be altered for the future to the ' United States ' `` . In 1777 , the Articles of Confederation established a weak government that operated until 1789 . Britain recognized the independence of the United States following their defeat at Yorktown in 1781 . In the peace treaty of 1783 , American sovereignty was recognized from the Atlantic coast west to the Mississippi River . Nationalists led the Philadelphia Convention of 1787 in writing the United States Constitution , ratified in state conventions in 1788 . The federal government was reorganized into three branches , on the principle of creating salutary checks and balances , in 1789 . George Washington , who had led the revolutionary army to victory , was the first president elected under the new constitution . The Bill of Rights , forbidding federal restriction of personal freedoms and guaranteeing a range of legal protections , was adopted in 1791 . Although the federal government criminalized the international slave trade in 1808 , after 1820 , cultivation of the highly profitable cotton crop exploded in the Deep South , and along with it , the slave population . The Second Great Awakening , especially 1800 -- 1840 , converted millions to evangelical Protestantism . In the North , it energized multiple social reform movements , including abolitionism ; in the South , Methodists and Baptists proselytized among slave populations . Americans ' eagerness to expand westward prompted a long series of American Indian Wars . The Louisiana Purchase of French - claimed territory in 1803 almost doubled the nation 's area . The War of 1812 , declared against Britain over various grievances and fought to a draw , strengthened U.S. nationalism . A series of military incursions into Florida led Spain to cede it and other Gulf Coast territory in 1819 . Expansion was aided by steam power , when steamboats began traveling along America 's large water systems , which were connected by new canals , such as the Erie and the I&M ; then , even faster railroads began their stretch across the nation 's land . From 1820 to 1850 , Jacksonian democracy began a set of reforms which included wider white male suffrage ; it led to the rise of the Second Party System of Democrats and Whigs as the dominant parties from 1828 to 1854 . The Trail of Tears in the 1830s exemplified the Indian removal policy that resettled Indians into the west on Indian reservations . The U.S. annexed the Republic of Texas in 1845 during a period of expansionist Manifest destiny . The 1846 Oregon Treaty with Britain led to U.S. control of the present - day American Northwest . Victory in the Mexican -- American War resulted in the 1848 Mexican Cession of California and much of the present - day American Southwest . The California Gold Rush of 1848 -- 49 spurred western migration and the creation of additional western states . After the American Civil War , new transcontinental railways made relocation easier for settlers , expanded internal trade and increased conflicts with Native Americans . Over a half - century , the loss of the American bison ( sometimes called `` buffalo '' ) was an existential blow to many Plains Indians cultures . In 1869 , a new Peace Policy sought to protect Native - Americans from abuses , avoid further war , and secure their eventual U.S. citizenship , although conflicts , including several of the largest Indian Wars , continued throughout the West into the 1900s . Civil War and Reconstruction Era Further information : American Civil War and Reconstruction Era The Battle of Gettysburg by Thure de Thulstrup Differences of opinion over social order between northern and southern states in early United States society , particularly regarding the slavery of Africans and African Americans , ultimately led to the American Civil War . Initially , states entering the Union alternated between slave and free states , keeping a sectional balance in the Senate , while free states outstripped slave states in population and in the House of Representatives . But with additional western territory and more free - soil states , tensions between slave and free states mounted with arguments over federalism and disposition of the territories , whether and how to expand or restrict slavery . With the 1860 election of Abraham Lincoln , the first president from the largely anti-slavery Republican Party , conventions in thirteen slave states ultimately declared secession and formed the Confederate States of America , while the federal government maintained that secession was illegal . The ensuing war was at first for Union , then after 1863 as casualties mounted and Lincoln delivered his Emancipation Proclamation , a second war aim became abolition of slavery . The war remains the deadliest military conflict in American history , resulting in the deaths of approximately 618,000 soldiers as well as many civilians . Following the Union victory in 1865 , three amendments were added to the U.S. Constitution : the Thirteenth Amendment prohibited slavery , the Fourteenth Amendment provided citizenship to the nearly four million African Americans who had been slaves , and the Fifteenth Amendment ensured that they had the right to vote . The war and its resolution led to a substantial increase in federal power aimed at reintegrating and rebuilding the Southern states while ensuring the rights of the newly freed slaves . Southern white conservatives , calling themselves `` Redeemers '' took control after the end of Reconstruction . By the 1890 -- 1910 period Jim Crow laws disenfranchised most blacks and some poor whites . Blacks faced racial segregation , especially in the South . Racial minorities occasionally experienced vigilante violence . Further Immigration , expansion and industrialization Main articles : Economic history of the United States and Technological and industrial history of the United States Ellis Island , in New York City , was a major gateway for European immigration In the North , urbanization and an unprecedented influx of immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe supplied a surplus of labor for the country 's industrialization and transformed its culture . National infrastructure including telegraph and transcontinental railroads spurred economic growth and greater settlement and development of the American Old West . The later invention of electric light and the telephone would also affect communication and urban life . United States at its greatest extent from 1898 to 1902 The end of the Indian Wars further expanded acreage under mechanical cultivation , increasing surpluses for international markets . Mainland expansion was completed by the purchase of Alaska from Russia in 1867 . In 1893 , pro-American elements in Hawaii overthrew the monarchy and formed the Republic of Hawaii , which the U.S. annexed in 1898 . Puerto Rico , Guam , and the Philippines were ceded by Spain in the same year , following the Spanish -- American War . Rapid economic development during the late 19th and early 20th centuries fostered the rise of many prominent industrialists . Tycoons like Cornelius Vanderbilt , John D. Rockefeller , and Andrew Carnegie led the nation 's progress in railroad , petroleum , and steel industries . Banking became a major part of the economy , with J.P. Morgan playing a notable role . Edison and Tesla undertook the widespread distribution of electricity to industry , homes , and for street lighting . Henry Ford revolutionized the automotive industry . The American economy boomed , becoming the world 's largest , and the United States achieved great power status . These dramatic changes were accompanied by social unrest and the rise of populist , socialist , and anarchist movements . This period eventually ended with the advent of the Progressive Era , which saw significant reforms in many societal areas , including women 's suffrage , alcohol prohibition , regulation of consumer goods , greater antitrust measures to ensure competition and attention to worker conditions . World War I , Great Depression , and world War II Further information : World War I , Great Depression , and World War II Crowd gathering on Wall Street after the 1929 crash The United States remained neutral from the outbreak of World War I , in 1914 , until 1917 when it joined the war as an `` associated power '' , alongside the formal Allies of World War I , helping to turn the tide against the Central Powers . In 1919 , President Woodrow Wilson took a leading diplomatic role at the Paris Peace Conference and advocated strongly for the U.S. to join the League of Nations . However , the Senate refused to approve this , and did not ratify the Treaty of Versailles that established the League of Nations . In 1920 , the women 's rights movement won passage of a constitutional amendment granting women 's suffrage . The 1920s and 1930s saw the rise of radio for mass communication and the invention of early television . The prosperity of the Roaring Twenties ended with the Wall Street Crash of 1929 and the onset of the Great Depression . After his election as president in 1932 , Franklin D. Roosevelt responded with the New Deal , which included the establishment of the Social Security system . The Great Migration of millions of African Americans out of the American South began before World War I and extended through the 1960s ; whereas the Dust Bowl of the mid-1930s impoverished many farming communities and spurred a new wave of western migration . At first effectively neutral during World War II while Germany conquered much of continental Europe , the United States began supplying material to the Allies in March 1941 through the Lend - Lease program . On December 7 , 1941 , the Empire of Japan launched a surprise attack on Pearl Harbor , prompting the United States to join the Allies against the Axis powers . During the war , the United States was referred as one of the `` Four Policemen '' of Allies power who met to plan the postwar world , along with Britain , the Soviet Union and China . Though the nation lost more than 400,000 soldiers , it emerged relatively undamaged from the war with even greater economic and military influence . The United States played a leading role in the Bretton Woods and Yalta conferences with the United Kingdom , the Soviet Union and other Allies , which signed agreements on new international financial institutions and Europe 's postwar reorganization . As an Allied victory was won in Europe , a 1945 international conference held in San Francisco produced the United Nations Charter , which became active after the war . The United States developed the first nuclear weapons and used them on Japan in the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki ; causing the Japanese to surrender on September 2 , ending World War II . Parades and celebrations followed in what is known as Victory Day , or V-J Day . Cold War and Civil rights Era Main articles : History of the United States ( 1945 -- 64 ) , History of the United States ( 1964 -- 80 ) , and History of the United States ( 1980 -- 91 ) Further information : Cold War , Civil Rights Movement , War on Poverty , Space Race , and Reaganomics U.S. President Ronald Reagan at his `` Tear down this wall ! '' speech in Berlin , Germany on June 12 , 1987 . After World War II the United States and the Soviet Union jockeyed for power during what became known as the Cold War , driven by an ideological divide between capitalism and communism and , according to the school of geopolitics , a divide between the maritime Atlantic and the continental Eurasian camps . They dominated the military affairs of Europe , with the U.S. and its NATO allies on one side and the USSR and its Warsaw Pact allies on the other . The U.S. developed a policy of containment towards the expansion of communist influence . While the U.S. and Soviet Union engaged in proxy wars and developed powerful nuclear arsenals , the two countries avoided direct military conflict . The United States often opposed Third World movements that it viewed as Soviet - sponsored . American troops fought communist Chinese and North Korean forces in the Korean War of 1950 -- 53 . The Soviet Union 's 1957 launch of the first artificial satellite and its 1961 launch of the first manned spaceflight initiated a `` Space Race '' in which the United States became the first nation to land a man on the moon in 1969 . A proxy war in Southeast Asia eventually evolved into full American participation , as the Vietnam War . At home , the U.S. experienced sustained economic expansion and a rapid growth of its population and middle class . Construction of an Interstate Highway System transformed the nation 's infrastructure over the following decades . Millions moved from farms and inner cities to large suburban housing developments . In 1959 Hawaii became the 50th and last U.S. state added to the country . The growing Civil Rights Movement used nonviolence to confront segregation and discrimination , with Martin Luther King Jr. becoming a prominent leader and figurehead . A combination of court decisions and legislation , culminating in the Civil Rights Act of 1968 , sought to end racial discrimination . Meanwhile , a counterculture movement grew which was fueled by opposition to the Vietnam war , black nationalism , and the sexual revolution . The launch of a `` War on Poverty '' expanded entitlements and welfare spending , including the creation of Medicare and Medicaid , two programs that provide health coverage to the elderly and poor , respectively , and the means - tested Food Stamp Program and Aid to Families with Dependent Children . The 1970s and early 1980s saw the onset of stagflation . After his election in 1980 , President Ronald Reagan responded to economic stagnation with free - market oriented reforms . Following the collapse of détente , he abandoned `` containment '' and initiated the more aggressive `` rollback '' strategy towards the USSR . After a surge in female labor participation over the previous decade , by 1985 the majority of women aged 16 and over were employed . The late 1980s brought a `` thaw '' in relations with the USSR , and its collapse in 1991 finally ended the Cold War . This brought about unipolarity with the U.S. unchallenged as the world 's dominant superpower . The concept of Pax Americana , which had appeared in the post-World War II period , gained wide popularity as a term for the post-Cold War new world order . Contemporary History Main articles : History of the United States ( 1991 -- 2008 ) and History of the United States ( 2008 -- present ) Further information : Gulf War , September 11 attacks , War on Terror , 2008 financial crisis , and Affordable Care Act The World Trade Center in Lower Manhattan during the September 11 attacks in 2001 One World Trade Center , newly - built in its place After the Cold War , the conflict in the Middle East triggered a crisis in 1990 , when Iraq under Sadaam Hussein invaded and attempted to annex Kuwait , an ally of the United States . Fearing that the instability would spread to other regions , President George H.W. Bush launched Operation Desert Shield , a defensive force buildup in Saudi Arabia , and Operation Desert Storm , in a staging titled the Gulf War ; waged by coalition forces from 34 nations , led by the United States against Iraq ending in the successful expulsion of Iraqi forces from Kuwait , restoring the former monarchy . Originating in U.S. defense networks , the Internet spread to international academic networks , and then to the public in the 1990s , greatly affecting the global economy , society , and culture . Due to the dot - com boom , stable monetary policy under Alan Greenspan , and reduced social welfare spending , the 1990s saw the longest economic expansion in modern U.S. history , ending in 2001 . Beginning in 1994 , the U.S. entered into the North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ) , linking 450 million people producing $17 trillion worth of goods and services . The goal of the agreement was to eliminate trade and investment barriers among the U.S. , Canada , and Mexico by January 1 , 2008 . Trade among the three partners has soared since NAFTA went into force . On September 11 , 2001 , Al - Qaeda terrorists struck the World Trade Center in New York City and the Pentagon near Washington , D.C. , killing nearly 3,000 people . In response , the United States launched the War on Terror , which included war in Afghanistan and the 2003 -- 11 Iraq War . In 2007 , the Bush administration ordered a major troop surge in the Iraq War , which successfully reduced violence and led to greater stability in the region . Government policy designed to promote affordable housing , widespread failures in corporate and regulatory governance , and historically low interest rates set by the Federal Reserve led to the mid-2000s housing bubble , which culminated with the 2008 financial crisis , the largest economic contraction in the nation 's history since the Great Depression . Barack Obama , the first African American and multiracial president , was elected in 2008 amid the crisis , and subsequently passed stimulus measures and the Dodd - Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act in an attempt to mitigate its negative effects and ensure there would not be a repeat of the crisis . The stimulus facilitated infrastructure improvements and a relative decline in unemployment . Dodd - Frank improved financial stability and consumer protection , although there is evidence it may have had a negative impact on small banks . In 2010 , the Obama administration passed the Affordable Care Act , which made the most sweeping reforms to the nation 's healthcare system in nearly five decades , including mandates , subsidies and insurance exchanges . The law caused a significant reduction in the number and percentage of people without health insurance , with 24 million covered during 2016 , but remains controversial due to its impact on healthcare costs , insurance premiums , and economic performance . Although the recession reached its trough in June 2009 , voters remained frustrated with the slow pace of the economic recovery . The Republicans , who stood in opposition to Obama 's policies , won control of the House of Representatives with a landslide in 2010 and control of the Senate in 2014 . American forces in Iraq were withdrawn in large numbers in 2009 and 2010 , and the war in the region was declared formally over in December 2011 . The withdrawal caused an escalation of sectarian insurgency , leading to the rise of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant , the successor of al - Qaeda in the region . In 2014 , Obama announced a restoration of full diplomatic relations with Cuba for the first time since 1961 . The next year , the United States as a member of the P5 + 1 countries signed the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action , an agreement aimed to slow the development of Iran 's nuclear program . Geography , climate , and Environment Main articles : Geography of the United States , Climate of the United States , and Environment of the United States A composite satellite image of the contiguous United States and surrounding areas Köppen climate classifications The land area of the contiguous United States is 2,959,064 square miles ( 7,663,940.6 km ) . Alaska , separated from the contiguous United States by Canada , is the largest state at 663,268 square miles ( 1,717,856.2 km ) . Hawaii , occupying an archipelago in the central Pacific , southwest of North America , is 10,931 square miles ( 28,311 km ) in area . The populated territories of Puerto Rico , American Samoa , Guam , Northern Mariana Islands , and U.S. Virgin Islands together cover 9,185 square miles ( 23,789 km ) . Measured by only land area , the United States is third in size behind Russia and China , just ahead of Canada . The United States is the world 's third - or fourth - largest nation by total area ( land and water ) , ranking behind Russia and Canada and just above or below China . The ranking varies depending on how two territories disputed by China and India are counted and how the total size of the United States is measured : calculations range from 3,676,486 square miles ( 9,522,055.0 km ) to 3,717,813 square miles ( 9,629,091.5 km ) to 3,796,742 square miles ( 9,833,516.6 km ) . The coastal plain of the Atlantic seaboard gives way further inland to deciduous forests and the rolling hills of the Piedmont . The Appalachian Mountains divide the eastern seaboard from the Great Lakes and the grasslands of the Midwest . The Mississippi -- Missouri River , the world 's fourth longest river system , runs mainly north -- south through the heart of the country . The flat , fertile prairie of the Great Plains stretches to the west , interrupted by a highland region in the southeast . The Rocky Mountains , at the western edge of the Great Plains , extend north to south across the country , reaching altitudes higher than 14,000 feet ( 4,300 m ) in Colorado . Farther west are the rocky Great Basin and deserts such as the Chihuahua and Mojave . The Sierra Nevada and Cascade mountain ranges run close to the Pacific coast , both ranges reaching altitudes higher than 14,000 feet ( 4,300 m ) . The lowest and highest points in the contiguous United States are in the state of California , and only about 84 miles ( 135 km ) apart . At an elevation of 20,310 feet ( 6,190.5 m ) , Alaska 's Denali ( Mount McKinley ) is the highest peak in the country and North America . Active volcanoes are common throughout Alaska 's Alexander and Aleutian Islands , and Hawaii consists of volcanic islands . The supervolcano underlying Yellowstone National Park in the Rockies is the continent 's largest volcanic feature . The United States has the most ecoregions out of any country in the world . The United States , with its large size and geographic variety , includes most climate types . To the east of the 100th meridian , the climate ranges from humid continental in the north to humid subtropical in the south . The Great Plains west of the 100th meridian are semi-arid . Much of the Western mountains have an alpine climate . The climate is arid in the Great Basin , desert in the Southwest , Mediterranean in coastal California , and oceanic in coastal Oregon and Washington and southern Alaska . Most of Alaska is subarctic or polar . Hawaii and the southern tip of Florida are tropical , as are the populated territories in the Caribbean and the Pacific . Extreme weather is not uncommon -- the states bordering the Gulf of Mexico are prone to hurricanes , and most of the world 's tornadoes occur within the country , mainly in Tornado Alley areas in the Midwest and South . Wildlife Main articles : Fauna of the United States and Flora of the United States See also : Category : Biota of the United States The bald eagle has been the national bird of the United States since 1782 . The U.S. ecology is megadiverse : about 17,000 species of vascular plants occur in the contiguous United States and Alaska , and over 1,800 species of flowering plants are found in Hawaii , few of which occur on the mainland . The United States is home to 428 mammal species , 784 bird species , 311 reptile species , and 295 amphibian species . About 91,000 insect species have been described . The bald eagle is both the national bird and national animal of the United States , and is an enduring symbol of the country itself . There are 59 national parks and hundreds of other federally managed parks , forests , and wilderness areas . Altogether , the government owns about 28 % of the country 's land area . Most of this is protected , though some is leased for oil and gas drilling , mining , logging , or cattle ranching ; about . 86 % is used for military purposes . Environmental issues have been on the national agenda since 1970 . Environmental controversies include debates on oil and nuclear energy , dealing with air and water pollution , the economic costs of protecting wildlife , logging and deforestation , and international responses to global warming . Many federal and state agencies are involved . The most prominent is the Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) , created by presidential order in 1970 . The idea of wilderness has shaped the management of public lands since 1964 , with the Wilderness Act . The Endangered Species Act of 1973 is intended to protect threatened and endangered species and their habitats , which are monitored by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service . Demographics Main articles : Demography of the United States , Americans , List of U.S. states by population density , and List of United States cities by population Population Historical population Census Pop . % ± 1790 3,929,214 -- 1800 5,308,483 35.1 % 1810 7,239,881 36.4 % 1820 9,638,453 33.1 % 1830 12,866,020 33.5 % 1840 17,069,453 32.7 % 1850 23,191,876 35.9 % 1860 31,443,321 35.6 % 1870 38,558,371 22.6 % 1880 50,189,209 30.2 % 1890 62,979,766 25.5 % 1900 76,212,168 21.0 % 1910 92,228,496 21.0 % 1920 106,021,537 15.0 % 1930 123,202,624 16.2 % 1940 132,164,569 7.3 % 1950 151,325,798 14.5 % 1960 179,323,175 18.5 % 1970 203,211,926 13.3 % 1980 226,545,805 11.5 % 248,709,873 9.8 % 2000 281,421,906 13.2 % 308,745,538 9.7 % Est. 2016 323,127,513 4.7 % 1610 -- 1780 population data . Note that the census numbers do not include Native Americans until 1860 . The U.S. Census Bureau estimated the country 's population to be 323,425,550 as of April 25 , 2016 , and to be adding 1 person ( net gain ) every 13 seconds , or about 6,646 people per day . The U.S. population almost quadrupled during the 20th century , from about 76 million in 1900 . The third most populous nation in the world , after China and India , the United States is the only major industrialized nation in which large population increases are projected . In the 1800s the average woman had 7.04 children , by the 1900s this number had decreased to 3.56 . Since the early 1970s the birth rate has been below the replacement rate of 2.1 with 1.86 children per woman in 2014 . Foreign born immigration has caused the US population to continue its rapid increase with the foreign born population doubling from almost 20 million in 1990 to over 40 million in 2010 , representing one third of the population increase . The foreign born population reached 45 million in 2015 . The United States has a birth rate of 13 per 1,000 , which is 5 births below the world average . Its population growth rate is positive at 0.7 % , higher than that of many developed nations . In fiscal year 2015 , over one million immigrants ( most of whom entered through family reunification ) were granted legal residence . Mexico has been the leading source of new residents since the 1965 Immigration Act . China , India , and the Philippines have been in the top four sending countries every year since the 1990s . As of 2012 , approximately 11.4 million residents are illegal immigrants . As of 2015 , 47 % of all immigrants are Hispanic , 26 % are Asian , 18 % are white and 8 % are black . The percentage of immigrants who are Asian is increasing while the percentage who are Hispanic is decreasing . Minorities ( as defined by the Census Bureau as all those beside non-Hispanic , non-multiracial whites ) constituted 37.2 % of the population in 2012 and over 50 % of children under age one , and are projected to constitute the majority by 2044 . According to a survey conducted by the Williams Institute , nine million Americans , or roughly 3.4 % of the adult population identify themselves as homosexual , bisexual , or transgender . A 2016 Gallup poll also concluded that 4.1 % of adult Americans identified as LGBT . The highest percentage came from the District of Columbia ( 10 % ) , while the lowest state was North Dakota at 1.7 % . In a 2013 survey , the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention found that 96.6 % of Americans identify as straight , while 1.6 % identify as gay or lesbian , and 0.7 % identify as being bisexual . In 2010 , the U.S. population included an estimated 5.2 million people with some American Indian or Alaska Native ancestry ( 2.9 million exclusively of such ancestry ) and 1.2 million with some native Hawaiian or Pacific island ancestry ( 0.5 million exclusively ) . The census counted more than 19 million people of `` Some Other Race '' who were `` unable to identify with any '' of its five official race categories in 2010 , over 18.5 million ( 97 % ) of whom are of Hispanic ethnicity . The population growth of Hispanic and Latino Americans ( the terms are officially interchangeable ) is a major demographic trend . The 50.5 million Americans of Hispanic descent are identified as sharing a distinct `` ethnicity '' by the Census Bureau ; 64 % of Hispanic Americans are of Mexican descent . Between 2000 and 2010 , the country 's Hispanic population increased 43 % while the non-Hispanic population rose just 4.9 % . Much of this growth is from immigration ; in 2007 , 12.6 % of the U.S. population was foreign - born , with 54 % of that figure born in Latin America . About 82 % of Americans live in urban areas ( including suburbs ) ; about half of those reside in cities with populations over 50,000 . The US has numerous clusters of cities known as megaregions , the largest being the Great Lakes Megalopolis followed by the Northeast Megalopolis and Southern California . In 2008 , 273 incorporated municipalities had populations over 100,000 , nine cities had more than one million residents , and four global cities had over two million ( New York , Los Angeles , Chicago , and Houston ) . There are 52 metropolitan areas with populations greater than one million . Of the 50 fastest - growing metro areas , 47 are in the West or South . The metro areas of San Bernardino , Dallas , Houston , Atlanta , and Phoenix all grew by more than a million people between 2000 and 2008 . Leading population centers ( see complete list ) view talk Rank Core city ( cities ) Metro area population Metropolitan Statistical Area Region New York City Los Angeles Chicago Dallas New York 20,182,305 New York -- Newark -- Jersey City , NY -- NJ -- PA MSA Northeast Los Angeles 13,340,068 Los Angeles -- Long Beach -- Anaheim , CA MSA West Chicago 9,551,031 Chicago -- Joliet -- Naperville , IL -- IN -- WI MSA Midwest Dallas -- Fort Worth 7,102,796 Dallas -- Fort Worth -- Arlington , TX MSA South 5 Houston 6,656,947 Houston -- The Woodlands - Sugar Land MSA South 6 Washington , D.C. 6,097,684 Washington , DC -- VA -- MD -- WV MSA South 7 Philadelphia 6,069,875 Philadelphia -- Camden -- Wilmington , PA -- NJ -- DE -- MD MSA Northeast 8 Miami 6,012,331 Miami -- Fort Lauderdale -- West Palm Beach , FL MSA South 9 Atlanta 5,710,795 Atlanta -- Sandy Springs -- Roswell , GA MSA South 10 Boston 4,774,321 Boston -- Cambridge -- Quincy , MA -- NH MSA Northeast 11 San Francisco 4,656,132 San Francisco -- Oakland -- Fremont , CA MSA West 12 Phoenix 4,574,531 Phoenix -- Mesa -- Chandler , AZ MSA West 13 Riverside -- San Bernardino 4,489,159 Riverside -- San Bernardino -- Ontario , CA MSA West 14 Detroit 4,302,043 Detroit - Warren - Dearborn , MI MSA Midwest 15 Seattle 3,733,580 Seattle -- Tacoma -- Bellevue , WA MSA West 16 Minneapolis -- St. Paul 3,524,583 Minneapolis -- St. Paul -- Bloomington , MN -- WI MSA Midwest 17 San Diego 3,299,521 San Diego -- Carlsbad -- San Marcos , CA MSA West 18 Tampa -- St. Petersburg 2,975,225 Tampa -- St. Petersburg -- Clearwater , FL MSA South 19 Denver 2,814,330 Denver -- Aurora -- Lakewood , CO MSA West 20 St. Louis 2,811,588 St. Louis MO -- IL MSA Midwest Based on 2015 population estimates from the U.S. Census Bureau Language Main article : Languages of the United States See also : Language Spoken at Home in the United States of America , List of endangered languages in the United States , and Language education in the United States English ( American English ) is the de facto national language . Although there is no official language at the federal level , some laws -- such as U.S. naturalization requirements -- standardize English . In 2010 , about 230 million , or 80 % of the population aged five years and older , spoke only English at home . Spanish , spoken by 12 % of the population at home , is the second most common language and the most widely taught second language . Some Americans advocate making English the country 's official language , as it is in 32 states . Both Hawaiian and English are official languages in Hawaii , by state law . Alaska recognizes twenty Native languages as well as English . While neither has an official language , New Mexico has laws providing for the use of both English and Spanish , as Louisiana does for English and French . Other states , such as California , mandate the publication of Spanish versions of certain government documents including court forms . Several insular territories grant official recognition to their native languages , along with English : Samoan and Chamorro are recognized by American Samoa and Guam , respectively ; Carolinian and Chamorro are recognized by the Northern Mariana Islands ; Spanish is an official language of Puerto Rico and is more widely spoken than English there . The most widely taught foreign languages in the United States , in terms of enrollment numbers from kindergarten through university undergraduate studies , are : Spanish ( around 7.2 million students ) , French ( 1.5 million ) , and German ( 500,000 ) . Other commonly taught languages ( with 100,000 to 250,000 learners ) include Latin , Japanese , ASL , Italian , and Chinese . 18 % of all Americans claim to speak at least one language in addition to English . Languages spoken at home by more than 1 million persons in the U.S. ( 2016 ) Language Percent of population Number of speakers Number who speak English very well Number who speak English less than very well English ( only ) ~ 80 % 237,810,023 N / A N / A Spanish ( including Spanish Creole but excluding Puerto Rico ) 13 % 40,489,813 23,899,421 16,590,392 Chinese ( all varieties , including Mandarin and Cantonese ) 1.0 % 3,372,930 1,518,619 1,854,311 Tagalog ( including Filipino ) 0.5 % 1,701,960 1,159,211 542,749 Vietnamese 0.4 % 1,509,993 634,273 875,720 Arabic ( all varieties ) 0.3 % 1,231,098 770,882 460,216 French ( including Patois and Cajun ) 0.3 % 1,216,668 965,584 251,087 Korean 0.2 % 1,088,788 505,734 583,054 Religion Main article : Religion in the United States See also : History of religion in the United States , Freedom of religion in the United States , Separation of church and state in the United States , and List of religious movements that began in the United States Religious affiliation in the U.S. ( 2014 ) Affiliation % of U.S. population Christian 70.6 70.6 Protestant 46.5 46.5 Evangelical Protestant 25.4 25.4 Mainline Protestant 14.7 14.7 Black church 6.5 6.5 Catholic 20.8 20.8 Mormon 1.6 1.6 Jehovah 's Witnesses 0.8 0.8 Eastern Orthodox 0.5 0.5 Other Christian 0.4 0.4 Jewish 1.9 1.9 Muslim 0.9 0.9 Buddhist 0.7 0.7 Hindu 0.7 0.7 Other faiths 1.8 1.8 Irreligious 22.8 22.8 Nothing in particular 15.8 15.8 Agnostic 4.0 Atheist 3.1 3.1 Do n't know or refused answer 0.6 0.6 The First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution guarantees the free exercise of religion and forbids Congress from passing laws respecting its establishment . Christianity is by far the most common religion practiced in the U.S. , but other religions are followed , too . In a 2013 survey , 56 % of Americans said that religion played a `` very important role in their lives '' , a far higher figure than that of any other wealthy nation . In a 2009 Gallup poll , 42 % of Americans said that they attended church weekly or almost weekly ; the figures ranged from a low of 23 % in Vermont to a high of 63 % in Mississippi . Experts , researchers and authors have referred to the United States as a `` Protestant nation '' or `` founded on Protestant principles , '' specifically emphasizing its Calvinist heritage . As with other Western countries , the U.S. is becoming less religious . Irreligion is growing rapidly among Americans under 30 . Polls show that overall American confidence in organized religion has been declining since the mid to late 1980s , and that younger Americans in particular are becoming increasingly irreligious . According to a 2012 study , the Protestant share of the U.S. population had dropped to 48 % , thus ending its status as religious category of the majority for the first time . Americans with no religion have 1.7 children compared to 2.2 among Christians . The unaffiliated are less likely to get married with 37 % marrying compared to 52 % of Christians . According to a 2014 survey , 70.6 % of adults identified themselves as Christian , Protestant denominations accounted for 46.5 % , while Roman Catholicism , at 20.8 % , was the largest individual denomination . The total reporting non-Christian religions in 2014 was 5.9 % . Other religions include Judaism ( 1.9 % ) , Islam ( 0.9 % ) , Buddhism ( 0.7 % ) , Hinduism ( 0.7 % ) . The survey also reported that 22.8 % of Americans described themselves as agnostic , atheist or simply having no religion , up from 8.2 % in 1990 . There are also Unitarian Universalist , Baha'i , Sikh , Jain , Shinto , Confucian , Taoist , Druid , Native American , Wiccan , humanist and deist communities . Protestantism is the largest Christian religious grouping in the United States . Baptists collectively form the largest branch of Protestantism , and the Southern Baptist Convention is the largest individual Protestant denomination . About 26 % of Americans identify as Evangelical Protestants , while 15 % are Mainline and 7 % belong to a traditionally Black church . Roman Catholicism in the United States has its origin primarily in the Spanish and French colonization of the Americas and , in part , in the English Catholic Proprietary of Maryland , It later grew because of Irish , Italian , Polish , German and Hispanic immigration . Rhode Island has the highest percentage of Catholics with 40 percent of the total population . Lutheranism in the U.S. has its origin in immigration from Northern Europe and Germany . North and South Dakota are the only states in which a plurality of the population is Lutheran . Presbyterianism was introduced in North America by Scottish and Ulster Scots immigrants . Although it has spread across the United States , it is heavily concentrated on the East Coast . Dutch Reformed congregations were founded first in New Amsterdam ( New York City ) before spreading westward . Utah is the only state where Mormonism is the religion of the majority of the population . The Mormon Corridor also extends to parts of Idaho , Nevada and Wyoming . The Bible Belt is an informal term for a region in the Southern United States in which socially conservative Evangelical Protestantism is a significant part of the culture and Christian church attendance across the denominations is generally higher than the nation 's average . By contrast , religion plays the least important role in New England and in the Western United States . Family structure Main article : Family structure in the United States As of 2007 , 58 % of Americans age 18 and over were married , 6 % were widowed , 10 % were divorced , and 25 % had never been married . Women now work mostly outside the home and receive a majority of bachelor 's degrees . The U.S. teenage pregnancy rate is 26.5 per 1,000 women . The rate has declined by 57 % since 1991 . In 2013 , the highest teenage birth rate was in Alabama , and the lowest in Wyoming . Abortion is legal throughout the U.S. , owing to Roe v. Wade , a 1973 landmark decision by the Supreme Court of the United States . While the abortion rate is falling , the abortion ratio of 241 per 1,000 live births and abortion rate of 15 per 1,000 women aged 15 -- 44 remain higher than those of most Western nations . In 2013 , the average age at first birth was 26 and 40.6 % of births were to unmarried women . The total fertility rate ( TFR ) was estimated for 2013 at 1.86 births per woman . Adoption in the United States is common and relatively easy from a legal point of view ( compared to other Western countries ) . In 2001 , with over 127,000 adoptions , the U.S. accounted for nearly half of the total number of adoptions worldwide . Same - sex marriage is legal nationwide and it is legal for same - sex couples to adopt . Polygamy is illegal throughout the U.S. Government and Politics Main articles : Federal government of the United States , State governments of the United States , Local government in the United States , and Elections in the United States The United States Capitol , where Congress meets : the Senate , left ; the House , right The White House , home and workplace of the U.S. President Supreme Court Building , where the nation 's highest court sits The United States is the world 's oldest surviving federation . It is a representative democracy , `` in which majority rule is tempered by minority rights protected by law '' . The government is regulated by a system of checks and balances defined by the U.S. Constitution , which serves as the country 's supreme legal document . For 2016 , the U.S. ranked 21st on the Democracy Index ( tied with Italy ) and 18th on the Corruption Perceptions Index . In the American federalist system , citizens are usually subject to three levels of government : federal , state , and local . The local government 's duties are commonly split between county and municipal governments . In almost all cases , executive and legislative officials are elected by a plurality vote of citizens by district . There is no proportional representation at the federal level , and it is rare at lower levels . The federal government is composed of three branches : Legislative : The bicameral Congress , made up of the Senate and the House of Representatives , makes federal law , declares war , approves treaties , has the power of the purse , and has the power of impeachment , by which it can remove sitting members of the government . Executive : The President is the commander - in - chief of the military , can veto legislative bills before they become law ( subject to Congressional override ) , and appoints the members of the Cabinet ( subject to Senate approval ) and other officers , who administer and enforce federal laws and policies . Judicial : The Supreme Court and lower federal courts , whose judges are appointed by the President with Senate approval , interpret laws and overturn those they find unconstitutional . The House of Representatives has 435 voting members , each representing a congressional district for a two - year term . House seats are apportioned among the states by population every tenth year . At the 2010 census , seven states had the minimum of one representative , while California , the most populous state , had 53 . The Senate has 100 members with each state having two senators , elected at - large to six - year terms ; one third of Senate seats are up for election every other year . The President serves a four - year term and may be elected to the office no more than twice . The President is not elected by direct vote , but by an indirect electoral college system in which the determining votes are apportioned to the states and the District of Columbia . The Supreme Court , led by the Chief Justice of the United States , has nine members , who serve for life . The state governments are structured in roughly similar fashion ; Nebraska uniquely has a unicameral legislature . The governor ( chief executive ) of each state is directly elected . Some state judges and cabinet officers are appointed by the governors of the respective states , while others are elected by popular vote . The original text of the Constitution establishes the structure and responsibilities of the federal government and its relationship with the individual states . Article One protects the right to the `` great writ '' of habeas corpus . The Constitution has been amended 27 times ; the first ten amendments , which make up the Bill of Rights , and the Fourteenth Amendment form the central basis of Americans ' individual rights . All laws and governmental procedures are subject to judicial review and any law ruled by the courts to be in violation of the Constitution is voided . The principle of judicial review , not explicitly mentioned in the Constitution , was established by the Supreme Court in Marbury v. Madison ( 1803 ) in a decision handed down by Chief Justice John Marshall . Political Divisions Main articles : Political divisions of the United States , U.S. state , Territories of the United States , List of states and territories of the United States , and Indian reservation Further information : Territorial evolution of the United States and United States territorial acquisitions Map of U.S. Economic Exclusion Zone , highlighting states , territories and possessions The United States is a federal republic of 50 states , a federal district , five territories and eleven uninhabited island possessions . The states and territories are the principal administrative districts in the country . These are divided into subdivisions of counties and independent cities . The District of Columbia is a federal district that contains the capital of the United States , Washington DC . The states and the District of Columbia choose the President of the United States . Each state has presidential electors equal to the number of their Representatives and Senators in Congress ; the District of Columbia has three . Congressional Districts are reapportioned among the states following each decennial Census of Population . Each state then draws single member districts to conform with the census apportionment . The total number of Representatives is 435 , and delegate Members of Congress represent the District of Columbia and the five major U.S. territories . The United States also observes tribal sovereignty of the American Indian nations to a limited degree , as it does with the states ' sovereignty . American Indians are U.S. citizens and tribal lands are subject to the jurisdiction of the U.S. Congress and the federal courts . Like the states they have a great deal of autonomy , but also like the states , tribes are not allowed to make war , engage in their own foreign relations , or print and issue currency . State flags and statehood dates ( listed alphabetically ) Alabama : Dec. 14 , 1819 Alaska : Jan. 3 , 1959 Arizona : Feb. 14 , 1912 Arkansas : Jun. 15 , 1836 California : Sep. 9 , 1850 Colorado : Aug. 1 , 1876 Connecticut : Jan. 9 , 1788 Delaware : Dec. 7 , 1787 Florida : Mar. 3 , 1845 Georgia : Jan. 2 , 1788 Hawaii : Aug. 21 , 1959 Idaho : Jul. 3 , 1890 Illinois : Dec. 3 , 1818 Indiana : Dec. 11 , 1816 Iowa : Dec. 28 , 1846 Kansas : Jan. 29 , 1861 Kentucky : Jun. 1 , 1792 Louisiana : Apr. 30 , 1812 Maine : Mar. 15 , 1820 Maryland : Apr. 28 , 1788 Massachusetts : Feb. 6 , 1788 Michigan : Jan. 26 , 1837 Minnesota : May 11 , 1858 Mississippi : Dec. 10 , 1817 Missouri : Aug. 10 , 1821 Montana : Nov. 8 , 1889 Nebraska : Mar. 1 , 1867 Nevada : Oct. 31 , 1864 New Hampshire : Jun. 21 , 1788 New Jersey : Dec. 18 , 1787 New Mexico : Jan. 6 , 1912 New York : Jul. 26 , 1788 North Carolina : Nov. 21 , 1789 North Dakota : Nov. 2 , 1889 Ohio : Mar. 1 , 1803 Oklahoma : Nov. 16 , 1907 Oregon : Feb. 14 , 1859 Pennsylvania : Dec. 12 , 1787 Rhode Island : May 29 , 1790 South Carolina : May 23 , 1788 South Dakota : Nov. 2 , 1889 Tennessee : Jun. 1 , 1796 Texas : Dec. 29 , 1845 Utah : Jan. 4 , 1896 Vermont : Mar. 4 , 1791 Virginia : Jun. 25 , 1788 Washington : Nov. 11 , 1889 West Virginia : Jun. 20 , 1863 Wisconsin : May 29 , 1848 Wyoming : Jul. 10 , 1890 ( listed chronologically ) Dec. 7 , 1787 : Delaware Dec. 12 , 1787 : Pennsylvania Dec. 18 , 1787 : New Jersey Jan. 2 , 1788 : Georgia Jan. 9 , 1788 : Connecticut Feb. 6 , 1788 : Massachusetts Apr. 28 , 1788 : Maryland May 23 , 1788 : South Carolina Jun. 21 , 1788 : New Hampshire Jun. 25 , 1788 : Virginia Jul. 26 , 1788 : New York Nov. 21 , 1789 : North Carolina May 29 , 1790 : Rhode Island Mar. 4 , 1791 : Vermont Jun. 1 , 1792 : Kentucky Jun. 1 , 1796 : Tennessee Mar. 1 , 1803 : Ohio Apr. 30 , 1812 : Louisiana Dec. 11 , 1816 : Indiana Dec. 10 , 1817 : Mississippi Dec. 3 , 1818 : Illinois Dec. 14 , 1819 : Alabama Mar. 15 , 1820 : Maine Aug. 10 , 1821 : Missouri Jun. 15 , 1836 : Arkansas Jan. 26 , 1837 : Michigan Mar. 3 , 1845 : Florida Dec. 29 , 1845 : Texas Dec. 28 , 1846 : Iowa May 29 , 1848 : Wisconsin Sep. 9 , 1850 : California May 11 , 1858 : Minnesota Feb. 14 , 1859 : Oregon Jan. 29 , 1861 : Kansas Jun. 20 , 1863 : West Virginia Oct. 31 , 1864 : Nevada Mar. 1 , 1867 : Nebraska Aug. 1 , 1876 : Colorado Nov. 2 , 1889 : North Dakota Nov. 2 , 1889 : South Dakota Nov. 8 , 1889 : Montana Nov. 11 , 1889 : Washington Jul. 3 , 1890 : Idaho Jul. 10 , 1890 : Wyoming Jan. 4 , 1896 : Utah Nov. 16 , 1907 : Oklahoma Jan. 6 , 1912 : New Mexico Feb. 14 , 1912 : Arizona Jan. 3 , 1959 : Alaska Aug. 21 , 1959 : Hawaii Statehood date is the date of ratifying the Constitution ( for the first 13 ) or being admitted to the Union ( for subsequent states ) Parties and elections Main articles : Politics of the United States and Political ideologies in the United States Congressional leadership meeting with then - President Obama in 2011 . Donald Trump 45th President since January 20 , 2017 Mike Pence 48th Vice President since January 20 , 2017 The United States has operated under a two - party system for most of its history . For elective offices at most levels , state - administered primary elections choose the major party nominees for subsequent general elections . Since the general election of 1856 , the major parties have been the Democratic Party , founded in 1824 , and the Republican Party , founded in 1854 . Since the Civil War , only one third - party presidential candidate -- former president Theodore Roosevelt , running as a Progressive in 1912 -- has won as much as 20 % of the popular vote . The President and Vice-president are elected through the Electoral College system . Within American political culture , the center - right Republican Party is considered `` conservative '' and the center - left Democratic Party is considered `` liberal '' . The states of the Northeast and West Coast and some of the Great Lakes states , known as `` blue states '' , are relatively liberal . The `` red states '' of the South and parts of the Great Plains and Rocky Mountains are relatively conservative . Republican Donald Trump , the winner of the 2016 presidential election , is currently serving as the 45th President of the United States . Current leadership in the Senate includes Republican Vice President Mike Pence , Republican President Pro Tempore Orrin Hatch , Majority Leader Mitch McConnell , and Minority Leader Chuck Schumer . Leadership in the House includes Speaker of the House Paul Ryan , Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy , and Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi . In the 115th United States Congress , both the House of Representatives and the Senate are controlled by the Republican Party . The Senate currently consists of 52 Republicans , and 46 Democrats with 2 Independents who caucus with the Democrats ; the House consists of 241 Republicans and 194 Democrats . In state governorships , there are 33 Republicans , 16 Democrats , and 1 Independent . Among the DC mayor and the 5 territorial governors , there are 2 Republicans , 1 Democrat , 1 New Progressive , and 2 Independents . Foreign Relations Main articles : Foreign relations of the United States and Foreign policy of the United States The United Nations Headquarters was built in Midtown Manhattan in 1952 . The United States has an established structure of foreign relations . It is a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council , and New York City is home to the United Nations Headquarters . It is a member of the G7 , G20 , and Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development . Almost all countries have embassies in Washington , D.C. , and many have consulates around the country . Likewise , nearly all nations host American diplomatic missions . However , Iran , North Korea , Bhutan , and the Republic of China ( Taiwan ) do not have formal diplomatic relations with the United States ( although the U.S. still maintains relations with Taiwan and supplies it with military equipment ) . The United States has a `` Special Relationship '' with the United Kingdom and strong ties with Canada , Australia , New Zealand , the Philippines , Japan , South Korea , Israel , and several European Union countries , including France , Italy , Germany , and Spain . It works closely with fellow NATO members on military and security issues and with its neighbors through the Organization of American States and free trade agreements such as the trilateral North American Free Trade Agreement with Canada and Mexico . In 2008 , the United States spent a net $25.4 billion on official development assistance , the most in the world . As a share of America 's large gross national income ( GNI ) , however , the U.S. contribution of 0.18 % ranked last among 22 donor states . By contrast , private overseas giving by Americans is relatively generous . The U.S. exercises full international defense authority and responsibility for three sovereign nations through Compact of Free Association with Micronesia , the Marshall Islands and Palau . These are Pacific island nations , once part of the U.S. - administered Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands after World War II , which gained independence in subsequent years . Government Finance See also : Taxation in the United States and United States federal budget US federal debt held by the public as a percentage of GDP , from 1790 to 2013 . Taxes in the United States are levied at the federal , state , and local government levels . These include taxes on income , payroll , property , sales , imports , estates and gifts , as well as various fees . In 2010 taxes collected by federal , state and municipal governments amounted to 24.8 % of GDP . During FY2012 , the federal government collected approximately $2.45 trillion in tax revenue , up $147 billion or 6 % versus FY2011 revenues of $2.30 trillion . Primary receipt categories included individual income taxes ( $1,132 B or 47 % ) , Social Security / Social Insurance taxes ( $845 B or 35 % ) , and corporate taxes ( $242 B or 10 % ) . Based on CBO estimates , under 2013 tax law the top 1 % will be paying the highest average tax rates since 1979 , while other income groups will remain at historic lows . U.S. taxation is generally progressive , especially the federal income taxes , and is among the most progressive in the developed world . The highest 10 % of income earners pay a majority of federal taxes , and about half of all taxes . Payroll taxes for Social Security are a flat regressive tax , with no tax charged on income above $118,500 ( for 2015 and 2016 ) and no tax at all paid on unearned income from things such as stocks and capital gains . The historic reasoning for the regressive nature of the payroll tax is that entitlement programs have not been viewed as welfare transfers . However , according to the Congressional Budget Office the net effect of Social Security is that the benefit to tax ratio ranges from roughly 70 % for the top earnings quintile to about 170 % for the lowest earning quintile , making the system progressive . The top 10 % paid 51.8 % of total federal taxes in 2009 , and the top 1 % , with 13.4 % of pre-tax national income , paid 22.3 % of federal taxes . In 2013 the Tax Policy Center projected total federal effective tax rates of 35.5 % for the top 1 % , 27.2 % for the top quintile , 13.8 % for the middle quintile , and − 2.7 % for the bottom quintile . The incidence of corporate income tax has been a matter of considerable ongoing controversy for decades . State and local taxes vary widely , but are generally less progressive than federal taxes as they rely heavily on broadly borne regressive sales and property taxes that yield less volatile revenue streams , though their consideration does not eliminate the progressive nature of overall taxation . During FY 2012 , the federal government spent $3.54 trillion on a budget or cash basis , down $60 billion or 1.7 % vs. FY 2011 spending of $3.60 trillion . Major categories of FY 2012 spending included : Medicare & Medicaid ( $802 B or 23 % of spending ) , Social Security ( $768 B or 22 % ) , Defense Department ( $670 B or 19 % ) , non-defense discretionary ( $615 B or 17 % ) , other mandatory ( $461 B or 13 % ) and interest ( $223 B or 6 % ) . The total national debt of the United States in the United States was $18.527 trillion ( 106 % of the GDP ) in 2014 . Military Main article : United States Armed Forces The carrier strike groups of the Kitty Hawk , Ronald Reagan , and Abraham Lincoln with aircraft from the Marine Corps , Navy , and Air Force . The President holds the title of commander - in - chief of the nation 's armed forces and appoints its leaders , the Secretary of Defense and the Joint Chiefs of Staff . The United States Department of Defense administers the armed forces , including the Army , Marine Corps , Navy , and Air Force . The Coast Guard is run by the Department of Homeland Security in peacetime and by the Department of the Navy during times of war . In 2008 , the armed forces had 1.4 million personnel on active duty . The Reserves and National Guard brought the total number of troops to 2.3 million . The Department of Defense also employed about 700,000 civilians , not including contractors . Military service is voluntary , though conscription may occur in wartime through the Selective Service System . American forces can be rapidly deployed by the Air Force 's large fleet of transport aircraft , the Navy 's 10 active aircraft carriers , and Marine expeditionary units at sea with the Navy 's Atlantic and Pacific fleets . The military operates 865 bases and facilities abroad , and maintains deployments greater than 100 active duty personnel in 25 foreign countries . The military budget of the United States in 2011 was more than $700 billion , 41 % of global military spending and equal to the next 14 largest national military expenditures combined . At 4.7 % of GDP , the rate was the second - highest among the top 15 military spenders , after Saudi Arabia . U.S. defense spending as a percentage of GDP ranked 23rd globally in 2012 according to the CIA . Defense 's share of U.S. spending has generally declined in recent decades , from Cold War peaks of 14.2 % of GDP in 1953 and 69.5 % of federal outlays in 1954 to 4.7 % of GDP and 18.8 % of federal outlays in 2011 . US global military presence . The proposed base Department of Defense budget for 2012 , $553 billion , was a 4.2 % increase over 2011 ; an additional $118 billion was proposed for the military campaigns in Iraq and Afghanistan . The last American troops serving in Iraq departed in December 2011 ; 4,484 service members were killed during the Iraq War . Approximately 90,000 U.S. troops were serving in Afghanistan in April 2012 ; by November 8 , 2013 2,285 had been killed during the War in Afghanistan . Law enforcement and Crime Main articles : Law enforcement in the United States and Crime in the United States See also : Law of the United States , Second Amendment to the United States Constitution , Human rights in the United States § Justice system , Incarceration in the United States , and Capital punishment in the United States Law enforcement in the U.S. is maintained primarily by local police departments . Law enforcement in the United States is primarily the responsibility of local police and sheriff 's departments , with state police providing broader services . The New York City Police Department ( NYPD ) is the largest in the country . Federal agencies such as the Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) and the U.S. Marshals Service have specialized duties , including protecting civil rights , national security and enforcing U.S. federal courts ' rulings and federal laws . At the federal level and in almost every state , a legal system operates on a common law . State courts conduct most criminal trials ; federal courts handle certain designated crimes as well as certain appeals from the state criminal courts . Plea bargaining in the United States is very common ; the vast majority of criminal cases in the country are settled by plea bargain rather than jury trial . In 2015 , there were 15,696 murders which was 1,532 more than in 2014 , a 10.8 per cent increase , the largest since 1971 . The murder rate in 2015 was 4.9 per 100,000 people . In 2016 the murder rate increased by 8.6 % , with 17,250 murders that year . The national clearance rate for homicides in 2015 was 64.1 % , compared to 90 % in 1965 . In 2012 there were 4.7 murders per 100,000 persons in the United States , a 54 % decline from the modern peak of 10.2 in 1980 . In 2001 -- 2 , the United States had above - average levels of violent crime and particularly high levels of gun violence compared to other developed nations . A cross-sectional analysis of the World Health Organization Mortality Database from 2010 showed that United States `` homicide rates were 7.0 times higher than in other high - income countries , driven by a gun homicide rate that was 25.2 times higher . '' Gun ownership rights continue to be the subject of contentious political debate . From 1980 through 2008 males represented 77 % of homicide victims and 90 % of offenders . Blacks committed 52.5 % of all homicides during that span , at a rate almost eight times that of whites ( `` whites '' includes most Hispanics ) , and were victimized at a rate six times that of whites . Most homicides were intraracial , with 93 % of black victims killed by blacks and 84 % of white victims killed by whites . In 2012 , Louisiana had the highest rate of murder and non-negligent manslaughter in the U.S. , and New Hampshire the lowest . The FBI 's Uniform Crime Reports estimates that there were 3,246 violent and property crimes per 100,000 residents in 2012 , for a total of over 9 million total crimes . Capital punishment is sanctioned in the United States for certain federal and military crimes , and used in 31 states . No executions took place from 1967 to 1977 , owing in part to a U.S. Supreme Court ruling striking down arbitrary imposition of the death penalty . In 1976 , that Court ruled that , under appropriate circumstances , capital punishment may constitutionally be imposed . Since the decision there have been more than 1,300 executions , a majority of these taking place in three states : Texas , Virginia , and Oklahoma . Meanwhile , several states have either abolished or struck down death penalty laws . In 2015 , the country had the fifth - highest number of executions in the world , following China , Iran , Pakistan and Saudi Arabia . The United States has the highest documented incarceration rate and total prison population in the world . At the start of 2008 , more than 2.3 million people were incarcerated , more than one in every 100 adults . In December 2012 , the combined U.S. adult correctional systems supervised about 6,937,600 offenders . About 1 in every 35 adult residents in the United States was under some form of correctional supervision in December 2012 , the lowest rate observed since 1997 . The prison population has quadrupled since 1980 , and state and local spending on prisons and jails has grown three times as much as that spent on public education during the same period . However , the imprisonment rate for all prisoners sentenced to more than a year in state or federal facilities is 478 per 100,000 in 2013 and the rate for pre-trial / remand prisoners is 153 per 100,000 residents in 2012 . The country 's high rate of incarceration is largely due to changes in sentencing guidelines and drug policies . According to the Federal Bureau of Prisons , the majority of inmates held in federal prisons are convicted of drug offenses . The privatization of prisons and prison services which began in the 1980s has been a subject of debate . In 2008 , Louisiana had the highest incarceration rate , and Maine the lowest . Economy Main article : Economy of the United States See also : Economic history of the United States Economic indicators Nominal GDP $18.45 trillion ( Q2 2016 ) Real GDP growth 1.4 % ( Q2 2016 ) 2.6 % ( 2015 ) CPI inflation 1.1 % ( August 2016 ) Employment - to - population ratio 59.7 % ( August 2016 ) Unemployment 4.9 % ( August 2016 ) Labor force participation rate 62.8 % ( August 2016 ) Total public debt $19.808 trillion ( October 25 , 2016 ) Household net worth $89.063 trillion ( Q2 2016 ) United States export treemap ( 2011 ) : The U.S. is the world 's second - largest exporter . The United States has a capitalist mixed economy which is fueled by abundant natural resources and high productivity . According to the International Monetary Fund , the U.S. GDP of $16.8 trillion constitutes 24 % of the gross world product at market exchange rates and over 19 % of the gross world product at purchasing power parity ( PPP ) . The nominal GDP of the U.S. is estimated to be $17.528 trillion as of 2014 From 1983 to 2008 , U.S. real compounded annual GDP growth was 3.3 % , compared to a 2.3 % weighted average for the rest of the G7 . The country ranks ninth in the world in nominal GDP per capita ( first in the Americas ) and sixth in GDP per capita at PPP . The U.S. dollar is the world 's primary reserve currency . The U.S. economy is also the fastest growing in the Americas . The United States is the largest importer of goods and second - largest exporter , though exports per capita are relatively low . In 2010 , the total U.S. trade deficit was $635 billion . Canada , China , Mexico , Japan , and Germany are its top trading partners . In 2010 , oil was the largest import commodity , while transportation equipment was the country 's largest export . Japan is the largest foreign holder of U.S. public debt . The largest holder of the U.S. debt are American entities , including federal government accounts and the Federal Reserve , who hold the majority of the debt . In 2009 , the private sector was estimated to constitute 86.4 % of the economy , with federal government activity accounting for 4.3 % and state and local government activity ( including federal transfers ) the remaining 9.3 % . The number of employees at all levels of government outnumber those in manufacturing by 1.7 to 1 . While its economy has reached a postindustrial level of development and its service sector constitutes 67.8 % of GDP , the United States remains an industrial power . The leading business field by gross business receipts is wholesale and retail trade ; by net income it is manufacturing . In the franchising business model , McDonald 's and Subway are the two most recognized brands in the world . Coca - Cola is the most recognized soft drink company in the world . Chemical products are the leading manufacturing field . The United States is the largest producer of oil in the world , as well as its second - largest importer . It is the world 's number one producer of electrical and nuclear energy , as well as liquid natural gas , sulfur , phosphates , and salt . The National Mining Association provides data pertaining to coal and minerals that include beryllium , copper , lead , magnesium , zinc , titanium and others . Agriculture accounts for just under 1 % of GDP , yet the United States is the world 's top producer of corn and soybeans . The National Agricultural Statistics Service maintains agricultural statistics for products that include peanuts , oats , rye , wheat , rice , cotton , corn , barley , hay , sunflowers , and oilseeds . In addition , the United States Department of Agriculture ( USDA ) provides livestock statistics regarding beef , poultry , pork , and dairy products . The country is the primary developer and grower of genetically modified food , representing half of the world 's biotech crops . Consumer spending comprises 68 % of the U.S. economy in 2015 . In August 2010 , the American labor force consisted of 154.1 million people . With 21.2 million people , government is the leading field of employment . The largest private employment sector is health care and social assistance , with 16.4 million people . About 12 % of workers are unionized , compared to 30 % in Western Europe . The World Bank ranks the United States first in the ease of hiring and firing workers . The United States is ranked among the top three in the Global Competitiveness Report as well . It has a smaller welfare state and redistributes less income through government action than European nations tend to . The United States is the only advanced economy that does not guarantee its workers paid vacation and is one of just a few countries in the world without paid family leave as a legal right , with the others being Papua New Guinea , Suriname and Liberia . While federal law currently does not require sick leave , it is a common benefit for government workers and full - time employees at corporations . 74 % of full - time American workers get paid sick leave , according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics , although only 24 % of part - time workers get the same benefits . In 2009 , the United States had the third - highest workforce productivity per person in the world , behind Luxembourg and Norway . It was fourth in productivity per hour , behind those two countries and the Netherlands . The 2008 -- 2012 global recession significantly affected the United States , with output still below potential according to the Congressional Budget Office . It brought high unemployment ( which has been decreasing but remains above pre-recession levels ) , along with low consumer confidence , the continuing decline in home values and increase in foreclosures and personal bankruptcies , an escalating federal debt crisis , inflation , and rising petroleum and food prices . There remains a record proportion of long - term unemployed , continued decreasing household income , and tax and federal budget increases . Income , Poverty and wealth A tract housing development in San Jose , California Further information : Income in the United States , Poverty in the United States , Affluence in the United States , United States counties by per capita income , and Income inequality in the United States Americans have the highest average household and employee income among OECD nations , and in 2007 had the second - highest median household income . According to the Census Bureau , median household income was $59,039 in 2016 . Accounting for 4.4 % of the global population , Americans collectively possess 41.6 % of the world 's total wealth , and Americans make up roughly half of the world 's population of millionaires . The Global Food Security Index ranked the U.S. number one for food affordability and overall food security in March 2013 . Americans on average have over twice as much living space per dwelling and per person as European Union residents , and more than every EU nation . For 2013 the United Nations Development Programme ranked the United States 5th among 187 countries in its Human Development Index and 28th in its inequality - adjusted HDI ( IHDI ) . After years of stagnant growth , in 2016 , according to the Census , median household income reached a record high after two consecutive years of record growth , although income inequality remains at record highs with top fifth of earners taking home more than half of all overall income . There has been a widening gap between productivity and median incomes since the 1970s . However , the gap between total compensation and productivity is not as wide because of increased employee benefits such as health insurance . The rise in the share of total annual income received by the top 1 percent , which has more than doubled from 9 percent in 1976 to 20 percent in 2011 , has significantly affected income inequality , leaving the United States with one of the widest income distributions among OECD nations . The top 1 percent of income - earners accounted for 52 percent of the income gains from 2009 to 2015 , where income is defined as market income excluding government transfers , The extent and relevance of income inequality is a matter of debate . United States ' families median net worth source : Fed Survey of Consumer Finances in 2013 dollars 1998 2013 change All families $102,500 $81,200 - 20.8 % Bottom 20 % of incomes $8,300 $6,100 - 26.5 % 2nd lowest 20 % of incomes $47,400 $22,400 - 52.7 % Middle 20 % of incomes $76,300 $61,700 - 19.1 % Top 10 % $646,600 $1,130,700 + 74.9 % Wealth , like income and taxes , is highly concentrated ; the richest 10 % of the adult population possess 72 % of the country 's household wealth , while the bottom half claim only 2 % . Between June 2007 and November 2008 the global recession led to falling asset prices around the world . Assets owned by Americans lost about a quarter of their value . Since peaking in the second quarter of 2007 , household wealth was down $14 trillion , but has since increased $14 trillion over 2006 levels . At the end of 2014 , household debt amounted to $11.8 trillion , down from $13.8 trillion at the end of 2008 . There were about 578,424 sheltered and unsheltered homeless persons in the U.S. in January 2014 , with almost two - thirds staying in an emergency shelter or transitional housing program . In 2011 16.7 million children lived in food - insecure households , about 35 % more than 2007 levels , though only 1.1 % of U.S. children , or 845,000 , saw reduced food intake or disrupted eating patterns at some point during the year , and most cases were not chronic . According to a 2014 report by the Census Bureau , one in five young adults lives in poverty today , up from one in seven in 1980 . Infrastructure Transportation Main article : Transportation in the United States The Interstate Highway System , which extends 46,876 miles ( 75,440 km ) . Personal transportation is dominated by automobiles , which operate on a network of 4 million miles ( 6.4 million km ) of public roads , including one of the world 's longest highway systems at 57,000 miles ( 91700 km ) . The world 's second - largest automobile market , the United States has the highest rate of per - capita vehicle ownership in the world , with 765 vehicles per 1,000 Americans . About 40 % of personal vehicles are vans , SUVs , or light trucks . The average American adult ( accounting for all drivers and non-drivers ) spends 55 minutes driving every day , traveling 29 miles ( 47 km ) . Map showing current rail speeds in the United States . Mass transit accounts for 9 % of total U.S. work trips . Transport of goods by rail is extensive , though relatively low numbers of passengers ( approximately 31 million annually ) use intercity rail to travel , partly because of the low population density throughout much of the U.S. interior . However , ridership on Amtrak , the national intercity passenger rail system , grew by almost 37 % between 2000 and 2010 . Also , light rail development has increased in recent years . Bicycle usage for work commutes is minimal . The civil airline industry is entirely privately owned and has been largely deregulated since 1978 , while most major airports are publicly owned . The three largest airlines in the world by passengers carried are U.S. - based ; American Airlines is number one after its 2013 acquisition by US Airways . Of the world 's 50 busiest passenger airports , 16 are in the United States , including the busiest , Hartsfield -- Jackson Atlanta International Airport , and the fourth - busiest , O'Hare International Airport in Chicago . In the aftermath of the 9 / 11 attacks of 2001 , the Transportation Security Administration was created to police airports and commercial airliners . Energy Further information : Energy policy of the United States The U.S. power transmission grid consists of about 300,000 km ( 190,000 mi ) of lines operated by approximately 500 companies . The North American Electric Reliability Corporation ( NERC ) oversees all of them . The United States energy market is about 29,000 terawatt hours per year . Energy consumption per capita is 7.8 tons ( 7076 kg ) of oil equivalent per year , the 10th - highest rate in the world . In 2005 , 40 % of this energy came from petroleum , 23 % from coal , and 22 % from natural gas . The remainder was supplied by nuclear power and renewable energy sources . The United States is the world 's largest consumer of petroleum. The United States has 27 % of global coal reserves . It is the world 's largest producer of natural gas and crude oil . For decades , nuclear power has played a limited role relative to many other developed countries , in part because of public perception in the wake of a 1979 accident . In 2007 , several applications for new nuclear plants were filed . Water supply and sanitation Main article : Drinking water supply and sanitation in the United States Issues that affect water supply in the United States include droughts in the West , water scarcity , pollution , a backlog of investment , concerns about the affordability of water for the poorest , and a rapidly retiring workforce . Increased variability and intensity of rainfall as a result of climate change is expected to produce both more severe droughts and flooding , with potentially serious consequences for water supply and for pollution from combined sewer overflows . Education Main article : Education in the United States The University of Virginia , founded by Thomas Jefferson in 1819 , is one of the many public universities in the United States . Universal government - funded education exists in the United States , while there are also many privately funded institutions . American public education is operated by state and local governments , regulated by the United States Department of Education through restrictions on federal grants . In most states , children are required to attend school from the age of six or seven ( generally , kindergarten or first grade ) until they turn 18 ( generally bringing them through twelfth grade , the end of high school ) ; some states allow students to leave school at 16 or 17 . About 12 % of children are enrolled in parochial or nonsectarian private schools . Just over 2 % of children are homeschooled . The U.S. spends more on education per student than any nation in the world , spending more than $11,000 per elementary student in 2010 and more than $12,000 per high school student . Some 80 % of U.S. college students attend public universities . The United States has many competitive private and public institutions of higher education . The majority of the world 's top universities listed by different ranking organizations are in the U.S. There are also local community colleges with generally more open admission policies , shorter academic programs , and lower tuition . Of Americans 25 and older , 84.6 % graduated from high school , 52.6 % attended some college , 27.2 % earned a bachelor 's degree , and 9.6 % earned graduate degrees . The basic literacy rate is approximately 99 % . The United Nations assigns the United States an Education Index of 0.97 , tying it for 12th in the world . As for public expenditures on higher education , the U.S. trails some other OECD nations but spends more per student than the OECD average , and more than all nations in combined public and private spending . As of 2012 , student loan debt exceeded one trillion dollars , more than Americans owe on credit cards . Culture Main article : Culture of the United States See also : Alaska Natives § Cultures , Native American cultures in the United States , Culture of the Native Hawaiians , Social class in the United States , Public holidays in the United States , and Tourism in the United States The United States is home to many cultures and a wide variety of ethnic groups , traditions , and values . Aside from the Native American , Native Hawaiian , and Native Alaskan populations , nearly all Americans or their ancestors settled or immigrated within the past five centuries . Mainstream American culture is a Western culture largely derived from the traditions of European immigrants with influences from many other sources , such as traditions brought by slaves from Africa . More recent immigration from Asia and especially Latin America has added to a cultural mix that has been described as both a homogenizing melting pot , and a heterogeneous salad bowl in which immigrants and their descendants retain distinctive cultural characteristics . Core American culture was established by Protestant British colonists and shaped by the frontier settlement process , with the traits derived passed down to descendants and transmitted to immigrants through assimilation . Americans have traditionally been characterized by a strong work ethic , competitiveness , and individualism , as well as a unifying belief in an `` American creed '' emphasizing liberty , equality , private property , democracy , rule of law , and a preference for limited government . Americans are extremely charitable by global standards . According to a 2006 British study , Americans gave 1.67 % of GDP to charity , more than any other nation studied , more than twice the second place British figure of 0.73 % , and around twelve times the French figure of 0.14 % . The American Dream , or the perception that Americans enjoy high social mobility , plays a key role in attracting immigrants . Whether this perception is realistic has been a topic of debate . While mainstream culture holds that the United States is a classless society , scholars identify significant differences between the country 's social classes , affecting socialization , language , and values . Americans ' self - images , social viewpoints , and cultural expectations are associated with their occupations to an unusually close degree . While Americans tend greatly to value socioeconomic achievement , being ordinary or average is generally seen as a positive attribute . Food Main article : Cuisine of the United States Apple pie is a food commonly associated with American cuisine . Mainstream American cuisine is similar to that in other Western countries . Wheat is the primary cereal grain with about three - quarters of grain products made of wheat flour and many dishes use indigenous ingredients , such as turkey , venison , potatoes , sweet potatoes , corn , squash , and maple syrup which were consumed by Native Americans and early European settlers . These home grown foods are part of a shared national menu on one of America 's most popular holidays ; Thanksgiving , when some Americans make traditional foods to celebrate the occasion . Roasted turkey is a traditional menu item of an American Thanksgiving dinner . Characteristic dishes such as apple pie , fried chicken , pizza , hamburgers , and hot dogs derive from the recipes of various immigrants . French fries , Mexican dishes such as burritos and tacos , and pasta dishes freely adapted from Italian sources are widely consumed . Americans drink three times as much coffee as tea . Marketing by U.S. industries is largely responsible for making orange juice and milk ubiquitous breakfast beverages . American eating habits owe a great deal to that of their British culinary roots with some variations . Although American lands could grow newer vegetables that Britain could not , most colonists would not eat these new foods until accepted by Europeans . Over time American foods changed to a point that food critic , John L. Hess stated in 1972 : `` Our founding fathers were as far superior to our present political leaders in the quality of their food as they were in the quality of their prose and intelligence '' . The American fast food industry , the world 's largest , pioneered the drive - through format in the 1940s . Fast food consumption has sparked health concerns . During the 1980s and 1990s , Americans ' caloric intake rose 24 % ; frequent dining at fast food outlets is associated with what public health officials call the American `` obesity epidemic '' . Highly sweetened soft drinks are widely popular , and sugared beverages account for nine percent of American caloric intake . Literature , philosophy , and the arts Main articles : American literature , American philosophy , Architecture of the United States , Visual art of the United States , and American classical music Mark Twain , American author and humorist . In the 18th and early 19th centuries , American art and literature took most of its cues from Europe . Writers such as Nathaniel Hawthorne , Edgar Allan Poe , and Henry David Thoreau established a distinctive American literary voice by the middle of the 19th century . Mark Twain and poet Walt Whitman were major figures in the century 's second half ; Emily Dickinson , virtually unknown during her lifetime , is now recognized as an essential American poet . A work seen as capturing fundamental aspects of the national experience and character -- such as Herman Melville 's Moby - Dick ( 1851 ) , Twain 's The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn ( 1885 ) , F. Scott Fitzgerald 's The Great Gatsby ( 1925 ) and Harper Lee 's To Kill a Mockingbird ( 1960 ) -- may be dubbed the `` Great American Novel '' . Twelve U.S. citizens have won the Nobel Prize in Literature , most recently Bob Dylan in 2016 . William Faulkner , Ernest Hemingway and John Steinbeck are often named among the most influential writers of the 20th century . Popular literary genres such as the Western and hardboiled crime fiction developed in the United States . The Beat Generation writers opened up new literary approaches , as have postmodernist authors such as John Barth , Thomas Pynchon , and Don DeLillo . The transcendentalists , led by Thoreau and Ralph Waldo Emerson , established the first major American philosophical movement . After the Civil War , Charles Sanders Peirce and then William James and John Dewey were leaders in the development of pragmatism . In the 20th century , the work of W.V.O. Quine and Richard Rorty , and later Noam Chomsky , brought analytic philosophy to the fore of American philosophical academia . John Rawls and Robert Nozick led a revival of political philosophy . Cornel West and Judith Butler have led a continental tradition in American philosophical academia . Chicago school economists like Milton Friedman , James M. Buchanan , and Thomas Sowell have affected various fields in social and political philosophy . In the visual arts , the Hudson River School was a mid-19th - century movement in the tradition of European naturalism . The realist paintings of Thomas Eakins are now widely celebrated . The 1913 Armory Show in New York City , an exhibition of European modernist art , shocked the public and transformed the U.S. art scene . Georgia O'Keeffe , Marsden Hartley , and others experimented with new , individualistic styles . Major artistic movements such as the abstract expressionism of Jackson Pollock and Willem de Kooning and the pop art of Andy Warhol and Roy Lichtenstein developed largely in the United States . The tide of modernism and then postmodernism has brought fame to American architects such as Frank Lloyd Wright , Philip Johnson , and Frank Gehry . Americans have long been important in the modern artistic medium of photography , with major photographers including Alfred Stieglitz , Edward Steichen , and Ansel Adams . Times Square in New York City , the hub of the Broadway theater district One of the first major promoters of American theater was impresario P.T. Barnum , who began operating a lower Manhattan entertainment complex in 1841 . The team of Harrigan and Hart produced a series of popular musical comedies in New York starting in the late 1870s . In the 20th century , the modern musical form emerged on Broadway ; the songs of musical theater composers such as Irving Berlin , Cole Porter , and Stephen Sondheim have become pop standards . Playwright Eugene O'Neill won the Nobel literature prize in 1936 ; other acclaimed U.S. dramatists include multiple Pulitzer Prize winners Tennessee Williams , Edward Albee , and August Wilson . Though little known at the time , Charles Ives 's work of the 1910s established him as the first major U.S. composer in the classical tradition , while experimentalists such as Henry Cowell and John Cage created a distinctive American approach to classical composition . Aaron Copland and George Gershwin developed a new synthesis of popular and classical music . Choreographers Isadora Duncan and Martha Graham helped create modern dance , while George Balanchine and Jerome Robbins were leaders in 20th - century ballet . Music Main article : Music of the United States The Grammy Award is awarded to leading music artists . The rhythmic and lyrical styles of African - American music have deeply influenced American music at large , distinguishing it from European traditions . Elements from folk idioms such as the blues and what is now known as old - time music were adopted and transformed into popular genres with global audiences . Jazz was developed by innovators such as Louis Armstrong and Duke Ellington early in the 20th century . Country music developed in the 1920s , and rhythm and blues in the 1940s . Elvis Presley and Chuck Berry were among the mid-1950s pioneers of rock and roll . In the 1960s , Bob Dylan emerged from the folk revival to become one of America 's most celebrated songwriters and James Brown led the development of funk . More recent American creations include hip hop and house music . American pop stars such as Presley , Michael Jackson , and Madonna have become global celebrities , as have contemporary musical artists such as Taylor Swift , Britney Spears , Katy Perry , and Beyoncé as well as hip hop artists Jay - Z , Eminem and Kanye West . Rock bands such as Metallica , the Eagles , and Aerosmith are among the highest grossing in worldwide sales . Cinema Main article : Cinema of the United States The Hollywood Sign in Los Angeles , California Hollywood , a northern district of Los Angeles , California , is one of the leaders in motion picture production . The world 's first commercial motion picture exhibition was given in New York City in 1894 , using Thomas Edison 's Kinetoscope . The next year saw the first commercial screening of a projected film , also in New York , and the United States was in the forefront of sound film 's development in the following decades . Since the early 20th century , the U.S. film industry has largely been based in and around Hollywood , although in the 21st century an increasing number of films are not made there , and film companies have been subject to the forces of globalization . Director D.W. Griffith , the top American filmmaker during the silent film period , was central to the development of film grammar , and producer / entrepreneur Walt Disney was a leader in both animated film and movie merchandising . Directors such as John Ford redefined the image of the American Old West and history , and , like others such as John Huston , broadened the possibilities of cinema with location shooting , with great influence on subsequent directors . The industry enjoyed its golden years , in what is commonly referred to as the `` Golden Age of Hollywood '' , from the early sound period until the early 1960s , with screen actors such as John Wayne and Marilyn Monroe becoming iconic figures . In the 1970s , film directors such as Martin Scorsese , Francis Ford Coppola and Robert Altman were a vital component in what became known as `` New Hollywood '' or the `` Hollywood Renaissance '' , grittier films influenced by French and Italian realist pictures of the post-war period . Since , directors such as Steven Spielberg , George Lucas and James Cameron have gained renown for their blockbuster films , often characterized by high production costs , and in return , high earnings at the box office , with Cameron 's Avatar ( 2009 ) earning more than $2 billion . Notable films topping the American Film Institute 's AFI 100 list include Orson Welles 's Citizen Kane ( 1941 ) , which is frequently cited as the greatest film of all time , Casablanca ( 1942 ) , The Godfather ( 1972 ) , Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) , Lawrence of Arabia ( 1962 ) , The Wizard of Oz ( 1939 ) , The Graduate ( 1967 ) , On the Waterfront ( 1954 ) , Schindler 's List ( 1993 ) , Singin ' in the Rain ( 1952 ) , It 's a Wonderful Life ( 1946 ) and Sunset Boulevard ( 1950 ) . The Academy Awards , popularly known as the Oscars , have been held annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences since 1929 , and the Golden Globe Awards have been held annually since January 1944 . Sports Main article : Sports in the United States Most popular American sports are American football , baseball , basketball and ice hockey American football is by several measures the most popular spectator sport ; the National Football League ( NFL ) has the highest average attendance of any sports league in the world , and the Super Bowl is watched by millions globally . Baseball has been regarded as the U.S. national sport since the late 19th century , with Major League Baseball ( MLB ) being the top league . Basketball and ice hockey are the country 's next two leading professional team sports , with the top leagues being the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) and the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . These four major sports , when played professionally , each occupy a season at different , but overlapping , times of the year . College football and basketball attract large audiences . In soccer , the country hosted the 1994 FIFA World Cup , the men 's national soccer team qualified for ten World Cups and the women 's team has won the FIFA Women 's World Cup three times ; Major League Soccer is the sport 's highest league in the United States ( featuring 19 American and 3 Canadian teams ) . The market for professional sports in the United States is roughly $69 billion , roughly 50 % larger than that of all of Europe , the Middle East , and Africa combined . Eight Olympic Games have taken place in the United States . As of 2014 , the United States has won 2,400 medals at the Summer Olympic Games , more than any other country , and 281 in the Winter Olympic Games , the second most behind Norway . While most major U.S. sports have evolved out of European practices , basketball , volleyball , skateboarding , and snowboarding are American inventions , some of which have become popular in other countries . Lacrosse and surfing arose from Native American and Native Hawaiian activities that predate Western contact . The most watched individual sports are golf and auto racing , particularly NASCAR . Rugby union is considered the fastest growing sport in the U.S. , with registered players numbered at 115,000 + and a further 1.2 million participants . Media Main article : Media of the United States The corporate headquarters of the American Broadcasting Company in New York City The four major broadcasters in the U.S. are the National Broadcasting Company ( NBC ) , Columbia Broadcasting System ( CBS ) , the American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) , and Fox . The four major broadcast television networks are all commercial entities . Cable television offers hundreds of channels catering to a variety of niches . Americans listen to radio programming , also largely commercial , on average just over two - and - a-half hours a day . In 1998 , the number of U.S. commercial radio stations had grown to 4,793 AM stations and 5,662 FM stations . In addition , there are 1,460 public radio stations . Most of these stations are run by universities and public authorities for educational purposes and are financed by public or private funds , subscriptions and corporate underwriting . Much public - radio broadcasting is supplied by NPR ( formerly National Public Radio ) . NPR was incorporated in February 1970 under the Public Broadcasting Act of 1967 ; its television counterpart , PBS , was also created by the same legislation . ( NPR and PBS are operated separately from each other . ) As of September 30 , 2014 , there are 15,433 licensed full - power radio stations in the U.S. according to the U.S. Federal Communications Commission ( FCC ) . Well - known newspapers include The Wall Street Journal , The New York Times and USA Today . Although the cost of publishing has increased over the years , the price of newspapers has generally remained low , forcing newspapers to rely more on advertising revenue and on articles provided by a major wire service , such as the Associated Press or Reuters , for their national and world coverage . With very few exceptions , all the newspapers in the U.S. are privately owned , either by large chains such as Gannett or McClatchy , which own dozens or even hundreds of newspapers ; by small chains that own a handful of papers ; or in a situation that is increasingly rare , by individuals or families . Major cities often have `` alternative weeklies '' to complement the mainstream daily papers , for example , New York City 's The Village Voice or Los Angeles ' LA Weekly , to name two of the best - known . Major cities may also support a local business journal , trade papers relating to local industries , and papers for local ethnic and social groups . Early versions of the American newspaper comic strip and the American comic book began appearing in the 19th century . In 1938 , Superman , the comic book superhero of DC Comics , developed into an American icon . Aside from web portals and search engines , the most popular websites are Facebook , YouTube , Wikipedia , Yahoo ! , eBay , Amazon , and Twitter . More than 800 publications are produced in Spanish , the second most commonly used language in the United States behind English . Science and technology Main articles : Science and technology in the United States and Science policy of the United States Astronaut James Irwin walking on the Moon next to Apollo 15 's landing module and lunar rover in 1971 . The effort to reach the Moon was triggered by the Space Race . The United States has been a leader in technological innovation since the late 19th century and scientific research since the mid-20th century . Methods for producing interchangeable parts were developed by the U.S. War Department by the Federal Armories during the first half of the 19th century . This technology , along with the establishment of a machine tool industry , enabled the U.S. to have large scale manufacturing of sewing machines , bicycles and other items in the late 19th century and became known as the American system of manufacturing . Factory electrification in the early 20th century and introduction of the assembly line and other labor saving techniques created the system called mass production . In 1876 , Alexander Graham Bell was awarded the first U.S. patent for the telephone . Thomas Edison 's research laboratory , one of the first of its kind , developed the phonograph , the first long - lasting light bulb , and the first viable movie camera . The latter lead to emergence of the worldwide entertainment industry . In the early 20th century , the automobile companies of Ransom E. Olds and Henry Ford popularized the assembly line . The Wright brothers , in 1903 , made the first sustained and controlled heavier - than - air powered flight . The rise of Fascism and Nazism in the 1920s and 1930s led many European scientists , including Albert Einstein , Enrico Fermi , and John von Neumann , to immigrate to the United States . During World War II , the Manhattan Project developed nuclear weapons , ushering in the Atomic Age , while the Space Race produced rapid advances in rocketry , materials science , and aeronautics . The invention of the transistor in the 1950s , a key active component in practically all modern electronics , led to many technological developments and a significant expansion of the U.S. technology industry . This in turn led to the establishment of many new technology companies and regions around the country such as in Silicon Valley in California . Advancements by American microprocessor companies such as Advanced Micro Devices ( AMD ) , and Intel along with both computer software and hardware companies that include Adobe Systems , Apple Inc. , IBM , Microsoft , and Sun Microsystems created and popularized the personal computer . The ARPANET was developed in the 1960s to meet Defense Department requirements , and became the first of a series of networks which evolved into the Internet . These advancements then lead to greater personalization of technology for individual use . As of 2013 , 83.8 % of American households owned at least one computer , and 73.3 % had high - speed Internet service . 91 % of Americans also own a mobile phone as of May 2013 . The United States ranks highly with regard to freedom of use of the internet . In the 21st century , approximately two - thirds of research and development funding comes from the private sector . The United States leads the world in scientific research papers and impact factor . Health See also : Health care in the United States , Health care reform in the United States , and Health insurance in the United States New York - Presbyterian Hospital in New York City is one of the world 's busiest hospitals . Pictured is the Weill Cornell facility ( white complex at center ) . The United States has a life expectancy of 79.8 years at birth , up from 75.2 years in 1990 . The infant mortality rate of 6.17 per thousand places the United States 56th - lowest out of 224 countries . Increasing obesity in the United States and health improvements elsewhere contributed to lowering the country 's rank in life expectancy from 11th in the world in 1987 , to 42nd in 2007 . Obesity rates have more than doubled in the last 30 years , are the highest in the industrialized world , and are among the highest anywhere . Approximately one - third of the adult population is obese and an additional third is overweight . Obesity - related type 2 diabetes is considered epidemic by health care professionals . In 2010 , coronary artery disease , lung cancer , stroke , chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases , and traffic accidents caused the most years of life lost in the U.S. Low back pain , depression , musculoskeletal disorders , neck pain , and anxiety caused the most years lost to disability . The most deleterious risk factors were poor diet , tobacco smoking , obesity , high blood pressure , high blood sugar , physical inactivity , and alcohol use . Alzheimer 's disease , drug abuse , kidney disease and cancer , and falls caused the most additional years of life lost over their age - adjusted 1990 per - capita rates . U.S. teenage pregnancy and abortion rates are substantially higher than in other Western nations , especially among blacks and Hispanics . The U.S. is a global leader in medical innovation . America solely developed or contributed significantly to 9 of the top 10 most important medical innovations since 1975 as ranked by a 2001 poll of physicians , while the European Union and Switzerland together contributed to five . Since 1966 , more Americans have received the Nobel Prize in Medicine than the rest of the world combined . From 1989 to 2002 , four times more money was invested in private biotechnology companies in America than in Europe . The U.S. health - care system far outspends any other nation , measured in both per capita spending and percentage of GDP . Health - care coverage in the United States is a combination of public and private efforts and is not universal . In 2014 , 13.4 % of the population did not carry health insurance . The subject of uninsured and underinsured Americans is a major political issue . In 2006 , Massachusetts became the first state to mandate universal health insurance . Federal legislation passed in early 2010 would ostensibly create a near - universal health insurance system around the country by 2014 , though the bill and its ultimate effect are issues of controversy . See also United States portal Book : United States Index of United States - related articles Lists of U.S. state topics Outline of the United States Notes Jump up ^ 36 U.S.C. § 302 Jump up ^ English is the official language of 32 states ; English and Hawaiian are both official languages in Hawaii , and English and 20 Indigenous languages are official in Alaska . Algonquian , Cherokee , and Sioux are among many other official languages in Native - controlled lands throughout the country . French is a de facto , but unofficial , language in Maine and Louisiana , while New Mexico law grants Spanish a special status . Jump up ^ In five territories , English as well as one or more indigenous languages are official : Spanish in Puerto Rico , Samoan in American Samoa , Chamorro in both Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands . Carolinian is also an official language in the Northern Mariana Islands . Jump up ^ See Time in the United States for details about laws governing time zones in the United States . Jump up ^ Except American Samoa and the Virgin Islands . Jump up ^ The five major territories are American Samoa , Guam , the Northern Mariana Islands , Puerto Rico , and the United States Virgin Islands . There are eleven smaller island areas without permanent populations : Baker Island , Howland Island , Jarvis Island , Johnston Atoll , Kingman Reef , Midway Atoll , and Palmyra Atoll . U.S. sovereignty over Bajo Nuevo Bank , Navassa Island , Serranilla Bank , and Wake Island is disputed . Jump up ^ The Encyclopædia Britannica lists China as world 's third - largest country ( after Russia and Canada ) with a total area of 9,572,900 sq km , and the United States as fourth - largest at 9,526,468 sq km . The figure for the United States is less than in the CIA World Factbook because it excludes coastal and territorial waters . The CIA World Factbook lists the United States as the third - largest country ( after Russia and Canada ) with total area of 9,833,517 sq km , and China as fourth - largest at 9,596,960 sq km . This figure for the United States is greater than in the Encyclopædia Britannica because it includes coastal and territorial waters . Jump up ^ Spain sent several expeditions to Alaska to assert its long - held claim over the Pacific Northwest which dated back to the 16th century . During the decade 1785 -- 1795 British merchants , encouraged by Sir Joseph Banks and supported by their government , made a sustained attempt to develop this trade despite Spain 's claims and navigation rights . The endeavours of these merchants did not last long in the face of Spain 's opposition . The challenge was also opposed by a Japan holding obdurately to national seclusion . Jump up ^ His previous arrival coincided with the Makahiki , a festival celebrating the Hawaiian deity Lono . After the HMS Resolution and HMS Discovery had left the islands , the season for battle and war had begun under the worship and rituals for Kūkaʻilimoku , the Hawaiian deity of war . Jump up ^ On the evening of February 13 , while anchored in Kealakekua Bay after their return , one of only two long boats was stolen . The Hawaiians had begun to openly challenging the foreigners . In retaliation , Cook tried to take the aliʻi nui of the island of Hawaii , Kalaniʻōpuʻu as ransom for the boats . The following morning of February 14 , 1779 Cook and his men went directly to Kalaniʻōpuʻu 's enclosure where the monarch was still sleeping . One of ruler 's wives , Kānekapōlei pleaded with them to stop . Cook 's men and the Marines were confronted on the beach by thousands of Native Hawaiians . Cook tried to move the elderly man but he refused . As the townspeople began to surrounding them , Cook and his men raised their guns . Two chiefs and the monarch 's wife shielded Kalaniʻōpuʻu as Cook tried to force him to his feet . The crowd became hostile and Kanaʻina ( one of the monarch 's attendants ) approached Cook , who reacted by striking him with the broad side of his sword . Kanaʻina instantly grabbed Cook and lifted him off his feet . Kanaʻina released Cook , who fell to the ground as another attendant , Nuaa fatally stabbed Cook to death . Jump up ^ The United States has a very diverse population ; 37 ancestry groups have more than one million members . German Americans are the largest ethnic group ( more than 50 million ) -- followed by Irish Americans ( circa 37 million ) , Mexican Americans ( circa 31 million ) and English Americans ( circa 28 million ) . White Americans are the largest racial group ; black Americans are the nation 's largest racial minority ( note that in the U.S. Census , Hispanic and Latino Americans are counted as an ethnic group , not a `` racial '' group ) , and third - largest ancestry group . Asian Americans are the country 's second - largest racial minority ; the three largest Asian American ethnic groups are Chinese Americans , Filipino Americans , and Indian Americans . Jump up ^ Fertility is also a factor ; in 2010 the average Hispanic woman gave birth to 2.35 children in her lifetime , compared to 1.97 for non-Hispanic black women and 1.79 for non-Hispanic white women ( both below the replacement rate of 2.1 ) . Minorities ( as defined by the Census Bureau as all those beside non-Hispanic , non-multiracial whites ) constituted 36.3 % of the population in 2010 ( this is nearly 40 % in 2015 ) , and over 50 % of children under age one , and are projected to constitute the majority by 2042 . This contradicts the report by the National Vital Statistics Reports , based on the U.S. census data , which concludes that 54 % ( 2,162,406 out of 3,999,386 in 2010 ) of births were non-Hispanic white . The Hispanic birth rate plummeted 25 % between 2006 and 2013 while the rate for non-Hispanics decreased just 5 % . Jump up ^ Source : 2015 American Community Survey , U.S. Census Bureau . Most respondents who speak a language other than English at home also report speaking English `` well '' or `` very well '' For the language groups listed above , the strongest English - language proficiency is among speakers of German ( 96 % report that they speak English `` well '' or `` very well '' ) , followed by speakers of French ( 93.5 % ) , Tagalog ( 92.8 % ) , Spanish ( 74.1 % ) , Korean ( 71.5 % ) , Chinese ( 70.4 % ) , and Vietnamese ( 66.9 % ) . Jump up ^ In January 2015 , U.S. federal government debt held by the public was approximately $13 trillion , or about 72 % of U.S. GDP . Intra-governmental holdings stood at $5 trillion , giving a combined total debt of $18.080 trillion . By 2012 , total federal debt had surpassed 100 % of U.S. GDP . The U.S. has a credit rating of AA+ from Standard & Poor 's , AAA from Fitch , and AAA from Moody 's . Jump up ^ The Stockholm International Peace Research Institute , SIPRI , found that the United States ' arms industry was the world 's biggest exporter of major weapons from 2005 to 2009 , and remained the largest exporter of major weapons during a period between 2010 and 2014 , followed by Russia , China ( PRC ) , and Germany . Jump up ^ Droughts are likely to particularly affect the 66 percent of Americans whose communities depend on surface water . As for drinking water quality , there are concerns about disinfection by - products , lead , perchlorates and pharmaceutical substances , but generally drinking water quality in the U.S. is good . References Jump up ^ George McKenna 2007 , p. 280 . Jump up ^ Kidder & Oppenheim 2007 , p. 91 . Jump up ^ `` uscode.house.gov '' . Public Law 105 - 225 - Aug. 12 , 1998 . uscode.house.gov . August 12 , 1999 . pp. 112 Stat. 1263 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 10 . Section 304 . `` The composition by John Philip Sousa entitled `` The Stars and Stripes Forever '' is the national march . '' Jump up ^ Cobarrubias 1983 , p. 195 . Jump up ^ García 2011 , p. 167 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts selected : UNITED STATES '' . QuickFacts . U.S. Department of Commerce . July 1 , 2016 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : `` America 's Changing Religious Landscape '' . Pew Research Center : Religion & Public Life . May 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Population Clock '' . U.S. and World Population Clock . U.S. Department of Commerce . July 4 , 2017 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 11 . The United States population on July 4 , 2017 was : 325,365,189 Jump up ^ `` Annual Estimates of the Resident Population : April 1 , 2010 to July 1 , 2016 '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . The 2016 estimate is as of July 1 , 2016 . The 2010 census is as of April 1 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Report for Selected Countries and Subjects '' . IMF . Retrieved June 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Data refer to the year 2016 . ( 1 ) ( selecting all countries , GDP per capita ( current US $ ) , World Bank . Accessed on July 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` OECD Income Distribution Database : Gini , poverty , income , Methods and Concepts '' . Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development . Jump up ^ `` Global inequality : How the U.S. compares '' . Pew Research . Jump up ^ `` Income Distribution and Poverty : by country -- INEQUALITY '' . OECD . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Human Development Report '' ( PDF ) . United Nations Development Programme. 2016 . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ The New York Times 2007 , p. 670 . Jump up ^ Onuf 2010 , p. xvii . Jump up ^ U.S. State Department , Common Core Document to U.N. Committee on Human Rights , December 30 , 2011 , Item 22 , 27 , 80. -- and U.S. General Accounting Office Report , U.S. Insular Areas : application of the U.S. Constitution , November 1997 , p. 1 , 6 , 39n . Both viewed April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ UN Environment World Conservation Monitoring Centre . `` Megadiverse Countries definition Biodiversity A-Z '' . Biodiversity A-Z . UN WCMC . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 11 . `` 17 countries which have been identified as the most biodiversity - rich countries of the world , with a particular focus on endemic biodiversity '' . Jump up ^ `` State Area Measurements and Internal Point Coordinates - Geography - U.S. Census Bureau '' . State Area Measurements and Internal Point Coordinates . U.S. Department of Commerce . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` China '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved January 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` United States '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved January 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` United States '' . 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Wang ( January 1 , 2006 ) . China and the Taiwan Issue : Impending War at Taiwan Strait . University Press of America . p. 179 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7618 - 3434 - 2 . Understanding the `` Victory Disease , '' From the Little Bighorn to Mogadishu and Beyond . DIANE Publishing . p. 1 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4289 - 1052 - 2 . Akis Kalaitzidis ; Gregory W. Streich ( 2011 ) . U.S. Foreign Policy : A Documentary and Reference Guide . ABC - CLIO . p. 313 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 38375 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` World Economic Outlook Database , April 2015 '' . ^ Jump up to : International Monetary Fund ( October 2016 ) . `` List of South American countries by GDP per capita '' . World Economic Outlook . International Monetary Fund . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : International Monetary Fund ( October 2016 ) . `` List of North American countries by GDP per capita '' . World Economic Outlook . International Monetary Fund . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . 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Retrieved June 19 , 2007 . Kudeba , Nicolas ( February 28 , 2014 ) . `` Chapter 1 -- The First Big Steppe -- Aboriginal Canadian History '' . The History of Canada Podcast . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2014 . Guy Gugliotta ( February 2013 ) . `` When Did Humans Come to the Americas ? '' . Smithsonian Magazine . Washington , DC : Smithsonian Institution . Retrieved June 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fladmark , K.R. , ( 1979 ) . `` Routes : alternate migration corridors for early man in North America . '' . American Antiquity. 44 : 55 -- 69 . doi : 10.2307 / 279189 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Katz , Brigit ( April 5 , 2017 ) . `` Found : One of the Oldest North American Settlements '' . Smithsonian . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pinsker , Lisa ( February 2004 ) . `` The Ice - Free Corridor Revisited '' . Geotimes . Jump up ^ Waters , Michael ; et al. ( 2007 ) . `` Redefining the Age of Clovis : Implications for the Peopling of the Americas '' . Science ( 315 ) : 1122 -- 1126 . doi : 10.1126 / Science. 1127166 . Jump up ^ Flannery , T. ( 2001 ) . The Eternal Frontier : an ecological history of North America and its peoples . New York : Grove Press . pp. 173 -- 185 . ISBN 0 - 8021 - 3888 - 8 . Jump up ^ Waters , Michael ; Stafford , Tom ( 2014 - 08 - 18 ) . `` The First Americans : A Review of the Evidence for the Late - Pleistocene Peopling of the Americas '' ( PDF ) . Paleoamerican Odyssey . Texas A&M University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 62349 - 192 - 5 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ Craig Lockard ( 2010 ) . Societies , Networks , and Transitions , Volume B : From 600 to 1750 . University of Wisconsin . p. 315 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 111 - 79083 - 7 . Jump up ^ King , Adam ( 2002 ) . `` Mississippian Period : Overview '' . New Georgia Encyclopedia . Jump up ^ Hodges , Glenn ( January 2011 ) . `` America 's Forgotten City '' . National Geographic Magazine . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Johansen , Bruce ( 1995 ) . `` Dating the Iroquois Confederacy '' . Akwesasne Notes New Series . 1 ( 3 ) : 62 -- 63 . Retrieved December 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Dean R. Snow ( 1994 ) . The Iroquois . Blackwell Publishers , Ltd . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55786 - 938 - 8 . Retrieved July 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Richter , `` Ordeals of the Longhouse '' , in Richter and Merrill , eds. , Beyond the Covenant Chain , 11 -- 12 . Jump up ^ Pearce , Charles E.M. ; Pearce , F.M. ( 17 June 2010 ) . Oceanic Migration : Paths , Sequence , Timing and Range of Prehistoric Migration in the Pacific and Indian Oceans . Springer Science & Business Media . p. 167 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 481 - 3826 - 5 . Jump up ^ Whittaker , Elvi W. ( January 1986 ) . The Mainland Haole : The White Experience in Hawaii . Columbia University Press . p. 3 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 05316 - 7 . Jump up ^ Fish , Shirley ( 2011 ) . The Manila - Acapulco Galleons : The Treasure Ships of the Pacific : With An Annotated List of the Transpacific Galleons 1565 -- 1815 . AuthorHouse . pp. 360 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4567 - 7543 - 8 . Jump up ^ Collingridge , Vanessa ( 2003 ) . Captain Cook : The Life , Death and Legacy of History 's Greatest Explorer . Ebury Press . p. 380 . ISBN 0 - 09 - 188898 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : `` St. Augustine Florida , The Nation 's Oldest City '' . staugustine.com . Jump up ^ Remini 2007 , pp. 2 -- 3 Jump up ^ Johnson 1997 , pp. 26 -- 30 Jump up ^ Walton , 2009 , chapter 3 Jump up ^ Lemon , 1987 Jump up ^ Jackson , L.P. ( 1924 ) . Elizabethan Seamen and the African Slave Trade . pp. 1 -- 17 . Jump up ^ Tadman , 2000 , p. 1534 Jump up ^ Schneider , 2007 , p. 484 Jump up ^ Lien , 1913 , p. 522 Jump up ^ Davis , 1996 , p. 7 Jump up ^ Quirk , 2011 , p. 195 Jump up ^ Bilhartz , Terry D. ; Elliott , Alan C. ( 2007 ) . Currents in American History : A Brief History of the United States . M.E. Sharpe . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7656 - 1817 - 7 . Jump up ^ Wood , Gordon S. ( 1998 ) . The Creation of the American Republic , 1776 -- 1787 . UNC Press Books . p. 263 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 4723 - 7 . Jump up ^ Walton , 2009 , pp. 38 -- 39 Jump up ^ Foner , Eric . The Story of American Freedom , 1998 ISBN 0 - 393 - 04665 - 6 p. 4 - 5 . Jump up ^ Walton , 2009 , p. 35 Jump up ^ Otis , James ( 1763 ) . `` The Rights of the British Colonies Asserted and Proved '' . Online Library of Liberty . Retrieved January 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pethick , Derek ( 1980 ) . The Nootka Connection : Europe and the Northwest Coast 1790 -- 1795 . Vancouver : Douglas & McIntyre . pp. 8 -- 9 . ISBN 0 - 88894 - 279 - 6 . Jump up ^ Pethick , Derek ( 1980 ) . The Nootka Connection : Europe and the Northwest Coast 1790 -- 1795 . Vancouver : Douglas & McIntyre . pp. 7 -- 8 . ISBN 0 - 88894 - 279 - 6 . Jump up ^ Robert J. 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ISBN 0 - 521 - 55203 - 6 Jump up ^ Bianchine , Russo , 1992 pp. 225 -- 232 Jump up ^ Thornton 1987 , p. 47 Jump up ^ Kessel , 2005 pp. 142 -- 143 Jump up ^ Mercer Country Historical Society , 2005 Jump up ^ Stannard , 1993 Jump up ^ Ripper , 2008 p. 6 Jump up ^ Ripper , 2008 p. 5 Jump up ^ Calloway , 1998 , p. 55 Jump up ^ Jeff Campbell ( 15 September 2010 ) . Hawaii . Lonely Planet . p. 38 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 74220 - 344 - 7 . Jump up ^ Ruth M. Tabrah ( 17 December 1984 ) . Hawaii : A History . W.W. Norton . pp. 19 -- 22 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 24369 - 7 . Jump up ^ Marshall Sahlins ( 1 October 1996 ) . How `` Natives '' Think : About Captain Cook , For Example . University of Chicago Press . p. 3 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 73369 - 2 . Jump up ^ Melissa Meyer ( 4 February 2014 ) . Thicker Than Water : The Origins of Blood as Symbol and Ritual : The Origins of Blood as Symbol and Ritual . Routledge . p. 184 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 135 - 34200 - 5 . Jump up ^ Jerry D. Moore ( 24 May 2012 ) . Visions of Culture : An Introduction to Anthropological Theories and Theorists . Rowman Altamira . p. 336 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7591 - 2219 - 2 . Jump up ^ James Cook ( 1971 ) . The Explorations of Captain James Cook in the Pacific , as Told by Selections of His Own Journals , 1768 -- 1779 . Courier Corporation . p. 256 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 486 - 22766 - 5 . Jump up ^ Book Notes : A Monthly Literary Magazine and Review of New Books . Siegel - Cooper . 1901 . p. 54 . Jump up ^ Daniel O'Sullivan ( 30 March 2008 ) . In Search of Captain Cook : Exploring the Man Through His Own Words . I.B. Tauris . p. 224 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85771 - 350 - 6 . Jump up ^ John H. Chambers ( 2006 ) . Hawaii . Interlink Books . p. 55 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56656 - 615 - 5 . Jump up ^ Stephen R. Bown ( 2008 ) . Madness , Betrayal and the Lash : The Epic Voyage of Captain George Vancouver . Douglas & McIntyre . p. 30 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55365 - 339 - 4 . Jump up ^ Richard Tregaskis ( November 1973 ) . The warrior king : Hawaii 's Kamehameha the Great . Macmillan . p. 115 . Jump up ^ Glyndwr Williams ( 2008 ) . The Death of Captain Cook : A Hero Made and Unmade . Harvard University Press . p. 37 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 03194 - 4 . Jump up ^ John Meares ( 1791 ) . Hawaiian Historical Society . Reprints ( 1787 , 1788 and 1789 ) . p. 76 . Jump up ^ Humphrey , Carol Sue ( 2003 ) . The Revolutionary Era : Primary Documents on Events from 1776 To 1800 . Greenwood Publishing . pp. 8 -- 10 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 32083 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Fabian Young , Alfred ; Nash , Gary B. ; Raphael , Ray ( 2011 ) . Revolutionary Founders : Rebels , Radicals , and Reformers in the Making of the Nation . Random House Digital . pp. 4 -- 7 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 27110 - 5 . Jump up ^ Samuel 1920 , p. 323 - 324 . Jump up ^ Greene and Pole , A Companion to the American Revolution p 357 . Jonathan R. Dull , A Diplomatic History of the American Revolution ( 1987 ) p. 161 . Lawrence S. Kaplan , `` The Treaty of Paris , 1783 : A Historiographical Challenge '' , International History Review , Sept 1983 , Vol. 5 Issue 3 , pp 431 -- 442 Jump up ^ Boyer , 2007 , pp. 192 -- 193 Jump up ^ Cogliano , Francis D. ( 2008 ) . Thomas Jefferson : Reputation and Legacy . University of Virginia Press . p. 219 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8139 - 2733 - 6 . Jump up ^ Walton , 2009 , p. 43 Jump up ^ Gordon , 2004 , pp. 27 , 29 Jump up ^ Clark , Mary Ann ( May 2012 ) . Then We 'll Sing a New Song : African Influences on America 's Religious Landscape . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 47 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4422 - 0881 - 0 . Jump up ^ Heinemann , Ronald L. , et al. , Old Dominion , New Commonwealth : a history of Virginia 1607 -- 2007 , 2007 ISBN 978 - 0 - 8139 - 2609 - 4 , p. 197 Jump up ^ Billington , Ray Allen ; Ridge , Martin ( 2001 ) . Westward Expansion : A History of the American Frontier . UNM Press . p. 22 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8263 - 1981 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Louisiana Purchase '' ( PDF ) . National Park Services . Retrieved March 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Wait , Eugene M. ( 1999 ) . America and the War of 1812 . Nova Publishers . p. 78 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56072 - 644 - 9 . Jump up ^ Klose , Nelson ; Jones , Robert F. ( 1994 ) . United States History to 1877 . Barron 's Educational Series . p. 150 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8120 - 1834 - 9 . Jump up ^ Winchester , pp. 198 , 216 , 251 , 253 Jump up ^ Morrison , Michael A. ( 1999 ) . Slavery and the American West : The Eclipse of Manifest Destiny and the Coming of the Civil War . University of North Carolina Press . pp. 13 -- 21 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 4796 - 1 . Jump up ^ Kemp , Roger L. ( 2010 ) . Documents of American Democracy : A Collection of Essential Works . McFarland . p. 180 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 4210 - 2 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McIlwraith , Thomas F. ; Muller , Edward K. ( 2001 ) . North America : The Historical Geography of a Changing Continent . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 61 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7425 - 0019 - 8 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rawls , James J. ( 1999 ) . A Golden State : Mining and Economic Development in Gold Rush California . University of California Press . p. 20 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 21771 - 3 . Jump up ^ Black , Jeremy ( 2011 ) . Fighting for America : The Struggle for Mastery in North America , 1519 -- 1871 . Indiana University Press . p. 275 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 253 - 35660 - 4 . Jump up ^ Wishart , David J. ( 2004 ) . Encyclopedia of the Great Plains . University of Nebraska Press . p. 37 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8032 - 4787 - 1 . Jump up ^ Smith ( 2001 ) , Grant , pp. 523 -- 526 Jump up ^ Stuart Murray ( 2004 ) . Atlas of American Military History . Infobase Publishing . p. 76 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4381 - 3025 - 5 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Harold T. Lewis ( January 1 , 2001 ) . Christian Social Witness . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 53 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56101 - 188 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Patrick Karl O'Brien ( 2002 ) . Atlas of World History . 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Carrie Chapmann Catt led an army of voteless women in 1919 to pressure Congress to pass the constitutional amendment giving them the right to vote and convinced state legislatures to ratify it in 1920 ... Catt was one of the best - known women in the United States in the first half of the twentieth century and was on all lists of famous American women . Jump up ^ Winchester pp. 410 -- 411 Jump up ^ Axinn , June ; Stern , Mark J. ( 2007 ) . Social Welfare : A History of the American Response to Need ( 7th ed . ) . Boston : Allyn & Bacon . ISBN 978 - 0 - 205 - 52215 - 6 . Jump up ^ Lemann , Nicholas ( 1991 ) . The Promised Land : The Great Black Migration and How It Changed America . New York : Alfred A. Knopf . p. 6 . ISBN 0 - 394 - 56004 - 3 . Jump up ^ James Noble Gregory ( 1991 ) . American Exodus : The Dust Bowl Migration and Okie Culture in California . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 507136 - 8 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . `` Mass Exodus From the Plains '' . 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Retrieved March 6 , 2013 . `` Day of Terror Video Archive '' . CNN . 2005 . Retrieved March 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Walsh , Kenneth T. ( December 9 , 2008 ) . `` The ' War on Terror ' Is Critical to President George W. Bush 's Legacy '' . U.S. News & World Report . Retrieved March 6 , 2013 . Atkins , Stephen E. ( 2011 ) . The 9 / 11 Encyclopedia : Second Edition . ABC - CLIO . p. 872 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59884 - 921 - 9 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wong , Edward ( February 15 , 2008 ) . `` Overview : The Iraq War '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 7 , 2013 . Johnson , James Turner ( 2005 ) . The War to Oust Saddam Hussein : Just War and the New Face of Conflict . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 159 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7425 - 4956 - 2 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Durando , Jessica ; Green , Shannon Rae ( December 21 , 2011 ) . `` Timeline : Key moments in the Iraq War '' . USA Today . Associated Press . Retrieved March 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ George W. Bush ( January 10 , 2007 ) . `` Fact Sheet : The New Way Forward in Iraq '' . Office of the Press Secretary . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . After talking to some Afghan leaders , it was said that the Iran 's would be revolting if more troops were to be sent to Iran . Jump up ^ Feaver , Peter ( August 13 , 2015 ) . `` Hillary Clinton and the Inconvenient Facts About the Rise of the Islamic State '' . Foreign Policy . ( T ) he Obama team itself , including Clinton , have repeatedly confirmed that they understand that the surge was successful . Clinton even conceded to former Defense Secretary Robert Gates : ' The surge worked . ' Jump up ^ `` Iraqi surge exceeded expectations , Obama says '' . NBC News . Associated Press . September 4 , 2008 . Obama said the surge of U.S. troops has ' succeeded beyond our wildest dreams . ' Jump up ^ Wallison , Peter ( 2015 ) . Hidden in Plain Sight : What Really Caused the World 's Worst Financial Crisis and Why It Could Happen Again . 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Jump up ^ Washington , Jesse ; Rugaber , Chris ( September 9 , 2011 ) . `` African - American Economic Gains Reversed By Great Recession '' . Huffington Post . Associated Press . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2013 . Retrieved March 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` What the Stimulus Accomplished '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . February 22 , 2014 . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Economic Stimulus '' . IGM Polls . Initiative on Global Markets at the University of Chicago . February 15 , 2012 . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Impact of the Dodd - Frank Act on Financial Stability and Economic Growth '' ( PDF ) . Brookings . October 24 , 2014 . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 ; `` The Impact of the Dodd - Frank Act on Financial Stability and Economic Growth '' . The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences . 3 ( 1 ) . January 2017 . Jump up ^ Lux , Marshall ; Robert , Greene ( 2015 ) . `` The State and Fate of Community Banking '' . Harvard Mossavar - Rahmani Center for Business and Government . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Federal Subsidies for Health Insurance Coverage for People Under Age 65 : 2016 to 2026 '' . Congressional Budget Office . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bradner , Eric ( January 13 , 2017 ) . `` Ryan : GOP will repeal , replace Obamacare at same time '' . CNN . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jacobson , Gary C. ( March 2011 ) . `` The Republican Resurgence in 2010 '' . Political Science Quarterly . 126 ( 1 ) : 27 -- 52 . doi : 10.1002 / j. 1538 - 165X. 2011. tb00693. x . Jump up ^ Shanker , Thom ; Schmidt , Michael S. ; Worth , Robert F. ( December 15 , 2011 ) . `` In Baghdad , Panetta Leads Uneasy Closure to Conflict '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` The JRTN Movement and Iraq 's Next Insurgency Combating Terrorism Center at West Point '' . United States Military Academy . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Al - Qaeda 's Resurgence in Iraq : A Threat to U.S. Interests '' . U.S Department of State . January 26 , 2017 . Retrieved November 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Peter Baker ( January 26 , 2017 ) . `` U.S. to Restore Full Relations With Cuba , Erasing a Last Trace of Cold War Hostility '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Gordon , Michael R. ; Sanger , David E. ( July 15 , 2015 ) . `` Deal Reached on Iran Nuclear Program ; Limits on Fuel Would Lessen With Time '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Census Area '' ( PDF ) . census.gov . U.S. Census Bureau . p. 41 . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Area '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` United States '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved March 25 , 2008 . ( area given in square miles ) Jump up ^ `` Population by Sex , Rate of Population Increase , Surface Area and Density '' ( PDF ) . Demographic Yearbook 2005 . UN Statistics Division . Retrieved March 25 , 2008 . ( area given in square kilometers ) ^ Jump up to : `` United States '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . May 23 , 2016 . Retrieved June 10 , 2016 . ( area given in square kilometers ) Jump up ^ `` Geographic Regions of Georgia '' . Georgia Info . Digital Library of Georgia . Retrieved December 24 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Lew , Alan . `` PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE US '' . GSP 220 -- Geography of the United States . North Arizona University . Archived from the original on April 9 , 2016 . Retrieved December 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Harms , Nicole . `` Facts About the Rocky Mountain Range '' . Travel Tips . USA Today . Retrieved December 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Great Basin '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved December 24 , 2014 . 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Jump up ^ Perkins , Sid ( May 11 , 2002 ) . `` Tornado Alley , USA '' . Science News . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2007 . Retrieved September 20 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Len McDougall ( 2004 ) . The Encyclopedia of Tracks and Scats : A Comprehensive Guide to the Trackable Animals of the United States and Canada . Lyons Press . p. 325 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59228 - 070 - 4 . Jump up ^ Morin , Nancy . `` Vascular Plants of the United States '' ( PDF ) . Plants . National Biological Service . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 24 , 2013 . Retrieved October 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Osborn , Liz . `` Number of Native Species in United States '' . Current Results Nexus . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Numbers of Insects ( Species and Individuals ) '' . Smithsonian Institution . Retrieved January 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Lawrence , E.A. ( 1990 ) . `` Symbol of a Nation : The Bald Eagle in American Culture '' . The Journal of American Culture . 13 ( 1 ) : 63 -- 69 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1542 - 734X. 1990.1301 _63. x . Jump up ^ `` National Park Service Announces Addition of Two New Units '' ( Press release ) . National Park Service . February 28 , 2006 . Archived from the original on October 1 , 2006 . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lipton , Eric ; Krauss , Clifford ( August 23 , 2012 ) . `` Giving Reins to the States Over Drilling '' . New York Times . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gorte , Ross W. ; Vincent , Carol Hardy. ; Hanson , Laura A. ; Marc R. , Rosenblum . `` Federal Land Ownership : Overview and Data '' ( PDF ) . fas.org . Congressional Research Service . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Chapter 6 : Federal Programs to Promote Resource Use , Extraction , and Development '' . doi.gov . U.S. Department of the Interior . Archived from the original on March 18 , 2015 . Retrieved January 19 , 2015 . 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Pew Research Center . June 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Exner , Rich ( July 3 , 2012 ) . `` Americans under age one now mostly minorities , but not in Ohio : Statistical Snapshot '' . The Plain Dealer . Cleveland , OH . Jump up ^ `` What percentage of the U.S. population is gay , lesbian or bisexual ? '' . Washington Post . Retrieved December 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Donaldson James , Susan ( April 8 , 2011 ) . `` Gay Americans Make Up 4 Percent of Population '' . ABC News . Retrieved August 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` LGBT Percentage Highest in D.C. , Lowest in North Dakota '' . Gallup . Retrieved June 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Somashekher , Sandhya ( July 15 , 2014 ) . `` Health survey gives government its first large - scale data on gay , bisexual population '' . Washington Post . Retrieved November 19 , 2014 . Sieczkowski , Cavan ( July 15 , 2014 ) . `` Health Survey : About 2 Percent Of Americans Are Gay Or Lesbian '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved November 19 , 2014 . Painter , Kim ( July 15 , 2014 ) . `` Just over 2 % tell CDC they are gay , lesbian , bisexual '' . USA Today . Retrieved November 19 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Humes , Karen R. ; Jones , Nicholas A. ; Ramirez , Roberto R. ( March 2011 ) . `` Overview of Race and Hispanic Origin : 2010 '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Census Bureau . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on April 29 , 2011 . Retrieved March 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` B03001 . Hispanic or Latino Origin by Specific Origin '' . 2007 American Community Survey . U.S. Census Bureau . Retrieved September 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Census Data '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Retrieved March 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Tables 41 and 42 -- Native and Foreign - Born Populations '' ( PDF ) . Statistical Abstract of the United States 2009 . U.S. Census Bureau . Retrieved October 11 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` National Vital Statistics Reports : Volume 61 , Number 1 . Births : Final Data for 2012 '' ( PDF ) . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . August 2012 . Retrieved November 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ U.S. Census Bureau : `` U.S. Census Bureau Delivers Final State 2010 Census Population Totals for Legislative Redistricting '' see custom table , 2nd worksheet Jump up ^ Exner , Rich ( July 3 , 2012 ) . `` Americans under age one now mostly minorities , but not in Ohio : Statistical Snapshot '' . The Plain Dealer . Cleveland , OH . Retrieved July 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` An Older and More Diverse Nation by Midcentury '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . August 14 , 2008 . Retrieved March 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` What the plummeting Hispanic birthrate means for the U.S. economy '' . Fusion . Jump up ^ `` United States -- Urban / Rural and Inside / Outside Metropolitan Area '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Table 1 : Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places Over 100,000 , Ranked by July 1 , 2008 Population : April 1 , 2000 to July 1 , 2008 '' ( PDF ) . 2008 Population Estimates . U.S. Census Bureau , Population Division . July 1 , 2009 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on December 7 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Table 5 . Estimates of Population Change for Metropolitan Statistical Areas and Rankings : July 1 , 2007 to July 1 , 2008 '' ( PDF ) . 2008 Population Estimates . U.S. Census Bureau . March 19 , 2009 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on December 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Raleigh and Austin are Fastest - Growing Metro Areas '' ( Press release ) . U.S. Census Bureau . March 19 , 2009 . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2016 . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Appendix A. Census 2000 Geographic Terms and Concepts -- Figure A -- 3 . Census Regions , Census Divisions , and Their Constituent States '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Census Bureau . 2000 . p. 27 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 14 , 2007 . Retrieved February 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Annual Estimates of the Resident Population : April 1 , 2010 to July 1 , 2015 '' . United States Census Bureau , Population Division . March 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Language Spoken at Home by the U.S. Population , 2010 '' , American Community Survey , U.S. Census Bureau , in World Almanac and Book of Facts 2012 , p. 615 . Jump up ^ Welles , Elizabeth B. ( Winter -- Spring 2004 ) . `` Foreign Language Enrollments in United States Institutions of Higher Learning , Fall 2002 '' ( PDF ) . ADFL Bulletin . 35 ( 2 -- 3 ) . doi : 10.1632 / adfl. 35.2. 7 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 21 , 2009 . Retrieved February 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Feder , Jody ( January 25 , 2007 ) . `` English as the Official Language of the United States : Legal Background and Analysis of Legislation in the 110th Congress '' ( PDF ) . 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Leach ( April 15 , 2010 ) . Suicide Among Racial and Ethnic Minority Groups : Theory , Research , and Practice . Routledge . p. 185 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 135 - 91680 - 0 . Robert D. Craig ( 2002 ) . Historical Dictionary of Polynesia . Scarecrow Press . p. 33 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 4237 - 3 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nessa Wolfson ; Joan Manes ( 1985 ) . Language of Inequality . Walter de Gruyter . p. 176 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 11 - 009946 - 1 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Lawrence J. Cunningham ; Janice J. Beaty ( January 2001 ) . A History of Guam . Bess Press . p. 203 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57306 - 047 - 9 . Eur ( 2002 ) . The Far East and Australasia 2003 . Psychology Press . p. 1137 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85743 - 133 - 9 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Yaron Matras ; Peter Bakker ( 2003 ) . The Mixed Language Debate : Theoretical and Empirical Advances . Walter de Gruyter . p. 301 . 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Federal Reserve . Federal Reserve . 2015 . Retrieved October 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ The United States of America . PediaPress . p. 24 . GGKEY : 2CYQCESKTB7 . Jump up ^ Wright , Gavin ; Czelusta , Jesse ( 2007 ) . `` Resource - Based Growth Past and Present '' , in Natural Resources : Neither Curse Nor Destiny , ed . Daniel Lederman and William Maloney . World Bank . p. 185 . ISBN 0 - 8213 - 6545 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Economic Outlook Database : United States '' . International Monetary Fund . October 2014 . Retrieved November 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` European Union GDP '' . International Monetary Fund . International Monetary Fund . April 2014 . Retrieved June 14 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Hagopian , Kip ; Ohanian , Lee ( August 1 , 2012 ) . `` The Mismeasure of Inequality '' . Policy Review . Hoover Institution Stanford University . Retrieved August 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Currency Composition of Official Foreign Exchange Reserves '' ( PDF ) . International Monetary Fund . 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Shankar , Sneha ( March 17 , 2015 ) . `` US Remains World 's Largest Exporter of Arms While India Leaps Ahead To Become Largest Importer : Study '' . International Business Times . Retrieved March 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` GDP by Industry '' . Greyhill Advisors . Retrieved October 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Table B - 1 . Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail ( In thousands ) '' . bls.gov . ^ Jump up to : `` USA Economy in Brief '' . U.S. Dept. of State , International Information Programs . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Table 724 -- Number of Tax Returns , Receipts , and Net Income by Type of Business and Industry : 2005 '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Archived from the original ( XLS ) on February 9 , 2012 . Retrieved October 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Sony , LG , Wal - Mart among Most Extendible Brands '' . Cheskin . June 6 , 2005 . Archived from the original on March 25 , 2006 . Retrieved June 19 , 2007 . 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International Service for the Acquisition of Agri - Biotech Applications . p. 15 . Retrieved July 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Personal Consumption Expenditures ( PCE ) / Gross Domestic Product ( GDP ) '' FRED Graph , Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Jump up ^ Fuller , Thomas ( June 15 , 2005 ) . `` In the East , many EU work rules do n't apply '' . International Herald Tribune . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Doing Business in the United States '' . World Bank . 2006 . Retrieved June 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Isabelle Joumard ; Mauro Pisu ; Debbie Bloch ( 2012 ) . `` Tackling income inequality The role of taxes and transfers '' ( PDF ) . OECD . Retrieved May 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ray , Rebecca ; Sanes , Milla ; Schmitt , John ( May 2013 ) . No - Vacation Nation Revisited . Center for Economic and Policy Research . Retrieved September 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bernard . Tara Siegel ( February 22 , 2013 ) . `` In Paid Family Leave , U.S. Trails Most of the Globe '' . 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Retrieved July 24 , 2008 . `` Field Listing -- Distribution of Family Income -- Gini Index '' . The World Factbook . CIA . June 14 , 2007 . Retrieved June 17 , 2007 . Focus on Top Incomes and Taxation in OECD Countries : Was the crisis a game changer ? OECD , May 2014 . Retrieved May 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Saez , Emmanuel ( June 30 , 2016 ) . `` Striking it Richer : The Evolution of Top Incomes in the United States '' . University of California , Berkeley . Retrieved September 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Martin Gilens & Benjamin I. Page ( 2014 ) . `` Testing Theories of American Politics : Elites , Interest Groups , and Average Citizens '' ( PDF ) . Perspectives on Politics . 12 ( 3 ) : 564 -- 581 . doi : 10.1017 / S1537592714001595 . Larry Bartels ( 2009 ) . `` Economic Inequality and Political Representation '' ( PDF ) . The Unsustainable American State : 167 -- 196 . doi : 10.1093 / acprof : oso / 9780195392135.003. 0007 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 4 , 2016 . Thomas J. Hayes ( 2012 ) . `` Responsiveness in an Era of Inequality : The Case of the U.S. Senate '' . Political Research Quarterly . 66 ( 3 ) : 585 -- 599 . SSRN 1900856 . doi : 10.1177 / 1065912912459567 . Jump up ^ Winship , Scott ( Spring 2013 ) . `` Overstating the Costs of Inequality '' ( PDF ) . National Affairs ( 15 ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 13 , 2014 . Retrieved April 29 , 2015 . `` Income Inequality in America : Fact and Fiction '' ( PDF ) . Manhattan Institute . May 2014 . Retrieved April 29 , 2015 . Brunner , Eric ; Ross , Stephen L ; Washington , Ebonya ( May 2013 ) . `` Does Less Income Mean Less Representation ? '' ( PDF ) . American Economic Journal : Economic Policy . 5 ( 2 ) : 53 -- 76 . doi : 10.1257 / pol. 5.2. 53 . Retrieved July 12 , 2015 . Feldstein , Martin ( May 14 , 2014 ) . `` Piketty 's Numbers Do n't Add Up : Ignoring dramatic changes in tax rules since 1980 creates the false impression that income inequality is rising . '' . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved July 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Weston , Liz ( May 10 , 2016 ) . `` Americans Are Pissed -- This Chart Might Explain Why '' . nerdwallet.com . Jump up ^ Piketty , Thomas ( 2014 ) . Capital in the Twenty - First Century . Belknap Press . ISBN 0 - 674 - 43000 - X p. 257 Jump up ^ Altman , Roger C. `` The Great Crash , 2008 '' . Foreign Affairs . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2008 . Retrieved February 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Americans ' wealth drops $1.3 trillion '' . CNN Money . June 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Households and Nonprofit Organizations ; Net Worth , Level '' . stlouisfed.org . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Household Debt and Credit Report '' . Federal Reserve Bank of New York . Retrieved June 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. household wealth falls $11.2 trillion in 2008 '' . Reuters . Retrieved October 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The 2014 Annual Homeless Assessment Report ( AHAR ) to Congress '' ( PDF ) . 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EIA Annual Energy Review . U.S. Dept. of Energy , Energy Information Administration . 2007 . Retrieved June 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Country Comparison : Refined Petroleum Products -- Consumption '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved May 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` BP Statistical Review of World Energy '' . British Petroleum . June 2007 . Archived from the original ( XLS ) on July 24 , 2013 . Retrieved February 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ames , Paul ( May 30 , 2013 ) . `` Could fracking make the Persian Gulf irrelevant ? '' . Salon . Retrieved May 30 , 2012 . Since November , the United States has replaced Saudi Arabia as the world 's biggest producer of crude oil . It had already overtaken Russia as the leading producer of natural gas . Jump up ^ `` Atomic Renaissance '' . The Economist . London . September 6 , 2007 . Retrieved September 6 , 2007 . 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Occupation and Class Consciousness in America . Westport , CT : Greenwood Press . ISBN 0 - 313 - 26111 - 3 . Jump up ^ O'Keefe , Kevin ( 2005 ) . The Average American . New York : PublicAffairs . ISBN 1 - 58648 - 270 - X . Jump up ^ `` Wheat Info '' . Wheatworld.org . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2009 . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Traditional Indigenous Recipes '' . American Indian Health and Diet Project . Retrieved September 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sidney Wilfred Mintz ( 1996 ) . Tasting Food , Tasting Freedom : Excursions Into Eating , Culture , and the Past . Beacon Press . pp. 134 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8070 - 4629 - 6 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Angus K. Gillespie ; Jay Mechling ( January 1 , 1995 ) . American Wildlife in Symbol and Story . Univ. of Tennessee Press . pp. 31 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57233 - 259 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Klapthor , James N. ( August 23 , 2003 ) . `` What , When , and Where Americans Eat in 2003 '' . Newswise / Institute of Food Technologists . Retrieved June 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ H , D . `` The coffee insurgency '' . The Economist . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Smith , 2004 , pp. 131 -- 132 Jump up ^ Levenstein , 2003 , pp. 154 -- 55 Jump up ^ Harvey A. Levenstein ( 1988 ) . Revolution at the Table : The Transformation of the American Diet . University of California Press . p. 3 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 23439 - 0 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jennifer Jensen Wallach ( 2013 ) . How America Eats : A Social History of U.S. Food and Culture . Rowman & Littlefield . p. xi . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4422 - 0874 - 2 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Breadsley , Eleanor . `` Why McDonald 's in France Does n't Feel Like Fast Food '' . NPR . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` When Was the First Drive - Thru Restaurant Created ? '' . Wisegeek.org . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . 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Lynch , Gerald . `` Britney Spears is the most searched for celebrity of the decade '' . Tech Digest . Retrieved October 12 , 2015 . `` Katy Perry : now the world 's richest ( famous ) woman '' . the Guardian . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Rosen , Jody . `` Beyoncé : The Woman on Top of the World '' . The New York Times . `` BBC -- Imagine -- Jay - Z : He Came , He Saw , He Conquered '' . bbc.co.uk . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . * `` Introducing the King of Hip - Hop '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Ben Westhoff . `` The enigma of Kanye West -- and how the world 's biggest pop star ended up being its most reviled , too '' . the Guardian . Jump up ^ Hartman , Graham ( January 5 , 2012 ) . `` Metallica 's ' Black album ' is Top - Selling Disc of last 20 years '' . Loudwire . Retrieved October 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Vorel , Jim ( September 27 , 2012 ) . `` Eagles tribute band landing at Kirkland '' . Herald & Review . Retrieved October 12 , 2015 . 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Jump up ^ Rick , Jewell ( August 8 , 2008 ) . `` John Wayne , an American Icon '' . University of Southern California . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2008 . Retrieved August 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Greven , David ( January 2 , 2013 ) . Psycho - Sexual : Male Desire in Hitchcock , De Palma , Scorsese , and Friedkin . University of Texas Press . p. 23 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 292 - 74204 - 8 . Jump up ^ Morrison , James ( September 11 , 1998 ) . Passport to Hollywood : Hollywood Films , European Directors . SUNY Press . p. 11 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7914 - 3938 - 8 . Jump up ^ Turow , Joseph ( September 22 , 2011 ) . Media Today : An Introduction to Mass Communication . Taylor & Francis . p. 434 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 136 - 86402 - 5 . Jump up ^ Village Voice : 100 Best Films of the 20th century ( 2001 ) Archived March 31 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine ... Filmsite . Jump up ^ `` Sight & Sound Top Ten Poll 2002 '' . British Film Institute . 2002 . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2002 . 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Jump up ^ `` Passion for College Football Remains Robust '' . National Football Foundation . March 19 , 2013 . Retrieved April 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Global sports market to hit $141 billion in 2012 . Reuters . Retrieved on July 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Chase , Chris ( February 7 , 2014 ) . `` The 10 most fascinating facts about the all - time Winter Olympics medal standings '' . USA Today . Retrieved February 28 , 2014 . Loumena , Dan ( February 6 , 2014 ) . `` With Sochi Olympics approaching , a history of Winter Olympic medals '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved February 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Liss , Howard . Lacrosse ( Funk & Wagnalls , 1970 ) pg 13 . Jump up ^ `` As American as Mom , Apple Pie and Football ? Football continues to trump baseball as America 's Favorite Sport '' ( PDF ) . Harris Interactive . January 16 , 2014 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 9 , 2014 . Retrieved July 2 , 2014 . 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Alexa. 2014 . Retrieved October 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Spanish Newspapers in United States '' . W3newspapers . Retrieved August 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Spanish Language Newspapers in the USA : Hispanic Newspapers : Periódiscos en Español en los EE. UU '' . Onlinenewspapers.com . Retrieved August 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hounshell , David A. ( 1984 ) , From the American System to Mass Production , 1800 - 1932 : The Development of Manufacturing Technology in the United States , Baltimore , Maryland : Johns Hopkins University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 2975 - 8 , LCCN 83016269 Jump up ^ `` Thomas Edison 's Most Famous Inventions '' . Thomas A Edison Innovation Foundation . Retrieved January 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Benedetti , François ( December 17 , 2003 ) . `` 100 Years Ago , the Dream of Icarus Became Reality '' . Fédération Aéronautique Internationale ( FAI ) . Archived from the original on September 12 , 2007 . Retrieved August 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Fraser , Gordon ( 2012 ) . The Quantum Exodus : Jewish Fugitives , the Atomic Bomb , and the Holocaust . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 959215 - 9 . Jump up ^ 10 Little Americans . Google Books . Retrieved September 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` NASA 's Apollo technology has changed the history '' . Sharon Gaudin . Retrieved September 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Goodheart , Adam ( July 2 , 2006 ) . `` Celebrating July 2 : 10 Days That Changed History '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Silicon Valley : 110 Year Renaissance , McLaughlin , Weimers , Winslow 2008 . Jump up ^ Robert W. Price ( 2004 ) . Roadmap to Entrepreneurial Success . AMACOM Div American Mgmt Assn . p. 42 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8144 - 7190 - 6 . Jump up ^ Sawyer , Robert Keith ( 2012 ) . Explaining Creativity : The Science of Human Innovation . Oxford University Press . p. 256 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 973757 - 4 . Jump up ^ Bennett , W. Lance ; Segerberg , Alexandra ( September 2011 ) . `` Digital Media and the Personalization of Collective Action '' . Information , Communication & Society . 14 ( 6 ) : 770 -- 799 . doi : 10.1080 / 1369118X. 2011.579141 . Jump up ^ `` Computer and Internet Use Main '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Dept. of Commerce , Census Bureau . Retrieved July 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cell phone ownership hits 91 % of adults '' . Pew Research Center . May 19 , 2013 . Retrieved July 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Freedom on the Net 2014 '' . Freedom House . Jump up ^ `` Research and Development ( R&D ) Expenditures by Source and Objective : 1970 to 2004 '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2012 . Retrieved June 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ MacLeod , Donald ( March 21 , 2006 ) . `` Britain Second in World Research Rankings '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved May 14 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` WHO Life expectancy data by country '' . WHO. 2012 . Retrieved June 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Country Comparison : Life Expectancy at Birth '' . The World Factbook . CIA . Retrieved October 25 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Murray , Christopher J.L. ( July 10 , 2013 ) . `` The State of US Health , 1990 -- 2010 : Burden of Diseases , Injuries , and Risk Factors '' ( PDF ) . Journal of the American Medical Association . 310 ( 6 ) : 591 -- 608 . PMID 23842577 . doi : 10.1001 / jama. 2013.13805 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Country Comparison : Infant Mortality Rate '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2014 . Retrieved May 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ MacAskill , Ewen ( August 13 , 2007 ) . `` US Tumbles Down the World Ratings List for Life Expectancy '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved August 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Mexico Obesity Rate Surpasses The United States ' , Making It Fattest Country in the Americas '' . Huffington Post . Jump up ^ Schlosser , Eric ( 2002 ) . Fast Food Nation . New York : Perennial . p. 240 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 093845 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity Among Adults : United States , 2003 -- 2004 '' . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , National Center for Health Statistics . Retrieved June 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Fast Food , Central Nervous System Insulin Resistance , and Obesity '' . Arteriosclerosis , Thrombosis , and Vascular Biology . American Heart Association . 2005 . Retrieved June 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` About Teen Pregnancy '' . Center for Disease Control . Retrieved January 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Whitman , Glen ; Raad , Raymond . `` Bending the Productivity Curve : Why America Leads the World in Medical Innovation '' . The Cato Institute . Retrieved October 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Cowen , Tyler ( October 5 , 2006 ) . `` Poor U.S. Scores in Health Care Do n't Measure Nobels and Innovation '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The U.S. Healthcare System : The Best in the World or Just the Most Expensive ? '' ( PDF ) . University of Maine . 2001 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 9 , 2007 . Retrieved November 29 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` In U.S. , Uninsured Rate Holds at 13.4 % '' . Gallup . Jump up ^ Abelson , Reed ( June 10 , 2008 ) . `` Ranks of Underinsured Are Rising , Study Finds '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Blewett , Lynn A. ; et al. ( December 2006 ) . `` How Much Health Insurance Is Enough ? Revisiting the Concept of Underinsurance '' . Medical Care Research and Review . 63 ( 6 ) : 663 -- 700 . ISSN 1077 - 5587 . PMID 17099121 . doi : 10.1177 / 1077558706293634 . Jump up ^ Fahrenthold , David A. ( April 5 , 2006 ) . `` Mass . Bill Requires Health Coverage '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved June 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Health Care Law 54 % Favor Repeal of Health Care Law '' . Rasmussen Reports . Retrieved October 13 , 2012 . 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( 1992 ) . `` The Role of Epidemic Infectious Diseases in the Discovery of America '' . Allergy and Asthma Proceedings . OceanSide Publications , Inc. 13 ( 5 ) : 225 -- 232 . PMID 1483570 . doi : 10.2500 / 108854192778817040 . Retrieved September 9 , 2012 . Boyer , Paul S. ; Clark , Clifford E. Jr. ; Kett , Joseph F. ; Salisbury , Neal ; Sitkoff , Harvard ; Woloch , Nancy ( 2007 ) . The Enduring Vision : A History of the American People . Cengage Learning . p. 588 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 618 - 80161 - 9 . , Book Calloway , Colin G. New Worlds for All : Indians , Europeans , and the Remaking of Early America . JHU Press . p. 229 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 5959 - 5 . Cobarrubias , Juan ( 1983 ) . Progress in Language Planning : International Perspectives . Walter de Gruyter . ISBN 978 - 90 - 279 - 3358 - 4 . Davis , Kenneth C. ( 1996 ) . Do n't know much about the Civil War . New York : William Marrow and Co. p. 518 . ISBN 0 - 688 - 11814 - 3 . , Book Daynes , Byron W. ; Sussman , Glen ( eds . ) ( 2010 ) . White House Politics and the Environment : Franklin D. Roosevelt to George W. Bush . Texas A&M University Press . p. 320 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60344 - 254 - 1 . Presidential environmental policies , 1933 -- 2009 CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) , Book Erlandson , Jon M ; Rick , Torben C ; Vellanoweth , Rene L ( 16 September 2008 ) . A Canyon Through Time : Archaeology , History , and Ecology of the Tecolote Canyon Area , Santa Barbara County , California . University of Utah Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87480 - 879 - 7 . Feldstein , Sylvan G. ; Fabozzi , Frank J. , CFA . The Handbook of Municipal Bonds . John Wiley & Sons , January 13 , 2011 . p. 1376 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 118 - 04494 - 0 . , Book Gold , Susan Dudley ( 2006 ) . United States V. Amistad : Slave Ship Mutiny . Marshall Cavendish . p. 144 . 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Jacobs , Lawrence R. ( 2010 ) . Health Care Reform and American Politics : What Everyone Needs to Know : What Everyone Needs to Know . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 978142 - 3 . Johnson , Paul ( 1997 ) . A History of the American People . HarperCollins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 195213 - 5 . , eBook version Kurian , George T. ed . Encyclopedia of American Studies ( 4 Vol . Groiler : 2001 ) Kessel , William B. ; Wooster , Robert ( 2005 ) . Encyclopedia of Native American Wars and Warfare . Facts on File library of American History . Infobase Publishing . p. 398 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8160 - 3337 - 9 . , Book Kidder , David S. ; Oppenheim , Noah D. ( 16 October 2007 ) . The Intellectual Devotional : American History : Revive Your Mind , Complete Your Education , and Converse Confidently about Our Nation 's Past . Rodale . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59486 - 744 - 6 . Kruse , Kevin M. ( 2015 ) . One Nation Under God : How Corporate America Invented Christian America . Basic Books . ISBN 0 - 465 - 04949 - 4 . Leckie , Robert ( 1990 ) . None died in vain : The Saga of the American Civil War . New York : Harper - Collins . p. 682 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 016280 - 5 . , Book Martone , Eric ( 12 December 2016 ) . Italian Americans : The History and Culture of a People . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61069 - 995 - 2 . Leffler , Melvyn P. ( 2010 ) . `` The emergence of an American grand strategy , 1945 -- 1952 '' . In Melvyn P. Leffler and Odd Arne Westad , eds. , The Cambridge History of the Cold War , Volume 1 : Origins ( pp. 67 -- 89 ) . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 83719 - 4 . Lemon , James T. ( 1987 ) . `` Colonial America in the 18th Century '' . In Robert D. Mitchell ; Paul A. Groves . North America : the historical geography of a changing continent . Rowman & Littlefield . , PDF Lien , PhD , Arnold Johnson ( 1913 ) . Studies in History , Economics , and Public Law , Volume 54 . Longmans , Green & Co. , Agents , London ; Columbia University , New York . p. 604 . Karen Woods Weierman ( 2005 ) . One Nation , One Blood : Interracial Marriage In American Fiction , Scandal , And Law , 1820 -- 1870 . University of Massachusetts Press . p. 214 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55849 - 483 - 1 . , Book Levenstein , Harvey ( 2003 ) . Revolution at the Table : The Transformation of the American Diet . University of California Press , Berkeley , Los Angeles . ISBN 0 - 520 - 23439 - 1 . Mann , Kaarin ( 2007 ) . `` Interracial Marriage in Early America : Motivation and the Colonial Project '' ( PDF ) . Michigan Journal of History . University of Michigan ( Fall ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 15 , 2013 . George McKenna ( 2007 ) . The Puritan Origins of American Patriotism . Yale University Press . ISBN 0 - 300 - 10099 - X . The New York Times ( 30 October 2007 ) . The New York Times Guide to Essential Knowledge , Second Edition : A Desk Reference for the Curious Mind . St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 37659 - 8 . Mostert , Mary ( 2005 ) . The Threat of Anarchy Leads to the Constitution of the United States . CTR Publishing , Inc . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9753851 - 4 - 2 . Onuf , Peter S. ( 3 August 2010 ) . The Origins of the Federal Republic : Jurisdictional Controversies in the United States , 1775 - 1787 . University of Pennsylvania Press . ISBN 0 - 8122 - 0038 - 1 . Price , David A. ( 2003 ) . Love and Hate in Jamestown : John Smith , Pocahontas , and the Start of a New Nation . Random House . eBook version Quirk , Joel ( 2011 ) . The Anti-Slavery Project : From the Slave Trade to Human Trafficking . University of Pennsylvania Press . p. 344 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8122 - 4333 - 8 . , Book Ranlet , Philip ( 1999 ) . Alden T. Vaughan , ed . New England Encounters : Indians and Euroamericans Ca . 1600 -- 1850 . North Eastern University Press . Rausch , David A. ( 1994 ) . Native American Voices . Baker Books , Grand Rapids . p. 180 . Remini , Robert V. ( 2007 ) . The House : The History of the House of Representatives . HarperCollins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 134111 - 3 . Richter , Daniel K. , and James H. Merrell , eds. ( 2003 ) . Beyond the Covenant Chain : the Iroquois and Their Neighbors in Indian North America , 1600 -- 1800 . University Park , Pa. : Pennsylvania State University Press . ISBN 0 - 271 - 02299 - X . Ripper , Jason ( 2008 ) . American Stories : To 1877 . M.E. Sharpe . p. 299 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7656 - 2903 - 6 . , Book Russell , John Henderson ( 1913 ) . The Free Negro in Virginia , 1619 -- 1865 . Johns Hopkins University . p. 196 . , E'Book Safire , William ( 14 May 2003 ) . No Uncertain Terms : More Writing from the Popular `` On Language '' Column in The New York Times Magazine . Simon and Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 4955 - 3 . Samuel , Bunford ( 1920 ) . 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He held high the Declaration of Independence , the Constitution , and the nation 's unofficial motto , e pluribus unum , even as he was recoiling from the party system in which he had long participated . , Book Smith , Andrew F. ( 2004 ) . The Oxford Encyclopedia of Food and Drink in America . New York : Oxford University Press , pp. 131 -- 32 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 515437 - 1 . Soss , Joe ( 2010 ) . Hacker , Jacob S. ; Mettler , Suzanne , eds . Remaking America : Democracy and Public Policy in an Age of Inequality . Russell Sage Foundation . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61044 - 694 - 5 . , Book Stannard , David E. ( November 18 , 1993 ) . American Holocaust : The Conquest of the New World . Oxford University Press , USA . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 508557 - 0 . Tadman , Michael ( 2000 ) . The Demographic Cost of Sugar : Debates on Slave Societies and Natural Increase in the Americas . American Historical Review . 105 . Oxford University Press . JSTOR 2652029 . Taylor , Alan ( 2002 ) . Eric Foner , ed . 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Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . , Book Nick Hayes ( November 6 , 2009 ) . `` Looking back 20 years : Who deserves credit for ending the Cold War ? '' . MinnPost . Retrieved March 11 , 2013 . `` 59e . The End of the Cold War '' . U.S. History.org . Independence Hall Association . Retrieved March 10 , 2013 . Levy , Peter B. ( 1996 ) . Encyclopedia of the Reagan - Bush Years . ABC - CLIO . p. 442 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 29018 - 3 . Census Bureau , US ( 2016 ) . `` U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts selected : UNITED STATES '' . QuickFacts . U.S. Department of Commerce . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 09 . Wallander , Celeste A. ( 2003 ) . `` Western Policy and the Demise of the Soviet Union '' . Journal of Cold War Studies . President and Fellows of Harvard College and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology . 5 ( 4 ) : 137 -- 177 . doi : 10.1162 / 152039703322483774 . Retrieved March 11 , 2013 . 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won the world cup as a player and manager			Mario Zagallo	mario zagallo		This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( September 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This name uses Portuguese naming customs . The first or maternal family name is Lobo and the second or paternal family name is Zagallo . Mário Zagallo Mário Zagallo in 2008 Full name Mário Jorge Lobo Zagallo Date of birth ( 1931 - 08 - 09 ) 9 August 1931 ( age 87 ) Place of birth Atalaia , Alagoas , Brazil Height 1.67 m ( 5 ft 5 ⁄ in ) Playing position Inside forward , left winger Senior career * Years Team Apps ( Gls ) 1948 -- 1949 America 1950 -- 1958 Flamengo 99 ( 11 ) 1958 -- 1965 Botafogo 302 ( 22 ) National team 1958 -- 1964 Brazil 33 ( 5 ) Teams managed 1966 -- 1970 Botafogo 1967 -- 1968 Brazil 1970 -- 1974 Brazil 1971 -- 1972 Fluminense 1972 -- 1974 Flamengo Botafogo 1976 -- 1978 Kuwait 1978 Botafogo 1979 Al - Hilal 1980 -- 1981 Vasco da Gama 1981 -- 1984 Saudi Arabia 1984 -- 1985 Flamengo 1986 -- 1987 Botafogo 1988 -- 1989 Bangu 1989 -- 1990 United Arab Emirates 1990 -- 1991 Vasco da Gama 1991 -- 1994 Brazil ( coordinator ) 1994 -- 1998 Brazil 1999 Portuguesa 2000 -- 2001 Flamengo 2002 Brazil ( caretaker ) 2003 -- 2006 Brazil ( coordinator ) 2011 -- Lebanon ( advisor ) Honours ( show ) Men 's football Representing Brazil FIFA World Cup Winner 1958 Sweden Winner 1962 Chile South American Championship Runner - up 1959 Argentina * Senior club appearances and goals counted for the domestic league only Mário Jorge Lobo Zagallo ( Brazilian Portuguese : ( ˈmaɾju zaˈɡalu ) ; born 9 August 1931 ) is a Brazilian former football player and manager who played as a forward . He was the first footballer to win the FIFA World Cup both as a manager and as a player , 1958 FIFA World Cup and 1962 FIFA World Cup as a player , the 1970 FIFA World Cup as a manager and the 1994 FIFA World Cup as an assistant manager . In 1992 , for his contributions to association football , Zagallo became the recipient of the FIFA Order of Merit , the highest honour awarded by FIFA . Contents 1 Playing career 2 Style of play 3 Coaching career 4 Personal life and religion 5 Nicknames 6 Honours 6.1 Player 6.2 Manager 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Playing career ( edit ) Zagallo started his football career with América in 1948 , and he later played for Flamengo and Botafogo . He won the FIFA World Cup as a player with Brazil in 1958 FIFA World Cup and 1962 FIFA World Cup . At the time of the 1958 tournament he was a Flamengo player but by the 1962 event he was with Botafogo . He won a total of 33 caps with Brazil , between 1958 and 1964 . Style of play ( edit ) Zagallo was a diminutive left winger with a small physique , who was known for his technical skills and his high defensive work - rate , as well as his ability to make attacking runs from deeper areas of the pitch . He was also capable of playing as a forward , either as a main striker , or as an inside forward . Coaching career ( edit ) Zagallo in 1974 Zagallo won the World Cup as a manager ( 1970 ) , and as assistant coach ( 1994 ) , both with the Brazilian national team . He was the first person to win the World Cup both as a player and as a manager . Winning the World Cup in 1970 at the age of 38 , he is also the second youngest coach to win a world title after Alberto Suppici with Uruguay in 1930 , aged 31 . Personal life and religion ( edit ) Zagallo ( original family name Zakour , a Lebanese surname from Zahle ) married Alcina de Castro on 13 January 1955 at the Church of Capuchins in Rio de Janeiro and they remained together until her death on 5 November 2012 . Mário and Alcina had four children . He is a practicing Roman Catholic . Nicknames ( edit ) Zagallo was nicknamed the professor by his players throughout his career , due to his tactical awareness and commanding presence on the bench ; also nicknamed Velho Lobo ( The Old Wolf ) due to his surname `` Lobo '' that literally means `` wolf '' . Honours ( edit ) Player ( edit ) Brazil FIFA World Cup : 1958 , 1962 Copa América : Runners - up : 1959 Flamengo Rio de Janeiro State Championship : 1953 , 1954 , 1955 Botafogo Rio - São Paulo Tournament : 1962 , 1964 Rio de Janeiro State Championship : 1961 , 1962 Individual FIFA World Cup All - Star Team : 1962 Brazilian Football Museum Hall of Fame Manager ( edit ) Brazil FIFA World Cup : 1970 Runners - up : 1998 FIFA Confederations Cup : 1997 Copa América : 1997 Runners - up : 1995 CONCACAF Gold Cup : Runners - up : 1996 Third Place : 1998 Botafogo Taça Brasil : 1968 Rio de Janeiro State Championship : 1967 , 1968 Flamengo Copa dos Campeões : 2001 Rio de Janeiro State Championship : 1972 , 2001 Individual IFFHS World 's Best National Coach : 1997 World Soccer Magazine 9th Greatest Manager of All Time : 2013 See also ( edit ) List of Brazil national football team managers References ( edit ) Jump up ^ West , Jenna ( 15 July 2018 ) . `` Didier Deschamps Becomes Third to Win World Cup as Player and Manager '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 16 July 2018 . Jump up ^ FIFA Order of Merit holders ^ Jump up to : `` Zagallo '' . Sambafoot . Retrieved 11 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Gwidon Naskrent , Roberto Di Maggio and José Luis Pierrend ( 17 September 2010 ) . `` World Cup Champions Squads 1930 -- 2010 '' . RSSSF . Retrieved 1 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Roberto Mamrud ( 29 February 2012 ) . `` Appearances for Brazil National Team '' . Brazil -- Record International Players . RSSSF . Retrieved 1 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Vicente Feola : A controversial innovator '' . FIFA.com. 8 February 2013 . Retrieved 21 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mario Zagallo - None hungrier than Brazil 's lone wolf '' . FIFA.com . Retrieved 21 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Motty 's World Cup greats : Mario Zagalo '' . Mail online . Associated Newspapers. 25 April 2006 . Retrieved 1 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Esposa de Zagallo morre no Rio globoesporte.com '' . Globoesporte.globo.com . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Zagallo recebe apoio de amigos no velório da esposa no Rio de Janeiro globoesporte.com '' . Globoesporte.globo.com . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Folha Online - Mundo - Zagallo diz que `` família católica perdeu seu irmão mais importante '' - 02 / 04 / 2005 `` . Folha.uol.com.br . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Xará , Zagallo ressalta coincidências do no 13 com o papa e lamenta : `` Temos que engolir '' - Futebol - $ estacao. titulo `` . Esporte.uol.com.br . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Mário Jorge Lobo Zagallo TARDES DE PACAEMBU : o futebol sem as fronteiras do tempo '' . Tardesdepacaembu.wordpress.com. 2013 - 05 - 23 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` FORMER RESULTS '' . IFFHS.de . Retrieved 10 November 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Zagallo . World Cup - winners status First Player and Manager 1958 , ' 62 , ' 70 Next : Franz Beckenbauer Preceded by Enzo Bearzot Oldest Living Manager December 21 2010 -- present Incumbent Preceded by Hans Schäfer Oldest Living Player November 7 , 2017 -- present Awards 1962 FIFA World Cup Team of the Tournament Goalkeeper Viliam Schrojf Defenders Djalma Santos Cesare Maldini Valery Voronin Karl - Heinz Schnellinger Midfielders Mário Zagallo Zito Josef Masopust Forwards Vavá Garrincha Leonel Sánchez FIFA World Cup winning managers 1930 : Suppici 1934 : Pozzo 1938 : Pozzo 1950 : López Fontana 1954 : Herberger 1958 : Feola 1962 : Moreira 1966 : Ramsey 1970 : Zagallo 1974 : Schön 1978 : Menotti 1982 : Bearzot 1986 : Bilardo 1990 : Beckenbauer 1994 : Parreira 1998 : Jacquet 2002 : Scolari 2006 : Lippi 2010 : Del Bosque 2014 : Löw 2018 : Deschamps South American Championship / Copa América winning managers 1916 : Foglino 1917 : Platero 1919 : Domingues 1920 : Fígoli 1921 : Calomino 1922 : Laís 1923 : De Lucca 1924 : Meliante 1925 : Tesoriere 1926 : Fígoli 1927 : Lago Millán 1929 : Olazar & Tramutola 1935 : Blanco 1937 : Seoane 1939 : Greenwell 1941 : Stábile 1942 : Cea 1945 : Stábile 1946 : Stábile 1947 : Stábile 1949 : Flávio Costa 1953 : Fleitas Solich 1955 : Stábile 1956 : Bagnulo 1957 : Stábile 1959 : Barreiro , Della Torre & Spinetto 1959 : Corazzo 1963 : Danilo 1967 : Corazzo 1975 : Calderón 1979 : Miranda 1983 : Borrás 1987 : Fleitas 1989 : Lazaroni 1991 : Basile 1993 : Basile 1995 : Núñez 1997 : Zagallo 1999 : Luxemburgo 2001 : Maturana 2004 : Parreira 2007 : Dunga 2011 : Tabárez 2015 : Sampaoli 2016 : Pizzi Campeonato Brasileiro winning managers 1959 : Volante 1960 : Brandão 1961 : Lula 1962 : Lula 1963 : Lula 1964 : Lula 1965 : Lula 1966 : Ayrton 1967 : Aymoré 1967 : Travaglini 1968 : Antoninho 1968 : Zagallo 1969 : Minelli 1970 : Amaral 1971 : Telê 1972 : Brandão 1973 : Brandão 1974 : Travaglini 1975 : Minelli 1976 : Minelli 1977 : Minelli 1978 : Silva 1979 : E. Andrade 1980 : Coutinho 1981 : E. Andrade 1982 : Carpegiani 1983 : C. Torres 1984 : Parreira 1985 : E. Andrade 1986 : Pepe 1987 : Picerni 1988 : Evaristo 1989 : Rosa 1990 : Baptista 1991 : Telê 1992 : Carlinhos 1993 : Luxemburgo 1994 : Luxemburgo 1995 : Autuori 1996 : Scolari 1997 : Lopes 1998 : Luxemburgo 1999 : Oliveira 2000 : Joel 2001 : Geninho 2002 : Leão 2003 : Luxemburgo 2004 : Luxemburgo 2005 : Lopes 2006 : Muricy 2007 : Muricy 2008 : Muricy 2009 : Andrade 2010 : Muricy 2011 : Tite 2012 : Braga 2013 : Marcelo 2014 : Marcelo 2015 : Tite 2016 : Cuca 2017 : Carille Brazilian Football Museum -- Hall of Fame Bebeto Carlos Alberto Torres Didi Djalma Santos Falcão Garrincha Gérson Gilmar Jairzinho Julinho Nílton Santos Pelé Rivaldo Rivelino Roberto Carlos Romário Ronaldinho Ronaldo Sócrates Taffarel Tostão Vavá Zagallo Zico Zizinho Honorable mentions : Domingos da Guia Leônidas Brazil squads Brazil squad -- 1958 FIFA World Cup winners ( 1st title ) 1 Castilho 2 Bellini ( c ) 3 Gilmar 4 Djalma Santos 5 Dino Sani 6 Didi 7 Zagallo 8 Oreco 9 Zózimo 10 Pelé 11 Garrincha 12 Nílton Santos 13 Moacir 14 De Sordi 15 Orlando 16 Mauro 17 Joel 18 Mazzola 19 Zito 20 Vavá 21 Dida 22 Pepe Coach : Feola Brazil squad -- 1959 South American Championship ( Argentina ) Runners - up 1 Castilho 2 Gilmar 3 Bellini 4 Coronel 5 Djalma Santos 6 Nílton Santos 7 Orlando 8 Paulinho 9 Chinesinho 10 Didi 11 Dino Sani 12 Dorval 13 Esteves 14 Formiga 15 Zito 16 Almir Pernambuquinho 17 Garrincha 18 Henrique 19 Mauro 20 Paulo Valentim 21 Pelé 22 Zagallo Coach : Feola Brazil squad -- 1962 FIFA World Cup winners ( 2nd title ) 1 Gilmar 2 Djalma Santos 3 Mauro ( c ) 4 Zito 5 Zózimo 6 Nílton Santos 7 Garrincha 8 Didi 9 Coutinho 10 Pelé 11 Pepe 12 Jair Marinho 13 Bellini 14 Jurandir 15 Altair 16 Zequinha 17 Mengálvio 18 Jair 19 Vavá 20 Amarildo 21 Zagallo 22 Castilho Coach : Moreira Brazil squad -- 1964 Taça das Nações Runners - up Aírton Beleza Brito Carlinhos Carlos Alberto Gérson Gilmar Jairzinho Joel Julinho Pelé Rildo Rinaldo Roberto Dias Vavá Zagallo Coach : Feola Brazil squad -- 1970 FIFA World Cup winners ( 3rd title ) 1 Félix 2 Brito 3 Piazza 4 Carlos Alberto ( c ) 5 Clodoaldo 6 Marco Antônio 7 Jairzinho 8 Gérson 9 Tostão 10 Pelé 11 Rivellino 12 Ado 13 Roberto 14 Baldocchi 15 Fontana 16 Everaldo 17 Joel 18 Paulo Cézar Caju 19 Edu 20 Dario 21 Zé Maria 22 Leão Coach : Zagallo Brazil squad -- 1972 Brazil Independence Cup winners ( 1st title ) Brito Clodoaldo Dario Gérson Jairzinho Leão Leivinha Leon Marco Antônio Paulo Cézar Caju Rivellino Rodrigues Neto Tostão Vantuir Zé Maria Coach : Zagallo Brazil squad -- 1974 FIFA World Cup fourth place 1 Leão 2 Luís Pereira 3 Marinho Peres 4 Zé Maria 5 Piazza ( c ) 6 Marinho Chagas 7 Jairzinho 8 Leivinha 9 César Maluco 10 Rivellino 11 Paulo Cézar Caju 12 Renato 13 Valdomiro 14 Nelinho 15 Alfredo 16 Marco Antônio 17 Carpegiani 18 Ademir da Guia 19 Mirandinha 20 Edu 21 Dirceu 22 Waldir Peres Coach : Zagallo Brazil squad -- 1995 Copa América runners - up 1 Taffarel 2 Jorginho 3 Aldair 4 Ronaldão 5 César Sampaio 6 Roberto Carlos 7 Edmundo 8 Dunga 9 Túlio 10 Juninho 11 Zinho 12 Danrlei 13 Rodrigo 14 André Cruz 15 Narciso 16 Leandro 17 Beto 18 Leonardo 19 Souza 20 Ronaldo 21 Sávio 22 Dida Coach : Zagallo Brazil squad -- 1996 CONCACAF Gold Cup runners - up 1 Dida 2 Zé Maria 3 Alexandre Lopes 4 Narciso 5 Flávio Conceição 6 André Luiz 7 Caio 8 Amaral 9 Iranildo 10 Arílson 11 Sávio 12 Danrlei 13 Carlinhos 14 Gélson 15 Zé Roberto 16 Zé Elias 17 Beto 18 Jamelli 19 Souza 20 Leandro Coach : Zagallo Brazil men 's football squad -- 1996 Summer Olympics -- Bronze medal 1 Dida 2 Zé Maria 3 Aldair 4 Ronaldo Guiaro 5 Flávio Conceição 6 Roberto Carlos 7 Bebeto 8 Amaral 9 Juninho 10 Rivaldo 11 Sávio 12 Danrlei 13 Narciso 14 André Luiz 15 Zé Elias 16 Marcelinho Paulista 17 Luizão 18 Ronaldo Coach : Zagallo Brazil squad -- 1997 Copa América winners ( 5th title ) 1 Taffarel 2 Cafu 3 Aldair 4 Márcio Santos 5 Mauro Silva 6 Roberto Carlos 7 Giovanni 8 Dunga 9 Ronaldo 10 Leonardo 11 Romário 12 Carlos Germano 13 Djalminha 14 Zé Maria 15 Célio Silva 16 Gonçalves 17 Zé Roberto 18 César Sampaio 19 Flávio Conceição 20 Denílson 21 Edmundo 22 Paulo Nunes Coach : Zagallo Brazil squad -- 1997 FIFA Confederations Cup winners ( 1st title ) 1 Dida 2 Cafu 3 Aldair 4 Júnior Baiano 5 Dunga 6 Roberto Carlos 7 Bebeto 8 Flávio Conceição 9 Ronaldo 10 Leonardo 11 Romário 12 Rogério Ceni 13 Zé Maria 14 Gonçalves 15 Zé Roberto 16 César Sampaio 17 Doriva 18 Denílson 19 Juninho Paulista 20 Rivaldo 21 Rodrigo Fabri 22 Russo Coach : Zagallo Brazil squad -- 1998 CONCACAF Gold Cup Third Place 1 Taffarel 2 Zé Maria 3 Júnior Baiano 4 Gonçalves 5 Mauro Silva 6 Júnior 7 Edmundo 8 Flávio Conceição 9 Zinho 10 Denílson 11 Romário 12 Carlos Germano 13 Russo 14 César Belli 15 Sylvinho 16 Doriva 17 Assunção 18 Sérgio Manoel 19 Donizete 20 Élber Coach : Zagallo Brazil squad -- 1998 FIFA World Cup runners - up 1 Taffarel 2 Cafu 3 Aldair 4 Júnior Baiano 5 César Sampaio 6 Roberto Carlos 7 Giovanni 8 Dunga ( c ) 9 Ronaldo 10 Rivaldo 11 Emerson 12 Carlos Germano 13 Zé Carlos 14 Gonçalves 15 André Cruz 16 Zé Roberto 17 Doriva 18 Leonardo 19 Denílson 20 Bebeto 21 Edmundo 22 Dida Coach : Zagallo Mário Zagallo managerial positions Botafogo -- managers Adhemar Pimenta ( 1940 -- 41 ) Carvalho Leite ( 1941 -- 42 ) Adhemar Pimenta ( 1942 ) Carvalho Leite ( 1942 -- 43 ) Fortunato ( 1943 ) Martim Silveira ( 1944 ) Bengala ( 1944 -- 46 ) Martim Silveira ( 1946 ) Viera ( 1947 ) Zezé Moreira ( 1948 -- 49 ) Geninho ( 1949 -- 50 ) Carvalho Leite ( 1950 -- 51 ) Newton Cardoso ( 1951 ) Carvalho Leite ( 1951 -- 52 ) Sylvio Pirillo ( 1952 ) Martim Silveira ( 1952 -- 53 ) Gentil Cardoso ( 1953 -- 54 ) Newton Cardoso ( 1954 ) Zezé Moreira ( 1954 -- 55 ) Geninho ( 1955 ) Zezé Moreira ( 1955 -- 56 ) Geninho ( 1956 -- 57 ) Saldanha ( 1957 -- 58 ) Marinho Rodrigues ( 1958 ) Saldanha ( 1958 -- 59 ) Paulo Amaral ( 1960 -- 61 ) Marinho Rodrigues ( 1961 -- 63 ) Danilo ( 1963 ) Paraguaio ( 1963 ) Zoulo Rabello ( 1964 ) Geninho ( 1964 -- 65 ) Admildo Chirol ( 1965 ) Daniel Pinto ( 1965 ) Admildo Chirol ( 1966 ) Neca ( 1966 ) Admildo Chirol ( 1966 -- 67 ) Zagallo ( 1967 -- 70 ) Paulinho ( 1971 ) Paraguaio ( 1971 ) Tim ( 1972 ) Sebastião Leônidas ( 1972 -- 73 ) Paraguaio ( 1973 -- 74 ) Paulistinha ( 1974 ) Zagallo ( 1974 -- 75 ) Telê Santana ( 1976 ) Paulo Amaral ( 1976 ) Sebastião Leônidas ( 1977 ) Zezé Moreira ( 1977 ) Paulistinha ( 1977 ) Danilo Alves ( 1977 ) Zagallo ( 1978 ) Danilo Alves ( 1978 ) Joel Martins ( 1979 ) Jorge Vieira ( 1979 ) Djalma Cavalcante ( 1979 ) Paulo Amaral ( 1980 ) Othon Valentim ( 1980 ) Paulo Emílio ( 1980 ) Paulinho ( 1981 ) Jorge Vieira ( 1982 ) Félix ( 1982 ) Ernesto Guedes ( 1982 ) Zé Mário ( 1982 -- 83 ) Sebastião Leônidas ( 1983 ) Didi ( 1984 ) Humberto Redes ( 1984 ) Jair Pereira ( 1984 ) Orlando Fantoni ( 1984 ) Abel Braga ( 1985 ) Cléber Camerino ( 1985 ) Carbone ( 1985 -- 86 ) Cléber Camerino ( 1986 ) Sebastião Leônidas ( 1986 ) Zagallo ( 1986 ) Joel Martins ( 1986 -- 87 ) Jair Pereira ( 1987 ) Zé Carlos ( 1987 -- 88 ) Joel Martins ( 1988 ) Pinheiro ( 1988 ) Jair Pereira ( 1988 ) Espinosa ( 1989 ) Edu ( 1989 -- 90 ) Joel Martins ( 1990 ) Espinosa ( 1990 -- 91 ) Gil ( 1991 ) Ernesto Paulo ( 1991 ) Gil ( 1992 ) Edinho ( 1992 ) Paulo Emílio ( 1993 ) Othon ( 1993 ) Carlos Alberto Torres ( 1993 ) Dé ( 1994 ) Renato Trindade ( 1994 -- 95 ) J. Pereira ( 1995 ) Autuori ( 1995 ) Marinho Peres ( 1996 ) Ricardo Barreto ( 1996 ) J. Pereira ( 1996 ) Santana ( 1997 ) Sebastião Rocha ( 1997 ) Carlos Alberto Torres ( 1997 ) Gílson Nunes ( 1998 ) Autuori ( 1998 ) Espinosa ( 1998 -- 99 ) Gílson Nunes ( 1999 ) Mauro Fernandes ( 1999 ) Clemente ( 1999 ) Santana ( 2000 ) Antônio Clemente ( 2000 ) Ricardo Barreto ( 2000 ) Lazaroni ( 2001 ) Dé ( 2001 ) Autuori ( 2001 ) Braga ( 2001 -- 02 ) Zagallinho ( 2002 ) Dé ( 2002 ) Bernardes ( 2002 ) Braga ( 2002 ) Wortmann ( 2002 ) Carlos Alberto Torres ( 2002 ) Culpi ( 2003 -- 04 ) Mauro Galvão ( 2004 ) Bonamigo ( 2004 -- 05 ) PC Gusmão ( 2005 ) Chamusca ( 2005 ) Roth ( 2005 ) C. Roberto ( 2006 ) Cuca ( 2006 -- 07 ) Mário Sérgio ( 2007 ) Cuca ( 2007 -- 08 ) Geninho ( 2008 ) Ney Franco ( 2008 -- 09 ) Estevam Soares ( 2009 -- 10 ) Ventura ( a.i. ) ( 2010 ) Santana ( 2010 -- 11 ) Caio Jr. ( 2011 ) O. de Oliveira ( 2012 -- 13 ) Hungaro ( 2014 ) Mancini ( 2014 ) Simões ( 2015 ) Ventura ( a.i. ) ( 2015 ) Gomes ( 2015 -- 16 ) Ventura ( 2016 -- 17 ) Conceição ( 2018 ) Valentim ( 2018 ) Paquetá ( 2018 ) Zé Ricardo ( 2018 -- ) Brazil national football team -- managers Sales & Lagreca ( 1914 ) Selection panel ( 1915 -- 16 ) C. Netto ( 1917 ) Selection panel ( 1917 ) F. Netto & Barbuy ( 1918 ) Selection panel ( 1919 ) Gomes ( 1920 ) F. Netto ( 1921 ) Selection panel ( 1922 ) F. Netto ( 1922 ) C. Netto ( 1923 ) Guimarães ( 1925 ) Laís ( 1928 -- 29 ) Píndaro ( 1930 ) Vinhaes ( 1931 -- 34 ) Ferreira ( 1934 -- 35 ) Pimenta ( 1936 -- 38 ) Nascimento ( 1939 ) Lagreca ( 1940 ) Barcelos ( 1940 ) Pimenta ( 1942 ) Costa ( 1944 -- 50 ) Z . Moreira ( 1952 ) A. Moreira ( 1953 ) Z . Moreira ( 1954 -- 55 ) Feola ( 1955 ) Costa ( 1955 ) Brandão ( 1955 -- 56 ) Teté ( 1956 ) Costa ( 1956 ) Pirillo ( 1957 ) Pedrinho ( 1957 ) Feola ( 1958 -- 60 ) A. Moreira ( 1961 -- 63 ) Feola ( 1964 -- 1966 ) Núñez ( 1965 ) A. Moreira ( 1967 -- 68 ) Yustrich ( 1968 ) Saldanha ( 1969 -- 70 ) Zagallo ( 1970 -- 74 ) Brandão ( 1975 -- 77 ) Coutinho ( 1977 -- 80 ) Santana ( 1980 -- 82 ) Parreira ( 1983 ) Edu ( 1984 ) Evaristo ( 1985 ) Santana ( 1985 -- 86 ) Silva ( 1987 -- 88 ) Lazaroni ( 1989 -- 90 ) Falcão ( 1990 -- 91 ) Ernesto Paulo ( 1991 ) Parreira ( 1991 -- 94 ) Zagallo ( 1994 -- 98 ) Luxemburgo ( 1998 -- 2000 ) Candinho ( 1999 -- 2000 ) Leão ( 2000 -- 01 ) Scolari ( 2001 -- 02 ) Zagallo ( 2002 ) Parreira ( 2003 -- 06 ) Dunga ( 2006 -- 10 ) Menezes ( 2010 -- 12 ) Scolari ( 2012 -- 14 ) Dunga ( 2014 -- 16 ) Tite ( 2016 -- ) Fluminense -- managers Williams ( 1911 -- 12 ) Taylor ( 1917 -- 18 ) Platero ( 1919 ) Pedersen ( 1920 -- 23 ) Williams ( 1924 -- 26 ) Medgyessi ( 1927 -- 28 ) Luiz Vinhaes ( 1929 -- 33 ) Taylor ( 1934 -- 36 ) Viera ( 1938 -- 43 ) Cardoso ( 1945 -- 47 ) Viera ( 1948 -- 49 ) Otto Vieira ( 1950 -- 51 ) Z . Moreira ( 1951 -- 55 ) Russo ( 1955 ) Pirillo ( 1956 -- 58 ) Z . Moreira ( 1958 -- 62 ) Antoninho ( 1963 ) Fleitas ( 1963 ) Tim ( 1964 -- 67 ) Telê Santana ( 1967 -- 68 ) Evaristo ( 1968 ) Telê Santana ( 1969 ) Amaral ( 1970 -- 71 ) Zagallo ( 1971 ) Amaral ( 1972 ) Pinheiro ( 1972 ) Parreira ( 1974 ) Didi ( 1975 ) Paulo Emílio ( 1975 ) Jair Rosa Pinto ( 1975 -- 76 ) Didi ( 1976 ) Travaglini ( 1976 -- 77 ) Pinheiro ( 1977 ) P. Emílio ( 1978 ) Zagallo ( 1979 -- 80 ) Nelsinho Rosa ( 1980 -- 81 ) Luiz Henrique ( 1981 ) Dino Sani ( 1981 -- 82 ) Lula ( 1982 ) Almeida ( 1982 ) Garcia ( 1983 ) Carbone ( 1983 -- 84 ) Parreira ( 1984 ) Luiz Henrique ( 1984 ) Carlos Alberto Torres ( 1984 -- 85 ) Pastoriza ( 1985 ) Nelsinho Rosa ( 1985 -- 86 ) Lopes ( 1986 -- 87 ) Carbone ( 1987 ) S. Araújo ( 1988 ) Kurtz ( 1988 ) Cosme ( 1988 -- 89 ) Candinho ( 1988 -- 90 ) Othon Valentim ( 1989 ) Procópio ( 1989 ) Telê Santana ( 1989 ) Evaristo ( 1990 ) Paulo Emílio ( 1990 ) G. Nunes ( 1990 -- 91 ) Edinho ( 1991 ) Bernardes ( 1992 ) Altair ( a.i. ) ( 1992 ) Cosme ( 1992 ) Edinho ( 1993 ) Nelsinho Rosa ( 1993 ) Edu ( 1993 ) CA Torres ( 1994 ) Delei ( a.i. ) ( 1994 ) Pinheiro ( 1994 ) Santana ( 1995 ) J. Pereira ( 1996 ) Vieira ( 1996 ) Renato ( a.i. ) ( 1996 ) Duarte ( 1996 ) Altair ( a.i. ) ( 1996 ) Renato ( a.i. ) ( 1996 ) JC Leal ( 1997 ) Espinosa ( 1997 ) de León ( 1997 ) Carbone ( 1997 ) Arturzinho ( 1997 ) Edinho ( 1998 ) Altair ( a.i. ) ( 1998 ) Delei ( 1998 ) Cosme ( 1998 ) Duílio ( a.i. ) ( 1998 ) Parreira ( 1999 -- 00 ) Duílio ( a.i. ) ( 2000 ) Espinosa ( 2000 -- 01 ) Duílio ( a.i. ) ( 2001 ) O. Oliveira ( 2001 -- 02 ) Robertinho ( 2002 ) Lemos ( 2002 ) Renato ( 2002 -- 03 ) Duílio ( a.i. ) ( 2003 ) Santana ( 2003 ) Renato ( 2003 ) Gênio ( a.i. ) ( 2003 ) Espinosa ( 2004 ) Gomes ( 2004 ) Gama ( 2004 ) Braga ( 2005 ) Wortmann ( 2006 ) Campos ( 2006 ) Josué ( a.i. ) ( 2006 ) O. Oliveira ( 2006 ) Lopes ( 2006 ) PC Gusmão ( 2006 -- 07 ) Eutrópio ( a.i. ) ( 2007 ) Santana ( 2007 ) Eutrópio ( a.i. ) ( 2007 ) Renato ( 2007 -- 08 ) Cuca ( 2008 ) Simões ( 2008 -- 09 ) Parreira ( 2009 ) Eutrópio ( a.i. ) ( 2009 ) Renato ( 2009 ) Cuca ( 2009 -- 10 ) Muricy ( 2010 -- 11 ) E. Moreira ( a.i. ) ( 2011 ) Leomir ( a.i. ) ( 2011 ) Braga ( 2011 -- 13 ) Luxemburgo ( 2013 ) Dorival Jr. ( 2013 ) Renato ( 2014 ) Cristóvão ( 2014 -- 15 ) Drubscky ( 2015 ) E. Moreira ( 2015 ) E. Baptista ( 2015 -- 16 ) Marcão ( a.i. ) ( 2016 ) Culpi ( 2016 ) Marcão ( a.i. ) ( 2016 ) Braga ( 2017 -- 18 ) M. Oliveira ( 2018 -- ) Flamengo -- managers Ground Committee ( 1912 -- 20 ) Platero ( 1921 ) Telefone ( 1921 -- 22 ) Ground Committee ( 1923 ) J. Guimarães ( 1924 ) J. Seabra ( 1924 -- 25 ) J.C. Bertoni ( 1925 ) J. Guimarães & J.C. Bertoni ( 1926 -- 28 ) J. Guimarães & R. Candiota ( 1929 ) Williams ( 1930 -- 31 ) J. Guimarães ( 1931 -- 32 ) M. Caldas ( 1932 ) A. Gonçalves ( 1933 ) Baldassini & Matarazzo ( 1933 ) L. Gama & M. Caldas ( 1933 -- 34 ) Flávio Costa ( 1934 -- 37 ) Kürschner ( 1937 -- 38 ) H. Santos ( 1938 ) Flávio Costa ( 1938 -- 45 ) Jaime ( a.i. ) ( 1946 ) Flávio Costa ( 1946 ) E. Santos ( 1947 ) Jaime ( 1947 ) Juca da Praia ( 1948 ) Kanela ( 1948 -- 49 ) G. Cardoso ( 1949 -- 50 ) Jaime ( 1950 ) C. de Oliveira ( 1950 ) Jaime ( 1950 -- 51 ) Flávio Costa ( 1951 -- 52 ) Jaime ( 1953 ) Fleitas ( 1953 -- 57 ) Jaime ( 1958 ) Fleitas ( 1958 -- 59 ) Jaime ( 1959 ) Bria ( 1959 -- 60 ) Fleitas ( 1960 -- 62 ) Flávio Costa ( 1962 -- 65 ) Canegal ( a.i. ) ( 1965 ) Renganeschi ( 1965 -- 67 ) Bria ( 1967 ) Aymoré ( 1967 -- 68 ) W. Miraglia ( 1968 ) Tim ( 1969 ) Joubert ( 1969 ) Yustrich ( 1970 -- 71 ) Bria & Canegal ( a.i. ) ( 1971 ) Fleitas ( 1971 ) Zagallo ( 1972 ) Joubert ( 1972 ) Zagallo ( 1972 -- 73 ) Joubert ( 1973 ) Zagallo ( 1973 ) Joubert ( 1974 -- 75 ) Froner ( 1975 -- 76 ) Coutinho ( 1976 -- 77 ) J. Valente ( 1977 -- 78 ) Joubert ( 1978 ) Coutinho ( 1978 -- 80 ) Bria ( 1981 ) Dino Sani ( 1981 ) Carpegiani ( 1981 -- 83 ) Carlinhos ( 1983 ) Torres ( 1983 ) Francalacci ( a.i. ) ( 1983 ) C. Garcia ( 1983 -- 84 ) Zagallo ( 1984 -- 85 ) Lazaroni ( a.i. ) ( 1985 ) Joubert ( 1985 ) Lazaroni ( 1985 -- 87 ) Carlinhos ( 1987 ) A. Lopes ( 1987 ) Carlinhos ( 1987 -- 1988 ) Candinho ( 1988 ) J.C. Costa ( a.i. ) ( 1988 ) Telê ( 1988 -- 89 ) J.C. Costa ( a.i. ) ( 1989 ) Espinosa ( 1989 -- 90 ) J. Pereira ( 1990 ) Luxemburgo ( 1991 ) Carlinhos ( 1991 -- 93 ) J. Pereira ( 1993 ) Evaristo ( 1993 ) Júnior ( 1993 -- 94 ) Carlinhos ( 1994 ) Edinho ( 1994 ) Luxemburgo ( 1995 ) Edinho ( 1995 ) Apolinho ( 1995 ) Santana ( 1996 ) Júnior ( 1997 ) S. Rocha ( 1997 ) Autuori ( 1997 -- 98 ) Santana ( 1998 ) T. Barroso ( a.i. ) ( 1998 ) Evaristo ( 1998 -- 99 ) Carlinhos ( 1999 ) Carpegiani ( 2000 ) C. César ( a.i. ) ( 2000 ) Carlinhos ( 2000 ) Zagallo ( 2000 -- 01 ) Torres ( 2001 -- 02 ) J.C. Costa ( 2002 ) C. 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Oliveira ( 2012 ) Gaúcho ( 2012 -- 13 ) Autuori ( 2013 ) Dorival Jr. ( 2013 ) Adílson ( 2013 -- 14 ) Jorge Luiz ( a.i. ) ( 2014 ) Santana ( 2014 ) Doriva ( 2015 ) Roth ( 2015 ) Jorginho ( 2015 -- 16 ) Cristóvão ( 2017 ) Valdir ( a.i. ) ( 2017 ) Mendes ( 2017 ) Valdir ( a.i. ) ( 2017 ) Zé Ricardo ( 2017 -- 18 ) Valdir ( a.i. ) ( 2018 ) Jorginho ( 2018 -- ) Saudi Arabia national football team -- managers Fawzi ( 1957 -- 62 ) Chaouach ( 1962 -- 70 ) Sheita ( 1973 -- 74 ) Seknas ( 1970 -- 72 ) Ismail ( 1972 -- 74 ) Washash ( 1974 ) Puskás ( 1975 ) McGarry ( 1976 -- 77 ) Allison ( 1978 ) Wallit ( 1979 ) Minelli ( 1980 ) Zagallo ( 1981 -- 84 ) Al - Zayani ( 1984 -- 86 ) Tastilo ( 1986 ) Osvaldo ( 1987 ) Galletti ( 1988 ) Borrás ( 1988 ) Parreira ( 1988 -- 90 ) Türel ( 1990 ) Garcia ( 1992 ) Veloso ( 1992 ) Candinho ( 1993 ) Beenhakker ( 1993 -- 94 ) Al - Kharashy ( 1994 ) Wortmann ( 1994 ) Solari ( 1994 ) Al - Kharashy ( 1995 ) Zé Mário ( 1995 -- 96 ) Vingada ( 1996 -- 97 ) Pfister ( 1998 ) Parreira ( 1998 ) Al - Kharashy ( 1998 ) Pfister ( 1998 -- 99 ) Máčala ( 2000 ) Al - Johar ( 2000 ) Santrač ( 2001 ) Al - Johar ( 2002 ) Van der Lem ( 2002 -- 04 ) Koopman ( 2002 ) Calderón ( 2004 -- 06 ) Paqueta ( 2006 -- 07 ) Hélio dos Anjos ( 2007 -- 08 ) Al - Johar ( 2008 -- 09 ) Peseiro ( 2009 -- 11 ) Al - Johar ( 2011 ) Lourenço ( 2011 ) Rijkaard ( 2011 -- 13 ) Caro ( 2013 -- 14 ) Olăroiu ( 2014 -- 15 ) Van Marwijk ( 2015 -- 17 ) Bauza ( 2017 ) Pizzi ( 2017 -- ) ( c ) = caretaker manager United Arab Emirates national football team -- managers Sheita ( 1972 -- 73 ) Gharib ( 1973 ) Sheita ( 1973 -- 74 ) El - Sherbini ( 1975 ) Gharib ( 1975 -- 76 ) Tadić ( 1976 ) Revie ( 1977 -- 80 ) Mohajerani ( 1980 -- 84 ) Parreira ( 1984 -- 88 ) Zagallo ( 1988 -- 90 ) Blaut ( 1990 ) Parreira ( 1990 ) Lobanovskyi ( 1990 -- 92 ) Piechniczek ( 1992 -- 95 ) Ivić ( 1995 -- 96 ) Sandri ( 1997 ) Máčala ( 1997 ) Sandri ( 1998 ) Queiroz ( 1998 -- 99 ) Juričić ( 1999 ) Mesfer ( 2000 ) Michel ( 2000 -- 01 ) Saqr ( 2001 ) Ruys ( 2001 ) Bonfrere ( 2001 -- 02 ) Hodgson ( 2002 -- 04 ) De Mos ( 2004 -- 05 ) Advocaat ( 2005 ) Metsu ( 2006 -- 08 ) Bathenay ( 2008 -- 09 ) Katanec ( 2009 -- 11 ) Mesfer ( 2011 -- 12 ) Ali ( 2012 -- 17 ) Bauza ( 2017 ) Zaccheroni ( 2017 -- ) Portuguesa -- managers J. López ( 1947 -- 48 ) Brandão ( 1951 -- 52 ) J. López ( 1952 -- 53 ) Moreira ( 1953 ) Picabea ( 1954 ) D. Neves ( 1954 -- 55 ) F. Costa ( 1960 ) P. Emilio ( 1962 ) Moreira ( 1962 -- 66 ) J. López ( 1966 ) Wilson ( 1966 -- 67 ) Moreira ( 1969 -- 70 ) Minelli ( 1971 -- 72 ) Cilinho ( 1972 ) Glória ( 1973 -- 75 ) Vieira ( 1982 ) Picerni ( 1985 -- 86 ) Simões ( 1986 -- 87 ) Poy ( 1987 -- 88 ) Rocha ( 1988 ) Picerni ( 1988 ) Leão ( 1990 -- 91 ) Otacílio ( 1991 ) Geninho ( 1991 ) Galli ( 1992 ) Pepe ( 1993 ) A. Lopes ( 1993 ) Cassiá ( 1994 ) F. Neves ( 1994 ) Poy ( 1994 -- 95 ) Cabralzinho ( 1995 ) Culpi ( 1995 ) Teixeira ( 1996 ) Espinosa ( 1996 ) Edinho ( 1997 ) Candinho ( 1997 -- 99 ) Fonseca ( 1999 ) Zagallo ( 1999 ) N. Baptista ( 2000 ) Lula ( 2000 -- 01 ) Candinho ( 2001 -- 02 ) Nunes ( 2002 ) L.C. Martins ( 2002 -- 03 ) F. 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Fernandes ( 2017 ) PC Gusmão ( 2017 ) Guilherme ( 2018 ) Sodré ( a.i. ) ( 2018 ) Allan ( 2018 -- ) Bangu -- managers Vinhaes ( 1933 -- 34 ) Rincão ( 1934 ) Pimenta ( 1935 -- 36 ) Rincão ( 1937 ) F. Pinheiro ( 1937 ) Rincão ( 1938 ) Manfrenatte ( 1938 -- 39 ) F. Pinheiro ( 1939 ) Solón ( 1940 ) Fausto ( 1940 ) Manfrenatte ( 1941 -- 43 ) Menotti ( 1943 ) J.F. Lemos ( 1944 ) Perini ( 1945 ) Monsores ( 1945 -- 46 ) Martins ( 1946 ) J.F. Lemos ( 1947 ) A. Moreira ( 1948 -- 50 ) Aymoré M. ( 1950 ) Ondino ( 1950 -- 52 ) Tim ( 1953 ) Délio ( 1953 ) Tim ( 1953 -- 56 ) Luiz Renato ( 1956 ) Newton ( 1956 ) Pellegrini ( 1957 ) G. Cardoso ( 1957 -- 58 ) Tim ( 1959 -- 60 ) Zizinho ( 1960 ) Yustrich ( 1961 ) Gradim ( 1961 -- 62 ) Tim ( 1963 -- 64 ) Denoni ( 1964 ) M. Francisco ( 1964 ) Monsores ( 1964 ) G. Cardoso ( 1965 ) Zizinho ( 1965 -- 66 ) Monsores ( 1967 ) M. Francisco ( 1967 ) Ondino ( 1967 ) Monsores ( 1968 ) Ocimar ( 1968 -- 69 ) D. Pinto ( 1969 ) Monsores ( 1969 ) F. 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Renan ( 2017 ) Sampaio ( 2018 -- ) Biography portal Brazil portal Association football portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= Mário_Zagallo&oldid = 854747040 '' Categories : 1931 births Living people Brazilian football managers Brazilian Roman Catholics Brazilian people of Lebanese descent Brazil national football team managers Kuwait national football team managers Saudi Arabia national football team managers United Arab Emirates national football team managers Brazilian footballers Clube de Regatas do Flamengo footballers 1958 FIFA World Cup players 1962 FIFA World Cup players FIFA World Cup - winning players 1970 FIFA World Cup managers 1974 FIFA World Cup managers 1995 Copa América managers 1997 Copa América managers 1997 FIFA Confederations Cup managers 1998 FIFA World Cup managers Clube de Regatas do Flamengo managers FIFA World Cup - winning managers FIFA Confederations Cup - winning managers Fluminense Football Club managers Brazil international footballers Al - Hilal FC managers Brazilian expatriate football managers Expatriate football managers in Qatar Expatriate football managers in Saudi Arabia Botafogo de Futebol e Regatas managers Botafogo de Futebol e Regatas players Bangu Atlético Clube managers Campeonato Brasileiro Série A managers 1976 AFC Asian Cup managers Association football forwards Association football wingers Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from April 2013 BLP articles lacking sources from September 2012 All BLP articles lacking sources Articles using Template : Medal with Winner Articles using Template : Medal with Runner - up Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu বাংলা Беларуская Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Magyar Malagasy മലയാളം Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 29 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 August 2018 , at 14 : 11 ( UTC ) . 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james bond the world is not enough video game			The World is Not Enough ( Nintendo 64 )	the world is not enough ( nintendo 64 )		The World Is Not Enough Developer ( s ) Eurocom Publisher ( s ) EA Games Designer ( s ) Bill Beacham Kev Harvey Aaron Jenkins Programmer ( s ) Robert Watkins Mark Duffill Simon Mills Composer ( s ) Neil Baldwin Series James Bond Platform ( s ) Nintendo 64 Release NA : October 17 , 2000 EU : December 8 , 2000 Genre ( s ) First - person shooter , stealth Mode ( s ) Single - player , multiplayer The World Is Not Enough is a first - person shooter video game developed by Eurocom and based on the 1999 James Bond film of the same name . It was published by Electronic Arts and released for the Nintendo 64 on October 17 , 2000 , shortly before the release of its PlayStation counterpart . The game features a single - player campaign in which players assume the role of MI6 agent James Bond as he fights to stop a terrorist from triggering a nuclear meltdown in the waters of Istanbul . It includes a split - screen multiplayer mode where up to four players can compete in different types of deathmatch and objective - based games . The game runs on an engine that was adapted to take advantage of the Nintendo 64 strengths . Although Eurocom used original production material to recreate the environments of the film , the company added elements to help the game design , including a mission which takes place in the London Underground . The game supports the Nintendo 64 Expansion Pak , which provides enhanced graphics and visual effects , but a Controller Pak is required to save the player 's progress through the game . The World Is Not Enough received generally positive reviews from critics and was frequently compared to Rare 's Nintendo 64 first - person shooters GoldenEye 007 and Perfect Dark . It was also considered superior to its PlayStation counterpart because of its level design and inclusion of a multiplayer mode . Critics generally praised the game 's graphics and smooth frame rate , but criticized its weak and inconsistent enemy artificial intelligence . In the United States , the game sold more than one million copies . Contents 1 Gameplay 2 Plot 3 Development 4 Reception 5 References 6 External links Gameplay ( edit ) Combat takes place in real - time and from a first - person perspective . The green and blue bars at the top left corner represent the player 's health and armor levels respectively . Ammunition information is also displayed at the bottom right corner . The World Is Not Enough is a first - person shooter based on MGM 's 1999 James Bond film of the same name , where the player assumes the role of James Bond through 14 missions with three difficulty settings . The player has the ability to run , jump , crouch , swim and dive underwater for a short period of time . One mission is played as a rail shooter in which the player skis down a mountain . In each mission , the player must complete a number of objectives while encountering enemies controlled by the game 's artificial intelligence . Objectives range from rescuing hostages to destroying vehicles and collecting items . Some objectives require the player to use numerous high - tech gadgets . For example , the Keypad Decrypter can be used to decode lock systems , while the ID scanner is useful to copy fingerprints . Mission objectives vary in quantity and length depending on the difficulty setting chosen . Difficulty settings also affect enemy accuracy and damage , and the availability of the game 's optional automatic aiming assistance . The player can use several weapons , including pistols , submachine guns , assault rifles , a shotgun , a sniper rifle , and a rocket launcher . Weapons must be reloaded after a certain number of shots and have alternate fire modes . For example , the Wolfram P2K can be used with or without a silencer . In addition , the player always carries a wristwatch which may be used to stun enemies , fire tranquilizer darts , throw a grappling hook , or emit a laser beam to open locks . In some missions , the player can also use night vision or X-ray vision glasses to outsmart enemies . The player has a certain amount of health which decreases when attacked by enemies . There are no health - recovery items in the game , although body armors can be acquired to provide a secondary health bar . A Nintendo 64 Controller Pak is required to save the player 's progress through the game . In addition to the single - player missions , The World Is Not Enough features a multiplayer mode where up to four players can compete against each other in different game types , ranging from the traditional deathmatch to objective - based games such as capture the flag or king of the hill . Other game types include Last Agent Standing , where players begin the game with a finite number of lives and must survive until the opposing players exhaust their lives , and Uplink , in which players must find and touch uplink units scattered in key locations of the map to score points . Multiplayer games can be played on 14 different maps and can also include bots . Bots ' appearance and amount of health can be changed to match player preference . Plot ( edit ) The game closely follows the plot of the film . MI6 agent James Bond is sent to Bilbao , Spain to meet a Swiss banker and retrieve money for Robert King , a friend of M who purchased a classified report from the Russian Atomic Energy Department . The report , which was taken from a dead MI6 agent , is believed to contain information about terrorists who have attacked King 's oil pipeline in Kazakhstan . Bond asks the banker who killed the MI6 agent , but he is unexpectedly killed by an assassin . Bond escapes with the money and takes it to the MI6 headquarters in London . A terrorist group then launches an attack on the MI6 headquarters , prompting Bond to pursue the assassin through a London Underground station . Bond offers her protection , but she ultimately kills herself by exploding a hot air balloon . The MI6 traces the recovered money to a KGB agent - turned - terrorist known as Renard , who previously kidnapped King 's daughter , Elektra . M assigns Bond to protect Elektra , who is about to oversee the construction of an oil pipeline in Azerbaijan . During a tour of the pipeline 's proposed route in the mountains , Bond and Elektra are attacked by a hit squad in armed , paraglider - equipped snowmobiles . Bond suspects the attack was caused by Elektra 's head of security , Davidov , and decides to kill him before taking his place on a flight to a Russian ICBM base in Kazakhstan . There , Bond meets nuclear physicist Christmas Jones and learns that Renard managed to steal plutonium from a nuclear warhead . To get a lead on where Renard might be hiding , Bond visits a former Russian mafia adversary , Valentin Zukovsky , who reveals that Elektra was in exchange for the use of a submarine currently being captained by his nephew . Jones realises that if Renard were to insert the stolen plutonium into the submarine 's nuclear reactor , the resulting nuclear explosion would destroy Istanbul , sabotaging the Russians ' oil pipeline in the Bosphorus . In Istanbul , Bond and Jones are captured by Elektra 's henchmen . Jones is taken aboard the submarine , while Bond is taken to the Maiden 's Tower . With the help of Zukovsky , Bond kills Elektra and boards the submarine . Ultimately , Bond finds Renard in the submarine 's reactor and kills him before escaping with Jones . Development ( edit ) The World Is Not Enough was developed by Eurocom and published by Electronic Arts , which formed a partnership with MGM in late 1998 to produce games based on MGM 's intellectual properties . At the time , Eurocom had started development on a `` very scalable '' first - person 3D engine intended for sixth generation platforms like the GameCube . After Electronic Arts acquired the James Bond game licence , Eurocom showed them their engine and soon both companies started working together to produce the next Bond - licensed game . This happened when Eurocom was still working on the Nintendo 64 version of Mortal Kombat 4 . The engine was created and adapted to take advantage of the Nintendo 64 strengths . It is capable of delivering a fast and smooth frame rate while offering particle explosions , dynamic lighting effects , long draw distances , and other environmental effects like fog or smoke . Focusing on the game 's frame rate and technical aspects was a major priority because developers wanted The World Is Not Enough to be the fastest first - person game on the Nintendo 64 system . According to Eurocom , `` ( we ) do n't think we could push it much more than we have '' . In addition , with The World Is Not Enough being Eurocom 's last Nintendo 64 game , the company saw it as `` a nice swan song to go out on . '' To help Eurocom authentically recreate the environments of the film , the film makers provided Eurocom with original production material , including concept drawings , blueprints , and photographs of the film 's sets . Although the game closely follows the plot of the film , the developers added elements to help the game design . For example , the London Underground level , where the player must rescue several hostages , is not part of the film . However , the boat chase scene is not playable in the game due to limitations in the Nintendo 64 cartridge size . According to the game 's producer Bill Beacham , vehicle - based gameplay would require the creation of a separate engine that would possibly compromise the game 's base first - person engine . The characters ' faces were digitised from the film 's actors , but impersonators provided voiced dialogue . One exception was English actor John Cleese , who reprised his role as R . Electronic Arts secured a `` Teen '' rating from the ESRB to avoid intense portrayals of violence because they felt that fast action and memorable spy moments were what the Bond legacy had always stood for . In May 2000 , the game was presented at the Electronic Entertainment Expo in Los Angeles . By the time , development of the game was nearly 75 % complete . The game was released on a 32 MB cartridge that includes over 500 lines of speech , which was compressed using Factor 5 's technology . It also supports the Nintendo 64 Expansion Pak , which provides enhanced graphics and visual effects . The game was initially intended to be released on November 20 , 2000 in North America , but was ultimately released one month earlier on October 17 , 2000 because Eurocom managed to finish work on the game quicker than expected . In Europe , the game was released on December 8 , 2000 . A different game , also titled The World Is Not Enough , was released for the PlayStation in November 2000 . Reception ( edit ) Reception Aggregate scores Aggregator Score GameRankings 81.03 % Metacritic 81 / 100 Review scores Publication Score AllGame Edge 7 / 10 GamePro Game Revolution GameSpot 7.4 / 10 GameZone 8 / 10 IGN 8.9 / 10 N64 Magazine 88 % Nintendo Power 8.1 / 10 The World Is Not Enough received generally positive reviews from critics , who frequently compared it to Rare 's critically acclaimed Nintendo 64 games GoldenEye 007 and Perfect Dark . It was also considered superior to its PlayStation counterpart because of its level design and inclusion of a multiplayer mode . Matt Casamassina of IGN felt that Eurocom did `` an amazing job recreating the cinema experience for the Nintendo 64 owner , perhaps more so than any other movie - to - game license to date . '' In a less positive review , Shane Satterfield of GameSpot stated that The World Is Not Enough `` belongs in the upper echelon of Nintendo 64 software '' , but it lacks the gameplay delicacy of GoldenEye 007 to reach classic status . Edge concluded that , while the game lacks innovative elements , it `` still offers plenty of enjoyment for those who have exhausted Rare 's masterpieces . '' The game 's graphics were widely praised for their long draw distance and smooth frame rate . Critics also noted the game 's believable environments , texture quality , animations , and highly detailed explosions and particle effects . The soundtrack and sound effects received similar praise . Game Revolution said that the background themes `` make for excellent espionage '' , while Nintendo Power observed that the spoken dialogue `` adds a cinematic touch '' that GoldenEye 007 does not feature . GamePro stated similar pros , but criticised the plot for being confusing and `` too complex for its own good . '' IGN praised the single - player missions for their variety and great enemy placement , noting that each scenario is different in both design and gameplay mechanics . The reviewer especially highlighted the last mission due to its underwater sections , as it requires players to find hidden air pockets so that Bond can breathe and stay alive . In contrast , Mark Green of N64 Magazine remarked that the missions were fairly scripted , limiting the player 's options and experimentation . Similarly , Edge said that the game 's `` on the fly '' mission objectives give the game a fair amount of rigidity . The reviewer explained that , while GoldenEye 007 or Perfect Dark set their mission objectives at the beginning of each level , thus giving players a chance to tackle the mission as they wish , The World Is Not Enough `` cannonballs '' the player `` from one objective to the next with little room for invention of improvisation . '' Nevertheless , he highlighted the Night Watch level for being `` fantastically stealth - centric '' . The game 's weak and inconsistent enemy artificial intelligence was a common subject of criticism . GameSpot described the behaviour of enemies as `` They see , they run , they shoot - and that 's about it '' , while N64 Magazine noted that they regularly fail to spot the player even when standing next to them . The gadgery was seen as a useful gameplay feature , with AllGame noting that players need to figure out the proper way to use each gadget . Although GameZone highlighted the multiplayer mode for its replay value and teamplay options , critics agreed that the game felt short in comparison to Perfect Dark . The artificial intelligence of multiplayer bots was also a frequent criticism . According to GameSpot , `` they generally amount to nothing more than fragging '' . In the United States , The World Is Not Enough sold more than one million copies . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Matt Casamassina ( 2000 - 10 - 18 ) . `` The World is Not Enough '' . IGN . Archived from the original on 2016 - 01 - 11 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Human Tornado ( 2000 - 11 - 03 ) . `` The World Is Not Enough Review '' . GamePro . Archived from the original on 2005 - 02 - 06 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ Anthony Lynch ( 2000 - 11 - 30 ) . `` N64 Mission Walkthroughs '' . The World Is Not Enough Prima 's Official Game guide . Prima Games . pp. 8 -- 54 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7615 - 2974 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony Lynch ( 2000 - 11 - 30 ) . `` N64 Weapons & Gadgets '' . The World Is Not Enough Prima 's Official Game guide . Prima Games . pp. 5 -- 7 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7615 - 2974 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony Lynch ( 2000 - 11 - 30 ) . `` N64 General Tactics '' . The World Is Not Enough Prima 's Official Game guide . Prima Games . pp. 3 -- 4 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7615 - 2974 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Mark Green ( Christmas 2000 ) . `` The World Is Not Enough '' . N64 Magazine . No. 49 . Future Publishing . pp. 56 -- 60 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony Lynch ( 2000 - 11 - 30 ) . `` N64 Multiplayer Strategies '' . The World Is Not Enough Prima 's Official Game guide . Prima Games . pp. 55 -- 58 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7615 - 2974 - 3 . Jump up ^ Eurocom , ed. ( 2000 ) . `` Multiplayer '' . The World Is Not Enough Instruction Booklet . Electronic Arts . pp. 18 -- 21 . Jump up ^ `` EA and MGM Bond '' . IGN. 20 November 1998 . Archived from the original on 26 October 2012 . Retrieved 9 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Eurocom on Bond '' . IGN. 2000 - 08 - 04 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 12 - 07 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` The World Is Not Enough '' . N64 Magazine . No. 48 . Future Publishing . December 2000 . pp. 6 -- 9 . ^ Jump up to : `` Answering to Q '' . IGN. 2000 - 04 - 20 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 12 - 07 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` The World Is Not Enough '' . N64 Magazine . No. 44 . Future Publishing . August 2000 . pp. 28 -- 33 . ^ Jump up to : `` The World is not Enough Hands - On '' . GameSpot. 2000 - 08 - 18 . Archived from the original on 2017 - 01 - 03 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` More Bond for your Buck '' . IGN. 2000 - 05 - 26 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 12 - 07 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` 00 - 17 '' . IGN. 2000 - 10 - 02 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 12 - 25 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 25 . Jump up ^ Doug Perry ( 2000 - 11 - 08 ) . `` The World is Not Enough '' . IGN . Archived from the original on 2014 - 02 - 22 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` 007 : The World is Not Enough '' . GameRankings . Archived from the original on 2016 - 04 - 08 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` 007 : The World is Not Enough '' . Metacritic . Archived from the original on 2016 - 04 - 18 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Tom Carroll . `` The World Is Not Enough - Review '' . Allgame . Archived from the original on 2014 - 12 - 07 . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : `` The World Is Not Enough '' . Edge . No. 92 . Future Publishing . Christmas 2000 . pp. 96 -- 97 . ^ Jump up to : Joe ( 2000 - 11 - 01 ) . `` The World is Not Enough Review '' . Game Revolution . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 03 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Shane Satterfield ( 2000 - 10 - 27 ) . `` The World is not Enough Review '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on 2017 - 01 - 06 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Kemuel ( 2001 - 02 - 19 ) . `` The World Is Not Enough Review - Nintendo 64 '' . GameZone . Archived from the original on 2008 - 04 - 11 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` The World Is Not Enough '' . Nintendo Power . No. 139 . Nintendo of America . December 2000 . p. 145 . Jump up ^ Marc Saltzman ( 2000 - 12 - 20 ) . `` Bond video game will thrill spy fans '' . The Cincinnati Enquirer . Archived from the original on 2008 - 05 - 11 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` US Platinum Videogame Chart '' . The Magic Box . 2007 - 12 - 27 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 04 - 29 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 10 . External links ( edit ) 2000s portal James Bond portal Video games portal 007 : The World Is Not Enough at MobyGames The World Is Not Enough Music Soundtrack Song Video games Nintendo 64 PlayStation Other Novel James Bond in video games Richard Shepherd Shaken but Not Stirred Parker Brothers James Bond 007 Mindscape A View to a Kill Goldfinger Domark A View to a Kill Live and Let Die The Living Daylights 007 : Licence to Kill The Spy Who Loved Me James Bond 007 : The Duel Interplay James Bond 007 : The Stealth Affair THQ James Bond Jr . Nintendo GoldenEye 007 James Bond 007 Electronic Arts Tomorrow Never Dies The World Is Not Enough ( N64 ) The World Is Not Enough ( PS ) 007 Racing Agent Under Fire Nightfire Everything or Nothing GoldenEye : Rogue Agent From Russia with Love Activision Quantum of Solace GoldenEye 007 Blood Stone 007 Legends Unofficial GoldenEye : Source Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_World_Is_Not_Enough_(Nintendo_64)&oldid=842648816 '' Categories : 2000 video games Electronic Arts games First - person shooters James Bond video games MGM Interactive games Multiplayer and single - player video games Nintendo 64 games Nintendo 64 - only games Stealth video games The World Is Not Enough Video games developed in the United Kingdom Video games featuring female antagonists Video games set in Azerbaijan Video games set in Kazakhstan Video games set in London Video games set in Spain Video games set in Turkey Hidden categories : Good articles Articles using Infobox video game using locally defined parameters Articles using Wikidata infoboxes with locally defined images Articles using Video game reviews template in single platform mode Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano Nederlands Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 23 May 2018 , at 19 : 28 ( UTC ) . 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where is the masterchef kitchen located in melbourne 2017	MasterChef Australia is a Logie Award - winning Australian reality competitive cooking game show based on the original British MasterChef . It is produced by Shine Australia and screens on Network Ten . Restaurateur and chef Gary Mehigan , chef George Calombaris and food critic Matt Preston serve as the show 's main judges . The show is premiered 7 : 30pm every Sunday -- Thursday on Network Ten . The MasterChef Australia Kitchen is located in Flemington , Melbourne .	Flemington	MasterChef Australia	masterchef australia		MasterChef Australia Created by Franc Roddam Judges Gary Mehigan George Calombaris Matt Preston Narrated by Nicholas McKay ( 2009 -- 12 ) Graeme Stone ( 2013 ) Lofty Fulton ( 2014 - ) Opening theme `` Hot n Cold '' , by Katy Perry Country of origin Australia Original language ( s ) English No. of series 10 No. of episodes 686 Production Location ( s ) Sydney , New South Wales ( 2009 -- 12 ) Melbourne , Victoria ( 2013 -- present ) Running time 30 -- 120 minutes per episode Production company ( s ) FremantleMedia Australia ( 2009 -- 11 ) Endemol Shine Australia ( 2012 -- ) Release Original network Network Ten Picture format 576i ( SDTV ) 1080i ( HDTV ) ( 2016 - ) Audio format Stereo Dolby Digital 5.1 Original release 27 April 2009 -- present External links Website MasterChef Australia is a Logie Award - winning Australian reality competitive cooking game show based on the original British MasterChef . It is produced by Shine Australia and screens on Network Ten . Restaurateur and chef Gary Mehigan , chef George Calombaris and food critic Matt Preston serve as the show 's main judges . The show is premiered 7 : 30pm every Sunday -- Thursday on Network Ten . The MasterChef Australia Kitchen is located in Flemington , Melbourne . The series has also spawned four spin - off series : Celebrity MasterChef Australia , which featured celebrity contestants , Junior MasterChef Australia , which featured younger contestants , MasterChef Australia All - Stars , which featured returning contestants from the first three series , and MasterChef Australia : The Professionals , which features professional chefs as contestants . These spin - off shows did not air in 2014 after the producers of the show announced that they wanted to solely focus on the original version . Contents ( hide ) 1 Format 1.1 Episodes 2 Hosts and judges 2.1 Main Series 2.2 Spin - off Series 3 Winners 3.1 Main Series 3.2 Spin - Off Series 4 Series synopsis 4.1 Series 1 : 2009 4.2 Series 2 : 2010 4.3 Series 3 : 2011 4.4 Series 4 : 2012 4.5 Series 5 : 2013 4.6 Series 6 : 2014 4.7 Series 7 : 2015 4.8 Series 8 : 2016 4.9 Series 9 : 2017 4.10 Series 10 : 2018 5 Spin - off editions 5.1 Celebrity MasterChef Australia : 2009 5.2 Junior MasterChef Australia 5.2. 1 Series 1 : 2010 5.2. 2 Series 2 : 2011 5.3 MasterChef Australia All - Stars : 2012 5.4 MasterChef Australia : The Professionals : 2013 6 Reception 6.1 Ratings 6.2 Main Season Ratings 6.3 Spinoff Series Ratings 6.4 Critical and popular reception 7 Controversy 7.1 Allegations of vote rigging 7.2 Welfare of former contestants 7.3 Marco Pierre White 8 International syndications 9 Print publications 9.1 Official MasterChef Cookbook Volume 1 9.2 Our Family Table 9.3 Official MasterChef Cookbook Volume 2 9.4 Official Junior MasterChef Cookbook Volume 1 9.5 Two Asian Kitchens 9.6 MasterChef Magazine 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Format ( edit ) MasterChef Australia has a different format to that of the original British MasterChef and MasterChef Goes Large formats . Initial rounds consist of a large number of hopeful contestants from across Australia individually `` auditioning '' by presenting a food dish before the three judges in order to gain one of 50 semi-final places . Entrants must be over 18 years old whose main source of income can not come from preparing and cooking fresh food in a professional environment . The semi-finalists then compete in several challenges which test their food knowledge and preparation skills . In Season 1 , the top 50 competed until 20 were left , with the final 20 progressing to the main stage of the show . From Season 2 , 24 contestants progress . The contestants will then be whittled down through a number of individual and team - based cooking challenges and weekly elimination rounds until a winning MasterChef is crowned . The winner plays for a prize that includes chef training from leading professional chefs , the chance to have their own cookbook published , and A $ 250,000 in cash . Episodes ( edit ) MasterChef Australia airs five nights a week from Sunday to Thursday . Each night features a different episode format , however some episodes modify the format slightly . The typical episode formats are as follows : Sunday is the Challenge night . From series 3 , it can range from a variety of challenges , including a Mystery Box , where each contestant is given the same box of ingredients and are to create a dish using only those ingredients . The Judges then pick 3 dishes Based on Technique and Visual Appearance Alone and a winner chosen . There can also be an Invention Test , where contestants have to invent a dish relevant to a theme using a core ingredient . There can also be Off - Site Challenges and Team Challenges , which often involve cooking for large numbers of people . The top three contestants who made the best dishes are selected by the judges , from which a winner is chosen to compete in the Immunity Challenge . After this the bottom three are revealed , who will face off in an elimination challenge the next night . In the first two series , it would always consist of a Mystery Box , where the winner was able to choose the core ingredient for the Invention Test . Monday episodes feature the Pressure Test . The bottom three from the previous night 's challenge are given a recipe for a particular dish they are to emulate in an allocated time . Once completed they are taken in to the judges to be tasted , before all three contestants are seated in front of the judges for critiquing . The judges then eliminate the contestant out of the three that performed least adequately in the test . Tuesday episodes feature the Immunity Challenge , where the winner of the Sunday challenge competes against a guest , which can vary from a chef , apprentice , or to a home cook in a cook off . The contestant is given the choice of two pantries of ingredients they can use , usually contrasting such as `` Black '' and `` White '' . The contestant gets a head start to complete the dish before their opponent starts cooking and after the allotted time for both is finished , the dishes are presented to the judges for tasting and scoring out of ten . The judges are not aware which dish was made by which person , however . If the contestant 's dish 's score is equal to or higher than that of the guest , they are crowned the winner of the challenge . In the first series they are given a free pass to the finals week of the competition and can go home . From series 2 onwards , they receive a pin that allows them to save themselves from one future elimination . Wednesday features a Team Challenge . The contestants are split into teams , and are given a task , and a set amount of time to complete the challenge . Tasks have included presenting a three course meal to a celebrity guest , running a restaurant for an evening or catering an event such as a birthday party or wedding . Once completed and judged the teams are given the results , which can be determined by which team the judges think did the best , or receiving the most votes or making the most money by the people the teams had to cook for , with members of the losing team facing an elimination the next night . The winning team safe from elimination receives a reward ( for example lunch at a top restaurant ) . Thursday is another Elimination . The two worst performing contestants from the losing team in the team challenge compete against each other in a head to head challenge to determine who will be eliminated . The loser of the challenge is then eliminated . On some occasions , all members of the losing team will be selected to compete as individuals in the elimination challenge . In the first series , a different elimination process was used . The contestants from the losing team were to vote for a contestant that they each feel did not perform to their best and may have cost them the challenge . After voting the team is called in together to announce the results of the vote , with the contestant with the most votes being eliminated from the competition . If the previous challenge was an individual challenge , the bottom two contestants competed in a head to head taste test where one contestant at a time named one ingredient of a particular dish or sauce , and the first person to name an incorrect ingredient is eliminated . MasterClass airs on Thursday following the elimination show and is generally limited to themed weeks . Here , judges George , Gary and Matt run a masterclass for the remaining contestants , which usually call back to some of the challenges from the previous week . For example , they may revisit the Mystery Box challenge and demonstrate some other dishes that could have been made or redo one of the contestants ' dishes to give tips on how it could have been improved . Hosts and judges ( edit ) Main Series ( edit ) Timeline of hosts , judges and other personnel Starring Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 Current Gary Mehigan Judge Host & Judge George Calombaris Judge Host & Judge Matt Preston Judge Host & Judge Heston Blumenthal Guest Judge Nigella Lawson Guest Judge Guest Judge Gordon Ramsay Guest Judge Shannon Bennett Guest Mentor Former Sarah Wilson Host Matt Moran Guest Judge Judge Guest Judge Kylie Kwong Guest Mentor Marco Pierre White Guest Judge Yotam Ottolenghi Guest Judge Spin - off Series ( edit ) Timeline of hosts , judges and other personnel Starring Seasons J1 J2 A-S TP Gary Mehigan Host & Judge George Calombaris Host & Judge Matt Preston Judge Host & Judge Host & Judge Anna Gare Judge Matt Moran Judge Marco Pierre White Host & Judge Winners ( edit ) Main Series ( edit ) Series Contestant Age State Occupation Date Won One Julie Goodwin 38 New South Wales Office manager 19 July 2009 Two Adam Liaw 31 South Australia Lawyer 25 July 2010 Three Kate Bracks 35 New South Wales Homemaker 7 August 2011 Four Andy Allen 24 New South Wales Apprentice electrician 25 July 2012 Five Emma Dean 35 Victoria Town planner 1 September 2013 Six Brent Owens 24 Victoria Bobcat driver 28 July 2014 Seven Billie McKay 24 New South Wales Restaurant manager 27 July 2015 Eight Elena Duggan 32 New South Wales School teacher 26 July 2016 Nine Diana Chan 29 Victoria Accountant 24 July 2017 Ten 30 July 2018 Spin - Off Series ( edit ) Season Contestant Occupation Date Won Eamon Sullivan Olympic Swimmer 25 November 2009 J1 Isabella Bliss School Student 15 November 2010 J2 Greta Yaxley 23 November 2011 A-S Callum Hann Uni Student 12 August 2012 TP Rhys Badcock Cruise Liner Chef 17 March 2013 Series synopsis ( edit ) Series 1 : 2009 ( edit ) Main article : MasterChef Australia ( series 1 ) The first series of MasterChef Australia was broadcast between 27 April 2009 and 19 July 2009 . Applications for contestants closed on 8 January 2009 , with subsequent auditions held in Perth , Brisbane , Melbourne , Adelaide and Sydney . Over 7000 people auditioned for the show . The Top 50 portion of the series was filmed at the Australian Technology Park in Sydney . From the Top 20 onwards , filming was moved to a studio on Doody Street in Alexandria , Sydney . The series one finale was filmed on 2 July 2009 , two and a half weeks before its actual television broadcast . The winner was I.T. office manager Julie Goodwin , who defeated Poh Ling Yeow . Series 2 : 2010 ( edit ) Main article : MasterChef Australia ( series 2 ) The second series of MasterChef Australia premiered on 19 April 2010 , with the initial call for contestants held in mid-2009 . Other changes to Season 2 include not showing the initial auditions , with the series beginning instead with the Top 50 which were filmed at a Redfern Train Works building in Sydney , and having a Top 24 instead of a Top 20 . Also , unlike Season 1 , the last 45 minutes of the finale were broadcast live . The winner was 31 - year - old lawyer Adam Liaw who defeated Callum Hann . Series 3 : 2011 ( edit ) Main article : MasterChef Australia ( series 3 ) On 4 July 2010 , Network Ten confirmed the return of MasterChef with new judge Matt Moran joining the original judges for series 3 . The series premiere aired on 1 May 2011 . It was watched by 1.511 million viewers . The winner was 36 - year - old mother , Kate Bracks , who defeated Michael Weldon in the grand final . Series 4 : 2012 ( edit ) Main article : MasterChef Australia ( series 4 ) MasterChef Australia premiered Sunday 6 May on Network Ten . Regular judges , chefs George Calombaris and Gary Mehigan and food critic Matt Preston , returned for Season 4 . Andy Allen defeated Julia Taylor . Audra Morrice came in third place . Series 5 : 2013 ( edit ) Main article : MasterChef Australia ( series 5 ) Network Ten confirmed in August 2012 that they have commissioned a fifth series for 2013 . The program was filmed at the Royal Melbourne Showgrounds in Ascot Vale , Victoria . Emma Dean won , with Lynton Tapp as the runner - up and Samira El Khafir finishing in third place . Series 5 featured a number of changes to the format including casting that focussed on contestant 's personalities above cooking ability in response to the success of the Seven Network 's rival cooking show My Kitchen Rules . The changes were not well received by both critics and audiences , and led to disappointing ratings compared to previous seasons . As a result of the show 's poor audience response Network Ten cancelled all spin - off versions of Masterchef Australia as well as live events such as Masterchef Live in order to focus on `` a new , fresh version in 2014 that will appeal to the loyal MasterChef fans as well as new viewers '' according to Ten 's chief programming officer , Beverley McGarvey . Series 6 : 2014 ( edit ) Main article : MasterChef Australia ( series 6 ) Network Ten confirmed in August 2013 that they had recommissioned the show for another series , which aired in 2014 . The program was once again filmed in Ascot Vale , Victoria at the Royal Melbourne Showgrounds . In addition to the return of all three judges , Kylie Kwong was a guest mentor who appeared during the immunity challenges . Heston Blumenthal and Marco Pierre White joined the show for a full week of challenges . Brent Owens was the winner , with Laura Cassai taking second place . Series 7 : 2015 ( edit ) Main article : MasterChef Australia ( series 7 ) Shannon Bennett replaces Kwong as the regular in - house mentor for the immunity challenges . This season marked the return in stronger ratings for MasterChef Australia , with a series average of nearly 1.2 million metropolitan viewers . The finale ( winner announced ) was the highest rating non-sport TV event of 2015 , with 2.2 million viewers ( in metropolitan consolidated numbers ) . This series also attracted praise and critical acclaim from TV critics and writers , as well as many media personalities and much of the viewers . It was won by Ballina restaurant manager Billie McKay . Georgia Barnes took second place . Series 8 : 2016 ( edit ) Main article : MasterChef Australia ( series 8 ) The eighth season premiered on 1 May 2016 . It was won by Elena Duggan with Matt Sinclair as runner - up . Series 9 : 2017 ( edit ) Main article : MasterChef Australia ( series 9 ) The ninth season began on 1 May 2017 . It was won by Diana Chan with Ben Ungermann as runner - up . Series 10 : 2018 ( edit ) Main article : MasterChef Australia ( series 10 ) The tenth season began on 7 May 2018 . Spin - off editions ( edit ) Celebrity MasterChef Australia : 2009 ( edit ) Main article : Celebrity MasterChef Australia Celebrity MasterChef Australia , a spin - off featuring celebrities as contestants began production in early September 2009 , and aired for ten weeks starting from 30 September 2009 . The celebrity version , which features a heats and semi-finals format similar to MasterChef Goes Large , is based around weekly episodes . Presenter Sarah Wilson did not return to present the show . Ten states that she was dropped because `` the appropriate role for Sarah was not achievable without dramatically changing the format ''. , but Gary Mehigan , George Calombaris and Matt Preston returned as judges , Calombaris and Mehigan took Wilson 's presenting role . It was won by Olympic swimmer Eamon Sullivan , who took home $50,000 for charity Swim Survive Stay Alive . In February 2010 , executive producer Mark Fennessy stated that he doubted the spin - off will return for a second series . Junior MasterChef Australia ( edit ) Main article : Junior MasterChef Australia Series 1 : 2010 ( edit ) Main article : Junior MasterChef Australia ( series 1 ) Production of a junior version of the show was initially suggested in October 2009 . The first series of the show , featuring 8 - to 12 - year - old contestants , was filmed after the second series of MasterChef Australia . Junior MasterChef Australia is produced by Shine Australia . The series final was won by 12 - year - old Isabella Bliss from Queensland . Series 2 : 2011 ( edit ) Main article : Junior MasterChef Australia ( series 2 ) Ten confirmed a second series of the spin - off in their 2011 line - up . The winner was Greta Yaxley . MasterChef Australia all - Stars : 2012 ( edit ) Main article : MasterChef Australia All - Stars Ten began broadcast of a special all - stars version of the show on 26 July 2012 that aired during the 2012 Summer Olympics . It featured a number of returning contestants from the first three series , including series 1 and 3 winners Julie Goodwin and Kate Bracks , who revisited past challenges in order to raise money for charity . It was won by series 2 runner - up Callum Hann , who ultimately raised $20,000 for Cancer Council Australia . MasterChef Australia : the Professionals : 2013 ( edit ) Main article : MasterChef Australia : The Professionals A spin - off based the original BBC MasterChef : The Professionals series began airing on 20 January 2013 . It featured 18 professional chefs competing against each other as opposed to amateur cooks . Matt Preston and chef Marco Pierre White hosted the spin - off . Reception ( edit ) Ratings ( edit ) The one - hour series premiere of MasterChef Australia attracted an average of 1.42 million viewers , making it the most watched show in its timeslot . Ratings steadily grew throughout the first series , with the show dominating Australian ratings as it entered finals week , averaging around or above 2 million viewers an episode , and on daily rankings placing ahead of other high rating shows such as the Seven Network 's Packed to the Rafters and Nine 's Rugby League State of Origin broadcast . Its success is despite initial belief from critics that the series would be a dud based on the performance of previous prime time cooking shows , as well as general cynicism against a new reality show format . The first series finale of MasterChef Australia attracted an average of 3,745,000 viewers , and peaked at 4.11 million viewers . This figure was for the last half hour of the show , titled MasterChef Australia : The Winner Announced , while the first 90 minutes of the finale averaged 3,313,000 viewers . The figure also eclipsed the show 's previous high , set on the last elimination episode , of 2.36 million viewers and also surpassed the previous high for a non-sporting event ( Australian Idol 's 2004 finale , which averaged in 3.35 million ) since OzTAM ratings started in 2001 . It is currently the 4th highest rating television program in Australia since 2001 , behind the 2005 Australian Open final between Lleyton Hewitt and Marat Safin , and the 2003 Rugby World Cup Final . Ten 's share for the night was 41.3 % , almost 20 % ahead of its nearest rival . The first series finale was the most watched television program of 2009 . The highly anticipated second series premiere of the show attracted 1.69 million viewers , peaking at 2.11 million nationwide . In general , the second series rated higher on average compared to the first series , with weekday episodes seeing a 35 % increase in viewers by the midpoint of the series . The last half hour of the second series final attracted 3,962,000 viewers and 3,542,000 during the rest of the final out rating the series 1 final to become the 3rd highest rating show of all time . Based on the number of viewers and the nightly ratings , Season 5 of Masterchef was considered the worst season , with the finale being ranked only the 5th most viewed television show that night , compared to every other season of Masterchef ranking # 1 . It is also the only season of the show to have under 1 million viewers of the finale , and it has received the lowest nightly rankings with several episodes below the top 20 in terms of most viewed shows . In total there were only half the number of viewers from Season 4 . As a result of the show 's poor audience response Network Ten cancelled all spin - off versions of Masterchef Australia ( including : Junior Masterchef and Masterchef : The Professionals as well as live events such as Masterchef Live and Masterchef Dining ) in order to focus on `` a new , fresh version in 2014 that will appeal to the loyal MasterChef fans as well as new viewers '' according to Ten 's chief programming officer , Beverley McGarvey . Main Season Ratings ( edit ) Season Premiere date Finale date Episodes Premiere ratings Rank Finale ratings ( Grand final ) Rank Finale ratings ( Winner announced ) Rank 27 April 2009 19 July 2009 72 1.428 # 7 3.313 # 2 3.745 # 1 19 April 2010 25 July 2010 84 1.695 # 1 3.542 # 2 3.962 # 1 1 May 2011 7 August 2011 86 1.569 # 1 2.334 # 2 2.740 # 1 6 May 2012 25 July 2012 70 1.368 # 4 1.888 # 2 2.191 # 1 5 2 June 2013 1 September 2013 65 1.100 # 8 0.921 # 8 1.057 # 5 6 5 May 2014 28 July 2014 60 0.874 # 10 1.654 # 2 1.703 # 1 7 5 May 2015 27 July 2015 62 1.231 # 1 1.840 # 2 2.133 # 1 8 1 May 2016 26 July 2016 63 1.012 # 4 1.711 # 2 1.875 # 1 9 1 May 2017 24 July 2017 63 1.060 # 5 1.120 # 3 1.303 # 2 10 7 May 2018 30 July 2018 61 0.890 # 7 # # Spinoff Series Ratings ( edit ) Series Premiere date Finale date Episodes Premiere ratings Rank Finale ratings ( Grand final ) Rank Finale ratings ( Winner announced ) Rank Series Average Celebrity 30 September 2009 25 November 2009 10 1.363 # 2 1.297 # 1 N / A 1.187 Junior 1 12 September 2010 15 November 2010 17 2.202 # 1 1.532 # 2 1.853 # 1 1.313 Junior 2 25 September 2011 23 November 2011 20 1.129 # 5 0.934 # 10 0.911 # 12 0.844 All - Stars 25 July 2012 19 August 2012 19 1.256 # 1 0.802 # 11 1.050 # 7 0.807 The Professionals 20 January 2013 17 March 2013 25 1.165 # 3 0.980 # 11 1.022 # 9 0.886 Overall average 91 1.423 # 2 1.109 # 7 1.209 # 7 1.007 Critical and popular reception ( edit ) Despite success in ratings , the series initially received mixed reviews , with fans of the original British version describing the Australian show to be incomparable to that version in terms of quality , structure , judgement and skill of the contestant . Other commentators have also criticised the show for using a competition format similar to other reality shows such as Australian Idol , The Biggest Loser and Project Runway Australia that focuses more on the elimination of contestants than the food and cooking itself . Ten 's programming chief David Mott admitted that using the new format was `` a huge risk '' , while FremantleMedia 's Paul Franklin has asserted that `` for a commercial audience we needed to pump it up and make it bigger , a little over the top , with more drama and storytelling and a sense of theatre '' . Since Series 5 ( 2012 ) however , when the show began filming in Melbourne , rather than Sydney , the producers changed the original format during the qualifying round for the top 24 to one similar to MasterChef USA ; the remainder of the show however stuck more or less to the original Australian format though . Despite these harsh views , it is still popular amongst many others who have praised the balance of entertainment , skill and overall presentation which is more fun - loving in its ( Australian ) attitude in comparison with the original British format . The show has been described as `` an antidote for cynicism '' and a reflection of multicultural Australia , while the show 's success has been attributed to audiences `` uncomfortable with the win - at - all - cost mould of reality shows of old '' and a shift in values in the face of the recent financial crisis . As is noted in Australian MasterChef 's premier episode of Season 4 , since Australian MasterChef premiered in 2009 ( the first MasterChef series outside of the UK ( est. 1990 ) , it has been such a success that France , Greece , Turkey , Portugal , New Zealand , India , Peru , Finland , Sweden , Italy , Germany , Denmark , Norway , the USA and many other countries have all followed Australia 's lead and formed their own series of the show in their respective countries ; this in itself reveals the popularity of the Australian show from an international audience 's perspective compared to that of the British version . Cooking schools have reported an increase in enrolments due to the success of the series , while kitchenware retailers and upmarket restaurants have also seen increased trade . Supermarkets and specialty food retailers have reported increased demand from the public for more unusual ingredients , such as quail , custard apple and squab , after such were featured on the program . The success of the show led Ten to explore possible spin - offs such as the celebrity and junior versions , as well as one featuring professional chefs as contestants . The success of the show has also led competing networks to commission their own competitive cooking programs , such as Seven 's My Kitchen Rules and Nine 's The Great Aussie Cook - Off after the first series of the Australian version , with reports that both networks were planning more copycat shows to air in late 2010 and early 2011 . MasterChef Australia won the award for Most Popular Reality Program at the 2010 Logie Awards . In addition , Matt Preston won the Graham Kennedy Award for Most Outstanding New Talent for his work on the program . Controversy ( edit ) Allegations of vote rigging ( edit ) Significant numbers of viewers have raised allegations that the voting on the series one finale of MasterChef was fraudulent after Julie Goodwin won the crown . After the airing of the finale talkback radio became inundated with calls , both for and against the verdict , and the finale also became a top trending topic on social networking site Twitter , where many users said they felt `` deflated '' and `` ripped off '' by the final episode of the hit show . Similar allegations were raised when contestants were eliminated throughout the series . Judge Matt Preston has denied that eliminations were rigged or the result of a popularity contest , and asserted that Julie had won the title because she was the better cook on the night . Goodwin herself has also asserted that her victory was not the result of rigging , insisting that the professional integrity of the three judges would be damaged if it were . Welfare of former contestants ( edit ) During their time playing MasterChef , the contestants are paid a retainer of $500 a week . This is slightly below the national Australian minimum wage of $589.30 and less than half the average wage of $1,291.34 . However , contestants have their accommodation provided for the duration of their time in the competition , meaning they live rent - free . These facts were revealed in 2011 along with the knowledge that most contestants quit their jobs before entering the competition and faced seeking re-employment once eliminated from the show . Marco Pierre White ( edit ) Following matter - of - fact comments made by judge Matt Preston about Marco 's son 's admitted $500,000 splurge of his father 's money on drugs and prostitution , Marco joined the rival program Hell 's Kitchen Australia in retaliation . In 2016 , whilst on The Kyle and Jackie O Show Preston was asked about Marco Jr. 's time on Big Brother UK , which included his alleged on -- air sex and the above admittance to purchasing illicit drugs and sex workers . Preston said `` I think it is that terrible thing when you have kids that go off the rails ... the drugs might be a little bit of a worry '' . This sparked a series of profanity -- filled social media attacks by Marco Jr. which he has since apologised for whilst spruiking his new sex toy collection on the Kyle and Jackie O Show . Since quitting Masterchef , Marco Snr has said that `` I will never forgive that man ... with my hand on my mother 's grave I will get that man '' and joined Hell 's Kitchen Australia . International syndications ( edit ) The network in bold also broadcasts their own version of MasterChef . Country Network Dubbed or subtitled ? Current broadcaster ? Afghanistan STAR World Subtitled in Dari No Arab League Fox Series Dubbed STAR World Bangladesh STAR World India Subtitled in English Belgium één Subtitled in Dutch Vitaya Yes Bhutan STAR World India Subtitled in English No Brazil Travel & Living Channel Dubbed Burma STAR World Subtitled Canada Casa Dubbed in French Yes Croatia Nova TV Subtitled No Denmark TV3 Puls Finland Jim Nelonen Greece Mega Channel Hong Kong Lifetime Subtitled in Chinese India STAR World India Subtitled in English Yes Indonesia B - Channel ( now RTV ) Subtitled No Lifetime Ireland Good Food Really RTÉ One Watch Israel Channel 2 Subtitled in Hebrew Italy Gambero Rosso Dubbed cielo ( TV channel ) Dubbed Yes Sky Uno Dubbed Yes Macau Lifetime Subtitled in Cantonese No Malaysia Subtitled in Malay & Chinese Yes Nepal STAR World India Subtitled in English No New Zealand TVNZ 1 Yes Prime No Norway TV3 Subtitled Yes Pakistan STAR World Fox Subtitled in English Subtitled in Arabic Yes Yes Poland TLC Polish lector Yes Portugal SIC Mulher Subtitled Yes 24Kitchen Russia Телекафе Russian double voice - over Singapore Lifetime Subtitled in Chinese Upcoming ? MediaCorp Channel 5 South Africa M - Net Yes Sri Lanka Maxx Rtv Subtitled in English Sweden TLC Subtitled Taiwan STAR World No Thailand The Netherlands Net 5 Yes RTL 5 SBS 6 United Kingdom Good Food Really Vietnam STAR World Upcoming VTV6 ( Junior version ) Dubbed in Vietnamese Yes Print publications ( edit ) Official MasterChef cookbook Volume 1 ( edit ) The Official MasterChef Cookbook Volume 1 was published by Random House Australia in December 2009 . It contains recipes from the series 1 Top 20 contestants and top Australian and international chefs : Martin Boetz , Donovan Cooke , Pete Evans , Manu Feildel , Guy Grossi , Alex Herbert , Matt Moran and Andrew Honeysett , Ben O'Donoghue , Adrian Richardson , Frank Shek , Emmanuel Stroobant and Adriano Zumbo . There are also behind - the - scenes stories and culinary tips and tricks . Our Family Table ( edit ) As the first winner of MasterChef , Julie Goodwin won the chance to have her own cookbook published . Her first cookbook is called Our Family Table and is published by Random House Australia , April 2010 . Official MasterChef cookbook Volume 2 ( edit ) The Official MasterChef Cookbook Volume 2 was published by Random House Australia in December 2010 . It contains recipes from the series 2 Top 24 contestants and top chefs . Official Junior MasterChef cookbook Volume 1 ( edit ) The Official Junior MasterChef Cookbook Volume 1 was published by Random House Australia in 2010 . It features recipes suitable for children and spreads it across various themes . Some MasterClass recipes are also included . Two Asian Kitchens ( edit ) As the second winner of MasterChef Adam Liaw won the chance to have his own cookbook published . The book is called Two Asian Kitchens ( ISBN 9781864711356 ) and is published by Random House Australia , April 2011 . Split into two main sections -- the Old Kitchen and the New Kitchen -- Liaw explores recipes that he has grown up with , along with new creations . MasterChef Magazine ( edit ) MasterChef Magazine , a monthly spin - off publication adopting the series ' brand , went on sale in May 2010 . Following a high - profile launch , the magazine exceeded its initial sales target within a short period of time , selling 90,000 copies in three days . The magazine was published by News Magazines , a subsidiary of News Limited . After losing a third of its readers in one year , the magazine was closed in October 2012 See also ( edit ) Television in Australia portal List of Australian television series My Kitchen Rules References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 11 January 2009 ) . `` Food critic becomes Masterchef host '' . tvtonight.com.au . Retrieved 12 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Herald Sun '' . news.com.au . Retrieved 25 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Courier Mail '' . news.com.au . Retrieved 25 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Knox , David ( 10 June 2012 ) . `` MasterChef all Stars take on the Olympics '' . tvtonight.com.au . Retrieved 10 June 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` MasterChef : The Professionals vs My Kitchen Rules ? '' . tvtonight.com.au. 29 October 2012 . Retrieved 25 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` MasterChef sticks to one series for 2014 '' . tvtonight.com.au. 31 August 2013 . Retrieved 25 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 9 December 2008 ) . `` Auditions : Masterchef '' . tvtonight.com.au . Retrieved 12 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 20 February 2011 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ http://www.billicorp.com.au/listing/details.aspx?listingID=11210# Archived 6 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : `` MasterChef wraps '' . tvtonight.com.au. 6 July 2009 . Retrieved 25 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 13 April 2010 ) . `` MasterChef 's 2 week menu '' . tvtonight.com.au . Retrieved 5 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Ten renews MasterChef Archived 8 July 2010 at the Wayback Machine. , mediaspy.org . Retrieved 5 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` MasterChef creams Logies in ratings race '' . The Age . Melbourne . 2 May 2011 . Retrieved 2 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Kate Bracks wins MasterChef Australia '' . The Spy Report . Media Spy. 7 August 2011 . Retrieved 8 August 2011 . Jump up ^ http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/national/andy-allen-is-masterchefs-last-man-standing/story-fndo317g-1226434211298 Jump up ^ `` The real reason MasterChef 's recipe is better in 2014 '' . tvtonight.com.au . June 30 , 2014 . Retrieved June 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ http://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/masterchef/worst-ratings-ever-for-masterchef-grand-final-20130902-2szrs.html Jump up ^ http://www.tvtonight.com.au Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 16 May 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ Schetzer , Alana ( 14 July 2014 ) . `` MasterChef 2014 recap : Heston Blumenthal gets a-salted '' . Retrieved 25 April 2017 -- via The Sydney Morning Herald . Jump up ^ `` Returning : MasterChef Australia '' . tvtonight.com.au. 20 April 2016 . Retrieved 25 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Trailer : Masterchef 2017 '' . smh.com.au . Retrieved 25 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Biggest Loser trainer lined up for Celebrity MasterChef ? Archived 10 July 2012 at Archive.is -- Yahoo ! 7 TV Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 11 September 2009 ) . `` TEN drops Sarah Wilson from MasterChef 2 '' . tvtonight.com.au . Retrieved 12 September 2009 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 26 July 2009 ) . `` Celebrity MasterChef chop - chops Sarah Wilson '' . tvtonight.com.au . Retrieved 2 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Future of Celebrity MasterChef uncertain '' . news.com.au . Retrieved 25 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shine Australia to produce Junior Masterchef '' . tvtonight.com.au. 29 January 2010 . Retrieved 25 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Isabella wins Junior MasterChef Australia '' . The Spy Report . Media Spy. 16 November 2010 . Retrieved 16 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ten to start a television food fight '' . dailytelegraph.com.au . Retrieved 25 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 28 April 2009 ) . `` Biggest Loser tops 2m viewers '' . tvtonight.com.au . Retrieved 7 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` MasterChef tops 2.1 m '' . tvtonight.com.au. 13 July 2009 . Retrieved 25 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Masterchef thumps State of Origin , but Nine wins Wednesday '' . tvtonight.com.au. 15 July 2009 . Retrieved 25 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Masterchef gets three chefs ' hats for food lovers ' hit '' . Herald Sun . 17 June 2009 . Archived from the original on 20 June 2009 . Retrieved 17 June . Check date values in : accessdate = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` MasterChef 's appeal was its friends '' . dailytelegraph.com.au . Retrieved 25 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 3.74 m viewers powers MasterChef finale '' . tvtonight.com.au. 20 July 2009 . Retrieved 20 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 : The Top 100 '' . tvtonight.com.au. 6 December 2009 . Retrieved 2 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` MasterChef premieres to 1.7 m '' . tvtonight.com.au. 19 April 2010 . Retrieved 25 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hit show MasterChef going through the roof '' . news.com.au . Retrieved 25 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Lallo , Michael ( 2 September 2013 ) . `` Worst ratings ever for MasterChef grand final '' . Retrieved 25 April 2017 -- via The Sydney Morning Herald . Jump up ^ `` TV Tonight '' . tvtonight.com.au . Retrieved 25 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` First taste of Masterchef draws mixed reaction '' . The Age . Melbourne , Australia . 28 April 2009 . Retrieved 8 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` If you ca n't stand the heat ... '' The Blurb . Retrieved 18 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Australian Masterchef -- So You Think You Can Cook ? '' . Macabre Melbourne . 29 April 2009 . Retrieved 18 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Channel Ten show MasterChef secret recipe '' . dailytelegraph.com.au . Retrieved 25 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cooking schools flooded with MasterChef fans '' . news.com.au. 17 June 2009 . Archived from the original on 18 June 2009 . Retrieved 17 June . Check date values in : accessdate = ( help ) Jump up ^ Olding , Rachel ; Taffel , Jacqui ( 27 July 2010 ) . `` MasterChef fans drive specialty boom '' . Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 27 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` MasterChef inspires imitators - TV & Radio - Entertainment - smh.com.au '' . smh.com.au . Retrieved 25 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Logie Awards : round - up '' . The Spy Report . Media Spy. 3 May 2010 . Retrieved 18 May 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Was MasterChef Australia rigged ? '' . 20 July 2009 . Archived from the original on 24 July 2009 . Retrieved 20 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Julie Beats Poh -- Masterchef Australia Rigged ? '' . 20 July 2009 . Retrieved 20 July 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` MasterChef judge Matt Preston denies show is rigged '' . news.com.au. 22 June 2009 . Retrieved 20 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Field , Katherine ( 20 July 2009 ) . `` MasterChef 's Julie Goodwin says show was n't rigged '' . Retrieved 20 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Stephenson , Alison ( 19 July 2011 ) . `` Revealed : The MasterChef weekly wage '' . news.com.au . ^ Jump up to : Gray , Lorna ( 9 May 2017 ) . `` Marco Pierre White Jr 's foul - mouthed tirade against Matt Preston will shock you ( to say the least ! ) '' . www.nowtolove.com.au . Retrieved 14 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` MARCO PIERRE WHITE REVEALS REASON WHY HE QUIT MASTERCHEF '' . kiis1011.com.au. 8 May 2017 . Retrieved 14 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Marco Pierre White Jr addresses Matt Preston feud : ' It was disgraceful ' '' . news.com.au. 9 May 2017 . Retrieved 14 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Celeb chef Marco Pierre White 's angry feud with Matt Preston : ' I will never forgive him ' '' . news.com.au. 8 May 2017 . Retrieved 14 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` MASTERCHEF AUSTRALIA THE COOKBOOK VOLUME 1 '' . randomhouse.com.au . Retrieved 9 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Our Family Table '' . randomhouse.com.au . Retrieved 9 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Two Asian Kitchens '' . randomhouse.com.au . Retrieved 2 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` MasterChef magazine debut a sellout '' . The Spy Report . Media Spy. 17 May 2010 . Retrieved 18 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` MasterChef Magazine arriving next week '' . The Spy Report . Media Spy. 3 May 2010 . Retrieved 18 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` NewsLifeMedia closes MasterChef Magazine - Mumbrella '' . mumbrella.com.au. 12 October 2012 . Retrieved 25 April 2017 . External links ( edit ) MasterChef Australia -- Official MasterChef Australia Website Official Channel Ten Website -- Official Network Ten Website ( with free MasterChef episodes ) MasterChef Australia on IMDb MasterChef Australia at TV.com MasterChef Australia on Twitter MasterChef MasterChef United Kingdom ( Original series ) Algeria Asia Australia Bangladesh Brazil Canada Chile China Croatia Colombia Germany Greece India Indonesia Ireland Israel Italy Malaysia New Zealand Pakistan Paraguay Philippines Poland Romania Slovenia Spain South Africa South Korea Sweden Thailand Ukraine United States Original Revival Vietnam Junior MasterChef United Kingdom ( Original series ) Albania Australia Brazil Greece India Philippines Poland Thailand United States Vietnam Celebrity MasterChef United Kingdom ( Original series ) Australia Malaysia Romania Spain South Korea MasterChef : The Professionals United Kingdom ( Original series ) Australia Brazil MasterChef : All Stars Australia MasterChef Australia Series 2009 2011 2012 All - Stars 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Winners Julie Goodwin Adam Liaw Kate Bracks Andy Allen Emma Dean Brent Owens Billie McKay Elena Duggan Diana Chan Notable alumni Marion Grasby Matthew Hopcraft Hoda Kobeissi Alana Lowes Lucas Parsons Poh Ling Yeow Junior MasterChef Australia Series 2011 Winners Isabella Bliss Greta Yaxley Celebrity MasterChef Australia Winner : Eamon Sullivan MasterChef Australia : The Professionals Winner : Rhys Badcock AACTA Award for Best Reality Television Series The Amazing Race Australia ( 2012 ) MasterChef Australia : The Professionals ( 2013 ) The Voice ( 2014 ) MasterChef Australia ( 2015 ) MasterChef Australia ( 2016 ) Network Ten local programming ( current and upcoming ) Primetime Australian Survivor ( since 2016 ) The Bachelor Australia ( since 2013 ) The Bachelorette Australia ( since 2015 ) Bachelor in Paradise ( since 2018 ) Todd Sampson 's Body Hack ( since 2016 ) Bondi Vet ( since 2009 ) Bondi Rescue ( since 2006 ) CRAM ! ( since 2017 ) Family Feud ( since 2014 ) Gogglebox Australia ( since 2015 ) Have You Been Paying Attention ? ( since 2013 ) Hughesy , We Have a Problem ( since 2018 ) I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! ( since 2015 ) The Living Room ( since 2012 ) MasterChef Australia ( since 2009 ) Shark Tank ( since 2015 ) Show Me the Movie ! ( since 2018 ) Sisters ( since 2017 ) The Wrong Girl ( since 2016 ) Daytime Ben 's Menu ( since 2014 ) Everyday Gourmet with Justine Schofield ( since 2011 ) Good Chef Bad Chef ( since 2011 ) My Market Kitchen ( since 2016 ) News Ten Eyewitness News ( since 1965 ) The Project ( since 2009 ) Studio 10 ( since 2013 ) Sport RPM ( 1997 -- 2008 , 2011 , since 2015 ) Sports Tonight ( 1993 -- 2011 , since 2018 ) Weekends Cruise Mode ( since 2016 ) Healthy Homes TV ( since 2015 ) ifish ( since 2009 ) Mass For You At Home ( since 1971 ) What 's Up Downunder Upcoming All Aussie Adventures ( 2018 ) Blind Date ( 2018 ) How to Stay Married ( 2018 ) Playing For Keeps ( 2018 ) Pointless ( 2018 ) Street Smart ( 2018 ) Dancing with the Stars ( 2019 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MasterChef_Australia&oldid=850065898 '' Categories : Network Ten shows 2009 Australian television series debuts 2000s Australian television series 2010s Australian television series Australian cooking television series MasterChef Australia Television shows set in Sydney Television shows set in Melbourne Television series by FremantleMedia English - language television programs Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Webarchive template archiveis links CS1 errors : dates All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2010 Use dmy dates from November 2012 Use Australian English from May 2011 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Suomi Svenska 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 July 2018 , at 10 : 59 ( UTC ) . 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what's the highest minimum wage in the united states	Beginning in January 2017 , Massachusetts and Washington state have the highest minimum wages in the country , at $11.00 per hour . New York City 's minimum wage will be $15.00 per hour by the end of 2018 . There is a racial difference for support of a higher minimum wage with most black and Hispanic individuals supporting a $15.00 federal minimum wage , and 54 % of whites opposing it . In 2015 , about 3 percent of White , Asian , and Hispanic or Latino workers earned the federal minimum wage or less . Among Black workers , the percentage was about 4 percent .	$11.00 per hour	Minimum wage in the United States	minimum wage in the united states	The minimum wage in the United States is a network of federal , state , and local laws . Employers generally must pay workers the highest minimum wage prescribed by federal , state , and local law . As of July 2016 , the federal government mandates a nationwide minimum wage of $7.25 per hour . As of October 2016 , there are 29 states with a minimum wage higher than the federal minimum . From 2014 to 2015 , nine states increased their minimum wage levels through automatic adjustments , while increases in 11 other states occurred through referendum or legislative action . In real terms , the federal minimum wage peaked near $10.00 per hour in 1968 , using 2014 inflation - adjusted dollars .	Beginning in January 2017 , Massachusetts and Washington state have the highest minimum wages in the country , at $11.00 per hour . New York City 's minimum wage will be $15.00 per hour by the end of 2018 . There is a racial difference for support of a higher minimum wage with most black and Hispanic individuals supporting a $15.00 federal minimum wage , and 54 % of whites opposing it . In 2015 , about 3 percent of White , Asian , and Hispanic or Latino workers earned the federal minimum wage or less . Among Black workers , the percentage was about 4 percent . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 20th century 1.2 Legislation , 21st century 1.3 Local ordinances 1.4 Union exemptions 2 Trends in purchasing power 3 Economic effects 3.1 Employment and job creation 3.2 Prices 3.3 Crime increase 3.4 Economic growth 3.5 Income inequality 3.6 Poverty 3.7 Federal budget deficit 4 Commentary 4.1 Economists 4.2 Politicians 5 Polls 6 List by jurisdiction 6.1 Federal 6.2 State 6.3 Territory 6.4 Federal District 7 Jobs affected , 2006 , 2009 8 See also 9 References 10 External links History 20th century This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( April 2017 ) In 1912 , Massachusetts organized a commission to recommend non-compulsory minimum wages for women and children . Within eight years , at least thirteen U.S. states and the District of Columbia would pass minimum wage laws , with pressure being placed on state legislatures by the National Consumers League in a coalition with other women 's voluntary associations and organized labor . The United States Supreme Court of the Lochner era consistently invalidated compulsory minimum wage laws . Advocates for these minimum wage laws hoped that they would be upheld under the precedent of Muller v. Oregon , which had upheld maximum working hours laws for women on the grounds that women required special protection which men did not . However , the Court did not extend this principle to minimum wage laws , considering the latter as interfering with the ability of employers to freely negotiate wage contracts with employees . No business which depends for existence on paying less than living wages to its workers has any right to continue in this country . President Franklin Delano Roosevelt , 1933 In 1933 , the Roosevelt administration made the first attempt at establishing a national minimum wage , when a $0.25 per hour standard was set as part of the National Industrial Recovery Act . However , in the 1935 court case Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States ( 295 U.S. 495 ) , the US Supreme Court declared the act unconstitutional , and the minimum wage was abolished . In 1938 , the minimum wage was re-established pursuant to the Fair Labor Standards Act , once again at $0.25 per hour ( $4.23 in 2015 dollars ) . In 1941 , the Supreme Court upheld the Fair Labor Standards Act in United States v. Darby Lumber Co. , holding that Congress had the power under the Commerce Clause to regulate employment conditions . The 1938 minimum wage law only applied to `` employees engaged in interstate commerce or in the production of goods for interstate commerce , '' but in amendments in 1961 and 1966 , the federal minimum wage was extended ( with slightly different rates ) to employees in large retail and service enterprises , local transportation and construction , state and local government employees , as well as other smaller expansions ; a grandfather clause in 1990 drew most employees into the purview of federal minimum wage policy , which now set the wage at $3.80 . Legislation , 21st century In 2006 , voters in six states ( Arizona , Colorado , Missouri , Montana , Nevada , and Ohio ) approved statewide increases in the state minimum wage . The amounts of these increases ranged from $1 to $1.70 per hour and all increases were designed to annually index to inflation . Some politicians in the United States have advocated linking the minimum wage to the Consumer Price Index , thereby increasing the wage automatically each year based on increases to the Consumer Price Index . So far , Ohio , Oregon , Missouri , Vermont and Washington have linked their minimum wages to the consumer price index . Minimum wage indexing also takes place each year in Florida , San Francisco , California , and Santa Fe , New Mexico . The federal minimum wage in the United States was reset to its current rate of $7.25 per hour in July 2009 . Some U.S. territories ( such as American Samoa ) are exempt . Some types of labor are also exempt : employers may pay tipped labor a minimum of $2.13 per hour , as long as the hour wage plus tip income equals at least the minimum wage . Persons under the age of 20 may be paid $4.25 an hour for the first 90 calendar days of employment ( sometimes known as a youth , teen , or training wage ) unless a higher state minimum exists . The 2009 increase was the last of three steps of the Fair Minimum Wage Act of 2007 , which was signed into law as a rider to the U.S. Troop Readiness , Veterans ' Care , Katrina Recovery , and Iraq Accountability Appropriations Act , 2007 , a bill that also contained almost $5 billion in tax cuts for small businesses . In April 2014 , the U.S. Senate debated the Minimum Wage Fairness Act ( S. 1737 ; 113th Congress ) . The bill would have amended the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 ( FLSA ) to increase the federal minimum wage for employees to $10.10 per hour over the course of a two - year period . The bill was strongly supported by President Barack Obama and many of the Democratic Senators , but strongly opposed by Republicans in the Senate and House . Later in 2014 , voters in the Republican - controlled states of Alaska , Arkansas , Nebraska and South Dakota considered ballot initiatives to raise the minimum wage above the national rate of $7.25 per hour , which were successful in all 4 states . The results provided evidence that raising minimum wage has support across party lines . Since 2012 , a growing protest and advocacy movement called `` Fight for $15 '' , initially growing out of fast food worker strikes , has advocated for an increase in the minimum wage . On March 27 , 2014 , Connecticut passed legislation to raise the minimum wage from $8.70 to $10.10 by 2017 , making it one of about six states to aim at or above $10.00 per hour . In 2014 and 2015 , several cities , including San Francisco , Seattle , Los Angeles , and Washington passed ordinances that gradually increase the minimum wage to $15.00 . In 2016 , New York and California passed legislation that would gradually raise the minimum wage to $15 in each state . As of 2017 , recent legislation was passed in multiple states to raise the minimum wage a certain amount in a certain amount of time . California is set to raise their minimum wage to $15.00 / hour by January 1 , 2023 . Colorado is set to raise their minimum wage from $9.30 / hour to $12 / hour by January 1 , 2020 , raising $0.90 per year . Seattle passed legislation in 2015 for a raise in minimum wage ; for employers of 500 or more employees without heath benefits , the minimum wage will be raised to $15.00 / hour by 2017 , for employees with heath benefits , the minimum wage will raise to $15.00 / hour by 2018 , for smaller employees the $15.00 / hour wage will be reached at different times . Seattle is one of the first cities to put in place a plan that after $15.00 / hour wage is reached , they will continue to increase minimum wage by a certain percentage every year based on inflation changes . New York has also recently passed legislation to increase their minimum wage to $15.00 / hour over time , certain counties and larger companies are set on faster plans than others . As there have only been a few places mentioned , cities and states across the United States are putting in place certain legislation to increase the minimum wage for minimum wage workers to a livable wage . Time will only tell the effects on the economy and number of jobs in those cities and states . Local ordinances On June 2 , 2014 , the City Council of Seattle , Washington passed a local ordinance to increase the minimum wage of the city to $15.00 per hour , giving the city the highest minimum wage in the United States , which will be phased in over seven years , to be fully implemented by 2021 . A growing number of California cities have enacted local minimum wage ordinances , including Los Angeles , San Francisco , Oakland , Berkeley , Emeryville , Mountain View , Richmond , and San Jose . In September 2014 , the Los Angeles City Council approved a minimum salary for hotel workers of $15.37 per hour . In April 2016 , The Los Angeles Times reported that there is an exemption for unionised workers , and interviewed longtime workers at unionised Sheraton Universal who make $10.00 per hour , whereas non-union employees at a non-union Hilton a few feet away make at least the $15.37 mandated by law for non-unionised employees . Similar exemptions have been adopted in San Francisco , San Jose , Oakland , and Santa Monica . San Francisco is expected to become the first U.S. city to reach a minimum wage of $15.00 per hour on July 1 , 2018 , . The minimum wage in Los Angeles and Washington , D.C. , will be $15.00 per hour in 2020 . On August 18 , 2015 , the El Cerrito City Council directed city staff to draft a local minimum wage ordinance based on a template provided by a coalition for a county - wide minimum wage effort . The details are not final , but the Council discussed an initial increase of roughly 28 -- 36 % ( $11.52 -- $12.25 or more ) by January 1 , 2016 , with annual increases that will result in a $15.00 hourly wage rate by 2018 -- 2020 . The Council did not direct staff to create small business exemptions ( or any other exemptions ) , but a slower phase - in rate may be considered for employees of small businesses . The city will have outreach for residents and business owners to discuss the details of the proposed ordinance . Staff hopes to present a draft for The Council 's approval as early as October or November 2015 . Union exemptions As of December 2014 , unions were exempt from recent minimum wage increases in Chicago , Illinois , SeaTac , Washington , and Milwaukee County , Wisconsin , as well as the California cities of Los Angeles , San Francisco , Long Beach , San Jose , Richmond , and Oakland . In 2016 , the Washington , D.C. Council passed a minimum wage ordinance that included a union waiver , but Mayor Vincent Gray vetoed it . Later that year , the council approved an increase without the union waiver . Trends in purchasing power History of the federal minimum wage in real 2013 dollars and nominal dollars . Since its inception the purchasing power of the minimum wage has fluctuated . The minimum wage had its highest purchasing power in 1968 , when it was $1.60 per hour ( $11.49 in 2017 dollars ) . From January 1981 to April 1990 , the minimum wage was frozen at $3.35 per hour , then a record - setting minimum wage freeze . From September 1 , 1997 through July 23 , 2007 , the federal minimum wage remained constant at $5.15 per hour , breaking the old record . From the United States Department of Labor . Employment Standards Administration . Wage and Hour Division , the source page has a clickable US map with current and projected state - by - state minimum wage rates for each state . Some government entities , such as counties and cities , observe minimum wages that are higher than the state as a whole . One notable example of this is Santa Fe , New Mexico , whose $9.50 per hour minimum wage was the highest in the nation , until San Francisco increased its minimum wage to $9.79 in 2009 . Another device to increase wages , living wage ordinances , generally apply only to businesses that are under contract to the local government itself . Since 1984 , the purchasing power of the federal minimum wage has decreased . Measured in real terms ( adjusted for inflation ) using 1984 dollars , the real minimum wage was $3.35 in 1984 , $2.33 in 1994 , $1.84 in 2004 , and $1.46 in 2014 . If the minimum wage had been raised to $10.10 in 2014 , that would have equated to $4.40 in 1984 dollars . This would have been equal to a 31 % increase in purchasing power , despite the nominal value of the minimum wage increasing by 216 % in the same time period . Economic effects The economic effects of raising the minimum wage are controversial . Adjusting the minimum wage may affect current and future levels of employment , prices of goods and services , economic growth , income inequality and poverty . The interconnection of price levels , central bank policy , wage agreements , and total aggregate demand creates a situation in which the conclusions drawn from macroeconomic analysis are highly influenced by the underlying assumptions of the interpreter . Employment and job creation Further information : Unemployment in the United States CBO table with projections of the effects of minimum wage increases on employment and income , under two scenarios The law of demand states that -- all else being equal -- raising the price of any particular good or service will reduce the quantity demanded . Thus , neoclassical economics argues that -- all else being equal -- raising in the minimum wage will have adverse affects on employment . Conceptually , if an employer does not believe a worker generates value equal to or in excess of the minimum wage , that worker will not be hired or retained . Empirical work on fast food workers in the 1990s challenged the neoclassical model . In 1994 , economists David Card and Alan Krueger studied employment trends among 410 restaurants in New Jersey and eastern Pennsylvania following New Jersey 's minimum wage hike ( from $4.25 to $5.05 ) in April 1992 . They found `` no indication that the rise in the minimum wage reduced employment . '' However , a 1995 re-analysis of the evidence by David Neumark found that the increase in New Jersey 's minimum wage actually resulted in a 4.6 % decrease in employment . Neumark 's study relied on payroll records from a sample of large fast - food restaurant chains , whereas the Card - Krueger study relied on business surveys . Additional research conducted by David Neumark and William Wascher ( which surveyed over 100 studies related to the employment effects of minimum wages ) found that the majority of peer - reviewed economic research ( about two - thirds ) showed a positive correlation between minimum wage hikes and increased unemployment -- especially for young and unskilled workers . Neumark 's analysis further found that , when looking at only the most credible research , 85 % of studies showed a positive correlation between minimum wage hikes and increased unemployment . In February 2014 , the Congressional Budget Office ( CBO ) reported the theoretical effects of a federal minimum wage increase under two scenarios : an increase to $9.00 and an increase to $10.10 . According to the report , approximately 100,000 jobs would be lost under the $9.00 option , whereas 500,000 jobs would be lost under the $10.10 option ( with a wide range of possible outcomes ) . A 2013 Center for Economic and Policy Research ( CEPR ) review of multiple studies since 2000 indicated that there was `` little or no employment response to modest increases in the minimum wage . '' Another CEPR study in 2014 found that job creation within the United States is faster within states that raised their minimum wage . In 2014 , the state with the highest minimum wage in the nation , Washington , exceeded the national average for job growth in the United States . A 2012 study led by Joseph Sabia , professor of economics at the University of New Hampshire , estimated that the 2004 - 6 New York State minimum wage increase ( from $5.15 to $6.75 ) resulted in a 20.2 % to 21.8 % reduction in employment for less - skilled , less - educated workers . Another study conducted by Joseph Sabia , then an assistant professor at American University , found that minimum wages were ineffective at alleviating poverty for single mothers . The study further concluded that a 10 % increase in the minimum wage was associated with an 8.8 % reduction in employment and an 11.8 % reduction in hours for uneducated single mothers . Research conducted by Richard Burkhauser , professor emeritus of Policy Analysis at Cornell University , concluded that minimum wage increases `` significantly reduce the employment of the most vulnerable groups in the working - age population -- young adults without a high school degree ( aged 20 - 24 ) , young black adults and teenagers ( aged 16 - 24 ) , and teenagers ( aged 16 - 19 ) . '' A 2007 study by Daniel Aaronson and Eric French concluded that a 10 % increase in the minimum wage decreased low - skill employment by 2 - 4 % and total restaurant employment by 1 - 3 % . The Economist wrote in December 2013 : `` A minimum wage , providing it is not set too high , could thus boost pay with no ill effects on jobs ... Some studies find no harm to employment from federal or state minimum wages , others see a small one , but none finds any serious damage ... High minimum wages , however , particularly in rigid labour markets , do appear to hit employment . France has the rich world 's highest wage floor , at more than 60 % of the median for adults and a far bigger fraction of the typical wage for the young . This helps explain why France also has shockingly high rates of youth unemployment : 26 % for 15 - to 24 - year - olds . '' Prices Conceptually -- all else being equal -- raising the minimum wage will increase the cost of labor . Thus , employers may accept lower profits , raise their prices , or both . If prices increase , consumers may demand a lesser quantity of the product , substitute other products , or switch to imported products . Marginal producers ( those who are barely profitable enough to survive ) may be forced out of business if they can not raise their prices sufficiently to offset the higher cost of labor . Whether the increased income of the workers benefiting from the minimum wage increase can offset these effects is debatable . Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago research from 2007 has shown that restaurant prices rise in response to minimum wage increases . Crime increase A 2016 White House report based on `` back of envelope calculations and literature review '' argued that higher hourly wages led to less crime . A report by the Council of Economic Advisers claimed that `` raising the minimum wage reduces crime by 3 to 5 percent . '' To get those numbers , the study assumed that `` such a minimum wage increase would have no employment impacts , with an employment elasticity of 0.1 the benefits would be somewhat lower . '' However , In a 1987 journal article based on actual study data , Masanori Hashimoto noted that minimum wage hikes lead to increased levels of property crime in areas affected by the minimum wage after its increase . According to the article , by decreasing employment in poor communities , total legal trade and production are curtailed . The report also claimed that in order to compensate for the decrease in legal avenues for production and consumption , poor communities increasingly turn to illegal trade and activity . Economic growth Whether growth ( GDP , a measure of both income and production ) increases or decreases depends significantly on whether the income shifted from owners to workers results in an overall higher level of spending . The tendency of a consumer to spend their next dollar is referred to as the marginal propensity to consume or MPC . The transfer of income from higher income owners ( who tend to save more , meaning a lower MPC ) to lower income workers ( who tend to save less , with a higher MPC ) can actually lead to an increase in total consumption and higher demand for goods , leading to increased employment . Recent research has shown that higher wages lead to greater productivity . The CBO reported in February 2014 that income ( GDP ) overall would be marginally higher after raising the minimum wage , indicating a small net positive increase in growth . Raising the minimum wage to $10.10 and indexing it to inflation would result in a net $2 billion increase in income during the second half of 2016 , while raising it to $9.00 and not indexing it would result in a net $1 billion increase in income . Income inequality Further information : Income inequality in the United States Minimum wage levels in developed economies as a share of median full - time wage . The relative minimum wage ratio in the U.S. is shown in red . An increase in the minimum wage is a form of redistribution from higher - income persons ( business owners or `` capital '' ) to lower income persons ( workers or `` labor '' ) and therefore should reduce income inequality . The CBO estimated in February 2014 that raising the minimum wage under either scenario described above would improve income inequality . Families with income more than 6 times the poverty threshold would see their incomes fall ( due in part to their business profits declining with higher employee costs ) , while families with incomes below that threshold would rise . Poverty Among hourly - paid workers In 2016 , 701,000 earned the federal minimum wage and about 1.5 million earned wages below the minimum . Together , these 2.2 million workers represented 2.7 % of all hourly - paid workers . CBO estimated in February 2014 that raising the minimum wage would reduce the number of persons below the poverty income threshold by 900,000 under the $10.10 option versus 300,000 under the $9.00 option . Research conducted by David Neumark and colleagues found that minimum wages are associated with reductions in the hours and employment of low - wage workers . A separate study by the same researchers found that minimum wages tend to increase the proportion of families with incomes below or near the poverty line . Similarly , a 2002 study led by Richard Vedder , professor of economics at Ohio University , concluded that `` The empirical evidence is strong that minimum wages have had little or no effect on poverty in the U.S. Indeed , the evidence is stronger that minimum wages occasionally increase poverty ... '' Federal budget deficit The CBO reported in February 2014 that `` ( T ) he net effect on the federal budget of raising the minimum wage would probably be a small decrease in budget deficits for several years but a small increase in budget deficits thereafter . It is unclear whether the effect for the coming decade as a whole would be a small increase or a small decrease in budget deficits . '' On the cost side , the report cited higher wages paid by the government to some of its employees along with higher costs for certain procured goods and services . This might be offset by fewer government benefits paid , as some workers with higher incomes would receive fewer government transfer payments . On the revenue side , some would pay higher taxes and others less . Commentary Economists Effective Minimum Wage Adjusted for Cost of Living for Select U.S. Cities ( 2015 ) City Effective minimum wage Seattle $8.51 Denver $7.57 Houston $7.26 United States $7.25 San Francisco $7.03 Chicago $7.01 Boston $6.59 Washington , D.C. $6.53 Los Angeles $6.38 Atlanta $5.15 New York City $3.86 According to a survey conducted by economist Greg Mankiw , 79 % of economists agreed that `` a minimum wage increases unemployment among young and unskilled workers . '' A 2015 survey conducted by the University of New Hampshire Survey Center found that a majority of economists believed raising the minimum wage to $15 per hour would have negative effects on youth employment levels ( 83 % ) , adult employment levels ( 52 % ) , and the number of jobs available ( 76 % ) . Additionally , 67 % of economists surveyed believed that a $15 minimum wage would make it harder for small businesses with less than 50 employees to stay in business . A 2006 survey conducted by Robert Whaples , professor of economics at Wake Forest University , found that , among the economists surveyed , opinions about the minimum wage were as follows : 46.8 % favored eliminating it 14.3 % favored keeping it the same 1.3 % favored decreasing it 5.2 % favored increasing it by about 50 cents per hour 15.6 % favored increasing it by about $1 per hour 16.9 % favored increasing it by more than $1 per hour In 2014 , over 600 economists signed a letter in support of a $10.10 minimum wage increase with research suggesting that a minimum wage increase could have a small stimulative effect on the economy as low - wage workers spend their additional earnings , raising demand and job growth . Also , seven recipients of the Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences were among 75 economists endorsing an increase in the minimum wage for U.S. workers and said `` the weight '' of economic research shows higher pay does n't lead to fewer jobs . According to a February 2013 survey of the University of Chicago IGM Forum , which includes approximately 40 economists : 34 % agreed with the statement that `` Raising the federal minimum wage to $9 per hour would make it noticeably harder for low - skilled workers to find employment '' , with 32 % disagreeing and 24 % uncertain 42 % agreed that `` ... raising the minimum wage to $9 per hour and indexing it to inflation ... would be a desirable policy '' , with 11 % disagreeing or strongly disagreeing and 32 % uncertain . According to a fall 2000 survey conducted by Fuller and Geide - Stevenson , 73.5 % ( 27.9 % of which agreed with provisos ) of American economists surveyed agreed that minimum wage laws increase unemployment among unskilled and young workers , while 26.5 % disagreed with the statement . Economist Paul Krugman advocated raising the minimum wage moderately in 2013 , citing several reasons , including : The minimum wage was below its 1960s purchasing power , despite a near doubling of productivity ; The great preponderance of the evidence indicates there is no negative impact on employment from moderate increases ; and A high level of public support , specifically Democrats and Republican women . Politicians Former President Bill Clinton advocated raising the minimum wage in 2014 : `` I think we ought to raise the minimum wage because it does n't just raise wages for the three or four million people who are directly affected by it , it bumps the wage structure everywhere ... The estimates are that 35 million Americans would get a pay raise if the federal minimum wage was raised ... If you ( raise the minimum wage ) in a phased way , it always creates jobs . Why ? Because people who make the minimum wage or near it are struggling to get by , they spend every penny they make , they turn it over in the economy , they create jobs , they create opportunity , and they take better care of their children . It 's just the right thing to do , but it 's also very good economics . '' Polls The Pew Center reported in January 2014 that 73 % of Americans supported raising the minimum wage from $7.25 to $10 . By party , 53 % of Republicans and 90 % of Democrats favored this action . Pew found a racial difference for support of a higher minimum wage in 2017 with most blacks and Hispanics supporting a $15.00 federal minimum wage , and 54 % of whites opposing it . A Lake Research Partners poll in February 2012 found the following : Strong support overall for raising the minimum wage , with 73 % of likely voters supporting an increase to $10 and indexing it to inflation during 2014 , including 58 % who strongly support the action ; Support crosses party lines , with support from 91 % of Democrats , 74 % of Independents , and 50 % of Republicans ; and A majority ( 56 % ) believe that raising the minimum wage will help the economy , with 16 % believing it wo n't make a difference . Only 21 % felt it would hurt the economy . List by jurisdiction This is a list of the minimum wages ( per hour ) in each state and territory of the United States , for jobs covered by federal minimum wage laws . If the job is not subject to the federal Fair Labor Standards Act , then state , city , or other local laws may determine the minimum wage . A common exemption to the federal minimum wage is a company having revenue of less than $500,000 per year while not engaging in any interstate commerce . Under the federal law , workers who receive a portion of their salary from tips , such as waitstaff , are required only to have their total compensation , including tips , meet the minimum wage . Therefore , often , their hourly wage , before tips , is less than the minimum wage . Seven states , and Guam , do not allow for a tip credit . Additional exemptions to the minimum wage include many seasonal employees , student employees , and certain disabled employees as specified by the FLSA . In addition , some counties and cities within states may observe a higher minimum wage than the rest of the state in which they are located ; sometimes this higher wage will apply only to businesses that are under contract to the local government itself , while in other cases the higher minimum will be enforced across the board . Federal Type Min Wage ( $ / h ) Notes Tipped $2.13 The Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 has been requiring a minimum wage of $2.13 for tipped workers with the expectation that wages plus tips total no less than $7.25 per hour since September 1 , 1991 . The employer must pay the difference if total income does not add up to $7.25 per hour . Non-tipped $7.25 Per the Fair Minimum Wage Act of 2007 ( FMWA ) since July 24 , 2009 . Youth $4.25 The Fair Labor Standards Act has since September 1 , 1996 allowed for persons under the age of 20 to be paid $4.25 for the first 90 calendar days of their employment . State The average US minimum wage per capita ( 2017 ) is $8.49 based on the population size of each state and generally represents the average minimum wage experienced by a person working in one of the fifty US states . Cities , counties , districts , and territories are not included in the calculation . As of October 2016 , there have been 29 states with a minimum wage higher than the federal minimum . From 2014 to 2015 , nine states increased their minimum wage levels through automatic adjustments , while increases in 11 other states occurred through referendum or legislative action . Beginning in January 2017 , Massachusetts and Washington state have the highest minimum wages in the country , at $11.00 per hour . New York City 's minimum wage will be $15.00 per hour by the end of 2018 . - State Min Wage ( $ / h ) Tipped ( $ / h ) Youth / Training ( $ / h ) Notes Alabama None Alaska $9.80 $9.80 Minimum wage increased to $9.80 on January 1 , 2017 . Arizona $10.00 $7.00 Minimum wage increased to $8.05 on January 1 , 2015 . The state tipped minimum wage is $3 per hour less . Pursuant to Arizona Proposition 202 ( 2006 ) , the rates are adjusted annually on January 1 based on the U.S. Consumer Price Index . This rate increase does not affect student workers in places such as libraries and cafeterias because those positions are given by universities , which are state entities . Arkansas $8.50 $2.63 The 2014 rate applies to employers of 4 or more employees . California $10.50 $10.50 Minimum wage increased to $10.00 on January 1 , 2016 and will increase to $15.00 by 2022 . Berkeley : $12.53 since October 1 , 2016 and will increase to $15.00 by 2018 . Emeryville : $14.82 for businesses with 56 or more employees ; $13.00 for businesses with 55 employees or less , effective July 2016 . Jackson Rancheria : $10.60 since January 1 , 2014 on the Tribe 's sovereign 1,500 - acre reservation in Amador County . Oakland : $12.55 since January 1 , 2016 . Unions are exempt from Oakland 's minimum wage law . Los Angeles : $10.50 since July 1 , 2016 and will increase to $15.00 by 2020 . Unions are exempt from Los Angeles 's minimum wage law . San Francisco : $13.00 since July 1 , 2016 and will increase to $15.00 by 2018 . Unions are exempt from San Francisco 's minimum wage law . San Jose : $10.30 since January 1 , 2015 . Unions are exempt from San Jose 's minimum wage law . Colorado $9.30 $6.28 On January 1 , 2017 , the minimum wage was increased to $9.30 and will be increased annually by $0.90 until it becomes $12 in January 2020 . Starting in 2021 , it will be adjusted by cost of living increases . The tipped wage is $3.02 less than the minimum wage Connecticut $10.10 $6.59 On March 26 , 2014 , the state passed legislation to raise the minimum wage to $10.10 by January 1 , 2017 . Connecticut 's tipped minimum wage is 65.2 % of the state minimum wage ( tipped employees defined as $10 / wk or $2 / day in tips ) . Delaware $8.25 $2.23 Minimum wage increased to $8.25 on June 1 , 2015 . Florida $8.10 $5.08 Minimum wage is increased annually on September 30 ( effective January 1 of the following calendar year ) based upon a cost of living formula ( the Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers , not seasonally adjusted , for the South Region or a successor index as calculated by the United States Department of Labor , using the rate of inflation for the 12 months prior to September 1 ) . Florida 's minimum wage increased to $8.10 and the tipped minimum wage to $5.08 on January 1 , 2017 . Georgia $5.15 $2.13 Only applicable to employers of 6 or more employees . The state law excludes from coverage any employment that is subject to the Federal Fair Labor Standards Act when the federal rate is greater than the state rate . Hawaii $9.25 $8.50 Minimum wage increased to $8.50 on January 1 , 2016 , and will increase to $10.10 by January 1 , 2018 . Tipped employees earn 75 cents less than the current state minimum wage . Idaho $7.25 $3.35 Illinois $8.25 $4.95 $7.75 Employers may pay anyone under the age of 18 , or anyone for the first 90 days of employment , fifty cents less . Tipped employees earn 60 % of the minimum wage ( employers may claim credit for tips , up to 40 % of wage ) . There is a training wage for tipped employees . Chicago : $10.00 from July 1 , 2015 and will increase to $13.00 by 2019 . Unions are exempt from Chicago 's minimum wage law . Indiana $7.25 $2.13 Iowa $7.25 $4.35 Most small retail and service establishments grossing less than $300,000 annually are not required to pay the minimum wage . A tipped employee who makes $30.00 per month or more in tips , can be paid 60 % of the minimum wage , i.e. as little as $4.35 per hour . Increased minimum wage laws in Johnson and Linn counties were nullified by the legislature . Kansas $7.25 $2.13 Kansas had the lowest legislated , non-tipped worker , minimum wage in the U.S. , $2.65 per hour , until it was raised to $7.25 , effective January 1 , 2010 . Kentucky $7.25 $2.13 Louisville : $8.10 from July 1 , 2015 and will increase to $9.00 by 2017 . However , the Kentucky Supreme Court ruled that localities do not have authority to increase the minimum wage . Louisiana None Maine $9.00 $5.00 Tipped rate is half of the current state minimum wage . On July 6 , 2015 , the city council of Portland voted 6 - 3 to raise the city 's minimum wage to $10.10 beginning on January 1 , 2016 -- an increase of 34 % . Note : The tipped wage will return to being 50 % of the regular minimum wage starting January 1 , 2018 ; minimum wage will increase to $10 in January 2018 , $11 in January 2019 ; $12 in January 2020 . Maryland $9.25 $3.63 Minimum wage is $8.75 per hour as July 1 , 2016 ; $9.25 as of July 1 , 2017 ; and $10.10 as of July 1 , 2018 . For employees working in Prince George 's County , the minimum wage is $10.75 per hour , effective October 1 , 2016 , and increases to $11.50 on October 1 , 2017 . For employees working in Montgomery County , the minimum wage is $11.50 per hour starting July 1 , 2017 . County Council bill 12 - 16 was enacted on January 17 , 2017 to adjust the minimum wage to $15 and base future adjustments on the Consumer Price Index , but was later vetoed by the County Executive . Massachusetts $11.00 $3.75 Minimum wage increased to $11.00 ( $3.75 for tipped workers ) on January 1 , 2017 , making it the highest minimum - wage in the country at the state level . Massachusetts is the only state in the country that mandates time - and - a-half for retail workers working on Sunday . With state minimum wage at $11 an hour the effective minimum wage for a retail worker working on Sunday is $16.50 an hour . As of 2017 , Massachusetts has the largest gap between the hourly minimum wage for tipped workers ( $3.75 ) and the general minimum wage ( $11 ) . Michigan $8.90 $3.38 $8.90 ( tips included ) $4.25 ( training ) $7.57 ( youth ) Minimum wage will increase to $9.25 by January 2018 and increase with the consumer price index yearly after 2018 . Yearly increases , starting on February 1 2019 , shall not exceed 3.5 % . There will be no increase in minimum wage if the unemployment rate rises to or above 8.5 % in the previous year . Tipped workers must earn at least standard Michigan minimum wage once tips are included in their wages . Minnesota $9.50 $9.50 $7.25 Small employers , whose annual receipts are less than $500,000 and who do not engage in interstate commerce , can pay their employees $7.25 per hour . Overtime applies after 48 hours per week . Note : For large employers , the minimum wage became $9.00 on August 1 , 2015 ; and $9.50 on August 1 , 2016 . For small employers the minimum wage became $7.25 on August 1 , 2015 ; and $7.75 on August 1 , 2016 . Beginning January 1 , 2018 , all minimum wage rates will increase by the national implicit price deflator or 2.5 % , whichever is lower . Mississippi None Missouri $7.70 $3.825 Minimum wage rate is automatically adjusted annually based on the U.S. Consumer Price Index rounded to the nearest five cents , and increased to $7.70 on January 1 , 2017 . While a city ordinance was passed in St. Louis area to increase the minimum wage was set to $8.25 in 2015 , in October 2015 the law was voided by a new statewide bill barring cities from setting their own minimum wages . The State Supreme Court ruled on 28 February 2017 that the ordinance was lawful and could go into effect , with the minimum wage rate set to rise to $11.00 an hour by 2018 in St. Louis . However , on July 5 , 2017 , another law was passed to nullify the increase and to have a statewide minimum wage of $7.70 . Montana $8.15 $8.15 Minimum wage rate is automatically adjusted annually based on the U.S. Consumer Price Index , and increased to $8.15 on January 1 , 2017 . Income from tips can not offset an employee 's pay rate . The state minimum wage for business with less than $110,000 in annual sales is $4.00 . Nebraska $9.00 $2.13 Minimum wage increased to $9.00 January 1 , 2016 . Nevada $8.25 $8.25 The minimum wage has been $8.25 ( $1 higher than the federal minimum ) since July 1 , 2010 . Employers who offer health benefits can pay employees $7.25 . The rate is adjusted every July 1 , based on the federal minimum or the accumulated inflation since 2006 , whichever is higher , based on a 2006 Minimum Wage Amendment to the Nevada Constitution . New Hampshire $7.25 $3.27 New Jersey $8.44 $2.13 Minimum wage increased to $8.44 on January 1 , 2017 . New Mexico $7.50 $2.13 Santa Fe : $10.84 since January 1 , 2015 . Albuquerque : $8.75 since January 1 , 2015 . New York $9.75 Varies The minimum wage rate increased to $9.00 on December 31 , 2015 . As of July 24 , 2009 there has been a minimum for exempt employees of $543.75 per week . Tipped employee minimum ranges from $4.90 to $5.65 depending on industry . Effective December 31 , 2013 , there have been different rules for the minimum cash wage for tipped employees outside of the hospitality industry , ( e.g. , in car washes and in salons ) . For workers earning more than $1.95 on average per hour in tips , the minimum cash wage has been $6.05 per hour ; for workers earning between $1.20 and $1.95 in tips on average per hour , the cash wage has been $6.80 . A 2016 law changed the minimum wage over the following six years . `` Large '' employers have 11 or more employees , and `` small '' have between 1 and 10 . `` Downstate '' includes Nassau , Suffolk , and Westchester Counties . NYC large employers : $11.00 , NYC small employers : $10.50 , Downstate employers : $10.00 , Upstate employers : $9.70 . As of December 31 , 2017 : NYC large employers : $13.00 ; NYC small employers : $12.00 ; Downstate employers : $11.00 ; Upstate employers : $10.40 . As of December 31 , 2018 : NYC large employers : $15.00 ; NYC small employers : $13.50 ; Downstate employers : $12.00 ; Upstate employers : $11.10 . As of December 31 , 2019 : NYC large employers : $15.00 ; NYC small employers : $15.00 ; Downstate employers : $13.00 ; Upstate employers : $12.50 . As of December 31 , 2020 : NYC large employers : $15.00 ; NYC small employers : $15.00 ; Downstate employers : $14.00 ; Upstate employers : $12.50 . As of December 31 , 2021 : NYC large employers : $15.00 ; NYC small employers : $15.00 ; Downstate employers : $15.00 ; Upstate employers : Set by Commissioner of Labor based on economic conditions , up to $15.00 . Tipped food service workers will be paid $7.50 per hour , or two - thirds of the applicable minimum wage rate rounded to the nearest $0.05 , whichever is higher . North Carolina $7.25 $2.13 The employer may take credit for tips earned by a tipped employee and may count them as wages up to the amount permitted in section 3 ( m ) of the Fair Labor Standards Act . North Dakota $7.25 $4.86 Tipped minimum is 67 % of the minimum wage . Ohio $8.15 $4.08 $7.25 under 16 years old The rate is $7.25 for employers grossing $283,000 or less . The rate is adjusted annually on January 1 based on the U.S. Consumer Price Index and Oklahoma $7.25 $2.13 Minimum wage for employers grossing under $100,000 and with fewer than 10 employees per location is $2.00. ( OK Statutes 40 - 197.5 ) . Oregon $11.25 ( Portland metro ) $10.25 ( non-rural counties ) $10.00 ( rural counties ) $11.25 ( Portland metro ) $10.25 ( non-rural counties ) $10.00 ( rural counties ) On March 2 , 2016 , Senate Bill 1532 was signed into law , increasing minimum wage depending on the county . Beginning July 1 , 2016 the minimum wage increased to $9.75 for non-rural counties and to $9.50 for rural counties , thereafter increasing each year by fixed amounts until June 30 , 2022 when the minimum wage will be $14.75 for the Portland metro area , $13.50 for other non-rural counties , and $12.50 for rural counties . Thereafter , the minimum wage will be adjusted each year based on the U.S. Consumer Price Index . Non-rural counties are defined as Benton , Clackamas , Clatsop , Columbia , Deschutes , Hood River , Jackson , Josephine , Lane , Lincoln , Linn , Marion , Multnomah , Polk , Tillamook , Wasco , Washington , and Yamhill counties . Rural counties are defined as Baker , Coos , Crook , Curry , Douglas , Gilliam , Grant , Harney , Jefferson , Klamath , Lake , Malheur , Morrow , Sherman , Umatilla , Union , Wallowa , Wheeler counties . The Portland Metro rate ( $1.25 over the non-rural rate ) applies to employers located within the urban growth boundary ( UGB ) of the Portland metropolitan service district . Pennsylvania $7.25 $2.83 Rhode Island $9.60 $3.39 Minimum wage increased to $9.60 January 1 , 2016 . South Carolina None South Dakota $8.65 $4.325 Minimum wage increased to $8.65 on January 1 , 2017 , and is indexed to inflation . Tennessee None Texas $7.25 $2.13 Applies to all workers in the state , excluding patients of the Texas Department of Mental Health and Mental Retardation who have diminished production capacity and who work on behalf of the Department ; their salary is calculated at the minimum wage times a percentage of their diminished capacity . Utah $7.25 $2.13 Vermont $10.00 $4.80 Minimum wage increased to $10.00 on January 1 , 2017 , will increase to $10.50 by January 1 , 2018 , and will be indexed to inflation beginning on January 1 , 2019 . Virginia $7.25 $2.13 Washington $11.00 $11.00 $9.35 Minimum wage increases annually by a voter - approved cost - of - living adjustment based on the federal Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers ( CPI - W ) . Seattle : $11.00 for businesses less than 500 employees , 15.00 for businesses with over 500 employees , and for all businesses by 2021 . SeaTac : $15.00 for airport - related businesses . Union workshops are exempt from SeaTac 's $15 minimum wage law . West Virginia $8.75 $2.62 Minimum wage increased to $8.75 on December 31 , 2015 . The state minimum wage is applicable to employers of six or more employees at one location not involved in interstate commerce and for tipped employees is 30 % of the federal minimum wage . Wisconsin $7.25 $2.33 Wyoming $5.15 $2.13 Jump up ^ Generally applies to employees who make over $30 in tips per month , unless otherwise noted . Jump up ^ Applies to persons under age 20 , for the first 90 days of employment ( per FMWA ) , unless otherwise noted . ^ Jump up to : No state minimum wage law . Federal rates apply , although some small businesses exempt from FMWA may not be covered . Territory Territory Min Wage ( $ / h ) Notes American Samoa $4.18 -- $5.59 Varies by industry . On September 30 , 2010 , President Obama signed legislation that delays scheduled wage increases for 2010 and 2011 . On July 26 , 2012 , President Obama signed S. 2009 into law , postponing the minimum wage increase for 2012 , 2013 , and 2014 . Annual wage increases of $0.50 recommenced on September 30 , 2015 and will continue every three years until all rates have reached the federal minimum . Guam $8.25 Tipped employee minimum $6.55 Northern Mariana Islands $6.55 Since September 30 , 2016 . Wages are to go up $0.50 annually until reaching the federal $7.25 rate by 2018 . Bill S. 256 to delay the planned increases to the full rate until 2018 passed in Sept. 2013 . Puerto Rico $7.25 Following the Fair Minimum Wage Act of 2007 , Employers covered by the Federal Fair Labor Standards Act ( FLSA ) are subject to the federal minimum wage and all applicable regulations . Employers not covered by the FLSA will be subject to a minimum wage that is at least 70 percent of the federal minimum wage or the applicable mandatory decree rate , whichever is higher . The Secretary of Labor and Human Resources may authorize a rate based on a lower percentage for any employer who can show that implementation of the 70 percent rate would substantially curtail employment in that business . Puerto Rico also has minimum wage rates that vary according to the industry . These rates range from a minimum of $5.08 to $7.25 per hour . U.S. Virgin Islands $8.35 The Virgin Islands ' minimum wage increased to $8.35 on June 21 , 2016 for all employees , with the exception of tourist service and restaurant employees . It is scheduled to increase to $9.50 on June 1 , 2017 ; $10.50 on June 1 , 2018 . Federal District Federal District Min Wage ( $ / h ) Tipped ( $ / h ) Youth / Training ( $ / h ) Notes District of Columbia $11.50 $2.77 None As of July 1 , 2016 , the minimum wage is $11.50 , and $2.77 per hour for tipped employees . In accordance with a law signed on June 27 , 2016 , the minimum wage will be $12.50 per hour as of July 1 , 2017 ; $13.25 per hour as of July 1 , 2018 ; 14.00 per hour as of July 1 , 2019 ; and $15.00 per hour as of July 1 , 2020 . As of each successive July 1 , the minimum wage will increase by the Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers in the Washington Metropolitan Statistical Area for the preceding twelve months . The minimum wage for tipped - employees will increase to $3.47 per hour as of July 1 , 2017 ; $4.17 per hour as of July 1 , 2018 ; $4.87 per hour as of July 1 , 2019 ; and $5.55 per hour as of July 1 , 2020 . The minimum wage established by the federal government may be paid to newly hired individuals during their first 90 calendar days of employment , students employed by colleges and universities , and individuals under 18 years of age . Jobs affected , 2006 , 2009 The jobs that are most likely to be directly affected by the minimum wage are those which pay a wage close to the minimum . According to the May 2006 National Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates , the four lowest - paid occupational sectors in May 2006 ( when the federal minimum wage was $5.15 per hour ) were the following : Sector Workers Employed Median Wage Mean Wage Mean Annual Food Preparation and Serving Related Occupations 11,029,280 $7.90 $8.86 $18,430 Farming , Fishing , and Forestry Occupations 450,040 $8.63 $10.49 $21,810 Personal Care and Service Occupations 3,249,760 $9.17 $11.02 $22,920 Building and Grounds Cleaning and Maintenance Occupations 4,396,250 $9.75 $10.86 $22,580 Two years later , in May 2008 , when the federal minimum wage was $5.85 per hour and was about to increase to $6.55 per hour in July 2008 , these same sectors were still the lowest - paying , but their situation ( according to Bureau of Labor Statistics data ) was : Sector Workers Employed Median Wage Mean Wage Mean Annual Food Preparation and Serving Related Occupations 11,438,550 $8.59 $9.72 $20,220 Farming , Fishing , and Forestry Occupations 438,490 $9.34 $11.32 $23,560 Personal Care and Service Occupations 3,437,520 $9.82 $11.59 $24,120 Building and Grounds Cleaning and Maintenance Occupations 4,429,870 $10.52 $11.72 $24,370 In 2006 , workers in the following 13 individual occupations received , on average , a median hourly wage of less than $8.00 per hour : Occupation Workers Employed Median Wage Mean Wage Mean Annual Gaming Dealers 82,960 $7.08 $8.18 $17,010 Waiters and Waitresses 2,312,930 $3.14 $4.27 $11,190 Combined Food Preparation and Serving Workers , Including Fast Food 2,461,890 $7.24 $7.66 $15,930 Dining Room and Cafeteria Attendants and Bartender Helpers 401,790 $7.36 $7.84 $16,320 Cooks , Fast Food 612,020 $7.41 $7.67 $15,960 Dishwashers 502,770 $7.57 $7.78 $16,190 Ushers , Lobby Attendants , and Ticket Takers 101,530 $7.64 $8.41 $17,500 Counter Attendants , Cafeteria , Food Concession , and Coffee Shop 524,410 $7.76 $8.15 $16,950 Hosts and Hostesses , Restaurant , Lounge , and Coffee Shop 340,390 $7.78 $8.10 $16,860 Shampooers 15,580 $7.78 $8.20 $17,050 Amusement and Recreation Attendants 235,670 $7.83 $8.43 $17,530 Bartenders 485,120 $7.86 $8.91 $18,540 Farmworkers and Laborers , Crop , Nursery , and Greenhouse 230,780 $7.95 $8.48 $17,630 In 2008 , only two occupations paid a median wage less than $8.00 per hour : Occupation Workers Employed Median Wage Mean Wage Mean Annual Gaming Dealers 91,130 $7.84 $9.56 $19,890 Combined Food Preparation and Serving Workers , Including Fast Food 2,708,840 $7.90 $8.36 $17,400 According to the May 2009 National Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates , the lowest - paid occupational sectors in May 2009 ( when the federal minimum wage was $7.25 per hour ) were the following : Sector Workers Employed Median Wage Mean Wage Mean Annual Gaming Dealers 86,900 $8.19 $9.76 $20,290 Combined Food Preparation and Serving Workers , Including Fast Food 2,695,740 $8.28 $8.71 $18,120 Waiters and Waitresses 2,302,070 $8.50 $9.80 $20,380 Dining Room and Cafeteria Attendants and Bartender Helpers 402,020 $8.51 $9.09 $18,900 Cooks , Fast Food 539,520 $8.52 $8.76 $18,230 See also Economics portal United States portal Average worker 's wage Fair Labor Standards Act History of labor law in the United States Income inequality in the United States List of minimum wages by country Living wage Maximum wage Minimum Wage Fixing Convention , 1970 Minimum wage law United States labor law Wage slavery Wage theft Working poor References ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Rachel ( December 31 , 2014 ) . `` States ' Minimum Wages Rise , Helping Millions of Workers '' . 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Mintz , Levin , Cohn , Ferris , Glovsky and Popeo , P.C . Retrieved 26 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Blankinship , Donna Gordon ( June 3 , 2014 ) . `` Seattle raises minimum wage ; will others follow ? '' . AP News . Retrieved June 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Staff ( June 7 , 2014 ) . `` Seattle Leads the Way '' . New York Times . Retrieved June 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Seattle City takes lead to raise minimum wage to $15 per hour '' . Seattle News.Net . Retrieved June 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The mayor of Los Angeles just signed a $15 / hr minimum wage bill into law '' . Business Insider . Reuters. 13 June 2015 . Retrieved 11 April 2016 . The city council in September approved a pay increase for hotel workers to $15.37 an hour . Jump up ^ Peter , Jamison ( 9 April 2016 ) . `` Outrage after big labor crafts law paying their members less than non-union workers '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 11 April 2016 . At the Sheraton Universal Hotel , a longtime union property , bellhops , waiters and banquet servers make California 's current minimum wage : $10 an hour . ( When the hotel ordinance first went into effect , the state minimum was $9 . ) Those doing the same jobs at a non-union Hilton less than 500 feet away make at least $15.37 under the city 's hotel wage law . Neither amount includes tips . Jump up ^ City & County of San Francisco http://www.sfgsa.org/index.aspx?page=411 . Retrieved August 14 , 2015 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Washington Post https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/dc-politics/dc-gives-final-approval-to-15-minimum-wage/2016/06/21/920ae156-372f-11e6-8f7c-d4c723a2becb_story.html . Retrieved October 23 , 2016 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles City Council approves landmark minimum wage increase '' . Los Angeles Times . June 3 , 2015 . Retrieved August 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.el-cerrito.org/ArchiveCenter/ViewFile/Item/2339 ^ Jump up to : Minimum wage loophole written to help labor unions , Washington Examiner , December 24 , 2014 Jump up ^ Higgins , Sean . `` Minimum wage loophole written to help labor unions '' . Washington Examiner . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Ordinance 2003 - 8 '' ( PDF ) . City of Santa Fe . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` City 's minimum pay requirement expands to small businesses ; state minimum kicks in '' . By Julie Ann Grimm . Dec. 31 , 2007 . The Santa Fe New Mexican . Jump up ^ Santa Fe Living Wage Network . Jump up ^ Selna , Robert ( December 26 , 2008 ) . `` S.F. minimum wage rises to $9.79 in 2009 '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Jump up ^ FRED Database - CPIAUCL - Inflation - Retrieved October 24 , 2014 Jump up ^ U.S. Department of Labor - History of Federal Minimum Wage Rates Under the Fair Labor Standards Act , 1938 -- 2009 . Retrieved October 24 , 2014 Jump up ^ For a review article which analyzes the classical , Keynesian , and underconsumptionist approaches to wages , see Weintraub , Sidney ( December 1956 ) . `` A Macroeconomic Approach to the Theory of Wages '' . The American Economic Review . 46 ( 5 ) : 835 -- 56 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Hazlitt , Henry ( 1979 ) . Economics in One Lesson . Three Rivers Press . ISBN 0 - 517 - 54823 - 2 . Jump up ^ Alan Krueger and David Card . `` Minimum Wages and Employment : A Case Study of the Fast - Food Industry in New Jersey and Pennsylvania '' Jump up ^ `` The Effect of New Jersey 's Minimum Wage Increase on Fast - Food Employment : A Re-Evaluation Using Payroll Records '' Jump up ^ Neumark , Wascher ( 2007 ) . Minimum Wages and Employment . Foundations and Trends ® in Microeconomics . ^ Jump up to : CBO ( February 2014 ) . `` The Effects of a Minimum Wage Increase on Employment and Family Income '' . Retrieved November 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Center for Economic and Policy Research . `` Why Does the Minimum Wage Have No Discernible Effect on Unemployment ? '' March 2013 Jump up ^ http://www.cepr.net/index.php/blogs/cepr-blog/2014-job-creation-in-states-that-raised-the-minimum-wage Jump up ^ Stilwell , Victoria ( March 8 , 2014 ) . `` Highest Minimum - Wage State Washington Beats U.S. in Job Creation '' . Bloomberg . Jump up ^ Sabia , Burkhauser , Hansen ( 2012 ) . Are the Effects of Minimum Wage Increases Always Small ? New Evidence From a Case Study of New York State . Industrial and Labor Relations Review . Jump up ^ Sabia , J.J. ( 2008 ) . Minimum Wages and the Economic Well ‐ Being of Single Mothers . Journal of Policy Analysis and Management . Jump up ^ Burkhauser , Couch , Wittenburg ( 2000 ) . Who Minimum Wage Increases Bite : An Analysis Using Monthly Data from the SIPP and the CPS . South Economic Journal Jump up ^ Aaronson , French ( 2007 ) . Product Market Evidence on the Employment Effects of the Minimum Wage . Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago . Jump up ^ `` The Logical Floor '' . The Economist . December 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago , The Minimum Wage , Restaurant Prices , and Labor Market Structure , August 2007 ^ Jump up to : `` Raise the Minimum Wage , Reduce Crime ? A new White House report links higher hourly incomes to lower rates of law - breaking . '' ( PDF ) , COEA , March 3 , 2017 , retrieved March 3 , 2017 ^ Jump up to : The Minimum Wage Law and Youth Crimes : Time - Series Evidence , Hashimoto . Chicago 1987 Jump up ^ Peterson Institute for International Economics ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` OECD Statistics ( GDP , unemployment , income , population , labour , education , trade , finance , prices ... ) '' . Stats.oecd.org . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ Characteristics of Minimum Wage Workers , 2016 . US Department of Labor . Jump up ^ Neumark , Shweitzer , Wascher ( 2004 ) . The Effects of Minimum Wages Throughout the Wage Distribution . Journal of Human Resources . Jump up ^ Neumark , Shweitzer , Wascher ( 2005 ) . The Effects of Minimum Wages on the Distribution of Family Incomes : A Non-Parametric Analysis . Journal of Human Resources . Jump up ^ Vedder , Gallaway ( 2002 ) . The minimum wage and poverty among full - time workers . Journal of Labor Research . Jump up ^ Cassleman , Ben ( 20 May 2015 ) . `` LA 's New Minimum Wage Is n't Worth Anywhere Close To $15 '' . FiveThirtyEight . Retrieved 21 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Liu , John C. ( July 2013 ) . `` Working but Still Struggling : The case for a New York City minimum wage '' ( PDF ) . New York City Comptroller 's Office . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ Mankiw , N.G. Essentials of Economics , 8th Edition . Cengage Learning , pp. 31 . Jump up ^ Fowler , Smith ( 2015 ) . Survey of US Economists on a $15 Minimum Wage . Employment Policies Institute . Jump up ^ Whaples ( 2006 ) . Do Economists Agree on Anything ? Yes ! The Economists ' Voice . Jump up ^ http://www.epi.org/minimum-wage-statement/ Jump up ^ `` 600 Economists Now Back A $10.10 Minimum Wage '' . Huffington Post . January 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Economists Hit Back in the Minimum - Wage Wars '' . The New York Times . March 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ http://www.nationalmemo.com/over-600-economists-agree-its-time-to-raise-the-minimum-wage/ Jump up ^ `` Seven Nobel Laureates Endorse Higher U.S. Minimum Wage '' . Bloomberg . January 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ http://www.economicpolicyjournal.com/2014/01/seven-nobel-laureates-endorse-increase.html Jump up ^ ( 2 ) University of Chicago - IGM Forum - February 26 , 2013 Jump up ^ Fuller , Dan and Doris Geide - Stevenson ( 2003 ) : Consensus Among Economists : Revisited , in : Journal of Economic Review , Vol. 34 , No. 4 , Seite 369 - 387 ( PDF ) Jump up ^ NYT - Paul Krugman - Raise that Wage - February 2013 Jump up ^ The Daily Show : President Bill Clinton . September 2014 Jump up ^ Pew Center . Most See Inequality Growing , But Partisans Differ Over Solutions . January 23 , 2014 Jump up ^ 5 facts about the minimum wage Drew DeSilver , Pew Research Center , January 4 , 2017 Jump up ^ Lake Research Partners . Public Support for Raising the Minimum Wage . February 2012 Jump up ^ `` United States Minimum Wage By State 2013 '' . Minimum-Wage.org . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Employee Rights Under the Fair Labor Standards Act '' ( PDF ) . US Department of Labor -- Wage and Hour Division . Retrieved September 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Minimum Wages for Tipped Employees '' . U.S. Department of Labor . Jump up ^ `` Exemptions to the Minimum Wage and the FLSA '' . Minimum-Wage.org . May 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ https://www.dol.gov/whd/regs/compliance/whdfs32.pdf Jump up ^ `` What is the minimum wage for workers who receive tips ? What is the minimum wage for workers who receive tips ? '' . eLaws . United States Department of Labor . Retrieved 5 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Federal minimum wage will increase to $7.25 on July 24 '' . United States Department of Labor . Retrieved 5 November 2012 . Jump up ^ https://www.dol.gov/whd/minwage/coverage.htm Jump up ^ Associated Press A higher minimum wage for millions in 2017 CBS News , December 29 , 2016 ^ Jump up to : Minimum Wage Laws in the States Archived 2007 - 06 - 25 at the Wayback Machine ... From the United States Department of Labor , Employment Standards Administration -- Wage and Hour Division . The source page has a clickable US map with current and projected state - by - state minimum wage rates for each state . ^ Jump up to : `` Minimum Wages for Tipped Employees '' . US Department of Labor . January 1 , 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` State Minimum Wage Rates '' . LaborLawCenter.com . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Minimum Wage FAQs '' . Industrial Commission of Arizona . Retrieved August 6 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Minimum Wage Raise Passes In Four GOP States '' . Huffington Post . November 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Minimum wage '' . California Department of Industrial Relations . Retrieved August 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Lifsher , Marc ( September 12 , 2013 ) . `` California Legislature approves raising minimum wage to $10 '' . LATimes.com . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ Myers , John ; Dillon , Liam ( March 28 , 2016 ) . `` Gov. Brown hails deal to raise minimum wage to $15 as ' matter of economic justice ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Minimum Wage Ordinance ( MWO ) '' . City of Berkeley . Retrieved 26 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Minimum Wage Ordinance , City of Emeryville '' . City of Emeryville . Retrieved 27 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Kasler , Dale ( October 15 , 2013 ) . `` Jackson Rancheria announcing raise for hundreds of employees '' . Sacramento Bee . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . 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Jump up ^ http://www.sun-sentinel.com/business/careers/fl-florida-minimum-wage-20161017-story.html ^ Jump up to : Note : Federal minimum wage applies to businesses involved in interstate commerce , and to most businesses with gross revenues over $500,000 , where state minimum wage is lower . Jump up ^ `` Minimum Wage Change -- Spotlight -- Georgia Department of Labor '' . Dol.state.ga.us . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ Go to Georgia Code Title 34 , Chapter 4 , § 34 - 4 - 3 Jump up ^ `` Minimum Wage and Overtime '' . Hawaii Department of Labor and Industrial Relations . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ http://www.legislature.idaho.gov/idstat/Title44/T44CH15SECT44-1502.htm Jump up ^ `` Minimum Wage / Overtime FAQ '' . Illinois Department of Labor . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ Lobosco , Katie ( 2 December 2015 ) . `` Chicago hikes minimum wage to $13 '' . CNN Money . Retrieved 23 April 2015 . 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Jump up ^ http://www.afscme.org/blog/louisville-council-raises-minimum-wage-to-9-an-hour Jump up ^ Barton , Ryland ( 2016 - 10 - 20 ) . `` Kentucky Supreme Court Strikes Down Louisville Minimum Wage Ordinance '' . 89.3 WFPL News Louisville . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Minimum Wage Poster '' ( PDF ) . Maine Department of Labor Standards . Retrieved September 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ http://www.pressherald.com/2015/07/07/portland-city-council-votes-to-raise-minimum-wage-to-10-10-an-hour/ Jump up ^ Cousins , Christopher ; Staff , B.D.N. `` LePage signs bill into law to restore Maine tip credit '' . The Bangor Daily News . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Title 26 , § 664 : Minimum wage ; overtime rate '' . legislature.maine.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : Maryland Minimum Wage and Overtime Law -- Employment Standards Service ( ESS ) . ' `` Department of Labor , Licensing & Regulation . State of Maryland . Jump up ^ Wagner , John . Maryland governor urges minimum - wage rise to $10.10 to help state 's lowest - paid workers . The Washington Post . February 11 , 2014 . Retrieved February 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Maryland Minimum Wage and Overtime Law Montgomery County '' . Maryland Department of Labor , Licensing and Regulation . August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Leggett vetoes $15 minimum wage in Montgomery County '' . The Washington Post . January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bill 12 - 16 , Human Rights and Civil Liberties - County Minimum Wage -- Amount -- Annual Adjustment Veto '' . Montgomery County Council . January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Minimum Wage Program '' . Labor and Workforce Development . 2011 - 10 - 04 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ Casteel , Kathryn ( 2017 - 02 - 07 ) . `` The Minimum Wage Movement Is Leaving Tipped Workers Behind '' . FiveThirtyEight . ESPN . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` What is the Michigan Minimum Wage ? '' . Michigan Department of Energy , Labor & Economic Growth . Retrieved July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ http://www.michigan.gov/lara/0,4601,7-154-59886-370158--,00.html Jump up ^ http://www.michigan.gov/lara/0,4601,7-154-11407_32352-140972--,00.html ^ Jump up to : `` State minimum - wage laws -- Labor Standards ; Minnesota Department of Labor and Industry '' . www.dli.mn.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Labor Standards -- Minnesota 's minimum - wage law '' . Minnesota Department of Labor and Industry . Retrieved June 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ ( PDF ) https://labor.mo.gov/sites/labor/files/pubs_forms/LS-52-AI.pdf . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` St. Louis city approves $11 minimum wage '' . FOX2now.com . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 30 . Jump up ^ http://www.kansascity.com/news/state/missouri/article39213675.html Jump up ^ `` Missouri Supreme Court upholds St. Louis minimum wage law ; will be $11 by 2018 '' . St. Louis Public Radio . Retrieved 26 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Minimum wage hike set to reverse in Missouri '' . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ http://ballotpedia.org/Nebraska_Minimum_Wage_Increase,_Initiative_425_%282014%29 Jump up ^ `` Nevada 's minimum wage and daily overtime rates unchanged for 2013 '' ( PDF ) . Nevada Office of the Labor Commissioner . April 1 , 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Minimum Wage Rate Increasing '' . Las Vegas Review Journal . June 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ http://www.nh.gov/labor/inspection/wage-hour/minimum-wage.htm ^ Jump up to : N.J. minimum wage will increase next year NJ.com , October 2016 Jump up ^ living_wage santafenm.gov Jump up ^ http://www.cabq.gov/legal/news/albuquerque-minimum-wage-increase-2015 Jump up ^ `` Minimum Wages -- New York State Department of Labor '' . Labor.state.ny.us. 2013 - 05 - 08 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` New York approves $9 minimum wage '' . upi.com . UPI . March 29 , 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ Viswanathan , Subhash ( September 22 , 2009 ) . `` New York Increases Amount of Salary Necessary to Qualify Employees for Executive and Administrative Exemptions '' . New York Labor And Employment Law Report . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ Tripp , Noel P. ; Jackson Lewis P.C. ( 8 Dec 2013 ) . `` New York 's New Miscellaneous Wage Order Tip Credit Provision to Impact Businesses Such As Car Washes and Salons '' . The National Law Review . Retrieved 10 Dec 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.jdsupra.com/legalnews/new-york-state-increases-minimum-wage-98715/ ^ Jump up to : North Carolina MINIMUM WAGE N.C. Department of Labor , n.d. , accessed 4.4. 2017 Jump up ^ http://www.nd.gov/labor/laws/34-06.html Jump up ^ `` State Minimum Wages 2016 Minimum Wage by State '' . www.ncsl.org . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Ohio minimum wage to go up 10 cents next week '' . Cleveland Plain Dealer . December 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ ( 5 ) Jump up ^ `` Your Rights Under the Oklahoma Minimum Wage Act '' ( PDF ) . Oklahoma Department of Labor . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ http://www.oregon.gov/boli/WHD/OMW/Pages/Minimum-Wage-Rate-Summary.aspx Jump up ^ Text of SB 1532 ^ Jump up to : Kullgren , Ian K. `` Oregon House passes minimum wage hike after turbulent debate , sending it to Kate Brown '' . The Oregonian . February 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.oregon.gov/boli/WHD/OMW/Pages/Minimum-Wage-Rate-Summary.aspx Jump up ^ http://www.portal.state.pa.us/portal/server.pt?open=514&objID=553566&mode=2 Jump up ^ https://dlr.sd.gov/employment_laws/minimum_wage.aspx Jump up ^ http://www.statutes.legis.state.tx.us/Docs/LA/htm/LA.62.htm Jump up ^ ( 6 ) burlingtonfreepress , January 1 , 2017 Jump up ^ Wilson , Reid ( June 10 , 2014 ) . `` Vermont minimum wage will rise to $10.50 an hour '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ http://www.doli.virginia.gov/laborlaw/laborlaw.html ^ Jump up to : `` Minimum Wage '' . Washington State Department of Labor and Industries . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Employees aged 14 or 15 may be paid 85 % of the minimum wage . Jump up ^ `` Minimum Wage '' . Washington State Department of Labor and Industries . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Seattle Minimum Wage Ordinance '' . Seattle Office of Civil Rights . Retrieved 23 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Seattle City Council approves historic $15 minimum wage '' . Seattle Times . 2014 - 06 - 02 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` SeaTac : The small US town that sparked a movement against low wages '' . Guardian . 2014 - 02 - 22 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ Raising the minimum wage without raising havoc , Washington Post , September 5 , 2014 Jump up ^ http://www.legis.state.wv.us/WVCODe/Code.cfm?chap=21&art=5C Jump up ^ Virginia minimum wage thinkprogress.org , 2014 / 04 / 03 Jump up ^ `` The Wisconsin 's 2009 Minimum Wage Rates '' . Wisconsin Department of Workforce Development . July 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Wage Rate in American Samoa '' ( PDF ) . Department of Labor Wage and Hour Division . Jump up ^ `` President Obama signs Minimum Wage delay into Law '' . US Dept of Labor . October 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ State Allows no credit for tips . `` Minimum Wages for Tipped Employees '' . US Department of Labor . January 1 , 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ http://www.dol.gov/whd/regs/compliance/posters/cnmi.pdf Jump up ^ http://thehill.com/blogs/floor-action/house/321443-dems-vote-with-gop-to-delay-minimum-wage-hike-in-northern-mariana-islands Jump up ^ http://www.vidol.gov/dol_news_detail2.php Jump up ^ `` Washington , DC city council raises minimum wage to $11.50 / hr in 2016 '' . Reuters . December 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Kelly . `` D.C. raises minimum wage to $15 '' . Washington Examiner . June 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Davis , Aaron C. `` D.C. lawmakers approve $15 minimum wage , joining N.Y. , Calif . '' . The Washington Post . June 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : DeWitt , Jeffrey S. `` Fiscal Impact Statement -- Fair Shot Minimum wage Amendment Act of 2016 '' . Office of the Chief Financial Officer . Government of the District of Columbia . June 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` District of Columbia Minimum Wage Poster '' . Department of Employment Services . Government of the District of Columbia . 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` National Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates United States '' . US Bureau of Labor Statistics . May 2006 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` National Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates United States '' . US Bureau of Labor Statistics . May 2008 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` National Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates United States '' . US Bureau of Labor Statistics . May 2009 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 06 . External links Minimum wage in the United States at DMOZ Federal Minimum Wage . United States Department of Labor Wage and Hour Division . Minimum Wages for Tipped Employees . United States Department of Labor Wage and Hour Division . History of Federal Minimum Wage United States Department of Labor Wage and Hour Division . U.S. Minimum Wage History . Oregon State University -- Wealth and Poverty ( Anth 484 ) . Last updated December 26 , 2012 . 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one word that describe me meaning in urdu			Polysemy	polysemy	Polysemy ( / pəˈlɪsɪmi / or / ˈpɒlɪsiːmi / ; from Greek : πολυ - , poly - , `` many '' and σῆμα , sêma , `` sign '' ) is the capacity for a sign ( such as a word , phrase , or symbol ) to have multiple meanings ( that is , multiple semes or sememes and thus multiple senses ) , usually related by contiguity of meaning within a semantic field . Polysemy is thus distinct from homonymy -- or homophony -- which is an accidental similarity between two words ( such as bear the animal , and the verb to bear ) ; while homonymy is often a mere linguistic coincidence , polysemy is not .	Charles Fillmore and Beryl Atkins ' definition stipulates three elements : ( i ) the various senses of a polysemous word have a central origin , ( ii ) the links between these senses form a network , and ( iii ) understanding the ' inner ' one contributes to understanding of the ' outer ' one . Polysemy is a pivotal concept within disciplines such as media studies and linguistics . The analysis of polysemy , synonymy , and hyponymy and hypernymy is vital to taxonomy and ontology in the information - science senses of those terms . It has applications in pedagogy and machine learning , because they rely on word - sense disambiguation and schemas . Contents ( hide ) 1 Polysemes 1.1 Examples 2 Related ideas 3 See also 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External links Polysemes ( edit ) A polyseme is a word or phrase with different , but related senses . Since the test for polysemy is the vague concept of relatedness , judgments of polysemy can be difficult to make . Because applying pre-existing words to new situations is a natural process of language change , looking at words ' etymology is helpful in determining polysemy but not the only solution ; as words become lost in etymology , what once was a useful distinction of meaning may no longer be so . Some apparently unrelated words share a common historical origin , however , so etymology is not an infallible test for polysemy , and dictionary writers also often defer to speakers ' intuitions to judge polysemy in cases where it contradicts etymology . English has many polysemous words . For example , the verb `` to get '' can mean `` procure '' ( I 'll get the drinks ) , `` become '' ( she got scared ) , `` understand '' ( I get it ) etc . In vertical polysemy a word refers to a member of a subcategory ( e.g. , ' dog ' for ' male dog ' ) . A closely related idea is metonymy , in which a word with one original meaning is used to refer to something else connected to it . There are several tests for polysemy , but one of them is zeugma : if one word seems to exhibit zeugma when applied in different contexts , it is likely that the contexts bring out different polysemes of the same word . If the two senses of the same word do not seem to fit , yet seem related , then it is likely that they are polysemous . The fact that this test again depends on speakers ' judgments about relatedness , however , means that this test for polysemy is not infallible , but is rather merely a helpful conceptual aid . The difference between homonyms and polysemes is subtle . Lexicographers define polysemes within a single dictionary lemma , numbering different meanings , while homonyms are treated in separate lemmata . Semantic shift can separate a polysemous word into separate homonyms . For example , check as in `` bank check '' ( or Cheque ) , check in chess , and check meaning `` verification '' are considered homonyms , while they originated as a single word derived from chess in the 14th century . Psycholinguistic experiments have shown that homonyms and polysemes are represented differently within people 's mental lexicon : while the different meanings of homonyms ( which are semantically unrelated ) tend to interfere or compete with each other during comprehension , this does not usually occur for the polysemes that have semantically related meanings . Results for this contention , however , have been mixed . For Dick Hebdige polysemy means that , `` each text is seen to generate a potentially infinite range of meanings , '' making , according to Richard Middleton , `` any homology , out of the most heterogeneous materials , possible . The idea of signifying practice -- texts not as communicating or expressing a pre-existing meaning but as ' positioning subjects ' within a process of semiosis -- changes the whole basis of creating social meaning '' . One group of polysemes are those in which a word meaning an activity , perhaps derived from a verb , acquires the meanings of those engaged in the activity , or perhaps the results of the activity , or the time or place in which the activity occurs or has occurred . Sometimes only one of those meanings is intended , depending on context , and sometimes multiple meanings are intended at the same time . Other types are derivations from one of the other meanings that leads to a verb or activity . Examples ( edit ) Man The human species ( i.e. , man vs. other organisms ) Males of the human species ( i.e. , man vs. woman ) Adult males of the human species ( i.e. , man vs. boy ) This example shows the specific polysemy where the same word is used at different levels of a taxonomy . Example 1 contains 2 , and 2 contains 3 . Mole a small burrowing mammal consequently , there are several different entities called moles ( see the Mole disambiguation page ) . Although these refer to different things , their names derive from 1 . : e.g. A Mole burrows for information hoping to go undetected . However : other senses of the word -- the skin blemish , the breakwater , the unit of measure , and the Mexican sauce -- are homonyms , not polysems , as they are each etymologically distinct . Bank a financial institution the building where a financial institution offers services a synonym for ' rely upon ' ( e.g. `` I 'm your friend , you can bank on me '' ) . It is different , but related , as it derives from the theme of security initiated by 1 . However : a river bank is a homonym to 1 and 2 , as they do not share etymologies . It is a completely different meaning . River bed , though , is polysemous with the beds on which people sleep . Book a bound collection of pages a text reproduced and distributed ( thus , someone who has read the same text on a computer has read the same book as someone who had the actual paper volume ) to make an action or event a matter of record ( e.g. `` Unable to book a hotel room , a man sneaked into a nearby private residence where police arrested him and later booked him for unlawful entry . '' ) Newspaper a company that publishes written news . a single physical item published by the company . the newspaper as an edited work in a specific format ( e.g. `` They changed the layout of the newspaper 's front page '' ) . The different meanings can be combined in a single sentence , e.g. `` John used to work for the newspaper that you are reading . '' Milk The verb milk ( e.g. `` he 's milking it for all he can get '' ) derives from the process of obtaining milk . Wood a piece of a tree a geographical area with many trees Crane a bird a type of construction equipment to strain out one 's neck Related ideas ( edit ) A lexical conception of polysemy was developed by B.T.S. Atkins , in the form of lexical implication rules . These are rules that describe how words , in one lexical context , can then be used , in a different form , in a related context . A crude example of such a rule is the pastoral idea of `` verbizing one 's nouns '' : that certain nouns , used in certain contexts , can be converted into a verb , conveying a related meaning . Another clarification of polysemy is the idea of predicate transfer -- the reassignment of a property to an object that would not otherwise inherently have that property . Thus , the expression `` I am parked out back '' conveys the meaning of `` parked '' from `` car '' to the property of `` I possess a car '' . This avoids incorrect polysemous interpretations of `` parked '' : that `` people can be parked '' , or that `` I am pretending to be a car '' , or that `` I am something that can be parked '' . This is supported by the morphology : `` We are parked out back '' does not mean that there are multiple cars ; rather , that there are multiple passengers ( having the property of being in possession of a car ) . See also ( edit ) Amphiboly Aberrant decoding Ambiguous grammar Essentially contested concept Heterosemy Homograph Idiom Interlingual homograph Metonymy Monosemy Polytely Pun Semantic change Syntactic ambiguity Troponymy References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` polysemous '' . The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language ( Fourth Edition ) . 2000 . Archived from the original on 28 June 2008 . Jump up ^ `` definition of polysemy '' . Oxford Dictionaries Online . Jump up ^ Fillmore , CJ ; Atkins , BTS ( 2000 ) . `` Describing polysemy : The case of `` crawl '' `` . In Ravin , Y ; Leacock , C. Polysemy : Theoretical and computational approaches . Oxford : Oxford University Press . pp. 91 -- 110 . , p. 100 . Jump up ^ Koskela , Anu ( 2005 ) . `` On the distinction between metonymy and vertical polysemy in encyclopaedic semantics '' . Sussex Research Online . Retrieved 30 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Jennifer Rodd ; M Gareth Gaskell & William Marslen - Wilson ( 2002 ) . `` Making Sense of Semantic Ambiguity : Semantic Competition in Lexical Access '' . Journal of Memory and Language . 46 : 245 -- 266 . doi : 10.1006 / jmla. 2001.2810 . Jump up ^ Jennifer Rodd ; M Gareth Gaskell & William Marslen - Wilson ( 2004 ) . `` Modelling the effects of semantic ambiguity in word recognition '' . Cognitive Science . 28 : 89 -- 104 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cogsci. 2003.08. 002 . Jump up ^ Klepousniotou , E. , & Baum , S.R. ( 2007 ) . Disambiguating the ambiguity advantage effect in word recognition : An advantage for polysemous but not homonymous words . Journal of Neurolinguistics , 20 , 1 - 24 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jneuroling. 2006.02. 001 Jump up ^ Beretta , A. , Fiorentino , R. , & Poeppel , D. ( 2005 ) . The effects of homonymy and polysemy on lexical access : AN MEG study . Cognitive Brain Research , 24 , 57 - 65 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cogbrainres. 2004.12. 006 Jump up ^ Klein , D.E. , & Murphy , G.L. ( 2001 ) . The representation of polysemous words . Journal of Memory and Language , 45 , 259 - 282 . doi : 10.1006 / jmla. 2001.2779 Jump up ^ Klein , D.E. , & Murphy , G.L. ( 2002 ) . Paper has been my ruin : Conceptual relations of polysemous senses . Journal of Memory and Language , 47 , 548 - 570 . doi : 10.1016 / S0749 - 596X ( 02 ) 00020 - 7 Jump up ^ Hino , Y. , Kusunose , Y. , & Lupker , S.J. ( 2010 ) . The relatedness - of - meaning effect for ambiguous words in lexical - decision tasks : When does relatedness matter ? Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology , 64 , 180 - 196 . doi : 10.1037 / a0020475 Jump up ^ Hino , Y. , Pexman , P.M. , & Lupker , S.J. ( 2006 ) . Ambiguity and relatedness effects in semantic tasks : Are they due to semantic coding ? Journal of Memory and Language , 55 , 247 - 273 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jml. 2006.04. 001 Jump up ^ Hebdige , D. ( 1979 ) . Subculture : The Meaning of Style . New York : Metheun . Jump up ^ Middleton , Richard ( 1990 / 2002 ) . Studying Popular Music . Philadelphia : Open University Press . ISBN 0 - 335 - 15275 - 9 . Jump up ^ ( Etymology on etymonline.com ) : Bank `` earthen incline , edge of a river '' , c. 1200 , probably in Old English but not attested in surviving documents , from a Scandinavian source such as Old Norse banki , Old Danish banke `` sandbank , '' from Proto - Germanic * bangkon `` slope , '' cognate with * bankiz `` shelf '' . Jump up ^ Nicholas Ostler , B.T.S. Atkins `` Predictable Meaning Shift : Some Linguistic Properties of Lexical Implication Rules '' ( 1991 ) Proceedings of the First SIGLEX Workshop on Lexical Semantics and Knowledge Representation , Springer - Verlag . Jump up ^ Nunberg G ( 1995 ) . `` Transfers of Meaning '' . Journal of Semantics . Oxford Univ Press . Further reading ( edit ) AlBader , Yousuf B. ( 2015 ) `` Semantic Innovation and Change in Kuwaiti Arabic : A Study of the Polysemy of Verbs '' Joordens S , Besner D ( 1994 ) . `` When banking on meaning is not ( yet ) money in the bank : Explorations in connectionist modeling . '' . Journal of Experimental Psychology : Learning , Memory , and Cognition . 20 : 1051 -- 1062 . doi : 10.1037 / 0278 - 7393.20. 5.1051 . Kawamoto AH , Farrar WT , Kello CT ( 1994 ) . `` When two meanings are better than one : Modeling the ambiguity advantage using a recurrent distributed network . '' . Journal of Experimental Psychology : Human Perception and Performance. 20 : 1233 -- 1247 . doi : 10.1037 / 0096 - 1523.20. 6.1233 . Borowsky R , Masson ME ( 1996 ) . `` Semantic ambiguity effects in word identification . '' . Journal of Experimental Psychology : Learning , Memory , and Cognition . 22 : 63 -- 85 . doi : 10.1037 / 0278 - 7393.22. 1.63 . Jastrzembski JE ( 1981 ) . `` Multiple meanings , number of related meanings , frequency of occurrence , and the lexicon '' . Cognitive Psychology . 13 : 278 -- 305 . doi : 10.1016 / 0010 - 0285 ( 81 ) 90011 - 6 . Rubenstein H , Garfield L , Millikan ( 1970 ) . `` Homographic entries in the internal lexicon '' . Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior . 9 : 487 -- 494 . doi : 10.1016 / s0022 - 5371 ( 70 ) 80091 - 3 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) O'Sullivan ; et al. ( 1994 ) . Key Concepts in Communication and Cultural Studies . London : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 06173 - 3 . Jamet , Denis ( Ed . ) ( 2008 ) `` Polysemy '' , 1st issue of Lexis , E-Journal in English Lexicology . External links ( edit ) The dictionary definition of polysemy at Wiktionary The dictionary definition of polyseme at Wiktionary NDL : 01099034 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polysemy&oldid=794456653 '' Categories : Lexical semantics Psycholinguistics Polysemy Homonymy Hidden categories : Articles containing Greek - language text Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2016 CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Қазақша Кыргызча Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Scots Slovenčina Slovenščina Suomi Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 August 2017 , at 04 : 16 . 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when does between shades of gray take place	Between Shades of Gray , a New York Times Bestseller , is the debut novel of American novelist Ruta Sepetys . It follows the Stalinist repressions of the mid-20th century and follows the life of Lina as she is deported from her native Lithuania with her mother and younger brother and the journey they take to a labor - camp in Siberia . It was nominated for the 2012 CILIP Carnegie Medal and has been translated into more than 27 languages .	mid-20th century	Between Shades of Gray	between shades of gray	Between Shades of Gray , a New York Times Bestseller , is the debut novel of American novelist Ruta Sepetys . It follows the Stalinist repressions of the mid-20th century and follows the life of Lina as she is deported from her native Lithuania with her mother and younger brother and the journey they take to a labor - camp in Siberia . It was nominated for the 2012 CILIP Carnegie Medal and has been translated into more than 27 languages .	Between Shades of Gray was originally intended as a young adult novel , but there have been several adult publications . In an interview with ThirstforFiction , Ruta Sepetys said that the reason she intended Between Shades of Gray to be a young adult novel was because she met many survivors in Lithuania who were themselves teenagers during the deportations , and had a greater will to live than many of their adult counterparts at the time . Contents ( hide ) 1 Inspiration and basis 2 Characters 3 Reception 4 Film adaptation 5 Recognition 5.1 National awards 5.2 International awards 5.3 State awards 6 Translations 7 External links 8 References Inspiration and basis ( edit ) Between Shades of Gray is partly based upon the stories she heard from survivors of the Genocide of Baltic people during a visit to her relatives in Lithuania . Sepetys decided she needed to write a fiction novel rather than a non-fiction volume as a way of making it easier for survivors to talk to her . She interviewed dozens of people during her stay . Lina Vilkas is introduced as a young artist living comfortably in her home in Kaunas , Lithuania , living with her loving family . But , on June 14 , 1941 , Soviet officers ( the NKVD ) barge into her home , tearing her family from the comfortable life they 've known . Separated from her father , forced onto a crowded and dirty train car , Lina , her mother , and her younger brother , Jonas , slowly make their way north , crossing the Arctic Circle , to a work camp in the coldest reaches of Siberia . Here they are forced , under Stalin 's orders , to dig for beets and fight for their lives under the cruelest of conditions . She befriends many people and works hard alongside her mother and brother for food and survival . Upon arriving at the camp , Lina and her family are forced to live with Ulyushka , a cruel , seemingly heartless woman who initially dislikes the Vilkas ' and constantly takes their food and other goods from them as a form of rent . Elena Vilkas , Lina 's mother , is kind and generous to Ulyushka , though she and her brother Jonas can not understand why . She befriends Andrius who later becomes her love interest , Alexandras Lukas ( known as `` The Man Who Wound His Watch '' ) Mr. Stalas ( the Bald Man ) , Mrs. Grybas , Mrs. Rimas . There is also one NKVD member who also sticks out to Lina as well ; Nikolai Kretzsky . Though he does n't at first come off as necessarily kind or helpful , he more or less befriends Lina and her mother . He can be seen as only being downright cruel to Lina only when around other NKVD members . He does n't seem to want to hurt Lina unless he absolutely has to . He is described as young , blonde - haired , and blue - eyed , and can be assumed to be quite handsome . Their relationship grows and remains important throughout the book . Alexandras Lukas is gray - haired and was once a lawyer . He is often seen winding his watch , and is the voice and soul of reason . The Bald Man is secretly Jewish and can add a touch of humor because of his terrible advice and short temper . Andrius Arvydas is handsome , golden - brown haired , and a source of comfort for Lina . At first , she disliked him , dismissing him as an `` idiot '' because he smoked her book , which was a present from her deceased grandmother . Their friendship blossoms , though becomes troubled when Lina accuses him and his mother for working for the NKVD . It turns out his mother was being unwillingly used as a prostitute because of her beauty , but only to protect her son and her friends . Andrius becomes Lina 's more - or-less boyfriend , and gets Lina a new book . Lina is then transported , separated from Andrius to a different camp where they are forced to build their own houses to survive . But then Lina 's mother dies . Just when she doubted survival a man , who is a doctor as well as an inspector of the work camps , shows up giving everyone blankets and food . He took them home after another long trip and Lina finds Andrius and they get married . Characters ( edit ) Lina Vilkas : The 16 - year - old protagonist of the story , taken in the beginning with her mother and brother to a labor camp . Jonas Vilkas : Lina 's ten - year - old brother . He is a major character , beloved by all , including the sour Mr. Stalas . His sweet and innocent personality is evident throughout the book , although Lina is frightened by the emotional changes in him upon beinforced to the camp . Elena Vilkas : Lina 's mother . A loving woman , and generous with her kind gestures and food , perishes from grief and her attempts to save her children by giving them her rations . She also teaches her children that it is important to do what is right , not what is easy . Kostas Vilkas : Lina 's father , who is separated from his family and is shipped to a prison by the name of Krasnoyarsk . Nikolai Kretzsky claimed he was dead , but if he is telling the truth is unknown . Much of the book revolves around Lina 's desperate attempts to locate and contact her father . Andrius Arvydas : A handsome 17 - year - old boy , whom Lina meets in the train to the labor camps . He quickly falls in love with Lina in exile . He often sneaks food and supplies to the Vilkas family , and saves them a number of times with his knowledge on the happenings of the NKVD . He and Lina are said to be married in the epilogue . Mrs. Arvydas : Andrius ' beautiful , and dainty , mother . She becomes a prostitute for the NKVD after they threaten to kill her son if she did not do so . Nikolai Kretzsky : A young NKVD officer who helps Lina and her mother . While Lina finds him cruel and ruthless throughout much of the novel , he actually struggles with his work due to its immorality . While he is described to hit and shove the prisoners , he is also the only member of the NKVD who turns as the women undress for their bath , saves Elena from his fellow officers when they assault her , and sends for a doctor to save the prisoners dying in the second camp . Mr. Stalas : A salty elderly man , distraught with guilt . He often complains and advises everyone to kill themselves before the NKVD did . It is later discovered that he revealed the prisoners ' identities and workplaces , resulting in their imprisonment . He is known to have a soft spot for the Vilkas family , despite his rudeness towards them , and he later helps in saving the sick prisoners . Janina : A young girl partial to Lina , whose doll she lost to an officer who grew angry and shot its head off . Joana : Lina 's beloved cousin and friend , who flees to Germany with her family before Stalin begins the deportation . Her escape is the reason for the Vilkas family 's imprisonment . She is consistently mentioned , but only appears in flashbacks . She is also one of the main characters in Sepetys ' third novel , Salt to the Sea . Ivanov : An NKVD officer , perhaps the most despicable , allowing many prisoners to die , and finding great humor in the pain . Ona : A young girl , not believed to be twenty , who is forced on the train immediately after giving birth to her baby , neither given any medical attention . After losing her baby , Ona goes insane and is shot and killed by the NKVD . Reception ( edit ) Between Shades of Gray received intensely positive reviews . The New York Times described it as a `` superlative first novel '' whilst the LA Times called it a `` story of hardship as well as human triumph '' . Publishers ' Weekly praised Between Shades of Gray , calling it a `` harrowing page - turner , made all the more so for its basis in historical fact '' . The book was a finalist for the 2012 William C. Morris Award for a debut young adult novel and was shortlisted for the 2012 Carnegie Medal . The book won the 2012 Golden Kite Award . The book was a finalist for the 2012 Amelia Elizabeth Walden Award . Film adaptation ( edit ) Main article : Ashes in the Snow Recognition ( edit ) National awards ( edit ) A New York Times Bestseller An International Bestseller A Carnegie Medal Nominee A William C. Morris Finalist A New York Times Notable Book A Wall Street Journal Best Children 's Book Winner of The Golden Kite Award for Fiction An ALA Notable Book A Publishers Weekly Best Children 's Book of 2011 YALSA 's Top 10 Best Fiction For Young Adults A School Library Journal Best Book of 2011 A Booklist Best Book of 2011 A Kirkus Best Book of 2011 iTunes Best Teen Novel of 2011 A Junior Library Guild Selection Notable Books For a Global Society Award An Indies Choice Book Awards Finalist IRA Children 's and Young Adult 's Book Award Amazon Top Ten Teen Books of 2011 A CYBILS Finalist for 2011 National Blue Ribbon Selection by Book of the Month Club A St. Louis Post Dispatch Best Book of 2011 A Columbus Dispatch Best Book of 2011 Winner of the SCBWI Work - in - Progress Grant Georgia Peach Honor Book ( GA ) International awards ( edit ) Finalist for the Carnegie Medal in the UK Shortlisted for the Lewisham Book Award in the UK A Waterstones Children 's Book Prize Nominee in the UK Amazon UK Top Ten Books of 2011 Finalist for Le Prix des Incorruptibles in France Winner of the Prix RTL Lire For Best Novel For Young People in France Winner of the Prix Livrentête in France Finalist for the Historia Prize in France Winner of the Peter Pan Silver Star in Sweden Winner of the Prix Farniente in Belgium Winner of the Flanders Young Adult Literature Jury Prize in Belgium Winner of the KJV - Award in Belgium Winner of the National Patriot Award in Lithuania Winner of the Global Lithuanian Leader Award in Lithuania A Golden List Nominee in the Netherlands A Magazyn Literacki KSIĄŻKI ! Best Book in Poland Winner of the Prix des Libraries du Québec in Canada ' Der Leserpreis ' Readers Choice Finalist in Germany A ' Best Breakthrough Author ' Nominee for the Penguin Teen Australia Awards Finalist for the Sakura Medal in Japan State awards ( edit ) Texas Lonestar Reading List Master List ( TX ) TAYSHAS Reading List Master List ( TX ) Capitol Choices Noteworthy Books for Children and Teens Master List ( D.C. ) Black - Eyed Susan Book Award Master List ( MD ) Pennsylvania School Librarians Association Award Master List ( PA ) The Flume : New Hampshire Readers ' Choice Award Master List ( NH ) Iowa Association of School Librarians Award Master List ( IA ) Kentucky Bluegrass Award Master List ( KY ) Nevada Young Readers Award Master List ( NV ) Rhode Island Teen Book Award Master List ( RI ) Maud Hart Lovelace Award ( MN ) Missouri Association of School Librarians Gateway Award Master List ( MO ) South Carolina Young Adult Book Award Master List ( SC ) Virginia Readers ' Choice Master List ( VA ) Eliot Rosewater Rosie Award Master List ( IN ) Nebraska Golden Sower Award ( NE ) Volunteer State Book Award ( TN ) Young Hoosier Book Award ( IN ) Sequoyah Book Award ( OK ) Translations ( edit ) Czech : `` V šedých tónech , '' CooBoo , Albatros Media A.S. Chinese : `` Between Shades of Gray '' , ChinaCITIC Press , ISBN 978 - 7 - 5086 - 3344 - 2 Complex Chinese : `` Between Shades of Gray '' , ISBN 978 - 957 - 10 - 4896 - 3 Croatian : `` Pomrčina srca '' , Znanje , ISBN 978 - 953 - 324 - 532 - 4 Dutch : `` Schaduwliefde , '' Moon , 2011 ISBN 978 - 90 - 488 - 0901 - 1 English ( Australian Edition ) : `` Between Shades of Gray '' Penguin , ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 320541 - 8 English ( UK Young Adult Edition ) : `` Between Shades of Gray '' Puffin , ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 133588 - 9 English ( UK Adult Edition ) : `` Between Shades of Gray '' Viking , ISBN 978 - 0 - 670 - 92085 - 3 Estonian : `` Hallaaegade algus '' , Tammerraamat , ISBN 978 - 9949 - 526 - 18 - 5 Finnish : `` Harmaata valoa '' , Wsoy , ISBN 978 - 951 - 0 - 37239 - 5 French : Ce qu'ils n'ont pas pu nous prendre , Gallimard Jeunesse , ISBN 978 - 2 - 07 - 063567 - 2 German : Und in mir der unbesiegbare Sommer , Carlsen Verlag , Hamburg , ISBN 978 - 3 - 551 - 58254 - 6 Greek : `` Between Shades of Gray '' , Psichogios , ISBN 978 - 960 - 496 - 478 - 9 Hebrew : `` Between Shades of Gray '' , Miskal , ISBN 978 - 965 - 545 - 605 - 9 Hungarian : `` Arnyalatnyi remeny '' , Maxim Konyvkiado , ISBN 978 - 963 - 261 - 204 - 1 Italian : Avevano spento anche la luna , Garzanti Libri , ISBN 978 - 88 - 11 - 67036 - 0 Japanese : `` Between Shades of Gray '' , Iwanami Shoten , ISBN 978 - 4 - 00 - 115651 - 5 Latvian : `` Starp pelekiem toniem '' , Zvaigzne ABC , ISBN 978 - 9934 - 0 - 2238 - 8 Lithuanian : `` Tarp pilkų debesų '' , Alma Littera , ISBN 978 - 9955 - 38 - 964 - 4 Macedonian `` Крадци и проститутки , '' Sakam Knigi Persian : `` Between Shades of Gray '' , Morvarid Polish : `` szare sniegi syberii '' , Nasza Ksiegarnia , ISBN 978 - 83 - 10 - 11983 - 4 Portuguese ( Brazil ) : `` a vida em tons de cinza '' , Arqueiro , ISBN 978 - 85 - 8041 - 016 - 7 Portuguese ( Portugal ) : `` o longo inverno '' , Bertrand Editora / Contraponto , ISBN 978 - 989 - 666 - 085 - 7 Romanian `` Printre Tonuri Cenusii , '' Epica Publishing House Serbian : `` Putovanje pod zvezdama '' , Alnari , ISBN 978 - 86 - 7710 - 729 - 1 Slovakian : `` Medzi odtieňmi sivej '' Ikar , ISBN 978 - 80 - 551 - 2442 - 1 Spanish : Entre tonos de gris , Ediciones Maeva , 2011 ISBN 978 - 84 - 15120 - 25 - 4 Swedish : `` Strimmor av hopp '' , B / Wahlstroms , ISBN 978 - 91 - 32 - 15958 - 9 Turkish : `` gri golgeler arasinda '' Delidolu , ISBN 978 - 605 - 63326 - 7 - 8 External links ( edit ) Official Between Shades of Gray Website Ruta Sepety 's official Website ThirstforFiction interview with Ruta Sepetys Review in English and Italian References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The CILIP Carnegie Medal Nomination for 2012 . Accessed May 24 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 04 - 25 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` An Interview With Ruta Sepetys '' . ( November 2 , 2011 ) . Thirst for Fiction . Accessed May 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Macpherson , Karen ( June 4 , 2011 ) `` ' Between Shades of Gray ' reveals horror and hope . '' The Seattle Times . Accessed May 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Alter , Alexandra ( March 25 , 2011 ) . `` An Unlikely Story for Teens '' . The Wall Street Journal . Accessed May 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Park , Linda Sue ( April 9 ♥ , 2011 ) `` A Teenager 's View of the Gulag '' . The New York Times . Accessed May 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Carpenter , Susan ( March 27 , 2011 ) . `` Not Just for Kids : ' Between Shades of Gray ' by Ruta Sepetys '' . Los Angeles Times . Accessed May 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Between Shades of Gray . ( January 3 , 2011 ) . Publisher 's Weekly . Accessed May 24 , 2012 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Between_Shades_of_Gray&oldid=826556848 '' Categories : 2011 American novels Golden Kite Award - winning works American young adult novels Novels set in Lithuania Novels set in Siberia Novels set in the Stalin era Hidden categories : Pages to import images to Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Italiano Lietuvių Edit links This page was last edited on 19 February 2018 , at 20 : 26 . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Between%20Shades%20of%20Gray	1,094
how many parts does chronicles of narnia have	The Chronicles of Narnia is a series of films based on The Chronicles of Narnia , a series of novels by C.S. Lewis . From the seven novels , there have been three film adaptations so far -- The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe ( 2005 ) , Prince Caspian ( 2008 ) and The Voyage of the Dawn Treader ( 2010 ) -- which have grossed over $1.5 billion worldwide among them .	seven	The Chronicles of Narnia ( film series )	the chronicles of narnia ( film series )	The Chronicles of Narnia is a series of films based on The Chronicles of Narnia , a series of novels by C.S. Lewis . From the seven novels , there have been three film adaptations so far -- The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe ( 2005 ) , Prince Caspian ( 2008 ) and The Voyage of the Dawn Treader ( 2010 ) -- which have grossed over $1.5 billion worldwide among them .	The series revolves around the adventures of children in the world of Narnia , guided by Aslan , a wise and powerful lion that can speak and is the true king of Narnia . The children heavily featured in the films are the Pevensie siblings , and a prominent antagonist is the White Witch ( also known as Jadis ) . The first two films were directed by Andrew Adamson and the third film was directed by Michael Apted . The fourth film will be directed by Joe Johnston . Contents 1 Development 2 Films 2.1 The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe ( 2005 ) 2.2 Prince Caspian ( 2008 ) 2.3 The Voyage of the Dawn Treader ( 2010 ) 2.4 The Silver Chair ( TBA ) 3 Main cast 3.1 Children 3.2 Other main characters 4 Crew 5 Reception 5.1 Box office performance 5.2 Critical and public response 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Development ( edit ) C.S. Lewis never sold the film rights to the Narnia series during his lifetime , as he was skeptical that any cinematic adaptation could render the more fantastical elements and characters of the story realistically . Only after seeing a demo reel of CGI animals did Douglas Gresham ( Lewis 's stepson and literary executor , and film co-producer ) give approval for a film adaptation . Although the plan was originally to produce the films in the same order as the book series ' original publication , it was reported that The Magician 's Nephew , which recounts the creation of Narnia , would be the fourth feature film in the series , instead of The Silver Chair . It was rumoured that The Magician 's Nephew was chosen as an attempt to reboot the series , after the release of The Voyage of the Dawn Treader grossed less when compared to the two previous films . In March 2011 , Walden Media confirmed that they intended The Magician 's Nephew to be next in the series , but stressed that it was not yet in development . In October 2011 , Douglas Gresham stated that Walden Media 's contract with the C.S. Lewis estate had expired , hinting that Walden Media 's lapse in renegotiating their contract with the C.S. Lewis estate was due to internal conflicts between both companies about the direction of future films . On 1 October 2013 , The C.S. Lewis Company announced a partnership with The Mark Gordon Company , and that The Chronicles of Narnia : The Silver Chair was officially in pre-production . Films ( edit ) The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe ( 2005 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Chronicles of Narnia : The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe , based on the novel of the same title , is the first film in the series . Directed by Andrew Adamson , it was shot mainly in New Zealand , though locations were used in Poland , the Czech Republic and the United Kingdom . The story follows the four British Pevensie siblings , who are evacuated during the Blitz to the countryside , where they find a wardrobe that leads to the fantasy world of Narnia . There , they must ally with the lion Aslan against the forces of the White Witch , who has placed Narnia in an eternal winter . The film was released theatrically on 9 December 2005 and on DVD on 4 April 2006 and grossed over $745 million worldwide . Prince Caspian ( 2008 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Chronicles of Narnia : Prince Caspian Prince Caspian , based on the novel of the same title , is the second film in the series and the last distributed by Walt Disney Pictures . The story follows the same Pevensie children who were transported to Narnia in the previous film as they return to Narnia , where 1,300 years have passed and the land has been invaded by the Telmarines . The four Pevensie children aid Prince Caspian in his struggle for the throne against his corrupt uncle , King Miraz . The film was released on 16 May 2008 . It grossed $419 million worldwide . The Voyage of the Dawn Treader ( 2010 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Chronicles of Narnia : The Voyage of the Dawn Treader The Voyage of the Dawn Treader , based on the novel of the same title , is the first film in the series not to be co-produced by Disney , who dropped out over a budget dispute with Walden Media . In February 2009 it was announced that 20th Century Fox would replace Disney for future installments . Directed by Michael Apted , the movie was filmed almost entirely in Australia . The story follows the two younger Pevensie children as they return to Narnia with their cousin , Eustace Scrubb . They join the old king of Narnia , Caspian , in his quest to rescue seven lost lords and save Narnia from a corrupting evil that resides on a lit island . The film was released on 10 December 2010 ( in RealD 3D in select theatres ) and grossed over $415 million worldwide . The Silver Chair ( tba ) ( edit ) After Walden Media 's contract of the series ' film rights expired in 2011 it was originally assumed that 2014 would be the earliest that production on another Narnia film could begin according to the moratorium placed on the C.S. Lewis estate 's right to sell the books ' film option . On 1 October 2013 , The C.S. Lewis Company announced that it had entered into an agreement with the Mark Gordon Company to produce The Chronicles of Narnia : The Silver Chair , based on The Silver Chair . Mark Gordon and Douglas Gresham along with Vincent Sieber , the Los Angeles based director of The C.S. Lewis Company , would serve as producers and work with The Mark Gordon Company on developing the script . On 5 December 2013 , it was announced that David Magee would write the screenplay . In July 2014 , the official Narnia website allowed the opportunity for fans to suggest names for the Lady of the Green Kirtle , the main antagonist . The winning name is to be selected by Mark Gordon and David Magee for use in the final script of The Chronicles of Narnia : The Silver Chair . While the film 's producers have been calling the film a `` reboot '' to the series , in actuality this is referring to the fact that the film has a new creative team not associated with those who worked on the previous three films . The film itself is still considered to be a sequel to the film adaptation of The Voyage of the Dawn Treader . On 9 August 2016 , it was announced that Sony 's TriStar Productions and Entertainment One Films will finance and distribute the fourth film with Mark Gordon Company ( which eOne owns ) and C.S. Lewis Company . In April 2017 , it was announced that Joe Johnston had been hired to direct The Silver Chair . In October , Johnston said filming is expected to begin in late 2018 . During an interview with Red Carpet News TV , producer Mark Gordon revealed scarce details about the new technologies and setting that would be used for the upcoming film . Main cast ( edit ) Children ( edit ) William Moseley as Peter Pevensie , title : High King Peter the Magnificent , the eldest Pevensie child and the High King of Narnia during the Golden Age . Anna Popplewell as Susan Pevensie , title : Queen Susan the Gentle , the elder Pevensie child and a Queen of Narnia during the Golden Age . Skandar Keynes as Edmund Pevensie , title : King Edmund the Just ; the younger Pevensie child and a King of Narnia during the Golden Age . Georgie Henley as Lucy Pevensie , title : Queen Lucy the Valiant , the youngest Pevensie child and a Queen of Narnia during the Golden Age . Will Poulter as Eustace Scrubb , the Pevensie children 's arrogant cousin . He will return to Narnia with his friend Jill Pole in The Silver Chair . Other main characters ( edit ) Liam Neeson as the voice of Aslan , the magnificent and majestically powerful lion who helps govern and maintain order in Narnia ; a mystical world of his own creation . He is the only main character to appear in all seven books . Tilda Swinton as Jadis , the White Witch ; the former queen of Charn and a witch who ruled Narnia after being released in The Magician 's Nephew and during the events of The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe . Ben Barnes as Caspian X ( Also known as `` Prince Caspian '' ) , the Telmarine prince who becomes King of Narnia after overthrowing his evil uncle Miraz . Eddie Izzard and Simon Pegg as the voice of Reepicheep in Prince Caspian and The Voyage of the Dawn Treader , respectively : the noble and courageous mouse who fights for Aslan and the freedom of Narnia . Crew ( edit ) Role Film The Chronicles of Narnia : The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe The Chronicles of Narnia : Prince Caspian The Chronicles of Narnia : The Voyage of the Dawn Treader The Chronicles of Narnia : The Silver Chair 2005 2008 2020 Director ( s ) Andrew Adamson Michael Apted Joe Johnston Producer ( s ) Mark Johnson and Phillip Steuer Mark Johnson , Andrew Adamson , and Phillip Steuer Mark Gordon , Douglas Gresham , and Vincent Sieber Writer ( s ) Ann Peacock , Andrew Adamson , Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely Andrew Adamson , Christopher Markus , and Stephen McFeely Christopher Markus , Stephen McFeely , and Michael Petroni David Magee Composer ( s ) Harry Gregson - Williams David Arnold TBA Cinematographer ( s ) Donald McAlpine Karl Walter Lindenlaub Dante Spinotti TBA Editor ( s ) Sim Evan - Jones Rick Shaine TBA U.S. release date 9 December 2005 16 May 2008 10 December 2010 2020 Distributor ( s ) Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures 20th Century Fox TriStar Pictures and Entertainment One Reception ( edit ) Box office performance ( edit ) Film Release date Box office gross All - time ranking Budget Ref . North America Other territories Worldwide North America Worldwide The Chronicles of Narnia : The Lion , the Witch , and the Wardrobe December 9 , 2005 ( 2005 - 12 - 09 ) $291,710,957 $453,302,158 $745,013,115 78 86 $180 million The Chronicles of Narnia : Prince Caspian May 16 , 2008 ( 2008 - 05 - 16 ) $141,621,490 $278,044,078 $419,665,568 363 236 $225 million The Chronicles of Narnia : The Voyage of the Dawn Treader December 10 , 2010 ( 2010 - 12 - 10 ) $104,386,950 $311,299,267 $415,686,217 621 238 $155 million Total $ 7008537719397000000 ♠ 537,719,397 $ 7009104264550300000 ♠ 1,042,645,503 $ 7009158036490000000 ♠ 1,580,364,900 $560 million Critical and public response ( edit ) Film Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic CinemaScore The Chronicles of Narnia : The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe 76 % ( 209 reviews ) 75 ( 39 reviews ) A+ The Chronicles of Narnia : Prince Caspian 67 % ( 189 reviews ) 62 ( 34 reviews ) A − The Chronicles of Narnia : The Voyage of the Dawn Treader 50 % ( 161 reviews ) 53 ( 33 reviews ) A − See also ( edit ) Narnia portal Fantasy portal Film portal Disney portal Outline of Narnia The Chronicles of Narnia ( TV serial ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ A general dislike of cinema is seen in Collected Letters , Vol. 2 , a letter to his brother Warren on March 3 , 1940 , p. 361 ; see also All My Road Before Me , June 1 , 1926 , p. 405 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Moring , Mark ( April 7 , 2011 ) . `` The Lion , the Witch , and the Box Office '' . Christianity Today . Retrieved May 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' Narnia ' : Walden , Fox in discussions on ' The Magician 's Nephew ' '' . Inside movies . EW. 23 Oct 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Gresham Shares Plans for Next Narnia Film '' . Narnia Web . May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fourth `` Chronicles of Narnia '' Movie in Works from Mark Gordon Co `` . Deadline. Oct 2013 . Jump up ^ Alexonx ( 10 November 2010 ) . `` The Chronicles of Narnia : The Voyage of the Dawn Treader - Spectacular trailer '' . filmissimo.it . Archived from the original on 2012 - 03 - 14 . Retrieved 10 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ' Narnia ' Sequel Taps David Magee to Write Script '' . The Wrap . 5 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Enter The Silver Chair Movie Contest ! '' . Narnia.com . Jump up ^ `` Chronicles of Narnia : The Silver Chair to Reboot the Franchise '' . Collider. 12 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Katharine Trendacosta . `` With This Chronicles of Narnia News , the Word ' Reboot ' Is Officially Gibberish '' . io9 . Gawker Media . Jump up ^ Fleming , Jr , Mike ( 9 August 2016 ) . `` TriStar , Mark Gordon & eOne Revive ' The Chronicles Of Narnia ' With ' The Silver Chair ' '' . Deadline . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin . `` ' Captain America ' Director Joe Johnston Boards ' Narnia ' Revival ' The Silver Chair ' '' . Variety.com . Retrieved 4 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Silver Chair to Begin Filming 2018 , Johnston Says '' . NarniaWeb . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Chronicles of Narnia : The Silver Chair ' update : Mark Gordon drops teasers about setting and visual effects '' . Jump up ^ `` The Chronicles of Narnia : The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe ( 2005 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` The Chronicles of Narnia : Prince Caspian ( 2008 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` The Chronicles of Narnia : The Voyage of the Dawn Treader ( 2010 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` The Chronicles of Narnia Movies at the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Narnia ' Vs. ' Narnia ' '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Chronicles of Narnia : The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe ( 2005 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 1 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Chronicles of Narnia : The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 13 October 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cinema score '' . Retrieved 21 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Chronicles of Narnia : Prince Caspian ( 2008 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 13 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Chronicles of Narnia : Prince Caspian Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 13 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Chronicles of Narnia : The Voyage of the Dawn Treader ( 2010 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 1 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Chronicles of Narnia : The Voyage of the Dawn Treader Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 13 October 2012 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Chronicles of Narnia ( film series ) The Chronicles of Narnia : The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe on IMDb The Chronicles of Narnia : Prince Caspian on IMDb The Chronicles of Narnia : The Voyage of the Dawn Treader on IMDb The Chronicles of Narnia by C.S. Lewis Books The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe Prince Caspian The Voyage of the Dawn Treader The Silver Chair The Horse and His Boy The Magician 's Nephew The Last Battle Adaptations The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe ( 1967 TV serial ) The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe ( 1979 film ) The Chronicles of Narnia ( TV series ) The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe Prince Caspian / The Voyage of the Dawn Treader The Silver Chair List of actors Film series The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe Soundtrack Game Prince Caspian Soundtrack Game The Voyage of the Dawn Treader Soundtrack Game Cast list Music Accolades Characters Aravis Aslan Mr. and Mrs. Beaver Bree Caspian Centaurs Coriakin Digory Drinian Edmund Emeth Eustace The Cabby and Nellie Hwin Jill Lady of the Green Kirtle Lucy Maugrim Miraz Peter Polly Puddleglum Rabadash Ramandu Ramandu 's daughter Reepicheep Rilian Seven Great Lords of Narnia Shasta / Cor Shift Susan Tash Telmarines Tirian Trumpkin Mr. Tumnus White Witch Places Narnia ( world ) Anvard Archenland Aslan 's Country Aslan 's How Cair Paravel Calormen Charn Lantern Waste Miraz 's Castle Narnia ( country ) Underland Wood between the Worlds General Battles First Battle of Beruna Second Battle of Beruna Creatures Dawn Treader Deplorable Word Hundred - Year Winter Religion Tisroc Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Chronicles_of_Narnia_(film_series)&oldid=854490594 '' Categories : English - language films Film series introduced in 2005 British films British epic films Film series The Chronicles of Narnia ( film series ) Films about siblings Fantasy films by series Action films by series Adventure films by series C.S. Lewis Children 's film series High fantasy films Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia ქართული 日本語 Norsk Português Simple English Svenska ไทย 中文 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 August 2018 , at 18 : 56 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Chronicles%20of%20Narnia%20%28film%20series%29	1,095
where does funding for the military come from	The U.S. Department of Defense budget accounted in fiscal year 2010 for about 19 % of the United States federal budgeted expenditures and 28 % of estimated tax revenues . Including non-DOD expenditures , military spending was approximately 28 -- 38 % of budgeted expenditures and 42 -- 57 % of estimated tax revenues . According to the Congressional Budget Office , defense spending grew 9 % annually on average from fiscal year 2000 -- 2009 .	tax revenues	Military budget of the United States	military budget of the united states	The military budget is the portion of the discretionary United States federal budget allocated to the Department of Defense , or more broadly , the portion of the budget that goes to any military - related expenditures . The military budget pays the salaries , training , and health care of uniformed and civilian personnel , maintains arms , equipment and facilities , funds operations , and develops and buys new equipment . The budget funds 4 branches of the U.S. military : the Army , Marine Corps , Navy , and Air Force . In FY 2015 , Pentagon and related spending totaled $598 billion , about 54 % of the fiscal year 2015 U.S. discretionary budget . For FY 2017 , President Obama proposed the base budget of $523.9 billion , which includes an increase of $2.2 billion over the FY 2016 enacted budget of $521.7 billion .	For the period 2010 - 14 , SIPRI found that the United States was the world 's biggest exporter of major arms , accounting for 31 percent of global shares , followed by Russia with 27 percent . The USA delivered weapons to at least 94 recipients . The United States was also the world 's eighth largest importer of major military equipment for the same period . The main imports were 19 transport aircraft from Italy ; and equipment produced in the US under license -- including 252 trainer aircraft of Swiss design , 223 light helicopters of German design and 10 maritime patrol aircraft of Spanish design . Contents ( hide ) 1 Budget by Year 1.1 Budget for 2011 1.1. 1 Emergency and supplemental spending 1.1. 2 By title 1.1. 3 By entity 1.1. 4 Programs spending more than $1.5 billion 1.1. 5 Other military - related expenditures 1.1. 6 Audit of 2011 budget 1.1. 7 Audit of implementation of budget for 2010 1.2 Budget for 2016 2 Budget request for FY2018 2.1 Budget request for FY2017 2.1. 1 Investments 2.1. 2 Major Acquisition Programs 2.1. 3 Science and Technology Program 2.1. 3.1 Total Budget by Department 2.1. 3.2 Total Budget of Military 2.1. 3.3 Funding of payments and benefits 2.1. 3.4 Funding the military health system 3 Support service contractors 4 Military budget and total US federal spending 5 Federal waste 6 Comparison with other countries 7 Past commentary on military budget 7.1 2012 fiscal cliff 8 GAO audits 9 Reform 10 References 11 External links Budget by year ( edit ) The following is historical spending on defense from 1996 - 2015 , spending for 2014 - 15 is estimated . The Defense Budget is shown in billions of dollars and total budget in trillions of dollars . The percentage of the total U.S. budget spent on defense is indicated in the third row , and change in defense spending from the previous year in the final row . 1990s 2000s 2010s 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 Defense Budget ( Billions ) 266 270 271 292 304 335 362 456 491 506 556 625 696 698 721 717 681 610 614 637 Total Budget ( Trillions ) 1.58 1.64 1.69 1.78 1.82 1.96 2.09 2.27 2.41 2.58 2.78 2.86 3.32 4.08 3.48 3.51 3.58 3.48 3.64 3.97 Defense Budget % 16.8 16.5 16.0 16.4 16.7 17.1 17.3 20.1 20.4 19.6 20.0 21.9 20.9 17.1 20.7 20.4 19.1 17.5 16.8 16.0 Defense Spending % Change - 0.1 + 1.6 + 0.2 + 7.8 + 4.0 + 10.1 + 8.2 + 26.0 + 7.6 + 3.1 + 10.0 + 12.5 + 11.3 + 0.2 + 3.4 - 0.6 - 5.0 - 10.5 + 0.6 + 3.8 Budget for 2011 ( edit ) For the 2011 fiscal year , the president 's base budget for the Department of Defense and spending on `` overseas contingency operations '' combine to bring the sum to US $664.84 billion . When the budget was signed into law on 28 October 2009 , the final size of the Department of Defense 's budget was $680 billion , $16 billion more than President Obama had requested . An additional $37 billion supplemental bill to support the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan was expected to pass in the spring of 2010 , but has been delayed by the House of Representatives after passing the Senate . Emergency and supplemental spending ( edit ) The recent invasions of Iraq and Afghanistan were largely funded through supplementary spending bills outside the federal budget , which are not included in the military budget figures listed below . However , the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan were categorized as `` overseas contingency operations '' in the starting of the fiscal year 2010 , and the budget is included in the federal budget . By the end of 2008 , the U.S. had spent approximately $900 billion in direct costs on the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan . The government also incurred indirect costs , which include interests on additional debt and incremental costs , financed by the Veterans Administration , of caring for more than 33,000 wounded . Some experts estimate the indirect costs will eventually exceed the direct costs . As of June 2011 , the total cost of the wars was approximately $1.3 trillion . By title ( edit ) USA 2010 Military Budget Spending The federally budgeted ( see below ) military expenditure of the United States Department of Defense for fiscal year 2013 are as follows . While data is provided from the 2015 budget , data for 2014 and 2015 is estimated , and thus data is shown for the last year for which definite data exists ( 2013 ) . Components Funding Change , 2012 to 2013 Operations and maintenance $258.277 billion - 9.9 % Military Personnel $153.531 billion - 3.0 % Procurement $97.757 billion - 17.4 % Research , Development , Testing & Evaluation $63.347 billion - 12.1 % Military Construction $8.069 billion - 29.0 % Family Housing $1.483 billion - 12.2 % Other Miscellaneous Costs $2.775 billion - 59.5 % Atomic energy defense activities $17.424 billion - 4.8 % Defense - related activities $7.433 billion - 3.8 % Total Spending $610.096 billion - 10.5 % By entity ( edit ) Entity 2010 Budget request Percentage of Total Notes Army $244.8 billion 31.8 % Marine Corps $40.6 billion 4 % Total Budget taken allotted from Department of Navy Navy $379.8 billion 43.4 % excluding Marine Corps Air Force $170.6 billion 22 % Defense Intelligence $80.1 billion 3.3 % Because of classified nature , budget is an estimate and may not be the actual figure Defense Wide Joint Activities $118.7 billion 15.5 % Programs spending more than $1.5 billion ( edit ) The Department of Defense 's FY 2011 $137.5 billion procurement and $77.2 billion RDT&E budget requests included several programs with more than $1.5 billion . Program 2011 Budget request Change , 2010 to 2011 F - 35 Joint Strike Fighter $11.4 billion + 2.1 % Ballistic Missile Defense ( Aegis , THAAD , PAC - 3 ) $9.9 billion + 7.3 % Virginia class submarine $5.4 billion + 28.0 % Brigade Combat Team Modernization $3.2 billion + 21.8 % DDG 51 Burke - class Aegis Destroyer $3.0 billion + 19.6 % P -- 8A Poseidon $2.9 billion − 1.6 % V - 22 Osprey $2.8 billion − 6.5 % Carrier Replacement Program $2.7 billion + 95.8 % F / A-18E / F Hornet $2.0 billion + 17.4 % Predator and Reaper Unmanned Aerial System $1.9 billion + 57.8 % Littoral combat ship $1.8 billion + 12.5 % CVN Refueling and Complex Overhaul $1.7 billion − 6.0 % Chemical Demilitarization $1.6 billion − 7.0 % RQ - 4 Global Hawk $1.5 billion + 6.7 % Space - Based Infrared System $1.5 billion + 54.0 % Other military - related expenditures ( edit ) Per - capita military spending 1962 -- 2015 ( inflation - adjusted 2011 dollars ) Military spending 1962 -- 2015 ( inflation - adjusted 2011 dollars ) This does not include many military - related items that are outside of the Defense Department budget , such as nuclear weapons research , maintenance , cleanup , and production , which are in the Atomic Energy Defense Activities section , Veterans Affairs , the Treasury Department 's payments in pensions to military retirees and widows and their families , interest on debt incurred in past wars , or State Department financing of foreign arms sales and militarily - related development assistance . Neither does it include defense spending that is not military in nature , such as the Department of Homeland Security , counter-terrorism spending by the Federal Bureau of Investigation , and intelligence - gathering spending by NSA . Audit of 2011 budget ( edit ) Again in 2011 , the GAO could not `` render an opinion on the 2011 consolidated financial statements of the federal government '' , with a major obstacle again being `` serious financial management problems at the Department of Defense ( DOD ) that made its financial statements unauditable '' . In December 2011 , the GAO found that `` neither the Navy nor the Marine Corps have implemented effective processes for reconciling their FBWT . '' According to the GAO , `` An agency 's FBWT account is similar in concept to a corporate bank account . The difference is that instead of a cash balance , FBWT represents unexpended spending authority in appropriations . '' In addition , `` As of April 2011 , there were more than $22 billion unmatched disbursements and collections affecting more than 10,000 lines of accounting . '' Audit of implementation of budget for 2010 ( edit ) The US Government Accountability Office ( GAO ) was unable to provide an audit opinion on the 2010 financial statements of the US Government because of ' widespread material internal control weaknesses , significant uncertainties , and other limitations ' . The GAO cited as the principal obstacle to its provision of an audit opinion ' serious financial management problems at the Department of Defense that made its financial statements unauditable ' . In FY 2010 , six out of thirty - three DoD reporting entities received unqualified audit opinions . Chief financial officer and Under Secretary of Defense Robert F. Hale acknowledged enterprise - wide problems with systems and processes , while the DoD 's Inspector General reported ' material internal control weaknesses ... that affect the safeguarding of assets , proper use of funds , and impair the prevention and identification of fraud , waste , and abuse ' . Further management discussion in the FY 2010 DoD Financial Report states ' it is not feasible to deploy a vast number of accountants to manually reconcile our books ' and concludes that ' although the financial statements are not auditable for FY 2010 , the Department 's financial managers are meeting warfighter needs ' . Budget for 2016 ( edit ) On February 9 , 2016 , the US Department of Defense under President Obama released a statement outlining the proposed 2016 and 2017 defense spending budgets that `` ( reflect ) the priorities necessary for our force today and in the future to best serve and protect our nation in a rapidly changing security environment . '' Budget by Appropriation Components Dollars In Billions Military Personnel 138.6 Operation and Maintenance 244.4 Procurement 118.9 RDT&E 69.0 Revolving and Management Funds 1.3 Military Construction 6.9 Family Housing 1.3 Total 580.3 Budget by Military Departments Departments Dollars in Billions Army 146.9 Navy 168.8 Air Force 161.8 Defense Wide 102.8 Total 580.3 Budget request for FY2018 ( edit ) On March 16 , 2017 President Trump submitted his request to Congress for $639 billion in military spending -- $54 billion -- which represents a 10 percent increase -- for FY 2018 as well as $30 billion for FY2017 which ends in September . With a total federal budget of $3.9 trillion for FY2018 , the increase in military spending would result in deep cuts to many other federal agencies and domestic programs , as well as the State Department . Trump had pledged to `` rebuild '' the military as part of his 2016 Presidential campaign . In April 2017 , journalist Scot J. Paltrow raised concerns about the increase in spending with the Pentagon 's history of `` faulty accounting '' . On the 14th of July , H.R. 2810 the National Defense Authorization Act 2018 was passed by the U.S. House of Representatives 344 - 8 , with 8 not voting . 60 % of Democrats voted for this bill , which represented an 18 % increase in defense spending . The Congress increased the budget to total 696 billion dollars . Budget request for FY2017 ( edit ) The currently available budget request for 2017 was filed on February 9 , 2016 , under now former - President Barack Obama . The press release of the proposal specifies the structure and goals for the Fiscal Year ( FY ) 2017 budget : The FY 2017 budget reflects recent strategic threats and changes that have taken place in Asia , the Middle East and Europe . Russian aggression , terrorism by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant ( ISIL ) and others , and China 's island building and claims of sovereignty in international waters all necessitate changes in our strategic outlook and in our operational commitments . Threats and actions originating in Iran and North Korea negatively affect our interests and our allies . These challenges have sharpened the focus of our planning and budgeting . The proposal also includes a comparison of the 2016 and the proposed 2017 request amounts , a summary of acquisitions requested for 2017 and enacted in 2016 , and provides in detail a breakdown of specific programs to be funded . Investments ( edit ) FY 2016 Enacted FY 2017 Request Change Aircraft and Related Systems 50.6 45.3 - 5.3 C4I Systems 7.1 7.4 0.3 Ground Systems 9.9 9.8 - 0.1 Missile Defense Programs 9.1 8.5 - 0.6 Missiles and Munitions 12.7 13.9 1.2 Mission Support 52.9 52.4 - 0.5 Science & Technology ( S&T ) 13.0 12.5 - 0.5 Shipbuilding and Maritime Systems 27.5 27.0 - 0.5 Space - Based Systems 7.0 7.1 0.1 Rescissions - 1.8 - + 1.8 Total 188 183.9 - 4.1 Amounts are in $ billions . Major acquisition programs ( edit ) These are the top 25 DoD weapon programs described in detail : FY 2016 FY 2017 Qty $ Qty $ Aircraft F - 35 Joint Strike Fighter 68 11.6 63 10.5 KC - 46A Tanker 12 3.0 15 3.3 P - 8A Poseidon 17 3.4 11 V - 22 Osprey 20 1.6 16 1.5 E-2D AHE Advanced Hawkeye 5 1.2 6 1.4 AH - 64E Apache Helicopter 64 1.4 52 1.1 C / HC / MC - 130J Hercules 29 2.4 14 1.3 UH - 60 Black Hawk Helicopter 107 1.8 36 1.0 CH - 53K King Stallion Helicopter -- 0.6 0.8 MQ - 4C Triton 1.0 0.8 H - 1 Upgrades Bell Helicopter 29 0.9 24 0.8 NGJ Next Generation Jammer Increment 1 -- 0.4 -- 0.6 CH - 47F Chinook Helicopter 39 1.1 22 0.7 Missile Defense / Missiles BMDS Ballistic Missile Defense -- 7.7 -- 6.9 Trident II Trident II Missile Modifications -- 1.2 -- 1.2 AMRAAM Advanced Medium Range Air to Air Missile 429 0.7 419 0.7 Ships SSN 774 VIRGINIA Submarine 5.7 5.3 DDG 51 AEGIS Destroyer 4.4 3.5 CVN 78 FORD Aircraft Carrier -- 2.8 -- 2.8 ORR Ohio Replacement -- 1.4 -- 1.9 LHA - 6 Amphibious Assault Ship -- 0.5 1.6 LCS Littoral Combat Ship 1.8 1.6 Space AEHF Advanced Extremely High Frequency Satellite -- 0.6 -- 0.9 EELV Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle 1.5 5 1.8 Trucks JLTV Joint Light Tactical Vehicle 804 0.4 2,020 0.7 $ in billions , Qty being the number of items requested . Science and technology program ( edit ) This program 's purpose is to `` invest in and develop capabilities that advance the technical superiority of the U.S. Military to counter new and emerging threats . '' . It has a budget of $12.5 billion , but is apart from the overall Research , Development , Test , and Evaluation ( RDT&E ) portfolio , which compromises $71.8 billion . Efforts funded apply to the Obama administration 's refocusing of the US military to Asia , identifying investments to `` sustain and advance ( the ) DoD 's military dominance for the 21st century '' , counter the `` technological advances of U.S. foes '' , and support Manufacturing Initiative institutes . A breakdown of the amounts provided , by tier of research , is provided : Program FY 2016 Request FY 2016 Enacted FY 2017 Request Change ( FY16 Enacted - FY17 Request ) Basic Research 2.1 2.3 2.1 - 0.2 Applied Research 4.7 5.0 4.8 - 0.2 Advanced Technology Development 5.5 5.7 5.6 - 0.1 Total 12.3 13.0 12.5 0.5 Total Budget by Department ( edit ) Total Budget FY 2016 Enacted FY 2017 Request Change Army 146,928,044 148,033,950 + 1,105,906 Navy 168,786,798 164,861,078 - 3,925,720 Air Force 161,783,330 166,879,239 + 5,095,909 Defense - Wide 102,801,512 102,927,320 + 125,808 Total 580,299,684 582,701,587 + 2,401,903 Amounts in Thousands of $ USD Total Budget of Military ( edit ) Total Budget FY 2016 Enacted FY 2017 Request Change Military Personnel 138,552,886 138,831,498 + 278,612 Operation and Maintenance 244,434,932 250,894,310 + 6,459,378 Procurement 118,866,320 112,081,088 - 6,785,232 RDT&E * 69,009,764 71,765,940 + 2,756,176 Revolving and Management Funds 1,264,782 1,512,246 + 247,464 Military Construction 6,909,712 6,296,653 - 613,059 Family Housing 1,261,288 1,319,852 + 58,564 Total 580,299,684 582,701,587 + 2,401,903 * Research , Development , Test and Evaluation Amounts in thousands of $ USD Funding of payments and benefits ( edit ) This portion of the military budget comprises roughly one third to one half of the total defense budget , considering only military personnel or additionally including civilian personnel , respectively . These expenditures `` will likely always be , the single largest expense category for the Department . '' Since 2001 , military pay and benefits have increased by 85 % , but remained roughly one third of the total budget due to an overall increased budget . Military pay remains at about the 70th percentile compared to the private sector to attract sufficient amounts of qualified personnel . Military Pay and Benefits Funding FY 2016 Enacted FY 2017 Request Military Personnel Appropriations 128.7 128.9 Medicare - Eligible Retiree Health Care Accruals 6.6 6.4 Defense Health Program 32.9 33.8 DoD Education Activity 3.1 2.9 Family Housing 1.3 1.3 Commissary Subsidy 1.4 1.2 Other Benefit Programs 3.5 3.4 Military Pay and Benefits Funding 177.5 177.9 Civilian Pay and Benefits Funding 71.8 72.9 Total Pay and Benefits Funding 249.3 250.8 DoD Base Budget Authority 521.7 523.9 Military Pay and Benefits as % of Budget 34.0 % 34.0 % Total Pay and Benefits as % of Budget 47.8 % 47.9 % Funding the military health system ( edit ) The request for 2017 amounts to $48.8 billion . The system has 9.4 million beneficiaries , including active , retired , and eligible Reserve Component military personnel and their families , and dependent survivors . Program FY 2017 Request Defense Health ( DHP ) 33.5 Military Personnel 8.6 Military Construction 0.3 Health Care Accrual 6.4 Unified Medical Budget 48.8 Support service contractors ( edit ) Main article : Defense contractor See also : List of United States defense contractors The role of support service contractors has increased since 2001 and in 2007 payments for contractor services exceeded investments in equipment for the armed forces for the first time . In the 2010 budget , the support service contractors will be reduced from the current 39 percent of the workforce down to the pre-2001 level of 26 percent . In a Pentagon review of January 2011 , service contractors were found to be `` increasingly unaffordable . '' Military budget and total U.S. federal spending ( edit ) Fiscal Year 2012 U.S. Federal Spending -- Cash or Budget Basis . The U.S. Department of Defense budget accounted in fiscal year 2010 for about 19 % of the United States federal budgeted expenditures and 28 % of estimated tax revenues . Including non-DOD expenditures , military spending was approximately 28 -- 38 % of budgeted expenditures and 42 -- 57 % of estimated tax revenues . According to the Congressional Budget Office , defense spending grew 9 % annually on average from fiscal year 2000 -- 2009 . Because of constitutional limitations , military funding is appropriated in a discretionary spending account . ( Such accounts permit government planners to have more flexibility to change spending each year , as opposed to mandatory spending accounts that mandate spending on programs in accordance with the law , outside of the budgetary process . ) In recent years , discretionary spending as a whole has amounted to about one - third of total federal outlays . Department of Defense spending 's share of discretionary spending was 50.5 % in 2003 , and has risen to between 53 % and 54 % in recent years . For FY 2010 , Department of Defense spending amounts to 4.7 % of GDP . Because the U.S. GDP has grown over time , the military budget can rise in absolute terms while shrinking as a percentage of the GDP . For example , the Department of Defense budget is slated to be $664 billion in 2010 ( including the cost of operations in Iraq and Afghanistan previously funded through supplementary budget legislation ) , higher than at any other point in American history , but still 1.1 -- 1.4 % lower as a percentage of GDP than the amount spent on military during the peak of Cold - War military spending in the late 1980s . Admiral Mike Mullen , former Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff , has called four percent an `` absolute floor '' . This calculation does not take into account some other military - related non-DOD spending , such as Veterans Affairs , Homeland Security , and interest paid on debt incurred in past wars , which has increased even as a percentage of the national GDP . In 2015 , Pentagon and related spending totaled $598 billion . Military expenditures exceed the total amount of funds allocated to support social security , transportation , unemployment , labor , science , energy and the environment , international affairs , housing , veteran 's benefits , medicare , education . In addition , the United States will spend at least $179 billion over the fiscal years of 2010 - 2018 on its nuclear arsenal , averaging $20 billion per year . Despite President Barack Obama 's attempts in the media to reduce the scope of the current nuclear arms race , the U.S. intends to spend an additional $1 trillion over the next 30 years modernizing its nuclear arsenal . Federal waste ( edit ) As of September 2014 , the Department of Defense was estimated to have `` $857 million in excess parts and supplies '' . This figure has risen over the past years and of the Pentagon waste that has been calculated , two figures that are especially worth mentioning is the expenditure of `` $150 million on private villas for a handful of Pentagon employees in Afghanistan and the procurement of the JLENS air - defense balloon '' which , throughout the program 's development over the past two decades , is estimated to have cost $2.7 billion . Also , it is important to note that the JLENS air - balloon still does not function properly . Comparison with other countries ( edit ) The U.S. military budget is higher than the nine other biggest military budgets in the world combined . Map of military expenditures as a percentage of GDP by country , 2015 . The United States spends more on their defense budget than China , Saudi Arabia , Russia , the United Kingdom , India , France , and Japan combined . The 2009 U.S. military budget accounts for approximately 40 % of global arms spending . The 2012 budget is 6 -- 7 times larger than the $106 billion military budget of China . The United States and its close allies are responsible for two - thirds to three - quarters of the world 's military spending ( of which , in turn , the U.S. is responsible for the majority ) . The US also maintains the largest number of military bases on foreign soil across the world . While there are no freestanding foreign bases permanently located in the United States , there are now around 800 U.S. bases in foreign countries . Military spending makes up nearly 16 % percent of entire federal spending and approximately half of discretionary spending . In a general sense discretionary spending ( defense and non-defense spending ) makes up one - third of the annual federal budget . In 2015 , out of its budget of 1.11 trillion , the United States spent $598 billion on military . U.S. defense spending is equivalent to the next seven largest military budgets -- India , the United Kingdom , Japan , France , Saudi Arabia , Russia , and China -- combined . In 2017 , the U.S. military budget is 773.5 billion and is estimated to increase in the upcoming years . In 2005 , the United States spent 4.06 % of its GDP on its military ( considering only basic Department of Defense budget spending ) , more than France 's 2.6 % and less than Saudi Arabia 's 10 % . This is historically low for the United States since it peaked in 1944 at 37.8 % of GDP ( it reached the lowest point of 3.0 % in 1999 -- 2001 ) . Even during the peak of the Vietnam War the percentage reached a high of 9.4 % in 1968 . The US Military 's budget has plateaued in 2009 , but is still considerably larger than any other military power . Past commentary on military budget ( edit ) In 2009 , Secretary of Defense Robert Gates wrote that the U.S. should adjust its priorities and spending to address the changing nature of threats in the world : `` What all these potential adversaries -- from terrorist cells to rogue nations to rising powers -- have in common is that they have learned that it is unwise to confront the United States directly on conventional military terms . The United States can not take its current dominance for granted and needs to invest in the programs , platforms , and personnel that will ensure that dominance 's persistence . But it is also important to keep some perspective . As much as the U.S. Navy has shrunk since the end of the Cold War , for example , in terms of tonnage , its battle fleet is still larger than the next 13 navies combined -- and 11 of those 13 navies are U.S. allies or partners . '' Secretary Gates announced some of his budget recommendations in April 2009 . According to a 2009 Congressional Research Service there was a discrepancy between a budget that is declining as a percentage of GDP while the responsibilities of the DoD have not decreased and additional pressures on the military budget have arisen due to broader missions in the post-9 / 11 world , dramatic increases in personnel and operating costs , and new requirements resulting from wartime lessons in the Iraq War and Operation Enduring Freedom . In 2012 , four billion dollars of the five billion dollars in budget cuts mandated by the Congress in the 2013 budget were achieved by declaring that nearly 65 thousand troops were now temporary and no longer part of the permanent forces and so their costs were shifted to the Afghanistan war budget . In May 2012 , as part of Obama 's East Asia `` pivot '' , his 2013 national military request moved funding from the Army and Marines to favor the Navy , but the Congress has resisted this . Reports emerged in February 2014 that Secretary of Defense Chuck Hagel was planning to trim the defense budget by billions of dollars . The secretary in his first defense budget planned to limit pay rises , increase fees for healthcare benefits , freeze the pay of senior officers , and reduce military housing allowances . A reduction in the number of soldiers serving in the U.S. Army would reduce the size of the force to levels not seen since prior to the start of World War II . In July 2014 , American Enterprise Institute scholar Michael Auslin opined in the National Review that the Air Force needs to be fully funded as a priority , due to the air superiority , global airlift , and long - range strike capabilities it provides . In January 2015 Defense Department published its internal study on how to save $125 billion on its military budget from 2016 to 2020 by renegotiating vendor contracts and pushing for stronger deals , and by offering workers early retirement and retraining . 2012 Fiscal cliff ( edit ) On 5 December 2012 , the Department of Defense announced it was planning for automatic spending cuts , which include $500 billion and an additional $487 billion due to the 2011 Budget Control Act , due to the fiscal cliff . According to Politico , the Department of Defense declined to explain to the House of Representatives Appropriations Committee , which controls federal spending , what its plans were regarding the fiscal cliff planning . This was after half a dozen defense experts either resigned from Congress or lost their reelection fights . Lawrence Korb has noted that given recent trends military entitlements and personnel costs will take up the entire defense budget by 2039 . GAO audits ( edit ) The Government Accountability Office was unable to provide an audit opinion on the 2010 financial statements of the U.S. government due to `` widespread material internal control weaknesses , significant uncertainties , and other limitations . '' The GAO cited as the principal obstacle to its provision of an audit opinion `` serious financial management problems at the Department of Defense that made its financial statements unauditable . '' In Fiscal Year ( FY ) 2011 , seven out of 33 DoD reporting entities received unqualified audit opinions . Under Secretary of Defense Robert F. Hale acknowledged enterprise - wide weaknesses with controls and systems . Further management discussion in the FY 2011 DoD Financial Report states `` we are not able to deploy the vast numbers of accountants that would be required to reconcile our books manually '' . Congress has established a deadline of FY 2017 for the DoD to achieve audit readiness . For FYs 1998 - 2010 the Department of Defense 's financial statements were either unauditable or such that no audit opinion could be expressed . Reform ( edit ) In a statement of 6 January 2011 Defense Secretary Robert M. Gates stated : `` This department simply can not risk continuing down the same path -- where our investment priorities , bureaucratic habits and lax attitude towards costs are increasingly divorced from the real threats of today , the growing perils of tomorrow and the nation 's grim financial outlook . '' Gates has proposed a budget that , if approved by Congress , would reduce the costs of many DOD programs and policies , including reports , the IT infrastructure , fuel , weapon programs , DOD bureaucracies , and personnel . The 2015 expenditure for Army research , development and acquisition changed from $32 billion projected in 2012 for FY15 , to $21 billion for FY15 expected in 2014 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Historical Tables , Budget of the United States Government , Fiscal Year 2015 '' . United States Government Publishing Office . 2015 . Retrieved 1 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Updated Summary Tables , Budget of the United States Government Fiscal Year 2010 ( Table S. 12 ) Archived 2 November 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Department of Defense '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 7 January 2012 . Retrieved 26 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Senate OKs defense bill , 68 - 29 '' . TheHill . Retrieved 25 March 2015 . 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Jump up ^ Historical Outlays by Function and Subfunction , Archived on April 10 , 2010 at the Internet Archive Jump up ^ Historical Outlays by Agency Jump up ^ https://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/omb/budget/fy2013/assets/hist.pdf Jump up ^ `` Significant Financial Management and Fiscal Challenges Reflected in the U.S. Government 's 2011 Financial Report '' . US Government Accountability Office . Retrieved 2 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` DOD Financial Management : Ongoing Challenges with Reconciling Navy and Marine Corps Fund Balance with Treasury '' . US Government Accountability Office . Retrieved 2 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` US Government 's 2010 Financial Report Shows Significant Financial Management and Fiscal Challenges '' . US Government Accountability Office . Retrieved 6 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` FY 2010 DoD Agencywide Agency Financial Report ( vid . ) '' ( PDF ) . US Department of Defense . p. 25 . Retrieved 7 January 2011 . 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Jump up ^ Rampton , Roberta ; Cowan , Richard ( March 16 , 2017 ) . `` Trump 's budget seeks to boost military , slash other federal agencies '' . Reuters . Retrieved March 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Andrew ( March 16 , 2017 ) . `` Trump budget would slash domestic programs to boost military '' . The Boston Globe . Associated Press . Retrieved March 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rampton , Roberta ; Cowan , Richard ( March 16 , 2017 ) . `` Trump 's budget seeks to boost military , slash other federal agencies '' . Reuters . Retrieved March 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tiefer , Charles . `` President Trump Is Likely To Boost U.S. Military Spending By $500 Billion To $1 Trillion '' . Forbes . Retrieved 22 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Scot J. Paltrow ( 13 April 2017 ) , As Trump seeks defense - spending boost , watchdogs cite faulty Pentagon accounting , Washington : Reuters , retrieved 13 April 2017 ^ Jump up to : United States Department of Defense Fiscal Year 2017 Budget Request ( PDF ) . Office of the Under Secretary of Defense . 2016 . ^ Jump up to : United States Department of Defense Fiscal Year 2017 Budget Request ( PDF ) . Office of the Under Secretary of Defense . 2016 . Jump up ^ Sandra I. Erwin ( June 2007 ) . `` More Services , Less Hardware Define Current Military Buildup '' . Defense Watch . National Defense Industrial Association . Retrieved 6 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Secretary of Defense Testimony : Defense Budget Recommendation Statement ( Arlington , VA ) '' . defense.gov . Archived from the original on 7 March 2015 . Retrieved 25 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Liebelson , Dana . `` NYT Misses Elephant in the Room : Defense Service Contractors . '' POGO , 3 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Monthly Budget Review '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Budget Office . Retrieved 25 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Congressional Appropriations : An Updated Analysis Jump up ^ `` Fiscal Year 2002 Budget '' . Center for Defense Information . Archived from the original on 27 November 2005 . Retrieved 13 July 2006 . ^ Jump up to : The President 's FY 2010 Budget Jump up ^ Mike Carney ( 22 October 2007 ) . `` Bush submits $42.3 B Iraq war supplemental funding bill '' . USA Today . Retrieved 6 October 2009 . Jump up ^ AUGUST COLE ( 5 February 2008 ) . `` Bush 's Successor to Confront Tough Decisions on Defense '' . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 6 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Joint Chiefs Chairman Looks Beyond Current Wars ^ Jump up to : Hartung , William ( 2016 ) . `` Do n't Get Fooled Again : Pentagon Waste and Congressional Oversight '' . Center for International Policy . Jump up ^ 2015 data from : `` Military expenditure ( % of GDP ) . Stockholm International Peace Research Institute ( SIPRI ) , Yearbook : Armaments , Disarmament and International Security . '' . World Bank . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Defense Spending Compared to Other Countries '' . www.pgpf.org . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` World Military Spending '' . globalissues.org . 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Retrieved 25 March 2015 . Jump up ^ CRS Defense : FY2010 Authorization and Appropriations , pages 6 -- 8 Archived 31 July 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Bender , Bryan . `` Pentagon accused of end run on budget cuts . '' Boston Globe . 3 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Pellerin , Cheryl . `` Carter : DOD Puts Strategy Before Budget for Future Force . '' American Forces Press Service , 30 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Pentagon plan looks at lean , mean US army '' . The US News . Retrieved 24 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` National Review '' . National Review Online . Retrieved 25 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Helene ( 6 December 2016 ) . `` Pentagon Denies Suppressing Study on Ways to Save $125 Billion '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 26 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Wright , Robert ( 7 December 2012 ) . `` Why Not Push the Pentagon off the Fiscal Cliff ? '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved 7 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Martinez , Luis ( 5 December 2012 ) . `` Pentagon Begins Planning for $500 B in ' Fiscal Cliff ' Cuts '' . ABC . Retrieved 8 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Mount , Mike ( 5 December 2012 ) . `` Pentagon told to start planning for fiscal cliff cuts '' . CNN . Retrieved 8 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` After months of delay , Pentagon told to plan for ' fiscal cliff ' '' . Indian Express . 6 December 2012 . Retrieved 8 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Alexander , David ( 5 December 2012 ) . `` UPDATE 2 - After months of delay , Pentagon told to plan for ' fiscal cliff ' '' . United Kingdom Reuters . Retrieved 8 December 2012 . Jump up ^ SHERMAN , JAKE ; JOHN BRESNAHAN ; CARRIE BUDOFF BROWN ( 6 December 2012 ) . `` W.H. to House GOP : We 're not moving '' . Politico . p. 2 . Retrieved 8 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Darren Samuelsohn & Stephanie Gaskell . `` Many old - time defense hawks take flight '' . Politico . Retrieved 25 March 2015 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Pentagon faces a rebel yell over pensions '' . Financial Times . Retrieved 25 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` US Government 's 2010 Financial Report Shows Significant Financial Management and Fiscal Challenges '' . U.S. Government Accountability Office . Retrieved 6 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` US Government 's 2010 Financial Report Shows Significant Financial Management and Fiscal Challenges '' . US Government Accountability Office . Retrieved 6 January 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` FY 2011 DoD Agency Financial Report ( vid . pp. 25 -- 29 ) '' ( PDF ) . Comptroller , Department of Defense . Retrieved 13 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` FY 2011 DoD Agencywide Agency Financial Report ( vid . p. 45 ) '' ( PDF ) . Comptroller , Department of Defense . Retrieved 13 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Financial Improvement and Audit Readiness ( FIAR ) Plan Status Report '' ( PDF ) . Comptroller , Department of Defense . Retrieved 13 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` DoD Agency Financial Report for FY 2011 ( vid . p. 46 ) '' ( PDF ) . Comptroller , Department of Defense . Retrieved 13 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` DoD Agency Financial Report for FY 2010 ( vid . p. 44 ) '' ( PDF ) . Comptroller , Department of Defense . Retrieved 13 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` DoD Agency Financial Report for FY 2009 ( vid . p. 23 ) '' ( PDF ) . Office of the Under Secretary of Defense ( Comptroller ) . Retrieved 11 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` FY 2008 Agency Financial Report ( vid . p. 21 ) '' ( PDF ) . Office of the Under Secretary of Defense ( Comptroller ) . Retrieved 11 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` DoD Agency Financial Report FY 2007 ( vid . p. 17 ) '' ( PDF ) . Office of the Under Secretary of Defense ( Comptroller ) . Retrieved 11 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` DoD Performance and Accountability Report FY 2006 ( vid . p. 74 ) '' ( PDF ) . Office of the Under Secretary of Defense ( Comptroller ) . Retrieved 11 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` DoD Performance and Accountability Report FY 2005 ( vid . p. 137 ) '' ( PDF ) . Office of the Under Secretary of Defense ( Comptroller ) . Retrieved 11 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` FY 2004 , FY 2003 , FY 2002 Component Financial Statements '' . Office of the Under Secretary of Defense ( Comptroller ) . Retrieved 11 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` DoD Agency - Wide Financial Statements Audit Opinion FY 2001 '' ( PDF ) . Office of the Under Secretary of Defense ( Comptroller ) . Retrieved 11 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` DoD Agency - Wide Financial Statements Audit Opinion FY 2000 '' ( PDF ) . Office of the Under Secretary of Defense ( Comptroller ) . Retrieved 11 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` DoD Agency - Wide Financial Statements Audit Opinion FY 1999 '' ( PDF ) . Office of the Under Secretary of Defense ( Comptroller ) . Retrieved 11 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` DoD Agency - Wide Financial Statements Audit Opinion FY 1998 '' ( PDF ) . Office of the Under Secretary of Defense ( Comptroller ) . Retrieved 11 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Gates Reveals Budget Efficiencies , Reinvestment Possibilities '' . US Department of Defense . Archived from the original on 8 January 2011 . Retrieved 11 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Drwiega , Andrew . `` Missions Solutions Summit : Army Leaders Warn of Rough Ride Ahead '' Rotor&Wing , 4 June 2014 . Accessed : 8 June 2014 . 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when did tom paris get promoted to lieutenant	The marooning of Voyager in the Delta Quadrant provided Paris with a new beginning . Janeway gave Paris a field commission as a Starfleet lieutenant and made him chief helmsman of Voyager . He had a rough start , however , as Starfleet and Maquis alike viewed Paris with suspicion . Paris worked hard to earn his crewmates ' respect . During this time , he became best friends with Ensign Harry Kim , a young officer on his first mission who defied his crewmates to befriend Paris . Eventually , Paris was accepted by the crew and became one of Janeway 's valued officers .		Tom Paris	tom paris	Owen Paris ( father )	Julia Paris ( mother ) Children Miral Paris Species Human Affiliation United Federation of Planets Starfleet Maquis Posting Helmsman and medic , USS Voyager Rank Field commissioned lieutenant , junior grade , briefly demoted to ensign Thomas Eugene `` Tom '' Paris , played by Robert Duncan McNeill , is a character in the American science fiction television series Star Trek : Voyager . In that televesion show , which aired on UPN between 1995 and 2001 , Paris serves as the chief helmsman and an auxiliary medic aboard the Federation of Planets starship USS Voyager , which must make its way home after being stranded on the opposite of Galaxy as Earth with a motley collection of Starfleet , Maquis , and aliens as crew . The character 's middle name , `` Eugene '' , is a tribute to Star Trek creator Gene Roddenberry . Contents 1 Biography 2 Personality 3 Character background 4 Voyager relaunch novels 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Biography ( edit ) Tom Paris is the son of Starfleet Admiral Owen Paris and a scion of a family with a long history of illustrious service in Starfleet . Following in his family 's tradition , Paris attended Starfleet Academy sometime in the 2350s and majored in astrophysics . A gifted pilot , Paris earned an assignment to the Academy 's honor squadron . His relationship with his father was not a good one ; while Tom wanted to join the Federation Naval Patrol , Owen wanted him to enlist at Starfleet Academy . Admiral Paris often disapproved of his son 's tendency to get into fights and his resulting punishments . Soon after his graduation from Starfleet Academy , Tom crashed a shuttle he was piloting near Caldik Prime , killing three other Starfleet officers . Afraid he would lose his commission , Paris falsified records that would later reveal the cause of the accident as pilot error . His efforts to cover up the error succeeded , yet still , overwhelmed by guilt and regret , he confessed . He was court martialed for his actions and was dishonorably discharged from Starfleet . This caused a major rift between Paris and his father . Following his discharge , Paris left San Francisco for Marseille , where he started spending his time drinking and playing pool in Sandrine 's , a waterfront bar . There , Chakotay , a former Starfleet officer now serving with the Maquis , recruited him to serve as a mercenary pilot for the Maquis Rebellion against the Federation . This adventure went no better than his earlier stint in Starfleet as Paris was captured by Starfleet while piloting his first mission for the Maquis . Tried and convicted of treason for aiding the Maquis Rebellion , Paris was sentenced to serve time in the Federation penal settlement near Auckland , New Zealand . Kathryn Janeway , captain of the starship USS Voyager , obtained Paris ' temporary release from the penal colony . Janeway , charged with finding and capturing the Maquis ship commanded by Chakotay , offered Paris early parole in exchange for serving as her informant on Chakotay and the Maquis . Janeway and the crew of Voyager , while searching for the Maquis ship , were thrown into the Delta Quadrant by a massive energy wave created by an alien known as the Caretaker . Once there , they successfully located the Maquis ship docked at the Caretaker 's array . The survivors of the incident became stranded about 70,000 light - years away from Earth . The Maquis ship was destroyed and its crew joined the Federation crew on Voyager . The marooning of Voyager in the Delta Quadrant provided Paris with a new beginning . Janeway gave Paris a field commission as a Starfleet lieutenant and made him chief helmsman of Voyager . He had a rough start , however , as Starfleet and Maquis alike viewed Paris with suspicion . Paris worked hard to earn his crewmates ' respect . During this time , he became best friends with Ensign Harry Kim , a young officer on his first mission who defied his crewmates to befriend Paris . Eventually , Paris was accepted by the crew and became one of Janeway 's valued officers . Paris ' duties were not limited to piloting Voyager . On Janeway 's orders , he trained as a field medic and assisted The Doctor until the Doctor recruited Kes as his primary assistant . Following Kes 's departure ( `` The Gift '' ) Paris once again served regular duty shifts in sickbay . In the episode `` Thirty Days '' , while disobeying direct orders in order to do what he felt was morally right , he was reduced to ensign and thrown in Voyager 's brig for a period of 30 days . About a year later , after working diligently at his duties , he regained his former rank . This occurred just before the events of `` Unimatrix Zero '' , during which it is revealed that he is fourth in the chain of command . While serving on Voyager , Paris nurtured a long - hidden talent for holo - programming , devising several programs for the entertainment of his fellow crewmembers . His most popular programs included a re-creation of Sandrine 's bar , an Irish town called Fair Haven , and a 1930s - era sci - fi movie serial entitled Captain Proton . Paris married Lieutenant B'Elanna Torres , Voyager 's half - Klingon chief engineer , in 2377 . Torres gave birth to their daughter Miral Paris during the events that led to Voyager 's return to the Alpha Quadrant and Earth . Personality ( edit ) Tom Paris at times displayed resentment toward his father , Owen Paris . This situation improved substantially over the course of the journey , due to Janeway 's willingness to offer him redemption , and later to his relationship with B'Elanna Torres . Paris also has a deep interest in 20th - century Earth pop - culture , often utilizing such in his holo - programs . The knowledge helped the crew during time - travel incidents . He became good friends with Harry Kim from the start and at times displayed protectiveness in the face of Harry 's customary naiveté . In the first episode he rescues the ensign from Quark , a manipulative Ferengi . The only member of the crew with whom Paris initially had a somewhat difficult relationship was Chakotay because of their history in the Maquis . However , throughout Voyager 's seven - year journey home , Paris and Chakotay reconciled ( in part due to Paris having earned Chakotay 's trust ) and became good friends . Tom was a full lieutenant at the very beginning of the series , then a lieutenant junior grade in the first - season episode `` Faces '' . Character background ( edit ) The writers planned to use the character of Nicolas Locarno as a template for Tom Paris , who was played by McNeill in the Next Generation episode `` The First Duty '' . As a result , Voyager 's writers created an entirely new character sharing many of Locarno 's attributes . The Tom Paris character has two backstories . The original backstory , and the only one acknowledged onscreen , cast Paris as a disgraced officer dishonorably discharged from Starfleet for covering up pilot error following a shuttle accident on Caldik Prime . In her published novel , Pathways , Voyager producer Jeri Taylor provided an alternative story much more similar to Locarno 's , moving the accident to Paris ' Starfleet Academy years and making his fellow cadets the victims of his recklessness . An unproduced Voyager script was to have had a flashback to his time attending Starfleet Academy , and shown that Ro Laren , the Bajoran character from Star Trek : The Next Generation was among his classmates . Voyager relaunch novels ( edit ) In the non-canonical Voyager relaunch novels , written by Christie Golden , Paris was promoted two steps in rank , like many of the Voyager crew , and is now a lieutenant commander . He serves as First Officer of Voyager , under the command of now - Captain Chakotay . See also ( edit ) Star Trek portal Fictional characters portal Star Trek : Voyager List of Star Trek : Voyager episodes Star Trek References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Okuda , M. , & Okuda , D. ( 1997 ) . The star trek encyclopedia : A reference guide to the future ( Updat and expand ed . ) . New York : Pocket Books . P. 374 Jump up ^ Star Trek The Next Generation DVD set Season 5 , Disk 7 , `` Memorable Missions '' featurette External links ( edit ) Tom Paris at Memory Alpha ( a Star Trek wiki ) `` Tom Paris '' at STARTREK.COM hide Star Trek : Voyager Characters Reginald Barclay Chakotay The Doctor Kathryn Janeway Kes Harry Kim Neelix Tom Paris Seven of Nine B'Elanna Torres Tuvok Other topics Episodes season 4 Awards Cast Novels String Theory : Cohesion Kazon Vidiians The Maquis The Borg Species 8472 USS Voyager Janeway Lambda one Video games Voyager Elite Force The Arcade Game Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tom_Paris&oldid=844259877 '' Categories : Fictional aviators Fictional ensigns Fictional lieutenants Star Trek : Voyager characters Fictional mechanics Fictional medical personnel Fictional nurses Starfleet officers Starfleet nurses Starfleet ensigns Starfleet lieutenants Fictional characters introduced in 1995 Fictional military brats Hidden categories : Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from December 2013 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Star Trek articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Articles lacking in - text citations from July 2012 All articles lacking in - text citations Articles with multiple maintenance issues Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles using Infobox character with multiple unlabeled fields Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Español Français Hrvatski Italiano עברית Magyar मराठी Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Română Svenska 中文 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 3 June 2018 , at 19 : 21 ( UTC ) . 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what movie was the song stand by me in	Stand by Me ( film ) , a 1986 American drama film directed by Rob Reiner , based on the novella The Body by Stephen King Stand by Me Doraemon , a 2014 3D CGI - Animated Japanese film based on the manga series Doraemon by Fujiko Fujio Stand by Me ( TV series ) , a 1998 Singaporean Mandarin drama series `` Stand by Me '' , a 1992 episode of the TV series My Little Pony Tales `` Stand By Me ( Grey 's Anatomy ) '' , a 2009 season five episode of the TV series Grey 's Anatomy	Stand by Me ( film ) , a 1986 American drama film directed by Rob Reiner , based on the novella The Body by Stephen King\|Stand by Me Doraemon , a 2014 3D CGI - Animated Japanese film based on the manga series Doraemon by Fujiko Fujio	Stand by Me	stand by me	Stand by Me may refer to :	Contents ( hide ) 1 Music 1.1 Albums 1.2 Songs 2 Film and television 3 Books 4 See also Music ( edit ) Albums ( edit ) Stand by Me ( Ernest Tubb album ) , 1966 Stand by Me ( Whatcha See Is Whatcha Get ) , a 1971 album by Bernard Purdie Stand by Me : The Ultimate Collection , 1987 compilation album by Ben E. King Stand by Me , a 2002 album by Ernie Haase & Signature Sound Stand by Me , a 2007 album by Ray Brown , Jr . Songs ( edit ) `` Stand by Me '' ( Ben E. King song ) , a 1961 hit by Ben E. King `` Stand by Me '' ( Atomic Rooster song ) , 1972 single hit in Europe `` Stand by Me '' ( Charles Albert Tindley song ) , a 1905 gospel song `` Stand by Me '' ( Oasis song ) , a 1997 single `` Stand by Me '' ( Shayne Ward song ) , a 2006 single `` Train in Vain '' ( `` Train in Vain ( Stand by Me ) '' in the US ) , a 1980 single by The Clash `` Stand by Me '' , a 1972 song by Golden Earring `` Stand by Me '' , a 2007 song by The Brilliant Green `` Stand by Me '' , a 2009 song by SHINee for the Boys Over Flowers OST Film and television ( edit ) Stand by Me ( film ) , a 1986 American drama film directed by Rob Reiner , based on the novella The Body by Stephen King Stand by Me Doraemon , a 2014 3D CGI - Animated Japanese film based on the manga series Doraemon by Fujiko Fujio Stand by Me ( TV series ) , a 1998 Singaporean Mandarin drama series `` Stand by Me '' , a 1992 episode of the TV series My Little Pony Tales `` Stand By Me ( Grey 's Anatomy ) '' , a 2009 season five episode of the TV series Grey 's Anatomy Books ( edit ) Stand by Me , a 2010 novel by Sheila O'Flanagan Stand by Me , an autobiographical book on depression by John Kirwan ( rugby ) See also ( edit ) Stand By ( disambiguation ) This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Stand by Me . If an internal link led you here , you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stand_by_Me&oldid=819608823 '' Categories : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories : All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本語 Português Русский Svenska 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 January 2018 , at 08 : 55 . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stand%20by%20Me	1,098
summarize the story of the roman father with two sons	In the story , a father has two sons , a younger and an older . The younger son asks the father for his inheritance , and the father grants his son 's request . However , the younger son is prodigal ( i.e. , wasteful and extravagant ) and squanders his fortune , eventually becoming destitute . The younger son is forced to return home empty - handed and intends to beg his father to accept him back as a servant . To the son 's surprise , he is not scorned by his father but is welcomed back with celebration and fanfare . Envious , the older son refuses to participate in the festivities . The father reminds the older son that one day he will inherit everything , and that they should still celebrate the return of the younger son because he was lost and is now found .		Parable of the Prodigal Son	parable of the prodigal son	The Parable of the Prodigal Son ( also known as the Two Brothers , Lost Son , Loving Father , or Lovesick Father ) is one of the parables of Jesus and appears in Luke 15 : 11 -- 32 . Jesus Christ shares it with his disciples , the Pharisees and others .	In the story , a father has two sons , a younger and an older . The younger son asks the father for his inheritance , and the father grants his son 's request . However , the younger son is prodigal ( i.e. , wasteful and extravagant ) and squanders his fortune , eventually becoming destitute . The younger son is forced to return home empty - handed and intends to beg his father to accept him back as a servant . To the son 's surprise , he is not scorned by his father but is welcomed back with celebration and fanfare . Envious , the older son refuses to participate in the festivities . The father reminds the older son that one day he will inherit everything , and that they should still celebrate the return of the younger son because he was lost and is now found . It is the third and final part of a cycle on redemption , following the Parable of the Lost Sheep and the Parable of the Lost Coin . In Revised Common Lectionary and Latin Rite Catholic Lectionary , this parable is read on the fourth Sunday of Lent ( in Year C ) ; in the latter it is also included in the long form of the Gospel on the 24th Sunday of Ordinary Time in Year C , along with the preceding two parables of the cycle . In the Eastern Orthodox Church it is read on the Sunday of the Prodigal Son . James Tissot -- The Return of the Prodigal Son ( Le retour de l'enfant prodigue ) -- Brooklyn Museum The parable begins with a young man , the younger of two sons , who asks his father to give him his share of the estate . The implication is the son could not wait for his father 's death for his inheritance , he wanted it immediately . The father agrees and divides his estate between both sons . Upon receiving his portion of the inheritance , the younger son travels to a distant country and wastes all his money in extravagant living . Immediately thereafter , a famine strikes the land ; he becomes desperately poor and is forced to take work as a swineherd . ( This , too , would have been abhorrent to Jesus ' Jewish audience , who considered swine unclean animals . ) When he reaches the point of envying the food of the pigs he is watching , he finally comes to his senses : But when he came to himself he said , `` How many hired servants of my father 's have bread enough to spare , and I 'm dying with hunger ! I will get up and go to my father , and will tell him , ' Father , I have sinned against heaven , and in your sight . I am no more worthy to be called your son . Make me as one of your hired servants . ' '' He arose , and came to his father . But while he was still far off , his father saw him , and was moved with compassion , and ran towards him , and fell on his neck , and kissed him . -- Luke 15 : 17 -- 20 , World English Bible This implies the father was hopefully watching for the son 's return . The son does not even have time to finish his rehearsed speech , since the father calls for his servants to dress him in a fine robe , a ring , and sandals , and slaughter the `` fattened calf '' for a celebratory meal . The older son , who was at work in the fields , hears the sound of celebration , and is told about the return of his younger brother . He is not impressed , and becomes angry . He also has a speech for his father : But he answered his father , `` Behold , these many years I have served you , and I never disobeyed a commandment of yours , but you never gave me a goat , that I might celebrate with my friends . But when this , your son , came , who has devoured your living with prostitutes , you killed the fattened calf for him . '' -- Luke 15 : 29 -- 30 , World English Bible The parable concludes with the father explaining that because the younger son had returned , in a sense , from the dead , celebration was necessary : `` But it was appropriate to celebrate and be glad , for this , your brother , was dead , and is alive again . He was lost , and is found . '' -- Luke 15 : 32 , World English Bible Contents 1 Context and interpretation 2 Commemoration and use 2.1 Orthodox 2.2 Catholic 3 In the arts 3.1 Art 3.2 Stage 3.3 Popular music 3.4 Literature 4 Similar parable in Mahayana Buddhism 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Context and interpretation ( edit ) Engraving of the Prodigal Son as a swineherd by Hans Sebald Beham , 1538 . This is the last of three parables about loss and redemption , following the parable of the Lost Sheep and the parable of the Lost Coin , that Jesus tells after the Pharisees and religious leaders accuse him of welcoming and eating with `` sinners . '' The father 's joy described in the parable reflects divine love , the `` boundless mercy of God '' , and `` God 's refusal to limit the measure of his grace . '' The request of the younger son for his share of the inheritance is `` brash , even insolent '' and `` tantamount to wishing that the father was dead . '' His actions do not lead to success , and he eventually becomes an indentured servant , with the degrading job of looking after pigs , and even envying them for the carob pods they eat . On the son 's return , the father treats him with a generosity far more than he has a right to expect . The older son , in contrast , seems to think in terms of `` law , merit , and reward '' , rather than `` love and graciousness . '' He may represent the Pharisees who were criticizing Jesus . The father , who represents the Heavenly Father , implies to the older son that his love for both sons is not dependent upon their perfection , but their willingness to return to Him with a broken heart and a contrite spirit . Commemoration and Use ( edit ) Stained glass window based on the parable , Charleston , South Carolina . Orthodox ( edit ) The Eastern Orthodox Church traditionally reads this story on the Sunday of the Prodigal Son , which in their liturgical year is the Sunday before Meatfare Sunday and about two weeks before the beginning of Great Lent . One common kontakion hymn of the occasion reads , I have recklessly forgotten Your glory , O Father ; And among sinners I have scattered the riches which You gave to me . And now I cry to You as the Prodigal : I have sinned before You , O merciful Father ; Receive me as a penitent and make me as one of Your hired servants . Catholic ( edit ) In his 1984 apostolic exhortation titled Reconciliatio et paenitentia ( Latin for Reconciliation and Penance ) , Pope John Paul II used this parable to explain the process of conversion and reconciliation . Emphasizing that God the Father is `` rich in mercy '' and always ready to forgive , he stated that reconciliation is a gift on his part . He stated that for the Church her `` mission of reconciliation is the initiative , full of compassionate love and mercy , of that God who is love . '' He also explored the issues raised by this parable in his second encyclical , Dives in misericordia ( Latin for Rich in Mercy ) , issued in 1980 . In the arts ( edit ) Rembrandt , The Return of the Prodigal Son , 1662 -- 1669 ( Hermitage Museum , St Petersburg ) Gerard van Honthorst , 1623 , like many works of the period , allows a genre scene with moral content . The Polish Rider ; possibly the prodigal son . The subject is of much discussion . Art ( edit ) Of the thirty or so parables in the canonical Gospels , this was one of the four that were shown in medieval art almost to the exclusion of the others , but not mixed in with the narrative scenes of the Life of Christ ( the others were the Wise and Foolish Virgins , Dives and Lazarus , and the Good Samaritan . The Labourers in the Vineyard also appears in Early Medieval works ) . From the Renaissance the numbers shown widened slightly , and the various scenes -- the high living , herding the pigs , and the return -- of the Prodigal Son became the clear favourite . Albrecht Dürer made a famous engraving of the Prodigal Son amongst the pigs ( 1496 ) , a popular subject in the Northern Renaissance . Rembrandt depicted several scenes from the parable , especially the final episode , which he etched , drew , or painted on several occasions during his career . At least one of his works , The Prodigal Son in the Tavern , a portrait of himself as the Son , revelling with his wife , is like many artists ' depictions , a way of dignifying a genre tavern scene -- if the title was indeed the original intention of the artist . His late Return of the Prodigal Son ( 1662 -- 1669 , Hermitage Museum , St Petersburg ) is one of his most popular works . Stage ( edit ) In the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries the theme was a sufficiently popular subject that the Prodigal Son Play can be seen as a subgenre of the English morality play . Examples include The Rare Triumphs of Love and Fortune , The Disobedient Child , and Acolastus . Notable adaptations for performance include an 1869 oratorio by Arthur Sullivan , an 1884 cantata by Claude Debussy , a 1929 ballet choreographed by George Balanchine to music written by Sergei Prokofiev , a 1957 ballet by Hugo Alfvén , and an opera , The Prodigal Son by Benjamin Britten ( 1968 ) . Many of these adaptations added to the Biblical material to lengthen the story ; for example , the 1955 film The Prodigal took considerable liberties , such as adding a temptress priestess of Astarte to the tale . Popular music ( edit ) The parable is referenced in the last verse of the traditional Irish folk tune `` The Wild Rover '' ( `` I 'll go home to me parents , confess what I 've done / and I 'll ask them to pardon their prodigal son '' ) . Oblique adaptations include that by the Reverend Robert Wilkins , who told the story of this parable in the song `` Prodigal Son '' , which is probably best known as a cover version by the Rolling Stones on their 1968 album Beggar 's Banquet . `` Prodigal Man '' was written by Ted Nugent and is the second track of the third album `` Migration '' by The Amboy Dukes and was released in 1969 . The Osmonds present a version of the parable in their 1973 hit song `` Let Me In , '' from their Mormon concept album The Plan . The British heavy metal band Iron Maiden recorded a song titled `` Prodigal Son '' , based on the parable of the same name , which appeared on their second release , Killers , in 1981 . U2 recorded a song titled `` The First Time '' on their 1993 album Zooropa . While based on the parable , it presents the idea of an alternate ending to the story . It could be argued that Kelly Willard 's 1982 song , Make Me A Servant is based on what the son said to his father when he returned home . `` The Prodigal Son Suite '' from the album The Prodigal Son is one of the first posthumous releases by the late piano player and gospel singer Keith Green in 1983 . Detroit musician , Kid Rock , also recorded a song titled `` Prodigal Son '' , which appeared on his second album The Polyfuze Method , in 1993 . Kid Rock later re-recorded the track for his 2000 album The History of Rock . The Christian Rock trio BarlowGirl recorded the song `` She Walked Away '' , influenced by the parable , as part of their 2004 self - titled album . `` Indie '' rock band Two Gallants covered the parable in the song `` The Prodigal Son '' on their 2006 album What the Toll Tells . Musician Dustin Kensrue wrote a song about the Prodigal Son entitled `` Please Come Home '' on the album of the same name released in 2007 . Rock band Sevendust has a track titled `` Prodigal Son '' on their 2008 album , Chapter VII : Hope and Sorrow . The band Bad Religion has a song of the same title on their album New Maps of Hell . The band Extreme recorded a song titled `` Who Cares ? '' , which appeared on the album III Sides to Every Story , which is influenced by this parable . Brantley Gilbert released a song called `` Modern Day Prodigal Son '' . British Reggae band Steel Pulse recorded a song titled `` Prodigal Son '' on their debut album Handsworth Revolution , recreating the Biblical story as a Rastafarian parable . The Post-Hardcore band `` Gideon '' released a song called `` Prodigal Son '' , which appeared on their second album Milestone . Christian rock outfit The Chinese Express opened and closed their 2006 release with a two part telling of the parable with songs titled `` Said the son to the Father '' and `` Said the Father to the Son '' . Post-hardcore band `` Jamie 's Elsewhere '' also released a song titled `` Prodigal Son '' . The Los Angeles rap group House of Pain references the parable in one of the verses of their song , `` Jump Around '' . English indie rock band alt - J references the parable in the first verse of their song `` Left Hand Free '' . On their 2015 album Something Different , the Christian band Sidewalk Prophets included an uplifting song titled `` Prodigal '' with lyrics that are directed towards the Prodigal Son from the parable , or any person who is or has felt like they are in a similar situation . In 2006 Country artist Dierks Bentley wrote a song for his album Long Trip Alone entitled `` The Prodigal Son 's Prayer '' . The song is based on the son 's prospective of coming home after he 's ruined himself in the world . Gospel artists Tribute Quartet released `` When the Prodigal Comes Home '' in 2016 . Literature ( edit ) The Return of the Prodigal Son ( Leonello Spada , Louvre , Paris ) Another literary tribute to this parable is Dutch theologian Henri Nouwen 's 1992 book , The Return of the Prodigal Son : A Story of Homecoming , in which he describes his own spiritual journey infused with understanding based on an encounter with Rembrandt 's painting of the return of the Prodigal and deals with three personages : the younger , prodigal son ; the self - righteous , resentful older son ; and the compassionate father -- all of whom the author identifies with personally . An earlier work with similarities to the parable is `` Le retour de l'enfant prodigue '' ( `` The Return of the Prodigal Son '' ) , a short story by André Gide . Rudyard Kipling wrote a poem giving an interpretation of the younger brother 's perspective . The Parable of the Prodigal Son is also a recurring theme in the works of Rainer Maria Rilke , who interpreted the parable in a different way to the conventional reading . His version of the parable was not so concerned with redemption and the forgiveness of family ; the love of the family , and human love in general , was seen as less worthy than unreciprocated love , which is the purest form of love . In loving the family less , the Son can love God more , even if this love is not returned . The theme of the Prodigal Son plays a major role in Anne Tyler 's novel A Spool of Blue Thread . The Prodigal Son was also referred to in the play The Merchant Of Venice as well as As You Like It , pastoral comedies by William Shakespeare . The Prodigal Son is also mentioned in Shakespeare 's romance , The Winter 's Tale ( Act 4 , Scene 4 line 89 ) . Similar parable in Mahayana buddhism ( edit ) A similar parable of a lost son can also be found in the Mahayana Buddhist Lotus Sutra . The two parables are so similar in their outline and many details that several scholars have assumed that one version has influenced the other or that both texts share a common origin . However , an influence of the biblical story on the Lotus sutra is regarded as unlikely given the early dating of the stratum of the sutra containing the Buddhist parable . In spite of their similarities , both parables continue differently after the two meet for the first time at the son 's return . In the biblical story , there is an immediate reunion of the two . In contrast , in the Lotus sutra , the poor son does not recognize the rich man as his father . When the father sends out some attendants to welcome the son , the son panics , fearing some kind of retribution . The father then lets the son leave without telling him of their kinship . However , he gradually draws the son closer to him by employing him in successively higher positions , only to tell him of their kinship in the end . In the Buddhist parable , the father symbolises the Buddha , and the son symbolises any human being . Their kinship symbolises that any being has Buddha nature . The concealment of the kinship of the father to his son is regarded as a skillful means ( Sanskrit : upāya ) . See also ( edit ) Ministry of Jesus References ( edit ) Jump up ^ BibleGateway. 2016 . Luke 15 : 11 -- 32 The Parable of the Lost Son - Jesus . Jump up ^ BibleGateway. 2016 . Parable of the Forgiving Father ( 15 : 11 - 32 ) - The IVP New Testament Commentary Series Jump up ^ `` Lent 4C '' . TextWeek.com . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Proper 19 ( 24th Sunday of Ordinary Time ) '' . TextWeek.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : Richard N. Longenecker , The Challenge of Jesus ' Parables , Eerdmans , 2000 , ISBN 0 - 8028 - 4638 - 6 , pp. 201 -- 213 . Jump up ^ Scott Hahn , Curtis Mitch , and Dennis Walters , Gospel of Luke : The Ignatius Study Guide , 2nd ed , Ignatius Press , 2001 , ISBN 0 - 89870 - 819 - 2 , p. 51 . ^ Jump up to : Arland J. Hultgren , The Parables of Jesus : A Commentary , Eerdmans Publishing , 2002 , ISBN 0 - 8028 - 6077 - X , pp. 70 -- 82 . Jump up ^ `` Scripture Readings Throughout the Year '' . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ The post-synodal apostolic exhortations of John Paul II by Catholic Church 1998 ISBN 0 - 87973 - 928 - 2 pages 234 -- 239 Jump up ^ `` Vatican website ' ' Reconciliatio et paenitentia ' ' '' . Vatican.va . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Vatican website ' ' Dives in misericordia ' ' '' . Vatican . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ Emile Mâle , The Gothic Image : Religious Art in France of the Thirteenth Century , p 195 , English translation of 3rd ed , 1913 , Collins , London ( and many other editions ) , ISBN 978 - 0064300322 Jump up ^ Roland E. Fleischer and Susan C. Scott , Rembrandt , Rubens , and the art of their time : recent perspectives , Pennsylvania State University Press , 1997 , ISBN 0 - 915773 - 10 - 4 , pp. 64 - 65 . Jump up ^ Craig , Hardin ( April 1950 ) . `` Morality Plays and Elizabethan Drama '' . Shakespeare Quarterly . 1 ( 2 ) : 71 . doi : 10.2307 / 2866678 . ISSN 0037 - 3222 . Jump up ^ Don Michael Randel , The Harvard Biographical Dictionary of Music , Harvard University Press , 1996 , ISBN 0 - 674 - 37299 - 9 , pp. 13 - 14 , Jump up ^ Paul Hammond , The shadow and its shadow : surrealist writings on the cinema , 3rd ed , City Lights Books , 2000 , ISBN 0 - 87286 - 376 - X , p. 70 . Jump up ^ BarlowGirl by BarlowGirl CD review at NewReleaseTuesday.com Jump up ^ Dustin Kensrue at YouthMinistry.com Jump up ^ Deirdre LaNoue , The Spiritual Legacy of Henri Nouwen , Continuum , 2000 , ISBN 0 - 8264 - 1283 - 1 , p. 45 . Jump up ^ Turnell , Martin . `` André Gide and the Disintegration of the Protestant Cell '' . Yale French Studies . Yale University Press ( 7 ) : 21 -- 31 . Jump up ^ `` The Prodigal Son '' . Famouspoetsandpoems.com . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ Andrew Keith Malcolm Adam , Postmodern Interpretations of the Bible : A reader , Chalice Press , 2001 , ISBN 0 - 8272 - 2970 - 4 , pp. 202 -- 203 . Jump up ^ Books.google.co.uk . Books.google.co.uk . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ Books.google.co.uk . Books.google.co.uk . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ Sinkler , Rebecca Pepper ( February 13 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Book Review : ' A Spool of Blue Thread ' by Anne Tyler '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Lotus Sutra , Chapter 4 , translated By H. Kern Jump up ^ Suzuki , Takayasu ( 2015 ) . Two parables on `` The wealthy father and the poor son '' in the Saddharmapundarika and the Mahaberisutra , Journal of Indian and Budddhist Studies 63 ( 3 ) , 169 - 176 ^ Jump up to : Lai , Whalen W . `` The Buddhist Prodigal Son ' : A Story of Misperceptions '' . Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies 4.2 ( 1981 ) , p. 91 Jump up ^ Nhất Hạnh , Thích ( 2003 ) . Opening the Heart of the Cosmos . Parallax Press . pp. 37 -- 41 . ISBN 9781888375336 . Further reading ( edit ) Wiggins , James , 2010 . What Did Jesus Teach ? A Detailed Survey of His Parables ISBN 978 - 1477699065 David A. Holgate , Prodigality , liberality and meanness in the parable of the prodigal son : a Greco - Roman perspective on Luke 15.11 - 32 , Continuum , 1999 , ISBN 1 - 84127 - 025 - 3 . Father Raniero Cantalamessa , Pontifical Household preacher , `` Comments on Fourth Sunday of Lent Readings '' , Zenit News Agency , March 17 , 2007 . Rev. George Dimopoulos , `` The Prodigal Son '' , Orthodoxy and the world , February 24 , 2008 . G. Campbell Morgan , The Parable of the Father 's Heart . E. Di Rocco ( a cura di ) , Il romanzo della misericordia . La parabola del figliol prodigo nella letteratura in Studium , 4 ( 2013 ) , no 109 E. Di Rocco , Leggere le Scritture con le Scritture : Ugo di Santo Caro e Nicola di Lira lettori di Luca ( 15 , 11 - 32 ) , in Studium , 4 ( 2013 ) , no 109 . E. Di Rocco ( a cura di ) , Il romanzo della misericordia . La parabola di Luca nella letteratura moderna e contemporanea. in Studium , 2 ( 2014 ) , no 110 . E. Di Rocco , Heimkehr : wohin ? , Auszug : wohin ? : la parabola esistenziale del figliol prodigo nella letteratura del Novecento. in Studium , 2 ( 2014 ) , no 110 . External links ( edit ) Brooks , David . `` The Prodigal Sons '' , The New York Times , February 17 , 2014 Media related to Prodigal son at Wikimedia Commons Jesus Historicity Chronology of Jesus Genealogy of Jesus Historical Jesus Quest for the historical Jesus portraits sources Josephus on Jesus Tacitus mention Mara bar Serapion letter Historicity Gospels race and appearance Life events Birth Nativity Mary Joseph Flight into Egypt Childhood Unknown years Baptism Temptation Apostles selecting Great Commission Ministry Sermon on the Mount / Plain Beatitudes Prayers Lord 's Prayer Parables Miracles Transfiguration Homelessness Last Supper Passion arrest trial Crucifixion sayings on the cross Tomb Resurrection Ascension New Testament Gospels Matthew Mark Luke Gospel harmony Oral gospel traditions Life of Jesus in the New Testament Historical background of the New Testament New Testament places associated with Jesus Names and titles of Jesus in the New Testament Culture Language of Jesus Bibliography Films Christianity Christ Christianity Christology Depictions of Jesus art Jesus in Christianity pre-existence incarnation Relics associated with Jesus Scholastic Lutheran Christology Second Coming Session of Christ Other views Brothers of Jesus Holy Family Jesuism Jesus in comparative mythology Christ myth theory Jesus in Islam Ahmadiyya Jesus in Scientology Judaism 's view of Jesus in the Talmud Master Jesus Religious perspectives on Jesus Criticism Parables of Jesus Canonical Gospels Barren Fig Tree Budding Fig Tree Counting the cost Drawing in the Net Faithful Servant Friend at Night Good Samaritan Good Shepherd Great Banquet Growing Seed Hidden Treasure Lamp Leaven Lost Coin Lost Sheep Master and Servant Mustard Seed New Wine into Old Wineskins Pearl Pharisee and the Publican Prodigal Son Rich Fool Rich man and Lazarus Scribe Sheep and Goats Sower Strong Man Talents or minas Tares Ten Virgins True Vine Tree and its Fruits Two Debtors Two Sons Unjust Judge Unjust Steward Unforgiving Servant Wedding Feast Wicked Husbandmen Wise and Foolish Builders Workers in the Vineyard Non-canonical / disputed Assassin Empty Jar The Parable of the Prodigal Son in arts and culture Source Luke 15 Parables of Jesus Art The Wayfarer ( 1500s ) The Prodigal Son in the Brothel ( 1637 ) The Return of the Prodigal Son ( 1660s ) The Prodigal Son ( 1922 ) Film L'Enfant prodigue ( 1907 ) The Prodigal ( 1955 ) The Gospel ( 2005 ) The Prodigal Trilogy ( 2008 ) The Imposter ( 2008 ) Preacher 's Kid ( 2010 ) Stage The London Prodigal ( 1605 play ) The Prodigal Son ( 1929 ballet ) Opera L'enfant prodigue ( 1850 ) The Prodigal Son ( 1968 ) Music The Prodigal Son ( 1869 ) L'enfant prodigue ( 1884 ) Songs Symphony No. 4 `` Walkin ' to Missouri '' ( 1952 ) `` Prodigal Son '' ( 1994 ) Album Ants'hillvania ( 1981 ) The Prodigal Son ( 1983 ) Literature Tears of the Prodigal Son ( 1622 ) Le retour de l'enfant prodigue ( 1907 ) `` Home - Coming '' Papal Dives in misericordia ( 1980 ) Reconciliatio et paenitentia ( 1984 ) Other Fatted calf The Wonderful Wizard of Ha 's ( 2007 ) `` Michael '' `` The Burglar 's Christmas '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parable_of_the_Prodigal_Son&oldid=864233319 '' Categories : Parables of Jesus Eastern Orthodox liturgical days Gospel of Luke Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Català Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Français Frysk Gaeilge गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lumbaart മലയാളം مصرى မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands Nedersaksies 日本語 ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Runa Simi Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 Zeêuws 中文 29 more Edit links This page was last edited on 15 October 2018 , at 23 : 40 ( UTC ) . 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when does richie rich season 3 come out			Richie Rich ( 2015 TV series )	richie rich ( 2015 tv series )	Richie Rich is an American sitcom series produced by DreamWorks Animation 's AwesomenessTV for Netflix . The show is loosely based upon the Harvey Comics character of the same name , with Jake Brennan playing the eponymous character . The first season , consisting of 10 episodes , was released on February 20 , 2015 . A second season of 11 episodes was released on May 22 , 2015 .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 3 Production 4 Episodes 4.1 Series overview 4.2 Season 1 ( 2015 ) 4.3 Season 2 ( 2015 ) 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) Richie Rich is a boy who turned vegetables into a clean energy source . As a result , Rich now has over a trillion dollars . Rich lives with his family in a mansion filled with toys , contraptions , and his best friends Darcy and Murray are always by his side , along with Irona , Rich 's robot maid , his dad Cliff , who loves naps and is a bit dense , and his jealous sister Harper . Also , Darcy loves spending money and Murray does n't want anything out of budget . Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Jake Brennan as Richie Rich , after finding a way to harness energy from vegetables , he becomes a child trillionaire . Brooke Wexler as Irona , Richie 's robotic maid which he calls her a `` super model '' model . Kiff VandenHeuvel as Cliff Rich , Richie 's and Harper 's dad . Lauren Taylor as Harper Rich , Richie 's jealous older sister who wants to get into Harvard . Joshua Carlon as Murray , Richie 's money manager and best friend . Jenna Ortega as Darcy , Richie 's other best friend , who enjoys spending his money without permission . Recurring ( edit ) Ysa Penarejo as Tulip , a friend of Harper . Nathan Anderson as Tahj , son of Bulldozer the rapper and friend of Richie . Production ( edit ) The series was announced in October 2014 as part of an ongoing partnership between Netflix and DreamWorks Animation , in which DreamWorks will create 300 hours of original programming for the service . Unlike the comics , where the lead character comes from a wealthy family , Richie Rich has a self - made fortune from an innovative green technology . The series follows his adventures with his new wealth . Brian Robbins ( co-founder and CEO of DreamWorks Animation - owned AwesomenessTV ) , Tim Pollock and Jeff Hodsden ( The Suite Life of Zack & Cody ) are the executive producers and showrunners . Additionally , AwesomenessTV 's Shauna Phelan and Joe Davola serve as executive producers on the series . Episodes ( edit ) This article needs improved plot summaries . ( August 2016 ) Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally released 10 February 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 20 ) 11 May 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 22 ) Season 1 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date `` Man $ ion Warming '' Phill Lewis Tim Pollock & Jeff Hodsden February 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 20 ) Richie Rich ( Jake Brennan ) is happy with his new trillionaire life , but Murray thinks he 's spending too much money . When Richie 's dad decides on having family game night the same day as Richie 's concert , he must burst into two people and go a two places at one time . `` Royal Flu $ h '' Joel Zwick Jeny Quine February 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 20 ) Harper tries to finish her science project for Harvard grad school , but her friend , Tulip holds her back . Meanwhile , Richie is given an island and he makes fun out of it after cancelled plans . `` The $ et Up '' Joel Zwick Tim Pollock & Jeff Hodsden February 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 20 ) When their dad 's smothering level of attention drives them crazy , Richie and Harper set him up with a lady who looked unattractive on the dating website , but turns out to be pretty in person . `` The Wonderful Thing $ He Doe $ '' Adam Weissman Tim Pollock & Jeff Hodsden February 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 20 ) Richie tries to get out of doing a book report on The Wizard of Oz by directing a movie starring Darcy , Murray , Irona and neighbor 's son Tahj . 5 5 `` The Madne $ $ of Queen Harper '' Adam Weissman Tim Pollock & Jeff Hodsden February 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 20 ) Cliff goes to a Fantasy Football draft , leaving Harper in charge . When Richie is invited to Khalil Wood 's birthday party , Harper decides to prevent Richie from going . 6 6 `` More or Le $ $ '' Adam Weissman Tim Pollock & Jeff Hodsden February 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 20 ) After Richie is fed up from Darcy and Murray constantly arguing about money , he decides to switch their roles . Meanwhile , Harper introduces Cliff to her date which he does n't approve because of the lack of fun . 7 7 `` $ nowball Effect $ '' Adam Weissman Tim Pollock & Jeff Hodsden February 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 20 ) 8 8 `` Good Deed $ '' Phill Lewis Vincent Brown February 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 20 ) 9 9 `` $ pooky $ tuff '' Adam Weissman Tim Pollock & Jeff Hodsden February 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 20 ) After hearing noises in the night , Richie is convinced that his room is haunted and gets Darcy and Murray to stay with him . Harper attempts to re-create her childhood by hiring a little girl for her college application . 10 10 `` Fir $ t Love '' Phill Lewis Bo Belanger February 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 20 ) Irona starts malfunctioning , resulting her to be taken away to be repaired and being replaced by Urona , a mini-model of Irona . Upon first sight , Richie instantly falls in love with Urona . Season 2 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date 11 `` Rapper ' $ Delight '' Adam Weissman Tim Pollock & Jeff Hodsden May 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 22 ) When Taj expresses his desire to get into hip - hop , Richie does his best to support . 12 `` Briti $ h Rich '' Phill Lewis Dave Ihlenfeld & David Wright May 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 22 ) Richie learns he has a new British neighbor who 's copying him while Harper hosts a fundraiser for homeless turtles . 13 `` $ uperheroe $ '' Phill Lewis Tim Pollock & Jeff Hodsden May 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 22 ) After a burglary , Richie , Darcy and Murray form a superhero squad in the hopes of catching the thief . 14 `` $ tockholm Cowboy '' Patrick Maloney Bo Belanger May 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 22 ) A world - famous Swedish DJ surprises Richie and friends with a visit at their mansion while Harper gets kicked off the debate team . 15 5 `` Plu $ One '' Sean Lambert Tim Pollock & Jeff Hodsden May 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 22 ) Richie is named Man Of the Year . However , he is told he can only invite one guest to the award ceremony . Will it be Irona , Darcy , Cliff , Taj or Murray ? 16 6 `` Back to the Pre $ ent '' Sean Lambert Bo Belanger May 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 22 ) Richie gets a visit from his future adult self , who brings him back to help with his disappointed son , while Harper realizes she made a mistake on an application to Harvard , and it drives her crazy . 17 7 `` Fun and Game $ '' Sean Lambert Tim Pollock & Jeff Hodsden May 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 22 ) A game designer gives Richie an game he does not want that 's based on his life while Harper and Cliff work on a musical number . 18 8 `` Wa $ hed Up '' Sean Lambert Dave Ihlenfeld & David Wright May 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 22 ) Richie runs out of ideas for an invention and seeks help from the people - and robot - he is closest to . 19 9 `` Meat the Camper $ '' Chuck Vinson Jeny Quine May 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 22 ) After the camp burns down , Richie hosts the camp at his house and drives everybody crazy . 20 10 `` Ladie $ Man '' Chuck Vinson Tim Pollock & Jeff Hodsden May 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 22 ) A beauty pageant comes to town and Taj , Murray and Richie develop crushes on the contestants . 21 11 `` Family Tie $ '' Patrick Maloney Tim Pollock & Jeff Hodsden May 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 22 ) When Grandma Barb visits , Richie and Harper learn a stunning family secret ; Darcy hires a personal fashion designer . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Spangler , Todd ( October 29 , 2014 ) . `` Netflix Picks Up ' Richie Rich ' Live - Action Comedy from AwesomenessTV '' . Variety . Retrieved October 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( October 29 , 2014 ) . `` ' Richie Rich ' Comedy Series Picked Up By Netflix For 2015 '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved October 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fowler , Matt ( October 29 , 2014 ) . `` Richie Rich TV Show Coming to Netflix '' . IGN . Retrieved October 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Akhtar , Iyaz ( April 22 , 2015 ) . `` What 's coming and going on Netflix for May 2015 '' . CNET . Jump up ^ `` VIDEO : Sneak Peek - Netflix 's RICHIE RICH Returns With All - New Episodes Today '' . Broadwayworld.com . May 22 , 2015 . Retrieved April 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nededog , Jethro ; Bennett , Anita ( October 29 , 2014 ) . `` Netflix orders ' Richie Rich ' series from AwesomenessTV '' . USA Today . Retrieved October 29 , 2014 . 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who designed the old course at st. andrews	In 1552 , Archbishop John Hamilton gave the townspeople of St. Andrews the right to play on the links . In 1754 , 22 noblemen , professors , and landowners founded the Society of St Andrews Golfers . This society would eventually become the precursor to the Royal and Ancient which is the governing body for golf everywhere outside of the United States and Mexico . St Andrews Links had a scare when they went bankrupt in 1797 . The Town Council of St. Andrews decided to allow rabbit farming on the golf course to challenge golf for popularity . Twenty years of legal battling between the golfers and rabbit farmers ended in 1821 when a local landowner and golfer named James Cheape of Strathtyrum bought the land and is credited with saving the links for golf . The course evolved without the help of any one architect for many years , though notable contributions to its design were made by Daw Anderson in the 1850s and Old Tom Morris ( 1865 -- 1908 ) , who designed the 1st and 18th holes . Originally , it was played over the same set of fairways out and back to the same holes . As interest in the game increased , groups of golfers would often be playing the same hole , but going in different directions .		Old Course at St Andrews	old course at st andrews	The Old Course at St Andrews is considered the oldest golf course in the world , a public course over common land in St Andrews , Fife , Scotland . It is held in trust by The St Andrews Links Trust under an act of Parliament . The Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews club house sits adjacent to the first tee , although it is but one of many clubs ( St Andrews Golf Club , New Golf Club , St Regulus Golf Club and St Rules Golf Club are the others ) that have playing privileges on the course , along with the general public .	Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Governance 1.2 Influence on modern golf 1.3 Old Course and Bobby Jones 2 Features 3 The Open Championship 4 Scorecard 5 Women 's British Open 6 Senior Open Championship 7 See also 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) The Old Course at St Andrews is considered by many to be the `` home of golf '' because the sport was first played on the Links at St Andrews in the early 15th century . Golf was becoming increasingly popular in Scotland until in 1457 , when James II of Scotland banned golf because he felt that young men were playing too much golf instead of practising their archery . The ban was upheld by the following kings of Scotland until 1502 , when King James IV became a golfer himself and removed the ban . Governance ( edit ) In 1552 , Archbishop John Hamilton gave the townspeople of St. Andrews the right to play on the links . In 1754 , 22 noblemen , professors , and landowners founded the Society of St Andrews Golfers . This society would eventually become the precursor to the Royal and Ancient which is the governing body for golf everywhere outside of the United States and Mexico . St Andrews Links had a scare when they went bankrupt in 1797 . The Town Council of St. Andrews decided to allow rabbit farming on the golf course to challenge golf for popularity . Twenty years of legal battling between the golfers and rabbit farmers ended in 1821 when a local landowner and golfer named James Cheape of Strathtyrum bought the land and is credited with saving the links for golf . The course evolved without the help of any one architect for many years , though notable contributions to its design were made by Daw Anderson in the 1850s and Old Tom Morris ( 1865 -- 1908 ) , who designed the 1st and 18th holes . Originally , it was played over the same set of fairways out and back to the same holes . As interest in the game increased , groups of golfers would often be playing the same hole , but going in different directions . Influence on modern golf ( edit ) The Old Course was pivotal to the development of how the game is played today . For instance , in 1764 , the course had 22 holes . The members would play the same hole going out and in with the exception of the 11th and 22nd holes . The members decided that the first four and last four holes on the course were too short and should be combined into four total holes ( two in and two out ) . St Andrews then had 18 holes and that was how the standard of 18 holes was created . Around 1863 , Old Tom Morris had the 1st green separated from the 17th green , producing the current 18 - hole layout with seven double greens and four single greens . The Old Course is home of The Open Championship , the oldest of golf 's major championships . The Old Course has hosted this major 29 times since 1873 , most recently in 2015 . The 29 Open Championships that the Old Course has hosted is more than any other course , and The Open is currently played there every five years . Old Course and Bobby Jones ( edit ) Bobby Jones ( who later founded Augusta National ) first played St Andrews in the 1921 Open Championship . During the third round , he infamously hit his ball into a bunker on the 11th hole . After he took four swings at the ball and still could not get out , after losing his temper , he continued the round , but did not turn in score card , thus disqualifying himself . However , he did continue to play in the fourth round . Six years later , when the Open Championship returned to St Andrews , Jones also returned . Not only did he win , he also became the first amateur to win back - to - back Open Championships . He won wire - to - wire , shooting a 285 ( 7 - under - par ) , which was the lowest score at either a U.S. Open or Open Championship at the time . He ended up winning the tournament by a decisive six strokes . In 1930 , Jones returned to St Andrews for the British Amateur . He won , beating Roger Wethered by a score of 7 and 6 in the final match . He subsequently won the other three majors , making him the only man in the history of the sport to win the Grand Slam . Jones went on to fall in love with the Old Course for the rest of his life . Years later , he said `` If I had to select one course upon which to play the match of my life , I should have selected the Old Course . '' In 1958 the town of St Andrews gave Jones the key to the city ; he was only the second American to receive the honour ( after Benjamin Franklin in 1759 ) . After he received the key , he said `` I could take out of my life everything but my experiences here in St. Andrews and I would still have had a rich and full life . '' Features ( edit ) `` I 'm very sentimental and the place gets to me every time I go there . St Andrews was always where I wanted to finish my major career . '' -- Jack Nicklaus on finishing his career at St Andrews , 2005 . The Swilcan Bridge is one of the most iconic attractions in golf The 18th hole towards the clubhouse of the R&A in 2006 . A largely unchanged view in 1891 . One of the unique features of the Old Course are the large double greens . Seven greens are shared by two holes each , with hole numbers adding up to 18 ( 2nd paired with 16th , 3rd with 15th , all the way up to 8th and 10th ) . The Swilcan Bridge , spanning the first and 18th holes , has become a famous icon for golf in the world . Everyone who plays the 18th hole walks over this 700 - year - old bridge , and many iconic pictures of the farewells of the most iconic golfers in history have been taken on this bridge . A life - size stone replica of the Bridge is situated at the World Golf Hall of Fame museum in St. Augustine , Florida . Only the 1st , 9th , 17th and 18th holes have their own greens . Another unique feature is that the course can be played in either direction , clockwise or anti-clockwise . Along with that , the Old Course has 112 bunkers which are all individually named and have their own unique story and history behind them . The two most famous are the 10 ft deep `` Hell Bunker '' on the 14th hole , and the `` Road Bunker '' on the 17th hole . Countless professional golfers have seen their dreams of winning the Open Championship squandered by hitting their balls into those bunkers . The Old Course is also home of The Road Hole , the par - 4 17th , one of the world 's most famous golf holes . Among its unique features are : Players using the back tees can not see where their tee shots land . This is not unusual except that they must take aim over a corner of replica railway sheds which lie beyond the out of bounds wall . The original sheds were torn down when the rail line running next to the course closed , and after several Opens were played without the tee shot being blind , replicas of the sheds were created in preparation for the 1984 Open . Other than rough , the primary hazard in front of the green is a sand trap known as the `` Road Bunker . '' Over the back of the green , hazards include a tarmac roadway , as well as an old stone wall . Both are in play ; a wayward shot can lead a player to take their next stroke off the roadway or to hit the face of the wall and take their chances with the ensuing bounce . The general method of play today is counterclockwise , although clockwise play has been permitted on one day each year in recent years , and for several special one off events since . Originally , the course was reversed every week in order to let the grass recover better . One other unusual thing about the Old Course is that it is closed on Sundays to let the course rest . On some Sundays , the course turns into a park for all the townspeople who come out to stroll , picnic and otherwise enjoy the grounds . As a general rule , Sunday play is allowed on the course on only four occasions : The final day of the Dunhill Links Championship , an annual event on the European Tour . The final day of any R&A sanctioned Open Championships -- men and women , and the men over 50 when it is held at the Old Course ; this happens roughly once every five years for the men ; the women 's championship began its turn on the rotation in 2007 , and the over-50 championship began in 2018 . The final day of two top amateur events , the St Andrews Links Trophy and the St Rule Trophy . Sunday play may also occur when the Old Course hosts other major events ; for example , when it hosted the Curtis Cup in 2008 . While winning the Open Championship is a crowning achievement for any golfer , a win at St Andrews is considered particularly important due to the course 's long tradition . Past winners at St Andrews include Tiger Woods ( twice ) , Louis Oosthuizen , John Daly , Zach Johnson ( first Monday finish since 1988 ) , Nick Faldo , Seve Ballesteros , Jack Nicklaus ( twice ) , Tony Lema , Kel Nagle , Bobby Locke , Peter Thomson , Sam Snead , Dick Burton , Denny Shute , Bobby Jones , Jock Hutchison , James Braid ( twice ) , John Henry Taylor ( twice ) , Hugh Kirkaldy , Jack Burns , Bob Martin ( twice ) , Jamie Anderson , Tom Kidd , Lorena Ochoa , and most recently Stacy Lewis at the 2013 Women 's British Open . In 2005 the Old Course was ranked as the greatest golf course outside the United States , by Golf Digest . Since 1990 , the Old Course has been unique on the Open roster in holding the Championship every five years . However , this sequence has been broken with the announcement that the 2020 Championship will be at Royal St. George 's . The reason for this is that the 2021 Championship will be the 150th , and will be played on the Old Course . The Open Championship ( edit ) The `` road bunker '' at the 17th hole . R&A Clubhouse on the Old Course . The Open Championship has been staged at the Old Course at St Andrews 29 times . The following is a list of the champions : Year Winner Score Notes R1 R2 R3 R4 Total 1873 Tom Kidd 91 88 -- -- 179 This was the first time the Open Championship was played on an 18 - hole course . Instead of three rounds of 12 holes , there were two rounds of 18 . Kidd won £ 11 . 1876 Bob Martin 86 90 -- -- 176 Due to a controversial ruling , Bob Martin finished in a tie for first . In protest , his opponent Davie Strath refused to participate so Martin walked the course and became the Open Champion . He won £ 10 . 1879 Jamie Anderson 84 85 -- -- 169 With this win , Jamie Anderson became the first person to break 170 in the Open Championship . He won £ 10 . 1882 Bob Ferguson 83 88 -- -- 171 This was the third straight Open Championship for Ferguson . He won £ 12 . 1885 Bob Martin 84 87 -- -- 171 The second of Martin 's Open Championship wins , he won £ 10 . 1888 Jack Burns 86 85 -- -- 171 Burns won after his score was re-added , giving him a one - stroke victory . The winners share was £ 8 . 1891 Hugh Kirkaldy 83 83 -- -- 166 Kirkaldy set the tournament record with his 166 . This was also the last Open Championship that was 36 holes . The winners share was £ 10 . 1895 J.H. Taylor 86 78 80 78 322 This was the first Open to be played over two days ( 36 holes a day ) and a total of 72 holes at St Andrews . He shot the first sub-80 rounds at St Andrews . The winners share was £ 30 . 1900 J.H. Taylor 79 77 78 75 309 This open marked the first time the `` Great Triumvirate '' finished 1 - 2 - 3 . That was the name given to the three golfers who dominated the game in the late 19th century to the early 20th century . From 1894 to 1914 , J.H. Taylor , Harry Vardon , and James Braid combined to win 16 Open Championships . This was Taylor 's third of five Open Championships . The winners share was £ 50 . 1905 James Braid 81 78 78 81 318 This was the first Open to be played over three days , with 36 holes on the last day . This was Braid 's second of five Open Championships . The winners share was £ 50 . 1910 James Braid 76 73 74 76 299 This Open was the last of Braid 's five Open Championships . With this win he became the first person to break 300 in a four - round Open at St Andrews , and was the first to win five Open Championships . The winners share was £ 50 . 1921 Jock Hutchison 72 75 79 70 296 Born in Scotland , Hutchison was the first American citizen to win the Open Championship with this win . This was also the first time Bobby Jones played St Andrews . He ended up walking off the course after he took four shots to get out of a bunker on the 11th hole . The winners share was £ 75 . 1927 Bobby Jones ( a ) 68 72 73 72 285 ( − 3 ) This win marked Bobby Jones ' first Open championship win at St Andrews , his second straight Open Championship , fourth professional major , and his 7th career major ( he was a three - time winner of the U.S. Amateur ) . As an amateur , Jones received no prize money . Aubrey Boomer and Fred Robson finished in a tie for second , and the winners and second place share of £ 75 for first place and £ 50 for second place were combined and divided into two , so each player earned 62 pounds and 10 shillings . 1933 Denny Shute 73 73 73 73 292 ( + 4 ) Shute won the Open title by five strokes in a playoff against Craig Wood . Leo Diegel could have joined them but he whiffed a putt on the 72nd hole , finishing one shot off the lead . The winners share was £ 100 . 1939 Dick Burton 70 72 77 71 290 ( − 2 ) The 1939 Open was the last Open until 1946 because of World War II . The Royal Air Force used the fairways of the Old Course as runways . Burton held the Claret Jug the longest ( 7 years ) , until the tournament resumed in 1946 , also at St Andrews . The winners share was £ 100 . 1946 Sam Snead 71 70 74 75 290 ( − 2 ) Even though Sam Snead won the first Open Championship to be played since 1939 , he still lost money because of the high travel expenses ; his winner 's share was £ 150 . When taking the train into St Andrews , Sam Snead is quoted for looking out of the window and saying `` Say , that looks like an old abandoned golf course '' about the Old Course . 1955 Peter Thomson 71 68 70 72 281 ( − 7 ) This was the second of Thomson 's three straight Open titles , and five overall . His winner 's share was £ 1,000 . 1957 Bobby Locke 69 72 68 70 279 ( − 9 ) Between 1949 and 1957 , Locke won the Open title four times . He survived a possible disqualification when he marked his ball on the 72nd green , and played his ball without replacing his ball mark . The R&A decided that because he had a three shot lead , and he did n't gain an advantage , that in the spirit of the game , he should not be disqualified . The winner 's share was £ 1,000 . 1960 Kel Nagle 69 67 71 71 278 ( − 10 ) This was the 100th anniversary of the Open Championship , although due to wars it was n't the 100th Open Championship to be played . Arnold Palmer finished second and is credited with returning the Open to the eyes of Americans . The winner 's share was £ 1,250 . 1964 Tony Lema 73 68 68 70 279 ( − 9 ) From 1962 to 1966 , Lema won 12 times on tour , but this was his only major . He beat Jack Nicklaus by five strokes , and his winner 's share was £ 1,500 . Tragically , Lema and his pregnant wife were killed in a plane crash two years later . 1970 Jack Nicklaus 68 69 73 73 283 ( − 5 ) Doug Sanders missed a tough two and a half - foot ( 0.75 m ) putt on the 72nd hole , bogeyed , and ended up tied with Nicklaus . The playoff the next day came down to 18th hole and Nicklaus birdied to win ; it was his second Open title and eighth overall major ; the winner 's share was £ 5,250 . 1978 Jack Nicklaus 71 72 69 69 281 ( − 7 ) Nicklaus completed the career Grand Slam ( winning all four majors in your career at least once ) for the third time making it his third Open Championship . The winner 's share was £ 12,500 1984 Seve Ballesteros 69 68 70 69 276 ( − 12 ) The leaderboard for the final day was full of the best golfers in the world at the time . Ballesteros beat Bernhard Langer , Tom Watson , Fred Couples , Lanny Wadkins , Nick Faldo , and Greg Norman to make an epic final round at St Andrews . Ballesteros birdied the 72nd hole to win by two , and his fist pump is an iconic image to this day . His winner 's share was £ 50,000 . Nick Faldo 67 65 67 71 270 ( − 18 ) Faldo set the Open championship scoring record shooting 18 under par , winning his second major of the year , his second Open Championship and his fourth overall major . The winner 's share was £ 85,000 . 1995 John Daly 67 71 73 71 282 ( − 6 ) This Open was significant because it was the first that Tiger Woods played in , and the last that Arnold Palmer played in , getting to have his farewell at St Andrews . John Daly beat Costantino Rocca in a four - hole playoff to win the Open title and £ 125,000 . 2000 Tiger Woods 67 66 67 69 269 ( − 19 ) Winning the 2000 British Open was Tiger Woods ' second consecutive major championship , completing the career grand slam ; he would win the next two major championships as well for four consecutive major victories - the `` Tiger Slam '' . He did n't hit a single bunker the entire tournament , won by eight strokes , and set the new Open Championship scoring record with 19 under par . The winner 's share was £ 500,000 . 2005 Tiger Woods 66 67 71 70 274 ( − 14 ) This was Jack Nicklaus 's last Open Championship and like Arnold Palmer , he finished on the Old Course . This was also Tiger 's 10th major championship and the fourth one he had won by five or more strokes , and the winner 's share was £ 720,000 . Louis Oosthuizen 65 67 69 71 272 ( − 16 ) On the 150th anniversary of the first Open Championship , Oosthuizen played consistently well , winning the Open title by shooting a 16 under par 272 and winning by seven strokes . Rory McIlroy shot a 63 in the opening round and the winner 's share was £ 850,000 . 2015 Zach Johnson 66 71 70 66 273 ( − 15 ) In the 144th playing of the Open Championship , Zach Johnson emerged from a three - man playoff to win the tournament . Tom Watson was given a special exemption by the R & A in order that he could finish his Open career at the Old Course . The tournament finished on Monday due to the extremely high winds that arose during Saturday 's round . Johnson defeated Louis Oosthuizen and Marc Leishman in a four - hole playoff . 2021 15 -- 18 July Note : Multiple winners of The Open Championship have superscript ordinal designating which in their respective careers . ( a ) denotes amateur Sources : Scorecard ( edit ) Hole Name Yards Par Hole Name Yards Par Burn 376 10 Bobby Jones 386 Dyke 453 11 High ( In ) 174 Cartgate ( Out ) 397 12 Heathery ( In ) 348 Ginger Beer 480 13 Hole O'Cross ( In ) 465 5 Hole O'Cross ( Out ) 568 5 14 Long 618 5 6 Heathery ( Out ) 412 15 Cartgate ( In ) 455 7 High ( Out ) 371 16 Corner of the Dyke 423 8 Short 175 17 Road 495 9 End 352 18 Tom Morris 357 Out 3,584 36 In 3,721 36 Source : Total 7,305 72 Old Course Tee Rating / Slope 5 6 7 8 9 Out 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 In Total White 73.1 / 132 376 411 370 419 514 374 359 166 347 3336 340 174 316 418 530 414 381 455 357 3385 6721 Yellow 71.4 / 129 355 395 337 411 514 360 349 154 289 3164 311 164 304 388 523 391 345 436 361 3223 6387 Par 5 36 5 36 72 Ladies ' 75.6 / 138 339 375 321 401 454 325 335 145 261 2956 296 150 304 377 487 369 325 426 342 3076 6032 Par Ladies ' 5 5 5 38 5 5 5 38 76 Women 's British Open ( edit ) Winners of the Women 's British Open at the Old Course at St Andrews : Year Winner Score 2007 Lorena Ochoa 287 ( − 5 ) 2013 Stacy Lewis 280 ( -- 8 ) Senior Open Championship ( edit ) Winners of the Senior Open Championship at the Old Course at St Andrews : Year Winner Score 2018 See also ( edit ) Golf in Scotland St Andrews Links The Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` St Andrews Link Trust appointment '' . Scottish Government website . 14 January 2002 . Retrieved 24 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Scottish Golf History -- Oldest Golf Sites '' . Retrieved 19 February 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` St Andrews -- The Old Course '' . Archived from the original on 21 September 2012 . Retrieved 19 February 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Old Course Experience -- A Brief History of The Links '' . Retrieved 19 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Andrew Leibs ( 2004 ) . `` Sports and Games of the Renaissance '' . p. 69 . Greenwood Publishing Group , ^ Jump up to : `` St Andrews -- A Brief History of The Links '' . Archived from the original on 4 July 2012 . Retrieved 19 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Forrest L. Richardson ( 2002 ) . `` Routing the Golf Course : The Art & Science That Forms the Golf Journey '' . p. 46 . John Wiley & Sons Jump up ^ Kelly , Morgan ( 14 June 2005 ) . `` Jones ' 1930 feat still stands test of time '' . USA Today . Retrieved 19 February 2013 . Jump up ^ DiMeglio , Steve ( 15 July 2010 ) . `` History , mythology combine at St Andrews , the home of golf '' . USA Today . Retrieved 19 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nicklaus set for St Andrews bow '' . BBC Sport. 3 July 2005 . Jump up ^ Hauser , Melanie ( 9 July 2010 ) . `` Old Course 's humble Swilcan Bridge one of golf 's great attractions '' . PGA of America . ^ Jump up to : Ross , Helen ( 12 July 2010 ) . `` Swilcan Bridge replica a true World Golf Hall of Fame highlight '' . PGA of America . Jump up ^ Prunty , Brendan ( 15 July 2010 ) . `` At the British Open at St Andrews , it 's the bunkers ( in addition to everything else ) that will drive players mad '' . NJ.com . Retrieved 19 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Borden , Sam ( 12 June 2015 ) . `` Sundays on the Old Course at St. Andrews : No Golfers Allowed '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 14 June 2015 . Ground staff ask that people avoid greens and bunkers . On Sundays , locals and tourists explore the Old Course at St. Andrews as it enjoys a weekly rest . Jump up ^ `` British Open : Event 's history at St Andrews '' . USA Today . 11 July 2010 . Retrieved 19 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Prize Money at the Major Championships '' . Golf Today . Retrieved 4 March 2014 . External Links ( edit ) Golf Course Histories -- comparison of 1932 v 2012 course aerials ( nb. 2012 aerial dates prior to November 2012 changes ) BBC Golf on the Old Course -- a review by former European Tour player Ken Brown and several supporting features . 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what was paramount pictures' 2015 box office revenue	Highest - grossing films in North America Rank Title Year Box office gross Titanic 1997 $658,672,302 Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen 2009 $402,111,870 Transformers : Dark of the Moon 2011 $352,390,543 Forrest Gump 1994 $330,252,182 5 Shrek the Third 2007 $322,719,944 6 Transformers 2007 $319,246,193 7 Iron Man 2008 $318,412,101 8 Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull 2008 $317,101,119 9 Iron Man 2 $312,433,331 10 Star Trek 2009 $257,730,019 11 Raiders of the Lost Ark 1981 $248,159,971 12 Transformers : Age of Extinction 2014 $245,439,076 13 Shrek Forever After $238,736,787 14 Beverly Hills Cop 1984 $234,760,478 15 War of the Worlds 2005 $234,280,354 16 Star Trek Into Darkness 2013 $228,778,661 17 Ghost 1990 $217,631,306 18 How to Train Your Dragon $217,581,231 19 Madagascar 3 : Europe 's Most Wanted 2012 $216,391,482 20 Kung Fu Panda 2008 $215,434,591 21 Mission : Impossible 2 2000 $215,409,889 22 Mission : Impossible - Ghost Protocol 2011 $209,397,903 23 World War Z 2013 $202,359,711 24 Monsters vs. Aliens 2009 $198,351,526 25 Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade 1989 $197,171,806 Highest - grossing films worldwide Rank Title Year Box office gross Titanic 1997 $2,186,772,302 Transformers : Dark of the Moon 2011 $1,123,794,079 Transformers : Age of Extinction 2014 $1,104,054,072 Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen 2009 $836,303,693 5 Shrek the Third 2007 $798,958,162 6 Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull 2008 $786,636,033 7 Shrek Forever After $752,600,867 8 Madagascar 3 : Europe 's Most Wanted 2012 $746,921,274 9 Transformers 2007 $709,709,780 10 Mission : Impossible - Ghost Protocol 2011 $694,713,380 11 Mission : Impossible - Rogue Nation 2015 $682,330,139 12 Forrest Gump 1994 $677,945,399 13 Interstellar 2014 $675,120,017 14 Kung Fu Panda 2 2011 $665,692,281 15 Kung Fu Panda 2009 $631,744,560 16 Iron Man 2 $623,933,331 17 Madagascar : Escape 2 Africa 2008 $603,900,354 18 Transformers : The Last Knight 2017 $594,045,627 19 War of the Worlds 2005 $591,745,540 20 Iron Man 2008 $585,174,222 21 Puss in Boots 2011 $554,987,477 22 Mission : Impossible 2 2000 $546,388,105 23 World War Z 2013 $540,007,876 24 Ghost 1990 $505,702,588 25 How to Train Your Dragon $494,878,759		Paramount Pictures	paramount pictures	Paramount Pictures Corporation ( also known simply as Paramount ) is an American film studio based in Hollywood , California , that has been a subsidiary of the American media conglomerate Viacom since 1994 . Paramount is the fifth oldest surviving film studio in the world , the second oldest in the United States , and the sole member of the `` Big Six '' film studios still located in the Los Angeles neighborhood of Hollywood . In 1916 , film producer Adolph Zukor contracted 22 actors and actresses and honored each with a star on the logo . These fortunate few would become the first `` movie stars . '' In 2014 , Paramount Pictures became the first major Hollywood studio to distribute all of its films in digital form only .	Paramount Pictures is a member of the Motion Picture Association of America ( MPAA ) . The company 's headquarters and studios are located in 5555 Melrose Avenue , Hollywood , California , United States . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Famous Players Film Company 1.2 Famous Players - Lasky 1.2. 1 Publix , Balaban and Katz , Loew 's competition and wonder theaters 1.3 1931 -- 40 : Receivership 1.4 1941 -- 50 : United States v. Paramount Pictures , Inc . 1.5 1951 -- 66 : Split and after 1.5. 1 The DuMont Network 1.6 1966 -- 70 : Early Gulf + Western era 1.7 1971 -- 80 : CIC formation and high - concept era 1.8 1980 -- 94 : Continual success 1.9 1989 -- 94 Paramount Communications 1.10 1994 -- 2005 : Dolgen / Lansing and `` old '' Viacom era 1.11 2005 -- 2006 : Dissolution of the Viacom Entertainment Group and Paramount 1.12 2006 -- present : Paramount today 1.12. 1 CBS Corporation / Viacom split 1.12. 2 DreamWorks purchased 1.12. 3 History since 2006 2 Investments 2.1 DreamWorks Pictures 2.2 CBS library 3 Units 3.1 Subsidiaries 3.2 Divisions 3.3 Joint ventures 3.4 Former divisions , subsidiaries , and joint ventures 3.5 Other interests 4 Production deals 5 Logo 6 Studio tours 7 Film library 7.1 Highest - grossing films 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links History Famous Players film company Main article : Famous Players Film Company Paramount is the fifth oldest surviving film studio in the world after the French studios Gaumont Film Company ( 1895 ) and Pathé ( 1896 ) , followed by the Nordisk Film company ( 1906 ) , and Universal Studios ( 1912 ) . It is the last major film studio still headquartered in the Hollywood district of Los Angeles . Paramount Pictures dates its existence from the 1912 founding date of the Famous Players Film Company . Hungarian - born founder , Adolph Zukor , who had been an early investor in nickelodeons , saw that movies appealed mainly to working - class immigrants . With partners Daniel Frohman and Charles Frohman he planned to offer feature - length films that would appeal to the middle class by featuring the leading theatrical players of the time ( leading to the slogan `` Famous Players in Famous Plays '' ) . By mid-1913 , Famous Players had completed five films , and Zukor was on his way to success . Its first film was Les Amours de la reine Élisabeth , which starred Sarah Bernhardt . That same year , another aspiring producer , Jesse L. Lasky , opened his Lasky Feature Play Company with money borrowed from his brother - in - law , Samuel Goldfish , later known as Samuel Goldwyn . The Lasky company hired as their first employee a stage director with virtually no film experience , Cecil B. DeMille , who would find a suitable site in Hollywood , near Los Angeles , for his first feature film , The Squaw Man . Paramount Pictures ' first logo , based on a design by its founder William Wadsworth Hodkinson , used from 1917 to 1967 . Starting in 1914 , both Lasky and Famous Players released their films through a start - up company , Paramount Pictures Corporation , organized early that year by a Utah theatre owner , W.W. Hodkinson , who had bought and merged several smaller firms . Hodkinson and actor , director , producer Hobart Bosworth had started production of a series of Jack London movies . Paramount was the first successful nationwide distributor ; until this time , films were sold on a statewide or regional basis which had proved costly to film producers . Also , Famous Players and Lasky were privately owned while Paramount was a corporation . Famous Players - Lasky Main article : Famous Players - Lasky In 1916 , Zukor maneuvered a three - way merger of his Famous Players , the Lasky Company , and Paramount . Zukor and Lasky bought Hodkinson out of Paramount , and merged the three companies into one . The new company Lasky and Zukor founded , Famous Players - Lasky Corporation , grew quickly , with Lasky and his partners Goldwyn and DeMille running the production side , Hiram Abrams in charge of distribution , and Zukor making great plans . With only the exhibitor - owned First National as a rival , Famous Players - Lasky and its `` Paramount Pictures '' soon dominated the business . Lasky 's original studio ( a.k.a. `` The Barn '' ) as it appeared in the mid 1920s . The Taft building , built in 1923 , is visible in the background . Because Zukor believed in stars , he signed and developed many of the leading early stars , including Mary Pickford , Marguerite Clark , Pauline Frederick , Douglas Fairbanks , Gloria Swanson , Rudolph Valentino , and Wallace Reid . With so many important players , Paramount was able to introduce `` block booking '' , which meant that an exhibitor who wanted a particular star 's films had to buy a year 's worth of other Paramount productions . It was this system that gave Paramount a leading position in the 1920s and 1930s , but which led the government to pursue it on antitrust grounds for more than twenty years . The driving force behind Paramount 's rise was Zukor . Through the teens and twenties , he built the Publix Theatres Corporation , a chain of nearly 2,000 screens , ran two production studios ( in Astoria , New York , now the Kaufman Astoria Studios , and Hollywood , California ) , and became an early investor in radio , taking a 50 % interest in the new Columbia Broadcasting System in 1928 ( selling it within a few years ; this would not be the last time Paramount and CBS crossed paths ) . In 1926 , Zukor hired independent producer B.P. Schulberg , an unerring eye for new talent , to run the new West Coast operations . They purchased the Robert Brunton Studios , a 26 - acre facility at 5451 Marathon Street for US $1 million . In 1927 , Famous Players - Lasky took the name Paramount Famous Lasky Corporation . Three years later , because of the importance of the Publix Theatres , it became Paramount Publix Corporation . In 1928 , Paramount began releasing Inkwell Imps , animated cartoons produced by Max and Dave Fleischer 's Fleischer Studios in New York City . The Fleischers , veterans in the animation industry , were among the few animation producers capable of challenging the prominence of Walt Disney . The Paramount newsreel series Paramount News ran from 1927 to 1957 . Paramount was also one of the first Hollywood studios to release what were known at that time as `` talkies '' , and in 1929 , released their first musical , Innocents of Paris . Richard A. Whiting and Leo Robin composed the score for the film ; Maurice Chevalier starred and sung the most famous song from the film , `` Louise '' . Publix , Balaban and Katz , Loew 's competition and wonder Theaters Detail of Publix Theatre logo on what is now Indiana Repertory Theatre . By acquiring the successful Balaban & Katz chain in 1926 , Zukor gained the services of Barney Balaban ( who would eventually become Paramount 's president in 1936 ) , his brother A.J. Balaban ( who would eventually supervise all stage production nationwide and produce talkie shorts ) , and their partner Sam Katz ( who would run the Paramount - Publix theatre chain in New York City from the thirty - five - story Paramount Theatre Building on Times Square ) . Balaban and Katz had developed the Wonder Theater concept , first publicized around 1918 and sponsored by Jadeja Motion Pictures in Chicago . The Chicago Theater was created as a very ornate theater and advertised as a `` wonder theater . '' When Publix acquired Balaban , they embarked on a project to expand the wonder theaters , and starting building in New York in 1927 . While Balaban and Public were dominant in Chicago , Loew 's was the big player in New York , and did not want the Publix theaters to overshadow theirs . The two companies brokered a non-competition deal for New York and Chicago , and Loew 's took over the New York area projects , developing five wonder theaters . Publix continued Balaban 's wonder theater development in its home area . 1931 -- 40 : receivership Eventually , Zukor shed most of his early partners ; the Frohman brothers , Hodkinson and Goldwyn were out by 1917 while Lasky hung on until 1932 , when , blamed for the near - collapse of Paramount in the Depression years , he too was tossed out . Zukor 's over-expansion and use of overvalued Paramount stock for purchases led the company into receivership in 1933 . A bank - mandated reorganization team , led by John Hertz and Otto Kahn kept the company intact , and , miraculously , Zukor was kept on . In 1935 , Paramount - Publix went bankrupt . In June 1935 John E. Otterson and in 1936 Barney Balaban became president , and Zukor was bumped up to chairman of the board . In this role , Zukor reorganized the company as Paramount Pictures , Inc. and was able to successfully bring the studio out of bankruptcy . As always , Paramount films continued to emphasize stars ; in the 1920s there were Swanson , Valentino , and Clara Bow . By the 1930s , talkies brought in a range of powerful new draws : Miriam Hopkins , Marlene Dietrich , Mae West , W.C. Fields , Jeanette MacDonald , Claudette Colbert , the Marx Brothers ( whose first two films were shot at Paramount 's Astoria , New York , studio ) , Dorothy Lamour , Carole Lombard , Bing Crosby , band leader Shep Fields , famous Argentine tango singer Carlos Gardel , and Gary Cooper among them . In this period Paramount can truly be described as a movie factory , turning out sixty to seventy pictures a year . Such were the benefits of having a huge theater chain to fill , and of block booking to persuade other chains to go along . In 1933 , Mae West would also add greatly to Paramount 's success with her suggestive movies She Done Him Wrong and I 'm No Angel . However , the sex appeal West gave in these movies would also lead to the enforcement of the Production Code , as the newly formed organization the Catholic Legion of Decency threatened a boycott if it was not enforced . Paramount cartoons produced by Fleischer Studios continued to be successful , with characters such as Betty Boop and Popeye the Sailor becoming widely successful . One Fleischer series , Screen Songs , featured live - action music stars under contract to Paramount hosting sing - alongs of popular songs . The animation studio would rebound with Popeye , and in 1935 , polls showed that Popeye was even more popular than Mickey Mouse . After an unsuccessful expansion into feature films , as well as the fact that Max and Dave Fleischer were no longer speaking to one another , Fleischer Studios was acquired by Paramount , which renamed the operation Famous Studios . That incarnation of the animation studio continued cartoon production until 1967 , but has been historically dismissed as having largely failed to maintain the artistic acclaim the Fleischer brothers achieved under their management . The original Paramount logo seen on its 1930s films and Popeye shorts . 1941 -- 50 : United States v. Paramount Pictures , Inc. . In 1940 , Paramount agreed to a government - instituted consent decree : block booking and `` pre-selling '' ( the practice of collecting up - front money for films not yet in production ) would end . Immediately , Paramount cut back on production , from 71 films to a more modest 19 annually in the war years . Still , with more new stars like Bob Hope , Alan Ladd , Veronica Lake , Paulette Goddard , and Betty Hutton , and with war - time attendance at astronomical numbers , Paramount and the other integrated studio - theatre combines made more money than ever . At this , the Federal Trade Commission and the Justice Department decided to reopen their case against the five integrated studios . Paramount also had a monopoly over Detroit movie theaters through subsidiary company United Detroit Theaters as well . This led to the Supreme Court decision United States v. Paramount Pictures , Inc. ( 1948 ) holding that movie studios could not also own movie theater chains . This decision broke up Adolph Zukor 's creation and effectively brought an end to the classic Hollywood studio system . 1951 -- 66 : split and after With the separation of production and exhibition forced by the U.S. Supreme Court , Paramount Pictures Inc. was split in two . Paramount Pictures Corporation was formed to be the production distribution company , with the 1,500 - screen theater chain handed to the new United Paramount Theaters on December 31 , 1949 . Leonard Goldenson , who had headed the chain since 1938 , remained as the new company 's president . The Balaban and Katz theatre division was spun off with UPT ; its trademark eventually became the property of the Balaban and Katz Historical Foundation . The Foundation has recently acquired ownership of the Famous Players Trademark . Cash - rich and controlling prime downtown real estate , Goldenson began looking for investments . Barred from film - making by prior anti-trust rulings , he acquired the struggling ABC television network in February 1953 , leading it first to financial health , and eventually , in the mid-1970s , to first place in the national Nielsen ratings , before selling out to Capital Cities in 1985 ( Capital Cities would eventually sell out , in turn , to The Walt Disney Company in 1996 ) . United Paramount Theaters was renamed ABC Theaters in 1965 and was sold to businessman Henry Plitt in 1974 . The movie theater chain was renamed Plitt Theaters . In 1985 , Cineplex Odeon Corporation merged with Plitt . In later years , Paramount 's TV division would develop a strong relationship with ABC , providing many hit series to the network . The DuMont network Paramount Pictures had been an early backer of television , launching experimental stations in 1939 in Los Angeles and Chicago . The Los Angeles station eventually became KTLA , the first commercial station on the West Coast . The Chicago station got a commercial license as WBKB in 1943 , but was sold to UPT along with Balaban & Katz in 1948 and was eventually resold to CBS as WBBM - TV . In 1938 , Paramount bought a stake in television manufacturer DuMont Laboratories . Through this stake , it became a minority owner of the DuMont Television Network . Also Paramount launched its own network , Paramount Television Network , in 1948 through its television unit , Television Productions , Inc . Paramount management planned to acquire additional owned - and - operated stations ( `` O&Os '' ) ; the company applied to the FCC for additional stations in San Francisco , Detroit , and Boston . The FCC , however , denied Paramount 's applications . A few years earlier , the federal regulator had placed a five - station cap on all television networks : no network was allowed to own more than five VHF television stations . Paramount was hampered by its minority stake in the DuMont Television Network . Although both DuMont and Paramount executives stated that the companies were separate , the FCC ruled that Paramount 's partial ownership of DuMont meant that DuMont and Paramount were in theory branches of the same company . Since DuMont owned three television stations and Paramount owned two , the federal agency ruled neither network could acquire additional television stations . The FCC requested that Paramount relinquish its stake in DuMont , but Paramount refused . According to television historian William Boddy , `` Paramount 's checkered anti-trust history '' helped convince the FCC that Paramount controlled DuMont . Both DuMont and Paramount Television Network suffered as a result , with neither company able to acquire five O&Os . Meanwhile , CBS , ABC , and NBC had each acquired the maximum of five stations by the mid-1950s . When ABC accepted a merger offer from UPT in 1953 , DuMont quickly realized that ABC now had more resources than it could possibly hope to match . It quickly reached an agreement in principle to merge with ABC . In 1951 , Paramount bought a stake in International Telemeter , an experimental pay TV service which operated with a coin inserted into a box . The service began operating in Palm Springs , California on November 27 , 1953 , but due to pressure from the FCC , the service ended on May 15 , 1954 . With the loss of the theater chain , Paramount Pictures went into a decline , cutting studio - backed production , releasing its contract players , and making production deals with independents . By the mid-1950s , all the great names were gone ; only Cecil B. DeMille , associated with Paramount since 1913 , kept making pictures in the grand old style . Despite Paramount 's losses , DeMille would , however , give the studio some relief and create his most successful film at Paramount , a 1956 remake of his 1923 film The Ten Commandments . DeMille died in 1959 . Like some other studios , Paramount saw little value in its film library , and sold 764 of its pre-1948 films to MCA Inc. ( known today as Universal Studios Inc . ) in February 1958 . 1966 -- 70 : early Gulf + Western era Paramount 's logo from 1953 -- 1975 . The Gulf + Western byline was introduced following the company 's purchase of Paramount . The variant shown here was used in the first three Indiana Jones films , the first of which was released in 1981 . By the early 1960s , Paramount 's future was doubtful . The high - risk movie business was wobbly ; the theater chain was long gone ; investments in DuMont and in early pay - television came to nothing ; and the Golden Age of Hollywood had just ended , even the flagship Paramount building in Times Square was sold to raise cash , as was KTLA ( sold to Gene Autry in 1964 for a then - phenomenal $12.5 million ) . Their only remaining successful property at that point was Dot Records , which Paramount had acquired in 1957 , and even its profits started declining by the middle of the 1960s . Founding father Adolph Zukor ( born in 1873 ) was still chairman emeritus ; he referred to chairman Barney Balaban ( born 1888 ) as `` the boy . '' Such aged leadership was incapable of keeping up with the changing times , and in 1966 , a sinking Paramount was sold to Charles Bluhdorn 's industrial conglomerate , Gulf + Western Industries Corporation . Bluhdorn immediately put his stamp on the studio , installing a virtually unknown producer named Robert Evans as head of production . Despite some rough times , Evans held the job for eight years , restoring Paramount 's reputation for commercial success with The Odd Couple , Rosemary 's Baby , Love Story , The Godfather , Chinatown , and 3 Days of the Condor . Gulf + Western Industries also bought the neighboring Desilu television studio ( once the lot of RKO Pictures ) from Lucille Ball in 1967 . Using some of Desilu 's established shows such as Star Trek , Mission : Impossible , and Mannix as a foot in the door at the networks , the newly reincorporated Paramount Television eventually became known as a specialist in half - hour situation comedies . 1971 -- 80 : CIC formation and high - concept era In 1970 , Paramount teamed with Universal Studios to form Cinema International Corporation , a new company that would distribute films by the two studios outside the United States . Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer would become a partner in the mid-1970s . Both Paramount and CIC entered the video market with Paramount Home Video ( now Paramount Home Entertainment ) and CIC Video , respectively . Robert Evans abandoned his position as head of production in 1974 ; his successor , Richard Sylbert , proved to be too literary and too tasteful for Gulf + Western 's Bluhdorn . By 1976 , a new , television - trained team was in place headed by Barry Diller and his `` Killer - Dillers '' , as they were called by admirers or `` Dillettes '' as they were called by detractors . These associates , made up of Michael Eisner , Jeffrey Katzenberg , Dawn Steel and Don Simpson would each go on and head up major movie studios of their own later in their careers . Paramount 's print logo with the Viacom byline . This logo has been used since 1968 , with minor variations , all of which reflected corporate changes . The new byline was introduced in 2010 . The Paramount specialty was now simpler . `` High concept '' pictures such as Saturday Night Fever and Grease hit big , hit hard and hit fast all over the world , and Diller 's television background led him to propose one of his longest - standing ideas to the board : Paramount Television Service , a fourth commercial network . Paramount Pictures purchased the Hughes Television Network ( HTN ) including its satellite time in planning for PTVS in 1976 . Paramount sold HTN to Madison Square Garden in 1979 . But Diller believed strongly in the concept , and so took his fourth - network idea with him when he moved to 20th Century Fox in 1984 , where Fox 's then freshly installed proprietor , Rupert Murdoch was a more interested listener . However , the television division would be playing catch - up for over a decade after Diller 's departure in 1984 before launching its own television network -- UPN -- in 1995 . Lasting eleven years before being merged with The WB network to become The CW in 2006 , UPN would feature many of the shows it originally produced for other networks , and would take numerous gambles on series such as Star Trek : Voyager and Star Trek : Enterprise that would have otherwise either gone direct - to - cable or become first - run syndication to independent stations across the country ( as Star Trek : Deep Space Nine and Star Trek : The Next Generation were ) . Paramount Pictures was not connected to either Paramount Records ( 1910s - 1935 ) or ABC - Paramount Records ( 1955 -- 66 ) until it purchased the rights to use the name ( but not the latter 's catalog ) in the late 1960s . The Paramount name was used for soundtrack albums and some pop re-issues from the Dot Records catalog which Paramount had acquired in 1957 . By 1970 , Dot had become an all - country label and in 1974 , Paramount sold all of its record holdings to ABC Records , which in turn was sold to MCA ( now Universal Music Group ) in 1979 . 1980 -- 94 : continual success Paramount 's successful run of pictures extended into the 1980s and 1990s , generating hits like Airplane ! , American Gigolo , Ordinary People , An Officer and a Gentleman , Flashdance , Terms of Endearment , Footloose , Pretty in Pink , Top Gun , Crocodile Dundee , Fatal Attraction , Ghost , the Friday the 13th slasher series , as well as teaming up with Lucasfilm to create the Indiana Jones franchise . Other examples are the Star Trek film series and a string of films starring comedian Eddie Murphy like Trading Places , Coming to America and Beverly Hills Cop and its sequels . While the emphasis was decidedly on the commercial , there were occasional less commercial but more artistic and intellectual efforts like I 'm Dancing as Fast as I Can , Atlantic City , Reds , Witness , Children of a Lesser God and The Accused . During this period , responsibility for running the studio passed from Eisner and Katzenberg to Frank Mancuso , Sr. ( 1984 ) and Ned Tanen ( 1984 ) to Stanley R. Jaffe ( 1991 ) and Sherry Lansing ( 1992 ) . More so than most , Paramount 's slate of films included many remakes and television spinoffs ; while sometimes commercially successful , there have been few compelling films of the kind that once made Paramount the industry leader . On August 25 , 1983 , Paramount Studios caught fire . Two or three sound stages and four outdoor sets were destroyed . When Charles Bluhdorn died unexpectedly , his successor Martin Davis dumped all of G + W 's industrial , mining , and sugar - growing subsidiaries and refocused the company , renaming it Paramount Communications in 1989 . With the influx of cash from the sale of G + W 's industrial properties in the mid-1980s , Paramount bought a string of television stations and KECO Entertainment 's theme park operations , renaming them Paramount Parks . These parks included Paramount 's Great America , Paramount Canada 's Wonderland , Paramount 's Carowinds , Paramount 's Kings Dominion , and Paramount 's Kings Island . In 1993 , Sumner Redstone 's entertainment conglomerate Viacom made a bid for a merger with Paramount Communications ; this quickly escalated into a bidding war with Barry Diller 's QVC . But Viacom prevailed , ultimately paying $10 billion for the Paramount holdings . Viacom and Paramount had planned to merge as early as 1989 . Paramount is the last major film studio located in Hollywood proper . When Paramount moved to its present home in 1927 , it was in the heart of the film community . Since then , former next - door neighbor RKO closed up shop in 1957 ( Paramount ultimately absorbed their former lot ) ; Warner Bros. ( whose old Sunset Boulevard studio was sold to Paramount in 1949 as a home for KTLA ) moved to Burbank in 1930 ; Columbia joined Warners in Burbank in 1973 then moved again to Culver City in 1989 ; and the Pickford - Fairbanks - Goldwyn - United Artists lot , after a lively history , has been turned into a post-production and music - scoring facility for Warners , known simply as `` The Lot '' . For a time the semi-industrial neighborhood around Paramount was in decline , but has now come back . The recently refurbished studio has come to symbolize Hollywood for many visitors , and its studio tour is a popular attraction . 1989 -- 94 Paramount Communications Paramount Communications , Inc . Former type Conglomerate Industry Entertainment , industry , mass media Fate Sold to Viacom Predecessor Gulf + Western Successor Viacom ( original ) ( now remnants operating as Viacom and CBS Corporation owned by National Amusements ) Founded 1989 ; 28 years ago ( 1989 ) Defunct July 7 , 1994 ; 23 years ago ( 1994 - 07 - 07 ) Headquarters New York , New York , United States Key people Charles Bluhdorn , Martin S. Davis Subsidiaries Madison Square Garden New Jersey Zinc Paramount Pictures Paramount Television Simon and Schuster Website http://www.paramount.com In 1983 Gulf and Western began a restructuring process that would transform the corporation from a bloated conglomerate consisting of subsidiaries from unrelated industries to a more focused entertainment and publishing company . The idea was to aid financial markets in measuring the company 's success , which , in turn , would help place better value on its shares . Though its Paramount division did very well in recent years , Gulf and Western 's success as a whole was translating poorly with investors . This process eventually led Davis to divest many of the company 's subsidiaries . Its sugar plantations in Florida and the Dominican Republic were sold in 1985 ; the consumer and industrial products branch was sold off that same year . In 1989 , Davis renamed the company Paramount Communications Incorporated after its primary asset , Paramount Pictures . In addition to the Paramount film , television , home video , and music publishing divisions , the company continued to own the Madison Square Garden properties ( which also included MSG Network ) , a 50 % stake in USA Networks ( the other 50 % was owned by MCA / Universal Studios ) and Simon & Schuster , Prentice Hall , Pocket Books , Allyn & Bacon , Cineamerica ( a joint venture with Warner Communications ) , and Canadian cinema chain Famous Players Theatres . That same year , the company launched a $12.2 billion hostile bid to acquire Time Inc. in an attempt to end a stock - swap merger deal between Time and Warner Communications , which also renamed itself after a movie studio it owned upon selling off its non-entertainment assets . ( The original name of Warner Communications was Kinney National Company . ) This caused Time to raise its bid for Warner to $14.9 Billion in cash and stock . Gulf and Western responded by filing a lawsuit in a Delaware court to block the Time - Warner merger . The court ruled twice in favor of Time , forcing Gulf and Western to drop both the Time acquisition and the lawsuit , and allowing the formation of Time Warner . Paramount used cash acquired from the sale of Gulf and Western 's non-entertainment properties to take over the TVX Broadcast Group chain of television stations ( which at that point consisted mainly of large - market stations which TVX had bought from Taft Broadcasting , plus two mid-market stations which TVX owned prior to the Taft purchase ) , and the KECO Entertainment chain of theme parks from Taft successor Great American Broadcasting . Both of these companies had their names changed to reflect new ownership : TVX became known as the Paramount Stations Group , while KECO was renamed to Paramount Parks . Paramount Television launched Wilshire Court Productions in conjunction with USA Networks , before the latter was renamed NBCUniversal Cable , in 1989 . Wilshire Court Productions ( named for a side street in Los Angeles ) produced made - for - television movies that aired on USA , and later for other networks . USA Networks launched a second channel , the Sci - Fi Channel ( now known as Syfy ) , in 1992 . As its name implied , it focused on films and television series within the science fiction genre . Much of the initial programming was owned either by Paramount or Universal . Paramount bought one more television station in 1993 : Cox Enterprises ' WKBD - TV in Detroit , Michigan , at the time an affiliate of the Fox Broadcasting Company . 1994 -- 2005 : Dolgen / Lansing and `` old '' Viacom era Main article : Viacom ( original ) On July 7 , 1994 Paramount Communications Inc. was sold to Viacom following the purchase of 50.1 % of Paramount 's shares for $9.75 billion . At the time , Paramount 's holdings included Paramount Pictures , Madison Square Garden , the New York Rangers , the New York Knicks , and the Simon & Schuster publishing house . The deal had been planned as early as 1989 , when the company was still known as Gulf and Western . Though Davis was named a member of the board of National Amusements , which controlled Viacom , he ceased to manage the company . Under Viacom , the Paramount Stations Group continued to build with more station acquisitions , eventually leading to Viacom 's acquisition of its former parent , the CBS network , in 1999 . Around the same time , Viacom bought out Spelling Entertainment , incorporating its library into that of Paramount itself . Viacom split into two companies in 2006 , one retaining the Viacom name ( which continues to own Paramount Pictures ) , while another was named CBS Corporation ( which now controls Paramount Television Group , which was renamed CBS Paramount Television , now known as CBS Television Studios and worldwide distribution unit is now CBS Television Distribution and CBS Studios International , in 2006 , Simon & Schuster ( except for Prentice Hall and other educational units , which Viacom sold to Pearson PLC in 1998 , and what 's left of the original Paramount Stations Group , now known as CBS Television Stations ) . National Amusements retains majority control of the two . Together , these two companies own many of the former media assets of Gulf and Western and its Paramount successor today . Meanwhile , the Madison Square Garden properties ( including the Knicks and Rangers ) were sold to Cablevision not long after the Viacom takeover . Cablevision owned the MSG properties until 2010 , when they were spun off as their own company . CBS retained ownership of the Paramount Parks chain for a short while , but sold the parks to Cedar Fair in 2006 , and thus National Amusements got out of the theme park ownership business entirely . Over the next few years , Cedar Fair purged references to Viacom - owned properties from the former Paramount Parks , a task completed in 2010 . Viacom also sold its stake in the USA Networks to Universal in 1997 , and the channels came under the ownership of Universal 's successor , NBCUniversal , which still retained those holdings as of late July 2013 . During this time period , Paramount Pictures went under the guidance of Jonathan Dolgen , chairman and Sherry Lansing , president . During their administration over Paramount , the studio had an extremely successful period of films with two of Paramount 's ten highest - grossing films being produced during this period . The most successful of these films , Titanic , a joint partnership with 20th Century Fox , and Lightstorm Entertainment became the highest - grossing film up to that time , grossing over $1.8 billion worldwide . Also during this time , three Paramount Pictures films won the Academy Award for Best Picture ; Titanic , Braveheart , and Forrest Gump . Paramount 's most important property , however , was Star Trek . Studio executives had begun to call it `` the franchise '' in the 1980s due to its reliable revenue , and other studios envied its `` untouchable and unduplicatable '' success . By 1998 Star Trek TV shows , movies , books , videotapes , and licensing provided so much of the studio 's profit that `` it is not possible to spend any reasonable amount of time at Paramount and not be aware of ( its ) presence '' ; filming for Star Trek : Voyager and Star Trek : Deep Space Nine required up to nine of the largest of the studio 's 36 sound stages . In 1995 , Viacom and Chris - Craft Industries ' United Television launched United Paramount Network ( UPN ) with Star Trek : Voyager as its flagship series , fulfilling Barry Diller 's plan for a Paramount network from 25 years earlier . In 1999 , Viacom bought out United Television 's interests , and handed responsibility for the start - up network to the newly acquired CBS unit , which Viacom bought in 1999 -- an ironic confluence of events as Paramount had once invested in CBS , and Viacom had once been the syndication arm of CBS as well . During this period the studio acquired some 30 TV stations to support the UPN network as well acquiring and merging in the assets of Republic Pictures , Spelling Television and Viacom Television , almost doubling the size of the studio 's TV library . The TV division produced the dominant prime time show for the decade in Frasier as well as such long running hits as NCIS and Becker and the dominant prime time magazine show Entertainment Tonight . Paramount also gained the ownership rights to the Rysher library , after Viacom acquired the rights from Cox Enterprises . During this period , Paramount and its related subsidiaries and affiliates , operating under the name `` Viacom Entertainment Group '' also included the fourth largest group of theme parks in the United States and Canada which in addition to traditional rides and attractions launched numerous successful location - based entertainment units including a long running `` Star Trek '' attraction at the Las Vegas Hilton . Famous Music -- the company 's celebrated music publishing arm almost doubled in size and developed artists including Pink , Bush , Green Day as well as catalog favorites including Duke Ellington and Henry Mancini . The Paramount / Viacom licensing group under the leadership of Tom McGrath created the `` Cheers '' franchise bars and restaurants and a chain of restaurants borrowing from the studio 's Academy Award - winning film Forrest Gump -- The Bubba Gump Shrimp Company . Through the combined efforts of Famous Music and the studio over ten `` Broadway '' musicals were created including Irving Berlin 's White Christmas , Footloose , Saturday Night Fever , Andrew Lloyd Webber 's Sunset Boulevard among others . The Company 's international arm , United International Pictures ( UIP ) , was the dominant distributor internationally for ten straight years representing Paramount , Universal and MGM . Simon and Schuster became part of the Viacom Entertainment Group emerging as the US ' dominant trade book publisher . In 2002 , Paramount , Buena Vista Distribution , 20th Century Fox , Sony Pictures , Universal Studios , and Warner Bros. formed the Digital Cinema Initiatives . Operating under a waiver from the anti-trust law , the studios combined under the leadership of Paramount Chief Operating Officer Tom McGrath to develop technical standards for the eventual introduction of digital film projection -- replacing the now 100 - year - old film technology . DCI was created `` to establish and document voluntary specifications for an open architecture for digital cinema that ensures a uniform and high level of technical performance , reliability and quality control . '' McGrath also headed up Paramount 's initiative for the creation and launch of the Blu - ray DVD . 2005 -- 2006 : dissolution of the Viacom Entertainment Group and Paramount Main article : Viacom In 2005 , Viacom announced the spinoff of CBS into a separate public entity . As part of this spinoff , the Entertainment Group that was led by Dolgen , Lansing and McGrath , was dissolved and Paramount broken up into its separate assets . Famous Music , part of the company since its founding by Jesse Lasky , was sold to Sony Music . The UPN network and its TV stations were transferred to CBS . Paramount itself was broken into two parts and the television production and assets were stripped and made part of CBS . The theme parks group was sold to Cedar Fair in 2006 and renamed the parks by taking out the `` Paramount 's '' prefix . Simon and Schuster also became part of CBS . The company 's three chains of movie theaters were divested -- Famous Players Theaters , the dominant theater circuit in Canada was sold to its competitor Cineplex Odeon . UCI which dominated the international theater markets consisting of 1,300 + screens in 11 countries was sold to buyout firm Terra Firma . Mann Theaters was slowly divested screen by screen with the world - famous `` Graumann 's Chinese Theater '' being sold to a consortium led by Eli Samaha . The resulting company , approximately 20 % of its former size coalesced in 2006 under the leadership of its new CEO , Brad Grey who held the same title as Sherry Lansing despite the much smaller size of the business under his leadership . 2006 -- present : Paramount today CBS Corporation / Viacom split Main article : CBS Corporation Paramount Pictures ' studio lot in Hollywood ( Melrose Gate entrance ) Reflecting in part the troubles of the broadcasting business , in 2006 Viacom wrote off over $18 billion from its radio acquisitions and , early that year , announced that it would split itself in two . The split was completed in January 2006 . With the announcement of the split of Viacom , Dolgen and Lansing were replaced by former television executives Brad Grey and Gail Berman . The Viacom Inc. board split the company into CBS Corporation and a separate company under the Viacom name . The board scheduled the division for the first quarter of 2006 . Under the plan , CBS Corp. would comprise CBS and UPN networks , Viacom Television Stations Group , Infinity Broadcasting , Viacom Outdoor , Paramount Television , KingWorld , Showtime , Simon and Schuster , Paramount Parks , and CBS News . The revamped Viacom would include `` MTV , VH1 , Nickelodeon , BET and several other cable networks as well as the Paramount movie studio '' . Paramount 's home entertainment unit continues to distribute the Paramount TV library through CBS DVD , as both Viacom and CBS Corporation are controlled by Sumner Redstone 's National Amusements . In 2009 , CBS stopped using the Paramount name in its series and changed the name of the production arm to CBS Television Studios , eliminating the Paramount name from television , to distance itself from the latter . DreamWorks purchased On December 11 , 2005 , the Paramount Motion Pictures Group announced that it had purchased DreamWorks SKG ( which was co-founded by former Paramount executive Jeffrey Katzenberg ) in a deal worth $1.6 billion . The announcement was made by Brad Grey , chairman and CEO of Paramount Pictures who noted that enhancing Paramount 's pipeline of pictures is a `` key strategic objective in restoring Paramount 's stature as a leader in filmed entertainment . '' The agreement does not include DreamWorks Animation SKG Inc. , the most profitable part of the company that went public the previous year . On October 6 , 2008 , DreamWorks executives announced that they were leaving Paramount and relaunching an independent DreamWorks . The DreamWorks trademarks remained with DreamWorks Animation when that company was spun off before the Paramount purchase , and DreamWorks Animation transferred the license to the name to the new company . History since 2006 Grey also broke up the famous UIP international distribution company , the most successful international film distributor in history , after a 25 - year partnership with Universal Studios and has started up a new international group . As a consequence Paramount fell from No. 1 in the international markets to the lowest ranked major studio in 2006 but recovered in 2007 . DreamWorks films , acquired by Paramount but still distributed internationally by Universal , are included in Paramount 's market share . Grey also launched a Digital Entertainment division to take advantage of emerging digital distribution technologies . This led to Paramount becoming the second movie studio to sign a deal with Apple Inc. to sell its films through the iTunes Store . Also , in 2007 , Paramount sold another one of its `` heritage '' units , Famous Music , to Sony / ATV Music Publishing ( best known for publishing many songs by The Beatles , and for being co-owned by Michael Jackson ) , ending a nearly - eight - decade run as a division of Paramount , being the studio 's music publishing arm since the period when the entire company went by the name `` Famous Players . '' In early 2008 , Paramount partnered with Los Angeles - based developer FanRocket to make short scenes taken from its film library available to users on Facebook . The application , called VooZoo , allows users to send movie clips to other Facebook users and to post clips on their profile pages . Paramount engineered a similar deal with Makena Technologies to allow users of vMTV and There.com to view and send movie clips . In March 2010 , Paramount founded Insurge Pictures , an independent distributor of `` micro budget '' films . The distributor planned ten movies with budgets of $100,000 each . The first release was The Devil Inside , a movie with a budget of about US $1 million . In March 2015 , following waning box office returns , Paramount shuttered Insurge Pictures and moved its operations to the main studio . In July 2011 , in the wake of critical and box office success of the animated feature , Rango , and the departure of DreamWorks Animation upon completion of their distribution contract in 2012 , Paramount announced the formation of a new division , devoted to the creation of animated productions . It marks Paramount 's return to having its own animated division for the first time since 1967 , when Paramount Cartoon Studios shut down ( it was formerly Famous Studios until 1956 ) . In December 2013 , Walt Disney Studios ( via its parent company 's purchase of Lucasfilm , Ltd. a year earlier ) purchased Paramount 's remaining distribution and marketing rights to future Indiana Jones films , while Paramount will permanently retain the distribution rights to the first four films , and will receive `` financial participation '' from any additional films . In February 2016 , Viacom CEO and newly appointed chairman Philippe Dauman announced that the conglomerate is in talks to find an investor to purchase a minority stake in Paramount . Sumner Redstone and his daughter Shari are reportedly opposed with the deal . On July 13 , 2016 , Wanda Group was in talks to acquire a 49 % stake of Paramount . The talks with Wanda were dropped . On January 19 , 2017 , Shanghai Film Group Corp. and Huahua Media said they would finance at least 25 % of all Paramount Pictures movies over a three - year period . Shanghai Film Group and Huahua Media , in the deal , would help distribute and market Paramount 's features in China . At the time , the Wall Street Journal wrote that `` nearly every major Hollywood studio has a co-financing deal with a Chinese company . '' On March 27 , 2017 , Jim Gianopulos was named as a chairman and CEO of Paramount Pictures , replacing Brad Grey . On July 2017 , Paramount Players was formed by the studio with the hiring of Brian Robbins , founder of AwesomenessTV , Tollin / Robbins Productions and Varsity Pictures , as the division 's president . The division was expected to produce films based on the Viacom Media Networks properties including MTV , Nickelodeon , BET and Comedy Central . Paramount , along with other Viacom brands , were affected by the AWS key leak on 9 / 20 / 17 . Investments DreamWorks Pictures In 2006 , Paramount became the parent of DreamWorks Pictures . Soros Strategic Partners and Dune Entertainment II soon afterwards acquired controlling interest in live - action films released through DreamWorks , with the release of Just Like Heaven on September 16 , 2005 . The remaining live - action films released until March 2006 remained under direct Paramount control . However , Paramount still owns distribution and other ancillary rights to Soros and Dune films . On February 8 , 2010 , Viacom repurchased Soros ' controlling stake in DreamWorks ' library of films released before 2005 for around $400 million . Even as DreamWorks switched distribution of live - action films not part of existing franchises to Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures and later Universal Studios , Paramount continues to own the films released before the merger , and the films that Paramount themselves distributed , including sequel rights such as that of Little Fockers ( 2011 ) , distributed by Paramount and DreamWorks . It was a sequel to two existing DreamWorks films , Meet the Parents ( 2000 ) and Meet the Fockers ( 2004 ) . Paramount only owned the international distribution rights to Little Fockers , whereas Universal Studios handled domestic distribution ) . Paramount owned distribution rights to the DreamWorks Animation library of films made before 2013 , and their previous distribution deal with future DWA titles expired at the end of 2012 , with Rise of the Guardians . 20th Century Fox took over distribution on post-2012 titles beginning with The Croods ( 2013 ) and ended with Captain Underpants : The First Epic Movie ( 2017 ) with Universal Pictures taking over the distribution deal with DreamWorks Animation due to NBCUniversal 's acquisition of DreamWorks Animation in 2016 , starting in 2019 with the release of How To Train Your Dragon 3 , though Paramount 's rights to pre-2013 DreamWorks Animation films would 've expired 16 years after each film 's initial theatrical release date . However , in July 2014 , DreamWorks Animation purchased Paramount 's distribution rights to the pre-2013 library , with DreamWorks Animation 's current distributor 20th Century Fox starting to distribute the library . Another asset of the former DreamWorks owned by Paramount , is the pre-2008 DreamWorks Television library , distributed through Paramount Worldwide Television Licensing & Distribution , the library includes Spin City , High Incident , Freaks and Greeks , Undeclared and On the Lot , the DreamWorks Television library was distributed by the old Paramount Television years before . CBS library Independent company Hollywood Classics now represents Paramount with the theatrical distribution of all the films produced by the various motion picture divisions of CBS over the years , as a result of the Viacom / CBS merger . Paramount ( via CBS Home Entertainment ) has outright video distribution to the aforementioned CBS library with few exceptions - for example , the original Twilight Zone DVDs are handled by Image Entertainment . Until 2009 , the video rights to My Fair Lady were with original theatrical distributor Warner Bros. , under license from CBS ( the video license to that film has now reverted to CBS Home Entertainment under Paramount ) . The CBS - produced / owned films , unlike other films in Paramount 's library , are still distributed by CBS Television Distribution on TV , and not by Trifecta Entertainment & Media , because CBS ( or a subdivision ) is the copyright holder for these films . Units Subsidiaries Paramount Licensing , Inc . Paramount Home Media Distribution Paramount Famous Productions , direct - to - video Divisions Paramount Digital Entertainment Paramount Pictures International Paramount Studio Group -- physical studio and post production The Studios at Paramount -- production facilities & lot Paramount on Location -- production support facilities throughout North America including New York , Vancouver , and Atlanta Worldwide Technical Operations -- archives , restoration and preservation programs , the mastering and distribution fulfillment services , on - lot post production facilities management Paramount Television ( revived in March 2013 . Original Paramount Television now CBS Television Studios ) Worldwide Television Distribution Paramount Parks & Resorts , licensing and design for parks and resorts Paramount Motion Picture Group Paramount Pictures Paramount Players ( June 2017 -- ) ( Viacom Media Networks branded labels ) : MTV Films Nickelodeon Movies Comedy Central Films Insurge Pictures , micro-budget film ( March 2015 -- ) Paramount Animation ( 2011 -- present ) Paramount Vantage Republic Pictures Joint ventures United International Pictures Former divisions , subsidiaries , and joint ventures Original Paramount Television now CBS Television Studios Big Ticket Entertainment ( semi-in - name - only since 2006 , only shows running is Judge Judy and Hot Bench ) Spelling Television ( in - name - only since 2006 ) Viacom Productions ( folded into PNT in 2004 ) Wilshire Court Productions ( shut down in 2003 ) Paramount Domestic Television , now CBS Television Distribution Folded Viacom Enterprises in 1995 and Rysher Entertainment and Worldvision Enterprises in 1999 RTV News , Inc. , producer of Real TV and Maximum Exposure United Paramount Network ( UPN ) -- formerly a joint venture with United Television , now part of the CBS / Time Warner joint venture The CW Television Network Paramount Stations Group ( now CBS Television Stations ) USA Networks ( also including what is now called Syfy ) -- Paramount owned a stake starting in 1982 , 50 % owner ( with Universal Studios ) from 1987 until 1997 , when Paramount / Viacom sold their stake to Universal ( now part of NBCUniversal ) Paramount International Television ( now CBS Studios International ) Paramount Parks ( Purchased by Cedar Fair Entertainment Company in 2006 ) DW Studios , LLC ( also DW Pictures ) -- defunct , holding film library and rights , principal officers left to recreate DreamWorks as an independent company DW Funding LLC -- DreamWorks live - action library ( pre-09 / 16 / 2005 ; DW Funding , LLC ) sold to Soros Strategic Partners and Dune Entertainment II and purchased back in 2010 Paramount Theatres Limited - Founded 1930 in the United Kingdom with the opening of a cinema in Manchester . Several Paramount Theatres had opened or had been acquired in the United Kingdom during the 1930s before being sold to the Rank Organisation 's , Odeon Cinemas chain in 1939 . Epix -- 49 , 76 % owner ( with Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer and Lionsgate ) from 2009 until 2017 , when Paramount / Viacom and Lionsgate sold their stake to MGM Other interests In March 2012 , Paramount licensed their name and logo to a luxury hotel investment group which subsequently named the company Paramount Hotels and Resorts . The investors plan to build 50 hotels throughout the world based on the themes of Hollywood and the California lifestyle . Among the features are private screening rooms and the Paramount library available in the hotel rooms . On April 2013 , Paramount Hotels and Dubai - based DAMAC Properties announced the building of the first resort : `` DAMAC Towers by Paramount . '' Production deals Active Appian Way Productions ( 2016 -- ) Bad Robot ( 2006 -- 2018 ) Di Bonaventura Pictures Disruption Entertainment ( 2011 -- ) Fake Empire Productions Hasbro Studios ( 2011 -- ) Hasbro movie universe Jerry Bruckheimer Films ( April 2014 - ) The Michaels - Goldwyn Company ( 2003 -- ) The Montecito Picture Company & its financing arm , Cold Spring Pictures ( October 2008 - February 2012 ) Platinum Dunes ( 2009 -- ) Skydance Productions ( 2009 - 2013 ) co-financier Former Cruise / Wagner Productions ( - 2011 ) Plan B Entertainment ( 2005 - ) 2013 ) Gary Sanchez Production ( - 2011 ) Logo Artist Dario Campanile poses with a picture Paramount commissioned him to paint for its 75th anniversary in 1987 . The company later used the painting as a basis for its new logo . That logo was introduced as a prototype in the 1986 film The Golden Child ; the 1987 film Critical Condition was the first to feature the finalized version of the logo . 1999 's South Park : Bigger , Longer & Uncut was the first to use an enhanced version of the logo , which was last used on 2002 's Crossroads . For its 90th anniversary , Paramount adopted the logo shown here . In 2012 , it was used in tandem with the current one . This picture shows the 2010 modification of the logo , which includes Viacom 's new byline introduced in 2006 . The first movie to use the new Viacom byline was Iron Man 2 . The distinctively pyramidal Paramount mountain has been the company 's logo since its inception and is the oldest surviving Hollywood film logo . In the sound era , the logo was accompanied by a fanfare called Paramount on Parade after the film of the same name , released in 1930 . The words to the fanfare , originally sung in the 1930 film , were `` Proud of the crowd that will never be loud , it 's Paramount on Parade . '' Legend has it that the mountain is based on a doodle made by W.W. Hodkinson during a meeting with Adolph Zukor . It is said to be based on the memories of his childhood in Utah . Some claim that Utah 's Ben Lomond is the mountain Hodkinson doodled , and that Peru 's Artesonraju is the mountain in the live - action logo , while others claim that the Italian side of Monviso inspired the logo . Some editions of the logo bear a striking resemblance to the Pfeifferhorn , another Wasatch Range peak . The motion picture logo has gone through many changes over the years : The logo began as a somewhat indistinct charcoal rendering of the mountain ringed with superimposed stars . The logo originally had twenty - four stars , as a tribute to the then current system of contracts for actors , since Paramount had twenty - four stars signed at the time . In 1951 , the logo was redesigned as a matte painting created by Jan Domela . A newer , more realistic - looking logo debuted in 1953 for Paramount films made in 3D . It was reworked in early - to - mid 1954 for Paramount films made in widescreen process VistaVision . The text VistaVision -- Motion Picture High Fidelity was often imposed over the Paramount logo briefly before dissolving into the title sequence . In early 1968 , the text `` A Paramount Picture / Release '' was shortened to `` Paramount '' , and the byline A Gulf + Western Company appeared on the bottom . The logo was given yet another modification in 1974 , with the number of stars being reduced to 22 , and the Paramount text and Gulf + Western byline appearing in different fonts . In September 1975 , the logo was simplified in a shade of blue , adopting the modified design of the 1968 print logo , which was in use for many decades afterward . The studio launched an entirely new logo in December 1986 with computer - generated imagery of a lake and stars . This version of the Paramount logo was designed by Dario Campanile and animated by Apogee , Inc ; for this logo , the stars would move across the screen into the arc shape instead of it being superimposed over the mountain as it was before . An redone version of this logo debuted with South Park : Bigger , Longer & Uncut ( released on June 30 , 1999 ) . In March 2002 , an updated logo was introduced in which shooting stars would fall from a night sky to form the arc while the Paramount logo would fly into place between them . An enhanced version of this logo debuted with Iron Man 2 , released on May 7 , 2010 . The south col area of Mount Everest became the primary basis . The music is accompanied by Paramount on Parade . This logo is still featured on DVD and Blu - ray releases with Old Viacom Byline . On December 16 , 2011 , an updated logo was introduced with animation done by Devastudios , Inc . The new logo includes a surrounding mountain range and the sun shining in the background . Michael Giacchino composed the logo 's new fanfare . Studio tours Those wishing to visit Paramount can take studio tours , which are offered seven days a week . Reservations are required , and can be made by visiting the tour website . Each tour day is different because the tour has to work around active movie sets . Pictures are allowed in some areas . Your tour guide will let you know if you can not take pictures . Most of the time this is because an area or studio is `` set '' , meaning the area or set is being used for a current production and ca n't be photographed due to copyright laws . The regular tour offers a behind - the - scenes look at the current operations of the studio . Most of the buildings on the tour are named for historical Paramount executives or the artists that worked at Paramount over the years . Many of the stars ' dressing rooms have been converted into working offices . The stages where Samson and Delilah , Sunset Blvd. , White Christmas , Rear Window , Sabrina , Breakfast at Tiffany 's , and many other classic films were shot are still in use today . The studio 's backlot set , `` New York Street '' , features numerous blocks of façades that depict a number of New York locales : `` Washington Square '' ( where some scenes in The Heiress , starring Olivia de Havilland , were shot ) , `` Brooklyn '' , `` Financial District '' , and others . Led by a guide on a golf cart , the tour takes approximately two hours . The best time to take the regular tour is on the weekends because most of the filming is shut down and you can get into more areas . The VIP tour takes you to additional areas not covered by the standard tour , plus you have lunch in the studio restaurant . This tour takes 5 to 6 hours and is usually only offered on weekdays . Film library Main article : List of Paramount Pictures films A few years after the ruling of the United States v. Paramount Pictures , Inc. case in 1948 , Music Corporation of America ( MCA ) approached Paramount offering $50 million for 750 sound feature films released prior to December 1 , 1949 with payment to be spread over a period of several years . Paramount saw this as a bargain since the fleeting movie studio saw very little value in its library of old films at the time . To address any anti-trust concerns , MCA set up EMKA , Ltd. as a dummy corporation to sell these films to television . EMKA 's / Universal Pictures library includes the five Paramount Marx Brothers films , most of the Bob Hope -- Bing Crosby Road to ... pictures , and other classics such as Trouble in Paradise , Shanghai Express , She Done Him Wrong , Sullivan 's Travels , The Palm Beach Story , For Whom the Bell Tolls , Double Imdemnity , The Lost Weekend , and The Heiress . Highest - grossing films Highest - grossing films in North America Rank Title Year Box office gross Titanic 1997 $658,672,302 Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen 2009 $402,111,870 Transformers : Dark of the Moon 2011 $352,390,543 Forrest Gump 1994 $330,252,182 5 Shrek the Third 2007 $322,719,944 6 Transformers 2007 $319,246,193 7 Iron Man 2008 $318,412,101 8 Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull 2008 $317,101,119 9 Iron Man 2 $312,433,331 10 Star Trek 2009 $257,730,019 11 Raiders of the Lost Ark 1981 $248,159,971 12 Transformers : Age of Extinction 2014 $245,439,076 13 Shrek Forever After $238,736,787 14 Beverly Hills Cop 1984 $234,760,478 15 War of the Worlds 2005 $234,280,354 16 Star Trek Into Darkness 2013 $228,778,661 17 Ghost 1990 $217,631,306 18 How to Train Your Dragon $217,581,231 19 Madagascar 3 : Europe 's Most Wanted 2012 $216,391,482 20 Kung Fu Panda 2008 $215,434,591 21 Mission : Impossible 2 2000 $215,409,889 22 Mission : Impossible - Ghost Protocol 2011 $209,397,903 23 World War Z 2013 $202,359,711 24 Monsters vs. Aliens 2009 $198,351,526 25 Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade 1989 $197,171,806 Highest - grossing films worldwide Rank Title Year Box office gross Titanic 1997 $2,186,772,302 Transformers : Dark of the Moon 2011 $1,123,794,079 Transformers : Age of Extinction 2014 $1,104,054,072 Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen 2009 $836,303,693 5 Shrek the Third 2007 $798,958,162 6 Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull 2008 $786,636,033 7 Shrek Forever After $752,600,867 8 Madagascar 3 : Europe 's Most Wanted 2012 $746,921,274 9 Transformers 2007 $709,709,780 10 Mission : Impossible - Ghost Protocol 2011 $694,713,380 11 Mission : Impossible - Rogue Nation 2015 $682,330,139 12 Forrest Gump 1994 $677,945,399 13 Interstellar 2014 $675,120,017 14 Kung Fu Panda 2 2011 $665,692,281 15 Kung Fu Panda 2009 $631,744,560 16 Iron Man 2 $623,933,331 17 Madagascar : Escape 2 Africa 2008 $603,900,354 18 Transformers : The Last Knight 2017 $594,045,627 19 War of the Worlds 2005 $591,745,540 20 Iron Man 2008 $585,174,222 21 Puss in Boots 2011 $554,987,477 22 Mission : Impossible 2 2000 $546,388,105 23 World War Z 2013 $540,007,876 24 Ghost 1990 $505,702,588 25 How to Train Your Dragon $494,878,759 -- Includes theatrical reissue ( s ) . See also Film in the United States portal Companies portal Greater Los Angeles portal DreamWorks List of Paramount executives List of television series produced by Paramount Television Notes ^ North America distribution only . Released by 20th Century Fox internationally . ^ In July 2014 , the film 's distribution rights were purchased by DreamWorks Animation from Paramount and transferred to 20th Century Fox . ^ In July 2013 , the film 's distribution rights were transferred from Paramount to the Walt Disney Studios . References ^ Jump up to : VIACOM REPORTS FOURTH QUARTER AND FULL YEAR FINANCIAL RESULTS , p. 3 . ^ Jump up to : Richard Abel ( 1994 ) . The Ciné Goes to Town : French Cinema , 1896 -- 1914 . University of California Press . p. 10 . ISBN 0 - 520 - 07936 - 1 . Jump up ^ http://ocgirl.net/wp-content/uploads/image/paramount/paramount-2.jpg Jump up ^ Fingas , Jon ( January 19 , 2014 ) . `` Paramount now releases movies only in digital form '' . Jump up ^ `` Motion Picture Association of America -- About Us '' . MPAA . Retrieved May 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Directions '' . The Studios at Paramount . Jump up ^ The Master Switch : The Rise and Fall of Information Empires - Tim Wu - Google Books . Books.google.com . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Lasky Company merges with Famous Players , later to become Paramount - Jun 28 , 1916 - HISTORY.com '' . HISTORY.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` The Famous Players - Lasky Antitrust Case '' . www.cobbles.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` 1926 : THE NEW STUDIO Paramount Pictures '' . Paramount.com . Retrieved October 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gray , Christopher ( March 11 , 2007 ) . `` The Kings Is Dead ! Long Live the Kings ! '' . Real Estate / Streetscapes . The New York Times . New York , NY . Retrieved Dec 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Eileen S. Quigley . International Motion Picture Almanac , 1938 . p. 581 . Jump up ^ Eames , John Douglas ( 1985 ) . The Paramount story ( ( 1st ed . ) . ed . ) . New York : Crown . p. 37 . ISBN 0 - 517 - 55348 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Filmsite.org '' . Filmsite.org . Retrieved January 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Filmsite.org '' . Filmsite.org . Retrieved January 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Mae-West.org '' . Mae-West.org . Retrieved January 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Forums.GoldenAgeCartoons.com '' . Forums.GoldenAgeCartoons.com . Retrieved January 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Maltin , Leonard ( 1987 ) ( 1980 ) . Of Mice and Magic . New York : Plume . p. 311 . Jump up ^ Eames , John Douglas ( 1985 ) . The Paramount Story . New York , New York : Crown Publishers , Inc. p. 115 . ISBN 0 - 517 - 55348 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` ACTUAL ARTICLE TITLE BELONGS HERE ! '' . Cobbles.com . Retrieved January 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Nelmes , Jill ( 2003 ) . An Introduction to Film Studies ( 3 ed . ) . Routledge . p. 16 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 26268 - 2 . Jump up ^ Hess , Gary Newton ( 1979 ) . An Historical Study of the DuMont Television Network . New York : Arno Press . p. 91 . ISBN 0 - 405 - 11758 - 2 . Jump up ^ Schatz , Thomas ( 1999 ) . Boom and Bust : American Cinema in the 1940s . University of California Press . p. 433 . ISBN 0 - 520 - 22130 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Browne , Nick ( 1994 ) . American Television : New Directions in History and Theory . Routledge . p. 32 . ISBN 3 - 7186 - 0563 - 5 . Retrieved April 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Boddy , William ( 1992 ) . Fifties Television : the Industry and Its Critics . University of Illinois Press . p. 56 . ISBN 0 - 252 - 06299 - X . Jump up ^ Brooks , Tim ; Marsh , Earle ( 2007 ) . The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows , 1946 -- present ( 9th ed . ) . New York : Ballantine . p. xiii . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 49773 - 4 . Jump up ^ Bergmann , Ted ; Skutch , Ira ( 2002 ) . The DuMont Television Network : What Happened ? , pp. 79 - 83 . Lanham , Maryland : Scarecrow Press , 2002 . ISBN 0 - 8108 - 4270 - X . Jump up ^ `` Telemeter : Coin Operated TV '' . TVObscurities.com . Retrieved June 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Filmsite.org '' . Filmsite.org . Retrieved January 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ McDougal , Dennis ( 2001 ) . The Last Mogul : Lew Wasserman , MCA , and the Hidden History of Hollywood ( pp. 231 - 232 ) . Da Capo Press . Jump up ^ `` Dot Records Story , Part 3 '' . BSNpubs.com . November 10 , 1999 . Retrieved February 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Evans , Robert ( 2006 ) . The kid stays in the picture ( 1st New Millennium printing . ed . ) . Beverly Hills , Calif. : Phoenix Books . pp. xii . ISBN 1 - 59777 - 525 - 8 . Jump up ^ Dick , Bernard F. ( 2001 ) . Engulfed : the death of Paramount Pictures and the birth of corporate Hollywood . Lexington , Ky. : Univ . Press of Kentucky . ISBN 0 - 8131 - 2202 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Film History of the 1980s '' . Filmsite.org. 1986 - 09 - 08 . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Cohen Buys Hughes TV Network for 3rd Time '' . Associated Press . June 9 , 2003 . Retrieved May 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Paramount Album Discography '' . BSNpubs.com. April 16 , 2000 . Retrieved January 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ ISBN 1471611868 Jump up ^ ISBN 1471632903 Jump up ^ John Antczak ( August 26 , 1983 ) . `` Fire destroys sets , stages at Paramount '' . Times - News . Hendersonville , North Carolina . Associated Press . p. 18 . Retrieved August 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Fire destroys Paramount sound stages '' . Lodi News - Sentinel . Lodi , California . United Press International . August 26 , 1983 . p. 8 . Retrieved August 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Park History Kings Island , Mason OH '' . Visitkingsisland.com . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ Delugach , Al ( May 6 , 1989 ) . `` Viacom , Gulf & Western Discuss Merger '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved May 30 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Prince , Stephen ( 2000 ) A New Pot of Gold : Hollywood Under the Electronic Rainbow , 1980 -- 1989 ( p. 60 - 65 ) . University of California Press , Berkeley / Los Angeles , California . ISBN 0 - 520 - 23266 - 6 Jump up ^ Williams , Linda ( April 10 , 1989 ) . `` Gulf & Western Wants Buyer for Finance Division : Paramount 's Parent Plans to Change Name , Focus on Entertainment , Publishing '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 21 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Annual Report '' . U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission . Retrieved 7 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 75 Power Players : The Outsiders '' . Next Generation . Imagine Media ( 11 ) : 61 . November 1995 . Viacom completed acquisition of Paramount Communications in July 1994 , creating one of the world 's largest entertainment companies . Jump up ^ Fabrikant , Geraldine ( February 15 , 1994 ) . `` Executives Say That Viacom Has Won Paramount Battle '' . New York Times . Retrieved 21 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Delugach , Al ( May 6 , 1989 ) . `` Viacom , Gulf & Western Discuss Merger '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved May 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Citron , Alan ( 1994 - 03 - 18 ) . `` Viacom to Name Jonathan Dolgen New Paramount Studio Head : Hollywood : The Sony Pictures executive will oversee movie and TV operations in a deal that is expected to be announced today . - latimes '' . Articles.latimes.com . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` The Sherry Lansing Foundation '' . The Sherry Lansing Foundation . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` ACTUAL ARTICLE TITLE BELONGS HERE ! '' . BoxOfficeMojo.com . Retrieved January 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ACTUAL ARTICLE TITLE BELONGS HERE ! '' . BoxOfficeMojo.com . March 15 , 1998 . Retrieved January 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Meehan , Eileen R. ( 2005 ) . Why TV is not our fault : television programming , viewers , and who 's really in control . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 93 . ISBN 0 - 7425 - 2486 - 8 . Jump up ^ Poe , Stephen Edward ( 1998 ) . A Vision of the Future . Simon and Schuster . ISBN 0 - 671 - 53481 - 5 . Jump up ^ Hoynes , David Croteau , William ( 2006 ) . `` 3 '' . The business of media : corporate media and the public interest ( 2nd ed . ) . Thousand Oaks : Pine Forge . p. 85 . ISBN 1 - 4129 - 1315 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : `` Digital Cinema Initiatives ( DCI ) November 20 , 2008 ERRATA TO DCI DIGITAL CINEMA SYSTEM SPECIFICATION , VERSION 1.2 '' . Dcimovies.com . Retrieved January 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Higgins , John M ( February 27 , 2005 ) . `` Viacom 's Big Bath '' . Broadcasting&Cable . Retrieved April 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` CBS Viacom Formally Split '' . CBS News . February 11 , 2009 . Retrieved April 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Eller , Claudia ( November 2 , 2004 ) . `` Hollywood Pioneer Lansing Is Poised to Exit Paramount '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hofmeister , Sallie ; Eller , Claudia ( June 3 , 2004 ) . `` Another Exec Quits Viacom in Shake - Up '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Viacom Makes Split Official '' . CBS News . February 11 , 2009 . Retrieved April 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Griffin , Greg ( February 6 , 2007 ) . `` Redstones settle feud over family business '' . The Denver Post . Jump up ^ `` Paramount - Dreamworks deal finalised '' . ABC News . February 3 , 2006 . Retrieved April 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Paramount Pictures Buys Dreamworks '' . foxnews.com/ Associated Press . December 12 , 2005 . Retrieved April 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cieply , Michael ( October 6 , 2008 ) . `` DreamWorks Executives Sever Ties With Paramount to Form a New Company '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` End of an Era ' for United International Pictures '' . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Paramount Pictures '' . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Garrett , edited by Charles Hiroshi . The Grove Dictionary of American Music ( Second ed . ) . New York , NY : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 531428 - 1 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Nakashima , Ryan ( March 11 , 2008 ) . `` Facebook app lets users send movie clips '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Lang , Derrik J. ( April 3 , 2008 ) . `` Paramount to open virtual movie vault '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 7 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hollywood Studio to Back Micro-Budget Movies '' . Indiewire.com . Retrieved October 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Daniel S Levine . `` ' The Devil Inside ' makes its budget back in midnight screenings , making $2 million '' . TheCelebrityCafe.com . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : Semigran , Aly ( July 6 , 2011 ) . `` Riding high off the success of ' Rango , ' Paramount Pictures to launch in - house animation division '' . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ `` The Lost Popeye Titles '' . Cartoonresearch.com. 1941 - 05 - 24 . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ Schou , Solvej ( December 21 , 2012 ) . `` Mickey meets ' Star Wars ' : Walt Disney Co. completes acquisition of Lucasfilm '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( December 6 , 2013 ) . `` Disney Acquires Rights to Future ' Indiana Jones ' Movies '' . Variety . Retrieved December 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Faughnder , Ryan ( December 6 , 2013 ) . `` Disney acquires control of future ' Indiana Jones ' movies '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved December 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ( December 6 , 2013 ) . `` Disney Takes Control of ' Indiana Jones ' Franchise for Future Films '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Times , Los Angeles . `` Viacom exploring sale of minority stake in Paramount Pictures '' . Jump up ^ Lieberman , David ( June 6 , 2016 ) . `` National Amusements Pushes Change To Viacom Bylaws To Block Paramount Deal '' . Jump up ^ `` China 's Wanda Group is in talks to buy a 49 % stake in Paramount Pictures '' . July 13 , 2016 -- via LA Times . Jump up ^ Schwartzel , Erin ( January 19 , 2017 ) , Paramount Pictures Gets a $1 Billion Infusion from China , New York : The Wall Street Journal , retrieved January 22 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` Jim Gianopulos to Run Paramount Pictures for Viacom '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( June 7 , 2017 ) . `` Paramount Pictures Launches New Production Division Headed by Brian Robbins '' . Variety . Retrieved June 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.scmagazine.com/viacom-exposes-paramount-pictures-comedy-central-mtv-and-hundreds-more-in-aws-leak/article/690117/ Jump up ^ Fixmer , Andy ( February 11 , 2010 ) . `` Viacom Acquires Soros Stake in Films for $400 Million ( Update3 ) '' . Bloomberg.com . Retrieved February 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office Mojo '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Dreamworks Animation to Fox for new 5 - Year Distribution Deal '' . Deadline . August 20 , 2012 . Retrieved September 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ http://www.dreamworksanimation.com/2013ar/Dreamworks_2013_Annual_Report.pdf Jump up ^ Cheney , Alexandra ( 2014 - 07 - 29 ) . `` DreamWorks Animation Q2 Earnings Fall Short of Estimates , SEC Investigation Revealed '' . Variety . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Divisions '' . paramount.com . Retrieved July 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Brad Grey '' . Inside the Studio > At the Studio > Executives > Executives . Paramount Picture Corporation . Retrieved February 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fixmer , Andy ( February 11 , 2010 ) . `` Viacom Acquires Soros Stake in Films for $400 Million ( Update3 ) '' . Bloomberg L.P . Retrieved February 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fattah , Zainab ( May 14 , 2012 ) . `` Paramount Hotels & Resorts Plans 50 Hollywood - Themed Properties '' . Bloomberg . Jump up ^ `` Paramount 's first resort under development in Dubai - CNN Travel '' . CNN . Jump up ^ Jr , Mike Fleming ( March 30 , 2016 ) . `` Leonardo DiCaprio 's Appian Way Signs First - Look Deal With Paramount Pictures '' . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( February 18 , 2015 ) . `` Paramount Extends J.J. Abrams ' Bad Robot Deal to 2018 '' . Variety . ^ Jump up to : Fernandez , Jay A. ; Borys Kit ; Pamela McClintock ( October 27 , 2011 ) . `` The State of the Studio Deals : Who 's Doing What Where '' . The Hollywood Reporter . p. 1 . Retrieved July 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Jr. , Mike . `` Mary Parent Producing Legendary 's Guillermo Del Toro - Produced ' Pacific Rim ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 26 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ( December 15 , 2015 ) . `` Paramount , Hasbro Creating Movie Universe Around G.I. Joe , Four Other Brands '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Miller , Daniel ( December 7 , 2013 ) . `` Jerry Bruckheimer looks at Paramount reboot '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved December 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ http://variety.com/2014/film/news/paramount-ends-first-look-deal-with-john-goldwyn-exclusive-1201136965/ Jump up ^ Siegel , Tatiana ( February 18 , 2009 ) . `` Paramount , Montecito extend pact '' . Jump up ^ Jr , Mike Fleming ( May 28 , 2010 ) . `` Platinum Dunes Steers ' Turtles ' Relaunch '' . Deadline . Jump up ^ Eller , Claudia ( August 17 , 2010 ) . `` David Ellison raises $350 million to co-finance movies with Paramount '' -- via LA Times . Jump up ^ Miller , Daniel ( December 10 , 2013 ) . `` Brad Pitt 's Plan B Entertainment exiting Paramount Pictures '' -- via LA Times . Jump up ^ `` Artesonraju -- Climbing , Hiking & Mountaineering '' . SummitPost . Retrieved January 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Wasatch Alpine Classic '' . Summit Post . Retrieved October 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Paramount Unveils New Logo As Part Of 100th Anniversary Celebration '' . Deadline. 2011 - 12 - 14 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Hollywood Reporter -- Paramount Pictures Release 100th Anniversary Logo '' . The Hollywood Reporter . December 14 , 2011 . Retrieved March 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Press Release -- Paramount Pictures Unveils New Logo in Celebration of the Studio 's 100th Anniversary '' . Paramount.com . Retrieved March 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Devastudios -- Paramount Pictures '' . Devastudios.com . Retrieved March 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Paramount Pictures Studio Tour - Hollywood - Movie Studio Tours '' . Paramountstudiotour.com . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office by Studio -- Paramount All Time '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Chney , Alexandra ( July 29 , 2014 ) . `` DreamWorks Animation Q2 Earnings Fall Short of Estimates , SEC Investigation Revealed '' . Variety . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tadena , Nathalie . `` Disney Acquires Distribution Rights to Four Marvel Films From Paramount '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved July 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Finke , Nikki ( July 2 , 2013 ) . `` Disney Completes Purchase of Marvel Home Entertainment Distribution Rights '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved July 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Palmeri , Christopher ( July 2 , 2013 ) . `` Disney Buys Rights to Four Marvel Movies From Viacom 's Paramount '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved July 2 , 2013 . Further reading Berg , A. Scott . Goldwyn . New York : Alfred A. Knopf , 1989 . DeMille , Cecil B. Autobiography . Englewood Cliffs , NJ : Prentice - Hall , 1959 . Dick , Bernard F. Engulfed : the death of Paramount Pictures and the birth of corporate Hollywood . Lexington , Kentucky : University of Press Kentucky Scholarly , 2001 . Eames , John Douglas , with additional text by Robert Abele . The Paramount Story : The Complete History of the Studio and Its Films . New York : Simon & Schuster , 2002 . Evans , Robert . The Kid Stays in the Picture . New York : Hyperion Press , 1994 . Gabler , Neal . An Empire of Their Own : How the Jews Invented Hollywood . New York : Crown Publishers , 1988 . Lasky , Jesse L. with Don Weldon , I Blow My Own Horn . Garden City NY : Doubleday , 1957 . Mordden , Ethan . The Hollywood Studios . New York : Alfred A. Knopf , 1988 . Schatz , Thomas . The Genius of the System . New York : Pantheon , 1988 . Sklar , Robert . Movie - Made America . New York : Vintage , 1989 . Zukor , Adolph , with Dale Kramer . The Public Is Never Wrong : The Autobiography of Adolph Zukor . New York : G.P. Putnam 's Sons , 1953 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Paramount Pictures . Official website Insurge Pictures division . Paramount Pictures on IMDb Paramount Pictures papers at the Margaret Herrick Library Leo Morgan Paramount Publix and Strand Theatre materials , 1926 - 1947 , held by the Billy Rose Theatre Division , New York Public Library for the Performing Arts Finding aid author : Morgan Crockett ( 2014 ) . `` Paramount Pictures pressbooks '' . Prepared for the L. Tom Perry Special Collections , Provo , UT . Retrieved May 16 , 2016 . Film studios in the United States and Canada Majors 20th Century Fox Columbia Pictures Paramount Pictures Universal Pictures Walt Disney Studios Warner Bros . Mini-majors Amblin Partners CBS Films Lionsgate Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer Open Road Films STX Entertainment The Weinstein Company Independent studios 3D Entertainment A24 Alcon Entertainment Amazon Studios Anchor Bay Films Broad Green Pictures Drafthouse Films Entertainment One Entertainment Studios Hasbro Studios Icon Productions Image Entertainment Imagine Entertainment IMAX Pictures Lakeshore Entertainment Magnolia Pictures Mandalay Pictures MarVista Entertainment Miramax Montecito Picture Company Morgan Creek Productions Picturehouse Regency Enterprises Relativity Media Revolution Studios RKO Pictures Roadside Attractions Samuel Goldwyn Films Troma Entertainment Vertical Entertainment Village Roadshow Pictures Walden Media WWE Studios Independent financers Annapurna Pictures Cross Creek Pictures Legendary Entertainment LStar Capital New Regency Productions Participant Media RatPac Entertainment Red Granite Pictures Skydance Media TSG Entertainment Worldview Entertainment Producer - owned independents 1492 Pictures American Zoetrope Bad Hat Harry Productions Bad Robot Productions Blinding Edge Pictures Bryanston Pictures Di Bonaventura Pictures Fuzzy Door Productions Good Universe Happy Madison Productions ImageMovers Jim Henson Pictures Lightstorm Entertainment Kennedy / Marshall Company Platinum Dunes Silver Pictures Portal : Film Viacom Corporate directors Bob Bakish ( CEO ) Ellen V. Futter Alan C. Greenberg Charles Phillips Sumner Redstone ( Chairman Emeritus ) Shari Redstone William Schwartz Viacom Media Networks BET Networks BET BET Gospel BET Her BET Hip - Hop BET Jams BET Soul Global Entertainment Group CMT CMT Music Comedy Central Comedy Central Extra Logo TV MTV MTV2 MTVU RateMyProfessors.com MTV Classic MTV Live MTV Tres Spike TV Land VH1 VH1 Classic Europe Nickelodeon Group Nickelodeon Nick at Nite Nick Jr . NickMusic Nicktoons Noggin TeenNick Paramount Motion Pictures Group Paramount Pictures Corporation Paramount Pictures Paramount Vantage Paramount Animation Paramount Television Insurge Pictures Republic Pictures United International Pictures ( 50 % ownership ) MTV branded labels Comedy Central Films MTV Films Nickelodeon Movies Television stations KVMM - CD ( part of Tres ) Music Comedy Central Records Nick Records Miscellaneous assets Viacom International Viacom 18 ( India ) Viacom Entertainment Store Bellator MMA MovieTickets.com Nickelodeon Kids & Family Virtual Worlds Group Nickelodeon on Sunset Nickelodeon Animation Studio See also CBS Corporation Gulf and Western Industries National Amusements Viacom ( original ) Viacom criticisms and controversies Fleischer Studios Founders Max Fleischer Dave Fleischer Theatrical short film series Out of the Inkwell ( 1918 -- 1926 ) Inkwell Imps ( 1927 -- 1929 ) Song Car - Tunes ( 1924 -- 1926 ) Screen Songs ( 1929 -- 1938 ) Talkartoons ( 1929 -- 1932 ) Betty Boop ( 1932 -- 1941 ) Popeye the Sailor ( 1933 -- 1942 , list of shorts ) Color Classics ( 1934 -- 1941 ) Hunky and Spunky ( 1938 -- 1941 ) Animated Antics ( 1939 -- 1941 ) Stone Age ( 1940 ) Gabby ( 1940 -- 1941 ) Superman ( 1941 -- 1942 ) One - shot theatrical short films Darwin 's Theory of Evolution ( 1923 ) The Einstein Theory of Relativity ( 1923 ) Raggedy Ann and Raggedy Andy ( 1941 ) The Raven ( 1942 ) Theatrical feature films Gulliver 's Travels ( 1939 ) Mr. Bug Goes to Town ( 1941 ) See also Bray Productions Famous Studios Paramount Pictures Famous Studios Theatrical short film series Popeye the Sailor ( 1942 -- 1957 , list of shorts ) Superman ( 1942 -- 1943 ) Noveltoons ( 1943 -- 1967 ) Little Lulu ( 1943 -- 1948 ) Screen Songs ( 1947 -- 1951 ) Little Audrey ( 1948 -- 1958 ) Baby Huey ( 1950 -- 1959 ) Casper the Friendly Ghost ( 1950 -- 1959 ) Buzzy and Katnip ( 1950 -- 1954 ) Kartunes ( 1951 -- 1953 ) Herman and Katnip ( 1952 -- 1959 ) Tommy Tortoise and Moe Hare ‎ ( 1953 -- 1957 ) Modern Madcaps ( 1958 -- 1967 ) Jeepers and Creepers ( 1960 ) The Cat ( 1960 -- 1961 ) Swifty and Shorty ( 1964 -- 1965 ) Honey Halfwitch ( 1965 -- 1967 ) Merry Makers ( 1967 ) GoGo Toons ( 1967 ) Fractured Fables ( 1967 ) TV series The Harveytoons Show ( 1949 - 1962 ) Popeye the Sailor ( 1960 -- 1962 ) The New Casper Cartoon Show ( 1963 -- 1964 ) King Features Trilogy ( 1962 -- 1965 ) Bray Productions Fleischer Studios Paramount Pictures Harvey Films VIAF : 157227502 LCCN : n79055404 ISNI : 0000 0001 2193 1929 GND : 4515799 - 6 SUDOC : 050257285 BNF : cb138827888 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paramount_Pictures&oldid=804951122 '' Categories : Paramount Pictures American film studios Film distributors of the United States Film production companies of the United States Cinema of Southern California Companies based in Los Angeles Entertainment companies based in California Hollywood history and culture Landmarks in California American companies established in 1914 Entertainment companies established in 1914 Media companies established in 1914 1914 establishments in California Former components of the Dow Jones Industrial Average Gulf and Western Industries Viacom subsidiaries Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Wikipedia pages semi-protected from banned users Use mdy dates from December 2014 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская भोजपुरी Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Kiswahili Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 October 2017 , at 03 : 09 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramount%20Pictures	1,102
who is the founder of alex and ani	Carolyn Rafaelian ( born 1966 / 67 ) is an American - Armenian entrepreneur and businesswoman . She is the founder of the accessories and jewelry company Alex and Ani , and the owner of the Belcourt of Newport and Carolyn 's Sakonnet Vineyards .	Carolyn Rafaelian	Carolyn Rafaelian	carolyn rafaelian	Carolyn Rafaelian ( born 1966 / 67 ) is an American - Armenian entrepreneur and businesswoman . She is the founder of the accessories and jewelry company Alex and Ani , and the owner of the Belcourt of Newport and Carolyn 's Sakonnet Vineyards .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Business career 3 Personal life 4 References Background ( edit ) Rafaelian 's father opened a jewelry factory in 1966 , in which Rafaelian and her sister worked . Over time she helped her father design pieces and produced original designs herself for her father 's jewelry manufacturing company Cinerama . She attended Prout Memorial High School for Girls ( later known as The Prout School ) . She attended the University of Rhode Island between 1987 and 1989 , and then she transferred to and graduated from the American College in Los Angeles . In 1994 she joined her father 's business , and eventually began to work on her own line . In 2002 Rafaelian became co-owner of Cinerama with her sister . Rafaelian 's designs became the main seller for the company , and in 2016 Alex and Ani bought the manufacturing facility for an undisclosed sum . Business career ( edit ) In 2004 Rafaelian founded Alex and Ani , a jewelry line named after her two eldest daughters . The brand started with five cocktail rings and expanded into a full line of jewelry anchored by its patented expandable wire bangle . Rafaelian has been interviewed by newspapers regarding current events , including the New York Daily News . Rafaelian received the 2012 Rhode Island Small Businessperson of the Year award from the Small Business Administration for her work with Alex and Ani , and also the Ernst & Young Entrepreneur of Year in the products category for New England . Rafaelian considers the biggest accomplishment of her life to be launching the Liberty Collection of jewelry made from original copper from the Statue of Liberty . Her firm 's revenue grew from $5 million in 2010 to over $500 million in 2016 and the company 's Charity By Design initiative , where 20 % of sales go to charity , makes up 20 % of sales . Rafaelian owns a cafe franchise called Teas and Javas ; some of its cafes are attached to Alex and Ani stores , and some are independent . She is also the owner of the Rhode Island winery Carolyn 's Sakonnet Vineyard , purchased in 2012 which features wine making , dining area and locally sourced foods . Since taking over , the vinyeard has won a number of awards in international competition . Personal life ( edit ) Rafaelian is divorced from her first husband . Rafaelian is the owner of a 60 - room mansion , the Belcourt of Newport , formerly known as Belcourt Castle , in Newport , Rhode Island , built in 1894 . Rhode Island Monthly described Rafaelian 's charitable work as including `` Project USA , a nonprofit , which has raised funds for the victims of Hurricane Katrina , survivors of breast cancer , and endangered species '' as well as separate projects with the Humane Society of the United States . Rafaelian was listed 22nd in Forbes America 's Richest Self - Made Women in 2016 , with net worth estimated at $700 million in June 2016 . In May 2017 , she was recognized by the David Lynch Foundation for her humanitarian efforts . As of June 2017 , Rafaelian is estimated to be worth $1.8 billion , and 18th on the Forbes list of America 's richest self - made women , owning 80 % of Alex and Ani . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Carolyn Rafaelian '' . Forbes.com . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Bangle Billionaire : How Alex And Ani Founder Carolyn Rafaelian Built An American Jewelry Empire '' . Forbes.com . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 19 . Jump up ^ Dunn , Laura ( 21 April 2016 ) . `` Women in Business Q&A : Carolyn Rafaelian , Founder , CEO and CCO , Alex and Ani '' . The Huffington Post . Jump up ^ Tracey Samuelson ( 2015 - 04 - 23 ) . `` Rhode Island , hard hit by recession , slow to recover '' . Marketplace.org . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : Michelle Smith ( June 30 , 2009 ) . `` Interview : Carolyn Rafaelian of Alex and Ani '' . The Gloss . Retrieved August 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Alex & Ani : A Vital Force in Rhode Island '' . Quad Angles . Spring 2012 . Retrieved August 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Leigh Buchanan ( April 2013 ) . `` The Disciplined and the Divine : An Unlikely Partnership '' . Inc. Magazine . Retrieved August 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Alex and Ani Buys Rafealian 's Cinerama - May be Precursor to a Public Offering '' . GoLocalProv. 2016 - 02 - 06 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 19 . Jump up ^ Jose Martinez ( February 15 , 2010 ) . `` One - of - a-kind Vancouver Olympic medals get mixed reviews '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved August 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` New Bedford - native named Mass . Small Business Person of Year '' . South Coast Business Bulletin . March 23 , 2012 . Retrieved August 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Rafaelian named Ernst & Young Entrepreneur of Year '' . Providence Business News . June 25 , 2012 . Retrieved August 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Amoratis , Pandora ( 2016 - 09 - 15 ) . `` Alex and Ani unveils unique jewelry collection crafted with pieces of the Statue of Liberty Daily Mail Online '' . Dailymail.co.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` From Sheryl Sandberg To Beyonce : The 60 Richest , Most Successful Self - Made Women In America '' . Forbes.com . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 19 . Jump up ^ JUDITH OHIKUARE ( May 31 , 2013 ) . `` Alex and Ani CEO : ' My Job Was to Discourage People ' '' . CEO Magazine . Retrieved August 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Philip Eil ( September 18 , 2013 ) . `` It 's Alex and Ani 's state ... we only live in it . An in - depth look at the ' positive energy ' powerhouse '' . The Providence Phoenix . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2013 . Retrieved October 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Phillip Silverstone ( August 3 , 2013 ) . `` Wining about the Good Life : The Genius of Wine '' . Montgomery News . Retrieved August 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sakonnet wines have won many awards '' . Jump up ^ `` Alex And Ani 's Sakonnet Vineyards Purchase Final '' . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ Murphy , Linda . `` Alex and Ani founder making her mark at ' Carolyn 's ' Sakonnet Vineyards '' . The Herald News , Fall River , MA . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ Aherne , Kevin . `` GoLocalProv Food Carolyn 's Sakonnet Vineyard Wins Big at Int'l Wine Competition '' . GoLocalProv . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ Editor , Gail Ciampa Journal Food . `` R.I. wineries winners at international wine contest '' . providencejournal.com . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : Penelope Green ( September 19 , 2013 ) . `` Ghosts Be Gone : Belcourt Castle in Newport Gets a Face - Lift '' . New York Times . Retrieved September 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Darrell Hofheinz ( January 25 , 2013 ) . `` Rafaelian 's new townhouse : Location was key '' . Palm Beach Daily News . Retrieved August 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bill Tomison ( November 12 , 2012 ) . `` Alex and Ani owner buys Belcourt Castle '' . WPRI . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2013 . Retrieved August 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ M.E. REILLY - MCGREEN . `` Room at the Top : It takes more than a great idea to create a million - dollar business . You need passion , luck and drive , as these highly successful women have learned . Here are their secrets '' . Rhode Island Monthly . Retrieved August 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ O'Connor , Clare ( 3 June 2016 ) . `` Alex And Ani 's Carolyn Rafaelian Joins Self - Made List As Jewelry 's Richest Woman '' . Forbes . Jump up ^ Asher , Jane ( 2017 - 05 - 10 ) . `` Gisele Bundchen Talks the Importance of Meditation '' . InStyle.com . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Carolyn Rafaelian '' . Forbes.com . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 19 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carolyn_Rafaelian&oldid=837108518 '' Categories : 1960s births American billionaires American people of Armenian descent Armenian businesspeople Female billionaires Living people University of Rhode Island alumni Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Հայերեն Edit links This page was last edited on 18 April 2018 , at 19 : 24 . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolyn%20Rafaelian	1,103
who wrote between the devil and the deep blue sea	`` Between the Devil and the Deep Blue Sea '' is an American popular song published in 1932 , with music by Harold Arlen and lyrics by Ted Koehler , and first recorded by Cab Calloway in 1931 . It was introduced in the 1931 Cotton Club show Rhythmania and is now a widely recorded standard .	music by Harold Arlen\|lyrics by Ted Koehler	Between the Devil and the Deep Blue Sea ( song )	between the devil and the deep blue sea ( song )	`` Between the Devil and the Deep Blue Sea '' is an American popular song published in 1932 , with music by Harold Arlen and lyrics by Ted Koehler , and first recorded by Cab Calloway in 1931 . It was introduced in the 1931 Cotton Club show Rhythmania and is now a widely recorded standard .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Early hits 2 Other Notable Recordings 3 Film appearances 4 Broadway show 5 References Early hits ( edit ) Joel Whitburn identified the most successful early recordings as being by : 1 . Cab Calloway recorded October 21 , 1931 for Brunswick Records ( catalogue No. 6209 ) 2 . Louis Armstrong performed a version featuring a trumpet solo which was recorded on January 25 , 1932 and released by Columbia Records , catalogue No. 2600D . 3 . The Boswell Sisters with The Dorsey Brothers ( Recorded March 21 , 1932 , Brunswick Records , No. 6291 ) Other notable recordings ( edit ) 1932 Kate Smith recorded January 28 , 1932 for Columbia Records with Blues in My Heart interpolated . 1935 Benny Goodman and orchestra ( July 1 , 1935 for Victor ) with Helen Ward on lead vocal 1939 Count Basie ( recorded November 7 , 1939 ) featuring Helen Humes as vocalist 1937 Phil Harris recorded it for Vocalion Records on Feb. 27 , 1937 . 1955 Ella Fitzgerald - included in her album Sweet and Hot . 1956 Dick Haymes - recorded for his album Moondreams . 1957 Buddy Rich performed the song on his album Buddy Rich Just Sings 1957 Bing Crosby included it in the album New Tricks . 1957 Carmen McRae for her album After Glow . 1958 Perry Como included in the album Saturday Night with Mr. C . 1960 Bobby Darin recorded a version influenced by Latin music in Feb. 1960 , released in 1964 on the album Winners . 1961 Ella Fitzgerald recorded it for her 1961 Verve album Ella Fitzgerald Sings the Harold Arlen Songbook 1961 Joni James for her album The Mood Is Romance . 1967 Thelonious Monk played the song on his 1967 album , Straight , No Chaser 1993 Diana Krall - an instrumental version was included on her album Stepping Out . 2002 George Harrison on his final album , Brainwashed Film appearances ( edit ) 1933 Sing , Bing , Sing - Bing Crosby sang an abridged version of the song in this Mack Sennett short . 1984 City Heat - sung by Eloise Laws . Broadway show ( edit ) Featured in the 2013 show After Midnight . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` haroldarlen.com '' . haroldarlen.com . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1986 ) . Joel Whitburn 's Pop Memories 1890 - 1954 . Wisconsin , USA : Record Research Inc. p. 477 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 083 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` THE ONLINE DISCOGRAPHICAL PROJECT '' . 78discography.com . Retrieved June 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` THE ONLINE DISCOGRAPHICAL PROJECT '' . 78discography.com . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` THE ONLINE DISCOGRAPHICAL PROJECT '' . 78discography.com . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` secondhandsongs.com '' . secondhandsongs.com . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` THE ONLINE DISCOGRAPHICAL PROJECT '' . 78discography.com . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` THE ONLINE DISCOGRAPHICAL PROJECT '' . 78discography.com . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` THE ONLINE DISCOGRAPHICAL PROJECT '' . 78discography.com . Jump up ^ `` Discogs.com '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Discogs.com '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Internet Movie Database '' . imdb.com . Retrieved June 4 , 2017 . ( hide ) The Boswell Sisters Martha Boswell Connee Boswell Helvetia Boswell Singles `` I Found a Million Dollar Baby '' `` Between the Devil and the Deep Blue Sea '' `` Dinah '' `` Alexander 's Ragtime Band '' `` St. Louis Blues '' `` Cheek to Cheek '' `` I 'm Gonna Sit Right Down and Write Myself a Letter '' Book : The Boswell Sisters Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Between_the_Devil_and_the_Deep_Blue_Sea_(song)&oldid=795171372 '' Categories : Pop standards Songs with music by Harold Arlen Songs with lyrics by Ted Koehler 1932 songs Cab Calloway songs George Harrison songs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Norsk Svenska Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 12 August 2017 , at 13 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Between%20the%20Devil%20and%20the%20Deep%20Blue%20Sea%20%28song%29	1,104
how many miles out is considered international waters	Territorial waters or a territorial sea , as defined by the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea , is a belt of coastal waters extending at most 12 nautical miles ( 22.2 km ; 13.8 mi ) from the baseline ( usually the mean low - water mark ) of a coastal state . The territorial sea is regarded as the sovereign territory of the state , although foreign ships ( civilian ) are allowed innocent passage through it , or transit passage for straits ; this sovereignty also extends to the airspace over and seabed below . Adjustment of these boundaries is called , in international law , maritime delimitation .	12 nautical miles	Territorial waters	territorial waters	Territorial waters or a territorial sea , as defined by the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea , is a belt of coastal waters extending at most 12 nautical miles ( 22.2 km ; 13.8 mi ) from the baseline ( usually the mean low - water mark ) of a coastal state . The territorial sea is regarded as the sovereign territory of the state , although foreign ships ( civilian ) are allowed innocent passage through it , or transit passage for straits ; this sovereignty also extends to the airspace over and seabed below . Adjustment of these boundaries is called , in international law , maritime delimitation .	The term `` territorial waters '' is also sometimes used informally to refer to any area of water over which a state has jurisdiction , including internal waters , the contiguous zone , the exclusive economic zone and potentially the continental shelf . Contents ( hide ) 1 Baseline 2 Internal waters 3 Territorial sea 4 Contiguous zone 5 Exclusive economic zone 6 Continental shelf 6.1 Definition 6.2 Rights over the continental shelf 7 Background 8 Miscellaneous 9 Territorial sea claim 9.1 Special cases 10 Contiguous zone claims 11 Extended continental shelf claims 11.1 Submissions with recommendations 11.2 Other submissions 12 See also 13 References 14 External links Baseline ( edit ) Main article : Baseline ( sea ) Normally , the baseline from which the territorial sea is measured is the low - water line along the coast as marked on large - scale charts officially recognized by the coastal state . This is either the low - water mark closest to the shore , or alternatively it may be an unlimited distance from permanently exposed land , provided that some portion of elevations exposed at low tide but covered at high tide ( like mud flats ) is within 12 nautical miles ( 22 km ; 14 mi ) of permanently exposed land . Straight baselines can alternatively be defined connecting fringing islands along a coast , across the mouths of rivers , or with certain restrictions across the mouths of bays . In this case , a bay is defined as `` a well - marked indentation whose penetration is in such proportion to the width of its mouth as to contain land - locked waters and constitute more than a mere curvature of the coast . An indentation shall not , however , be regarded as a bay unless its area is as large as , or larger than , that of the semi-circle whose diameter is a line drawn across the mouth of that indentation '' . The baseline across the bay must also be no more than 24 nautical miles ( 44 km ; 28 mi ) in length . Internal waters ( edit ) Internal and external territorial waters of the Philippines prior to the adoption of new baselines in 2009 . Main article : Internal waters Waters landward of the baseline are defined as internal waters , over which the state has complete sovereignty : not even innocent passage is allowed . Lakes and rivers are considered internal waters . All `` archipelagic waters '' within the outermost islands of an archipelagic state such as Indonesia or the Philippines are also considered internal waters , and are treated the same with the exception that innocent passage through them must be allowed . However , archipelagic states may designate certain sea lanes through these waters . Territorial sea ( edit ) A state 's territorial sea extends up to 12 nautical miles ( 22.2 km ; 13.8 mi ) from its baseline . If this would overlap with another state 's territorial sea , the border is taken as the median point between the states ' baselines , unless the states in question agree otherwise . A state can also choose to claim a smaller territorial sea . Conflicts still occur whenever a coastal nation claims an entire gulf as its territorial waters while other nations only recognize the more restrictive definitions of the UN convention . Two recent conflicts occurred in the Gulf of Sidra where Libya has claimed the entire gulf as its territorial waters and the U.S. has enforced freedom of navigation rights twice , in the 1981 and 1989 Gulf of Sidra incidents . In the U.S. federal system , individual states exercise ownership ( subject to federal law ) up to 3 nautical miles ( 9 nautical miles for Texas and Florida ) from shore , while the federal government exercises sole territorial jurisdiction further out ( see Tidelands ) . Contiguous zone ( edit ) The contiguous zone is a band of water extending from the outer edge of the territorial sea to up to 24 nautical miles ( 44.4 km ; 27.6 mi ) from the baseline , within which a state can exert limited control for the purpose of preventing or punishing `` infringement of its customs , fiscal , immigration or sanitary laws and regulations within its territory or territorial sea '' . This will typically be 12 nautical miles ( 22 km ; 14 mi ) wide , but could be more ( if a state has chosen to claim a territorial sea of less than 12 nautical miles ) , or less , if it would otherwise overlap another state 's contiguous zone . However , unlike the territorial sea , there is no standard rule for resolving such conflicts and the states in question must negotiate their own compromise . The United States invoked a contiguous zone out to 24 nmi on 29 September 1999 . Exclusive economic zone ( edit ) Main article : Exclusive economic zone An exclusive economic zone extends from the outer limit of the territorial sea to a maximum of 200 nautical miles ( 370.4 km ; 230.2 mi ) from the territorial sea baseline , thus it includes the contiguous zone . A coastal nation has control of all economic resources within its exclusive economic zone , including fishing , mining , oil exploration , and any pollution of those resources . However , it can not prohibit passage or loitering above , on , or under the surface of the sea that is in compliance with the laws and regulations adopted by the coastal State in accordance with the provisions of the UN Convention , within that portion of its exclusive economic zone beyond its territorial sea . Before the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 1982 , coastal nations arbitrarily extended their territorial waters in an effort to control activities which are now regulated by the exclusive economic zone , such as offshore oil exploration or fishing rights ( see Cod Wars ) . Indeed , the exclusive economic zone is still popularly , though erroneously , called a coastal nation 's territorial waters . Continental shelf ( edit ) Definition ( edit ) Article 79 gives the legal definition of continental shelf of coastal countries . For the physical geography definition , see the continental shelf page . The continental shelf of a coastal nation extends out to the outer edge of the continental margin but at least 200 nautical miles ( 370 km ; 230 mi ) from the baselines of the territorial sea if the continental margin does not stretch that far . Coastal states have the right of exploration and exploitation of its natural resources , however other states could lay cables and pipelines if they are authorised by the coastal state . The outer limit of a country 's continental shelf shall not stretch beyond 350 nautical miles ( 650 km ; 400 mi ) of the baseline , or beyond 100 nautical miles ( 190 km ; 120 mi ) from the 2,500 metres ( 8,200 ft ) isobath , which is a line connecting the depths of the seabed at 2,500 meters . The outer edge of the continental margin for the purposes of this article is defined as : * a series of lines joining points not more than 60 nautical miles ( 110 km ; 69 mi ) apart where the thickness of sedimentary rocks is at least 1 % of the height of the continental shelf above the foot of the continental slope ; or * a series of lines joining points not more than 60 nautical miles apart that is not more than 60 nautical miles from the foot of the continental margin . The foot of the continental slope is determined as the point of maximum change in the gradient at its base . The portion of the continental shelf beyond the 200 nautical mile limit is also known as the extended continental shelf . Countries wishing to delimit their outer continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles have to submit information on their claim to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf . The Commission must make recommendations on matters related to the establishment of the outer limits of their continental shelf . The limits established based on these recommendations shall be final and binding . Countries were supposed to lodge their submissions to extend their continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles within ten years of UNCLOS coming into force in the country , or by 13 May 2009 for countries where the convention had come into force before 13 May 1999 . As of 1 June 2009 , 51 submissions have been lodged with the Commission , of which eight have been deliberated by the Commission and have had recommendations issued . The eight are ( in the order of date of submission ) : Russian Federation ; Brazil ; Australia ; Ireland ; New Zealand ; the joint submission by France , Ireland , Spain and the United Kingdom ; Norway and Mexico . For full list , see below Rights over the continental shelf ( edit ) Articles 77 to 81 define the rights of a country over its continental shelf . A coastal nation has control of all resources on or under its continental shelf , living or not , but no control over any living organisms above the shelf that are beyond its exclusive economic zone . This gives it the right to conduct petroleum drilling works and lay submarine cables or pipelines in its continental shelf . An example of this is the ongoing dispute over resources in the Arctic area , which will be decided by the exact mapping of the continental shelves . Background ( edit ) Territorial waters claims by coastal states in 1960 Breadth claim Number of states 3 - mile limit 26 4 - mile limit 5 - mile limit 6 - mile limit 16 9 - mile limit 10 - mile limit 12 - mile limit 34 More than 12 - miles 9 Unspecified 11 From the eighteenth century until the mid twentieth century , the territorial waters of the British Empire , the United States , France and many other nations were three nautical miles ( 5.6 km ) wide . Originally , this was the length of a cannon shot , hence the portion of an ocean that a sovereign state could defend from shore . However , Iceland claimed two nautical miles ( 3.7 km ) , Norway and Sweden claimed four nautical miles ( 7.4 km ) , and Spain claimed 6 nautical miles ( 11 km ; 6.9 mi ) during this period . During incidents such as nuclear weapons testing and fisheries disputes some nations arbitrarily extended their maritime claims to as much as fifty or even two hundred nautical miles . Since the late 20th century the `` 12 mile limit '' has become almost universally accepted . The United Kingdom extended its territorial waters from three to twelve nautical miles ( 22 km ) in 1987 . During the League of Nations Codification Conference in 1930 , the issue of establishing international legislation on territorial waters was raised , but no agreement was reached . Claims by legislation to the adjacent continental shelf and fishing was first made by the United States government immediately following the Second World War . On September 28 , 1945 , US President Harry S. Truman issued two proclamations that established government control of natural resources in areas adjacent to the coastline . One of these proclamation was titled `` Policy of the United States With Respect to the Natural Resources of the Subsoil and Sea Bed of the Continental Shelf '' , and stipulated in its operative clause : the Government of the United States regards the natural resources of the subsoil and sea bed of the continental shelf beneath the high seas but contiguous to the coasts of the United States as appertaining to the United States , subject to its jurisdiction and control . The second proclamation was titled `` Policy of the United States With Respect to Coastal Fisheries in Certain Areas of the High Seas '' , and stated in its operative clause : the Government of the United States regards it as proper to establish conservation zones in those areas of the high seas contiguous to the coasts of the United States wherein fishing activities have been or in the future may be developed and maintained on a substantial scale . Following the US Presidential proclamation , the issue of legally determining territorial waters by international agreement was raised , and in its first session in 1949 , the International Law Commission of the United Nations added the subject to its agenda . The important issue of the breadth of territorial waters could not be resolved at either the UNCLOS I ( 1956 - 1958 ) or UNCLOS II ( 1960 ) conferences , with neither the two major contenders of a 3 - mile or 12 - mile limit reaching the required two - thirds support . This lack of agreement had the potential to lead to serious international disputes . It was only at the UNCLOS III ( 1973 - 1982 ) conference , whose provisions did not come into force until 1994 , that this issue was resolved at twelve nautical miles . Miscellaneous ( edit ) Pirate radio broadcasting from artificial marine fixtures or anchored ships can be controlled by the affected coastal nation or other nations wherever that broadcast may originate , whether in the territorial sea , exclusive economic zone , the continental shelf or even on the high seas . Thus a coastal nation has total control over its internal waters , slightly less control over territorial waters , and ostensibly even less control over waters within the contiguous zones . However , it has total control of economic resources within its exclusive economic zone as well as those on or under its continental shelf . Throughout this article , distances measured in nautical miles are exact legal definitions , while those in kilometres are approximate conversions that are not stated in any law or treaty . Federal nations , such as the United States , divide control over certain waters between the federal government and the individual states . ( See tidelands . ) Territorial sea claim ( edit ) Main article : List of territorial disputes Maritime controversies involve two dimensions : ( a ) territorial sovereignty , which are a legacy of history ; and ( b ) relevant jurisdictional rights and interests in maritime boundaries , which are mainly due to differing interpretations of the law of the sea . 3 nautical miles ( 5.6 km ; 3.5 mi ) : Jordan , Palau . 10 nautical miles ( 18.5 km ; 11.5 mi ) : Greece , Turkey ( note : This is in dispute . Turkey claims 6 mi for Greece in the Aegean ) 12 nautical miles ( 22.2 km ; 13.8 mi ) : Albania , Algeria , Angola , Antigua and Barbuda , Argentina , Australia , Bahamas , Bahrain , Bangladesh , Barbados , Belgium , Belize , Brazil , Brunei , Bouvet Island , Bulgaria , Cambodia , Cameroon , Canada , Cape Verde , Chile , People 's Republic of China , Republic of China , Colombia , Comoros , Cook Islands , Costa Rica , Côte d'Ivoire , Croatia , Cuba , Cyprus , Democratic People 's Republic of Korea , Democratic Republic of the Congo , Denmark , Djibouti , Dominica , Dominican Republic , Ecuador , Egypt , Equatorial Guinea , Eritrea , Estonia , Faroe Islands , Fiji , Finland , France , Gabon , Gambia , Georgia , Germany , Ghana , Grenada , Guatemala , Guinea , Guinea - Bissau , Guyana , Haiti , Honduras , Iceland , India , Indonesia , Iran , Iraq , Ireland , Israel , Jamaica , Japan , Kenya , Kiribati , Kuwait , Latvia , Lebanon , Liberia , Libya , Lithuania , Madagascar , Malaysia , Maldives , Malta , Marshall Islands , Mauritania , Mauritius , Mexico , Micronesia , Monaco , Montenegro , Morocco , Mozambique , Myanmar , Namibia , Nauru , Netherlands , New Zealand , Nicaragua , Nigeria , Niue , Norway , Oman , Pakistan , Panama , Papua New Guinea , Poland , Portugal , Qatar , Republic of Korea , Romania , Russia , Saint Kitts and Nevis , Saint Lucia , Saint Vincent and the Grenadines , Samoa , São Tomé and Príncipe , Saudi Arabia , Senegal , Seychelles , Sierra Leone , Singapore , Solomon Islands , South Africa , Spain , Sri Lanka , Sudan , Suriname , Sweden , Syria , Thailand , Timor - Leste , Tonga , Trinidad and Tobago , Turkey ( in the Black sea and Mediterranean ) , Tuvalu , Ukraine , United Arab Emirates , United Kingdom , United Republic of Tanzania , United States of America , Uruguay , Vanuatu , Venezuela , Vietnam , Yemen . 12 nautical miles / DLM : Slovenia . 13 nautical miles ( 24.08 km ; 14.96 mi ) : Italy - Tunisia 30 nautical miles ( 55.6 km ; 34.5 mi ) : Togo . 200 nautical miles ( 370.4 km ; 230.2 mi ) : Benin , Republic of the Congo , El Salvador , Peru , Somalia . Special cases ( edit ) Australia : A treaty with Papua New Guinea defines the territorial sea boundaries between the islands of Aubusi , Boigu and Moimi and Papua New Guinea on the one hand and the islands of Dauan , Kaumag and Saibai and Papua New Guinea on the other hand , as well as a section of the border of the territorial sea of Saibai . The territorial seas of the islands known as Anchor Cay , Aubusi Island , Black Rocks , Boigu Island , Bramble Cay , Dauan Island , Deliverance Island , East Cay , Kaumag Island , Kerr Islet , Moimi Island , Pearce Cay , Saibai Island , Urnagain Island and Turu Cay do not extend beyond 3 nautical miles from the baselines . Belize : 3 nautical miles limit applies from the mouth of Sarstoon River to Ranguana Caye . Cameroon : See article 45 of Law 96 - 06 of 18 January 1996 on the revision of the Constitution of 2 June 1972 . Denmark : Act No. 200 of 7 April 1999 on the delimitation of the territorial sea does not apply to the Faroe Islands ( the act applies to the Faroe Islands from 1 June 2002 ) and Greenland but may become effective by Royal Decree for those parts of the Kingdom of Denmark with the amendments dictated by the special conditions prevailing in the Faroe Islands and Greenland . As far as Greenland is concerned , the outer limit of the external territorial waters may be measured at a distance shorter than 12 nautical miles ( 22.2 km ; 13.8 mi ) from the baselines . Estonia : In some parts of the Gulf of Finland , defined by coordinates . Finland : Extends , with certain exceptions , to 12 nautical miles ( 22.2 km ; 13.8 mi ) , unless defined by geographical coordinates . In the Gulf of Finland , there is a strip of international waters regardless of the 12 nmi limit : the outer limit of the territorial sea shall at no place be closer to the midline than 3 nautical miles ( 5.6 km ; 3.5 mi ) . Bogskär , a remote island , has only 3 nautical miles ( 5.6 km ; 3.5 mi ) territorial waters . Greece : 10 nautical miles ( 18.5 km ; 11.5 mi ) limit applies for the purpose of regulating civil aviation ( See also Aegean dispute ) India : 12 nautical miles ( 22.2 km ; 13.8 mi ) limit includes Andaman , Nicobar and Lakshadweep . Japan : 3 nautical miles ( 5.6 km ; 3.5 mi ) limit applies to the Soya Strait , the Tsugaru Strait , the eastern and western channels of the Korea Strait and the Osumi Straits only . New Zealand : 12 nautical miles ( 22.2 km ; 13.8 mi ) limit includes Tokelau . Papua New Guinea : 3 nautical miles ( 5.6 km ; 3.5 mi ) in certain areas . Peru claims territorial waters out to 200 nmi . Peru : The 200 nautical miles ( 370.4 km ; 230.2 mi ) territorial sea is called `` Maritime Dominion '' in article 54 of the 1993 Constitution : `` ... In its maritime dominion , Peru exercises sovereignty and jurisdiction , without prejudice to the freedoms of international communication , in accordance with the law and the treaties ratified by the State ... '' The Philippines claims a rectangle , defined by coordinates ; the total claim extends beyond 12 nautical miles . Turkey : 6 nautical miles ( 11.1 km ; 6.9 mi ) in the Aegean Sea , 12 nautical miles ( 22.2 km ; 13.8 mi ) in the Black and Mediterranean Seas . United Kingdom and British Crown : The limit remains at 3 nautical miles ( 5.6 km ; 3.5 mi ) in some of its overseas territories : British Indian Ocean Territory , Gibraltar , Montserrat and Pitcairn ; the limit is now at 12 nautical miles ( 22.2 km ; 13.8 mi ) in the United Kingdom and its overseas territories of Anguilla , Bermuda , British Virgin Islands , Cayman Islands , Falkland Islands , Saint Helena , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha , South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands , and Turks and Caicos Islands , as well as in two possessions of the British Crown freely associated to the United Kingdom , i.e. Isle of Man and the Bailiwick of Jersey , but not in the Bailiwick of Guernsey where the limit remains at 3 nmi . Contiguous zone claims ( edit ) None : Albania , the Bahamas , Barbados , Belize , Benin , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Brunei , Cameroon , Colombia , Comoros , Congo , Cook Islands , Costa Rica , Côte d'Ivoire , Croatia , Democratic Republic of the Congo , Ecuador , El Salvador , Equatorial Guinea , Eritrea , Estonia , Fiji , Georgia , Germany , Greece , Grenada , Guatemala , Guinea , Guinea - Bissau , Guyana , Iceland , Indonesia , Iran , Ireland , Israel , Jordan , Kenya , Kiribati , Kuwait , Latvia , Lebanon , Libya , Lithuania , Macedonia , Malaysia , Mauritius , Micronesia , Monaco , Montenegro , Nigeria , Niue , Palau , Papua New Guinea , Peru , the Philippines , Poland , São Tomé and Príncipe , Singapore , Slovenia , Solomon Islands , Somalia , Suriname , Sweden , Togo , Tonga , Turkey , Ukraine , United Kingdom , Tanzania 14 nautical miles ( 25.9 km ; 16.1 mi ) : Finland 15 nautical miles ( 27.8 km ; 17.3 mi ) : Venezuela 18 nautical miles ( 33.3 km ; 20.7 mi ) : Bangladesh , Gambia , Saudi Arabia , Sudan 24 nautical miles ( 44.4 km ; 27.6 mi ) : Algeria , Angola , Antigua and Barbuda , Argentina , Australia , Belgium , Brazil , Bulgaria , Cambodia , Canada , Cape Verde , Chile , People 's Republic of China , Cuba , Cyprus , Denmark , Djibouti , Dominica , Dominican Republic , Egypt , France , Gabon , Ghana , Haiti , Honduras , India , Iran , Jamaica , Japan , Liberia , Madagascar , Maldives , Malta , Marshall Islands , Mauritania , Mexico , Morocco , Mozambique , Myanmar , Namibia , Nauru , The Netherlands , New Zealand , Nicaragua , Norway , Oman , Pakistan , Panama , Portugal , Qatar , Republic of Korea , Romania , Russia , Saint Kitts and Nevis , Saint Lucia , Saint Vincent and the Grenadines , Samoa , Senegal , Seychelles , Sierra Leone , South Africa , Spain , Sri Lanka , Syria , Thailand , Timor - Leste , Trinidad and Tobago , Tunisia , Tuvalu , United Arab Emirates , United States of America , Uruguay , Vanuatu , Vietnam , Yemen 30 nautical miles ( 55.6 km ; 34.5 mi ) : Italy 50 nautical miles ( 92.6 km ; 57.5 mi ) : Democratic People 's Republic of Korea ; 50 nautical miles military zone . Army Command Announcement of 1 August 1977 . Extended continental shelf claims ( edit ) As of 13 May 2009 , 51 submissions by 44 countries have been lodged for claims over their extended continental shelf . Some countries have multiple submissions and joint submissions with other countries . Recommendations have been given for 8 of the submissions . Submissions with recommendations ( edit ) List with date of submission and adoption of recommendation by the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf . United Kingdom -- Ascension Island ( submission : 9 May 2008 ; recommendation : 15 April 2010 ) ( application to extend beyond 200NM failed ) Australia ( 15 November 2004 , 9 April 2008 ) Barbados ( submission : 8 May 2008 ; recommendation : 15 April 2010 ) Brazil ( 17 May 2004 , 4 April 2007 ) France -- in respect of the areas of French Guiana and New Caledonia ( 22 May 2007 , 2 September 2009 ) Joint submission by France , Ireland , Spain and the United Kingdom -- in the area of the Celtic Sea and the Bay of Biscay ( 19 May 2006 , 24 March 2009 ) Ireland -- Porcupine Abyssal Plain ( 25 May 2005 , 5 April 2007 ) Mexico -- in respect of the western polygon in the Gulf of Mexico ( 13 December 2007 , 31 March 2009 ) New Zealand ( 19 April 2006 , 22 August 2008 ) Norway -- in the North East Atlantic and the Arctic ( 27 November 2006 , 27 March 2009 ) Russia ( 20 December 2001 , 27 June 2002 ) Other submissions ( edit ) List in order of date of submission , with date of submission . France -- areas of the French Antilles and the Kerguelen Islands ( 5 February 2009 ) Indonesia -- North west of Sumatra Island ( 16 June 2008 ) Japan ( 12 November 2008 ) Joint submission by the Republic of Mauritius and the Republic of Seychelles -- in the region of the Mascarene Plateau ( 1 December 2008 ) Suriname ( 5 December 2008 ) Myanmar ( 16 December 2008 ) Somalia ( 17 April 2009 ) Yemen -- in respect of south east of Socotra Island ( 20 March 2009 ) United Kingdom -- in respect of Hatton Rockall Area ( 31 March 2009 ) Ireland -- in respect of Hatton - Rockall Area ( 31 March 2009 ) Uruguay ( 7 April 2009 ) Philippines -- in the Benham Plateau region ( 8 April 2009 ) The Cook Islands -- concerning the Manihiki Plateau ( 16 April 2009 ) Fiji ( 20 April 2009 ) Argentina ( 21 April 2009 ) Ghana ( 28 April 2009 ) Iceland -- in the Ægir Basin area and in the western and southern parts of Reykjanes Ridge ( 29 April 2009 ) Denmark -- in the area north of the Faroe Islands ( 29 April 2009 ) Pakistan ( 30 April 2009 ) Norway -- in respect of Bouvetøya and Dronning Maud Land ( 4 May 2009 ) South Africa -- in respect of the mainland of the territory of the Republic of South Africa ( 5 May 2009 ) Joint submission by the Federated States of Micronesia , Papua New Guinea and Solomon Islands -- concerning the Ontong Java Plateau ( 5 May 2009 ) Joint submission by Malaysia and Viet Nam -- in the southern part of the South China Sea ( 6 May 2009 ) Joint submission by France and South Africa -- in the area of the Crozet Archipelago and the Prince Edward Islands ( 6 May 2009 ) Kenya ( 6 May 2009 ) Mauritius -- in the region of Rodrigues Island ( 6 May 2009 ) Vietnam -- in North Area ( of the South China Sea ) ( 7 May 2009 ) Nigeria ( 7 May 2009 ) Seychelles -- concerning the Northern Plateau Region ( 7 May 2009 ) France -- in respect of La Réunion Island and Saint - Paul and Amsterdam Islands ( 8 May 2009 ) Palau ( 8 May 2009 ) Côte d'Ivoire ( 8 May 2009 ) Sri Lanka ( 8 May 2009 ) Portugal ( 11 May 2009 ) United Kingdom -- in respect of the Falkland Islands , and of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands ( 11 May 2009 ) Tonga ( 11 May 2009 ) Spain -- in respect of the area of Galicia ( 11 May 2009 ) India ( 11 May 2009 ) Trinidad and Tobago ( 12 May 2009 ) Namibia ( 12 May 2009 ) Cuba ( 1 June 2009 ) Angola ( 6 December 2013 ) See also ( edit ) Aegean dispute Baseline Boundary delimitation Continental shelf Exclusive economic zone Freedom of the seas International waters Intra fauces terra Littoral zone Ocean colonization Territorial claims in the Arctic Tidelands -- U.S. state vs. federal ownership United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON THE LAW OF THE SEA '' . Retrieved 27 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` New Action to Protect & Preserve U.S. Shores & Oceans '' . Retrieved 27 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` PREAMBLE TO THE UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON THE LAW OF THE SEA '' . Retrieved 27 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` PREAMBLE TO THE UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON THE LAW OF THE SEA '' . Retrieved 27 April 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Major Thomas E. Behuniak ( Fall 1978 ) . `` The Seizure and Recovery of the S.S. Mayaguez : Legal Analysis of United States Claims , Part 1 '' ( PDF ) . Military Law Review . Department of the Army . 82 : 114 -- 121 . ISSN 0026 - 4040 . Retrieved 21 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Yearbook of the International Law Commission , 1949 , p. 43 Jump up ^ text in Department of State Bulletin , September 30 , 1945 , p. 485 Jump up ^ text in Department of State Bulletin , September 30 , 1945 , p. 486 Jump up ^ `` PREAMBLE TO THE UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON THE LAW OF THE SEA '' . Retrieved 27 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Ji , Guoxing. ( 1995 ) . http://escholarship.org/uc/item/7rq2b069 `` Maritime Jurisdiction in the Three China Seas '' ( abstract ) , ) UC Berkeley : UC Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation ; retrieved 15 Nov 2010 . Jump up ^ Lov om Norges territorialfarvann og tilstøtende sone § 7 Jump up ^ `` Lov om afgrænsning af søterritoriet -- retsinformation.dk '' . Retrieved 27 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Accession of Ecuador to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea ( UNCLOS ) Jump up ^ `` Lógasavn '' . Retrieved 27 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 41 / 1979 : Lög um landhelgi , efnahagslögsögu og landgrunn '' . Alþingi . Retrieved 27 April 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Executive order no . 48 , Liberia Government , January 2013 . Jump up ^ Lov om Norges territorialfarvann og tilstøtende sone § 2 Jump up ^ DLM means that `` the national legislation establishes the limits of a given zone only by reference to the delimitation of maritime boundaries with adjacent or opposite States , or to a median ( equidistant ) line in the absence of a maritime boundary delimitation agreement '' . Jump up ^ Legge 3 giugno 1978 n . 347 Jump up ^ Act amending the Act on the Limits of the Territorial Waters of Finland ( 981 / 95 ) Jump up ^ `` Laki Suomen aluevesien rajoista 463 / 1956 - Ajantasainen lainsäädäntö - FINLEX ® '' . Retrieved 27 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` DoD Issuances Website : 404 Error Page '' . Archived from the original on September 20 , 2012 . Retrieved 27 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` LIMITS IN THE SEAS NO . 32 STRAIGHT BASELINES : TURKEY '' ( pdf ) . U.S. Department of State . 25 March 1971 . Retrieved 18 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Submissions , through the Secretary - General of the United Nations , to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf , pursuant to article 76 , paragraph 8 , of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982 '' . United Nations Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf. 30 October 2009 . Retrieved 9 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf Summary of recommendations re : Ascension Island Jump up ^ UN confirms Australia 's rights over extra 2.5 million square kilometres of seabed . Minister for Resources and Energy , The Hon Martin Ferguson AM MP , Media Release , 21 April 2008 . With map of areas . Jump up ^ `` Ireland extends its underwater territory '' . RTE.ie. 23 October 2007 . Retrieved 27 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ireland can extend territorial waters '' . The Irish Times . 7 April 2007 . Retrieved 27 April 2016 . Jump up ^ UN confirms NZ 's extended seabed claim , New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade . Updated 20 January 2009 . Retrieved 29 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Submission by New Zealand '' . United Nations Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf. 8 April 2009 . Retrieved 29 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Continental shelf of Somalia Jump up ^ Gronewold , Nathanial . A Peek Inside the U.N. 's Continental Shelf Commission , New York Times , 14 September 2009 . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Territorial waters . UN Convention on the Law of the Sea GND : 4073860 - 7 NDL : 00569839 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Territorial_waters&oldid=792748307 '' Categories : Hydrography Law of the sea Fisheries law Maritime boundaries Administrative territorial entities Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2013 Articles needing additional references from January 2016 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Azərbaycanca Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Кыргызча Lietuvių Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Soomaaliga Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 28 July 2017 , at 12 : 18 . 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i'm so sorry imagine dragons kung fu panda 3			I 'm So Sorry	i'm so sorry	`` I 'm So Sorry '' is a song by American rock band Imagine Dragons . The song serves as the second promotional single and fourth track from the band 's second studio album Smoke + Mirrors . Along with the songs `` Hopeless Opus '' and `` Gold '' on Smoke + Mirrors , the song touches upon lead - singer Dan Reynolds ' depression struggles . The song has peaked at number 14 on the Billboard Hot Rock Songs chart .	Contents 1 Critical reception 2 Track listing 3 Chart performance 3.1 Peak positions 3.2 Year - end charts 4 In other media 5 References Critical reception ( edit ) The song has been compared to the work of the Black Keys by music critics , with Mikael Wood of the Los Angeles Times comparing the song to the Black Keys ' `` fuzzy garage blues '' sound , Jon Dolan of Rolling Stone describing the song as a `` Black Keys - indebted garage - blues grinder '' , and Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic calling the song `` a Black Keys number stripped of any sense of R&B groove '' . Track listing ( edit ) Digital download No . Title Writer ( s ) Producer ( s ) Length 1 . `` I 'm So Sorry '' Ben McKee Daniel Platzman Dan Reynolds Wayne Sermon Imagine Dragons 3 : 50 Chart performance ( edit ) Peak positions ( edit ) Chart ( 2015 ) Peak position US Hot Rock Songs ( Billboard ) 14 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2015 ) Position US Billboard Hot Rock Songs 97 In other media ( edit ) This section gives self - sourcing examples without describing their significance in the context of the article . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources that describe the examples ' significance , and by removing less pertinent examples . Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged or removed . ( February 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A remixed version of the song 's melody is used in The Arrival of Kai from the 2016 animated martial arts film Kung Fu Panda 3 . The song is featured in the NBA 2K16 soundtrack . The song is used in the trailer for Season 3 of TV show Orange Is the New Black . The song is featured in the second trailer for Legend ( 2015 film ) . The song is featured in the launch trailer for Battlefield Hardline . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Music Times . `` Smoke + Mirrors Album Review '' . musictimes.com . Retrieved June 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wood , Mikael ( February 17 , 2015 ) . `` Review : Imagine Dragons ' ' Smoke + Mirrors ' a blast of strong emotions '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved June 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dolan , Jon ( 17 February 2015 ) . `` Album Review : Imagine Dragons , Smoke + Mirrors '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved June 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Erlewine , Stephen Thomas . `` Smoke + Mirrors -- Imagine Dragons '' . AllMusic . Retrieved June 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Imagine Dragons Chart History ( Hot Rock Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hot Rock Songs : Dec 31 , 2015 Billboard Chart Archive '' . Billboard . billboard.com . Retrieved January 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Netflix ( 9 April 2015 ) . `` Orange Is The New Black - Season 3 - Official Trailer ( HD ) - Netflix '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ FRESH Movie Trailers ( 29 June 2015 ) . `` LEGEND Movie Trailer # 2 ( Tom Hardy - 2015 ) '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Electronic Arts ( 15 March 2015 ) . `` Battlefield Hardline : Official Launch Gameplay Trailer '' -- via YouTube . Imagine Dragons Dan Reynolds Wayne Sermon Ben McKee Daniel Platzman Discography Awards and nominations Songs Studio albums Night Visions Smoke + Mirrors Evolve Live albums Live at Independent Records Night Visions Live EPs Imagine Dragons Hell and Silence It 's Time Continued Silence EP Hear Me It 's Time Remixes The Archive iTunes Session Singles `` It 's Time '' `` Radioactive '' `` Hear Me '' `` Demons '' `` On Top of the World '' `` Monster '' `` Battle Cry '' `` Warriors '' `` I Bet My Life '' `` Gold '' `` Shots '' `` Roots '' `` I Was Me '' `` Sucker for Pain '' `` Believer '' `` Thunder '' `` Whatever It Takes '' `` Next to Me '' `` Born to Be Yours '' `` Natural '' Promotional singles `` Amsterdam '' `` Round and Round '' `` I 'm So Sorry '' `` Walking the Wire '' Other songs `` Tiptoe '' `` Bleeding Out '' `` Who We Are '' Tours Night Visions Tour Smoke + Mirrors Tour Evolve World Tour Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I%27m_So_Sorry&oldid=846180566 '' Categories : 2014 songs Imagine Dragons songs Interscope Records singles Songs written by Wayne Sermon Songs written by Dan Reynolds ( musician ) Songs written by Daniel Platzman Songs written by Ben McKee Hidden categories : Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Billboardrocksongs Singlechart called without song Articles needing additional references from February 2018 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Português Edit links This page was last edited on 16 June 2018 , at 22 : 35 ( UTC ) . 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who was the first female artist known to have become famous among her contemporaries			Women in music	women in music		American jazz singer and songwriter Billie Holiday in New York City in 1947 Bonnie Raitt is an American singer , guitar player and piano player . A winner of ten Grammy awards , she is also noted for her slide guitar playing . Lydia Canaan is a Lebanese singer - songwriter noted for fusing Middle - Eastern quarter notes and microtones with anglophone rock , innovating a unique style of World Music . In 2015 , she was listed in the catalog of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum 's Library and Archives as the first rock star of the Middle East . Asha Bhosle is an Indian singer best known as a playback singer in Hindi cinema . In 2011 , she was officially acknowledged by the Guinness Book of World Records as the most recorded artist in music history . 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As well , it describes music movements ( e.g. , women 's music , which is music written and performed by women for women ) , events and genres related to women , women 's issues and feminism . In the 2010s , while women comprise a significant proportion of popular music and classical music singers , and a significant proportion of songwriters ( many of them being singer - songwriters ) , there are few women record producers , rock critics and rock instrumentalists . Notable women artists in pop , such as Bjork and Lady Gaga have commented about sexism and gender discrimination in the music industry . Additionally , a recent study led by Dr. Smith announced that `` ... over the last six years , the representation of women in the music industry has been even lower '' . In classical music , although there have been a huge number of women composers from the Medieval period to the present day , women composers are significantly underrepresented in the commonly performed classical music repertoire , music history textbooks and music encyclopedias ; for example , in the Concise Oxford History of Music , Clara Schumann is one of the only female composers who is mentioned . Women comprise a significant proportion of instrumental soloists in classical music and the percentage of women in orchestras is increasing . A 2015 article on concerto soloists in major Canadian orchestras , however , indicated that 84 % of the soloists with the Orchestre Symphonique de Montreal were men . In 2012 , women still made up just 6 % of the top - ranked Vienna Philharmonic orchestra . Women are less common as instrumental players in popular music genres such as rock and heavy metal , although there have been a number of notable female instrumentalists and all - female bands . Women are particularly underrepresented in extreme metal genres . Women are also underrepresented in orchestral conducting , music criticism / music journalism , music producing , and sound engineering . While women were discouraged from composing in the 19th century , and there are few women musicologists , women became involved in music education `` to such a degree that women dominated ( this field ) during the later half of the 19th century and well into the 20th century . '' According to Jessica Duchen , a music writer for London 's The Independent , women musicians in classical music are `` too often judged for their appearances , rather than their talent '' and they face pressure `` to look sexy onstage and in photos . '' Duchen states that while `` ( t ) here are women musicians who refuse to play on their looks ... the ones who do tend to be more materially successful . '' According to the UK 's Radio 3 editor , Edwina Wolstencroft , the music industry has long been open to having women in performance or entertainment roles , but women are much less likely to have positions of authority , such as being the conductor of an orchestra , a profession which has been called `` one of the last glass ceilings in the music industry '' . In popular music , while there are many women singers recording songs , there are very few women behind the audio console acting as music producers , the individuals who direct and manage the recording process . One of the most recorded artists is a woman , Asha Bhosle , an Indian singer who is best known as a playback singer in Hindi cinema . Contents 1 Songwriters 1.1 19th century - early 20th century 1.2 Jazz in the 20th century 1.3 Pop in the 1960s 1.4 New wave of female singer - songwriters 1.5 Musical theatre 1.6 Black women 1.7 Notable songwriters 2 Composers 2.1 Medieval era 2.2 Renaissance era 2.3 Baroque era 2.4 Classical era 2.5 Romantic era 2.6 20th and 21st century 3 Instrumental performers 3.1 Popular music 3.1. 1 Individuals and bandleaders 3.1. 2 All - female bands and girl groups 3.1. 3 1930s - 1960s 3.1. 4 1970s - 1980s 3.1. 4.1 Punk 3.1. 4.2 Heavy metal 3.1. 4.3 Grunge 3.1. 5 1990s - 2000s 3.2 Jazz 3.3 Classical music 3.3. 1 Orchestra 3.3. 2 Soloists 4 Singers 4.1 Popular music 4.2 Blues 4.3 Country music 4.4 Jazz 4.5 Classical music 4.5. 1 Black women 4.5. 2 Notable singers 4.6 World music 5 Eastern music 5.1 Arabic music 5.2 Chinese music 5.3 Indian music 5.4 Iranian music 5.5 Japanese music 6 Music scholars and educators 6.1 Musicologists and music historians 6.2 Ethnomusicologists 6.3 Music educators 6.3. 1 Notable individuals 7 Conducting 7.1 Sexism and gender discrimination 7.2 Notable conductors 8 Music critics 8.1 Popular music 8.2 Classical music 9 Other musical professions 9.1 Record producing and sound engineering 9.2 DJs and turntablists 10 Movements , organizations , events and genres 10.1 Women 's music 10.2 Organizations 10.2. 1 International Alliance for Women in Music 10.2. 2 Women in Music ( WIM - NY ) 10.2. 3 Women in Music Canada 10.2. 4 Women in Music ( WIM - UK ) 10.3 Riot Grrrl 10.4 Festivals 10.4. 1 Lilith Fair 11 See also 12 References 13 Further reading Songwriters ( edit ) Songwriter , singer and multi-instrumentalist Ani DiFranco has had a lot of artistic freedom during her career , in part because she founded her own record label , Righteous Babe . She has become a feminist icon and is a supporter of many social causes . ( l ) ike most aspects of the ... music business ( in the 1960s ) , songwriting was a male - dominated field . Though there were plenty of female singers on the radio , women ... were primarily seen as consumers : ... Singing was sometimes an acceptable pastime for a girl , but playing an instrument , writing songs , or producing records simply was n't done ... ( and women ) were not socialized to see themselves as people who create ( music ) . Erika Abrams in Rebeat , 28 January 2015 A songwriter is an individual who writes the lyrics , melodies and chord progressions for songs , typically for a popular music genre such as pop , rock or country music . A songwriter can also be called a composer , although the latter term tends to be mainly used for individuals from the classical music genre . 19th century - early 20th century ( edit ) `` Only a few of the many women ( songwriters ) in America had their music published and heard during the late 19th and early 20th centuries . '' According to Richard A. Reublin and Richard G. Beil , the `` lack of mention of women ( songwriters ) is a glaring and embarrassing omission in our musical heritage . '' Women `` struggled to write and publish music in the man 's world of 20th century Tin Pan Alley . Prior to 1900 and even after , it was expected that `` women would perform music , not make music . '' In 1880 , Chicago music critic George P. Upton wrote the book Women In Music , in which he argued that `` women lacked the innate creativity to compose good music '' due to the `` biological predisposition '' of women . Later , it was accepted that women would have a role in music education , and they became involved in this field `` to such a degree that women dominated music education during the later half of the 19th century and well into the 20th century . '' As part of women 's role in music education , women wrote hymns and children 's music . The `` secular music in print in America before 1825 shows only about 70 works by women . '' In the mid 19th century , notable women songwriters emerged , including Faustina Hasse Hodges , Susan Parkhurst , Augusta Browne and Marion Dix Sullivan . By 1900 , there were many more women songwriters , but `` many were still forced to use pseudonyms or initials '' to hide the fact that they were women . Carrie Jacobs - Bond was the `` preeminent woman composer of the late 1800 's and well into the middle of the twentieth century ... ( making her ) the first million selling woman '' songwriter . Maude Nugent ( 1877 -- 1958 ) wrote `` Sweet Rosie O'Grady '' in 1896 . She also penned `` Down At Rosie Reilly 's Flat '' , `` My Irish Daisy '' and `` Mary From Tipperary '' . Charlotte Blake ( 1885 -- 1979 ) was a staff writer for at the Whitney Warner Publishing Co. , in Detroit , Michigan . Initially , the company billed her as `` C. Blake '' to hide her gender , but by 1906 ads used her full name . Caro Roma ( 1866 -- 1937 ) was the gender - ambiguous pseudonym for Carrie Northly . She was `` one of America 's more well known and popular composers of the Tin Pan Alley era . '' Her songs include `` Ca n't Yo ' Heah Me Calling '' , `` Faded Rose '' , `` The Angelus '' , `` Thinking of Thee '' and `` Resignation '' . About 95 % of the songwriters in British music hall during the early 1900s were men ; however , about 30 % of the singers were women . Jazz in the 20th century ( edit ) Lil Hardin Armstrong ( 1898 - 1971 ) was a notable jazz songwriter . While jazz songwriting has long been a male - dominated field , there have been a few notable women jazz songwriters . In the 1930s , Ann Ronell ( 1905 -- 1993 ) wrote several hit songs . She is known for her 1932 hit song `` Willow Weep for Me '' and the 1933 Disney song `` Who 's Afraid of the Big Bad Wolf ? '' . Irene Higginbotham ( 1918 -- 1988 ) wrote almost 50 songs , her best - known being `` Good Morning Heartache '' . Dorothy Fields ( 1905 -- 1974 ) wrote the lyrics for over 400 songs , some of which were played by Duke Ellington . She co-wrote `` The Way You Look Tonight '' with Jerome Kern , which won the 1936 Oscar for Best Song . She co-wrote several jazz standards with Jimmy McHugh , such as `` Exactly Like You , '' `` On the Sunny Side of the Street '' and `` I Ca n't Give You Anything but Love . '' Lil Hardin Armstrong ( 1898 -- 1971 ) played piano in King Oliver 's Creole Jazz Band . Her most famous song , `` Struttin ' with Some Barbecue '' has been recorded 500 times . Her other notable songs are `` Doin ' the Suzie Q , '' `` Just for a Thrill '' and `` Bad Boy '' . While Billie Holiday ( 1915 -- 1959 ) is best known as a singer , she co-wrote `` God Bless the Child '' and `` Do n't Explain '' with Arthur Herzog , Jr. and she penned the blues song `` Fine and Mellow . '' Pop in the 1960s ( edit ) In the 1960s pop music scene , `` ( l ) ike most aspects of the ... music business ( in the 1960s ) , songwriting was a male - dominated field . Though there were plenty of female singers on the radio , women ... were primarily seen as consumers : ... Singing was sometimes an acceptable pastime for a girl , but playing an instrument , writing songs , or producing records simply was n't done . '' Young women `` were not socialized to see themselves as people who create ( music ) . '' Carole King `` had a successful songwriting partnershi ( p ) with husband Gerry Goffin , penning hits like `` The Loco - Motion , '' `` Will You Love Me Tomorrow '' , `` Up on the Roof '' and `` Natural Woman '' . `` King was the first female recipient of the 2013 Gershwin Prize for Popular Song . '' Ellie Greenwich and her husband Jeff Barry wrote `` Then He Kissed Me '' , `` Be My Baby '' and `` River Deep , Mountain High '' . Laura Nyro penned `` Wedding Bell Blues '' , `` Eli 's Coming '' and `` And When I Die '' . She stated `` I 'm not interested in conventional limitations when it comes to my songwriting .... I may bring a certain feminist perspective to my songwriting . '' Lotti Golden , Lower East Side c. 1968 New wave of female singer - songwriters ( edit ) By the late 1960s a new wave of female singer - songwriters broke from the confines of pop , using the urban landscape as their canvass for lyrics in the confessional style of poets like Anne Sexton and Sylvia Plath . These pioneering women , appeared in a feature in Newsweek , July , 1969 , `` The Girls : Letting Go '' : `` What is common to them -- to Joni Mitchell and Lotti Golden , to Laura Nyro , Melanie , Janis Ian and to Elyse Weinberg , are the personalised songs they write , like voyages of self - discovery . Grace Slick a former model , was widely known in rock and roll history for her role in San Francisco 's burgeoning psychedelic music scene in the mid -- 1960s . '' In The Guardian , 26 January 2017 , author Laura Barton describes the radical shift in subject matter -- politics , drugs , disappointment , the isolation of the itinerant performer , and urban life . Native New Yorker , Lotti Golden , in her Atlantic debut album Motor - Cycle , chronicled her life in NYC 's East Village in the late ' 60s counterculture , visiting subjects such as gender identity ( The Space Queens - Silky is Sad ) and excessive drug use ( Gonna Fay 's ) . The women in the 1969 Newsweek article ushered in a new age of the singer - songwriter , informing generations of women singer - songwriters . Musical theatre ( edit ) In musical theatre , `` female songwriters are rare in an industry dominated by males on the creative end . Work by male songwriters is more often produced , and it was only ( in 2015 ) that an all - female writing team made history by winning the Tony Award for Best Score . '' In 2015 , for the first time , an all - female writing team of Lisa Kron ( Best Book ) and Jeanine Tesori and Kron ( Best Original Score ) won the Tony Award for Best Score for Fun Home , although work by male songwriters continues to be produced more often . In 2013 , Cyndi Lauper was the `` first female composer to win the ( Tony for ) Best Score without a male collaborator '' for writing the music and lyrics for Kinky Boots . Notable female songwriters in musical theatre include singer - songwriter and actress Lauren Pritchard , who wrote Songbird ; Zoe Sarnak , who wrote A Lasting Impression and The Years Between ; and Katie Thompson , who would like to `` see women characters ... that are complicated and strong and vulnerable . '' Thompson stated that in the musical theatre industry , `` when you fight for something as a woman , especially an artistic thing ... you are either perceived as being a bitch or you are perceived ( as ) ' emotional ' '' , a label that enables others to dismiss you . Abbey Lincoln ( 1930 -- 2010 ) , was an American jazz vocalist , songwriter , and actress , who wrote and performed her own compositions . She was a civil rights advocate during the 1960s . Black women ( edit ) According to LaShonda Katrice Barnett , a college and university teacher and author of a book on black women songwriters , of the `` over 380 members of the Songwriters Hall of Fame , just 2 are black women ( Sylvia Moy and Valerie Simpson ) '' . Barnett asks `` ( w ) hy are there so few prominent black women songwriters ? '' Barnett states that two important black women songwriters are Abbey Lincoln , a rare example of a jazz singer who wrote her own albums and Cassandra Wilson , who records both her own songs and `` covers '' of famous artists . Notable songwriters ( edit ) Below is a selection of notable songwriters . Many of these individuals are singer - songwriters who also famous for their singing and / or instrumental performance skills , but they are listed here for their accomplishments in songwriting : Ester Dean Tori Amos Fiona Apple Joan Armatrading Lynsey de Paul Joan Baez Kate Bush Lydia Canaan Mariah Carey Sheryl Crow Karen Dalton Carol Kaye Ani DiFranco Ferron Lotti Golden PJ Harvey Carole King Patti Smith Aimee Mann Joni Mitchell Stevie Nicks Dolly Parton Carly Simon Nina Simone Shania Twain Amy Winehouse Composers ( edit ) Nineteenth - century composer and pianist Clara Schumann See also : List of female composers by birth date American musicologist Marcia Citron has asked `` ( w ) hy is music composed by women so marginal to the standard ' classical ' repertoire ? '' Citron `` examines the practices and attitudes that have led to the exclusion of women composers from the received ' canon ' of performed musical works . '' She argues that in the 1800s , women composers typically wrote art songs for performance in small recitals rather than symphonies intended for performance with an orchestra in a large hall , with the latter works being seen as the most important genre for composers ; since women composers did not write many symphonies , they were deemed to be not notable as composers . According to Abbey Philips , `` women musicians have had a very difficult time breaking through and getting the credit they deserve '' . During the Medieval eras , most of the art music was created for liturgical ( religious ) purposes and due to the views about the roles of women that were held by religious leaders , few women composed this type of music , with the nun Hildegard von Bingen being among the exceptions . Most university textbooks on the history of music discuss almost exclusively the role of male composers . As well , very few works by women composers are part of the standard repertoire of classical music . In the Concise Oxford History of Music , Clara Schumann is the only woman composer who is mentioned . Philips states that `` ( d ) uring the 20th century the women who were composing / playing gained far less attention than their male counterparts '' . Medieval era ( edit ) O frondens virga From Ordo Virtutum Problems playing this file ? See media help . Hildegard von Bingen ( 1098 -- 1179 ) was a German Benedictine abbess , composer , writer , philosopher , and visionary . One of her works as a composer , the Ordo Virtutum , is an early example of liturgical drama and an early morality play . Sixty - nine musical compositions , each with its own original poetic text , survive . This is one of the largest repertoires among medieval composers . Hildegard composed many liturgical songs that were collected into a cycle called the Symphonia armoniae celestium revelationum . The songs from the Symphonia are set to Hildegard 's own text and range from antiphons , hymns , and sequences , to responsories . Her music is described as monophonic , using soaring melodies that pushed the boundaries of the more traditional Gregorian chant . Renaissance era ( edit ) Maddalena Casulana ( 1544 -- 1590 ) was an Italian composer , lutenist and singer . Her first work dates from 1566 : four madrigals in a collection , Il Desiderio , which she produced in Florence . Two years later she published in Venice her first book of madrigals for four voices , Il primo libro di madrigali , which is the first printed , published work by a woman in Western music history . She was close to Isabella de ' Medici and dedicated some of her music to her . In 1570 , 1583 and 1586 she published other books of madrigals . In the dedication to her first book of madrigals , she shows her feelings about being a female composer at a time when this was rare : `` ( I ) want to show the world , as much as I can in this profession of music , the vain error of men that they alone possess the gifts of intellect and artistry , and that such gifts are never given to women . '' Her style is contrapuntal and chromatic and her melodic lines are singable and attentive to the text . Other composers of the time , such as Philippe de Monte , thought highly of her . Caterina Assandra ( 1590 -- 1618 ) was an Italian composer and Benedictine nun . She became famous as an organist and published various works . Assandra composed a number of motets and organ pieces . She studied counterpoint with Benedetto Re , one of the leading teachers at Pavia Cathedral . She composed a collection of motets in the new concertato style in Milan in 1609 , an imitative eight - voice Salve Regina in 1611 , and a motet , Audite verbum Dominum , for four voices in 1618 . She composed traditional pieces and more innovative works . Among the latter is Duo seraphim . Her motet O Salutaris hodie , included in Motetti op . 2 , was one of the first pieces to include the violone , a bowed stringed instrument . Baroque era ( edit ) The Lute Player by Orazio Gentileschi , presumed to be a portrait of Francesca Caccini Francesca Caccini ( 1587 -- 1641 ) was an Italian composer , singer , lutenist , poet , and music teacher . Her singing for the wedding of Henry IV of France and Maria de Medici in 1600 was praised by Henry , who called her the `` best singer in all of France '' . She worked in the Medici court as a teacher , chamber singer , rehearsal coach and composer of both chamber and stage music until 1627 . By 1614 she was the court 's most highly paid musician , because her musical virtuosity so well exemplified an idea of female excellence projected by Tuscany 's de facto Regent , Granduchess Christina of Lorraine . Most of her stage music was composed for performance in comedies . In 1618 she published a collection of thirty - six solo songs and soprano / bass duets . In 1625 she composed a 75 - minute `` comedy - ballet '' . In all , she wrote sixteen staged works . She was a master of dramatic harmonic surprise : in her music it is harmony changes , more than counterpoint , that most powerfully communicates emotional affect . Barbara Strozzi ( 1619 -- 1677 ) was an Italian Baroque composer and singer . As a child , her considerable vocal talents were displayed to a wide audience . She was also compositionally gifted , and her father arranged for her to study with composer Francesco Cavalli . Strozzi was said to be `` the most prolific composer -- man or woman -- of printed secular vocal music in Venice in the Middle of the century '' . Her output is also unique in that it only contains secular vocal music , with the exception of one volume of sacred songs . She was renowned for her poetic ability as well as her compositional talent . Her lyrics were often poetic and well - articulated . Nearly three - quarters of her printed works were written for soprano , but she also published works for other voices . Her compositions are firmly rooted in the seconda pratica tradition . Strozzi 's music evokes the spirit of Cavalli , heir of Monteverdi . However , her style is more lyrical , and more dependent on sheer vocal sound . Many of the texts for her early pieces were written by her father Giulio . Later texts were written by her father 's colleagues , and for many compositions she may have written her own texts . Élisabeth Jacquet de La Guerre ( 1665 -- 1729 ) was a French composer , musician and harpsichordist . She was born into a family of musicians and master instrument - makers . A child prodigy , she performed on the harpsichord before King Louis XIV . She became a musician in the Royal Court and taught , composed , and gave concerts at home and throughout Paris , to great acclaim . She was one of the few well - known female composers of her time , and unlike many of her contemporaries , she composed in a wide variety of forms . Her talent and achievements were acknowledged by Titon du Tillet , who accorded her a place on his Mount Parnassus when she was only 26 years old , next to Lalande and Marais and directly below Lully . Her works include a ballet , an opera ( Céphale et Procris ) , trio sonatas , harpsichord pieces , Sonates pour le viollon et pour le clavecin and vocal works such as her Cantates françoises sur des sujets tirez de l'Ecriture . Classical era ( edit ) Swedish opera singer and composer Elisabeth Olin in the 1780s Harriett Abrams ( 1758 -- 1821 ) was an English composer and soprano . As a singer , she was praised for her performances of George Frideric Handel . She studied singing , music theory , and composition with composer Thomas Arne before making her opera début in 1775 at the Theatre Royal , Drury Lane in London . Abrams became a principal singer at the fashionable London concerts and provincial festivals , appearing regularly from 1780 -- 1790 . Abrams composed several songs , two of which , `` The Orphan 's Prayer '' and `` Crazy Jane '' , became popular . She published two sets of Italian and English canzonets , a collection of Scottish songs and glees harmonized for two and three voices , and more than a dozen songs , mainly sentimental ballads . A collection of songs published in 1803 was dedicated by Harriett to Queen Charlotte . Maria Teresa Agnesi ( 1720 -- 1795 ) was an Italian composer . Though she was most famous for her compositions , she was also an accomplished harpsichordist and singer . The majority of her surviving compositions were written for keyboard , the voice , or both . Her career was made possible by the Austrian Lombardy , which was progressive and enlightened in women 's rights . Her patron was Maria Theresia , holy Roman Empress and sovereign of Lombardy , and Maria Antonia Walpurgis , a gifted composer and contemporary . Her early works are simple and clean , while her later works are more virtuosic , complex , and melodramatic . She composed operas , including heroic drama and serious drama styles . She also wrote arias , concertos and sonatas for keyboard , small ensemble and voice . Princess Anna Amalia ( 1723 -- 1787 ) was a Prussian composer and score curator . She learned to play the harpsichord , flute , and violin as a young woman . She became the Abbess of Quedlinburg in 1755 . She spent most of her time in Berlin , where she devoted herself to music , and became a musical patron and composer . As a composer she achieved a modest amount of fame and is most known for her smaller chamber works , which included trios , marches , cantatas , songs and fugues . In 1758 , she studied musical theory and composition with Johann Philipp Kirnberger , a student of Johann Sebastian Bach . She composed chamber music such as flute sonatas . More , she set the text of Ramler 's Passion cantata Der Tod Jesu ( `` The Death of Jesus '' ) to music . She was also a collector of music , preserving over 600 volumes of works by Johann Sebastian Bach , George Frideric Handel , Georg Philipp Telemann , Karl Heinrich Graun and Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach , among others . Her works of curation are a significant contribution to Western culture . Princess Anna Amalia ( 1723 -- 1787 ) was a Prussian composer and score curator known for her chamber works , which included trios , marches , cantatas , songs and fugues . Elisabeth Olin ( 1740 -- 1828 ) was a Swedish opera singer and composer . She debuted as Alfhild in Syrinx referred to as Sweden 's first native Opera comique , at Bollhuset in 1747 . She became a famed vocalist in the regular public concerts at Riddarhuset in Stockholm , and published her own compositions ; she was one of the Swedish composers who wrote one composition each for the collection Gustaviade . En hjältedikt i tolv sånger ( ' Gustaviade . A heroic poem of twelve songs ' ) from 1768 ; where she wrote the composition number eight . At the inauguration performance and foundation of the Royal Swedish Opera on 18 January 1773 , she sang the role of the Sea Goddess Thetis in Francesco Uttini 's opera Thetis och Pélée . She remained the primadonna of the Swedish opera for a decade . In 1773 , she became the first female to be granted the title Hovsångare , and in 1782 , she was inducted as the first female member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Music . French composer and opera singer Henriette Adélaïde Villard de Beaumesnil Henriette Adélaïde Villard de Beaumesnil ( 1748 -- 1813 ) was a French composer and opera singer . She began working in minor comedy roles from the age of seven and debuted as a soloist at the Paris Opera in 1766 . She was the second woman to have a composition performed at the Paris Opéra . Previously the Paris Opera had staged the tragédie - lyrique Céphale et Procris by Élisabeth Jacquet de La Guerre , in 1694 . Anacréon , her first opera , received a private performance at the residence of the Count of Provence in 1781 . In 1784 , her opera Tibulle et Délie was performed at the Paris Opera . In 1792 , her two - act opéra comique , Plaire , c'est commander was performed at the Théâtre Montansier . Anna Bon ( 1739 -- 1767 ? ) was an Italian composer and performer . She attended the Ospedale della Pietà in Venice where she studied with the maestra di viola , Candida della Pièta . She held the new post of ' chamber music virtuosa ' at the court of Margrave Friedrich of Brandenburg Kulmbach . She dedicated her six op . 1 flute sonatas , published in Nürnberg in 1756 , to Friedrich . In 1762 she moved to the Esterházy court at Eisenstadt , where she remained until 1765 . She dedicated the published set of six harpsichord sonatas , op . 2 ( 1757 ) , to Ernestina Augusta Sophia , Princess of Saxe - Weimar , and the set of six divertimenti ( trio sonatas ) , op . 3 ( 1759 ) , to Charles Theodore , Elector of Bavaria . She also wrote six divertimenti for two flutes and basso continuo ; an aria , `` Astra coeli '' , for soprano , 2 violins , viola , and basso continuo ; an offertory , `` Ardete amore '' , for singers , instruments and basso continuo ; a motet , `` Eia in preces et veloces '' , for alto , 2 violins , viola , and basso continuo and an opera . Jane Mary Guest ( 1762 -- 1846 ) was an English composer and pianist . A pupil of Johann Christian Bach , and initially composing in the galante style , she composed keyboard sonatas , other keyboard works and vocal works with keyboard accompaniment . She was piano teacher to Princess Amelia and Princess Charlotte of Wales . She performed in London from 1779 , giving subscription concerts there in 1783 / 84 . She was known for her expressive style of playing . Around this time she published her Six Sonatas , Op. 1 , which gained extensive subscriptions , including from royalty , and which were also published in Paris in 1784 and Berlin in 1785 . In addition to her keyboard sonatas , she also composed other keyboard pieces , such as her Introduction and March from Rossini 's Ricciardo e Zoraide ( 1820 ) and a number of songs with keyboard accompaniment . Marianne von Martinez ( 1744 -- 1812 ) was an Austrian composer , singer and pianist . Metastasio noticed her precocious talents and came to oversee her musical education , which included keyboard lessons from Haydn , singing lessons with Porpora and composition lessons with Johann Adolph Hasse and the Imperial court composer Giuseppe Bonno . She was a native speaker of both Italian and German and knew French and English . As a child , she played for the Imperial court , where she `` attracted attention with her beautiful voice and her keyboard playing '' . As an adult , she was frequently asked to perform before the Empress Maria Theresa . A number of the works that Marianna composed are set for solo voice . She wrote a number of secular cantatas and two oratorios to Italian texts . Surviving compositions include four masses , six motets , and three litanies for choir . She wrote in the Italian style , as was typical for the early Classical period in Vienna . Her harpsichord performance practice was compared to the style of C.P.E. Bach . Her Italian oratorio Isacco figura del redentore was premiered by massive forces in 1782 . Romantic era ( edit ) Fanny Mendelssohn , 1842 , by Moritz Daniel Oppenheim Maria Szymanowska ( 1789 -- 1831 ) was a well - known Polish composer and pianist . She wrote in many of the same genres as fellow Pole Frederic Chopin ( 1810 -- 1849 ) . Szymanowska maintained connections with several famous nineteenth - century people , including Gioacchino Rossini , Johann Wolfgang von Goethe , and Adam Mickiewicz , Poland 's greatest poet . Fanny Mendelssohn ( 1805 -- 1847 ) was one of the best - known women composers of the 1800s . She showed prodigious musical ability as a child and began to write music . Even though famous visitors to her family home were equally impressed by Fanny and her brother Felix Mendelssohn , Fanny was limited by prevailing attitudes of the time toward women . Her father was tolerant , rather than supportive , of her activities as a composer . Her father wrote to her in 1820 , telling her that `` ( m ) usic will perhaps become his ( i.e. Felix 's ) profession , while for you it can and must be only an ornament ( in your life ) '' . Felix cautioned her against publishing her works under her own name and seeking a career in music . He wrote : ' From my knowledge of Fanny I should say that she has neither inclination nor vocation for ( musical ) authorship . She is too much all that a woman ought to be for this . She regulates her house , and neither thinks of the public nor of the musical world , nor even of music at all , until her first duties are fulfilled . Publishing would only disturb her in these , and I can not say that I approve of it ' . Clara Schumann ( 1819 -- 1896 ) was a German composer and concert pianist who had a 61 - year concert career , which changed the format and repertoire of the piano recital and the tastes of the listening public . From an early age , she had a one - hour lesson in piano , violin , singing , theory , harmony , composition , and counterpoint . In 1830 , at the age of eleven , she had become a virtuoso soloist and she left on a concert tour of European cities . In the late 1830s , she performed to sell - out crowds and laudatory critical reviews . Frédéric Chopin described her playing to Franz Liszt , who came to hear one of her concerts and subsequently `` praised her extravagantly '' in a letter that was published in the Parisian Revue et Gazette Musicale . She was named a Königliche und Kaiserliche Kammervirtuosin ( `` Royal and Imperial Chamber Virtuoso '' ) , Austria 's highest musical honor . She was also instrumental in changing the kind of programs expected of concert pianists . In her early career , before her marriage to Robert Schumann , she played what was then customary , mainly bravura pieces designed to showcase the artist 's technique , often in the form of arrangements or variations on popular themes from operas , written by virtuosos such as Thalberg , Herz , or Henselt . As it was also customary to play one 's own compositions , she included at least one of her own works in every program , works such as her Variations on a Theme by Bellini ( Op. 8 ) and her popular Scherzo ( Op. 10 ) . Her works include songs , piano pieces , a piano concerto , a piano trio , choral pieces , and three Romances for violin and piano . 20th and 21st century ( edit ) Composer Lili Boulanger ( 1893 -- 1918 ) Katherine Hoover ( born 1937 ) studied music at the University of Rochester and the Eastman School of Music , where she earned a Performance Certificate in Flute and a Bachelor 's of Music in Music Theory in 1959 . She started publishing professional works in 1965 , with her Duet for Two Violins . Hoover was the winner of the National Flute Association 's Newly Published Music Competition twice , first in 1987 with her piece Medieval Suite and second in 1991 with her piece Kokopelli for solo flute . These pieces utilize many extended techniques for flute , such as pitch bending . Many of her works have been recorded by renowned musicians and performed in Carnegie Hall . Joan Tower ( born 1938 ) wrote her 1976 piece Black Topaz , which features many tonal melodies and harmonies . She received her DMA in composition from Columbia University in 1978 . She was commissioned in 1979 by the American Composers Orchestra , resulting in her first orchestral work , Sequoia . This has been performed by numerous orchestras worldwide . From 1985 - 1988 Tower was the composer - in - residence at the St. Louis Symphony . In 1990 she was the first woman to win the Grawemeyer Award for Music Composition , which included a prize of $150,000 . Since then , Tower has been the composer - in - residence at numerous music festivals , including the Norfolk Chamber Music Festival and Tanglewood Contemporary Music Festival . Tower has been a professor of music at Bard College in New York since 1982 and is considered one of the most influential women composers of the 20th century . Ellen Taaffe Zwilich ( born 1939 ) received her Doctorate in Composition from Juilliard and was the first woman to ever achieve this . The same year , she won a gold medal at the International Composition Competition in Italy . In 1983 Zwilich made history again , becoming the first woman to win the Pulitzer Prize in music for her Symphony No. 1 . Since this success , she has received many commissions . Her piece Millennium has been performed by twenty - seven orchestras since its premiere in 2000 . She has been the Francis Eppes Professor of Music at Florida State University since 1999 . Zwilich is known to have an ' eclectic millennial voice ' in her compositions , utilizing a clear design and rich timbres . Though her music was originally very dissonant and influenced by the Second Viennese School , her style became more emotional after the death of her husband . Libby Larsen ( born 1950 ) earned her MM in 1975 from the University of Minnesota and her PhD from the same school in 1978 . In 1973 she co-founded the Minnesota Composers Forum , now known as the American Composer 's Forum . Larsen was the composer - in - residence at the Minnesota Orchestra from 1983 - 1987 . Larsen composed over 220 works , including orchestra , dance , opera , choral , theater , chamber , and solo repertoire . Her pieces have been performed across the United States and Europe . Larsen is a strong supporter of contemporary music and female musicians , and she won a Grammy Award for her CD The Art of Arleen Auger in 1994 . Larsen won the Lifetime Achievement Award from the Academy of Arts and Letters in 2000 and published her book The Concert Hall That Fell Asleep and Woke Up as a Car Radio in 2007 . Jennifer Higdon ( born 1962 ) earned an MA and PhD from the University of Philadelphia in 1994 . Higdon has received awards from the Guggenheim Foundation , American Academy of Arts and Letters , International League of Women 's Composers , and others . Her 1996 work Shine was named Best Contemporary Piece by USA Today . Of Higdon 's many pieces , blue cathedral is most frequently performed . In 2010 , Higdon won the Grammy award of Best Contemporary Classical Composition for her Percussion Concerto . Also in 2010 she won the Pulitzer Prize in Music for her composition Violin Concerto , premiered by Hilary Hahn . Additional notable female composers are listed below . Some are also notable as performers ( e.g. Amy Beach and Verdina Shlonsky were noted pianists ) . For a full list , see List of female composers by birth year . Amy Beach ( 1867 -- 1944 ) Nadia Boulanger ( 1887 -- 1979 ) Lili Boulanger ( 1893 -- 1918 ) Verdina Shlonsky ( 1905 -- 1990 ) Imogen Holst ( 1907 -- 1984 ) Violet Archer ( 1913 -- 2000 ) Thea Musgrave ( born 1928 ) Sofia Gubaidulina ( born 1931 ) Instrumental performers ( edit ) Popular music ( edit ) Individuals and bandleaders ( edit ) Suzi Quatro is a singer , bassist and bandleader . When she launched her career in 1973 , she was one of the few prominent women instrumentalists and bandleaders . Women have a high prominence in many popular music styles as singers . However , professional women instrumentalists are uncommon in popular music , especially in rock genres such as heavy metal . `` ( P ) laying in a band is largely a male homosocial activity , that is , learning to play in a band is largely a peer - based ... experience , shaped by existing sex - segregated friendship networks . As well , rock music `` is often defined as a form of male rebellion vis - à - vis female bedroom culture . '' In popular music , there has been a gendered `` distinction between public ( male ) and private ( female ) participation '' in music . `` ( S ) everal scholars have argued that men exclude women from bands or from the bands ' rehearsals , recordings , performances , and other social activities . '' `` Women are mainly regarded as passive and private consumers of allegedly slick , prefabricated -- hence , inferior -- pop music ... , excluding them from participating as high status rock musicians . '' One of the reasons that there are rarely mixed gender bands is that `` bands operate as tight - knit units in which homosocial solidarity -- social bonds between people of the same sex ... -- plays a crucial role . '' In the 1960s pop music scene , `` ( s ) inging was sometimes an acceptable pastime for a girl , but playing an instrument ... simply was n't done . '' `` The rebellion of rock music was largely a male rebellion ; the women -- often , in the 1950s and ' 60s , girls in their teens -- in rock usually sang songs as personæ utterly dependent on their macho boyfriends ... '' . Philip Auslander says that `` Although there were many women in rock by the late 1960s , most performed only as singers , a traditionally feminine position in popular music '' . Though some women played instruments in American all - female garage rock bands , none of these bands achieved more than regional success . So they `` did not provide viable templates for women 's on - going participation in rock '' . In relation to the gender composition of heavy metal bands , it has been said that `` ( h ) eavy metal performers are almost exclusively male '' `` ( a ) t least until the mid-1980s '' apart from `` exceptions such as Girlschool . '' However , `` now ( in the 2010s ) maybe more than ever -- strong metal women have put up their dukes and got down to it '' , `` carv ( ing ) out a considerable place for ( them ) selves . '' When Suzi Quatro emerged in 1973 , `` no other prominent female musician worked in rock simultaneously as a singer , instrumentalist , songwriter , and bandleader '' . According to Auslander , she was `` kicking down the male door in rock and roll and proving that a female musician ... and this is a point I am extremely concerned about ... could play as well if not better than the boys '' . A number of these artists are also notable for singing and songwriting , but they are listed here for their instrumental skills : Joni Mitchell Bonnie Raitt Nancy Wilson Kaki King Orianthi Sister Rosetta Tharpe Jennifer Batten Mary Ford Lita Ford Joan Jett Carole King Tal Wilkenfeld All - female bands and girl groups ( edit ) An all - female band is a musical group in popular music genres such as rock , blues , jazz and related genres which is exclusively composed of female musicians . This is distinct from a girl group , in which the female members are solely vocalists , though this terminology is not universally followed . While all - male bands are common in many rock and pop bands , all - female bands are less common . A girl group is a music act featuring several female singers who generally harmonize together . The term `` girl group '' is also used in a narrower sense within English - speaking countries to denote the wave of American female pop music singing groups which flourished in the late 1950s and early 1960s between the decline of early rock and roll and the British Invasion , many of whom were influenced by doo - wop style . All - female bands are sometimes also called girl groups . 1930s - 1960s ( edit ) In the Jazz Age and during the 1930s , all - female bands such as The Blue Belles , the Parisian Redheads ( later the Bricktops ) , Lil - Hardin 's All - Girl Band , The Ingenues , The Harlem Playgirls , Phil Spitalny 's Musical Sweethearts and `` Helen Lewis and Her All - Girl Jazz Syncopators '' were popular. Ina Ray Hutton led an all - girl band , the Melodears , from 1934 to 1939 . Eunice Westmoreland , under the name Rita Rio , led an all - female band appearing on NBC Radio and for Vitaphone and RKO . A Polish group Filipinki was established in 1959 . Groups composed solely of women began to emerge with the advent of rock and roll . Among the earliest all - female rock bands to be signed to a record label were Goldie & the Gingerbreads , to Atlantic Records in 1964 , The Pleasure Seekers with Suzi Quatro to Hideout Records in 1964 and Mercury Records in 1968 , The Feminine Complex to Athena Records in 1968 , and Fanny ( who pioneered the all - female band sound in the early to mid-1970s ) in 1969 when Mo Ostin signed them to Warner Bros. Records . There were also others , such as The Liverbirds ( 1962 -- 1967 ) , the Ace of Cups ( 1967 ) , The Heart Beats ( 1968 ) , and Ariel ( 1968 -- 1970 ) . 1970s - 1980s ( edit ) In 1971 Fanny became the first all - female band to reach the Hot 100 's top 40 , with `` Charity Ball '' peaking at No. 40 . In 1975 , the Canadian duo of sisters , Kate and Anna McGarrigle , recorded the first of a string of albums . The Runaways were an early commercially successful , hard - edged , all - female hard rock band , releasing their first album in 1976 : band members Joan Jett , Cherie Currie and Lita Ford all went on to solo careers . The 1980s , for the first time , saw long - sought chart success from all - female bands and female - fronted rock bands . On the Billboard Hot 100 - year - end chart for 1982 Joan Jett 's I Love Rock ' n ' Roll at No. 3 and the Go - Go 's We Got the Beat at No. 25 sent a message out to many industry heads that females who could play could bring in money . Punk ( edit ) Main article : Women in punk rock Punk guitarist Viv Albertine . In the United Kingdom , the advent of punk in the late 1970s with its `` anyone can do it '' ethos led to women making significant contributions . In contrast to the rock music and heavy metal scenes of the 1970s , which were dominated by men , the anarchic , counter-cultural mindset of the punk scene in mid - and late 1970s encouraged women to participate . `` That was the beauty of the punk thing , '' Chrissie Hynde later said . '' ( Sexual ) discrimination did n't exist in that scene . '' This participation played a role in the historical development of punk music , especially in the U.S. and U.K. at that time , and continues to influence and enable future generations . Rock historian Helen Reddington states that the popular image of young punk women musicians as focused on the fashion aspects of the scene ( fishnet stockings , spiky blond hair , etc . ) was stereotypical . She states that many , if not most women punks were more interested in the ideology and socio - political implications , rather than the fashion . Music historian Caroline Coon contends that before punk , women in rock music were virtually invisible ; in contrast , in punk , she argues `` ( i ) t would be possible to write the whole history of punk music without mentioning any male bands at all -- and I think a lot of ( people ) would find that very surprising . '' Johnny Rotten wrote that `` During the Pistols era , women were out there playing with the men , taking us on in equal terms ... It was n't combative , but compatible . '' Women were involved in bands such as The Slits , The Raincoats , Mo - dettes , and Dolly Mixture , The Innocents . Others take issue with the notion of equal recognition , such as guitarist Viv Albertine , who stated that `` the A&R men , the bouncers , the sound mixers , no one took us seriously ... So , no , we got no respect anywhere we went . People just did n't want us around . '' The anti-establishment stance of punk opened the space for women who were treated like outsiders in a male - dominated industry . Sonic Youth 's Kim Gordon states , `` I think women are natural anarchists , because you 're always operating in a male framework . '' Heavy metal ( edit ) Girlschool is a British all - women heavy metal band formed in the new wave of British heavy metal scene in 1978 and frequently associated with contemporaries Motörhead . They are the longest running all - female rock band , still active after more than 35 years . The all - female heavy metal band Girlschool , from South London , formed in 1978 out of the ashes of Painted Lady . While somewhat successful in the UK , they became better known in the early 1980s . One of the original members of the band , Kathy Valentine departed to join the all - female band The Go - Go 's , switching from guitar to bass . Among Girlschool 's early recordings was an EP titled `` The St. Valentines Day Massacre '' which they recorded with Bronze label - mates Motörhead under the name Headgirl . In 1974 , The Deadly Nightshade , a rock / country band , was signed by Phantom . Women in the heavy metal genre tend to have to limit themselves due to the genre being very male orientated . Grunge ( edit ) While there is a perception that the groups in the 1980s and 1990s alternative rock genre of grunge were `` overwhelmingly male '' ( e.g. , Nirvana ) , `` ( w ) omen were totally represented '' in grunge bands such as L7 , Lunachicks , Dickless , STP , 7 Year Bitch , Courtney Love 's group Hole and Babes in Toyland , the latter an `` all - female Minneapolis band '' , and grunge was `` inextricably linked with Riot Grrrl '' , an underground feminist punk movement . Notable women instrumentalists include the bassists D'arcy Wretzky and Melissa Auf der Maur from The Smashing Pumpkins and drummers Patty Schemel ( Hole and Courtney Love projects ) and Lori Barbero of Babes in Toyland . 1990s - 2000s ( edit ) In the 1990s , musician 's magazines were starting to view female musicians more seriously , putting Bonnie Raitt and Tina Weymouth on their covers . While The Go - Go 's and The Bangles , both from the LA club scene , were the first all - female rock bands to find sustained success , individual musicians paved the way for the industry to seek out bands that had female musicians . In the 1990s , bands such as Hole , Super Heroines , The Lovedolls and L7 became popular , while demonstrating on stage , and in interviews , a self - confident and `` bad '' attitude at times , always willing to challenge assumptions about how an all - female band should behave . Courtney Love described the other females in Hole as using a more `` lunar viewpoint '' in their roles as musicians . In the 1990s , the punk , female - led Riot Grrrl genre was associated with bands such as Bratmobile and Bikini Kill . Jazz ( edit ) Mary Lou Williams ( 1910 -- 1981 ) was a pianist , composer and arranger who played jazz , classical and gospel music . She wrote hundreds of compositions and arrangements and recorded more than one hundred records . Historically , the majority of well - known women performers in jazz have been singers , such as Ella Fitzgerald , Billie Holiday , Diane Schuur and Dinah Washington . Culture Trip notes that women in jazz have been `` too often confined to the role of chanteuse . '' However , there are many notable instrumental performers . In some cases , these musicians are also composers and bandleaders : Toshiko Akiyoshi ( b . 1929 ) : bandleader , pianist , arranger , composer Regina Carter : jazz violin Melba Liston : trombonist and arranger Vi Redd ( b . 1928 ) : alto saxophonist Melissa Aldana : tenor saxophonist Emily Remler : jazz guitar Mimi Fox : jazz guitar Sweet Emma Barrett Terri Lyne Carrington ( drums ) Carla Bley ( piano ) Mary Lou Williams ( piano ) Billie Pierce ( piano ) Jeanette Kimball ( piano ) Lovie Austin ( piano and bandleader ) Joelle Khoury ( piano and composer ) There have also been all - female jazz bands such as The International Sweethearts of Rhythm . Classical music ( edit ) Instrumentalists in classical music may focus on one specific type of playing , such as solo recitals , solo concertos , chamber music , or performing as a member of an orchestra , or they may do different types . Some musicians who play orchestral instruments may do all of these types of performances . Instrumentalists in classical music may do both live performances for an audience and recordings . In some cases , classical performers may do mostly live performances . There has traditionally been a gendered aspect to playing instruments in classical music . Many album covers for female classical musicians have photographs that emphasize the physical attractiveness of the performer , `` often using risqué images '' . According to Jessica Duchen , a music writer for London 's The Independent , Classical women musicians are `` too often judged for their appearances , rather than their talent '' and they face pressure `` to look sexy onstage and in photos . '' Duchen states that while `` ( t ) here are women musicians who refuse to play on their looks , ... the ones who do tend to be more materially successful . '' Orchestra ( edit ) The Montreal Women 's Symphony Orchestra in 1942 Historically , orchestras tended to be almost exclusively male , with the exception of the harp player , as the harp was considered a `` women 's instrument '' . A music newspaper editorial in 1917 in England encouraged orchestras to allow women to play the `` lighter instruments '' , with the understanding that these women performers would relinquish their positions to men once WW I was over . In the 1990s , to reduce the likelihood of gender bias , some orchestras began conducting auditions of potential new members behind a screen , so the audition panel could not see if it was a male or female performer . Historically , there has been a tendency for brass sections to be male , and some women brass players have alleged that there is gender bias against female brass players . A study in the 1980s found that women made up 36 % of US orchestras ; 30 % in the United Kingdom , and 16 % in East and West Germany . Women tended to be hired by lower paid orchestras and they were less present in major orchestras . In the past , the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra argued that `` ethnic and gender uniformity '' gave their orchestra a better sound . Several male VPO musicians stated in a 1996 interview that classical music has `` gender - defined qualities which can be most clearly expressed by male uniformity '' in the orchestra . One male VPO member stated that men `` carry secrets that are involved with music and tones , just like in Australian aboriginal or Indian cultures where men play certain instruments , and not the women . '' One male VPO performer stated that `` pregnancy brings problems . It brings disorder . Another important argument against women is that they can bring the solidarity of the men in question . You find that in all men 's groups . '' The Vienna Philharmonic did not accept women to permanent membership until 1997 , far later than comparable orchestras ( of the other orchestras ranked among the world 's top five by Gramophone in 2008 , the last to appoint a woman to a permanent position was the Berlin Philharmonic . ) As late as February 1996 , first flautist Dieter Flury told Westdeutscher Rundfunk that accepting women would be `` gambling with the emotional unity ( emotionelle Geschlossenheit ) that this organism currently has '' . In April 1996 , the orchestra 's press secretary wrote that `` compensating for the expected leaves of absence '' of maternity leave was a problem . Classical violinist Sarah Chang before performing a 2005 solo concert In 1997 , the orchestra was `` facing protests during a ( US ) tour '' by the National Organization for Women and International Association of Women in Music . Finally , `` after being held up to increasing ridicule even in socially conservative Austria , members of the orchestra gathered ( on 28 February 1997 ) in an extraordinary meeting on the eve of their departure and agreed to admit a woman , Anna Lelkes , as harpist . '' As of 2013 , the orchestra has six female members ; one of them , violinist Albena Danailova became one of the orchestra 's concertmasters in 2008 , the first woman to hold that position . In 2012 , women still made up just 6 % of the orchestra 's membership , compared to 14 % in the Berlin Philharmonic , 30 % in the London Symphony Orchestra , and 36 % in the New York Philharmonic . VPO president Clemens Hellsberg said the VPO now uses completely screened blind auditions . She said it chooses `` the best we get , '' implying that full gender equity would take time as older members retire and new ones audition under gender - neutral conditions . The Czech Philharmonic excludes women and the Berlin Philharmonic `` has a history of gender discrimination . '' In 2013 , an article in Mother Jones stated that `` ( m ) any prestigious orchestras have significant female membership -- women outnumber men in the New York Philharmonic 's violin section -- and several renowned ensembles , including the National Symphony Orchestra , the Detroit Symphony , and the Minnesota Symphony , are led by women violinists . Brass , percussion , and string - bass orchestra sections are still predominantly male . '' Soloists ( edit ) In classical music , soloists may perform unaccompanied solos on their instrument , as occurs with pianists who play works for solo piano or stringed instruments who play Baroque suites for one instrument ( e.g. , Bach suites for solo cello ) . In many cases , though , soloists are accompanied , either by a pianist , a small chamber music ensemble , or , in the case of a concerto , by a full symphony orchestra . In the 2014 -- 2015 season , the majority of concerto soloists who performed with major Canadian orchestras were male . In the Vancouver Symphony Orchestra , 67 % of the concerto soloists were male . In the Toronto Symphony Orchestra , 74 % of the concerto soloists were male . In the National Arts Centre Orchestra , 79 % of the concerto soloists were male . In the Orchestre Symphonique de Montreal , 84 % of the concerto soloists were male . When the CBC news story on the gender balance of concerto soloists was released , the conductor of the Vancouver Symphony Orchestra , Bramwell Tovey , disputed the accuracy of the news story in regards to his orchestra , arguing that the article only took a single season into account . Singers ( edit ) Popular music ( edit ) Madonna is often referred to as the artist who changed the role of women in popular music . Singers in popular music perform the vocals for bands and other music groups , which may range in size from a duo or a power trio to a large jazz big band . Singers typically do both live performances and studio recordings . Singers who do live performances may sing in small venues such as coffeehouses or nightclubs , or they may perform in larger venues ranging from arts centres to stadiums . Some singers also perform in music videos , which are used to promote the songs . In some styles of music , singers may play a rhythm section instrument , such as rhythm guitar , electric bass or a percussion instrument while they sing . In some styles of pop , singers perform choreographed dance moves during the show . Two well - known examples of pop singers who perform elaborate dance routines in their live shows are Madonna and Britney Spears . Singer - songwriter and music producer Bjork has commented on how `` women 's labor and expertise -- inside and outside of the music industry -- go unnoticed . '' She has stated that `` ( I ) t 's invisible , what women do , '' and `` ( I ) t 's not rewarded as much . '' Bjork states `` that her male collaborators are typically credited for the sound of her records ; because on stage she mainly sings , there is a widespread assumption that she neither produces ( as a music producer ) nor plays an instrument . '' In 2015 , `` while accepting the Woman of the Year honor at this year 's Billboard Women in Music event '' , Lady Gaga commented on the `` difficulties of being a female recording artist . '' She said it `` is really hard sometimes for women in music . It 's like af ( uck ) ing boys club that we just ca n't get in to . '' She stated that she `` tried for so long ... to be taken seriously as a musician for my intelligence more than my body '' , yet she felt that others in the industry did not believe that women could have a `` musical background ... ( or ) understand what you 're doing because you 're a female . '' A University Press of Kentucky book states that customers did not treat a woman who worked at a guitar store like she knew anything about guitars until she would use special guitar terms . Indie folk singer - songwriter / guitarist Ani di Franco states that for women , in the past , even entering a guitar store was an `` act of courage '' because it felt like a `` boys ' club '' . Not only do female artists feel the pressure to please their male counterparts but it is also difficult for female DJs to fit in , in a male - dominated field Chaka Khan ( born 1953 ) has been called the `` Queen of Funk . '' Despite funk 's popularity in modern music , few people have examined the work of funk women . As cultural critic Cheryl Keyes explains in her essay `` She Was too Black for Rock and too hard for Soul : ( Re ) discovering the Musical Career of Betty Mabry Davis , '' most of the scholarship around funk has focused on the cultural work of men . She states that `` Betty Davis is an artist whose name has gone unheralded as a pioneer in the annals of funk and rock . Most writing on these musical genres has traditionally placed male artist like Jimi Hendrix , George Clinton ( of Parliament - Funkadelic ) , and bassist Larry Graham as trendsetters in the shaping of a rock music sensibility '' ( 35 ) . Notable funk women include Chaka Khan , Labelle , Brides of Funkenstein , Klymaxx , Mother 's Finest , and Betty Davis . Below are some of the top - earning female singers in the 2010s . Another way of selecting the most notable singers for this section would be by critical acclaim , but this is a more subjective criteria than earnings . Almost all of these singers are also songwriters , and some are also music producers : Adele Beyoncé Lady Gaga Madonna Katy Perry Rihanna Britney Spears Taylor Swift Blues ( edit ) Ma Rainey ( 1886 -- 1939 ) was one of the earliest known American professional blues singers and one of the first generation of such singers to record . Classic female blues was an early form of blues music popular in the 1920s . An amalgam of traditional folk blues and urban theater music , the style is also known as vaudeville blues . Classic blues songs performed by female vocalists were accompanied by pianists or small jazz ensembles , and were the first blues to be recorded . The classic female blues singers were pioneers in the record industry , as they were among the first black singers and blues artists who were recorded . They were also instrumental in popularizing the 12 - bar blues throughout the US . Gertrude `` Ma '' Rainey ( 1886 -- 1939 ) , known as the `` Mother of the Blues '' , is credited as the first to perform the blues on stage as popular entertainment when she began incorporating blues into her act of show songs and comedy around 1902 . New York - based cabaret singer Mamie Smith recorded `` Crazy Blues '' in 1920 , which sold over 75,000 copies . Smith became known as `` America 's First Lady of the Blues '' . In 1920 , the vaudeville singer Lucille Hegamin became the second black woman to record blues when she recorded `` The Jazz Me Blues '' . Ethel Waters , Alberta Hunter , Mary Stafford , Katie Crippen , Edith Wilson , and Esther Bigeou , among others , made their first recordings before the end of 1921 . These blues recordings were typically labeled as `` race records '' to distinguish them from records sold to white audiences . Nonetheless , the recordings of some of the classic female blues singers were purchased by white buyers as well . Marion Harris became one of the first white female singers to record the blues . The most popular of the classic blues singers was Tennessee - born Bessie Smith ( no relation to Mamie Smith ) , who first recorded in 1923 and became known as the `` Empress of the Blues '' . She signed with Columbia and became the highest - paid black artist of the 1920s , recording over 160 songs . Other classic blues singers who recorded extensively until the end of the 1920s were Ida Cox , Clara Smith , and Sara Martin . These early blues singers were an influence on later singers such as Mahalia Jackson and Janis Joplin . These blues women 's contributions to the genre included `` increased improvisation on melodic lines , unusual phrasing which altered the emphasis and impact of the lyrics , and vocal dramatics using shouts , groans , moans , and wails . The blues women thus effected changes in other types of popular singing that had spin - offs in jazz , Broadway musicals , torch songs of the 1930s and 1940s , gospel , rhythm and blues , and eventually rock and roll . '' Country music ( edit ) Gender discrimination and sexism occurs frequently in country music . In more recent times , a popular subgenre has developed : `` Bro - Country '' , which has lyrics that sexually objectify women and frame them as assets for men 's use . Some popular `` Bro - Country '' artists include Luke Bryan , Florida Georgia Line , and Blake Shelton . Gender discrimination and sexism has become more prominent in this genre over time . Dr. Eric Rasumssen , a professor in the College of Media and Communication and Texas Tech University , argues that compared to the 1990s and 2000s ( decade ) , the country music of the 2010s discriminates more against women . Some of the ways they discriminate include , `` talking more about women 's appearance , ( showing ) women in tight or revealing clothing , comparing women to objects , referring to women in slang ( terms ) versus their real names , and portraying women as distrustful and cheaters . '' `` Bro - Country '' may be influenced by historical aspects of Southern culture which have been associated with racism and sexism . Women in country music continue to face these issues . Kacey Musgraves , a recording artist , describes her experience with sexism in country music by stating that if a label ca n't get your song off the ground , it 's immediately blamed on your personality or the fact that you 're female , or that you did n't make a radio station program director feel important . Jazz ( edit ) Ella Fitzgerald performing with Dizzy Gillespie , Ray Brown , Milt Jackson and Timme Rosenkrantz in September 1947 , New York While woman have been underrepresented in jazz as instrumentalists , composers , songwriters and bandleaders , there have been many notable women singers . Bessie Smith sang both the blues and jazz . Lena Horne first appeared in the Cotton Club as a teenager . Ella Fitzgerald and Billie Holiday were known for their ballads during the swing era . Shirley Horn sang both jazz and blues . Nina Simone sang jazz , folk and Rhythm and blues . Etta Jones sang rhythm and blues and jazz . Anita O'Day is known for her contributions to Bebop . Betty Carter sang during the post-bop era . Mary Lou Williams was a singer and pianist during the swing and hard bop eras . Sarah Vaughan is known for her singing in the Cool jazz era . Other notable singers include Rosemary Clooney , Diane Schuur and Flora Purim . Contemporary jazz singers include Norah Jones , Diana Krall , Melody Gardot and singer - bassist Esperanza Spalding . Classical music ( edit ) Cecilia Bartoli onstage in 2008 Kathleen Battle Classical singers typically do both live performances and recordings . Live performances may be in small venues , such as churches , or large venues , such as opera halls or arts centers . Classical singers may specialize in specific types of singing , such as art song , which are songs performed with piano accompaniment , or opera , which is singing accompanied by a symphony orchestra in a staged , costumed theatrical production . Classical singers are typically categorized by their voice type , which indicates both their vocal range and in some cases also the `` color '' of their voice . Examples of voice types that indicate the range of a singer 's voice include contralto , mezzo - soprano and soprano ( these go from the lowest range to the highest range ) . Examples of voice types that indicate both the singer 's range and the `` color '' of her voice type are coloratura soprano and lyric soprano . Whereas popular music singers typically use a microphone and a sound reinforcement system for their vocals , in classical music the voice must be projected into the hall naturally , a skill for which they undertake vocal training . Black women ( edit ) Marian Anderson in 1940 Marian Anderson ( 1897 -- 1993 ) was an African - American contralto of whom music critic Alan Blyth said : `` Her voice was a rich , vibrant contralto of intrinsic beauty . '' Most of her singing career was spent performing in concert and recital in major music venues and with famous orchestras throughout the United States and Europe between 1925 and 1965 . Anderson became an important figure in the struggle for black artists to overcome racial prejudice in the United States during the mid-twentieth century . In 1939 , the Daughters of the American Revolution ( DAR ) refused permission for Anderson to sing to an integrated audience in Constitution Hall . With the aid of First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt and her husband Franklin D. Roosevelt , Anderson performed a critically acclaimed open - air concert on Easter Sunday , 9 April 1939 , on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial in Washington , D.C. She sang before a crowd of more than 75,000 people and a radio audience in the millions . Anderson continued to break barriers for black artists in the United States , becoming the first black person , American or otherwise , to perform at the Metropolitan Opera in New York City on 7 January 1955 . Notable singers ( edit ) A short list of notable classical singers includes : Elly Ameling Cecilia Bartoli Kathleen Battle Maria Callas Natalie Dessay Joyce DiDonato Frederica von Stade Renée Fleming Elina Garanca Susan Graham Anna Netrebko Jessye Norman World music ( edit ) Bi Kidude ( 1910s -- 2013 ) was a Zanzibari - born Tanzanian Taarab singer . She has been called the `` queen of Taarab and Unyago music '' . Women play an important role in world music , a musical category encompassing many different styles of music from around the world , including ethnic music and traditional music from Africa , the Caribbean , South America , Asia , and other regions , indigenous music , neotraditional music , and music where more than one cultural tradition intermingle ( e.g. , mixtures of Western pop and ethnic music ) . The term was popularized in the 1980s as a marketing category for non-Western traditional music . Brazilian actress , singer and dancer Carmen Miranda became known in the West as exotic supplement in Hollywood films in the 1930s , akin to dancer Josephine Baker before , and the voice of exotica Yma Sumac after her . In the 1960s Elis Regina was the most prominent female singer in the Bossa Nova of Brazilian music that influenced popular music around the world . In the 1960s and 1970s Argentinian folk singer Mercedes Sosa , South African Miriam Makeba or Greek Maria Farantouri were also recognized for their engagement against the oppressive political situation in their home states . Sosa singing `` Gracias a la vida '' , Makeba 's `` Pata Pata '' , and Farantouri 's collaboration with composer Mikis Theodorakis were musical icons of the struggle for human rights . The `` Queen of Salsa '' Celia Cruz immigrated from Cuba to the United States in 1966 . With the rising interest in the then so - called world music in the 1980s old recordings of long established artists were re-discovered for a global audience and distributed worldwide ; well known in their home country -- sometimes stars with legendary status -- like Arabic singers Umm Kulthum , Asmahan , and Fairuz , the Algerian Raï singer Cheikha Rimitti , Asha Bhosle , most prolific playback singer for Bollywood film soundtracks , Romani Esma Redžepova , Mexican ranchera singer Chavela Vargas , and the Mahotella Queens from South Africa ; or they were recorded for the first time ( by Caucasian males ) like Cesária Évora from Cape Verde , Stella Chiweshe from Zimbabwe and Afro - Peruvian Susana Baca . There are many notable women world music performers , including : Ann Savoy , Bi Kidude , Brenda Fassie , Chabuca Granda , Chava Alberstein , Cleoma Breaux Falcon , Dolly Collins , Elizabeth Cotten , Frehel , Gal Costa , Genoa Keawe , Googoosh , Hazel Dickens , Jean Ritchie , Lata Mangeshkar , Lola Beltrán , Lucha Reyes , Lucilla Galeazzi ( The Mammas ) , Lydia Mendoza , Maria Tanase , Mariam Doumbia , Nada Mamula , Ofra Haza , Oumou Sangare , Rita Marley , Rosa Passos , Roza Eskenazi , Safiye Ayla , Salamat Sadikova , Selda Bagcan , Shirley Collins , Valya Balkanska , Violeta Parra , Warda , and Zap Mama . Eastern music ( edit ) Arabic music ( edit ) A group of musicians , including women performers , from a Baghdad musical theatre group in the 1920s Arabic music , which has Persian origins , is an amalgam of the music of the Arab people in the Arabian Peninsula and the music of all the varied peoples that make up the Arab world . In Egypt during the medieval era , male professional musicians during this period were called Alateeyeh ( plural ) , or Alatee ( singular ) , which means `` a player upon an instrument '' . However , this name applies to both vocalists as well as instrumentalists . Male professional musicians were considered disreputable and lowly , and they earned their living playing at parties . Female professional musicians in Egypt were called Awalim ( pl ) or Al'meh , which means a `` learned female '' . These singers were often hired on the occasion of a celebration in the harem of a wealthy person . They were not with the harem , but in an elevated room that was concealed by a screen so as not to be seen by either the harem or the master of the house . The female Awalim were more highly paid than male performers and more highly regarded . In the 9th century , using male instrumentalists was harshly criticized in a treatise , because male musicians were associated with perceived vices such as playing chess and writing love poetry . Following the invasion of Egypt , Napoleon commissioned reports on the state of Ottoman culture . The report reveals that there were guilds of male instrumentalists who played to male audiences , and `` learned female '' singer / musicians who sang and played for women audiences . Chinese music ( edit ) A half - section of the Song Dynasty ( 960 -- 1279 ) version of the Night Revels of Han Xizai , original by Gu Hongzhong ; the female musicians in the center of the image are playing transverse bamboo flutes and guan , and the male musician is playing a wooden clapper called paiban . In Chinese music , music was a major activity for women during Ancient times , especially for learned women . Women performers were associated with the guqin since ancient times . The guqin is a plucked seven - string Chinese musical instrument of the zither family . It has traditionally been favored by scholars and literati as an instrument of great subtlety and refinement . A notable woman guqin player was Cai Wenji , associated with the piece Hujia Shiba - pai . Women musicians also play a key role in Chinese folk music . In southern Fujian and Taiwan , Nanyin or Nanguan music is a genre of traditional Chinese folk ballads . They are sung by a woman accompanied by a xiao flute and a pipa , as well as other traditional instruments . The music is generally sorrowful and typically deals with the topic of a love - stricken woman . Indian music ( edit ) The Indian Carnatic classical singer M.S. Subbulakshmi ( 1916 -- 2004 ) Indian classical music is the art music of the Indian subcontinent . The origins of Indian classical music can be found in the Hindu hymns . This chanting style evolved into jatis and eventually into ragas . Indian classical music has also been significantly influenced by , or syncretised with , Indian folk music . The major composers from the historical Indian classical music tradition were men . Modern women vocalists include D.K. Pattammal , M.S. Subbalakshmi , Gangubai Hangal , Hirabai Barodekar , Kesarbai Kerkar , Kishori Amonkar , Malini Rajurkar , Mogubai Kurdikar , Prabha Atre , Roshan Ara Begum and Shruti Sadolikar Katkar . One woman instrumentalist is Annapurna Devi . In Indian folk music , lavani is a music genre popular in Maharashtra that is traditionally performed by women . Bhangra ( Punjabi : ਭੰਗੜਾ ) is a form of dance - oriented folk music of Punjab . The present musical style is derived from non traditional musical accompaniment to the riffs of Punjab called by the same name . The female dance of Punjab region is known as Giddha ( Punjabi : ਗਿੱਧਾ ) . In the music of Bollywood ( the centre of India 's film industry ) and other regional film industries in India , women playback singers have had a significant role , with the sisters Lata Mangeshkar and Asha Bhosle , who have mainly worked in Hindi films , often referred to as two of the best - known and most prolific playback singers in India . In 2011 , Bhosle was officially acknowledged by the Guinness Book of World Records as the most recorded artist in music history . Iranian music ( edit ) Fātemeh Vā'ezi ( Persian : فاطمه واعظی ‎ ) ( born 1950 ) , commonly known by her stage name Parīsā ( Persian : پریسا ‎ ) , is a Persian classical vocalist and musician . Since the Iranian revolution , Iranian female solo vocalists have been permitted to perform for female audiences . Female vocalists can perform for male audiences only as a part of a chorus . Traditionally , it has been difficult for female singers to appear publicly . Women were only allowed to perform for religious rituals , called Tazieh , and men were generally forbidden to listen to women . Before the Revolution , Iranian women could only sing in private , while working , for other women , or during women 's celebrations . Qamar ol - Molouk Vaziri ( 1905 - 1959 ) is one of the first female masters of Persian music . Notable female musicians include Delkash ( 1923 - 2004 ) ; Simin Ghanem ( born 1944 ) ; Maryam Akhondy ( born 1957 ) , founder of Barbad Ensemble ; Persian classical guitarist Lily Afshar ; singer Shakila , winner of Persian Academy Award ; the conductor Soodabeh Salem ; Afsaneh Rasaei ; Pirayeh Pourafar , founder of Nava Ensemble and Lian Ensemble ; and Mahsa Vahdat . The classical singer Fatemeh Vaezi ( commonly known by her stage name `` Parisa '' ) has given concerts accompanied by a female orchestra . After 1986 Maryam Akhondy started working with other Iranian musicians in exile . In 2000 Maryam Akhondy created the all - female a cappella group Banu which sung old folk songs that were part of women 's activities and celebrations . Singer Sima Bina has taught many female students . Ghashang Kamkar teaches both male and female students . Both Ghashang and Vaezi have criticized the patriarchal power structure in Iran for its treatment of female musicians . Iranian folk - music performers include Sima Bina , Darya Dadvar , Monika Jalili , Ziba Shirazi , Zohreh Jooya , and Shushā Guppy . Iranian pop performers include Googoosh , Hayedeh , Mahasti , Leila Forouhar , Pooran , and Laleh Pourkarim . World music performers include Azam Ali and Cymin Samawatie . Japanese music ( edit ) The Japanese idol girl group AKB48 is the best - selling act in Japan by number of singles sold . Japan has the largest physical music market in the world , with US $2 billion in 2014 and the second largest overall music market , with a total retail value of 2.6 billion dollars in 2014 . The physical singles market is dominated by Japanese idol women artists , with 9 out of the top 10 best - selling singles in the country in 2015 belonging to either the idol girl group AKB48 or its `` sister '' and `` rival '' groups . AKB48 has had the best - selling singles of the year in the country for the past six years and the group is also the best - selling act in Japan by number of singles sold . Japanese American singer and songwriter Utada Hikaru has the best - selling album in the country , First Love . Music scholars and Educators ( edit ) Musicologists and music historians ( edit ) Rosetta Reitz ( 1924 -- 2008 ) was an American jazz historian and feminist who established a record label producing 18 albums of the music of the early women of jazz and the blues . The vast majority of major musicologists and music historians have been men . Nevertheless , some women musicologists have reached the top ranks of the profession . Carolyn Abbate ( born 1956 ) is an American musicologist who did her PhD at Princeton University . She has been described by the Harvard Gazette as `` one of the world 's most accomplished and admired music historians '' . Susan McClary ( born 1946 ) is a musicologist associated with the `` New Musicology '' who incorporates feminist music criticism in her work . McClary holds a PhD from Harvard University . One of her best known works is Feminine Endings ( 1991 ) , which covers musical constructions of gender and sexuality , gendered aspects of traditional music theory , gendered sexuality in musical narrative , music as a gendered discourse and issues affecting women musicians . In the book , McClary suggests that the sonata form ( used in symphonies and string quartets ) may be a sexist or misogynistic procedure that constructs of gender and sexual identity . McClary 's Conventional Wisdom ( 2000 ) argues that the traditional musicological assumption of the existence of `` purely musical '' elements , divorced from culture and meaning , the social and the body , is a conceit used to veil the social and political imperatives of the worldview that produces the classical canon most prized by supposedly objective musicologists . Other notable women scholars include : Eva Badura - Skoda Margaret Bent Suzanne Cusick Ursula Günther Maud Cuney Hare Liudmila Kovnatskaya Kendra Preston Leonard Rosetta Reitz Elaine Sisman Hedi Stadlen Rose Rosengard Subotnik Anahit Tsitsikian Ethnomusicologists ( edit ) Frances Densmore ( 1867 -- 1957 ) was an American anthropologist and ethnographer known for her studies of Native American music and culture . Ethnomusicologists study the many musics around the world that emphasize their cultural , social , material , cognitive , biological , and other dimensions or contexts instead of or in addition to its isolated sound component or any particular repertoire . Ethnomusicology -- a term coined by Jaap Kunst from the Greek words ἔθνος ( ethnos , `` nation '' ) and μουσική ( mousike , `` music '' ) -- is often described as the anthropology or ethnography of music . Initially , ethnomusicology was almost exclusively oriented toward non-Western music , but now includes the study of Western music from anthropological , sociological and intercultural perspectives . Notable ethnomusicologists include : Judith Becker Frances Densmore Ida Halpern Maud Karpeles Music Educators ( edit ) A music teacher leading a music ensemble in an elementary school in 1943 Main article : Women in music education While music critics argued in the 1880s that `` women lacked the innate creativity to compose good music '' due to `` biological predisposition '' , later , it was accepted that women would have a role in music education , and they became involved in this field `` to such a degree that women dominated music education during the latter half of the 19th century and well into the 20th century . '' `` Traditional accounts of the history of music education ( in the US ) have often neglected the contributions of women , because these texts have emphasized bands and the top leaders in hierarchical music organizations . '' When looking beyond these bandleaders and top leaders , women had many music education roles in the `` home , community , churches , public schools , and teacher - training institutions '' and `` as writers , patrons , and through their volunteer work in organizations . '' Despite the limitations imposed on women 's roles in music education in the 19th century , women were accepted as kindergarten teachers , because this was deemed to be a `` private sphere '' . Women also taught music privately , in girl 's schools , Sunday schools , and they trained musicians in school music programs . By the turn of the 20th century , women began to be employed as music supervisors in elementary schools , teachers in normal schools and professors of music in universities . Women also became more active in professional organizations in music education , and women presented papers at conferences . A woman , Frances Clarke ( 1860 - 1958 ) founded the Music Supervisors National Conference in 1907 . While a small number of women served as President of the Music Supervisors National Conference ( and the following renamed versions of the organization over the next century ) in the early 20th century , there were only two female Presidents between 1952 and 1992 , which `` ( p ) ossibly reflects discrimination . '' After 1990 , however , leadership roles for women in the organization opened up . From 1990 to 2010 , there were five female Presidents of this organization . Women music educators `` outnumber men two - to - one '' in teaching general music , choir , private lessons , and keyboard instruction . More men tend to be hired as for band education , administration and jazz jobs , and more men work in colleges and universities . According to Dr. Sandra Wieland Howe , there is still a `` glass ceiling '' for women in music education careers , as there is `` stigma '' associated with women in leadership positions and `` men outnumber women as administrators . '' Notable individuals ( edit ) Julia Crane ( 1855 -- 1923 ) was an American music educator who set up a school , the Crane School of Music in Potsdam , New York , which was the first school specifically for the training of public school music teachers . She is among the most important figures in the history of American music education . Crane was a student of Manuel García . Crane was inducted into the Music Educators Hall of Fame in 1986 . As of 2015 , the Crane School of Music is one of three schools which make up the State University of New York ( SUNY ) at Potsdam . It has 630 undergraduate and 30 graduate students and a faculty of 70 teachers and professional staff . Cornelia Schröder - Auerbach ( de ) ( 1900 - 1997 ) , musician , musicologist , pianist and organist , studied musicology in Breslau , Munich , Jena and Freiburg in Breisgau , where she made her doctorate in musicology in 1928 , her supervisor was Wilibald Gurlitt . According to Texas State University professor Nico Schüler she was the first woman to graduate with a doctorate in musicology . In 1930 she founded with Peter Harlan and her husband , the composer Hanning Schröder ( de ) , the Harlan Trio for historically informed performances , path - breaking for this new genre , based also on her research in clavichord music and compositions . With the Nazi takeover of the German government and its anti-Semitic discriminations the non-observant Protestant Schröder - Auerbach was banned in 1934 from publicly performing because her four grandparents had been Jewish . Under veiled identity she restarted public music performances in Dargun as the church organist , choirmaster and music teacher , after 1945 she continued this and also networked in the music chapter of the Mecklenburg state association of the Cultural Association of the GDR . In 1952 she joined the East German Academy of Arts in East Berlin , where she rebuilt the music archive , lost in 1945 with the destruction of the predecessor Prussian Academy of Arts . Living in the American Sector of Berlin the East Berlin Academy dismissed her in 1959 . She also worked as author , lexicographer , music critic for the Berliner Börsen - Courier , radio stations and the Deutsche Grammophon . Carolynn Lindeman ( born 1940 ) graduated from Oberlin College Conservatory of Music , the Mozarteum Academy , San Francisco State University and Stanford University , where she received her Doctor of Musical Arts . She was a professor at San Francisco State University from 1973 to 2005 . She was President of the Music Educators National Conference from 1996 - 1998 . She edited the `` Strategies for Teaching '' series . She `` ( a ) cknoledge ( d gender ) discrimination in academia . '' June Hinckley ( 1943 - 2007 ) graduated with a PhD from Florida State University . She was a music and fine arts supervisor in Brevard County in Florida . She wrote articles on music education . She was President of the Music Educators National Conference from 1998 - 2000 . Lynn Brinckmeyer received her PhD from the University of Kansas . She was an Associate Professor and Director of Choral Music Education at Texas State University . She was President of the Music Educators National Conference from 2006 - 2008 . Barbara Geer graduated from the University of North Carolina . She was a music consultant for a school system in North Carolina and she served as President of the Music Educators National Conference from 2008 - 2010 . Conducting ( edit ) JoAnn Faletta conducting Rite of Spring US Army Captain Sharon Toulouse leading a military music ensemble in 2008 The majority of professional orchestra conductors are male ; The Guardian called conducting `` one of the last glass ceilings in the music industry '' . A 2013 article stated that in France , out of 574 concerts only 17 were conducted by women and no women conducted at the National Opéra in Paris . Bachtrack reported that , in a list of the world 's 150 top conductors that year , only five were women . A small number of female conductors have become top - ranked international conductors . In January 2005 , Australian conductor Simone Young became the first woman to conduct the Vienna Philharmonic . In 2008 Marin Alsop , a protégé of Leonard Bernstein , became the first woman to become the music director and principal conductor of a major US orchestra when she won the top job at the Baltimore Symphony . There were `` protests from a large swathe of the Baltimore Symphony when she was first named Music Director '' , but since that time , `` plaudits ( have ) roll ( ed ) in . '' In 2014 , Alsop was the first woman conductor to lead the Last Night of the Proms concert -- one of the most important classical music events in Britain -- in its 118 - year history . Jeri Lynne Johnson was the first African - American woman to win an international conducting prize when she was awarded the Taki Concordia conducting fellowship in 2005 . She is the founder and music director of the Black Pearl Chamber Orchestra , the first multi-ethnic professional orchestra in Philadelphia . A graduate of Wellesley College and the University of Chicago , she is a conductor , composer and pianist . From 2001 - 2004 , she was the assistant conductor of The Chamber Orchestra of Philadelphia . She has led orchestras around the world including the Colorado Symphony , Bournemouth Symphony ( UK ) , and the Weimar Staatskapelle ( Germany ) . Alongside prominent woman conductors Marin Alsop and JoAnn Falletta , Ms. Johnson was heralded on the NBC Today Show as one of the nation 's leading female conductors . According to the UK 's Radio 3 editor , Edwina Wolstencroft , `` The music world has been happy to have female performers ... for a long time ... ( ; ) But owning authority and power in public is another matter . That 's where female conductors have had a hard time . Our society is more resistant to women being powerful in public than to women being entertaining . '' The low percentage of women conductors is not because women do not study in music school ; indeed , in 2009 and 2012 almost half of the recipients of conducting doctorates were women . Sexism and gender discrimination ( edit ) Women conductors faced sexism and gender discrimination throughout the 19th century and 20th century . `` To break down this apparent employment barrier , women created their own opportunities by founding and organizing all - female orchestras '' ; one example is the Fadette Women 's Orchestra in Boston founded in 1888 by conductor Caroline B. Nichols . A number of other all - women orchestras were founded in the early decades of the 20th century , and women conductors led these groups . Women conductors continue to face sexism and gender discrimination in the early decades of the 21st century . In the 2010s , several notable male conductors and musicians made sexist statements about women conductors . In 2013 , `` Vasily Petrenko , the principal conductor of the Oslo Philharmonic and the Royal Liverpool Philharmonic , provoked outrage when he told a Norwegian newspaper that ' orchestras react better when they have a man in front of them . '' He also stated that `` when women have families , it becomes difficult to be as dedicated as is demanded in the business '' . Bruno Mantovani , the director of the Paris Conservatoire , gave an interview in which he made sexist statements about women conductors . Mantovani raised the `` problem of maternity '' and he questioned the ability of women to withstand the physical challenges and stresses of the profession , which he claimed involve `` conducting , taking a plane , taking another plane , conducting again . '' Yuri Temirkanov , the music director of the St. Petersburg Philharmonic , made sexist statements about women conductors in a September 2013 interview , stating that `` The essence of the conductor 's profession is strength . The essence of a woman is weakness . '' Finnish conductor Jorma Panula made sexist statements about women conductors in 2014 ; he stated that `` women ( conductors are not ) ... getting any better -- only worse '' , which he called a `` purely biological question . '' Notable conductors ( edit ) Notable female conductors include : Marin Alsop ( * 1956 ) Frieda Belinfante ( 1904 -- 1995 ) Gisele Ben - Dor ( * 1955 ) Nadia Boulanger ( 1887 -- 1979 ) Antonia Brico ( 1902 -- 1989 ) Sylvia Caduff ( * 1937 ) Joana Carneiro ( * 1976 ) Sian Edwards ( * 1959 ) JoAnn Faletta ( * 1954 ) Jane Glover ( * 1949 ) Mirga Gražinytė - Tyla ( * 1986 ) Julia Jones ( * 1961 ) Karen Kamensek ( * 1970 ) Natalia Luis - Bassa ( * 1966 ) Alondra de la Parra ( * 1980 ) Kristiina Poska ( * 1978 ) Lidiya Yankovskaya ( * 1986 ) Simone Young ( * 1961 ) Xian Zhang ( * 1973 ) Music critics ( edit ) Popular music ( edit ) American pop music critic Ann Powers ( pictured in 2007 ) According to Anwen Crawford , the `` problem for women ( popular music critics ) is that our role in popular music was codified long ago '' , which means that `` ( b ) ooks by living female rock critics ( or jazz , hip - hop , and dance - music critics , for that matter ) are scant '' . Crawford notes that the `` most famous rock - music critics -- Robert Christgau , Greil Marcus , Lester Bangs , Nick Kent -- are all male '' . Sociologist Simon Frith noted that pop and rock music `` are closely associated with gender ; that is , with conventions of male and female behaviour '' . According to Holly Kruse , both popular music articles and academic articles about pop music are usually written from `` masculine subject positions '' . As well , there are relatively few women writing in music journalism : `` By 1999 , the number of female editors or senior writers at Rolling Stone hovered around ... 15 % , ( while ) at Spin and Raygun , ( it was ) roughly 20 % . '' Criticism associated with gender was discussed in a 2014 Jezebel article about the struggles of women in music journalism , written by music critic Tracy Moore , previously an editor at the Nashville Scene . The American music critic Ann Powers , as a female critic and journalist for a popular , male - dominated industry , has written critiques the perceptions of sex , racial and social minorities in the music industry . She has also written about feminism . In 2006 she accepted a position as chief pop - music critic at the Los Angeles Times , where she succeeded Robert Hilburn . In 2005 , Powers co-wrote the book Piece by Piece with musician Tori Amos , which discusses the role of women in the modern music industry , and features information about composing , touring , performance , and the realities of the music business . Anwen Crawford , a writer for The Monthly contributed to Jessica Hopper 's book of essays and profiles entitled The First Collection of Criticism by a Living Female Rock Critic . Crawford 's article `` explores women 's long struggle for visibility and recognition in the field of rock criticism , even though we 've been helping to pioneer it from the start '' . Crawford states that `` ( t ) he record store , the guitar shop , and now social media : when it comes to popular music , these places become stages for the display of male prowess '' ; `` ( f ) emale expertise , when it appears , is repeatedly dismissed as fraudulent . Every woman who has ever ventured an opinion on popular music could give you some variation ( of this experience ) ... and becoming a recognized `` expert '' ( a musician , a critic ) will not save ( women ) from accusations of fakery . '' Notable popular music critics include : Tanja Bakić Raquel Cepeda Ann Powers Joy Press Lillian Roxon Linda Solomon Penny Valentine Ellen Willis , Out of the Vinyl Deeps ( 2011 ) Classical music ( edit ) Marion Lignana Rosenberg ( 1961 -- 2013 ) was a music critic , writer , translator , broadcaster and journalist . She wrote for many periodicals , including Salon.com , The New York Times and Playbill . `` The National Arts Journalism Program ( NAJP ) at Columbia ... completed a large study of arts journalism in America ( in 2005 ) . They found that ' the average classical music critic is a white , 52 - year - old male with a graduate degree , but twenty - six percent of all critics writing are female . ' '' However , William Osborne points out that this 26 % figure includes all newspapers , including low - circulation regional papers . Osborne states that the `` large US papers , which are the ones that influence public opinion , have virtually no women classical music critics . '' The only female critics from major US papers are Anne Midgette ( New York Times ) and Wynne Delacoma ( Chicago Sun - Times ) . Midgette was the `` first woman to cover classical music in the entire history of the paper . '' Susannah Clapp , a critic from The Guardian -- a newspaper that has a female classical music critic -- stated in May 2014 that she had only then realized `` what a rarity '' a female classical music critic is in journalism . Notable women classical music critics include : Anne Midgette ( New York Times ) Marion Lignana Rosenberg ( 1961 -- 2013 ) Other musical professions ( edit ) Record producing and sound engineering ( edit ) A 2013 Sound on Sound article stated that there are `` few women in record production and sound engineering . '' Ncube states that `` ( n ) inety - five percent of music producers are male , and although there are female producers achieving great things in music , they are less well - known than their male counterparts . '' `` Only three women have ever been nominated for best producer at the Brits or the Grammys '' and none won either award . `` Women who want to enter the ( producing ) field face a boys ' club , or a guild mentality '' . The UK `` Music Producers ' Guild says less than 4 % of its members are women '' and at the Liverpool Institute of Performing Arts , `` only 6 % of the students enrolled on its sound technology course are female . '' Speaking about the 1970s , Tom Jones mentions in his recent autobiography `` We had Lynsey de Paul , a big star , though she fell out with Gordon Mills for wanting to produce her own records '' - however , she managed to do this and eventually produced male artists such as ex-Move singer Carl Wayne and Lenny Zakatek , as well as Vera Lynn and Shirley Bassey . In Ruth Saxelby 's article `` Why are n't more women becoming music producers ? '' , she states that `` beats are n't gendered , so why do women represent less than 5 % of music producers and engineers '' ? Saxelby interviewed 13 women who work as music producers to seek the potential causes of this situation . Fatima Al Qadiri from New York states that `` women are expected to be the sexualized commercial object for sale in music , and production and engineering ( are fields where women are ) rarely ( able to be ) objectified for financial gain ( by the music industry ) '' ; as such , the industry does not use women producers or engineers . Qadiri said barriers to women in production and sound engineering include `` misogyny , sexism , unequal pay , ... ( and ) pressure to make your body ( rather than your music ) the central focus of your career . '' Caroline Polachek from New York states that `` an artist is not as likely to bring in a woman to produce his track as a man , not because of a bias against women per se , but because on some level it 's playing safe : a killer producer , history tells us , looks like a man . '' WondaGurl from Toronto states that `` there are n't many female producer and engineers , because they find this side of the business to be mostly male - dominated and many woman do not like to have to compete with men . '' Holly Herndon from San Francisco states that `` ( m ) usic , despite common misconceptions , is quite conservative . The archetypes do n't seem to ever really change ... Every year we get a diva , a dancer , ... a girl next door , a fashion queen , a dainty songstress ; all younger updates on a previous ( year 's ) model . No room for new archetypes ( such as women producers ) . '' Herndon points out that Missy Elliott `` exists outside of those narrow roles ... '' Asma Maroof from Los Angeles says women are `` intimidated by such a male - driven profession . '' Tokimonsta , also from Los Angeles , states that `` our culture has systematically engrained this idea that technology is more of a man 's thing . '' Ikonika from London , UK , states that the music industry is `` sexist and racist '' . Anna Lunoe from Sydney , Australia , states that `` more girls ( should be ) exposed to introductory production workshops '' and `` production mentoring programs that are ... aimed at promising young female engineers '' . Leila from London , UK , states that `` ( t ) here have been a fair few ( female producers and engineers ) '' , from Delia Derbyshire to Tina Weymouth to Susan Day to Missy Elliot to Zavoloka . Leila suggests that to increase the number of women in music production and sound engineering , girls should be given training in computers and software coding . One of the first women to produce , engineer , arrange and promote music on her own rock and roll music label was Cordell Jackson ( 1923 - 2004 ) . She founded the Moon Records label in Memphis in 1956 after a few years of recording demos at Sam Phillips ' Memphis Recording Service and Sun Records Studio . Unable to break into the Sun Records label 's stable of male artists , she received the advice and assistance of RCA Records ' Chet Atkins in forming this new label to release her music . She began releasing and promoting on the label singles she recorded in her home studio , serving as engineer , producer and arranger . The artists recorded included her and a small family of early rock and roll , rockabilly , and country music performers she recruited from several Southern states . Trina Shoemaker is a mixer , record producer and sound engineer responsible for producing / engineering and / or mixing records for bands such as Queens of the Stone Age , Sheryl Crow , Emmylou Harris , Something for Kate , Nanci Griffith and many more . In 1998 Shoemaker became the first woman to win the Grammy Award for Best Engineered Album for her work on The Globe Sessions . In addition to Crow , Shoemaker went on to work with artists such as Blues Traveller , Emmylou Harris , the Indigo Girls and the Dixie Chicks . Shoemaker states that men in the industry would `` grab my ass '' . Gail Davies was the ' ... first female producer in country music , delivering a string of Top 10 hits in the ' 70s and ' 80s including `` Someone Is Looking for Someone Like You , '' `` Blue Heartache '' and `` I 'll Be There ( If You Ever Want Me ) . '' When she moved to Nashville in 1976 , men `` did n't want to work for a woman '' and she was told women in the city were `` still barefoot , pregnant and ( singing ) in the vocal booth . '' Wendy Waldman , who became a producer after Davies , saw that Davies had a difficult time . When Jonell Polansky arrived in Nashville in 1994 , with a degree in electrical engineering and recording experience in the Bay Area , she was told `` ( y ) ou 're a woman , and we already had one '' -- a reference to Waldman . KK Proffitt , who is a studio `` owner and chief engineer '' states that men in Nashville do not want to have women in the recording booth . At a meeting of the Audio Engineering Society , Proffitt was told to `` shut up '' by a male producer when she raised the issue of updating studio recording technologies . Proffitt said she finds `` finds sexism rampant in the industry '' . Other notable women include : Beyoncé , for I Am ... Sasha Fierce Delia Derbyshire , British electronics pioneer Lynsey de Paul , British songwriter , producer and engineer Ester Dean Leslie Ann Jones Genya Ravan , producer of The Dead Boys ' Young , Loud and Snotty Sylvia Robinson , early hip hop music producer Susan Rogers , engineer for Purple Rain Lari White , co-producer on Toby Keith 's White Trash With Money Carla Olson , songwriter , performer and producer DJs and turntablists ( edit ) A DJ mixing two record players at a live event Women in music are often seen mainly in singing roles in popular music and there are relatively few women DJs or turntablists in hip hop music , house music , nu metal and other genres where DJs and turntablists participate . Indeed , all of these genres are very male - dominated . Part of this may stem from a general low percentage of women in audio technology - related jobs , such as audio engineering and production . In 2007 Mark Katz 's article `` Men , Women , and Turntables : Gender and the DJ Battle , '' stated that `` very few women battle ; the matter has been a topic of conversation among hip - hop DJs for years . '' In 2010 Rebekah Farrugia states `` the male - centricity of EDM culture '' contributes to `` a marginalisation of women in these ( EDM ) spaces . '' While turntablism and broader DJ practices should not be conflated , Katz suggests use or lack of use of the turntable broadly by women across genres and disciplines is impacted upon by what he defines as `` male technophilia . '' Historian Ruth Oldenziel concurs in her writing on engineering with this idea of socialization as a central factor in the lack of engagement with technology . She explains : `` an exclusive focus on women 's supposed failure to enter the field ... is insufficient for understanding how our stereotypical notions have come into being ; it tends to put the burden of proof entirely on women and to blame them for their supposedly inadequate socialization , their lack of aspiration , and their want of masculine values . An equally challenging question is why and how boys have come to love things technical , how boys have historically been socialized as technophiles . '' DJ Virgin is a London , UK - based DJ . Lucy Green has focused on gender in relation to musical performers and creators , and specifically on educational frameworks as they relate to both . She suggests that women 's alienation from `` areas that have a strong technological tendency such as DJ - ing , sound engineering and producing '' are `` not necessarily about her dislike of these instruments but relates to the interrupting effect of their dominantly masculine delineations . '' Despite this , women and girls do increasingly engage in turntable and DJ practices , individually and collectively , and `` carve out spaces for themselves in EDM and DJ Culture '' . There are various projects dedicated to the promotion and support of these practices such as Female DJs London . Some artists and collectives go beyond these practices to be more gender inclusive . For example , Discwoman , a New York - based collective and booking agency , describe themselves as `` representing and showcasing cis women , trans women and genderqueer talent . '' Movements , organizations , events and genres ( edit ) Women 's music ( edit ) Bernice Johnson Reagon ( born 1942 ) is a singer , composer , scholar , and social activist , who founded the a cappella ensemble Sweet Honey in the Rock in 1973 . She was an important figure in the womyn 's music scene . Women 's music ( also womyn 's music or wimmin 's music ) is music by women , for women , and about women . The genre emerged as a musical expression of the second - wave feminist movement as well as the labor , civil rights , and peace movements . The movement ( in the US ) was started by lesbians such as Cris Williamson , Meg Christian and Margie Adam , African - American musicians ( including Linda Tillery , Mary Watkins , Gwen Avery ) and activists such as Bernice Johnson Reagon and her group Sweet Honey in the Rock , and peace activist Holly Near . Women 's music also refers to the wider industry of women 's music that goes beyond the performing artists to include studio musicians , producers , sound engineers , technicians , cover artists , distributors , promoters , and festival organizers who are also women . Organizations ( edit ) International Alliance for women in music ( edit ) The International Alliance for Women in Music ( IAWM ) is an international organization of women and men dedicated to fostering and encouraging the activities of women in music , particularly in the areas of musical activity , such as composing , performing , and research , in which gender discrimination is an historic and ongoing concern . The IAWM engages in efforts to increase the programming of music by female composers , to combat discrimination against female musicians , including as symphony orchestra members , and to include accounts of the contributions of women musicians in university music curricula . To end gender discrimination , the IAWM led successful boycotts of the American concerts of the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra in the 1990s ; the `` VPO watch '' continues . Advocacy by the organization has contributed to the inclusion of women composers in college music history textbooks . Women in music ( WIM - NY ) ( edit ) Women in Music ( WIM - NY ) is an American organization based in New York City which was founded in 1985 . It aims to `` support , cultivate and recognize the talents of women '' in music . WIM - NY holds activities and events , including `` seminars , panels , and networking events . '' As well , it gives out annual Touchstone Awards to women in music . WIM - NY members include `` record label executives , artist managers , songwriters , musicians , attorneys , recording engineers , agents , publicists , studio owners , music publishers , online and traditional marketers '' from `` all genres of music and all areas of the ( music ) industry . '' As of 2015 , the President is lawyer Neeta Ragoowansi and the Vice-President is lawyer Jennifer Newman Sharpe . As of 2015 , the Board of Directors includes women from Nielsen Music , Warner Music Group , Ableton , Downtown Music Publishing and the Berklee College of Music . Women in music Canada ( edit ) Women in Music Canada Professional Association ( WIMC ) is an organization based in Toronto , Ontario , that was established in 2012 . It is a federally registered non-profit organization that aims to `` foste ( r ) equality in the music industry through the support and advancement of women . '' WIMC is financially supported by the federal government , the FACTOR program , the Ontario government and Slaight Music . Women in music ( WIM - UK ) ( edit ) Women in Music ( WIM - UK ) is a United Kingdom `` membership organization that celebrates women 's music making across all genres of music . '' WIM - UK works to raise `` awareness of gender issues in music and support women musicians in their professional development . '' WIM - UK 's website provides information on competitions and job opportunities . WIM - UK does a survey of the numbers of women composers , conductors and soloists who appear in the BBC PROMS , the `` largest classical music festival in the world . '' For the 2015 Proms , women composers made up 10 % of the program , women conductors made up 4 % of the 50 conductors and female instrumental soloists made up 30 % . Riot grrrl ( edit ) Carrie Brownstein from the punk - indie band Sleater - Kinney , performing at Vegoose in 2005 Riot grrrl is an underground feminist hardcore punk movement that originally started in the early 1990s , in Washington , D.C. , and the greater Pacific Northwest , noticeably in Olympia , Washington . It is often associated with third - wave feminism , which is sometimes seen as its starting point . It has also been described as a musical genre that came out of indie rock , with the punk scene serving as an inspiration for a musical movement in which women could express themselves in the same way men had been doing for the past several years . Riot grrrl bands often address issues such as rape , domestic abuse , sexuality , racism , patriarchy , and female empowerment . Bands associated with the movement include Bikini Kill , Bratmobile , Heavens to Betsy , Excuse 17 , Huggy Bear , Cake Like , Skinned Teen , Emily 's Sassy Lime , Sleater - Kinney , and also queercore groups like Team Dresch . In addition to a music scene and genre , riot grrrl is a subculture involving a DIY ethic , zines , art , political action , and activism . Riot grrrls are known to hold meetings , start chapters , and support and organize women in music . The use of the word `` girl '' was meant to indicate a time when girls are least influenced by societal pressures and therefore have the strongest self - esteem -- childhood . The anger behind the movement was noted by the alternate spelling of the word as `` grrrl '' , which sounds like a growl . They partook in a new type of punk feminism that promoted the idea of do - it - yourself , exchanging manifestos and trading mixed tapes of favorite bands to get the word out . They were tired of women being erased from history or having their experiences misinterpreted and ignored by others . In , response to patriarchal violence , adultism , and heterocentrism , Riot grrrl engaged in negative emotional expressions and rhetoric similar to that of feminism and the punk aesthetic . The feminist argument that the personal is political was revisited in the image that Riot grrrl set forth , similarly to the culture of Punk that self - actualization is not to be found in external forces but rather through an individual 's true self . By recognizing and reevaluating the institutional structures that affect individual experiences within social situations , an individual can gain the knowledge to better know herself and therefore know how to present herself to others so that they may know her accurately . Riot grrrl termed this movement to self - actualization , girl love -- `` girls learning to love themselves , and each other , against those forces that would otherwise see them destroyed or destroy themselves '' . The accompanying slogan `` every girl is a riot grrrl '' reinforced the solidarity that women could find amongst themselves . This created an intimate aesthetic and sentimental politic well expressed in the production of zines ( a shortened version of `` fanzines '' ) . Zines were handmade , crafted by individuals who wanted to connect directly with their readers , with simple items like scissors , glue , and tape . They called out injustices and challenged the norms that typically directed the expression of sexuality and domestic abuse , providing a space for women to exchange personal stories to which many others could relate . They challenged girls and women alike to stand up for themselves in a political atmosphere that actively sought to silence them . The shared personal stories were , at times , met with attitudes that reduced the communication to `` it 's all just girls in their bedrooms , sprawled out writing in their diaries , and then they 'll send them to each other '' , while the choice to share in that way was an aesthetic one . In the midst of this raising of awareness , riot grrrls had to address the generalizations that worked for them but that could not apply to women of color . Not all girls could be riot grrrl after all , for lack of privilege barred them from participating in such acts as writing `` SLUT '' across their stomach in an attempt to reclaim sexual agency . While this performance is an earnest one , racism had already labeled women of color as that term . As observed by Kearny , `` the gender deviance displayed by riot grrrls is a privilege to which only middle - class white girls have access . '' Another aspect of this need for inclusive discourse arose in the movement 's preference for concrete knowledge and a disregard for the abstract that would foster theoretical inquiry . Festivals ( edit ) Women 's music festivals , which may also be called womyn 's music festivals , have been held since the 1970s . Some women 's music festivals are organized for lesbians . The first women 's music festival was held in 1973 at Sacramento State University . In May , 1974 the first National Woman 's Music Festival was held in Champaign - Urbana , Illinois , founded by University of Illinois student Kristin Lems . It celebrated its fortieth year in Middleton , Wisconsin , from 2 -- 5 July 2015 . As of 2015 , it is a four - day event that includes concerts , workshops , comedy , theatre , films and writing events that `` promote and affirm the creative talents and technical skills of women '' from diverse , multicultural communities , including women with disabilities . While most attendees are women , men can attend . The Michigan Womyn 's Music Festival was created in 1976 , and became the largest festival in the United States . An example of a festival that focuses on music is the Women in Music Festival held by the University of Rochester 's Eastman School of Music . The festival began in 2005 as a celebration of the contributions of women to composition , performance , teaching , scholarship , and music administration . From its modest beginnings of Eastman students and faculty members performing music by women composers , the Festival has grown to include additional concerts and events throughout Rochester , NY and to host composers - in - residence , who have included Tania León ( 2007 ) , Nancy Van de Vate ( 2008 ) , Judith Lang Zaimont ( 2009 ) , Emma Lou Diemer ( 2010 ) , and Hilary Tann ( 2011 ) . The festival has presented more than 291 different works by 158 composers . Many other festivals have been created throughout the United States and Canada since the mid-1970s and vary in size from a few hundred to thousands of attendees . The Los Angeles Women 's Music Festival began in 2007 with over 2500 attendees . Events outside the US include the Sappho Lesbian Witch Camp , near Vancouver , British Columbia in Canada and the Sistajive Women 's Music Festival in Australia . Some festivals are focused around the lesbian community , such as the Ohio Lesbian Festival , near Columbus Ohio , which was created in 1988 ; Christian Lesbians Out ( CLOUT ) , which holds a gathering in early August in Washington , DC ; The Old Lesbian Gathering , a festival in Minneapolis , Minnesota ; and RadLesFes , an event held in the middle of November near Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . Feminist - oriented festivals include the Southern Womyn 's Festival in Dade City , Florida ; the Gulf Coast Womyn 's Festival in Ovett , Missouri ; Wiminfest in Albuquerque , New Mexico ; Womongathering , the Festival of Womyn 's Spirituality ; the Michigan Womyn 's Music Festival , near Hart , Michigan ; and the Midwest Womyn 's Festival in DeKalb , Illinois . While women 's music festivals are centered on music , they support many other facets of lesbian and feminist culture . Some festivals are designed to provide a safe space for women 's music and culture . Many festivals are held on college campuses or in remote rural locations , where attendees stay in campsites . Many festivals offer workshops on arts , crafts , fitness , and athletic events that women may not be able find in mainstream culture . In her book Eden Built by Eves , Bonnie Morris describes how women 's music festivals serve women throughout the stages of their lives . Since the festivals are organized by women , for women , daycare and childcare facilities are typically provided . Festivals often provide a safe space for coming of age rituals for young women , adult romance and commitment ceremonies , the expression of alternative perspectives on motherhood , and the expression of grief and loss . Lilith Fair ( edit ) Lilith Fair co-founder Sarah McLachlan Lilith Fair was a concert tour and travelling music festival that consisted solely of female solo artists and female - led bands . It was founded by Canadian musician Sarah McLachlan , Nettwerk Music Group 's Dan Fraser and Terry McBride , and New York talent agent Marty Diamond . It took place during the summers of 1997 to 1999 , and was revived in the summer of 2010 . McLachlan organized the festival after she became frustrated with concert promoters and radio stations that refused to feature two female musicians in a row . Bucking conventional industry wisdom , she booked a successful tour for herself and Paula Cole . At least one of their appearances together -- in McLachlan 's home town , on 14 September 1996 -- went by the name `` Lilith Fair '' and included performances by McLachlan , Cole , Lisa Loeb and Michelle McAdorey , formerly of Crash Vegas . The next year , McLachlan founded the Lilith Fair tour , taking Lilith from the medieval Jewish legend that Lilith was Adam 's first wife . In 1997 , Lilith Fair garnered a $16 million gross , making it the top - grossing of any touring festival . Among all concert tours for that year , it was the 16th highest grossing . The festival received several pejorative nicknames , including `` Breast-fest '' , `` Girlapalooza '' , and `` Clam Jam '' . See also ( edit ) Lists of women in music Women in classical music List of women in jazz - and improvisational music Unsung : A History of Women in American Music Women in art Women in dance Women in film Women Who Rock : Making Scenes , Building Communities Oral History Archive References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Singer Asha Bhosle enters Guinness World Records for most single studio recordings '' . indiatoday.intoday.in . October 21 , 2011 . 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Cornelia Auerbach ( later married Schröder - Auerbach ) , Die deutsche Clavichordkunst des 18 . Jahrhunderts , 1st ed. , Kassel : Bärenreiter , 1930 , simultaneously : Freiburg , Univ. , Diss. , 1928 , 2nd and 3 . ed. 1953 and 1959 . Jump up ^ Nico Schüler , `` Der gebürtige Rostocker Komonist Hanning Schröder ( 1896 - 1987 ) : Mit neuer Sachlichkeit zur Zwölftontechnik `` , in : Musik , Kultur , Wissenschaft , Hartmut Möller and Martin Schröder ( eds . ) , ( = Rostocker Schriften zur Musikwissenschaft und Musikpädagogik ; vol. 1 ) , pp. 207 - 233 , here p. 207 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 89924 - 307 - 9 . Jump up ^ Nico Schüler , `` Der gebürtige Rostocker Komonist Hanning Schröder ( 1896 - 1987 ) : Mit neuer Sachlichkeit zur Zwölftontechnik `` , in : Musik , Kultur , Wissenschaft , Hartmut Möller and Martin Schröder ( eds . ) , ( = Rostocker Schriften zur Musikwissenschaft und Musikpädagogik ; vol. 1 ) , pp. 207 - 233 , here p. 209 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 89924 - 307 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Nico Schüler , `` Der gebürtige Rostocker Komonist Hanning Schröder ( 1896 - 1987 ) : Mit neuer Sachlichkeit zur Zwölftontechnik `` , in : Musik , Kultur , Wissenschaft , Hartmut Möller and Martin Schröder ( eds . ) , ( = Rostocker Schriften zur Musikwissenschaft und Musikpädagogik ; vol. 1 ) , pp. 207 - 233 , here p. 212 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 89924 - 307 - 9 . Jump up ^ Victor Tribot Laspière ( 2013 - 10 - 02 ) . `` Une main ferme à l'Orchestre national de France '' . France Musique . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` 11 of today 's top women conductors '' . Classical-Music.com. 2015 - 03 - 06 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : Burton , Clemency ( 2014 - 10 - 21 ) . `` Culture - Why are n't there more women conductors ? '' . BBC . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ Sisters in the Spotlight . Ebony . March 2003 . Retrieved 18 May 2010 . Jump up ^ ( 7 ) ^ Jump up to : Charlotte Higgins ; chief arts writer . `` Male conductors are better for orchestras , says Vasily Petrenko Music '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Musical Toronto '' . Musical Toronto . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ Frith , Simon , `` Pop Music '' in S. Frith , W. Stray and J. Street , The Cambridge Companion to Pop and Rock ( Cambridge University Press , 2001 ) , p. 226 . Jump up ^ Jones , Steve , ed. ( 2002 ) . Pop Music and the Press . Temple University Press . ASIN B00EKYXY0K . ISBN 9781566399661 . p. 134 Jump up ^ McLeod ( 2002 ) at 94 , quoted in Leonard , Marion ( 2007 ) . `` Meaning Making in the Press '' . Gender in the Music Industry : Rock , Discourse , and Girl Power . Aldershot , Hampshire , England : Ashgate Publishing , Ltd. p. 67 . ISBN 9780754638629 . Jump up ^ Moore , Tracy ( 20 March 2014 ) . `` Oh , the Unbelievable Shit You Get Writing About Music as a Woman '' . Jezebel . Jump up ^ `` Why I Write : Ann Powers Reflects on Writing About Rock '' . Nwp.org . Retrieved 19 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pop music critic Ann Powers searches for the language of rock and roll '' . Rockhall.com . Retrieved 19 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Patrick MacDonald , Ann Powers named L.A. Times pop critic , Seattle Times , 7 March 2006 ^ Jump up to : `` The World Does n't Need More Female Music Critics '' . Thefader.com . Retrieved 7 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Women Music Critics '' . Osborne-conant.org. 2005 - 06 - 11 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Time to bring down the curtain on stage critics ' sexism Stage '' . The Guardian . 2014 - 05 - 28 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : `` Why are female record producers so rare ? - BBC News '' . Bbc.com. 2012 - 08 - 29 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ Sir Tom Jones ( 2015 ) . Over The Top and Back : The Autobiography . ISBN 978 - 1592409617 . ^ Jump up to : Saxelby , Ruth ( 30 October 2014 ) . `` Why are n't more women becoming music producers ? '' . The FADER . ^ Jump up to : `` Trina Shoemaker Credits '' . Allmusic . Retrieved 26 November 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Trina Shoemaker Credits ( pg. 2 ) '' . Allmusic . Retrieved 26 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Dunbar , Julie C. ( 2010 ) . Women , Music , Culture : An Introduction . Taylor & Francis . p. 304 . ISBN 0415875625 . Jump up ^ Massey , Howard ( 2009 ) . Behind the Glass : Top Record Producers Tell How They Craft the Hits , Volume 2 . Hal Leonard Corporation . pp. 256 -- 257 . ISBN 0879309555 . ^ Jump up to : Harush , Steve ( 3 June 2010 ) . `` Women account for less than 5 percent of producers and engineers -- but maybe not for long '' . Nashville Scene . ^ Jump up to : Katz , Mark ( 12 December 2007 ) . `` Men , Women , and Turntables : Gender and the DJ Battle '' . The Musical Quarterly . doi : 10.1093 / musqtl / gdm007 . ^ Jump up to : Farrugia , Rebekah ( 2013 ) . Beyond the Dance Floor : Female DJs , Technology and Electronic Dance Music Culture . University of Chicago Press . ISBN 978 - 1841505664 . Jump up ^ Oldenziel , Ruth A. ( 1997 ) . `` Boys and Their Toys : The Fisher Body Craftsman 's Guild , 1930 -- 1968 , and the Making of a Male Technical Domain '' . Technology and Culture . Jump up ^ Green , Lucy ( 2008 ) . Music , Gender , Education . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0521555227 . Jump up ^ `` Music -- GEA -- Gender and Education Association '' . Genderandeducation.com . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Female Turntablists on the Rise '' . BPMSUPREME TV . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` 9 All - Female DJ Collectives You Need To Know Right Now '' . The FADER . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Enter '' . femaledjs. london . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ Rodgers , Tara ( 2010 ) . Pink Noises : Women on Electronic Music and Sound . Duke University Press . ISBN 978 - 0822346739 . Jump up ^ `` About -- Discwoman '' . Discwoman.com . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : Garofalo 1992 : 242 Jump up ^ Peraino , Judith ( 2001 ) . `` Girls with Guitars and Other Strange Stories '' , Journal of the American Musicological Society , Vol. 54 , 3 . p. 693 ^ Jump up to : Mosbacher , Dee ( 2002 ) . Radical Harmonies , Woman Vision OCLC 53071762 Jump up ^ `` VPO Watch '' . Archived from the original on 4 October 2015 . Retrieved 2 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Vicki D. Baker ( October 2003 ) . `` Inclusion of Women Composers in College Music History Textbooks '' . Journal of Historical Research in Music Education . 25 ( 1 ) : 5 . JSTOR 40215274 . ^ Jump up to : `` About '' . Women In Music . 2014 - 06 - 20 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Women In Music Canada '' . Womeninmusic.ca . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : `` Women in Music - Introduction '' . Womeninmusic.org.uk . Retrieved 7 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Women in Music - Programming Survey '' . Womeninmusic.org.uk . Retrieved 7 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Boston wins ' Most Feminist City ' with Riot Grrrl Day -- we made a playlist to celebrate '' . Sheknows.com. 9 April 2015 . Retrieved 7 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Feliciano , Steve . `` The Riot Grrrl Movement '' . New York Public Library . Jump up ^ Marion Leonard . `` Riot grrrl . '' Grove Music Online . Oxford Music Online . Oxford University Press . Web . 20 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` List of Riot Girl Bands '' . Hot-topic.org . Archived from the original on 23 February 2009 . Retrieved 30 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Meltzer , Marisa ( 15 February 2010 ) . Girl Power : The Nineties Revolution in Music . Macmillan . p. 42 . ISBN 9781429933285 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Buzzy ( 2005 ) . A Bad Woman Feeling Good : Blues and the Women Who Sing Them . New York : W.W. Norton . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 05936 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Schilt , Kristen ( 2003 ) . `` '' A Little Too Ironic `` : The Appropriation and Packaging of Riot Grrrl Politics by Mainstream Female Musicians '' ( PDF ) . Popular Music and Society . 26 ( 1 ) : 5 . doi : 10.1080 / 0300776032000076351 . ^ Jump up to : Nguyen , Mimi Thi ( 2012 - 07 - 01 ) . `` Riot Grrrl , Race , and Revival '' . Women & Performance : a journal of feminist theory . 22 ( 2 - 3 ) : 173 -- 196 . doi : 10.1080 / 0740770X. 2012.721082 . ISSN 0740 - 770X . ^ Jump up to : Kearney , Mary Celeste ( 1995 ) . `` Riot Grrrl : It 's Not Just Music , It 's Not Just Punk '' . Spectator. 16 . Jump up ^ `` Daily Illini 26 March 1974 -- Illinois Digital Newspaper Collections '' . Idnc.library.illinois.edu . Retrieved 7 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` National Womens Music Festival - July 5 - 8 , 2018 Middleton , Wisconsin '' . Wiaonline.org . Retrieved 7 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Membership and Contributions - National Womens Music Festival '' . Wiaonline.org . Retrieved 7 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Morris 1999 : 28 Jump up ^ `` Women in Music Festival '' . Women in Music Festival . Retrieved 7 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Morris 1999 Jump up ^ Pellegrinelli , Lara ( 19 July 2010 ) . `` With Sales Lagging , Lilith Fair Faces Question of Relevance '' . NPR . Retrieved 30 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Freydkin , Donna ( 28 July 1998 ) . `` Lilith Fair : Lovely , lively and long overdue '' . CNN . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 04 . Jump up ^ ( 8 ) Jump up ^ `` ARTS : Music : Popular '' . Glbtq.com . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 29 . Further reading ( edit ) Bowers , Jane and Tick , Judith ( eds . ) . Women Making Music : The Western Art Tradition , 1150 - 1950 ( Reprint Edition ) . Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois , 1986 . Citron , Marcia J. Gender and the Musical Canon . CUP Archive , 1993 . Dunbar , Julie C. Women , Music , Culture : An Introduction . Routledge , 2010 . Goldin , C. and C. Rouse , 2000 . `` Orchestrating Impartiality : The Impact of ' Blind ' Auditions on Female Musicians , '' American Economic Review , 90 ( 4 ) : 715 -- 741 . Pendle , Karin Anna . Women and Music : A History . Indiana University Press , 2001 . Solie , Ruth A. , ed. , Musicology and Difference : Gender and Sexuality in Music Scholarship . University of California Press , 1993 . Millar , B. 2008 `` selective hearing : gender bias in the music preferences young adults '' , Psychology of music , vol. 46 , no. 4 , pp. 429 -- 445 Jump up ^ Barongan , C. , & Hall , C.N. ( 1995 ) . The influence of misogynous rap music on sexual aggression against women . Psychology of Women Quarterly , 19 , 195 -- 207 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Women_in_music&oldid=853549340 '' Categories : Women in music Women 's music Employment discrimination Gendered occupations Music history Musical composition Occupations in music Sex segregation Women and the arts Women by role Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2018 Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Articles with dead external links from May 2014 Use dmy dates from November 2015 Articles with hAudio microformats Articles containing German - language text Articles containing Persian - language text Interlanguage link template link number Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 5 August 2018 , at 15 : 01 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%20in%20music	1,107
the daily show with trevor noah list of episodes			List of the Daily Show episodes	list of the daily show episodes	The Daily Show is an American late - night satirical television program that airs Monday through Thursday on Comedy Central in the United States . It originally premiered on July 21 , 1996 , and is currently the longest - running series original program on Comedy Central .	The Daily Show was initially hosted by Craig Kilborn until December 17 , 1998 . Jon Stewart took over as host from January 11 , 1999 until August 6 , 2015 . Stewart was succeeded by the current host , Trevor Noah , whose tenure premiered on September 28 , 2015 . The show has also utilized various guest hosts periodically throughout its run . A total of 3,084 episodes have aired , under all three of the tenures combined . During Stewart 's tenure the show became more strongly focused on politics and the national media , in contrast with the pop culture focus during Kilborn 's tenure . Describing itself as a fake news program , The Daily Show draws its comedy and satire from recent news stories , political figures , media organizations , and often , aspects of the show itself . The show typically opens with a long monologue relating to recent headlines and frequently features exchanges with one or more of several correspondents , who adopt absurd or humorously exaggerated takes on current events against the host 's straight man persona . The final segment is devoted to a celebrity interview , with guests ranging from actors and musicians to nonfiction authors and political figures . Contents ( hide ) 1 Episodes 1.1 Craig Kilborn 's tenure ( 1996 -- 98 ) 1.2 Jon Stewart 's tenure ( 1999 -- 2015 ) 1.3 Trevor Noah 's tenure ( 2015 -- present ) 1.4 April 2 References Episodes ( edit ) Craig Kilborn 's tenure ( 1996 -- 98 ) ( edit ) List of The Daily Show episodes ( 1996 ) List of The Daily Show episodes ( 1997 ) List of The Daily Show episodes ( 1998 ) Jon Stewart 's tenure ( 1999 -- 2015 ) ( edit ) List of The Daily Show episodes ( 1999 ) List of The Daily Show episodes ( 2000 ) List of The Daily Show episodes ( 2001 ) List of The Daily Show episodes ( 2002 ) List of The Daily Show episodes ( 2003 ) List of The Daily Show episodes ( 2004 ) List of The Daily Show episodes ( 2005 ) List of The Daily Show episodes ( 2006 ) List of The Daily Show episodes ( 2007 ) List of The Daily Show episodes ( 2008 ) List of The Daily Show episodes ( 2009 ) List of The Daily Show episodes ( 2010 ) List of The Daily Show episodes ( 2011 ) List of The Daily Show episodes ( 2012 ) List of The Daily Show episodes ( 2013 ) List of The Daily Show episodes ( 2014 ) List of The Daily Show episodes ( 2015 ) Trevor Noah 's tenure ( 2015 -- present ) ( edit ) List of The Daily Show episodes ( 2015 ) List of The Daily Show episodes ( 2016 ) List of The Daily Show episodes ( 2017 ) List of The Daily Show episodes ( 2018 ) April ( edit ) No . Original air date Guest ( s ) Promotion U.S. viewers ( millions ) 3,081 April 9 Tyra Banks Perfect Is Boring : 10 Things My Crazy , Fierce Mama Taught Me About Beauty , Booty , and Being a Boss . ISBN 978 - 0143132301 . 0.902 The FBI raids the office of Trump 's attorney , EPA chief Scott Pruitt comes under fire for a long list of scandals , and Tyra Banks chats about her book Perfect Is Boring . 3,082 April 10 Mariska Hargitay I Am Evidence 0.850 Mark Zuckerberg gets grilled by Congress , Michael Kosta and Roy Wood Jr. announce the winner of the Bracket of Bulls * * t , and Mariska Hargitay discusses I Am Evidence . 3,083 April 11 Martellus Bennett Hey A.J. , It 's Bedtime ! . ISBN 978 - 0996982030 . 0.894 President Trump uses Twitter to threaten Syria , Hasan Minhaj explains the impeachment process , and Martellus Bennett chats about his children 's book Hey A.J. , It 's Bedtime ! 3,084 April 12 Karlie Kloss Kode with Klossy 0.766 A rumor surfaces that President Trump secretly had a child with a former employee , Roy Wood Jr. highlights the Fair Housing Act , and Karlie Kloss discusses Kode with Klossy . 3,085 April 16 Alex Wagner Futureface : A Family Mystery , an Epic Quest , and the Secret to Belonging . ISBN 978 - 0812997941 . TBA NASA scientists send human sperm into space , ex-FBI Director James Comey hurls shade at President Trump on 20 / 20 , and journalist Alex Wagner discusses her book Futureface . 3,086 April 17 Eric Holder N / A TBA 3,087 April 18 Chelsea Clinton She Persisted Around the World : 13 Women Who Changed History . ISBN 978 - 0525516996 . TBA 3,088 April 19 Thandie Newton Westworld TBA References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Daily Show with Jon Stewart ( TV Series 1996 - ) - Episodes - IMDB '' . imdb . Jump up ^ `` The Late Night TV Page - Talk Show Guest Listings '' . interbridge . Jump up ^ `` Snapshot of guests from 1996 to 2005 '' . web.archive.org . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` The Daily Show with Jon Stewart : Complete Episode List '' . thetvdb . Jump up ^ `` The Daily Show '' . epguides . Retrieved December 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( April 10 , 2018 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals : 4.9. 18 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( April 11 , 2018 ) . `` Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals : 4.10. 18 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( April 12 , 2018 ) . `` Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals : 4.11. 18 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( April 13 , 2018 ) . `` Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals : 4.12. 18 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . ( hide ) The Daily Show Craig Kilborn ( 1996 -- 1998 ) Jon Stewart ( 1999 -- 2015 ) Trevor Noah ( 2015 -- present ) Correspondents Writers Guests Recurring segments Awards Episodes Kilborn 's tenure Stewart 's tenure Noah 's tenure 2015 2016 2017 2018 Indecision 2000 2006 2008 Spin - offs The Colbert Report ( 2005 -- 14 ) The Nightly Show with Larry Wilmore ( 2015 -- 16 ) The Opposition with Jordan Klepper ( 2017 -- present ) Other 2009 CNBC criticism America ( The Book ) Earth ( The Book ) Rally to Restore Sanity and / or Fear Rosewater Stephen Colbert ( character ) Who Made Huckabee ? The Rumble in the Air - Conditioned Auditorium Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_The_Daily_Show_episodes&oldid=828517340 '' Categories : Lists of The Daily Show guests Lists of American comedy television series episodes Lists of variety television series episodes The Daily Show Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 3 March 2018 , at 01 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20The%20Daily%20Show%20episodes	1,108
what is it called when a vampire hypnotizes you in vampire diaries	Setting Immortal Enhanced Strength Enhanced Senses Enhanced Speed Unnatural Healing Flight Shapeshifting / Absorption Psychic Powers Psychokinesis Pyrokinesis Other European Folklore Implied Yes Yes Yes Yes Some Yes Some Some poltergeist - like activity No Various other powers based upon region such as control over nocturnal animals or the ability to spread plagues North American folklore Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Some Nocturnal animals and mist Yes No No ? Daybreakers Yes No Enhanced senses of smell No Yes No No No No No If they abstain from blood for too long they mutate into Subsiders . Varney the Vampire Yes Yes ? ? Regenerates in moonlight ? ? Yes ? No ? Carmilla ( 1871 ) Implied Yes , grip can paralyze limbs temporarily ? Yes Powers are enhanced in moonlight ? Monstrous cat ? ? ? Becomes incorporeal at will ( vanishes , goes through solid barriers / doors ) Bram Stoker 's Dracula Yes Yes Yes Yes Limited ; Dracula still possessed a scar where Harker had struck him with a shovel months ago Yes Wolf , bat ( also giant bat ) , dust , fog - possibly dog as well . Can also impersonate Jonathan Harker . Can impersonate a coachman and a doorman ( though it is not known if he only used darkness to disguise himself or a little magic as well in addition to that darkness ) Yes , the hunters track Dracula through his telepathic link with Mina . Improbable , as he would then have carried his boxes on his own ( though he might still have been too weak to use that hypothetical magical power ) Plausible , since he started a massive fire and the characters who were not present when he did it simply had to guess he may have used a match , but they can not prove anything Control of nocturnal animals , wolves and rats mentioned specifically . At least one vampire ( if not all ) is able to shrink to fit under a door . Hypothetical array of other powers ( due to former magical scholarship - undocumented , and very briefly mentioned by Dr. Van Helsing ) ; lizard - like climbing abilities Nosferatu Yes Yes ? Yes Yes ? Wolf ? Yes No Rats and plague follow the vampire . Van Helsing Yes Yes Yes Yes , but it resembles teleporting Yes In winged creature form Winged bat / demon - like creature ? No No Vampires can walk on walls and ceilings . Anne Rice 's Vampire Chronicles Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Extremely old vampires No Most Very old vampires Very old vampires Most are able to walk on walls and ceilings . Children of the Millennia can cause blood vessels to rupture . All vampires have enhanced memories . Twilight saga Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Gifted No Gifted Gifted vampires can have a variety of different abilities . Buffy Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Only Dracula Gifted No No ? Blade Yes Yes Yes ; vampires can also see in ultraviolet Yes Yes ; also , Frost / La Magra merger regenerates lost limbs instantly ( see `` other '' ) No Only Dracula and La Magra , the latter can shed his skin , turning into a ball of fire to methodically stalk his prey ( gained from the Ligaroo tribe ) . Only La Magra , which can control minds , matter and the elements ( gained from the Faustinas tribe ) . No No Deacon Frost , when merged with La Magra was impervious to silver , is able to day - walk due to Blade 's blood , and can instantly turn any human in his path into vampires . Ultraviolet Yes Yes Enhanced sense of smell Yes Yes No No No No No ? 30 Days of Night ( 2002 ) Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No No ? Discworld Yes Yes Yes Yes Can be resurrected from ashes As a bat or as a `` human '' Yes Yes No No Overcome inherent weaknesses with psychological conditioning Batman & Dracula Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No ? Vampire Academy Only the Strigoi Yes Yes Only the Strigoi Spirit users can heal . No Yes Some , not all . No Vampires that are fire users . All Moroi have an extra power : water , earth , air and sometimes spirit . True Blood Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Gifted Only if they had the power before they turned . Can `` glamour '' humans , erase memories and bend their will Gifted No Standard : Eidetic memory , voice imitation , maker abilities ( calling , commanding , empathetic link , and releasing ) ; Unique Powers : advanced vampiric abilities , advanced progeny calling , astral projection , blood abilities , advanced glamour , haemokinesis , intangibility , invisibility , precognition , self - control , species detection , telekinesis , teleportation , and immunity to stakes , fire , silver , and invitations ; vampire blood can heal humans and has numerous drug - like qualities . The Little Vampire Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Can climb any surface and may hang from the ceiling to sleep The Vampire Diaries Novels : Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes They can control the elements , animals and the weather . Television series : Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Only in the first episode ; retconned soon after No Vampires can compel humans . Originals can compel vampires , vampire / werewolf hybrids and humans . No No Dream manipulation ; vampire blood heals humans ; can `` turn off humanity '' Count Chocula Yes Yes No Yes ? Yes Bat No Able to levitate marshmallows Electrokinesis Turns into milk chocolate , 15 vitamins and minerals Count Duckula ? No No No No No Yes ? No No Teleportation Vampire Hunter D Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Gifted Some can turn into mist . Yes Gifted Gifted Various other powers that vary greatly between individual members of the Nobility . Sesame Street Yes No ? No ? No No Hypnosis , now discontinued ? Can generate thunder by counting Preternatural counting abilities Let the Right One In Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Limited Sending memories through kiss No No Are able to walk on walls Young Dracula Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes They have other abilities , like weather manipulation , among others . Preacher Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Limited Yes No Some Ability to walk on walls and ceilings , briefly read the minds of those they drink from , other unspecified abilities American Vampire Old World bloodline : Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Gifted bloodlines Gifted bloodlines No No ? American bloodline : Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No No No ? Hellsing Yes Yes Long range vision Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes ? Powerful vampires can pass through walls , shadow and blood manipulation , can summon the souls of those he has previously consumed . Anita Blake : Vampire Hunter Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes , but wounds from silver heal slowly . Holy water inhibits healing . Gifted Rare Telepathy is stronger after biting , can enthrall with eyes Gifted Gifted Call animals , drain power from sired vampires , rot without damage ( dependent on bloodline ) World of Darkness Yes Gifted Gifted Gifted Yes Gifted Gifted Gifted Gifted Gifted Vast number of potential Disciplines ; consumption of a vampire 's blood three times causes blood bonding , an imposed state of intense love . Being Human ( BBC ) Yes Yes Enhanced sense of smell Yes Yes No No Gifted No No ? Being Human ( Syfy ) Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes No No ? The Saga of Darren Shan Extended life Yes Yes Yes Saliva has healing powers No No Among higher ranking full vampires and briefly during transformation into a vampire ; not exclusive to vampires Only illusion of telekinesis No Exhales gas that causes unconsciousness in humans , Runs at high speeds outside normal space Moonlight Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Can be developed with age No No ? The Parasol Protectorate Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No No No ? Blood Omen / Legacy of Kain Yes Yes Enhanced sense of smell Yes Yes Ancient Vampires were able to fly , Kain can levitate , and Raziel can glide Wolf , bat swarm , and mist Gifted Gifted Gifted Corruptions caused some clans to gain abilities others did not . Some powers are also granted by the Reaver or by consuming the blood or the soul of some characters . Night Watch Yes Yes Yes ? Yes Gifted Gifted ( giant bat ) Yes Yes Yes Ability to lure prey to the vampire Underworld Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Only Markus in his winged creature form Only hybrids Through drinking their blood No No Selene and her daughter can perceive through each other psychically and can cling to surfaces . Chibi Vampire / Karin Extended life , potentially beyond 1000 years Yes Yes Yes Yes Some No Memory erasure and hypnotic barriers No No Adult vampires and some children can control bats . Spring of Psyche vampires can not control bats or erase minds , but produce blood rather than sucking blood . Night World Lamias : They are immortal if they want to Yes Yes Yes Yes No Only Maya Hearth - Woman Yes No No Maya can perform magic . Made Vampire : Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes No No ? Dungeons & Dragons Yes Yes Yes No Yes By shape shifting Bat , wolf , cloud of smoke Yes No No They can walk on walls and ceilings , are resistant to the cold and electricity and any magic associated with either , and command over nocturnal animals . Forever Knight Yes Yes Heat / night vision Yes Yes Yes No Ability to persuade through mesmerism No No Necroscope Yes Yes Yes No Yes Some Yes Yes No No Killglance , necromancy , and precognition Moon Child Yes Yes ? Yes Yes ? No No No No ? Abraham Lincoln , Vampire Hunter Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Hazy mist - like form No No No Can make themselves invisible The Lost Boys Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No ? Dark Shadows ( 1966 ) Yes Yes ? Either this or teleportation Yes Yes Bat Hypnosis Yes No Time travel , necromancy , possibly teleportation House of Night Blue Vampyres : Yes Stronger than humans , but not unnaturally so Yes Faster than humans , but not unnaturally so Depends on vampire affinity No No No Depends on vampire affinity Depends on vampire affinity Most are specially talented or have an affinity for one thing or skill . Red Vampyres : Yes ? Yes Faster than humans , but not unnaturally so Depends on affinity No No Yes Depends on affinity Depends on affinity Most are specially talented or have an affinity for one thing or skill . Frostbiten ( 2006 ) Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No No Vampires can scale walls and roofs with no support at all and talk to dogs Dresden Files : White Court Very long - lived , but may not be truly unaging Only when boosted ? Only when boosted Only when boosted No No Induce and harvest emotions ? ? Normally about human in power , but can boost to superhuman using harvested emotional energy Dresden Files : Black Court Either immortal , or very long - lived Yes Yes Yes Yes ? ? Can create thralls and `` renfields '' ( insane , violent , permanent thralls ) ? ? Can control or alter animals and are capable of learning and using magic Dresden Files : Red Court Either immortal , or very long - lived Yes Yes Yes Yes ? Can change from human - looking to natural bat - like form by removing outer skin Potent narcotic , euphoric , addictive saliva ? ? ? The Sims In The Sims 2 , but not The Sims 3 where they only had an extremely long life cycle ( might die from external causes ) Yes No Yes No In bat form Bat Some No No Powers vary by entry in franchise Touhou Yes Yes Yes Yes Implied they can recover from anything as long as the head is undamaged Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Remilia Scarlet : fate manipulation ; Flandre Scarlet : destruction of anything ; magic Fright Night Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes By shape - shifting into a bat Bat , wolf , mist ? ? ? Stick to ceilings Marvel Comics Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Some vampires can control the weather and some animals ; pseudo-vampires do n't have these powers . We Are the Night ( 2010 ) Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No No No Walk on walls . Blood : The Last Vampire Extended life Yes Yes Yes Yes Except for Saya Except for Saya No No No ? Blood+ Only Queens and Chevaliers Yes Yes Yes Yes Only Chevaliers when they shape shift Only Queens and Chevaliers No No No ? Trinity Blood Methuselahs : Extended life Yes Yes Yes Yes Only a certain type called Fairies No No No Gifted Methuselah also possess varying individual abilities , like the forming of a blades that come out of their arms , claws , or even prehensile hair ; some Methuselah have displayed an ability to control some elemental powers such as fire and ice . Crusniks : Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No All Crusniks have a variety of different abilities . Supernatural Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Only the Alpha vampire No No ? DC Comics Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Only Andrew Bennett No Andrew Bennett can do magic Sanctuary Yes Yes ? Yes Yes No No No No No They have the ability to understand another person 's identity and native language by tasting their blood . Rosario + Vampire Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Some , when shapeshift into bat Gifted Yes No No ? Charmed Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes In bat form Yes Yes No No They are immune to witches ' powers and can hang or cling to ceilings . Wizards of Waverly Place Yes Yes Smell Yes Yes By turning her arms into wings Yes No No No Sleep control Gantz No Yes No Yes No No No No No No Are able to spawn weapons from their bodies Blindsight ( 2007 ) No , but can hibernate for decades to avoid overhunting its food supply Yes ; due to increased ATP production Yes ; due to tapetum lucidum and tetrachromatic vision Yes ; due to thicker axons increasing nerve impulse transmission speed No No No No No No Altered brain structure provides omnisavantic pattern - matching and analytical skills . Adventure Time Yes Yes Yes Yes Gifted Gifted Gifted Gifted Gifted Gifted Can drain the color red from objects instead of feeding on blood , become invisible , and animate corpses Vampire Knight Only the Purebloods , the other levels are long lived Yes Yes Yes Yes Gifted Gifted Gifted Gifted Gifted Gifted vampires can have a variety of different abilities Castlevania series Yes Yes Yes Yes Only the vampires in Castlevania : Lords of Shadow Yes Yes Gifted Gifted Yes Some can manipulate electricity , black magic , summon bats and Dracula can resurrect every 100 years . Split Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes No No Some can possess people . Tsukihime True Ancestors : Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes ? ? Some can manipulate reality and move from one place to another by recreating their body . Dead Apostles : Imperfect Immortality Yes Yes Yes Yes No Gifted ; by absorbing mystical beasts Gifted No No Gifted Dead Apostles can summon familiars and become invisible ; mages that became Dead Apostles through magical means , can still perform magic afterwards ; when injured The Curse of Restoration turns their time backwards to a point in which they were unharmed . Stargate Yes Yes Night and thermal vision Yes Yes No No Yes No No Wraiths can take or give life - force Hollows series Living Vampires ( Low and High Blood ) : No Yes Yes Yes No No No No No No Living High Blood vampires are empath and pull an aura . Undead : Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes No No ? Black Blood Brothers Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Gifted bloodlines Rare ; Only the Warlock bloodline ( the only known members of this bloodline are Cassandra Jill Warlock and Cain Warlock Yes Gifted ; vampires of broken bloodlines are unlikely to master this ability Only Zelman Clock 's bloodline of which he is the only survivor Vampires can possess a variety of other powers based on bloodline or individual ; The Dark Princess of the North can manipulate the weather . Stephen King Type One : Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Possibly ; Barlow could cause an entire house to shake in the movie . No Can control magical bugs Type Two : Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No ? Type Three : ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? No No ? Vampirella Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Vampirella can manipulate shadows and blood , and induces sexual arousal . The Elder Scrolls Yes Yes , except for the vampires of the Sanguinare vampiris strain Sight Yes , except for the vampires of the Sanguinare vampiris Yes Gifted Only Vampire Lords Most vampire clans , but not all Only Vampire Lords Only the vampires of Arena Various unique powers based on clan , such as invisibility , silencing mages , reanimating corpses , poisonous claws , summoning gargoyles , enhanced magic and skills , and numerous resistances My Babysitter 's a Vampire Vampires : Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Gifted No ? Fledgling : Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No No No ? Jojo 's Bizarre Adventure Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Only by inserting a bit of own flesh into victim 's head No No Dio Brando can shoot blood from his eyes at high speeds and freeze a person 's blood by touching them . The Librarian series Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes In dust No No No Dreams manipulation David Wellington Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No No No ? Darkstalkers Yes Yes ? No Yes Yes Yes No No Yes He can manipulate his cape , create protective auras and temporarily change the gender of male opponents The Historian Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes In animal form Yes No No No ? Itsuka Tenma no Kuro Usagi Possibly , or very long life . Do not age , and can change their apparent age to their liking Yes ? Yes Yes Yes No No No Yes Saitohimea has a lot of magic Monogatari series Yes , but resurrections require energy and can only be done by vampires that had lived long enough Yes ? Yes Yes Ones that had lived long enough can grow wings at will Yes , although it 's implied that not all vampires possess this ability ? ? ? Can drain the energy of others and generate matter ; can change the length of their hair ; can do very long jumps ; if given massive enough energy source , Kiss - Shot can summon a temporary time portal . Saga of the Noble Dead Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes No No Some vampires can control animals and all vampires have to obey the orders of the one who turned them . Doctor Who Great Vampires : Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No No No ? Vampires : Extended life Yes Yes Yes Yes Some Some Yes Some No ? Dance in the Vampire Bund Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Only if they have wings in their true form Some vampires can assume their true form Some No No Gifted vampires can have a variety of different abilities . BloodRayne Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Gifted ; in bat / raven form Gifted ; Zerenski could turn into a flock of bats and Rayne gained the ability to become a raven . Gifted ; Rayne 's ghostly double can enter and control others No No Gifted vampires and dhampir , like Kagan or Rayne , can have a variety of extra abilities others may not have . Vamps Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes No No Gifted vampires can have a variety of different abilities The Strain Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes No No They can transfer their consciousness from one human host to another . Blood Alone Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes No No The elders have different special abilities . Anno Dracula series Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Gifted bloodlines Gifted bloodlines Gifted bloodlines Gifted bloodlines Gifted bloodlines Powers vary outside of their physical capabilities based upon their bloodline . Hotel Transylvania Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Mostly in bat form Bat ; standard form can grow claws Powerful hypnosis ; can control beasts or men , rewrite memories ; requires eye contact Yes No Can walk on walls and ceilings in defiance of gravity ; able to induce lasting paralysis in beasts or men . Vampireology Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes in animal form Yes Yes No No ? Blood Moon Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes No No Can swap locations with their Bat familiars , making it appear as if they turned into the animal Shadowspawn series Very long - lived , can become theoretically immortal post-corporeal night - walkers Yes Yes Yes Yes Only in some forms Only when night - walking ; can become anything or anyone they have the DNA of Manipulation of chance , telepathy , possession of bodies emptied by a nightwalker 's death Yes Yes All of their powers derive from extreme manipulation of chance . Shadowrun ( vampires and nosferatu ) Yes ; they do not age and can live for centuries or even millennia Yes , although they are not physically strong to a supernatural degree Yes ( also possesses thermographic vision ) Yes , although they are not fast to a supernatural degree Yes Gifted Yes ; all vampires are able to change into a misty form and vampire magic users may be able to use magic to assume animal forms . Only the Nosferatu strain possess this as a natural ability and even then , it is limited ; they can also invoke extreme fear in others . Gifted Gifted Immunity to poisons , toxins , and diseases and they are capable of using magic and the transformation may unlock latent magical potential . AdventureQuest ? Yes ? No No No No No No No No Vampire in Brooklyn Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Wolf , bat , fog , and can shapeshift into other humans Yes Yes Yes Can cast spells of illusion , can possibly turn invisible or teleport The Shadowhunter Chronicles ( The Mortal Instruments ) Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Can control certain mortals Penny Dreadful Yes Yes ? Yes Yes No No Only master vampires No No ? Kate Daniels novels Immortal , or at least capable of reaching great ages Yes ? Yes ? No No No , but they can relay communication from necromancer pilot . No No Extraordinarily good climbers ; non-sapient , telepathically piloted by a necromancer ( bloodthirsty mindless monsters , otherwise ) Den of Shadows Yes Yes ? Yes Yes As a winged animal Some Some ? ? They can teleport and some have special abilities . From Dusk till Dawn series Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Only those who have wings Yes Yes No No They are able to walk on walls and ceilings . Monster High Yes ? ? ? ? In bat form In a bat ? ? ? Can control bats inFamous : Festival of Blood Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Swarm of bats Yes Only Bloody Mary No All of Bloody Mary 's vampires must obey her ; Firstborns can disguise themselves as humans . Kitty Norville novels Yes Yes ? Yes Yes ? ? Can hypnotically control to some extent , if you meet their eyes ? ? Older vampires are more powerful . American Horror Story : Hotel Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Implied No No ? Tsukuyomi : Moon Phase Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Gifted Gifted Yes Gifted Gifted They can telepathically communicate with and control those they have bitten or turned ; each vampire possesses their own special ability from the start of their birth / creation ; can mimic the special abilities of other vampires , though not perfectly , by sucking their blood and / or eating their flesh . Vampire Cheerleaders Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Can `` Glamour '' humans , erase memories , and bend their will No No Can enthrall humans through unexplained means Innistrad Yes Yes ; they are twice as strong as a human and can enhance it further with magic Gifted Gifted ; they can enhance their speed with magic Gifted ; Sangromancy magic can transfer consumed blood into health Gifted ; Falkenrath Elders are more likely to master this power Gifted ; the Voldaren Elders can more easily master magic that makes it possible to assume various animal forms and the Stromkirk Elders can dissolve their bodies into a cloud of mist . Gifted ; the Markov Elders possess a special affinity for psychic magic . Gifted ; the Markov Elders possess a special affinity for psychic magic . Gifted ; the Markov Elders possess a special affinity for psychic magic . Vampires are magic users and are able to develop new powers through magickal study and may learn a vampiric form of glamer ( quasi-illusion magic ) that enables them to alter what nearby humans think they 're perceiving when they look at the vampire and they can emanate a two - foot - wide aura of silence at will . Blood Lad Possibly immortal or just long lived Yes Yes Yes Yes Gifted No Gifted ? ? Vampires are naturally able to use magic Shiki Yes No , but they are stronger than most humans Yes Yes Yes Yes No Can manipulate the body , mind , and soul of their victims by consuming their blood No No They can command animals as well , not just humans . Warhammer Yes ; since vampires possess no true soul they are able to be resurrected quite easily compared to humans Yes , although this power is best represented among the Strigoi and the Blood Dragons Enhanced sense of smell Gifted ; Lahmians are well - known for their quick and brutal attacks . Gifted ; vampires are able to utilize their blood or dark magick in order to knit their wounds far more quickly than a mortal . Gifted ; can be achieved through magick or by shape - shifting Gifted vampires can assume the form of a large bat , a swarm of bats , ravens , flies , beetles , or cockroaches , a wolf , or a supernatural cloud of mist , although most of these powers are more common / represented in certain bloodlines . Gifted ; best represented among the Lahmians , although all are capable of transfixing their prey Gifted Gifted Vampires are a diverse race of beings whose powers vary greatly based upon bloodline and their own individuality . Seraph of the End Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No ? ? ? Vampire made weapons can `` drink '' vampire blood and become stronger . Interviews with Monster Girls ? No , although this might just be because Hikari is still young Yes No , although this might just be because Hikari is still young ? No , although this might just be because Hikari is still young No , although this might just be because Hikari is still young No , although this might just be because Hikari is still young No , although this might just be because Hikari is still young No , although this might just be because Hikari is still young ? The Witcher Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Some , including all higher vampires Some , including all higher vampires Some , including all higher vampires No No Invisibility , retractable claws , higher vampires can control weaker vampires . The Adventures of Dr. McNinja ? Yes Yes Yes ? Yes Smoke , Bat , Dog ? ? ? ?	compel	List of vampire traits in folklore and fiction	list of vampire traits in folklore and fiction	The following tables compare traits given to vampires in folklore and fiction . Over time , some attributes now regarded as integral became incorporated into the vampire 's profile : fangs and vulnerability to sunlight appeared over the course of the 19th century , with Varney the Vampire and Count Dracula both bearing protruding teeth , and Murnau 's Nosferatu ( 1922 ) the first vampire to be killed by daylight .	Although Bram Stoker 's novel is the best known vampire fiction of the 19th century , it is the aristocratic figure of Lord Ruthven who is thought to have inspired the elegant and suave creature of stage and film . The cloak appeared in stage productions of the 1920s , with a high collar introduced by playwright Hamilton Deane to help Dracula ' vanish ' on stage . Lord Ruthven and Varney were able to be healed by moonlight , although no account of this is known in traditional folklore . Contents ( hide ) 1 Appearance 2 Weaknesses 3 Supernatural powers 4 Reproduction and feeding 5 Setting characteristics 6 See also 7 References 8 Cited texts Appearance ( edit ) Setting Skin Colour Fangs Reflection Film Shadow Attractiveness / other When Dead European folklore Ruddy or dark Yes Varies ? Varies Varies ; historically , bloated corpses were mistaken for vampires ? North American folklore Varies Retractable Yes ? Yes Varies ? `` The Vampyre '' ( 1819 ) ? No ? ? ? Young , seductive , sexual and alluring ? Varney the Vampire ( 1845 ) `` White and bloodless '' Yes ? ? ? Hideous , but has hypnotizing eyes ? Carmilla ( 1871 ) Rich and brilliant Yes Yes ? Yes Unearthly beauty ? Bram Stoker 's Dracula ( 1897 ) Dracula : pale , female vampires red Yes No ? No Dracula : Varies Female Vampires : Beautiful to the point of hypnotic Dust , except for newborn vampires , who become corpses Nosferatu ( 1922 ) Pale or dark Shark / Rodent - like teeth Yes Yes Yes Hideous / Hairless , and gargoyle / rat - like Smoke and dust Dark Shadows ( 1966 ) Ordinary Retractable No ? Yes Ordinary ? Blade ( film series ) Vampire : Pale / ordinary Yes Yes Yes Yes Varies Dust Reapers : Pale and mottled Yes ( Leech - like inner mouth ) Yes Yes Yes Hideous Dust Count Chocula ( 1971 ) Tanned Yes Yes ? Yes Cartoon person Chocolate cereal dust Sesame Street ( 1972 ) Lavender Yes No ? Yes Muppet ? Dungeons & Dragons ( 1974 ) Pale Yes No ? No Ordinary , they have a predatory look compared to normal humans ? Blade ( 1973 ) Ordinary / Pale Yes Yes ? Yes Ordinary , but often somewhat above average ? Ultraviolet ( 1998 ) Ordinary / Pale Yes No ? Yes Ordinary but often somewhat above average ? Anne Rice 's Vampire Chronicles ( 1979 ) Pale , smooth , marble - like , gets whiter with age Yes Yes ? Yes All are beautiful . The transformation enhances their beauty . The older and stronger they get , the less human they look but still remain beautiful . Dust Bunnicula ( 1979 ) Furry Yes No ? Yes Adorable to all , intimately only with other rabbits ? The Hunger ( 1981 ) Pale No Yes ? Yes Alluring ? Count Duckula ( 1983 ) Green Sometimes No ? No Cartoon duck ? Vampire Hunter D ( 1983 ) Pale Yes No ? Yes ( No in original novels . Dhampir shadow is faint ) Possess a strange unearthly beauty ? Necroscope ( 1986 ) Pale Yes Yes shows true self ? Yes Can make themselves beautiful or hideous ? The Lost Boys ( 1987 ) Full vampires : Ordinary , a little pale Retractable No ? Yes Ordinary . Become quite ugly when about to attack and fangs appear . ? Half - vampire ( pre-turning ) : Ordinary Gradually gain No ? No As in life ? The Little Vampire ( TV series , 1986 ) Pale Yes Yes ? Yes Alluring ? The Vampire Diaries ( Novel and television series ) Ordinary Retractable Yes ? Yes Alluring . Typically beautiful ( true vampire face is shown while feeding , by force of will or thinking about blood ; blood vessels under and around the eyes swell and protrude from the face , the eyes become bloodshot until the sclera becomes dark red , fangs grow and extend ) Gray corpse with swelled superficial veins protruding from the entire body ( TV series ) ; regular corpse ( most vampires in books ) ; dust ( very old vampires in books ) World of Darkness ( 1992 ) Varies Retractable Yes - Lasombra , however , do n't have them Yes for those with a reflection , No in other cases Yes Varies by bloodline , individual , and discipline . Most notably , Nosferatus are hideously deformed , while Toreadors are beautiful . Dust Buffy the Vampire Slayer ( movie ) ( 1992 ) Pale Yes No ? Yes Ordinary Dust Forever Knight ( 1992 ) Pale Retractable Yes ? Yes Ordinary ? Discworld ( 1992 ) Pale Yes No ? ? Alluring Dust , can be revived with blood Anita Blake : Vampire Hunter ( 1993 ) Pale Yes Yes ? Yes Ordinary , but some bloodlines seem to get more attractive with age , some less , and many vampires are attractive as this was the reason they were sired ? Preacher ( 1995 ) Pale No Yes ? Yes Ordinary ( except eyes ) ? Legacy of Kain ( 1996 ) Varies Yes Yes ? Yes Ancient vampires were alluring while human turned vampire evolutions became more grotesque . ? Night World ( 1996 ) Pale Retractable Yes Yes Yes Alluring ; in anticipation of feeding , a vampire 's eyes grow silver in color and reflective ( in the case of a vampire with yellow eyes , the combination of yellow with the silvery hue will render their eyes golden in appearance ) , their lips redden as blood rushes to them , and their canine teeth will further lengthen , usually to the level of their lower lip , though a vampire can retract these fangs at will , or when put off of feeding . Corpse Hellsing ( 1997 ) ( 2006 -- 12 ) Ordinary Yes No ? Yes Alluring , some Vampires like Alucard can have maw of sharp teeth Burn in blue flames or turn to dust Buffy the Vampire Slayer TV series ( 1997 ) Ordinary Yes No Yes Yes Can appear as normal humans ; however , when feeding or angry , they reveal their true vampire visage where their eyes turn yellow , their eyebrows are gone and they grow fangs and pointed teeth . Extremely old vampires are unable to take a human face . Turn to dust , including clothing Night Watch ( 1998 ) Ordinary Retractable Yes , even if the vampire himself turns invisible ? Yes Ordinary ? John Carpenter 's Vampires ( 1998 ) Pale Yes Yes ? Yes Ordinary Catch on fire , then turn to dust Den of Shadows Pale Yes Faint reflection that disappears with age ? Yes Beautiful ? The Little Vampire ( film , 2000 ) Pale Yes Yes ? Yes Alluring ? The Saga of Darren Shan ( 2000 ) Ordinary or pale ; purple for vampaneze subrace No Yes Cannot be recorded on film ( vampire ) or are blurry on film ( half - vampire ) Yes Ordinary , but vampaneze subrace become swollen and discolored from overfeeding ? 30 Days of Night ( 2002 ) Pale Yes Yes ? Yes Steve Niles mentioned that they have an alien - like appearance . They are also described as being gruesome yet attractive . ? Let the Right One In ( 2002 ) Pale Retractable Yes ? Yes Ordinary , but appearance will deteriorate if deprived of blood . The appearance can also morph , and vaguely implied to be able to sprout wings . ? Moon Child ( 2003 ) Ordinary ? ? ? Yes Ordinary , but some are above average ? Underworld ( 2003 ) Pale Retractable Yes ? Yes Ordinary ( irises can turn blue or gold , depending on the vampire ) ? Chibi Vampire / Karin ( 2003 ) Pale Yes Yes ? Yes Ordinary ? Van Helsing ( 2004 ) Pale Retractable No ? Yes Above average when in human form , but they turn into a winged bat / demon - like creature , which is possibly their true appearance . Bones Supernatural ( 2005 ) Ordinary Retractable Yes ? Yes Ordinary Corpse Batman & Dracula Pale Yes No ? Yes Grotesque , humanoid gargoyle ? Twilight ( 2005 ) Pale , harder than diamonds , sparkles in sunlight No , their teeth are sharp and serrated and coated in venom , but not pointed Yes Yes Yes Usually alluring , inhumanly beautiful Corpses can attempt to reconstruct themselves , unless burnt to ash . Frostbiten ( 2006 ) Pale Fangs grow longer when attacking people No ? Yes Ordinary , but the `` pill - vampires '' turn monstrous when attacking people , while the supervampire shapeshifts into a demonic creature to hunt . The original vampires look human all the time . All the vampires have orange eyes that turn red when their bloodlust is awakened . The vampires also have exposed veins . ? Young Dracula ( 2006 ) Pale Retractable Lost after age of 16 Implied that only digital cameras work Yes Varies Dust JoJo 's Bizarre Adventure Ordinary Varies Yes ? Yes Varies ? Vampire Academy ( 2007 ) Pale Yes For the Moroi , yes . For the Strigoi , no . ? Yes Moroi are beautiful and Strigoi are beautiful too , but have red - ringed iris around their pupils ? House of Night ( 2007 ) Blue Vampyres : Pale with sapphire markings Yes Yes ? Yes Alluring ? Red Vampyres : Pale with red markings Yes Yes ? ? Depends : red fledglings are described as gross , but once they choose to be good and become an adult they can be alluring ? Blindsight ( 2007 ) Pale Yes Yes Yes Yes Tall , with a `` predatory appearance '' ; baseline humans possess an instinctive panic response to them . ? True Blood ( 2008 ) Pale Retractable Yes Yes Yes Ordinary , but humans can develop more attraction to them by drinking their blood , and also with the power to `` Glamour '' ordinary humans into enticement Black dust or bloody pulp Being Human ( BBC ) ( 2008 ) Ordinary Retractable No Do not appear on film or video Yes Ordinary ( entire eyes can turn pitch black , usually while fangs are extended ) Body and clothing turn to dust / ash Being Human ( Syfy ) Ordinary Retractable Yes Yes Yes Ordinary ( entire eyes can turn pitch black , usually while fangs are extended ) Body and clothing turn to dust / ash Moonlight ( 2008 ) Ordinary Retractable Yes ? Yes Ordinary , but many are above average ? The Parasol Protectorate ( 2009 ) Pale Yes ? ? ? Ordinary ? Abraham Lincoln , Vampire Hunter ( 2010 ) novel and film Pale / White / Grey Retractable Yes ? Yes Very Beautiful . Eyes turn partially or completely black when the vampire is enraged / In the film , the skin can turn grey and mottled , the nails , teeth and jaws becomes animalistic and the eyes can turn partially or completely black ( while the vampire can also become more pale or chalk white with reddish , bloodshot eyes ) . ? Daybreakers ( 2010 ) Ordinary Yes No ? ? Normal , but with pallid skin and yellow eyes . However , if deprived of blood they become deformed , their ears grow , they lose their hair , grow claws and wings and become bat - like creatures called `` Subsiders '' . ? American Vampire ( 2010 ) Old World bloodline : pale Yes ? ? ? Slightly distorted ? American bloodline : as when alive Yes Distorted ? ? Usually normal , but severely distorted and animalistic when enraged ? The Dresden Files White court : ordinary No Yes ? Yes Extremely attractive ? Red court : ordinary when human Yes ? ? ? Slimy and batlike , but with an attractive human `` costume '' ? Black court : corpse - like No No ? ? Corpselike ? The Sims Varies , depending on original race Yes No Yes Yes Normal Dust Touhou Pale Yes Unknown , probably yes Yes Unknown , probably yes Normal , but with red or yellow eyes and wings ? Fright Night ( 1985 , 2011 ) Ordinary / Pale Yes No ? ? Somewhat attractive . Demonic / goblin / gargoyle - like when enraged or in pain Catch on fire / burn to embers Marvel Comics Pale / grey / white Yes No ? ? Varies from ordinary to demonic / goblin / gargoyle - like ? We Are the Night ( 2010 ) Pale Yes No ? Yes Transformation turns them into the peak of their beauty ? Blood : The Last Vampire Gray , except for Saya who is ordinary Except for Saya Yes Yes Yes Saya is ordinary , the other Chiropterans are monstrous , but can look like normal humans . ? Blood+ Ordinary , except fail chiropterans that have gray skin Only fail chiropterans and Chevaliers when they shape shift Yes Yes Yes Ordinary , except for fail chiropterans that are monstrous ? Trinity Blood Methuselahs : varies Yes Yes ? Yes Beautiful ? Crusniks : pale , except Lilith Retractable Yes ? Yes Varies ? DC Comics Pale Yes No ? Yes Varies ? Sanctuary Ordinary Full Vampires : Yes Half - Vampires : No , teeth become serrated during transformation . Yes ? Yes Varies ? Rosario + Vampire Ordinary Yes Yes Yes Yes Beautiful , unless they absorb other monsters , in which case they became monstrous Corpse Charmed Ordinary Yes ? ? Yes Ordinary Catch on fire Wizards of Waverly Place Pale Yes No ? Yes Beautiful ? Gantz Ordinary No Yes ? Yes Ordinary ? Adventure Time Blue - gray Yes No ? Yes Described as `` sexy '' , mostly Marceline . Suffer from horrific pimple - like bumps and burn to dust . Vampire Knight Pale Yes Yes ? Yes Beautiful , except for the Level E Vampires , which resemble weak and disheveled humans Sand / dust for all but the Purebloods who turn to glass and shatter into particles Castlevania series Pale / Grey Yes In Castlevania : Lords of Shadow , they do not have reflection . ? Yes The Elder Vampires are beautiful , while the Vampire Warriors are bat - like creatures because they do n't know how to shapeshift . ? Split Pale Yes If a vampire were to look into a mirror , their soul would be imprisoned in it . Breaking the mirror causes the vampire 's soul to `` break '' , killing the vampire . ? Yes Beautiful ? Tsukihime True Ancestors : ordinary No Yes ? Yes Ordinary ? Dead Apostles : pale Yes Yes ? ? Ordinary , but their bodies are in constant degeneration . ? Stargate White , green or blue No Yes ? Yes Hideous ? Hollows Living Low Blood : ordinary No Yes ? Yes Ordinary ? Living High Blood : pale Yes ? ? ? Beautiful ? Undead : pale Yes ? ? ? Beautiful ? Black Blood Brothers Vampires are ordinary , but the Kowloon Children are pale . Yes Yes Yes Yes Vampires are ordinary , but Kowloon Children have a feral and monstrous appearance . Dust Stephen King Type One : yellow Yes No ? Yes Extremely deformed ? Type Two : pale Yes No ? Yes Beautiful ? Type Threes : ordinary Yes ? ? Yes Ordinary ? Vampirella Ordinary Yes ? ? Yes Inhumanly beautiful ? The Elder Scrolls Pale Yes Yes ? Yes Feral - looking versions of humans ; however , they can look more human if they drink human blood . Vampire Lords can assume a bat - like appearance . Corpse , but gradually crumbles to dust My Babysitter 's a Vampire Full vampires : ordinary Retractable No No ? Ordinary , but when angry , or about to fight someone their fangs grow , and their eyes either glow a yellowish color or a dark blueish purple color . ? Fledgling : ordinary Yes Faded , or murky No ? As in life ? The Librarian Pale Yes ? ? Yes Old vampires are ordinary in appearance , but new ones are hideous . ? David Wellington Pale Yes ? ? ? Hideous ? Darkstalkers Pale Yes ? ? Yes His true form is demonic , but he can change into human form . ? The Historian Pale Yes ? ? Yes Varies , but new vampires look like sick people ? Itsuka Tenma no Kuro Usagi Ordinary Retractable ? ? Yes Very attractive ? Montgatari series Vampire : pale Yes No , although the more powerful ones like Kiss - Shot can generate their own reflections ? No Varies , but are generally beautiful . Corpse , although their remains would turn into ashes after a certain period of time Jiangshi : Like rotting corpses ? ? ? ? Look like corpses during the Rigor mortis phase ? Saga of the Noble Dead Pale Yes ? ? Yes Kind of beautiful ? Doctor Who Great Vampires : grey Yes ? ? Yes Bat - like creatures ? Vampires : pale Yes Yes ? Yes Ordinary ? Dance in the Vampire Bund Pale Yes ? ? Yes Different monstrous form , but they can look human ? BloodRayne Pale Yes ? ? Yes They come in all shapes and sizes ? Vamp Pale Yes No ? Yes Ordinary ? Vamps Pale Yes No ? Yes Ordinary ? The Strain Pale No In silver - backed mirrors their image is blurred and distorted ? Yes Horrible ? Blood Alone Pale Yes No ? ? Beautiful ? Anno Dracula series Pale Yes No ? ? Varies depending on the bloodline ? Hotel Transylvania ( 2012 ) Ordinary Yes No ? Yes Varies ? Vampireology Pale , becomes paler the longer a vampire goes without feeding Yes Reflection becomes less opaque the longer a vampire goes without feeding . ? Yes Belial : three horns on their heads Ba'al : short and goblinlike Moloch : bull - like head , hooves and claws ? Blood Moon Pale Yes Yes , but their eyes reflect black instead of red Yes , but their eyes are depicted as black instead of red Yes Ordinary but often somewhat above average ? Shadowspawn series Normal Serrated teeth , but no fangs ? ? ? Beautiful ; yellow eyes when night - walking Corpse ; if post-corporeal , nothing Shadowrun Pale Yes Yes Yes Yes Ordinary , although the Nosferatu strain are generally bald and kind of ugly Corpse AdventureQuest Same as in previous life Yes ? ? ? Same as in previous life ? Vampire in Brooklyn Normal Retractable No ? Yes Likely greater as happened with Julius Jones at the end ? The Shadowhunter Chronicles ( The Mortal Instruments ) Pale Retractable Yes ? Yes Beautiful / emaciated ( true appearance has protruding veins and yellow eyes in film ) ? Penny Dreadful Pale Shark - like teeth ? ? Yes Master vampires are hideous , hairless , and have blood - red eyes but infected vampires are ordinary with blood - red eyes . ? Kate Daniels novels ? ( Frequently wearing purple sunblock ) Yes ? ? ? Emaciated , increasingly inhuman with age , eventually quadrupedal ? From Dusk till Dawn Pale , with scales or flaked skin Yes ? ? Yes Not only manifest in a human form , but monstrous with reptilian , bat or rat characteristics Turns to desert - like dust Monster High Pale Yes No There 's an app that does get them to show up on film . Yes Beautiful , but have pointy , elf - like ears ? inFamous : Festival of Blood Pale Yes ? ? Yes Bloody Mary is beautiful , but her true form and her underlings are monstrous with bat / rat like traits ; Firstborns can take on a human appearance Dust Kitty Norville novels ? Yes Normally present , but they can alter this Normally present , but they can alter this ? As in life Decay rapidly , as if the body had been rotting since it became a vampire ; older vampires become dust . Clothing / immediate surroundings also affected . Sun - exposed vampires become ash . American Horror Story : Hotel Ordinary / pale No ? ? Yes Ordinary but often somewhat above average Corpse Tsukuyomi : Moon Phase Pale Yes Yes Yes Yes Alluring Dust Vampire Cheerleaders Pale Retractable Yes Yes Yes Beautiful , although their eyes turn blood - red when about to feed or when angry ? Innistrad Pale Yes ; fangs extend an extra quarter inch when biting Yes ; silver reflects their original mortal self , ignoring their true vampiric appearance and their glamour ? Yes Ordinary ; their sclera are black and the irises gold , silver , or other colors ; their skin is cool to the touch ; their hair is often black but can also be deep purple , dark magenta , burgundy , or even dark blue - green ; vampires also tend to have long and slightly curved fingernails ? Blood Lad Pale Yes Yes Yes Yes Ordinary , but with razor sharp teeth Corpse Shiki Pale Yes Yes Yes Yes Varies Burned corpse Warhammer Pale Yes No , although some do retain their reflections ? No , although some do retain their shadows Varies ; the Lahmians and Von Carsteins are attractive unless they give in to their bloodthirst , eventually devolving into a vargulf ; the Blood Dragons are disheveled ; the Strigoi and Necrachs are both horrifying Corpse Seraph of the End Pale Yes Yes Yes Yes As in previous life , although their eyes turn blood - red and their ears become pointed once they consume human blood for the first time and become a full vampire Dust Interviews with Monster Girls Pale Yes Yes Yes Yes Ordinary ? The Witcher Varies greatly by subspecies , from normal to pale to dark gray Yes No ? No Varies by subspecies , from monstrous and bat - like to human - like ; some can appear entirely human Corpse The Adventures of Dr. McNinja Pale Yes No No Yes Varies ; human vampires resemble stereotypical Gothic vampires ( long hair , angular faces , etc . ) Dust Weaknesses ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A `` Yes '' indicates a weakness to something , with fatal weaknesses being marked as such . Entries which are marked as `` No '' are not seen as weaknesses . `` ? '' indicates a lack of information on whether this is a weakness or not ; other indicates weaknesses that do not fit in one of the other categories . Setting Stake Sunlight Decapitation Drowning Fire Silver Garlic Holy Symbols Running Water Invitation Arithmomania Other European Folklore Fatal ; ash , hawthorn , or oak is preferred Nocturnal Fatal Yes , but they will revive once removed Fatal Some Yes Yes Yes , but they will revive once removed No Yes Various regional herbal weaknesses such as plants / woods of the hawthorn family , aspen , oak , ash , maple , dogrose , wild rose , holly , juniper , millet , linden , mayflower , roses , lemon , rowan , and wolfsbane North American folklore Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes No ? `` The Vampyre '' Fatal Healed by moonlight ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Byzantium ? Nocturnal Fatal No Fatal ? ? No No Yes No ? Daybreakers Fatal Fatal Fatal No ? No No No No No No A failed human blood substitute caused the vampire who was injected with it to convulse and explode . Young Dracula Fatal Fatal ? ? Fatal No Burns their skin Avoided , effect is unclear Yes Yes Often Destroying a Blood Mirror turns the entirety of the clan into humans and kills the old vampires . Varney the Vampire ? Healed by moonlight ? ? Commits suicide in Mount Vesuvius ? ? No No ? ? ? Carmilla Fatal Only weakened during daylight hours Fatal No ? ? ? Aversion to holy relics / charms ? Yes ? ? Bram Stoker 's Dracula Fatal ; white oak preferred Only weakened during daylight hours , though not at midday ( at which time of day he becomes stronger ) Fatal No Fatal No Yes Yes Yes Yes No Dracula has the mind of a child and is very obsessive ; his own psychic powers can be used to hunt him . Night World Fatal , but only if made of wood No , but it greatly weakens their powers Fatal No Fatal No No No No No No Spells and the telepathic attacks of other vampires can cause them harm ; a prolonged abstinence from blood can lead to asphyxiation and possibly death . Nosferatu Fatal Fatal ? No ? ? ? Yes Yes No ? ? Anne Rice 's Vampire Chronicles No Fatal , although elder vampires have a much greater tolerance Fatal , but they can be revived if the head and body are brought back together before bleeding out . No Fatal , although elder vampires have a much greater tolerance No No No No No No Blood from an already - dead creature induces temporary deathlike state . Count Chocula ? No ? ? ? ? ? ? No No No Gets soggy in milk Sesame Street ? Enjoys sunlight , sleeps at night ? ? ? No ? ? No ? Yes ? Batman & Dracula Fatal Fatal Fatal No Fatal Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No ? Van Helsing Dracula : no No Yes ? No No No Not fatal ? ? ? Werewolf bite Others : Fatal . Must be wood or silver Yes Yes ? No ? ? Fatal . ? ? ? ? Twilight No It causes them to sparkle It paralyzes them , but it is n't fatal No Fatal No No No No No No ? Dungeons & Dragons Fatal , but will recover if the stake is removed Fatal , will survive very short exposure Fatal No ? Yes Keeps them at bay Keeps them at bay Fatal , will survive short exposure Yes No ? Blade Vampires : Fatal Fatal Fatal Fatal Fatal Yes Yes No No No No They also can be killed by EDTA and the Daystar virus . Reapers : Yes Yes No No No No No No No No No Their bodies start to consume themselves if they are unable to feed for a couple of hours . Untraviolet Fatal Fatal Fatal No Fatal Yes Keeps them at bay Psychosomatic No No No Charcoal 30 Days of Night ( 2002 ) No Fatal , although when blood touches their ashes they will regenerate Fatal No Fatal No No No No No No ? Bunnicula ? Nocturnal ? ? ? ? Yes ? ? ? ? ? The Hunger ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Count Duckula Fatal Fatal ( although the incarnation featured in the series is immune to sunlight ) No No No No No No No No ? ? Vampire Hunter D Fatal Yes Fatal , but only if the head and body are not joined back together within ten minutes Immobilizes ? No Yes Yes Immobilizes No No Iron weapons can bypass their healing and resurrection powers and if a wound caused by an iron weapon is left untreated , it can begin to fester and rot . Abraham Lincoln , Vampire Hunter Only if made of silver Exposure to daylight weakens them , but after a few years they begin to develop a resistance towards it , although their eyes will still react the same . Fatal No Fatal Yes No No No No No If a weapon made of silver were to deal a wound that would be fatal for a human , then it will slay the vampire . The Lost Boys Fatal Fatal Fatal No ? Fatal through the heart No Holy water is fatal in large quantities . ? Invitation makes vampire immune to weaknesses and vampire characteristics No ? The Little Vampire Fatal Fatal Yes No Yes No No Yes No No No ? The Vampire Diaries Novels : Yes Fatal . A special ring protects them . Yes No Yes No No Boosts mental resistance if the user truly believes it works Yes . It 's worse for stronger vampires . Yes No Heart extraction . Prolonged period without feeding . TV series , Originals : only a stake made of white wood or its ashes No No No No No No No No Yes No When an Original dies , all vampires in their blood line also die . TV series , others : Fatal Fatal . Daylight ring protects them Fatal No Fatal No No No No Yes No Heart extraction . Werewolf bite ; Vervain and some magical objects weaken them . House of Night Blue Vampyres : Fatal No Fatal Fatal Fatal No No No No No ? If they don ` t pass the Change when they are fledglings , sometimes they die . Red Vampyres : Fatal Fatal ? ? Fatal ? ? ? No Yes ? If they don ` t pass the Change when they are fledglings , sometimes they die . Buffy Fatal , but only if made of wood . Older vampires require larger amounts of wood . Fatal Special ring protects them Fatal No Fatal No Shown as a prop on - screen , but never utilized Yes No Yes No Some poisons and drugs can affect them . Discworld Fatal Fatal Fatal Fatal Fatal Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Scattering their dust , post mortem , prevents them from being revived . True Blood Fatal , but only if made of wood Fatal ; younger vampires can survive short exposure , older vampires have lower tolerances ; Fae / Fairy blood can eliminate weakness to sun for a short period . Fatal No Fatal Yes No ( mild irritant ) No No Only in private residences owned by humans No Hepatitis D and Maenad Blood can weaken them . Let the Right One In Fatal Fatal Fatal No Fatal No No No No Fatal , if invite remains absent for long enough Implied Blood with cancer hurts them , but it is still nutritious . Preacher No Fatal Fatal No Fatal No No No No No No ? Vampire Academy ? Makes them feel uncomfortable Yes ? ? No No No No No No Anything that would kill a human Strigoi : Fatal if silver and charmed with air , fire , earth and water magics . Turns the Strigoi into a Moroi if silver and charmed with spirit . Burns them , but is n't fatal Fatal No Fatal Yes No Yes No No No ? American Vampire Old World bloodline : Fatal Fatal ; ameliorable with protective measures Fatal Immobilizes Fatal Yes ? No Immobilizes No No ? American bloodline : Fatal , but only gold stakes No ; possible dependency on moonlight -- torpid and vulnerable during new moon Fatal No Fatal Gold No No No No No ? Anita Blake : Vampire Hunter Fatal Generally fatal ; some vampires are immune Fatal No Fatal Yes Yes Any religious iconography if wielded by a true believer No Yes No ? Hellsing Fatal , except for Alucard Non-fatal , but they find it extremely unpleasant Fatal , except for Alucard No Fatal , except for Alucard Blessed silver only weakens Alucard , but will kill other vampires . Yes It weakens them , but is non-fatal . Yes No No ? The Saga of Darren Shan Fatal Highly susceptible to sunburns , eventually fatal Fatal Fatal Fatal No No No Superstitious No ? The blood of snakes , rats , and cats are poisonous to them . World of Darkness Immobilizes Fatal ; certain disciplines can make them resistant or immune Usually fatal No Fatal ; certain disciplines can make them resistant or immune Immune unless with flaw Immune unless with flaw Immune unless with flaw or when wielded by someone with true faith Immune unless with flaw Immune unless with flaw Only if with flaw ? Being Human ( BBC ) Yes ( only way to permanently kill a vampire ) No ( more sensitive to sunlight and prefer to avoid it ) Yes ( can be resurrected ) No Yes ( can be resurrected ) ? Yes ( causes fangs to appear , watery eyes , and sneezing ) Yes ( Does n't work on old and powerful ones . ) No Yes ( old vampires are excluded ) No Werewolf blood can kill them . Being Human ( Syfy ) Yes No ( more sensitive to sunlight and prefer to avoid it ) Yes ? ? No Yes ( causes fangs to appear , watery eyes , and sneezing ) No No Yes No Werewolf blood mutates them , consuming the juniper plant immobilize them and a mysterious new flu strain kill them . Lord Erebus ? No No No Yes ? ? ? ? Yes ? ? Supernatural No No , although it does weaken them and cause a measure of pain and discomfort Fatal No ? Only in the anime series No No No No No Dead man 's blood can paralyze them and a scent blocking mixture can render their sense of smell useless ; the Colt , angelic touch , vampire irradiation gun , anti-vampire device , and Vamp - Tonite can kill them ; angels , leviathans , and primordial entities can overpower and kill them with ease . Moonlight Causes paralysis Exposure makes them progressively weaker and causes severe sunstroke Fatal No Fatal Yes , it is toxic and can eventually kill if left in too long . No No No No No ? The Parasol Protectorate Fatal Fatal ? ? ? No Yes Yes No Yes ? Hive tethered to a specific location shortly after the queen is turned , unless she swarms ; the touch of a soulless or metanatural turns them human temporarily . Blood Omen / Legacy of Kain Death - like state until removed Fatal to weaker vampires Fatal , but Vorador was resurrected after his execution Fatal to all except Rahabim vampires Fatal to most if not all No No Vulnerable to Hylden glyphs and Moebius 's staff Fatal to most , but Vampires in Blood Omen can `` buy '' a resistance to some forms of water , such as rain or snow No No The Nexus Stone could send Kain in a coma for centuries ; and sonic waves and the Moebius 's Staff weaken vampires . Night Watch ? Feels unpleasant ? No ? Yes No No No Yes No Alcohol causes severe burns on contact , much like Holy Water in other settings . Underworld Fatal Fatal , although they can become immune if they absorb blood with the Corvinus Strain Fatal Fatal , although they can become immune if they absorb blood with the Corvinus Strain Yes No No No No No No Severe enough injuries or loss of blood can kill them . Chibi Vampire / Karin Fatal Burns , death if exposed too long Likely Likely Likely No Only aggravates highly developed olfactory nerves No No No No ? Necroscope Fatal Fatal Fatal Fatal Fatal Yes Yes No No No ? Starvation , suffocation , great levels of violence , leprosy or the Black Death also kill them . Moon Child ? Fatal ? ? ? ? ? ? No ? ? ? Forever Knight Fatal ; older vampires have higher tolerances Fatal Yes ? Fatal ; older vampires have higher tolerances No Yes Can develop a tolerance No No ? ? John Carpenter 's Vampires Fatal Fatal Fatal ? ? ? No Wielder has to possess faith No No No ? Dark Shadows ( 1966 ) Yes Fatal ( except under the treatments of Dr. Julia Hoffman ) ? ? ? Yes ? Keeps them at bay ? No No ? Frostbiten ( 2006 ) Fatal , although the supervampire had to be killed through a combination of several vampire weaknesses Implied ; the supervampire was killed by strong light after being staked ? ? ? ? Yes Yes ? ? ? ? Dresden Files : White Court As for humans No As for humans As for humans As for humans No No No No No No The opposite of the emotion that they feed on Dresden Files : Black Court Yes No ( weakened during daylight hours ) Yes ? Yes ? Yes Affected by the faith of the user , not the inherent properties of the object ; any holy symbol will work Yes Yes ? It is mentioned that they have the weaknesses as described in Bram Stoker 's novel . Dresden Files : Red Court ? Yes ? ? Fatal Yes ? They are less affected than the Black Court ? ? ? Cutting their stomach open drains the blood they 've eaten ; this weakens them . The Sims ? Yes ? Yes Yes No No No No No No ? Touhou ? Exposure makes them progressively weaker , although a parasol seems to be enough protection . ? No ? Yes Remilia hates it , but it is not stated if other vampires share this weakness No Yes ; even rain is a problem No No Broken holly branches , sardine heads , and roasted soybeans Fright Night Fatal , but only through the heart Fatal ? ? Ca n't think clearly No ? Burns skin ? Yes ? ? Marvel Comics Fatal Fatal , except for pseudo-vampires Fatal No No Yes , except for pseudo-vampires Yes , except for pseudo-vampires Yes , except for pseudo-vampires No Yes No The Bloodgem and the Montesi Formula incantation can kill them . We Are the Night ( 2010 ) ? Fatal ? No ? ? No ? No ? ? ? Blindsight ( 2007 ) Fatal No , but light - shy and tends toward nocturnal activity Fatal Fatal Fatal No No No intrinsic aversion to religion in general , but `` crucifix glitch '' caused problems with crosses No Cannot approach any construction with right angles while eyes are open due to `` crucifix glitch '' ; legend may have arisen from this condition Possibly - altered brain structure provides omnisavantic pattern - matching and analytical skills Neurological `` crucifix glitch '' causes lethal seizures when perpendicular lines fill more than 30 degrees of visual field ; seizures can be prevented by `` anti-Euclidean drugs '' . Blood : The Last Vampire No No Yes ? Yes No No Distresses them No No No They can die if they lose a sufficiently large amount of blood . Blood+ No Only the Schiffs Yes ? Fatal No No No No No No The blood of one Queen can kill anything that her sister has created . Trinity Blood Methuselahs : Fatal Fatal Fatal Yes Fatal Yes No No No No No The destruction of the heart , brain , cervical vertebrae , and brain stem is fatal for them ; they have to eat normal food alongside blood or they die . Crusniks : No No ? ? ? No No No No No No Crusniks can only be killed by draining away all of their crusnik nano - machines . Rosario + Vampire Yes No No Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes No No ? Charmed Fatal , except for queens Yes Yes No Fatal No Yes Yes No No No The Power of Three and demonic powers can kill them . Kill the Queen and the whole clan dies . DC Comics Yes But it greatly weakens their powers Except for Cain No Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No Killing a vampire kills their entire clan if done during the first 48 hours of the creation of a new vampire . Sanctuary No No ? ? Yes ? No No No No No ? Wizards of Waverly Place ? Yes ? ? ? ? Yes ? No No No Pumpkin smell is repulsive to them , werewolf scratch take away their powers , and vampires powers are useless against plastic . Gantz ? They can take a special medicine that toughens their skin , allowing them to walk around in the daylight . Fatal ? ? No No No No No No ? Adventure Time Fatal Direct sunlight only ; a simple parasol is enough to render the sun 's light merely irritating ? ? ? ? Yes ? ? No No Powerless against ghosts Vampire Knight Fatal Only cause burns and not actually harm them Fatal No No No No No No No No Only anti-vampire weapons can kill a Pureblood . Castlevania series Fatal Exposure to the sun 's light weakens them and will destroy weakened vampires . Fatal No ? Yes Yes Yes Yes ; exposure burns their flesh like acid . No No ? Split Yes No Yes Weakens them Yes Yes Yes No Weakens them No Yes Sea salt and spells hurt them , and a broken heart due to love kill them . Tsukihime True Ancestors : No No Only if they are not powerful enough to regenerate No No No No No No No No Powerful magic and conceptual weapons can kill them , also dismemberment if they are not powerful enough to regenerate . Dead Apostles : Fatal Fatal ; powerful Dead Apostles can withstand it Fatal Yes Fatal No No No Yes No No Normal and magical weapons can kill them , and killing their creator also kills them ; their thirst for blood will grow as they age . Stargate No No Yes No Yes No No No No No No The Hoffan Drug can kill the Wraiths and if they are malnourished , more normal ways of killing can be effective . Hollows series Living vampires ( Low and High Blood ) : Yes No Yes Yes Yes No No No No ? No They can die in any normal way . Undead : Yes Yes Yes ? Yes Yes ? Yes ? ? No The blood of an Undead is deadly to another Undead . Black Blood Brothers Except for Jiro and Cassa Except for the old blood Yes Except for the old blood Yes Yes Yes Yes Except for the old blood Only to enter the Special Zone No ? Stephen King Type One : Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes No They are afraid of white eyes painted on black dogs . Type Two : Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes No Roses hurt them . Type Three : Yes No Yes ? Yes No No ? ? ? No Normal weapons can kill them . Vampirella Fatal No Yes ? Yes No Contradictory information No No ? No ? The Elder Scrolls Fatal Gradually kills them , except for the vampires of Skyrim who are only weakened ; some gain greater resistance after feeding Fatal Fatal , except for Argonian vampires Fatal Yes , except for the ancient vampires of the Illiac Bay One special case , but not most vampires Holy places , but only for the vampires of the Illiac Bay No No No Vulnerable to Dawnguard weapons , the Dawnbreaker sword , fire magic , and certain Restoration spells ; the strain encountered in Arena could only be killed by magic , otherwise they were only subdued My Babysitter 's a Vampire Fatal Non-fatal , but very irritable ? ? No No Non-fatal , but very irritable Ca n't come close to them ? Yes No Magical daggers , UV light sabers , spells can be harmful and the lucifractor can kill them Jojo 's Bizarre Adventure No Fatal No No No No No No No No No Hamon ( a martial art that produces UV rays ) The Librarian Only stakes made of Aspen wood Yes Yes ? Yes Yes ? Yes ? No No Drinking blood from a human with a blood disease gives the vampire that disease . David Wellington Only if they do n't have blood to regenerate They `` die '' when daylight rises , but relieve again every night No No No No No No No No No They get weak when they regurgitate blood . Darkstalkers No He can create an aura to protect him ? No Yes No No No No No No ? The Historian Fatal Fatal No ? No Yes Yes Yes ? No No ? Itsuka Tenma no Kuro Usagi ? No ? ? ? ? ? ? No ? ? Exsanguination ( maybe ) Monogatari Fatal Fatal No No , but it 's implied that becoming a vampire erases the knowledge on how to swim . ? Yes Yes Yes ? Supposedly ? ? Saga of the Noble Dead No Fatal It paralyzes them , but it is n't fatal No Fatal No No No No No No The loss of their blood , the attacks of a Majay - hi and magical weapons weakens them . Doctor Who Great Vampires : Yes No No No No No No No No No No Destroying their hearts Vampires : Yes Yes Yes Yes ? ? Yes Yes Yes No No Age rapidly to the point of death when their creator is destroyed Dance in the Vampire Bund Fatal Fatal Fatal ? Fatal No No No No No No Severe damage to their bodies is fatal . BloodRayne series Fatal Fatal Fatal Fatal Fatal No Yes Yes Fatal No No The poison of a dhampir is deadly for them . Vamps Fatal Fatal Fatal ? Yes ? ? Yes No No No ? The Strain Only if is made of silver Yes Yes ? ? Yes No No Unless is invited / assisted by a human No No Ultraviolet light and nuclear energy are fatal . Blood Alone Yes Yes ? ? ? ? ? ? Yes No ? ? Anno Dracula series Fatal Elder vampires have a greater tolerance Fatal Only some bloodlines Fatal Yes Only if the vampire believes is a weakness Only if the vampire believes is a weakness Only some bloodlines Only some bloodlines No Sick or a dead person 's blood can hurt them . Hotel Transylvania Yes Harmful , but not immediately fatal ? ? Yes ? Discomforting , possibly harmful ? No No No ? Vampireology Immobilizes No Only to Ba'als Do not need to breathe Only to Molochs Yes Yes Not the holy symbol itself , but the faith of the person holding it No No Yes Vampires can only be permanently killed by the sword of Michael . Blood Moon Fatal if made of silver Exposure causes dehydration , sunburn , and eventually death Fatal Yes Fatal Fatal No No No No No Werewolf venom / saliva burns like silver . Shadowspawn series As for humans No As for humans As for humans As for humans Not inherently harmful , but disrupts magic No No No No No If killed in the right way , they can become post-corporeal permanent night - walkers . Night - walking : not sure Yes Probably ? ? ? Yes Probably not Probably not No Probably not If a living Shadowspawn is killed in their night - walking form , the body becomes comatose and eventually dies . Shadowrun Fatal , but only if fashioned from wood , although the Nosferatu are immune Yes ; While in sunlight , vampires suffer a penalty to all actions , physically weakened , slowed by half , and if exposed for too long , they begin to suffer bodily damage . Fatal ; severe brain or spinal injuries are also sufficient enough to kill them Oxygen deprivation induces a coma - like state until their body is reintroduced to an oxygenated environment Fatal ? ? ? No , although a vampire 's body is less buoyant then a human body thus rendering them poor swimmers compared to humans No No If a vampire is cut off from breathable air , they will eventually fall into a coma until exposed to good air again ; vampires become sick to their stomachs within an hour of eating human food or drink and are especially sickened by alcoholic drinks . AdventureQuest No Yes As for humans As for humans Yes No ? No No No No ? Vampire in Brooklyn Yes Exact effect unknown , but is avoided ? ? ? ? No Yes ? ? ? ? The Shadowhunter Chronicles ( The Mortal Instruments ) Vampires : Yes Angel blood can eliminate weakness . Yes No Yes Yes No Depending on the believes of the vampire No No No Seraph Blades or bleeding them dry can kill them . Daylighter : Yes No Yes No Yes No No Depending on the believes of the vampire No No No Seraph Blades can kill them . Penny Dreadful Yes ? Yes ? ? ? ? It bothers them ? No ? Hurting the brain or killing the vampire master is fatal for the infected vampires . Kate Daniels novels ? Can be blocked with thick sunblock Fatal ? ? ? ? No No No No Can be killed by gross physical trauma , such as gunfire Den of Shadows If is n't powerful enough to regenerate ? If is n't powerful enough to regenerate No Fatal No No ? No ? No Magic is harmful for them . From Dusk till Dawn series Fatal Fatal Fatal No ? No No No No No No Culebra venom incapacitates them . Monster High ? Yes ? ? ? ? Yes ? ? Yes ? ? inFamous : Festival of Blood Fatal Fatal , although they can survive a few moments of exposure ? Only Cole Fatal Yes ? The Barbed Cross can instantly kill weaker vampires if struck No Yes ? Bloody Mary can only be harmed / killed by The Barbed Cross . Kitty Norville novels Yes Yes ? ? ? ? ? Holy water ? Yes ? ? American Horror Story : Hotel Yes Only weakened during daylight hours Yes Yes Yes No No No No No No They can be killed with firearms , due to hemorrhages and bleeding or after severe physical trauma ; not feeding on blood causes their bodies to decay and their minds to become feral . Tsukuyomi : Moon Phase Fatal Fatal within moments of exposure , except for day walkers and those able to bend light ? ? Fatal ? Irritates their sensitive sense of smell Holy water burns them and a cross induces a `` bad feeling '' Yes ; they can not swim in running water No No Ama - vampires are immune to a `` Vampire 's Kiss '' and if a servant vampire drinks their blood they will be freed of their master . Vampire Cheerleaders Fatal Exposure can cause an agonizing sunburn , but they can adapt ? No Yes ? Yes No ? Yes ? ? Innistrad Fatal No Fatal No Fatal Unsettles them and reflects their true mortal self No Only when the symbol has been properly blessed or is wielded by the faithful Only if the moon is reflected in the water No No Any weapon can harm or kill them , although wood is especially effective against them . Blood Lad No No ? ? ? Yes ? No No No No Heart extraction is fatal . Shiki Fatal Fatal Fatal No Fatal Yes ? Yes ? Yes ? Starvation will kill them and extreme physical trauma can incapacitate them . Warhammer Fatal , but only if it is fashioned from a special wood such as , ash , hawthorn , or rosewood Yes ; direct sunlight halves their power and injuries them per minute of exposure , regardless of the toughness of their physical body ; some vampires ' wills are so strong that they can over-come this weakness Fatal No Fatal Yes , however some may be weak to the dwarven metal Gromril or the elven metal Ithilmar Only in some bloodlines or individual , however some may be repelled by rarer herbs like Daemons - root or Witchbane Mortals who present holy icons can sometimes repel them , although some vampires are so cognizant of their freedom from the spiritual realm , that they fear no Gods or Daemons Yes , although for the purpose of this weakness , the water must be at least a yard across , a foot deep , and have a current ; vampires can overcome this weakness through sheer force of will Only some vampires Only some vampires Vampires can possess other weaknesses that vary from vampire to vampire such as , the herbs Daemonsroot and / or Witchbane , sawdust , embalming fluid , the dwarven metal Gromril or the elven metal Ithilmar or even the blood of an innocent victim ( rare ) , powerful magic and divine power can harm or kill them . Seraph of the End No , although ripping their heart out does convert them into a demon if not returned to the vampire Exposure to UV light will produce a toxin in their blood , however they can wear protective gear to neutralize this effect It will paralyze them , but it is n't fatal No ? ? No No No No No Destroying their heads entirely will kill them ( a single bullet is not sufficient ) ; cursed gear and enchanted gear can limit their healing or outright kill them . Interviews with Monster Girls Fatal Non-fatal , although exposure to strong sunlight feels very unpleasant for them ? ? ? ? No No No ? No ? The Witcher Lower Vampires : Some , but not all breeds No ; most breeds of vampires have long since adapted to the sun 's light Fatal No Fatal Fatal Only in the games , not the books No No No No Vulnerable to an alchemical oil applied to weapons Higher Vampires : No No No ; they will eventually regenerate No No ; magical flames can injure them , but they will eventually regenerate No ; they will eventually regenerate Only in the games , not the books No No No No Can only be permanently killed by the bite of another higher vampire The Adventures of Dr. McNinja Fatal Fatal Fatal ? ? ? Yes Yes ? Yes Yes ? Jump up ^ Although Lestat mentions that he develops a fondness for counting , it is not a true weakness . Jump up ^ Discworld vampires are immortal ; even fatal weaknesses only reduce them to ash . A drop of blood can restore them to full health if it comes in contact with the ashes Jump up ^ Cultural aversion to sunlight . Sufficiently bright light can also turn them to ash ^ Jump up to : Cultural aversion Jump up ^ Cultural aversion to all religious symbols Jump up ^ Vampires believe that dying in running water prevents the soul from entering the afterlife . Jump up ^ In Rosario + Vampire Capu2 episode 8 , Moka is repelled by Tsukune 's body odor when he eats garlic . However , it is not addressed as a vulnerability in the manga series . Jump up ^ Marceline is seen entering people 's houses uninvited but seems to have prior , largely unknown claims to extensive amounts of property across the Land of Ooo . In the Stakes miniseries , it is revealed that she possessed the power of a healing vampire , The Moon , allowing her to be unaffected by traditional vampire killing rituals . Supernatural powers ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) It is common in fiction for vampires to gain additional , uncommon powers as they age . Certain vampires may have abilities that are unique to them or a small group of others . These have been noted as ' Gifted ' . Setting Immortal Enhanced Strength Enhanced Senses Enhanced Speed Unnatural Healing Flight Shapeshifting / Absorption Psychic Powers Psychokinesis Pyrokinesis Other European Folklore Implied Yes Yes Yes Yes Some Yes Some Some poltergeist - like activity No Various other powers based upon region such as control over nocturnal animals or the ability to spread plagues North American folklore Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Some Nocturnal animals and mist Yes No No ? Daybreakers Yes No Enhanced senses of smell No Yes No No No No No If they abstain from blood for too long they mutate into Subsiders . Varney the Vampire Yes Yes ? ? Regenerates in moonlight ? ? Yes ? No ? Carmilla ( 1871 ) Implied Yes , grip can paralyze limbs temporarily ? Yes Powers are enhanced in moonlight ? Monstrous cat ? ? ? Becomes incorporeal at will ( vanishes , goes through solid barriers / doors ) Bram Stoker 's Dracula Yes Yes Yes Yes Limited ; Dracula still possessed a scar where Harker had struck him with a shovel months ago Yes Wolf , bat ( also giant bat ) , dust , fog - possibly dog as well . Can also impersonate Jonathan Harker . Can impersonate a coachman and a doorman ( though it is not known if he only used darkness to disguise himself or a little magic as well in addition to that darkness ) Yes , the hunters track Dracula through his telepathic link with Mina . Improbable , as he would then have carried his boxes on his own ( though he might still have been too weak to use that hypothetical magical power ) Plausible , since he started a massive fire and the characters who were not present when he did it simply had to guess he may have used a match , but they can not prove anything Control of nocturnal animals , wolves and rats mentioned specifically . At least one vampire ( if not all ) is able to shrink to fit under a door . Hypothetical array of other powers ( due to former magical scholarship - undocumented , and very briefly mentioned by Dr. Van Helsing ) ; lizard - like climbing abilities Nosferatu Yes Yes ? Yes Yes ? Wolf ? Yes No Rats and plague follow the vampire . Van Helsing Yes Yes Yes Yes , but it resembles teleporting Yes In winged creature form Winged bat / demon - like creature ? No No Vampires can walk on walls and ceilings . Anne Rice 's Vampire Chronicles Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Extremely old vampires No Most Very old vampires Very old vampires Most are able to walk on walls and ceilings . Children of the Millennia can cause blood vessels to rupture . All vampires have enhanced memories . Twilight saga Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Gifted No Gifted Gifted vampires can have a variety of different abilities . Buffy Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Only Dracula Gifted No No ? Blade Yes Yes Yes ; vampires can also see in ultraviolet Yes Yes ; also , Frost / La Magra merger regenerates lost limbs instantly ( see `` other '' ) No Only Dracula and La Magra , the latter can shed his skin , turning into a ball of fire to methodically stalk his prey ( gained from the Ligaroo tribe ) . Only La Magra , which can control minds , matter and the elements ( gained from the Faustinas tribe ) . No No Deacon Frost , when merged with La Magra was impervious to silver , is able to day - walk due to Blade 's blood , and can instantly turn any human in his path into vampires . Ultraviolet Yes Yes Enhanced sense of smell Yes Yes No No No No No ? 30 Days of Night ( 2002 ) Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No No ? Discworld Yes Yes Yes Yes Can be resurrected from ashes As a bat or as a `` human '' Yes Yes No No Overcome inherent weaknesses with psychological conditioning Batman & Dracula Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No ? Vampire Academy Only the Strigoi Yes Yes Only the Strigoi Spirit users can heal . No Yes Some , not all . No Vampires that are fire users . All Moroi have an extra power : water , earth , air and sometimes spirit . True Blood Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Gifted Only if they had the power before they turned . Can `` glamour '' humans , erase memories and bend their will Gifted No Standard : Eidetic memory , voice imitation , maker abilities ( calling , commanding , empathetic link , and releasing ) ; Unique Powers : advanced vampiric abilities , advanced progeny calling , astral projection , blood abilities , advanced glamour , haemokinesis , intangibility , invisibility , precognition , self - control , species detection , telekinesis , teleportation , and immunity to stakes , fire , silver , and invitations ; vampire blood can heal humans and has numerous drug - like qualities . The Little Vampire Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Can climb any surface and may hang from the ceiling to sleep The Vampire Diaries Novels : Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes They can control the elements , animals and the weather . Television series : Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Only in the first episode ; retconned soon after No Vampires can compel humans . Originals can compel vampires , vampire / werewolf hybrids and humans . No No Dream manipulation ; vampire blood heals humans ; can `` turn off humanity '' Count Chocula Yes Yes No Yes ? Yes Bat No Able to levitate marshmallows Electrokinesis Turns into milk chocolate , 15 vitamins and minerals Count Duckula ? No No No No No Yes ? No No Teleportation Vampire Hunter D Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Gifted Some can turn into mist . Yes Gifted Gifted Various other powers that vary greatly between individual members of the Nobility . Sesame Street Yes No ? No ? No No Hypnosis , now discontinued ? Can generate thunder by counting Preternatural counting abilities Let the Right One In Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Limited Sending memories through kiss No No Are able to walk on walls Young Dracula Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes They have other abilities , like weather manipulation , among others . Preacher Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Limited Yes No Some Ability to walk on walls and ceilings , briefly read the minds of those they drink from , other unspecified abilities American Vampire Old World bloodline : Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Gifted bloodlines Gifted bloodlines No No ? American bloodline : Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No No No ? Hellsing Yes Yes Long range vision Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes ? Powerful vampires can pass through walls , shadow and blood manipulation , can summon the souls of those he has previously consumed . Anita Blake : Vampire Hunter Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes , but wounds from silver heal slowly . Holy water inhibits healing . Gifted Rare Telepathy is stronger after biting , can enthrall with eyes Gifted Gifted Call animals , drain power from sired vampires , rot without damage ( dependent on bloodline ) World of Darkness Yes Gifted Gifted Gifted Yes Gifted Gifted Gifted Gifted Gifted Vast number of potential Disciplines ; consumption of a vampire 's blood three times causes blood bonding , an imposed state of intense love . Being Human ( BBC ) Yes Yes Enhanced sense of smell Yes Yes No No Gifted No No ? Being Human ( Syfy ) Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes No No ? The Saga of Darren Shan Extended life Yes Yes Yes Saliva has healing powers No No Among higher ranking full vampires and briefly during transformation into a vampire ; not exclusive to vampires Only illusion of telekinesis No Exhales gas that causes unconsciousness in humans , Runs at high speeds outside normal space Moonlight Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Can be developed with age No No ? The Parasol Protectorate Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No No No ? Blood Omen / Legacy of Kain Yes Yes Enhanced sense of smell Yes Yes Ancient Vampires were able to fly , Kain can levitate , and Raziel can glide Wolf , bat swarm , and mist Gifted Gifted Gifted Corruptions caused some clans to gain abilities others did not . Some powers are also granted by the Reaver or by consuming the blood or the soul of some characters . Night Watch Yes Yes Yes ? Yes Gifted Gifted ( giant bat ) Yes Yes Yes Ability to lure prey to the vampire Underworld Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Only Markus in his winged creature form Only hybrids Through drinking their blood No No Selene and her daughter can perceive through each other psychically and can cling to surfaces . Chibi Vampire / Karin Extended life , potentially beyond 1000 years Yes Yes Yes Yes Some No Memory erasure and hypnotic barriers No No Adult vampires and some children can control bats . Spring of Psyche vampires can not control bats or erase minds , but produce blood rather than sucking blood . Night World Lamias : They are immortal if they want to Yes Yes Yes Yes No Only Maya Hearth - Woman Yes No No Maya can perform magic . Made Vampire : Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes No No ? Dungeons & Dragons Yes Yes Yes No Yes By shape shifting Bat , wolf , cloud of smoke Yes No No They can walk on walls and ceilings , are resistant to the cold and electricity and any magic associated with either , and command over nocturnal animals . Forever Knight Yes Yes Heat / night vision Yes Yes Yes No Ability to persuade through mesmerism No No Necroscope Yes Yes Yes No Yes Some Yes Yes No No Killglance , necromancy , and precognition Moon Child Yes Yes ? Yes Yes ? No No No No ? Abraham Lincoln , Vampire Hunter Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Hazy mist - like form No No No Can make themselves invisible The Lost Boys Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No ? Dark Shadows ( 1966 ) Yes Yes ? Either this or teleportation Yes Yes Bat Hypnosis Yes No Time travel , necromancy , possibly teleportation House of Night Blue Vampyres : Yes Stronger than humans , but not unnaturally so Yes Faster than humans , but not unnaturally so Depends on vampire affinity No No No Depends on vampire affinity Depends on vampire affinity Most are specially talented or have an affinity for one thing or skill . Red Vampyres : Yes ? Yes Faster than humans , but not unnaturally so Depends on affinity No No Yes Depends on affinity Depends on affinity Most are specially talented or have an affinity for one thing or skill . Frostbiten ( 2006 ) Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No No Vampires can scale walls and roofs with no support at all and talk to dogs Dresden Files : White Court Very long - lived , but may not be truly unaging Only when boosted ? Only when boosted Only when boosted No No Induce and harvest emotions ? ? Normally about human in power , but can boost to superhuman using harvested emotional energy Dresden Files : Black Court Either immortal , or very long - lived Yes Yes Yes Yes ? ? Can create thralls and `` renfields '' ( insane , violent , permanent thralls ) ? ? Can control or alter animals and are capable of learning and using magic Dresden Files : Red Court Either immortal , or very long - lived Yes Yes Yes Yes ? Can change from human - looking to natural bat - like form by removing outer skin Potent narcotic , euphoric , addictive saliva ? ? ? The Sims In The Sims 2 , but not The Sims 3 where they only had an extremely long life cycle ( might die from external causes ) Yes No Yes No In bat form Bat Some No No Powers vary by entry in franchise Touhou Yes Yes Yes Yes Implied they can recover from anything as long as the head is undamaged Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Remilia Scarlet : fate manipulation ; Flandre Scarlet : destruction of anything ; magic Fright Night Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes By shape - shifting into a bat Bat , wolf , mist ? ? ? Stick to ceilings Marvel Comics Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Some vampires can control the weather and some animals ; pseudo-vampires do n't have these powers . We Are the Night ( 2010 ) Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No No No Walk on walls . Blood : The Last Vampire Extended life Yes Yes Yes Yes Except for Saya Except for Saya No No No ? Blood+ Only Queens and Chevaliers Yes Yes Yes Yes Only Chevaliers when they shape shift Only Queens and Chevaliers No No No ? Trinity Blood Methuselahs : Extended life Yes Yes Yes Yes Only a certain type called Fairies No No No Gifted Methuselah also possess varying individual abilities , like the forming of a blades that come out of their arms , claws , or even prehensile hair ; some Methuselah have displayed an ability to control some elemental powers such as fire and ice . Crusniks : Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No All Crusniks have a variety of different abilities . Supernatural Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Only the Alpha vampire No No ? DC Comics Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Only Andrew Bennett No Andrew Bennett can do magic Sanctuary Yes Yes ? Yes Yes No No No No No They have the ability to understand another person 's identity and native language by tasting their blood . Rosario + Vampire Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Some , when shapeshift into bat Gifted Yes No No ? Charmed Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes In bat form Yes Yes No No They are immune to witches ' powers and can hang or cling to ceilings . Wizards of Waverly Place Yes Yes Smell Yes Yes By turning her arms into wings Yes No No No Sleep control Gantz No Yes No Yes No No No No No No Are able to spawn weapons from their bodies Blindsight ( 2007 ) No , but can hibernate for decades to avoid overhunting its food supply Yes ; due to increased ATP production Yes ; due to tapetum lucidum and tetrachromatic vision Yes ; due to thicker axons increasing nerve impulse transmission speed No No No No No No Altered brain structure provides omnisavantic pattern - matching and analytical skills . Adventure Time Yes Yes Yes Yes Gifted Gifted Gifted Gifted Gifted Gifted Can drain the color red from objects instead of feeding on blood , become invisible , and animate corpses Vampire Knight Only the Purebloods , the other levels are long lived Yes Yes Yes Yes Gifted Gifted Gifted Gifted Gifted Gifted vampires can have a variety of different abilities Castlevania series Yes Yes Yes Yes Only the vampires in Castlevania : Lords of Shadow Yes Yes Gifted Gifted Yes Some can manipulate electricity , black magic , summon bats and Dracula can resurrect every 100 years . Split Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes No No Some can possess people . Tsukihime True Ancestors : Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes ? ? Some can manipulate reality and move from one place to another by recreating their body . Dead Apostles : Imperfect Immortality Yes Yes Yes Yes No Gifted ; by absorbing mystical beasts Gifted No No Gifted Dead Apostles can summon familiars and become invisible ; mages that became Dead Apostles through magical means , can still perform magic afterwards ; when injured The Curse of Restoration turns their time backwards to a point in which they were unharmed . Stargate Yes Yes Night and thermal vision Yes Yes No No Yes No No Wraiths can take or give life - force Hollows series Living Vampires ( Low and High Blood ) : No Yes Yes Yes No No No No No No Living High Blood vampires are empath and pull an aura . Undead : Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes No No ? Black Blood Brothers Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Gifted bloodlines Rare ; Only the Warlock bloodline ( the only known members of this bloodline are Cassandra Jill Warlock and Cain Warlock Yes Gifted ; vampires of broken bloodlines are unlikely to master this ability Only Zelman Clock 's bloodline of which he is the only survivor Vampires can possess a variety of other powers based on bloodline or individual ; The Dark Princess of the North can manipulate the weather . Stephen King Type One : Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Possibly ; Barlow could cause an entire house to shake in the movie . No Can control magical bugs Type Two : Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No ? Type Three : ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? No No ? Vampirella Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Vampirella can manipulate shadows and blood , and induces sexual arousal . The Elder Scrolls Yes Yes , except for the vampires of the Sanguinare vampiris strain Sight Yes , except for the vampires of the Sanguinare vampiris Yes Gifted Only Vampire Lords Most vampire clans , but not all Only Vampire Lords Only the vampires of Arena Various unique powers based on clan , such as invisibility , silencing mages , reanimating corpses , poisonous claws , summoning gargoyles , enhanced magic and skills , and numerous resistances My Babysitter 's a Vampire Vampires : Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Gifted No ? Fledgling : Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No No No ? Jojo 's Bizarre Adventure Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Only by inserting a bit of own flesh into victim 's head No No Dio Brando can shoot blood from his eyes at high speeds and freeze a person 's blood by touching them . The Librarian series Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes In dust No No No Dreams manipulation David Wellington Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No No No ? Darkstalkers Yes Yes ? No Yes Yes Yes No No Yes He can manipulate his cape , create protective auras and temporarily change the gender of male opponents The Historian Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes In animal form Yes No No No ? Itsuka Tenma no Kuro Usagi Possibly , or very long life . Do not age , and can change their apparent age to their liking Yes ? Yes Yes Yes No No No Yes Saitohimea has a lot of magic Monogatari series Yes , but resurrections require energy and can only be done by vampires that had lived long enough Yes ? Yes Yes Ones that had lived long enough can grow wings at will Yes , although it 's implied that not all vampires possess this ability ? ? ? Can drain the energy of others and generate matter ; can change the length of their hair ; can do very long jumps ; if given massive enough energy source , Kiss - Shot can summon a temporary time portal . Saga of the Noble Dead Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes No No Some vampires can control animals and all vampires have to obey the orders of the one who turned them . Doctor Who Great Vampires : Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No No No ? Vampires : Extended life Yes Yes Yes Yes Some Some Yes Some No ? Dance in the Vampire Bund Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Only if they have wings in their true form Some vampires can assume their true form Some No No Gifted vampires can have a variety of different abilities . BloodRayne Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Gifted ; in bat / raven form Gifted ; Zerenski could turn into a flock of bats and Rayne gained the ability to become a raven . Gifted ; Rayne 's ghostly double can enter and control others No No Gifted vampires and dhampir , like Kagan or Rayne , can have a variety of extra abilities others may not have . Vamps Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes No No Gifted vampires can have a variety of different abilities The Strain Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes No No They can transfer their consciousness from one human host to another . Blood Alone Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes No No The elders have different special abilities . Anno Dracula series Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Gifted bloodlines Gifted bloodlines Gifted bloodlines Gifted bloodlines Gifted bloodlines Powers vary outside of their physical capabilities based upon their bloodline . Hotel Transylvania Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Mostly in bat form Bat ; standard form can grow claws Powerful hypnosis ; can control beasts or men , rewrite memories ; requires eye contact Yes No Can walk on walls and ceilings in defiance of gravity ; able to induce lasting paralysis in beasts or men . Vampireology Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes in animal form Yes Yes No No ? Blood Moon Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes No No Can swap locations with their Bat familiars , making it appear as if they turned into the animal Shadowspawn series Very long - lived , can become theoretically immortal post-corporeal night - walkers Yes Yes Yes Yes Only in some forms Only when night - walking ; can become anything or anyone they have the DNA of Manipulation of chance , telepathy , possession of bodies emptied by a nightwalker 's death Yes Yes All of their powers derive from extreme manipulation of chance . Shadowrun ( vampires and nosferatu ) Yes ; they do not age and can live for centuries or even millennia Yes , although they are not physically strong to a supernatural degree Yes ( also possesses thermographic vision ) Yes , although they are not fast to a supernatural degree Yes Gifted Yes ; all vampires are able to change into a misty form and vampire magic users may be able to use magic to assume animal forms . Only the Nosferatu strain possess this as a natural ability and even then , it is limited ; they can also invoke extreme fear in others . Gifted Gifted Immunity to poisons , toxins , and diseases and they are capable of using magic and the transformation may unlock latent magical potential . AdventureQuest ? Yes ? No No No No No No No No Vampire in Brooklyn Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Wolf , bat , fog , and can shapeshift into other humans Yes Yes Yes Can cast spells of illusion , can possibly turn invisible or teleport The Shadowhunter Chronicles ( The Mortal Instruments ) Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Can control certain mortals Penny Dreadful Yes Yes ? Yes Yes No No Only master vampires No No ? Kate Daniels novels Immortal , or at least capable of reaching great ages Yes ? Yes ? No No No , but they can relay communication from necromancer pilot . No No Extraordinarily good climbers ; non-sapient , telepathically piloted by a necromancer ( bloodthirsty mindless monsters , otherwise ) Den of Shadows Yes Yes ? Yes Yes As a winged animal Some Some ? ? They can teleport and some have special abilities . From Dusk till Dawn series Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Only those who have wings Yes Yes No No They are able to walk on walls and ceilings . Monster High Yes ? ? ? ? In bat form In a bat ? ? ? Can control bats inFamous : Festival of Blood Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Swarm of bats Yes Only Bloody Mary No All of Bloody Mary 's vampires must obey her ; Firstborns can disguise themselves as humans . Kitty Norville novels Yes Yes ? Yes Yes ? ? Can hypnotically control to some extent , if you meet their eyes ? ? Older vampires are more powerful . American Horror Story : Hotel Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Implied No No ? Tsukuyomi : Moon Phase Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Gifted Gifted Yes Gifted Gifted They can telepathically communicate with and control those they have bitten or turned ; each vampire possesses their own special ability from the start of their birth / creation ; can mimic the special abilities of other vampires , though not perfectly , by sucking their blood and / or eating their flesh . Vampire Cheerleaders Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Can `` Glamour '' humans , erase memories , and bend their will No No Can enthrall humans through unexplained means Innistrad Yes Yes ; they are twice as strong as a human and can enhance it further with magic Gifted Gifted ; they can enhance their speed with magic Gifted ; Sangromancy magic can transfer consumed blood into health Gifted ; Falkenrath Elders are more likely to master this power Gifted ; the Voldaren Elders can more easily master magic that makes it possible to assume various animal forms and the Stromkirk Elders can dissolve their bodies into a cloud of mist . Gifted ; the Markov Elders possess a special affinity for psychic magic . Gifted ; the Markov Elders possess a special affinity for psychic magic . Gifted ; the Markov Elders possess a special affinity for psychic magic . Vampires are magic users and are able to develop new powers through magickal study and may learn a vampiric form of glamer ( quasi-illusion magic ) that enables them to alter what nearby humans think they 're perceiving when they look at the vampire and they can emanate a two - foot - wide aura of silence at will . Blood Lad Possibly immortal or just long lived Yes Yes Yes Yes Gifted No Gifted ? ? Vampires are naturally able to use magic Shiki Yes No , but they are stronger than most humans Yes Yes Yes Yes No Can manipulate the body , mind , and soul of their victims by consuming their blood No No They can command animals as well , not just humans . Warhammer Yes ; since vampires possess no true soul they are able to be resurrected quite easily compared to humans Yes , although this power is best represented among the Strigoi and the Blood Dragons Enhanced sense of smell Gifted ; Lahmians are well - known for their quick and brutal attacks . Gifted ; vampires are able to utilize their blood or dark magick in order to knit their wounds far more quickly than a mortal . Gifted ; can be achieved through magick or by shape - shifting Gifted vampires can assume the form of a large bat , a swarm of bats , ravens , flies , beetles , or cockroaches , a wolf , or a supernatural cloud of mist , although most of these powers are more common / represented in certain bloodlines . Gifted ; best represented among the Lahmians , although all are capable of transfixing their prey Gifted Gifted Vampires are a diverse race of beings whose powers vary greatly based upon bloodline and their own individuality . Seraph of the End Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No ? ? ? Vampire made weapons can `` drink '' vampire blood and become stronger . Interviews with Monster Girls ? No , although this might just be because Hikari is still young Yes No , although this might just be because Hikari is still young ? No , although this might just be because Hikari is still young No , although this might just be because Hikari is still young No , although this might just be because Hikari is still young No , although this might just be because Hikari is still young No , although this might just be because Hikari is still young ? The Witcher Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Some , including all higher vampires Some , including all higher vampires Some , including all higher vampires No No Invisibility , retractable claws , higher vampires can control weaker vampires . The Adventures of Dr. McNinja ? Yes Yes Yes ? Yes Smoke , Bat , Dog ? ? ? ? Jump up ^ In the film , vampires could levitate . Jump up ^ This is disputed , since Dr. Karen Jenson was in the same area where La Magra and Blade 's battle took place and was not instantly turned , though it 's probable that La Magra needs to concentrate his powers in order to actually turn humans ) . Jump up ^ Most vampiric powers in the World of Darkness are the result of Disciplines , which must be learned . Thus , while all the powers on this list are available to any vampire , immortality and unnatural healing are the only two they 're all guaranteed to have ^ Jump up to : Magical ability not limited to vampires Reproduction and feeding ( edit ) Setting Fertile Reproduce via bite Reproduce via transfusion Reproduce via consumption of vampire blood after bite Inhabited by demons Diet Effects on victims Other / notes European Folklore Yes Upon death No Some Yes ? ? ? Varney the Vampire ? Yes ? ? No ? ? ? Bram Stoker 's Dracula Not stated by author but theories exist that he has a family No Yes Yes No Human blood ? ? Nosferatu ? Yes ? ? No ? ? ? Van Helsing Baby vampires are born dead and must be reanimated . Yes ? ? No Human blood ? ? Anne Rice 's Vampire Chronicles No No Yes Yes Yes , although their actions are not controlled by the spirit inhabiting them . May feed on animal blood , but it is less nutritious ? ? Twilight series Male vampires can reproduce with female humans . Yes No No No Human and animal blood ? ? Buffy No No Yes Yes Yes Can consume human or animal blood Affects the pleasure centers of the brain ? Blade Vampires : Yes Yes Yes ? No Human blood ? Extremely rarely , something goes horribly wrong in the transition from human to vampire , resulting in a `` Revenant '' , a malformed zombie - like creature . These `` mistakes '' are unpredictable , not understood . Some Pure - Bloods are born with an anomaly where a vampire became a ghoulish being without any regenerative capability . Reapers : ? Yes No No No Human and vampire blood Inject a neurotoxin to paralyze their victims ? Ultraviolet No Yes Yes No No ? ? ? 30 Days of Night ( 2002 ) No Yes Yes ? No Human blood ? Scratches Discworld Yes If desired ? ? No Human and animal blood ? ? True Blood No No Shown when Eric turns the Governor 's Daughter in Season 6X04 The human being turned must be buried alive in the ground afterward . No Can consume human , animal , or artificial blood ? ? The Little Vampire No The victim becomes a mindless vampire No Yes No ? ? ? The Vampire Diaries ( Novel and television series ) No No If killed while vampire blood is still in the system ? No Novels : Human or animal blood ; in the television series : human , animal and vampire blood ; food gives them little nutrients . ? Magic ritual Count Chocula ? ? ? ? No ? ? ? Sesame Street ? ? ? ? Inhabited by a human hand ? ? ? Vampire Academy Moroi : Yes No No No No Human blood and food , but only blood gives them the nutrients they need Induces emotional and physical euphoria Strigoi : No No No Yes No Human , dhampir or Moroi blood Induces emotional and physical euphoria If Moroi purposefully kills another person while feeding turns into a Strigoi . House of Night ? No No No No Human and blood Pleasurable for both human and vampyre , and may lead to a strong bond , called `` Imprinting '' Some teenagers are changed into vampyres when adolescent hormones trigger a strand of DNA . If they pass the Change , they become blue vampyres , otherwise if they die they can be somehow resurrected and become Red Vampyres . Hellsing ? Provided the other is a virgin of the opposite sex ; otherwise creates ghouls ? ? No Human blood and flesh ? FREAKs ( artificial vampires ) are created by chips implanted in their bodies . Young Dracula Yes Yes No No No Human blood ? ? Let the Right One In ? Yes Yes ? No Human and animal blood ? ? Count Duckula ? No Yes ? No ? ? ? Vampire Hunter D Yes Usually creates servants ? ? ? ? ? ? Night World Lamias : Yes No Turn the human into a made vampire ; however if the human does n't survive , becomes a ghoul No No Human blood or food ? ? Made Vampires : No No If the human does n't survive , becomes a ghoul No No Human blood ? ? Batman & Dracula No Yes No No No Human and animal blood ? ? Preacher ? Yes ? ? No Human and animal blood , can drink any beverages that human can ? ? American Vampire Old World bloodline : No No Yes ? No Human blood ? ? American bloodline : Yes , but it creates humans with vampire characteristics , not new vampires No No Yes ? Human blood Injects a venom that has a paralyzing effect on people ? Anita Blake : Vampire Hunter Only young male vampires can reproduce with a human mother , and may cause extreme birth defects . Yes ? ? No Human and lycanthrope blood feeds them ; they can also drink animal blood but is not a sufficient diet . ? ? World of Darkness Only `` thin bloods '' , those of the 15th ( and sometimes 14th ) Generation removed from Caine ; the offspring are natural ghouls , not vampires No No The victim must be drained to the point of death , otherwise it just creates a ghoul , a semi-immortal human All vampires must contend with `` the Beast '' , an Id - like entity Can consume human or animal blood , need at least 1 point ( ~ 400 ml ) / day ; some can eat food Victims usually entranced Consumption of vampire blood without draining makes a human effectively immortal , and gives them some powers , but does not make them a vampire . The effect wears off in about a month without subsequent doses . The Saga of Darren Shan No , with exclusion of Destiny 's `` children '' No Through cuts on fingers No No Vampires : Few drops of human blood and human food ; they can even drink alcoholic beverages . Vampaneze : all of the human blood ? ? Moonlight No No No The human must be near death . No ? ? ? The Parasol Protectorate ? Only females can create new vampires , and only if the recipient has enough soul ; it does n't happen with every feeding , see notes No Sort of ; see note No ? ? Making a new vampire involves simultaneously feeding ( with feeder fangs ) and injecting blood into the new vampire ( with maker fangs ) ; it does n't always work . Blood Omen / Legacy of Kain No , due to Hylden curse No . Kain is able to bite ( even kill ) his enemies without infecting them . Ancients infected humans with blood as did Human Hybrids besides Kain . The vampires of Kain 's empire were never documented . ? No Human blood ? Kain himself was created using the Heart of Darkness and Necromancy . Because of this , Kain had to create through a form of Necromancy , `` breathing '' his soul into a corpse , animating it and calling its soul back from the underworld . The soul was then itself vampiric , infected by Kain 's . Night Watch A vampire can have one single human child More or less complicated procedure , implied that the victim has to agree , but might be unnecessary No ? No Human blood , food is tasteless ? ? Underworld Yes Yes Yes ? No Human and animal blood ? ? Chibi Vampire / Karin Only full vampires . Half - human variants are sterile . No No No No Young vampires and human - vampire hybrids can consume human food . Loss of taste for human food occurs in normal vampires at puberty ; food begins to taste like sand . Following puberty , vampires and hybrids develop different `` tastes '' for different ( usually negative ) traits / emotions in humans . Temporary removal of trait / emotion in bitten human Human - vampire hybrids do not need to feed as often , but feeding causes the hybrid to be temporarily affected by all the weaknesses of full vampires . Being Human ( BBC ) No No No Yes No Human blood from a live human and food ? ? Being Human ( Syfy ) No ? Yes Yes No Human blood from a live human ( preserved or blood that is n't fresh from a human body will make a vampire weaker ) ? ? Dungeons & Dragons Yes Yes No ? No ? ? ? Forever Knight Vampires are sterile , and can cause the death of mortals if intercourse is attempted . If desired ? ? No ? ? ? Necroscope Males can have one egg son ; females can produce a multitude of eggs in a mass birth If desired Yes ? No Blood and human flesh , but other creatures and human food too during parties ? Inhaling or absorbing the cloud of spores from the `` mushrooms '' or by absorbing a leech 's egg Abraham Lincoln , Vampire Hunter No in the books , yes in the film No No Yes No ? ? ? The Lost Boys ? Yes ? Blood is given before death to create a half - vampire . No ? ? ? Moon Child ? ? ? ? No ? ? ? Dark Shadows ( 1966 ) Yes Yes ? ? ? Human and animal blood ? Witch 's curse and there is a debate about that the vampiric energy of Barnabas was transferred , curing Barnabas & bringing Adam to life . Frostbiten ( 2006 ) ? Yes Yes Yes It 's likely but not proven that the virus creating the vampires is of demonic nature as it would explain the clearly supernatural aspects the vampires . Human or animal blood ? ? Dresden Files : White Court Born basically human , become vampire after first feeding ( can become fully human instead ) , can have a fully human parent No No No Probably Feed off of emotions , also need ordinary human food Victims are sexually aroused , or terrified , depending on what emotion the vampire feeds off of ; feeding can be highly addictive , long - term feeding can form a slight psychic bond between vampire and victim . ? Dresden Files : Red Court ? ? ? Yes , with complications Yes ? Has an addictive effect on victims Multi-stage process ; potential vampire is infected , and gains some powers , then becomes a vampire after first feeding The Sims Yes Yes ? ? No Human blood or plasma fruit and derived products Induces slight discomfort Depends on the entry in the franchise Touhou ? Contradicting information ? ? Vampires are considered a kind of devil , but are not possessed ? ? ? Fright Night ? Yes , if desired ( only in original films ) ? ? ? Human blood ? ? Marvel Comics No Yes No No ? Human blood ; blood from animals or other vampires gives them little nutrients . ? ? We Are the Night ( 2010 ) No Yes ? No No ? ? ? Blindsight ( 2007 ) Yes Potentially by lateral gene transmission No No No Humans ? Can also be created by applying retroviral gene therapy to baseline humans Blood : The Last Vampire ? No With scientific assistance No No Human blood ? ? Blood+ Only Queens and Chevaliers No Only Queens blood No No Queens : Human or their Chevaliers blood ; food gives them nutrients , but diminishes their powers , chiropterans : human blood , but chevaliers may be able to live with food . ? ? Trinity Blood Methuselahs : Yes No No No No Human blood and food ? ? Crusniks : ? No No No No Vampire blood and food ? ? Supernatural No No Yes No No Human and animal blood ? ? DC Comics No Yes No No ? Human and animal blood ? ? Sanctuary Yes No Only in humans with vampire genes and in normal humans after electricity is used to revive them No No Human blood , but there is a special serum that can replace it ? ? Rosario + Vampire Yes No Yes No No Human blood and food Transfusion may turn humans into ghouls instead of vampires First Ancestor vampires can only be made by transfusing the blood of a First Ancestor vampire . Charmed No Yes No No ? Human blood ? ? Wizards of Waverly Place Yes No No No No Human blood and food ? ? Gantz ? ? ? ? No Human blood and food ? ? Adventure Time ? Yes ? ? No , however Marceline is of demonic descent Consume the color red Becomes white ? Vampire Knight Only the Pureblood Turn humans into vampires level D and E If a level E drinks the blood of the Pureblood that created them , the level E becomes a level C . No No Human blood and blood tablets ? ? Castlevania series Yes Only in Castlevania : Legacy of Darkness Yes No No ? ? Vampirism can also be brought by curses or the use of the Ebony Stone Split Yes Yes No No No Human blood or `` Doll - Bar '' ? ? Tsukihime True Ancestors : Yes Turn humans into Dead Apostles No No No Human blood , however , it is just a psychological impulse . ? The Earth and other True Ancestors can create more . Dead Apostles : No No Yes No No Human blood ? Magecraft Stargate Yes No No No No Life force from living beings , but only human gives them the nutrients they need Victim ages artificially Humans with Wraiths DNA can be turned into Wraiths by science . Hollows series Low Blood : ? No No No No Human blood or food , both of them gives them nutrients ? ? High Blood : Yes No No No No Human blood or food , both of them gives them nutrients ? If they die , they automatically become undead vampires . Undead : ? Turns humans into living low blood vampires If a low blood drinks undead blood after their death , they become undead vampires . No No Human blood Their saliva contains drugs that make the pain of a vampire 's bite feel like pleasure and can also sensitize their victims so that only that vampire can affect the victim . ? Stephen King Type One : No Turn humans in types two No No No Human blood ? ? Type Two : No Turn humans in types three No No No Human blood ? ? Type Three : ? No No No No Human blood or food Their bites contain an enzyme that causes temporary memory loss and disorientation in their victims . ? Black Blood Brothers No Only the Kowloon Children Vampires and Kowloon Children No No Human blood and food The bite of a vampire feels like pleasure to a human , but a Kowloon Child 's bite is painful and will turn the victim , even other vampires . ? Vampirella ? Yes ? ? No Human blood ? ? The Elder Scrolls Vampires : Yes In select circumstances No No No Human blood , sometimes animal blood ? Transmitted as a disease by magic or physical contact with a vampire Vampire Lords : ? In select circumstances No No No Human blood ? Can also be created through a ritual to Molag Bal My Babysitter 's a Vampire ? They become half - vampires No No No Can consume human or animal blood ? To become full - vampires , they have to drink human blood within 28 days of turning or they will die . JoJo 's Bizarre Adventure Yes No Yes No No Suck human blood through fingers ? ? The Librarian No Yes No No No Human blood ? ? David Wellington No No No No No Human blood ? To transfer the curse one must accept the vampire 's invitation to undeath , and then kill one 's self to be reborn . Darkstalkers Yes Yes No No No Human blood ? ? The Historian No Yes No No No Human blood ? ? Itsuka Tenma no Kuro Usagi Possibly , since they used to have a world of their own . No ? ? ? Anything that humans can consume ? ? Monogatari Implied If desired ? ? No Human blood and the blood of other `` Oddities '' ; can also eat human foods and beverages Might inherit the will or desire of the vampire ? Saga of the Noble Dead Yes ? ? ? ? Human blood , but some consume life essence ? ? Doctor Who Great Vampires : Yes Turn humans into vampires No No No Blood from any living being ? ? Vampires : No Yes No No No Only human blood gives them the nutrients they need . ? ? Dance in the Vampire Bund Yes Yes No No ? Human blood and a blood substitute ? ? BloodRayne series Yes ? ? ? No Human blood ? ? Vamps No Yes No No No Human blood ? ? The Strain Only with humans and creates damphir No No No No Human blood ? Direct contact by a worm through a wound or orifice or using a stinger in their tongue to infect humans with the worm Blood Alone No No No Yes No Human blood ? ? Anno Dracula series No Yes No No No Human and animal blood ? ? Hotel Transylvania Yes ? ? ? ? Artificial blood substitute ; human blood edible but unhealthy ? ? Vampireology No No No Yes No Only human blood may sustain them , though the Hunter somehow learned how to subsist on animal blood . ? ? Blood Moon Yes True vampires can , but a puppet 's bite is simply fatal . ? ? No Human blood If the victim is too old for transformation , the venom will burn and cause a painful death . ? Shadowspawn series Yes No No No No Eat normal human food , only really need blood to power abilities Feeding is addictive for victims . It may be possible to make a human into a Shadowspawn through genetic manipulation , but the technology is n't presently available . Shadowrun ? Only if the victim is drained of all their essence and even then , only humans become vampires / nosferatu , although elves will become nosferatu if infected with its strain and some metahumans have been reported expressing these outcomes of HMHVV No No No Human blood ? ? AdventureQuest Presumably No No No No Blood , although they can eat human food , but to little effect Leaves them more vulnerable to vampire curse , makes them woozy ? Vampire in Brooklyn Yes ? ? ? No Human blood , can drink wine ? ? The Shadowhunter Chronicles ( The Mortal Instruments ) No No No Yes , with complications , see `` other '' No Most can consume human or animal blood , but they can learn to eat human food to keep up appearances . Their saliva contains venom that make the pain of a vampire 's bite feel like pleasure and increase humans health for a short while For a human to be turned into a vampire , one must drink vampire blood , be bitten by other vampires , die , buried and then be reborn and brought back from the dead , then fed blood . Penny Dreadful No Yes No ? ? Human blood ? ? Kate Daniels novels Unknown , but they are unlikely to try Likely , as with any virus Likely , as with any virus Likely , as with any virus No Human or animal blood , possibly other things ? Intentional infection Den of Shadows No No If the blood is given seconds before death . If is n't do it right , the human became bloodbonded , not a vampire If is n't do it right , the human became bloodbonded , not a vampire No Human blood ? ? From Dusk till Dawn series No Yes No ? No Human blood Hallucinations , fever and sickness ? Monster High ? Yes ? ? No Human blood or iron supplements ? ? Kitty Norville novels ? Only if the vampire drains the victim ? ? ? Human blood , a few mouthfuls a night is usually sufficient ? It takes several days for a new vampire to awaken . American Horror Story : Hotel Human males can impregnate female vampires ; the babies are horribly deformed . No Yes ? No Human blood , they can eat food but do n't need it ? ? Tsukuyomi : Moon Phase Yes If desired ? ? No Human blood Enslaves the human to the vampire ? Vampire Cheerleaders ? If desired ? ? No Human blood , although they can eat human food as well Pleasure Vampire urine is stated to be oddly - colored Innistrad Plausible ; vampire children are present , although they could just be children that were turned into vampires . Yes , they can cut their own cheek or tongue during or prior to the bite in order to infect their victim 's blood with their own A newly sired vampire 's first `` meal '' must be the blood of their sire or they will perish by the next full moon . A newly sired vampire 's first meal must be the blood of their sire or they will perish by the next full moon . No Human blood ; their first `` meal '' must be the blood of their sire or they will perish by the next full moon . Plagues the victim with disturbing and erotic dreams ? Blood Lad Yes No ? ? They are considered a type of demon , but are not possessed Anything a human or demon can eat ? ? Warhammer No No Yes ? No Blood , although if they drink a dragon 's blood they will `` defeat '' their bloodthirst , never needing to drink again ? ? Seraph of the End No No Yes No No , although vampires will become demons under certain circumstances Human blood ? Vampires will become demons if they starve or if their hearts are ripped out and not returned to their chests in time . Interviews with Monster Girls ? ? ? ? No Blood , but they can survive off of human food if they desire instead Varies It appears that vampires can be born of human parents due to some sort of genetic mutation prior to birth . The Witcher Yes Only in the games ; such a thing is not possible in the books No No No Human blood ? Higher vampires can survive without blood , though drinking it strengthens and inebriates them . The Adventures of Dr. McNinja ? ? ? Yes ? Human blood , gorilla blood ( implied ) ? Gorillas can also be vampires . Jump up ^ Dracula and two of the three vampire sisters have `` high aquiline noses , like the Count 's '' which some people believe hints that Dracula and these two are related . A scene between them also reveals that Dracula is capable of love and that they know it . These pieces of information may or may not show that Dracula is fertile and that he has transformed his own daughters into vampire by incestuous means . However , the author does not give any more information on that subject , so this remains only a theory . Jump up ^ In the profile from The Embodiment of Scarlet Devil , it is stated that Remilia 's victims usually stay alive , which prevents her from increasing the numbers of her kind . In Perfect Memento in Strict Sense , humans sucked dry by a vampire are said to turn into zombies . Setting characteristics ( edit ) Setting Progenitor Source Dracula Supernatural Creatures Non-Vampire Lovers Rest in Coffins Vampire Society or Organizations Known to Human Society Terms and nicknames Carmilla ? ? No No Yes Yes ? Hidden ? Bram Stoker 's Dracula ? ? Title character Werewolves ( implied ) Witches ( mentioned ) Yes Yes Dracula and Brides . Also , gypsies are loyal to the count . Yes , villagers are aware ( to some extent , at least ) of the count 's nefarious nature and try to protect Harker ( by partly warning him and offering a religious object ) . ? Young Dracula ? Bite Father of title character Werewolves Zombies Ghosts Yes Yes All vampires are subjects of the `` Grand High Vampire '' and Vampire Council . ? ? Anne Rice 's Vampire Chronicles Akasha Demonic hybridization with humans No Psychics Witches Taltos Werebeasts / Werewolves ( possibly ; they are mentioned to exist in one novel , but these may have only been rumors ) Mummies Spirits Ghosts Angels Demons God Yes Yes They are mostly anarchic , but eventually the First Brood act as kings and queens . Hidden , Lestat tried to out them ? Twilight ? Believed to evolve alongside humans No Werewolves Shapeshifters Human / Vampire Hybrids Yes They never sleep The Volturis create and enforce all their laws Hidden ? Van Helsing The Devil ( Dracula ) Dracula 's bite ( brides , other vampires ) Main villain Werewolves Frankenstein 's Monster Warlocks ( mentioned ) Demons ( The Devil exists ) Angels ( Said to exist ) God ( The Christian God ) Yes Dracula is shown sleeping in a coffin Dracula , Dracula 's brides , other vampires , Dr. Frankenstein , Igor , Velkan Valerious ( as a werewolf ) The village in Transylvania knows of the vampires ' existence and flee in terror when they see one . ? Hellsing ? ? Title character Werewolves Catboy Ghouls Hellhound ( hound of the baskervilles ) Demons ( 1997 anime ) Baobhan Sith ( 1997 anime ) Yes Yes They serves different organizations , like the Hellsing Organization Hidden ? Nosferatu ? ? Count Orlok ( Dracula appears in the remake ) Werewolves No Yes Count Orlok only , but in the remake , Harker becomes a vampire after Van Helsing kills Dracula ( Orlok ) ? ? The Hunger ? Evolved humans whose blood acts as virus in normal humans No ? Yes ? ? Hidden ? Buffy Maloker Demonic hybridization with humans Yes Many Yes Only Dracula Usually live in packs The majority of humans remained unaware or in denial of the existence of vampires until Season Eight , when the existence of vampires became public knowledge . ? Blade Vampires : Dracula / Dagon / Drake Supernatural virus Yes Werewolves Revenants Some No Vampire society is broken up into houses and the combination of this houses form the Vampire Nation . Hidden ? Reapers : Jared Nomak Genetic sequencing of vampire DNA Yes ? No No They follow Nomak . Extinct ? Night World Maya Hearth - Woman Spell No Werewolves Witches Ghouls Shapeshifters Yes No Patriarchal Hidden ? Ultraviolet ? Virus No No Yes ? ? Hidden ? 30 Days of Night ( 2002 ) Vincente and his lover Lilith claimed that they were the parents of all other vampires . Being described as some kind of virus ? No In some cases ? ? Know with humans then became hidden ? Discworld ? ? No Werewolves Witches Zombies Igors Numerous others Yes Some Several organizations , most prominently the Vampire League of Temperance Yes ? True Blood Lilith ( possibly ) ? In the books Maenads Shapeshifters Witches Weres Fairies Demons ( books ) Yes They can choose to rest in coffins or beds They have a hierarchy with The Authority at the top , magisters in the middle , kings and queens in third place and sheriffs at the bottom . Out since invention of Trublood Fangs The Little Vampire ? A comet of soul which fell to the earth hundreds of years ago No No Yes ? ? Hidden ? The Vampire Diaries Novels : The Old Ones ? No Werewolves Kitsune Phantoms Angels Malach Witches Yes No ? Hidden ? Television series : The Originals A ritual spell cast by a Witch ? Werewolves Vampire / Werewolf Hybrid Ghosts Doppelgänger Heretics ( Vampire and Witch ) Witches Yes No ? Hidden ? Count Chocula ? ? Brief cameo Werewolves - Fruit Brute Children as part of this complete breakfast ? ? ? ? Sesame Street ? ? Is a comical reimagining Mr. Snuffleupagus No ? ? Out ? Count Duckula ? ? Yes Werewolves No ? ? Hidden ? Vampire Hunter D ? ? Most honored member of Nobility ; D 's father Many Yes ? Highly advanced society , now in steady decline ? ? Let the Right One In ? ? No No Yes No ? Hidden ? House of Night Nyx ( possibly ) ? No Gods Deity Raven Mocker Tsi Sgili Angels Yes Only red vampyres Matriarchal Hidden ? Batman & Dracula ? ? Yes Werecat Yes Yes They follow some kind of master , either vampire or human . Hidden ? Preacher ? ? ? Angels Demons Genesis Yes ? ? Hidden , only three shown ? American Vampire Old World bloodline : ? ? Yes Humans with vampire characteristics Yes No They usually follow a vampire leader . Hidden ? American bloodline : Skinner Sweet Evolution of the European vampires Yes ? Yes No ? Hidden ? Anita Blake : Vampire Hunter ? ? Using the name Dracula has been banned . Wereanimals Ghouls Zombies Naga Fey Mer - people Yes ? ? Out ? Being Human ( BBC ) Two brothers Deal with the devil No Werewolves Zombies Ghosts Succubi Demons ( implied ) Yes No Under the ruling of the Old Ones Hidden , but some wish to out themselves and enslave humans ? Being Human ( Syfy ) ? ? No Werewolves Zombies Ghosts Witches Yes No Under the ruling of the Mother and The Dutch Hidden ? The Saga of Darren Shan ? Vampires believe they are descended from wolves ; most vampire powers were added to the race by Des Tiny after their genesis . No Yes Yes Yes Divided into Vampire and Vampanese races / cultures Hidden to most humans ? Moonlight ? ? No Yes ? ? ? Hidden ? World of Darkness Caine Divine curse Member of the Tzimisce clan Many Yes Yes Divided into clans and sects , depending on setting Hidden Kindred , leeches Blood Omen / Legacy of Kain Ancient vampyres The blood curse No Many Yes They never sleep . At first , they follow a vampire council and later a vampire king . They start being one of the dominant species of the planet , later become hunted to near extinction and when they come back they rule the world . ? Night Watch ? ? Probably existed in the universe , but not plot - relevant Werewolves Others Yes ? ? Hidden ? Underworld Markus Corvinus Virus No Werewolves Lycans Immortals Hybrids Yes Only the vampire elders while another vampire elder rules Ruled by Vampire Elders and a Council They were hidden during the first three films , but their existence became public in Underworld : Awakening . ? Chibi Vampire / Karin ? Vampires are a species of the Homo genus , separate from Homo sapiens , but capable of producing sterile hybrid children with humans . Brief cameo of Bram Stoker 's book God ( implied to be Christian God ) Ghosts and souls Yes ? Clans / families control various territories with treaties and all - clan - meetings once a year . Hidden within Japan ? Vampire Academy ? ? No Damphir Witches Alchemist Yes No Monarchy Hidden ? Abraham Lincoln , Vampire Hunter Elizabeth Báthory Demonic hybridization with humans No ? Yes ? ? Hidden but wants to take over the world ? The Lost Boys ? ? No Hellhounds None shown ? Gang run by sire Hidden ? Dungeons & Dragons By individual campaign or setting ; Strahd von Zarovich in Ravenloft Negative Material Plane No Many Yes ? ? By campaign / setting ? Forever Knight ? ? No No Yes ? ? Hidden ? The Parasol Protectorate ? Implied to be virus or similar , only works on those with excess soul ? Werewolves Ghosts Soulless Metanaturals Other shifters Yes ? Most vampires are in hives , led by a single queen , the only female . Out in Britain and help in the government , hidden ( but known ) in many other countries ? Necroscope series Shaitan Vampiric leech No Werewolves Necroscopes No ? Divided on two different `` factions '' , with lords and ladies on top ? ? Moon Child ? ? No No Yes ? ? Hidden ? Daybreakers A vampire bat Virus No No ? No ? Out , run society ? Dark Shadows ? Witch 's Curse ; vampire bat No Witches Wizards Satanic warlocks Demons Ghosts Werewolves Naga Frankensteinian Hominids The Phoenix Yes Yes Yes ? ? Frostbiten Maria is the progenitor of the Swedish vampires , but there are older ones . Believed to be a virus but implied to be supernatural No ? No Yes The vampire horde made up of Sebastian , John and the other teens , Annika and Maria . The films ends with the vampires taking over the entire Norrland . ? The Dresden Files ? ? Mentioned to still be alive Wizards Werewolves ( several types ) Fae ( many types ) Angels Demons Dragons Ghosts Definitely for White Court , probable for Red Court , unknown for Black and Jade ? Formal vampire courts : White , Red , Black , and Jade No Succubi ( White Court only ) The Sims ? ? No Ghosts Aliens Werewolves Zombies Wizards and Witches Bigfoot Djinns Fairies PlantSims Mermaids Mummies Yes Possible to be made Yes ? ? Touhou series ? ? Remilia claims to be a descendant , although she is not . Youkai Kami Witches Fairies Ghosts ? Yes ? There is no secret about the mythological creatures who live in Gensokyo ; Gensokyo itself is isolated from `` our '' world , though . ? Marvel Comics Varnae Spell from the Darkhold Yes Many Yes ? Divided on Vampire Sects Hidden ? Fright Night ? ? No Familiars / Ghouls Yes Yes Jerry Dandrige controlled all the vampires he created . Hidden ? We Are the Night ? ? No ? Yes No Louise coven . There are possibly others around the world . ? ? Blindsight ( 2007 ) Homo sapiens vampiris coevolved with baseline humans as predator ; speciation occurred around 400000 -- 500000 years BP . X chromosome mutation No No Likely , but not documented No Solitary Originally solitary predators , became extinct due to `` crucifix glitch '' and proliferation of perpendicular lines due to human technology . Species fully recreated in the late 21st century and eventually reestablished position as apex predator on a virtual reality - befuddled humanity . ? Blood : The Last Vampire ? The original Chiropterans evolve alongside humans , while the actual are human / chiropteran hybridization . No No Yes No ? Hidden ? Blood+ ? Believed to evolve alongside humans No No Yes No ? Hidden ? Trinity Blood Methuselahs : ? Injection of the Bacillus nanomachines in human bodies No No Yes No The Methuselahs have their capital in Byzantium . Yes ? Crusniks : All four Crusniks were created around the same time Installation of the Crusnik nanomachines in the bodies of four test tube babies No No Yes No They have gained a high position of power , as commanders during the Human - Methuselah war and as leaders after the war . No ? Supernatural The Alpha Vampire The power of Eve No Many Yes No Organized into nests No ? DC Comics Cain Divine curse ? Many Yes No Ruled by a vampire king or queen No ? Sanctuary ? Evolve alongside humans No Many Yes ? Monarchy Used to rule the world until humans rose up against their oppressors and hunted them to extinction Homo vampiris Rosario + Vampire Dracula ? Alucard Many Yes No Families are headed by a First Ancestor . Hidden ? Charmed ? ? No Many Yes No Ruled by queens No ? Wizards of Waverly Place ? ? No Many Yes Yes ? Hidden ? Gantz ? They are the result of numerous nanomachines within the human body . No Aliens Yes No They are members of some criminal organization . Hidden ? Adventure Time ? ? ? Many Yes ? Marceline is `` The Vampire Queen '' as she was in the grand meeting of Ooo royalty . Yes ? Vampire Knight Ancestors Pureblood descended from the Ancestors No Vampire Hunters Yes Sometimes A Senate was established to govern them . Hidden ? Castlevania series Carmilla in Castlevania : Lords of Shadow In Lord of Shadow , Carmilla was half good and half evil ; after her death , her evil half stay on earth as the first vampire . Yes Many Yes Yes Ruled by Dracula ? ? Split ? ? No Vampire / humans hybrids ( Splits ) Demons Yes No Organized by a Vampire Council , a council of vampires with the authority to judge and define laws , which has to obey the Blood Chosen 's rules Hidden ? Tsukihime True Ancestors : Crimson Moon Brunestud Created by the Earth as a defense mechanism against humans , but were born with a flaw : thirst for blood There are two versions of him : one based on Vlad II , and the other on Count Dracula . Aristoteles Familiars Demons Humunculus Phantasmal Species Spirits Mages Yes No ? Hidden ? Dead Apostles Created to act as counter-measures in the case of a True Ancestor being overwhelmed by his or her thirst for blood No ? Yes No The Twenty Seven Ancestors of the Dead Apostles act as a form of ruling body . Hidden ? Stargate style = `` text - align : center '' Ancients Human / Iratus bug hybridization No Aliens Robots Yes They hibernate on hibernation pods . Hive society Their existence is public in the Pegasus Galaxy , but on Earth only few humans know they exist . Wraith Hollows series ? Virus No Inderlanders Ghosts and spirits Gods and goddesses Weres Yes No Organized in camarillas with a vampire master at the top Out since the Turn ? Black Blood Brothers ? ? ? None shown Yes They can choose to rest in coffins or in beds Only in the special zone where they are divided into houses ; Kowloon Children have their own hierarchy as well Hidden to most humans ? Stephen King ? Descended from the Prim No Many Yes Yes Types one usually control the other types . Hidden ? Vampirella Lillith Children between Lillith and demons Yes Many Yes ? ? Hidden ? The Elder Scrolls Molag Bal Magical ritual , disease No Many Yes Yes Divided in various clans and factions Yes ? My Babysitter 's a Vampire ? ? No Witches Weres Ghosts Yes No The Vampire Council Hidden ? JoJo 's Bizarre Adventure Pillar Men Stone Mask No Pillar Men ( beings that prey on vampires ) Stand users Ghosts Aliens ( Possibly ) Yes Yes ? No ? The Librarian Judas Iscariot Divine Curse Yes Many Yes No Dracula wants to control all of them . Hidden ? David Wellington ? ? No Undead Yes Yes They follow a vampire elder . But believed to be extinct ? Darkstalkers ? ? No Many Yes ? He is the king of all his servants . Yes ? The Historian Vlad Ţepeş Magical ritual ( possibly ) Yes ? Yes Yes Dracula control all of them . Hidden ? Itsuka Tenma no Kuro Usagi ? Their own world No Demons Elves ( manga ) Yes No Not anymore , since Saitohimea is the last surviving vampire Only to certain organizations ( the Church , the military , etc . ) ? Monogatari Possibly none , since `` Oddities '' like vampires were born of human belief Human beliefs and emotions ; bites ? Many Yes Some , mostly the `` old - fashioned '' ones Some own a private castle and live with their minions . Mostly hidden , shrouded in rumours or only known to a handful of individuals ? Saga of the Noble Dead ? ? No Many Yes No Covens Hidden ? Doctor Who Great Vampires : ? Evolved in their home planet Yes Aliens Yes No ? No ? Vampires : Great vampires Great vampire bite Yes Aliens Yes No They live in covens . No ? Dance in the Vampire Bund ? Evolved humans No Werewolves Yes ? Monarchy Yes ? BloodRayne series ? ? No Dhampir Daemites Maraisreq Diseased Mutates Demons Yes No Ruled by some superior vampire Hidden ? Vamp ? ? No No Yes No ? Hidden ? Vamps ? ? No No Yes No Covens Hidden ? The Strain The Ancient Ones From the body of an archangel that was cut into seven parts No ? Archangels ( mentioned only ) Damphir Yes ? Each strain follows the Ancient that created it . Out since The Night Eternal ? Blood Alone ? ? There are elements based on Dracula , like characters and terms . Renfields Witches Yes No Ruled by vampire elders Hidden ? Anno Dracula ? ? Yes Many Yes Yes Divided in bloodlines Out ? Hotel Transylvania ? ? One of main characters Werewolves Zombies Ghosts Familiar spirits Yes Yes Dracula and his family ; his castle is also a haven for other supernatural creatures . Hidden ? Vampireology Belial , Ba'al and Moloch Bloodthirst No Werewolves Ghouls Zombies Angels God Dragons Griffins ( if considered canonical with the rest of the Ology series , many more ) Yes No ? Hidden ? Blood Moon ? Virus / evolution No Werewolves Witches ( mentioned ) Yes No Territorial covens Yes ? Shadowspawn series ? Genetics Mention was made of Stoker being `` useful '' , implying that Dracula is fictional . halfbreeds Yes No Yes Hidden Shadowspawn , Homo nocturnis ; most mythological monsters ( eg oni , loup - garou ) Shadowrun Unknown , possibly none considering it is a virus Human Meta - Human Vampire Virus , a magical retrovirus with multiple strains ( one of which turns humans into werewolves ) ? Many Yes No ? Out since the return of magic to the Earth ? AdventureQuest Possibly Safiria Curse No Yes Yes No Yes Yes ? The Shadowhunter Chronicles ( The Mortal Instruments ) Vlad III and members of his court Hecate powers Yes Shadowhunters or Nephilim Warlocks ( term used for both sexes ) Werewolves Endarkened Ghosts Fay Forsaken Angels Demons God Fay / Nephilim hybrids Yes No Loosely organized geographically into covens Hidden ? Penny Dreadful Fallen Angel Divine curse Yes Many Yes No Packs Hidden ? Kate Daniels novels ? Virus ? Many , including shifters , necromancers , and mages Nonsapient , they would probably eat anyone that tried . No No intrinsic society , but the necromancers who control them , the People , are highly organized . Yes Homo sapiens immortuus Den of Shadows Siete Nyeusi blood No Many Yes No Divided in five linajes Hidden ? From Dusk till Dawn series Believed to descend from the Aztec snake god ? No ? ? ? ? Hidden ? Monster High ? ? Yes Many Yes Yes ? Hidden ? Kitty Norville novels ? Lucifer ? Lycanthropes Human magic users Demons Ghosts others ? ? Most cities have Masters . Recently revealed Homo sapiens sanguinis American Horror Story : Hotel ? Supernatural virus No Ghosts Demons Witches Voodoo Zombies Yes They can choose to rest in coffins or beds . ? Hidden ? Tsukuyomi : Moon Phase `` Vampire Road '' The consumption of God 's flesh and blood by `` Vampire Road '' ? Various types of Yōkai and Ama - Vampires Yes No Some sort of unexplained hierarchy Hidden ? Vampire Cheerleaders ? ? ? Many Yes No Cheerleader coven and possibly many others Hidden ? Innistrad Edgar Markov Magic ritual performed by the Markov progenitor , Edgar Markov and eleven others ; involved the demon Shilgengar and the consumption of an angel 's blood No Many Yes Some Divided into four main bloodlines ( Innistrad vampires ) Yes ? Blood Lad ? Demon World ? Many Yes ? Ruled over by the Demon King Hidden ? Warhammer Lahmia Elixir of Immortality No Many ? ? Divided into six main bloodlines ? ? Seraph of the End The `` First Progenitor '' Curse ? Demons ? Yes Divided into various factions Yes ? Interviews with Monster Girls ? Vampires , like most demi - humans , are described as being humans with supernatural characteristics and limitations . ? Many Possibly No ? Out ? The Witcher Separate species from humans , native to another world The Conjunction of Spheres No Many Yes No Ruled by elders Yes ? The Adventures of Dr. McNinja ? Yes ? Lycanthropes Human magic users Demons Ghosts Headless Horsemen Lobster People Yes Vampires run the Red Cross . Hidden ? Ape - ula ( Gorilla Vampire ) See also ( edit ) Vampire literature Vampire films References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Skal , V for Vampire , p. 99 . Jump up ^ Skal , V for Vampire , p. 104 . Jump up ^ Skal , V for Vampire , p. 175 . Jump up ^ Skal , V for Vampire , p. 62 . Jump up ^ Silver & Ursini , The Vampire Film , pp. 38 - 39 . Jump up ^ Barber , Vampires , Burial and Death , pp. 41 -- 42 . Jump up ^ Barber , Vampires , Burial and Death , p. 2 . ^ Jump up to : Maberry , Jonathan ( 2009 ) . They Bite : Endless Cravings of Supernatural Predators . Citadel Press . p. 12 . ^ Jump up to : Skal , V for Vampire , p. 155 . ^ Jump up to : Skal , V for Vampire , p. 211 . Jump up ^ Silver & Ursini , The Vampire Film , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Bram Stoker ( 1897 ) . Dracula : a mystery story . ( Google Books ) , pp. 38 , 239 . Jump up ^ `` The Count counts letters to himself '' . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 19 . At 0 : 26 ^ Jump up to : Forever Knight : Season 2 , Episode 25 , `` Close Call '' . Jump up ^ Forever Knight : Season 3 , Episode 1 , `` Black Budda '' Jump up ^ Season 4 , episode 3 , `` Storm in a Blood Cup '' ^ Jump up to : Beam , Christopher ( November 20 , 2008 ) . `` I Vant To Upend Your Expectations : Why movie vampires always break all the vampire rules '' . Slate Magazine . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ In Rosario + Vampire anime episode 6 and Rosario + Vampire Season II manga , volume 4 , extra chapter - Moka looks at herself in the mirror . Jump up ^ Rosario + Vampire Capu2 anime episode 1 - appears in Polaroid pictures Jump up ^ Rosario + Vampire season2 , volume 9 Jump up ^ Alseikaite - Gimbutiene , Marija ( 1946 ) . Die Bestattung in Litauen in der vorgeschichtlichen Zeit ( in German ) . Tübingen . OCLC 1059867 . ( thesis ) Jump up ^ Vukanović , T.P. ( 1959 ) . `` The Vampire '' . Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society . 38 : 111 -- 18 . Jump up ^ Klapper , Joseph ( 1909 ) . `` Die schlesischen Geschichten von den schädingenden Toten '' . Mitteilungen der schlesischen Gesellschaft für Volkskunde ( in German ) . 11 : 58 -- 93 . Jump up ^ Barber , Vampires , Burial and Death , p. 73 . Jump up ^ Barber , Vampires , Burial and Death , p. 63 . ^ Jump up to : Golden , Bissette and Sniegoski , `` Buffy the Vampire Slayer : The Monster Book '' , p. 145 . Jump up ^ Barber , Vampires , Burial and Death , p. 49 . Jump up ^ Skal , David J. ( 1996 ) . V is for Vampire . Plume / Penguin . p. 104 . ISBN 0 - 452 - 27173 - 8 . Jump up ^ Nina Auerbach ( 1981 ) Our Vampires , Ourselves : 119 -- 47 . ^ Jump up to : Truett , Larry . `` Buffy the Vampire Slayer '' . Retrieved 14 September 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Vampires in the Buffyverse '' . Retrieved 14 September 2009 . Jump up ^ http://www.funtrivia.com/en/Television/Hellsing-11143.html ^ Jump up to : Forever Knight : Season 1 , Episode 2 , `` Dark Knight '' . ^ Jump up to : Forever Knight : Season 3 , Episode 10 , `` Night in Question '' ^ Jump up to : Forever Knight : Season 1 , Episode 3 , `` For I Have Sinned '' Jump up ^ Forever Knight : Season 2 , Episode 5 , `` Hunted '' Jump up ^ http://en.touhouwiki.net/wiki/Vampire Jump up ^ Hogset , Stig . `` THEM Anime Reviews 4.0 - Rosario + Vampire '' . THEM Anime Reviews . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 16 . Jump up ^ Forever Knight : Season 1 , Episode 1 , `` Dark Knight '' Jump up ^ Barber , Vampires , Burial and Death , pp. 50 - 51 . ^ Jump up to : Forever Knight : Season 2 , Episode 24 , `` Baby , Baby '' Jump up ^ Forever knight : Season 1 , Episode 9 , `` I Will Repay '' Jump up ^ http://en.touhouwiki.net/wiki/Devil Jump up ^ Forever Knight : Season 1 , Episode 22 , `` Love You To Death '' Jump up ^ Manga - Exclusive Character Cited texts ( edit ) Barber , Paul ( 1988 ) . Vampires , Burial and Death : Folklore and Reality . New York : Yale University Press . ISBN 0 - 300 - 04126 - 8 . Skal , David J. ( 1996 ) . V is for Vampire . New York : Plume . ISBN 0 - 452 - 27173 - 8 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_vampire_traits_in_folklore_and_fiction&oldid=815798746 '' Categories : Vampires Cultural lists Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Articles needing additional references from June 2010 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2010 Articles needing additional references from July 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 17 December 2017 , at 06 : 09 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20vampire%20traits%20in%20folklore%20and%20fiction	1,109
who plays the pastor in god's not dead			God 's Not Dead ( film )	god's not dead ( film )		God 's Not Dead Theatrical release poster Directed by Harold Cronk Produced by Michael Scott Russell Wolfe Anna Zielinski Written by Chuck Konzelman Cary Solomon Based on God 's Not Dead by Rice Broocks Starring Kevin Sorbo Shane Harper David A.R. White Dean Cain Music by Will Musser Cinematography Brian Shanley Edited by Vance Null Production company Greg Jenkins Productions Pure Flix Entertainment Red Entertainment Group Distributed by Freestyle Releasing Pure Flix Entertainment Release date March 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 21 ) Running time 113 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $2 million Box office $64.7 million God 's Not Dead is a 2014 American Christian drama film directed by Harold Cronk and starring Kevin Sorbo , Shane Harper , David A.R. White , and Dean Cain . The film was released theatrically on March 21 , 2014 by Pure Flix Entertainment . Written by Cary Solomon and Chuck Konzelman , and based on Rice Broocks ' book God 's Not Dead : Evidence for God in an Age of Uncertainty , the film follows a Christian college student ( Harper ) whose faith is challenged by a philosophy professor ( Sorbo ) who declares God a pre-scientific fiction . It received mostly negative reviews , but grossed over $62 million on a $2 million budget . The film is followed by the 2016 film God 's Not Dead 2 and the 2018 film God 's Not Dead : A Light in Darkness . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Reception 4.1 Box office 4.2 Critical reception 4.3 Evangelical and Roman Catholic response 5 Sequels 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) Josh Wheaton ( Shane Harper ) , an evangelical college student , enrolls in a philosophy class taught by Professor Jeffrey Radisson ( Kevin Sorbo ) , an atheist , who demands his students sign a declaration that `` God is dead '' to pass . Josh is the only student who refuses to sign . Radisson requires Josh to debate the topic with him but agrees to let the class members decide the winner . Josh 's girlfriend Kara ( Cassidy Gifford ) demands Josh either sign the statement `` God is dead '' or drop Radisson 's class , because standing up to Radisson will jeopardize their academic future . Kara breaks up with Josh for insisting on confessing his belief in God . Radisson gives Josh twenty minutes at the end of the first three lecture sessions to argue that God exists . In the first session , Josh presents his evidence that God created the universe . In the second session , Josh argues that macroevolution is not as solid a theory as it is usually presented . In the first two sessions , Radisson has counter-arguments for some of Josh 's points . Ultimately , it comes down to the third and final debate between Radisson and Josh , who again both make compelling points . Josh then halts his line of debate to pose a question to Radisson : `` Why do you hate God ? '' After Josh repeats the question twice more , Radisson explodes in rage , confirming he hates God for his mother 's death that left him alone despite his prayers . Josh then casually asks Radisson how he can hate someone that does not exist . In the end , Martin ( Paul Kwo ) , a student from China whose father had forbidden him from even talking about God to avoid jeopardizing Martin 's brother 's chance at overseas study , stands up and says , `` God 's not dead . '' Almost the entire class follows Martin 's lead , and Radisson leaves the room in defeat . Radisson dates Mina , an evangelical whom he belittles in front of his fellow atheist colleagues . Her brother Mark ( Dean Cain ) , a successful businessman and atheist , refuses to visit their mother , who suffers from dementia . Mark 's girlfriend Amy is a left - wing blogger who writes articles critical of Duck Dynasty . When she is diagnosed with cancer , Mark dumps her . A Muslim student named Ayisha ( Hadeel Sittu ) secretly converts to Christianity and is disowned by her infuriated father when he finds out . After the final debate , Josh invites Martin to attend a concert by Christian pop rock group the Newsboys . Radisson reads a letter from his late mother , and is moved to reconcile with Mina . Amy confronts the Newsboys in their dressing room , only to ask them to help guide her in converting to Christianity . While on his way to find Mina , Radisson is struck by a car and fatally injured . Reverend Dave , who is waiting at the intersection , tends to Radisson and helps him become a Christian as he dies . The film 's main characters all convene at the Newsboys concert , where they play a video clip of Willie Robertson congratulating Josh . The Newsboys play their song `` God 's Not Dead '' , dedicating it to Josh . Cast ( edit ) Shane Harper as Josh Wheaton Kevin Sorbo as Professor Jeffery Radisson David A.R. White as Reverend Dave Trisha LaFache as Amy Ryan Hadeel Sittu as Ayisha Marco Khan as Misrab Cory Oliver as Mina Dean Cain as Mark Jim Gleason as Ward Wheaton Benjamin Onyango as Reverend Jude Cassidy Gifford as Kara Paul Kwo as Martin Yip Newsboys as themselves Willie Robertson as himself Korie Robertson as herself Production ( edit ) The film was shot from October to November 2012 , in Baton Rouge , Louisiana , with the concert scene done in Houston , Texas . Russell Wolfe , the CEO of Pure Flix Entertainment , stated that : the inspiration behind the setting of the movie dates back a few years ago . I was in a meeting at Pinnacle Forum and Alan Sears from Alliance Defending Freedom , was speaking . He was speaking about a young girl who was asked to do some things that went against her faith and got in trouble for not doing them . That story put my jaw on the floor and made me think about how many students go to college as a Christian and how few stay a Christian after they finish their four years . It was that story that inspired me to set the movie on a college campus . The film soundtrack was released on March 3 , 2014 , by Inpop Records . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) The film became a surprise success at the box office . In its first weekend of release , the film earned $8.6 million from 780 theaters , causing Entertainment Weekly 's Adam Markovitz to refer to it as `` the biggest surprise of the weekend '' . During that week , it finished third behind Divergent and Muppets Most Wanted in the box office , with $9.2 million . The film began its international roll out in Mexico on April 4 , 2014 , where the movie grossed $89,021 its opening weekend . God 's Not Dead grossed $60.8 million in North America and $3.9 million in other territories for a total of $64.7 million , against a budget of $2 million . At the end of 2014 , God 's Not Dead was ranked 93rd in terms of worldwide gross , and finished with $64.7 million worldwide . Critical reception ( edit ) On Rotten Tomatoes the film received a rating of 14 % , based on 21 reviews , with an average rating of 2.7 / 10 . On Metacritic , the film received a score of 16 out of 100 , based on six critics , indicating `` overwhelming dislike '' . Writing for The A.V. Club , Todd Van Der Werff gave the film a `` D -- , '' saying , `` Even by the rather lax standards of the Christian film industry , God 's Not Dead is a disaster . It 's an uninspired amble past a variety of Christian - email - forward bogeymen that feels far too long at just 113 minutes '' . Reviewer Scott Foundas of Variety wrote `` ... even grading on a generous curve , this strident melodrama about the insidious efforts of America 's university system to silence true believers on campus is about as subtle as a stack of Bibles falling on your head ... '' Some sources and blogs have cited the film 's similarities to a popular urban legend . The basic premise of an evangelical student debating with an atheist professor and winning in front of the class ( who then applauds ) has been the subject of a popular Chick tract . Evangelical and roman Catholic response ( edit ) The Alliance Defending Freedom , American Heritage Girls , Faith Driven Consumer , Denison Forum on Truth and Culture , Trevecca Nazarene University , The Dove Foundation and Ratio Christi have all endorsed the film . On the other hand , the young Earth creationist apologetics ministry , Answers in Genesis , would not endorse the film because of the promotion of several elements which they deemed to be `` unbiblical '' . Dave Hartline of The American Catholic gave God 's Not Dead a positive review and hoped that other films like it will follow . Nick Olszyk of Catholic World Report gave it his highest rating of five reels , calling the film `` a tremendously entertaining film that leads to God , not in addition to its quality but through its quality . '' Vincent Funaro of The Christian Post praised the film for being `` a hit for believers and may even appeal to skeptics searching for answers . '' Evangelical Michael Gerson , however , was highly critical of the film and its message , writing `` The main problem with God 's Not Dead is not its cosmology or ethics but its anthropology . It assumes that human beings are made out of cardboard . Academics are arrogant and cruel . Liberal bloggers are preening and snarky . Unbelievers disbelieve because of personal demons . It is characterization by caricature . '' John Mulderig echoed similar concerns in his review for the Catholic News Service , stating : `` There might be the kernel of an intriguing documentary buried within director Harold Cronk 's stacked - deck drama , given the extent of real - life academic hostility toward religion . But even faith - filled moviegoers will sense the claustrophobia of the echo chamber within which this largely unrealistic picture unfolds . '' Writing for Christian Reviews , Roger Patterson of Answers in Genesis gave the film 3.5 / 5 stars and noted that `` clichés die hard '' , but concluded that `` an astute and mature Christian can use the film as a teaching opportunity '' . Sequels ( edit ) Pure Flix Entertainment produced a sequel , God 's Not Dead 2 , with a release date of April 1 , 2016 , several days after Easter . A third God 's Not Dead film , God 's Not Dead : A Light in Darkness , was released on March 30 , 2018 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` God 's Not Dead ( PG ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . April 7 , 2014 . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Busch , Anita ( April 3 , 2014 ) . `` ' God 's Not Dead 's Kevin Sorbo Takes Hollywood & Media To Task As He Backs Crowdfunding Campaign For Telefilm On Convicted Abortion Doctor Kermit Gosnell '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 5 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` God 's Not Dead ( 2014 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Amazon.com . Retrieved August 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Farber , Stephen ( March 21 , 2014 ) . `` God 's Not Dead : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` GOD 'S NOT DEAD - Synopsis '' . godsnotdeadthemovie.com . Milk Money Promotions . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2015 . Retrieved July 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Schoen , Taylor ( November 12 , 2012 ) . `` Christian movie filming on campus '' . The Daily Reveille . Baton Rouge , Louisiana : Louisiana State University . Retrieved August 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive Interview With Pure Flix Entertainment for God 's Not Dead Movie '' . Alliance Defending Freedom . February 14 , 2014 . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2014 . Retrieved April 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` God 's Not Dead ( The Motion Picture Soundtrack ) '' . iTunes . Retrieved December 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Highfill , Samantha ( March 23 , 2014 ) . `` Box office report : ' Divergent ' heads straight for $56 million win Inside Movies EW.com '' . Insidemovies.ew.com . Retrieved April 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Brevet , Brad . `` Weekend Box Office : Breaking Down ' Divergent ' at # 1 , ' Muppets 2 ' is Weak & ' God 's Not Dead ' Surprises '' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved March 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Worldwide Grosses '' . Box Office Mojo. 2014 . Jump up ^ `` God 's Not Dead '' . Retrieved May 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` God 's Not Dead Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved October 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Van Der Werff , Todd ( March 24 , 2014 ) . `` God 's Not Dead is a mess even by Christian film standards '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved April 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Foundas , Scott ( March 22 , 2014 ) . `` ' God 's Not Dead ' Review : A Ham - Fisted Christian Melodrama '' . Variety . Retrieved April 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Seemayer , Zach ( March 30 , 2014 ) . `` ' Noah ' Washes Away Competition At The Box Office '' . ETonline.com . ^ Jump up to : Noble , Alan ( October 25 , 2013 ) . `` '' God 's Not Dead , '' But this Trope Is `` . Patheos . Jump up ^ Mehta , Hemant ( September 10 , 2013 ) . `` If an anti-atheist story on Snopes were made into a film , it 'd be this one '' . Patheos . Jump up ^ `` God 's Not Dead -- Endorsements '' . Pure Flix Entertainment . Retrieved April 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Patterson , Roger ( February 25 , 2014 ) . `` God 's Not Dead Movie Review '' . Answers in Genesis . Retrieved August 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` God 's not dead ; There 's something happening here '' . American Catholic . Retrieved April 2 , 2014 . Slowly but surely with movies like God 's Not Dead , others will follow , and the old secular guard will not like it and force us to endure some trials and tribulations . Jump up ^ Olszyk , Nick . `` Crash Meets Mere Christianity '' . Catholic World Report . Retrieved April 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Funaro , Vincent . `` ' God 's Not Dead ' Review : Encouragement for Believers Facing Secular Hostility '' . The Christian Post . Retrieved August 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gerson , Michael ( March 21 , 2014 ) . `` Michael Gerson : ' Noah , ' ' God 's Not Dead ' are movies lacking grace -- The Washington Post '' . The Washington Post . The Washington Post . Retrieved April 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mulderig , John . `` God 's Not Dead '' . Catholic News Service . Retrieved April 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Patterson , Roger . `` God 's Not Dead ( 2014 ) '' . Christian Reviews . Retrieved January 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' God 's Not Dead 2 ' Getting Ready to Rock Atheists ' World '' . Charisma News . October 22 , 2014 . Retrieved July 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Endriga , Jomar ( October 17 , 2015 ) . `` God 's Not Dead 2 Teaser Trailer Released in Time for Woodlawn Movie ; NFL Star Tim Tebow Comments on Woodlawn Sneak Peek '' . The Gospel Herald . Retrieved October 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` God 's Not Dead 2 : Coming April 1 , 2016 '' . God 's Not Dead Blog . August 25 , 2015 . Retrieved October 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Morefield , Kenneth R. ( July 8 , 2015 ) . `` Pureflix Sets Release Date for God 's Not Dead 2 : He is Surely Alive '' . 1More Film Blog . Retrieved October 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Judge , Mark ( October 27 , 2016 ) . `` Confirmed : There Will be a ' God 's Not Dead 3 ' '' . CNSNews.com . Retrieved November 2016 Jump up ^ God 's Not Dead : A Light in Darkness ( 2018 ) at Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved January 14 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website God 's Not Dead on IMDb God 's Not Dead films God 's Not Dead ( 2014 ) God 's Not Dead 2 ( 2016 ) God 's Not Dead : A Light in Darkness ( 2018 ) Films directed by Harold Cronk Jerusalem Countdown ( 2011 ) Mickey Matson and the Copperhead Conspiracy ( 2012 ) God 's Not Dead ( 2014 ) God 's Not Dead 2 ( 2016 ) God Bless the Broken Road ( 2017 ) Unbroken : Path to Redemption ( 2018 ) Newsboys Jody Davis Jeff Frankenstein Duncan Phillips Michael Tait Vernon Bishop Paul Colman Peter Furler Jonathan Geange John James Phil Joel Kevin Mills Bryan Olesen George Perdikis Corey Pryor Sean Taylor Phil Yates Studio albums Hell Is for Wimps Boys Will Be Boyz Not Ashamed Going Public Take Me to Your Leader Step Up to the Microphone Love Liberty Disco Thrive Adoration : The Worship Album Devotion GO In the Hands of God Born Again God 's Not Dead Restart Hallelujah for the Cross Love Riot Remix albums Newsboys Remixed GO Remixed Live albums Newsboys Live : Houston We Are GO Live in Concert : God 's Not Dead EPs Born Again EP Compilations Shine : The Hits He Reigns : The Worship Collection The Greatest Hits The Ultimate Collection Singles `` You Are My King ( Amazing Love ) '' `` God 's Not Dead ( Like a Lion ) '' `` We Believe '' Videos Boys Will Be Boyz ( video ) Not Ashamed : The Video Down Under the Big Top Shine : The Hits Live - One Night in Pennsylvania Thrive : From the Rock ' n ' Roll Hall of Fame Newsboys Live : Houston We Are GO Related articles Discography List of Newsboys songs Steve Taylor God 's Not Dead ( film ) God 's Not Dead 2 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=God%27s_Not_Dead_(film)&oldid=864747448 '' Categories : 2014 films English - language films 2010s drama films American drama films American films American independent films Films about Christianity Films about Evangelicalism Films about religion Films directed by Harold Cronk Films shot in Louisiana Films shot in Texas Pure Flix Entertainment films Alliance Defending Freedom Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from May 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ქართული Latina Polski Português Русский Українська 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 October 2018 , at 06 : 00 ( UTC ) . 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speed of sound at sea level in feet per second			Speed of sound	speed of sound	The speed of sound is the distance travelled per unit time by a sound wave as it propagates through an elastic medium . In dry air at 0 ° C ( 32 ° F ) , the speed of sound is 331.2 metres per second ( 1,087 ft / s ; 1,192 km / h ; 741 mph ; 644 kn ) . At 20 ° C ( 68 ° F ) , the speed of sound is 343 metres per second ( 1,125 ft / s ; 1,235 km / h ; 767 mph ; 667 kn ) , or a kilometre in 2.91 s or a mile in 4.69 s .	The speed of sound in an ideal gas depends only on its temperature and composition . The speed has a weak dependence on frequency and pressure in ordinary air , deviating slightly from ideal behavior . In common everyday speech , speed of sound refers to the speed of sound waves in air . However , the speed of sound varies from substance to substance : sound travels most slowly in gases ; it travels faster in liquids ; and faster still in solids . For example , ( as noted above ) , sound travels at 343 m / s in air ; it travels at 1,484 m / s in water ( 4.3 times as fast as in air ) ; and at 5,120 m / s in iron . In an exceptionally stiff material such as diamond , sound travels at 12,000 m / s ; which is around the maximum speed that sound will travel under normal conditions . Sound waves in solids are composed of compression waves ( just as in gases and liquids ) , and a different type of sound wave called a shear wave , which occurs only in solids . Shear waves in solids usually travel at different speeds , as exhibited in seismology . The speed of compression waves in solids is determined by the medium 's compressibility , shear modulus and density . The speed of shear waves is determined only by the solid material 's shear modulus and density . In fluid dynamics , the speed of sound in a fluid medium ( gas or liquid ) is used as a relative measure for the speed of an object moving through the medium . The ratio of the speed of an object to the speed of sound in the fluid is called the object 's Mach number . Objects moving at speeds greater than Mach 1 are said to be traveling at supersonic speeds . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Basic concepts 2.1 Compression and shear waves 3 Equations 4 Dependence on the properties of the medium 5 Altitude variation and implications for atmospheric acoustics 6 Practical formula for dry air 7 Details 7.1 Speed of sound in ideal gases and air 7.2 Effects due to wind shear 7.3 Tables 8 Effect of frequency and gas composition 8.1 General physical considerations 8.2 Practical application to air 9 Mach number 10 Experimental methods 10.1 Single - shot timing methods 10.2 Other methods 10.3 High - precision measurements in air 11 Non-gaseous media 11.1 Speed of sound in solids 11.1. 1 Three - dimensional solids 11.1. 2 One - dimensional solids 11.2 Speed of sound in liquids 11.2. 1 Water 11.2. 2 Seawater 11.3 Speed of sound in plasma 12 Gradients 13 See also 14 References 15 External links History ( edit ) Sir Isaac Newton computed the speed of sound in air as 979 feet per second ( 298 m / s ) , which is too low by about 15 % , but had neglected the effect of fluctuating temperature ; that was later rectified by Laplace . During the 17th century , there were several attempts to measure the speed of sound accurately , including attempts by Marin Mersenne in 1630 ( 1,380 Parisian feet per second ) , Pierre Gassendi in 1635 ( 1,473 Parisian feet per second ) and Robert Boyle ( 1,125 Parisian feet per second ) . In 1709 , the Reverend William Derham , Rector of Upminster , published a more accurate measure of the speed of sound , at 1,072 Parisian feet per second . Derham used a telescope from the tower of the church of St Laurence , Upminster to observe the flash of a distant shotgun being fired , and then measured the time until he heard the gunshot with a half second pendulum . Measurements were made of gunshots from a number of local landmarks , including North Ockendon church . The distance was known by triangulation , and thus the speed that the sound had travelled was calculated . Basic concepts ( edit ) The transmission of sound can be illustrated by using a model consisting of an array of spherical objects interconnected by springs . In real material terms , the spheres represent the material 's molecules and the springs represent the bonds between them . Sound passes through the system by compressing and expanding the springs , transmitting the acoustic energy to neighboring spheres . This helps transmit the energy in - turn to the neighboring sphere 's springs ( bonds ) , and so on . The speed of sound through the model depends on the stiffness / rigidity of the springs , and the mass of the spheres . As long as the spacing of the spheres remains constant , stiffer springs / bonds transmit energy quicker , while larger spheres transmit the energy slower . Effects like dispersion and reflection can also be understood using this model . In a real material , the stiffness of the springs is known as the `` elastic modulus '' , and the mass corresponds to the material density . Given that all other things being equal ( ceteris paribus ) , sound will travel slower in spongy materials , and faster in stiffer ones . For instance , sound will travel 1.59 times faster in nickel than in bronze , due to the greater stiffness of nickel at about the same density . Similarly , sound travels about 1.41 times faster in light hydrogen ( protium ) gas than in heavy hydrogen ( deuterium ) gas , since deuterium has similar properties but twice the density . At the same time , `` compression - type '' sound will travel faster in solids than in liquids , and faster in liquids than in gases , because the solids are more difficult to compress than liquids , while liquids in turn are more difficult to compress than gases . Some textbooks mistakenly state that the speed of sound increases with increasing density . This is usually illustrated by presenting data for three materials , such as air , water and steel , which also have vastly different levels compressibilities which more than make up for the density differences . An illustrative example of the two effects is that sound travels only 4.3 times faster in water than air , despite enormous differences in compressibility of the two media . The reason is that the larger density of water , which works to slow sound in water relative to air , nearly makes up for the compressibility differences in the two media . A practical example can be observed in Edinburgh , when the `` One o ' Clock Gun '' is fired at the eastern end of Edinburgh Castle . Standing at the base of the western end of the Castle Rock , the sound of the Gun can be heard through the rock , slightly before it arrives by the air route , partly delayed by the slightly longer route . It is particularly effective if a multi-gun salute such as for `` The Queen 's Birthday '' is being fired . Compression and shear waves ( edit ) Pressure - pulse or compression - type wave ( longitudinal wave ) confined to a plane . This is the only type of sound wave that travels in fluids ( gases and liquids ) . A pressure - type wave may also travel in solids , along with other types of waves ( transverse waves , see below ) Transverse wave affecting atoms initially confined to a plane . This additional type of sound wave ( additional type of elastic wave ) travels only in solids , for it requires a sideways shearing motion which is supported by the presence of elasticity in the solid . The sideways shearing motion may take place in any direction which is at right - angle to the direction of wave - travel ( only one shear direction is shown here , at right angles to the plane ) . Furthermore , the right - angle shear direction may change over time and distance , resulting in different types of polarization of shear - waves In a gas or liquid , sound consists of compression waves . In solids , waves propagate as two different types . A longitudinal wave is associated with compression and decompression in the direction of travel , and is the same process in gases and liquids , with an analogous compression - type wave in solids . Only compression waves are supported in gases and liquids . An additional type of wave , the transverse wave , also called a shear wave , occurs only in solids because only solids support elastic deformations . It is due to elastic deformation of the medium perpendicular to the direction of wave travel ; the direction of shear - deformation is called the `` polarization '' of this type of wave . In general , transverse waves occur as a pair of orthogonal polarizations . These different waves ( compression waves and the different polarizations of shear waves ) may have different speeds at the same frequency . Therefore , they arrive at an observer at different times , an extreme example being an earthquake , where sharp compression waves arrive first , and rocking transverse waves seconds later . The speed of a compression wave in fluid is determined by the medium 's compressibility and density . In solids , the compression waves are analogous to those in fluids , depending on compressibility , density , and the additional factor of shear modulus . The speed of shear waves , which can occur only in solids , is determined simply by the solid material 's shear modulus and density . Equations ( edit ) The speed of sound in mathematical notation is conventionally represented by c , from the Latin celeritas meaning `` velocity '' . In general , the speed of sound c is given by the Newton -- Laplace equation : c = K s ρ , ( \ displaystyle c = ( \ sqrt ( \ frac ( K_ ( s ) ) ( \ rho ) ) ) , ) where K is a coefficient of stiffness , the isentropic bulk modulus ( or the modulus of bulk elasticity for gases ) ; ρ is the density . Thus the speed of sound increases with the stiffness ( the resistance of an elastic body to deformation by an applied force ) of the material , and decreases with increase in density . For ideal gases the bulk modulus K is simply the gas pressure multiplied by the dimensionless adiabatic index , which is about 1.4 for air under normal conditions of pressure and temperature . For general equations of state , if classical mechanics is used , the speed of sound c is given by c = ( ∂ p ∂ ρ ) s , ( \ displaystyle c = ( \ sqrt ( \ left ( ( \ frac ( \ partial p ) ( \ partial \ rho ) ) \ right ) _ ( s ) ) ) , ) where p is the pressure ; ρ is the density and the derivative is taken isentropically , that is , at constant entropy s . If relativistic effects are important , the speed of sound is calculated from the relativistic Euler equations . In a non-dispersive medium , the speed of sound is independent of sound frequency , so the speeds of energy transport and sound propagation are the same for all frequencies . Air , a mixture of oxygen and nitrogen , constitutes a non-dispersive medium . However , air does contain a small amount of CO which is a dispersive medium , and causes dispersion to air at ultrasonic frequencies ( > 28 kHz ) . In a dispersive medium , the speed of sound is a function of sound frequency , through the dispersion relation . Each frequency component propagates at its own speed , called the phase velocity , while the energy of the disturbance propagates at the group velocity . The same phenomenon occurs with light waves ; see optical dispersion for a description . Dependence on the properties of the medium ( edit ) The speed of sound is variable and depends on the properties of the substance through which the wave is travelling . In solids , the speed of transverse ( or shear ) waves depends on the shear deformation under shear stress ( called the shear modulus ) , and the density of the medium . Longitudinal ( or compression ) waves in solids depend on the same two factors with the addition of a dependence on compressibility . In fluids , only the medium 's compressibility and density are the important factors , since fluids do not transmit shear stresses . In heterogeneous fluids , such as a liquid filled with gas bubbles , the density of the liquid and the compressibility of the gas affect the speed of sound in an additive manner , as demonstrated in the hot chocolate effect . In gases , adiabatic compressibility is directly related to pressure through the heat capacity ratio ( adiabatic index ) , while pressure and density are inversely related to the temperature and molecular weight , thus making only the completely independent properties of temperature and molecular structure important ( heat capacity ratio may be determined by temperature and molecular structure , but simple molecular weight is not sufficient to determine it ) . In low molecular weight gases such as helium , sound propagates faster as compared to heavier gases such as xenon . For monatomic gases , the speed of sound is about 75 % of the mean speed that the atoms move in that gas . For a given ideal gas the molecular composition is fixed , and thus the speed of sound depends only on its temperature . At a constant temperature , the gas pressure has no effect on the speed of sound , since the density will increase , and since pressure and density ( also proportional to pressure ) have equal but opposite effects on the speed of sound , and the two contributions cancel out exactly . In a similar way , compression waves in solids depend both on compressibility and density -- just as in liquids -- but in gases the density contributes to the compressibility in such a way that some part of each attribute factors out , leaving only a dependence on temperature , molecular weight , and heat capacity ratio which can be independently derived from temperature and molecular composition ( see derivations below ) . Thus , for a single given gas ( assuming the molecular weight does not change ) and over a small temperature range ( for which the heat capacity is relatively constant ) , the speed of sound becomes dependent on only the temperature of the gas . In non-ideal gas behavior regimen , for which the van der Waals gas equation would be used , the proportionality is not exact , and there is a slight dependence of sound velocity on the gas pressure . Humidity has a small but measurable effect on the speed of sound ( causing it to increase by about 0.1 % -- 0.6 % ) , because oxygen and nitrogen molecules of the air are replaced by lighter molecules of water . This is a simple mixing effect . Altitude variation and implications for atmospheric acoustics ( edit ) Density and pressure decrease smoothly with altitude , but temperature ( red ) does not . The speed of sound ( blue ) depends only on the complicated temperature variation at altitude and can be calculated from it , since isolated density and pressure effects on the speed of sound cancel each other . Speed of sound increases with height in two regions of the stratosphere and thermosphere , due to heating effects in these regions . In the Earth 's atmosphere , the chief factor affecting the speed of sound is the temperature . For a given ideal gas with constant heat capacity and composition , the speed of sound is dependent solely upon temperature ; see Details below . In such an ideal case , the effects of decreased density and decreased pressure of altitude cancel each other out , save for the residual effect of temperature . Since temperature ( and thus the speed of sound ) decreases with increasing altitude up to 11 km , sound is refracted upward , away from listeners on the ground , creating an acoustic shadow at some distance from the source . The decrease of the speed of sound with height is referred to as a negative sound speed gradient . However , there are variations in this trend above 11 km . In particular , in the stratosphere above about 20 km , the speed of sound increases with height , due to an increase in temperature from heating within the ozone layer . This produces a positive speed of sound gradient in this region . Still another region of positive gradient occurs at very high altitudes , in the aptly - named thermosphere above 90 km . Practical formula for dry air ( edit ) Approximation of the speed of sound in dry air based on the heat capacity ratio ( in green ) against the truncated Taylor expansion ( in red ) . The approximate speed of sound in dry ( 0 % humidity ) air , in meters per second , at temperatures near 0 ° C , can be calculated from c a i r = ( 331.3 + 0.606 ⋅ θ ) m / s , ( \ displaystyle c_ ( \ mathrm ( air ) ) = ( 331.3 + 0.606 \ cdot \ vartheta ) ~ ~ ~ \ mathrm ( m / s ) , ) where θ ( \ displaystyle \ vartheta ) is the temperature in degrees Celsius ( ° C ) . This equation is derived from the first two terms of the Taylor expansion of the following more accurate equation : c a i r = 331.3 1 + θ 273.15 m / s . ( \ displaystyle c_ ( \ mathrm ( air ) ) = 331.3 ~ ( \ sqrt ( 1 + ( \ frac ( \ vartheta ) ( 273.15 ) ) ) ) ~ ~ ~ ~ \ mathrm ( m / s ) . ) Dividing the first part , and multiplying the second part , on the right hand side , by √ 273.15 gives the exactly equivalent form c a i r = 20.05 θ + 273.15 m / s . ( \ displaystyle c_ ( \ mathrm ( air ) ) = 20.05 ~ ( \ sqrt ( \ vartheta + 273.15 ) ) ~ ~ ~ ~ \ mathrm ( m / s ) . ) which can also be written as c a i r = 20.05 T / K m / s ( \ displaystyle c_ ( \ mathrm ( air ) ) = 20.05 ~ ( \ sqrt ( T / K ) ) ~ ~ ~ ~ \ mathrm ( m / s ) ) where T denotes the thermodynamic temperature . The value of 331.3 m / s , which represents the speed at 0 ° C ( or 273.15 K ) , is based on theoretical ( and some measured ) values of the heat capacity ratio , γ , as well as on the fact that at 1 atm real air is very well described by the ideal gas approximation . Commonly found values for the speed of sound at 0 ° C may vary from 331.2 to 331.6 due to the assumptions made when it is calculated . If ideal gas γ is assumed to be 7 / 5 = 1.4 exactly , the 0 ° C speed is calculated ( see section below ) to be 331.3 m / s , the coefficient used above . This equation is correct to a much wider temperature range , but still depends on the approximation of heat capacity ratio being independent of temperature , and for this reason will fail , particularly at higher temperatures . It gives good predictions in relatively dry , cold , low pressure conditions , such as the Earth 's stratosphere . The equation fails at extremely low pressures and short wavelengths , due to dependence on the assumption that the wavelength of the sound in the gas is much longer than the average mean free path between gas molecule collisions . A derivation of these equations will be given in the following section . A graph comparing results of the two equations is at right , using the slightly different value of 331.5 m / s for the speed of sound at 0 ° C . Details ( edit ) Speed of sound in ideal gases and air ( edit ) For an ideal gas , K ( the bulk modulus in equations above , equivalent to C , the coefficient of stiffness in solids ) is given by K = γ ⋅ p , ( \ displaystyle K = \ gamma \ cdot p , ) thus , from the Newton -- Laplace equation above , the speed of sound in an ideal gas is given by c = γ ⋅ p ρ , ( \ displaystyle c = ( \ sqrt ( \ gamma \ cdot ( p \ over \ rho ) ) ) , ) where γ is the adiabatic index also known as the isentropic expansion factor . It is the ratio of specific heats of a gas at a constant - pressure to a gas at a constant - volume ( C p / C v ( \ displaystyle C_ ( p ) / C_ ( v ) ) ) , and arises because a classical sound wave induces an adiabatic compression , in which the heat of the compression does not have enough time to escape the pressure pulse , and thus contributes to the pressure induced by the compression ; p is the pressure ; ρ is the density . Using the ideal gas law to replace p with nRT / V , and replacing ρ with nM / V , the equation for an ideal gas becomes c i d e a l = γ ⋅ p ρ = γ ⋅ R ⋅ T M = γ ⋅ k ⋅ T m , ( \ displaystyle c_ ( \ mathrm ( ideal ) ) = ( \ sqrt ( \ gamma \ cdot ( p \ over \ rho ) ) ) = ( \ sqrt ( \ gamma \ cdot R \ cdot T \ over M ) ) = ( \ sqrt ( \ gamma \ cdot k \ cdot T \ over m ) ) , ) where c is the speed of sound in an ideal gas ; R ( approximately 8.314 , 5 J mol K ) is the molar gas constant ( universal gas constant ) ; k is the Boltzmann constant ; γ ( gamma ) is the adiabatic index . At room temperature , where thermal energy is fully partitioned into rotation ( rotations are fully excited ) but quantum effects prevent excitation of vibrational modes , the value is 7 / 5 = 1.400 for diatomic molecules , according to kinetic theory . Gamma is actually experimentally measured over a range from 1.399 , 1 to 1.403 at 0 ° C , for air . Gamma is exactly 5 / 3 = 1.6667 for monatomic gases such as noble gases ; T is the absolute temperature ; M is the molar mass of the gas . The mean molar mass for dry air is about 0.028 , 964 , 5 kg / mol ; n is the number of moles ; m is the mass of a single molecule . This equation applies only when the sound wave is a small perturbation on the ambient condition , and the certain other noted conditions are fulfilled , as noted below . Calculated values for c have been found to vary slightly from experimentally determined values . Newton famously considered the speed of sound before most of the development of thermodynamics and so incorrectly used isothermal calculations instead of adiabatic . His result was missing the factor of γ but was otherwise correct . Numerical substitution of the above values gives the ideal gas approximation of sound velocity for gases , which is accurate at relatively low gas pressures and densities ( for air , this includes standard Earth sea - level conditions ) . Also , for diatomic gases the use of γ = 1.400 , 0 requires that the gas exists in a temperature range high enough that rotational heat capacity is fully excited ( i.e. , molecular rotation is fully used as a heat energy `` partition '' or reservoir ) ; but at the same time the temperature must be low enough that molecular vibrational modes contribute no heat capacity ( i.e. , insignificant heat goes into vibration , as all vibrational quantum modes above the minimum - energy - mode , have energies too high to be populated by a significant number of molecules at this temperature ) . For air , these conditions are fulfilled at room temperature , and also temperatures considerably below room temperature ( see tables below ) . See the section on gases in specific heat capacity for a more complete discussion of this phenomenon . For air , we use a simplified symbol R ∗ = R / M a i r . ( \ displaystyle R_ ( * ) = R / M_ ( \ mathrm ( air ) ) . ) Additionally , if temperatures in degrees Celsius ( ° C ) are to be used to calculate air speed in the region near 273 kelvin , then Celsius temperature θ = T − 273.15 may be used . Then c i d e a l = γ ⋅ R ∗ ⋅ T = γ ⋅ R ∗ ⋅ ( θ + 273.15 ) , ( \ displaystyle c_ ( \ mathrm ( ideal ) ) = ( \ sqrt ( \ gamma \ cdot R_ ( * ) \ cdot T ) ) = ( \ sqrt ( \ gamma \ cdot R_ ( * ) \ cdot ( \ vartheta + 273.15 ) ) ) , ) c i d e a l = γ ⋅ R ∗ ⋅ 273.15 ⋅ 1 + θ 273.15 . ( \ displaystyle c_ ( \ mathrm ( ideal ) ) = ( \ sqrt ( \ gamma \ cdot R_ ( * ) \ cdot 273.15 ) ) \ cdot ( \ sqrt ( 1 + ( \ frac ( \ vartheta ) ( 273.15 ) ) ) ) . ) For dry air , where θ ( theta ) is the temperature in degrees Celsius ( ° C ) . Making the following numerical substitutions , R = 8.314 , 510 J / ( m o l ⋅ K ) ( \ displaystyle R = 8.314 , 510 ~ \ mathrm ( J / ( mol \ cdot K ) ) ) is the molar gas constant in J / mole / Kelvin , and M a i r = 0.028 , 964 , 5 k g / m o l ( \ displaystyle M_ ( \ mathrm ( air ) ) = 0.028 , 964 , 5 ~ \ mathrm ( kg / mol ) ) is the mean molar mass of air , in kg ; and using the ideal diatomic gas value of γ = 1.4000 . Then c a i r = 331.3 1 + θ ∘ C 273.15 ∘ C m / s . ( \ displaystyle c_ ( \ mathrm ( air ) ) = 331.3 ~ ~ ( \ sqrt ( 1 + ( \ frac ( \ vartheta ^ ( \ circ ) \ mathrm ( C ) ) ( 273.15 ^ ( \ circ ) \ mathrm ( C ) ) ) ) ) ~ ~ ~ \ mathrm ( m / s ) . ) Using the first two terms of the Taylor expansion : c a i r = 331.3 ( 1 + θ ∘ C 2 ⋅ 273.15 ∘ C ) m / s , ( \ displaystyle c_ ( \ mathrm ( air ) ) = 331.3 ~ ( 1 + ( \ frac ( \ vartheta ^ ( \ circ ) \ mathrm ( C ) ) ( 2 \ cdot 273.15 ^ ( \ circ ) \ mathrm ( C ) ) ) ) ~ ~ ~ \ mathrm ( m / s ) , ) c a i r = ( 331.3 + 0.606 ∘ C − 1 ⋅ θ ) m / s . ( \ displaystyle c_ ( \ mathrm ( air ) ) = ( 331.3 + 0.606 ^ ( \ circ ) \ mathrm ( C ) ^ ( - 1 ) \ cdot \ vartheta ) ~ ~ ~ \ mathrm ( m / s ) . ) The derivation includes the first two equations given in the `` Practical formula for dry air '' section above . Effects due to wind shear ( edit ) The speed of sound varies with temperature . Since temperature and sound velocity normally decrease with increasing altitude , sound is refracted upward , away from listeners on the ground , creating an acoustic shadow at some distance from the source . Wind shear of 4 m / ( s km ) can produce refraction equal to a typical temperature lapse rate of 7.5 ° C / km . Higher values of wind gradient will refract sound downward toward the surface in the downwind direction , eliminating the acoustic shadow on the downwind side . This will increase the audibility of sounds downwind . This downwind refraction effect occurs because there is a wind gradient ; the sound is not being carried along by the wind . For sound propagation , the exponential variation of wind speed with height can be defined as follows : U ( h ) = U ( 0 ) h ζ , ( \ displaystyle U ( h ) = U ( 0 ) h ^ ( \ zeta ) , ) d U d H ( h ) = ζ U ( h ) h , ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( \ mathrm ( d ) U ) ( \ mathrm ( d ) H ) ) ( h ) = \ zeta ( \ frac ( U ( h ) ) ( h ) ) , ) where U ( h ) is the speed of the wind at height h ; ζ is the exponential coefficient based on ground surface roughness , typically between 0.08 and 0.52 ; dU / dH ( h ) is the expected wind gradient at height h . In the 1862 American Civil War Battle of Iuka , an acoustic shadow , believed to have been enhanced by a northeast wind , kept two divisions of Union soldiers out of the battle , because they could not hear the sounds of battle only 10 km ( six miles ) downwind . Tables ( edit ) In the standard atmosphere : T is 273.15 K ( = 0 ° C = 32 ° F ) , giving a theoretical value of 331.3 m / s ( = 1086.9 ft / s = 1193 km / h = 741.1 mph = 644.0 kn ) . Values ranging from 331.3 - 331.6 may be found in reference literature , however ; T is 293.15 K ( = 20 ° C = 68 ° F ) , giving a value of 343.2 m / s ( = 1126.0 ft / s = 1236 km / h = 767.8 mph = 667.2 kn ) ; T is 298.15 K ( = 25 ° C = 77 ° F ) , giving a value of 346.1 m / s ( = 1135.6 ft / s = 1246 km / h = 774.3 mph = 672.8 kn ) . In fact , assuming an ideal gas , the speed of sound c depends on temperature only , not on the pressure or density ( since these change in lockstep for a given temperature and cancel out ) . Air is almost an ideal gas . The temperature of the air varies with altitude , giving the following variations in the speed of sound using the standard atmosphere -- actual conditions may vary . Effect of temperature on properties of air Temperature T ( ° C ) Speed of sound c ( m / s ) Density of air ρ ( kg / m ) Characteristic specific acoustic impedance z ( Pa s / m ) 35 351.88 1.1455 403.2 30 349.02 1.1644 406.5 25 346.13 1.1839 409.4 20 343.21 1.2041 413.3 15 340.27 1.2250 416.9 10 337.31 1.2466 420.5 5 334.32 1.2690 424.3 0 331.30 1.2922 428.0 − 5 328.25 1.3163 432.1 − 10 325.18 1.3413 436.1 − 15 322.07 1.3673 440.3 − 20 318.94 1.3943 444.6 − 25 315.77 1.4224 449.1 Given normal atmospheric conditions , the temperature , and thus speed of sound , varies with altitude : Altitude Temperature m / s km / h mph kn Sea level 15 ° C ( 59 ° F ) 340 1,225 761 661 11,000 m − 20,000 m ( Cruising altitude of commercial jets , and first supersonic flight ) − 57 ° C ( − 70 ° F ) 295 1,062 660 573 29,000 m ( Flight of X-43A ) − 48 ° C ( − 53 ° F ) 301 1,083 673 585 Effect of frequency and gas composition ( edit ) General Physical considerations ( edit ) The medium in which a sound wave is travelling does not always respond adiabatically , and as a result the speed of sound can vary with frequency . The limitations of the concept of speed of sound due to extreme attenuation are also of concern . The attenuation which exists at sea level for high frequencies applies to successively lower frequencies as atmospheric pressure decreases , or as the mean free path increases . For this reason , the concept of speed of sound ( except for frequencies approaching zero ) progressively loses its range of applicability at high altitudes . The standard equations for the speed of sound apply with reasonable accuracy only to situations in which the wavelength of the soundwave is considerably longer than the mean free path of molecules in a gas . The molecular composition of the gas contributes both as the mass ( M ) of the molecules , and their heat capacities , and so both have an influence on speed of sound . In general , at the same molecular mass , monatomic gases have slightly higher speed of sound ( over 9 % higher ) because they have a higher γ ( 5 / 3 = 1.66 ... ) than diatomics do ( 7 / 5 = 1.4 ) . Thus , at the same molecular mass , the speed of sound of a monatomic gas goes up by a factor of c g a s , m o n a t o m i c c g a s , d i a t o m i c = 5 / 3 7 / 5 = 25 21 = 1.091 ... ( \ displaystyle ( c_ ( \ mathrm ( gas , monatomic ) ) \ over c_ ( \ mathrm ( gas , diatomic ) ) ) = ( \ sqrt ( ( 5 / 3 ) \ over ( 7 / 5 ) ) ) = ( \ sqrt ( 25 \ over 21 ) ) = 1.091 \ ldots ) This gives the 9 % difference , and would be a typical ratio for speeds of sound at room temperature in helium vs. deuterium , each with a molecular weight of 4 . Sound travels faster in helium than deuterium because adiabatic compression heats helium more , since the helium molecules can store heat energy from compression only in translation , but not rotation . Thus helium molecules ( monatomic molecules ) travel faster in a sound wave and transmit sound faster . ( Sound travels at about 70 % of the mean molecular speed in gases ; the figure is 75 % in monatomic gases and 68 % in diatomic gases ) . Note that in this example we have assumed that temperature is low enough that heat capacities are not influenced by molecular vibration ( see heat capacity ) . However , vibrational modes simply cause gammas which decrease toward 1 , since vibration modes in a polyatomic gas gives the gas additional ways to store heat which do not affect temperature , and thus do not affect molecular velocity and sound velocity . Thus , the effect of higher temperatures and vibrational heat capacity acts to increase the difference between the speed of sound in monatomic vs. polyatomic molecules , with the speed remaining greater in monatomics . Practical application to air ( edit ) By far the most important factor influencing the speed of sound in air is temperature . The speed is proportional to the square root of the absolute temperature , giving an increase of about 0.6 m / s per degree Celsius . For this reason , the pitch of a musical wind instrument increases as its temperature increases . The speed of sound is raised by humidity but decreased by carbon dioxide . The difference between 0 % and 100 % humidity is about 1.5 m / s at standard pressure and temperature , but the size of the humidity effect increases dramatically with temperature . The carbon dioxide content of air is not fixed , due to both carbon pollution and human breath ( e.g. , in the air blown through wind instruments ) . The dependence on frequency and pressure are normally insignificant in practical applications . In dry air , the speed of sound increases by about 0.1 m / s as the frequency rises from 10 Hz to 100 Hz . For audible frequencies above 100 Hz it is relatively constant . Standard values of the speed of sound are quoted in the limit of low frequencies , where the wavelength is large compared to the mean free path . Mach number ( edit ) Main article : Mach number U.S. Navy F / A-18 traveling near the speed of sound . The white halo consists of condensed water droplets formed by the sudden drop in air pressure behind the shock cone around the aircraft ( see Prandtl - Glauert singularity ) . Mach number , a useful quantity in aerodynamics , is the ratio of air speed to the local speed of sound . At altitude , for reasons explained , Mach number is a function of temperature . Aircraft flight instruments , however , operate using pressure differential to compute Mach number , not temperature . The assumption is that a particular pressure represents a particular altitude and , therefore , a standard temperature . Aircraft flight instruments need to operate this way because the stagnation pressure sensed by a Pitot tube is dependent on altitude as well as speed . Experimental methods ( edit ) A range of different methods exist for the measurement of sound in air . The earliest reasonably accurate estimate of the speed of sound in air was made by William Derham , and acknowledged by Isaac Newton . Derham had a telescope at the top of the tower of the Church of St Laurence in Upminster , England . On a calm day , a synchronized pocket watch would be given to an assistant who would fire a shotgun at a pre-determined time from a conspicuous point some miles away , across the countryside . This could be confirmed by telescope . He then measured the interval between seeing gunsmoke and arrival of the sound using a half - second pendulum . The distance from where the gun was fired was found by triangulation , and simple division ( distance / time ) provided velocity . Lastly , by making many observations , using a range of different distances , the inaccuracy of the half - second pendulum could be averaged out , giving his final estimate of the speed of sound . Modern stopwatches enable this method to be used today over distances as short as 200 -- 400 meters , and not needing something as loud as a shotgun . Single - shot timing methods ( edit ) The simplest concept is the measurement made using two microphones and a fast recording device such as a digital storage scope . This method uses the following idea . If a sound source and two microphones are arranged in a straight line , with the sound source at one end , then the following can be measured : The distance between the microphones ( x ) , called microphone basis . The time of arrival between the signals ( delay ) reaching the different microphones ( t ) . Then v = x / t . Other methods ( edit ) In these methods the time measurement has been replaced by a measurement of the inverse of time ( frequency ) . Kundt 's tube is an example of an experiment which can be used to measure the speed of sound in a small volume . It has the advantage of being able to measure the speed of sound in any gas . This method uses a powder to make the nodes and antinodes visible to the human eye . This is an example of a compact experimental setup . A tuning fork can be held near the mouth of a long pipe which is dipping into a barrel of water . In this system it is the case that the pipe can be brought to resonance if the length of the air column in the pipe is equal to ( 1 + 2n ) λ / 4 where n is an integer . As the antinodal point for the pipe at the open end is slightly outside the mouth of the pipe it is best to find two or more points of resonance and then measure half a wavelength between these . Here it is the case that v = fλ . High - precision measurements in air ( edit ) The effect from impurities can be significant when making high - precision measurements . Chemical desiccants can be used to dry the air , but will in turn contaminate the sample . The air can be dried cryogenically , but this has the effect of removing the carbon dioxide as well ; therefore many high - precision measurements are performed with air free of carbon dioxide rather than with natural air . A 2002 review found that a 1963 measurement by Smith and Harlow using a cylindrical resonator gave `` the most probable value of the standard speed of sound to date . '' The experiment was done with air from which the carbon dioxide had been removed , but the result was then corrected for this effect so as to be applicable to real air . The experiments were done at 30 ° C but corrected for temperature in order to report them at 0 ° C. The result was 331.45 ± 0.01 m / s for dry air at STP , for frequencies from 93 Hz to 1,500 Hz . Non-gaseous media ( edit ) Speed of sound in solids ( edit ) Three - dimensional solids ( edit ) In a solid , there is a non-zero stiffness both for volumetric deformations and shear deformations . Hence , it is possible to generate sound waves with different velocities dependent on the deformation mode . Sound waves generating volumetric deformations ( compression ) and shear deformations ( shearing ) are called pressure waves ( longitudinal waves ) and shear waves ( transverse waves ) , respectively . In earthquakes , the corresponding seismic waves are called P - waves ( primary waves ) and S - waves ( secondary waves ) , respectively . The sound velocities of these two types of waves propagating in a homogeneous 3 - dimensional solid are respectively given by c s o l i d , p = K + 4 3 G ρ = E ( 1 − ν ) ρ ( 1 + ν ) ( 1 − 2 ν ) , ( \ displaystyle c_ ( \ mathrm ( solid , p ) ) = ( \ sqrt ( \ frac ( K+ ( \ frac ( 4 ) ( 3 ) ) G ) ( \ rho ) ) ) = ( \ sqrt ( \ frac ( E ( 1 - \ nu ) ) ( \ rho ( 1 + \ nu ) ( 1 - 2 \ nu ) ) ) ) , ) c s o l i d , s = G ρ , ( \ displaystyle c_ ( \ mathrm ( solid , s ) ) = ( \ sqrt ( \ frac ( G ) ( \ rho ) ) ) , ) where K is the bulk modulus of the elastic materials ; G is the shear modulus of the elastic materials ; E is the Young 's modulus ; ρ is the density ; ν is Poisson 's ratio . The last quantity is not an independent one , as E = 3K ( 1 − 2ν ) . Note that the speed of pressure waves depends both on the pressure and shear resistance properties of the material , while the speed of shear waves depends on the shear properties only . Typically , pressure waves travel faster in materials than do shear waves , and in earthquakes this is the reason that the onset of an earthquake is often preceded by a quick upward - downward shock , before arrival of waves that produce a side - to - side motion . For example , for a typical steel alloy , K = 170 GPa , G = 80 GPa and ρ = 7,700 kg / m , yielding a compressional speed c of 6,000 m / s . This is in reasonable agreement with c measured experimentally at 5,930 m / s for a ( possibly different ) type of steel . The shear speed c is estimated at 3,200 m / s using the same numbers . One - dimensional solids ( edit ) The speed of sound for pressure waves in stiff materials such as metals is sometimes given for `` long rods '' of the material in question , in which the speed is easier to measure . In rods where their diameter is shorter than a wavelength , the speed of pure pressure waves may be simplified and is given by : c s o l i d = E ρ , ( \ displaystyle c_ ( \ mathrm ( solid ) ) = ( \ sqrt ( \ frac ( E ) ( \ rho ) ) ) , ) where E is the Young 's modulus . This is similar to the expression for shear waves , save that Young 's modulus replaces the shear modulus . This speed of sound for pressure waves in long rods will always be slightly less than the same speed in homogeneous 3 - dimensional solids , and the ratio of the speeds in the two different types of objects depends on Poisson 's ratio for the material . Speed of sound in liquids ( edit ) Speed of sound in water vs temperature . In a fluid the only non-zero stiffness is to volumetric deformation ( a fluid does not sustain shear forces ) . Hence the speed of sound in a fluid is given by c f l u i d = K ρ , ( \ displaystyle c_ ( \ mathrm ( fluid ) ) = ( \ sqrt ( \ frac ( K ) ( \ rho ) ) ) , ) where K is the bulk modulus of the fluid . Water ( edit ) In fresh water , sound travels at about 1481 m / s at 20 ° C ( see the External Links section below for online calculators ) . Applications of underwater sound can be found in sonar , acoustic communication and acoustical oceanography . Seawater ( edit ) See also : Sound speed profile Speed of sound as a function of depth at a position north of Hawaii in the Pacific Ocean derived from the 2005 World Ocean Atlas . The SOFAR channel is centred on the minimum in the speed of sound at ca . 750 - m depth . In salt water that is free of air bubbles or suspended sediment , sound travels at about 1500 m / s ( 1500.235 m / s at 1000 kilopascals , 10 ° C and 3 % salinity by one method ) . The speed of sound in seawater depends on pressure ( hence depth ) , temperature ( a change of 1 ° C ~ 4 m / s ) , and salinity ( a change of 1 ‰ ~ 1 m / s ) , and empirical equations have been derived to accurately calculate the speed of sound from these variables . Other factors affecting the speed of sound are minor . Since temperature decreases with depth while pressure and generally salinity increase , the profile of the speed of sound with depth generally shows a characteristic curve which decreases to a minimum at a depth of several hundred meters , then increases again with increasing depth ( right ) . For more information see Dushaw et al . A simple empirical equation for the speed of sound in sea water with reasonable accuracy for the world 's oceans is due to Mackenzie : c ( T , S , z ) = a 1 + a 2 T + a 3 T 2 + a 4 T 3 + a 5 ( S − 35 ) + a 6 z + a 7 z 2 + a 8 T ( S − 35 ) + a 9 T z 3 , ( \ displaystyle c ( T , S , z ) = a_ ( 1 ) + a_ ( 2 ) T + a_ ( 3 ) T ^ ( 2 ) + a_ ( 4 ) T ^ ( 3 ) + a_ ( 5 ) ( S - 35 ) + a_ ( 6 ) z + a_ ( 7 ) z ^ ( 2 ) + a_ ( 8 ) T ( S - 35 ) + a_ ( 9 ) Tz ^ ( 3 ) , ) where T is the temperature in degrees Celsius ; S is the salinity in parts per thousand ; z is the depth in meters . The constants a , a , ... , a are a 1 = 1 , 448.96 , a 2 = 4.591 , a 3 = − 5.304 × 10 − 2 , a 4 = 2.374 × 10 − 4 , a 5 = 1.340 , a 6 = 1.630 × 10 − 2 , a 7 = 1.675 × 10 − 7 , a 8 = − 1.025 × 10 − 2 , a 9 = − 7.139 × 10 − 13 , ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) a_ ( 1 ) & = 1,448.96 , &a_ ( 2 ) & = 4.591 , &a_ ( 3 ) & = - 5.304 \ times 10 ^ ( - 2 ) , \ \ a_ ( 4 ) & = 2.374 \ times 10 ^ ( - 4 ) , &a_ ( 5 ) & = 1.340 , &a_ ( 6 ) & = 1.630 \ times 10 ^ ( - 2 ) , \ \ a_ ( 7 ) & = 1.675 \ times 10 ^ ( - 7 ) , &a_ ( 8 ) & = - 1.025 \ times 10 ^ ( - 2 ) , &a_ ( 9 ) & = - 7.139 \ times 10 ^ ( - 13 ) , \ end ( aligned ) ) ) with check value 1550.744 m / s for T = 25 ° C , S = 35 parts per thousand , z = 1,000 m . This equation has a standard error of 0.070 m / s for salinity between 25 and 40 ppt . See Technical Guides . Speed of Sound in Sea - Water for an online calculator . Other equations for the speed of sound in sea water are accurate over a wide range of conditions , but are far more complicated , e.g. , that by V.A. Del Grosso and the Chen - Millero - Li Equation . Speed of sound in plasma ( edit ) The speed of sound in a plasma for the common case that the electrons are hotter than the ions ( but not too much hotter ) is given by the formula ( see here ) c s = ( γ Z k T e / m i ) 1 / 2 = 9.79 × 10 3 ( γ Z T e / μ ) 1 / 2 m / s , ( \ displaystyle c_ ( s ) = ( \ gamma ZkT_ ( \ mathrm ( e ) ) / m_ ( \ mathrm ( i ) ) ) ^ ( 1 / 2 ) = 9.79 \ times 10 ^ ( 3 ) ( \ gamma ZT_ ( e ) / \ mu ) ^ ( 1 / 2 ) ~ \ mathrm ( m / s ) , ) where m is the ion mass ; μ is the ratio of ion mass to proton mass μ = m / m ; T is the electron temperature ; Z is the charge state ; k is Boltzmann constant ; γ is the adiabatic index . In contrast to a gas , the pressure and the density are provided by separate species , the pressure by the electrons and the density by the ions . The two are coupled through a fluctuating electric field . Gradients ( edit ) Main article : Sound speed gradient When sound spreads out evenly in all directions in three dimensions , the intensity drops in proportion to the inverse square of the distance . However , in the ocean there is a layer called the ' deep sound channel ' or SOFAR channel which can confine sound waves at a particular depth . In the SOFAR channel , the speed of sound is lower than that in the layers above and below . Just as light waves will refract towards a region of higher index , sound waves will refract towards a region where their speed is reduced . The result is that sound gets confined in the layer , much the way light can be confined in a sheet of glass or optical fiber . Thus , the sound is confined in essentially two dimensions . In two dimensions the intensity drops in proportion to only the inverse of the distance . This allows waves to travel much further before being undetectably faint . A similar effect occurs in the atmosphere . Project Mogul successfully used this effect to detect a nuclear explosion at a considerable distance . See also ( edit ) Acoustoelastic effect Elastic wave Second sound Sonic boom Sound barrier Underwater acoustics Vibrations References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Speed of Sound Jump up ^ `` The Speed of Sound '' . mathpages.com . Retrieved 3 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Bannon , Mike ; Kaputa , Frank . `` The Newton -- Laplace Equation and Speed of Sound '' . Thermal Jackets . Retrieved 3 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Murdin , Paul ( 25 December 2008 ) . Full Meridian of Glory : Perilous Adventures in the Competition to Measure the Earth . Springer Science & Business Media . pp. 35 -- 36 . ISBN 9780387755342 . Jump up ^ Fox , Tony ( 2003 ) . Essex Journal . Essex Arch & Hist Soc . pp. 12 -- 16 . Jump up ^ Dean , E.A. ( August 1979 ) . Atmospheric Effects on the Speed of Sound , Technical report of Defense Technical Information Center ^ Jump up to : Everest , F. ( 2001 ) . The Master Handbook of Acoustics . New York : McGraw - Hill . pp. 262 -- 263 . ISBN 0 - 07 - 136097 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` CODATA Value : molar gas constant '' . Physics.nist.gov . Retrieved 24 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to : U.S. Standard Atmosphere , 1976 , U.S. Government Printing Office , Washington , D.C. , 1976 . Jump up ^ Uman , Martin ( 1984 ) . Lightning . New York : Dover Publications . ISBN 0 - 486 - 64575 - 4 . Jump up ^ Volland , Hans ( 1995 ) . Handbook of Atmospheric Electrodynamics . Boca Raton : CRC Press . p. 22 . ISBN 0 - 8493 - 8647 - 0 . Jump up ^ Singal , S. ( 2005 ) . Noise Pollution and Control Strategy . Oxford : Alpha Science International . p. 7 . ISBN 1 - 84265 - 237 - 0 . It may be seen that refraction effects occur only because there is a wind gradient and it is not due to the result of sound being convected along by the wind . Jump up ^ Bies , David ( 2004 ) . Engineering Noise Control , Theory and Practice . London : Spon Press . p. 235 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 26713 - 7 . As wind speed generally increases with altitude , wind blowing towards the listener from the source will refract sound waves downwards , resulting in increased noise levels . Jump up ^ Cornwall , Sir ( 1996 ) . Grant as Military Commander . New York : Barnes & Noble . p. 92 . ISBN 1 - 56619 - 913 - 1 . Jump up ^ Cozens , Peter ( 2006 ) . The Darkest Days of the War : the Battles of Iuka and Corinth . Chapel Hill : The University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 0 - 8078 - 5783 - 1 . Jump up ^ AB Wood , A Textbook of Sound ( Bell , London , 1946 ) Jump up ^ `` Speed of Sound in Air '' . Phy.mtu.edu . Retrieved 13 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Nemiroff , R. ; Bonnell , J. , eds. ( 19 August 2007 ) . `` A Sonic Boom '' . Astronomy Picture of the Day . NASA . Retrieved 24 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Zuckerwar , Handbook of the speed of sound in real gases , p. 52 ^ Jump up to : L.E. Kinsler et al. ( 2000 ) , Fundamentals of acoustics , 4th Ed. , John Wiley and sons Inc. , New York , USA . Jump up ^ J. Krautkrämer and H. Krautkrämer ( 1990 ) , Ultrasonic testing of materials , 4th fully revised edition , Springer - Verlag , Berlin , Germany , p. 497 Jump up ^ `` Speed of Sound in Water at Temperatures between 32 -- 212 oF ( 0 -- 100 oC ) -- imperial and SI units '' . The Engineering Toolbox . Jump up ^ Wong , George S.K. ; Zhu , Shi - ming ( 1995 ) . `` Speed of sound in seawater as a function of salinity , temperature , and pressure '' . The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America . 97 ( 3 ) : 1732 . Bibcode : 1995ASAJ ... 97.1732 W . doi : 10.1121 / 1.413048 . Jump up ^ APL - UW TR 9407 High - Frequency Ocean Environmental Acoustic Models Handbook , pp. I1 - I2 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Stephen ( 22 Sep 2005 ) . `` Technical Guides - Speed of Sound in Sea - Water '' . National Physical Laboratory . Retrieved 7 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` How Fast Does Sound Travel ? '' . Discovery of Sound in the Sea . University of Rhode Island . Retrieved 30 November 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Dushaw , Brian D. ; Worcester , P.F. ; Cornuelle , B.D. ; Howe , B.M. ( 1993 ) . `` On Equations for the Speed of Sound in Seawater '' . Journal of the Acoustical Society of America . 93 ( 1 ) : 255 -- 275 . Bibcode : 1993ASAJ ... 93 ... 255D . doi : 10.1121 / 1.405660 . Jump up ^ Kenneth V. , Mackenzie ( 1981 ) . `` Discussion of sea - water sound - speed determinations '' . Journal of the Acoustical Society of America . 70 ( 3 ) : 801 -- 806 . Bibcode : 1981ASAJ ... 70 ... 801M . doi : 10.1121 / 1.386919 . Jump up ^ Del Grosso , V.A. ( 1974 ) . `` New equation for speed of sound in natural waters ( with comparisons to other equations ) '' . Journal of the Acoustical Society of America . 56 ( 4 ) : 1084 -- 1091 . Bibcode : 1974ASAJ ... 56.1084 D . doi : 10.1121 / 1.1903388 . Jump up ^ Meinen , Christopher S. ; Watts , D. Randolph ( 1997 ) . `` Further Evidence that the Sound - Speed Algorithm of Del Grosso Is More Accurate Than that of Chen and Millero '' . Journal of the Acoustical Society of America . 102 ( 4 ) : 2058 -- 2062 . Bibcode : 1997ASAJ ... 102.2058 M . doi : 10.1121 / 1.419655 . External links ( edit ) Calculation : Speed of Sound in Air and the Temperature Speed of sound : Temperature Matters , Not Air Pressure Properties of the U.S. Standard Atmosphere 1976 The Speed of Sound How to Measure the Speed of Sound in a Laboratory Teaching Resource for 14 - 16 Years on Sound Including Speed of Sound Technical Guides . Speed of Sound in Pure Water Technical Guides . Speed of Sound in Sea - Water Did Sound Once Travel at Light Speed ? Acoustic Properties of Various Materials Including the Speed of Sound Technical Guides - Speed of Sound in Pure Water ( provides a calculator for the speed in water ) Discovery of Sound in the Sea ( uses of sound by humans and other animals ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Speed_of_sound&oldid=801030131 '' Categories : Fluid dynamics Aerodynamics Acoustics Sound Sound measurements Physical quantities Chemical properties Velocity Hidden categories : All articles with links needing disambiguation Articles with links needing disambiguation from September 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Use dmy dates from May 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Boarisch Bosanski Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Қазақша Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lietuvių La . lojban . Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oromoo Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 17 September 2017 , at 07 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed%20of%20sound	1,111
what's inside sleeping beauty's castle in disneyland	On July 17 , 2008 , Disney announced that the Sleeping Beauty Castle walkthrough would reopen in the style of the original Earle dioramas , enhanced with new technology not available in 1957 . The walkthrough reopened on November 27 , 2008 at 5 : 00 p.m. , drawing long lines going as far back as the Hub at the center of the park . Unlike previous incarnations , visitors who are unable to climb stairs or navigate the passageways of the Castle can still experience the walkthrough `` virtually '' in a special room on the Castle 's ground floor . This room is lavishly themed , and presents the closed - captioned CGI walkthrough recreation on a high - definition TV . This same virtual recreation is included on the Sleeping Beauty 50th Anniversary Platinum Edition DVD .		Sleeping Beauty castle	sleeping beauty castle	Sleeping Beauty Castle is a fairy tale castle at the center of Disneyland and formerly at Hong Kong Disneyland . It is based on the late - 19th century Neuschwanstein Castle in Bavaria , Germany . It was featured in Walt Disney Pictures logo before the film , and along with Cinderella Castle , this castle is iconic symbol of The Walt Disney Company . It is also the only Disney castle that was overseen by Walt Disney .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Disneyland 1.1 Fiftieth anniversary 1.2 Sixtieth anniversary 2 Hong Kong Disneyland 2.1 During the 5th Anniversary 2.2 During the 10th Anniversary 3 Logo usage 4 References Disneyland ( edit ) Sleeping Beauty Castle decorated for Christmas Disneyland 's Sleeping Beauty Castle at night , February 2005 . Neuschwanstein Castle Opened July 17 , 1955 , the castle is the oldest of all Disney castles . Its primary inspiration was the Neuschwanstein Castle in Germany . Though it reaches a height of 77 feet ( 23 m ) , it was designed by Roland E. Hill to appear taller through a process known as forced perspective ; design elements are larger at the foundation and smaller at the turrets . The castle initially featured an empty upper level that was never intended to house an attraction , but Walt Disney was not satisfied with what he viewed as wasted space , and challenged his Imagineers to find some use for the space . Beginning April 29 , 1957 , visitors were able to walk through the castle and view several dioramas depicting the story of Sleeping Beauty . The voice of Jiminy Cricket from Walt Disney 's Pinocchio ( 1940 ) singing `` When You Wish Upon a Star '' is piped into the castle . The original dioramas were designed in the style of Eyvind Earle , production designer for Disney 's 1959 film Sleeping Beauty , and were then redone in 1977 to resemble the window displays on Main Street , U.S.A. . The walkthrough was closed for unspecified reasons on October 7 , 2001 ; popular belief claims the September 11th attacks and the potential danger that ensued played a major factor in the closing . On July 17 , 2008 , Disney announced that the Sleeping Beauty Castle walkthrough would reopen in the style of the original Earle dioramas , enhanced with new technology not available in 1957 . The walkthrough reopened on November 27 , 2008 at 5 : 00 p.m. , drawing long lines going as far back as the Hub at the center of the park . Unlike previous incarnations , visitors who are unable to climb stairs or navigate the passageways of the Castle can still experience the walkthrough `` virtually '' in a special room on the Castle 's ground floor . This room is lavishly themed , and presents the closed - captioned CGI walkthrough recreation on a high - definition TV . This same virtual recreation is included on the Sleeping Beauty 50th Anniversary Platinum Edition DVD . The Disney family coat of arms hangs above the archway to the castle . It is composed of three lions passant in pale . It is known that the coat of arms was not originally on the castle , but was placed there sometime between June 1965 and July 1965 . At the rear of the castle , shaded by the archways and driven into the ground is a gold spike that is widely , but wrongly , believed to mark the geographical center of Disneyland as of the addition of Mickey 's Toontown in 1993 . In reality , the spike is a surveyor 's mark that was used to ensure that the castle bridge and entrance lined up with Main Street USA when the park was first constructed . The original geographical center of the Magic Kingdom was in the middle of the round park , where the `` Partners '' statue of Walt Disney and Mickey Mouse stands . The addition of Toontown moved the actual center of the park a few yards northward , but still on the hub side of the castle drawbridge . Fiftieth anniversary ( edit ) In celebration of Disneyland 's 50th anniversary , the castle was repainted and five turrets were decorated with stylized crowns , each representing a decade in the park 's history : The creation of Disneyland is represented by a pair of famous `` Ears '' peeking up over the horizon to see the wonders to come . `` A World on the Move '' , otherwise known as the `` New Tomorrowland '' of 1967 , is represented by rocket ships and accented by opalescent planets . The Blue Fairy represents the debut of the Main Street Electrical Parade . The Indiana Jones Adventure is represented by the evil Eye of Mara , guarded by snakes . The 50th Anniversary of Disneyland is represented by fireworks and Tinker Bell . Sixtieth anniversary ( edit ) For Disneyland 's 60th Anniversary , World of Color changed to the World of Color : Celebrate ! The Wonderful World of Walt Disney . Disneyland Park introduced Paint The Night and a new fireworks show , `` Disneyland Forever '' . A 24 - hour kickoff event occurred May 22 , 2015 . As part of the celebration , the castle was covered with diamonds and glitter , with a large 60th logo in the center . Carthay Circle Restaurant at Disney California Adventure was also decorated for the Diamond Celebration . Although some of the decorations on the castle for the celebration have been removed , the decorative faux roofs remain . ( As of June 2017 ) Hong Kong Disneyland ( edit ) Sleeping Beauty Castle at Hong Kong Disneyland Hong Kong 's Sleeping Beauty Castle is a nearly identical copy of the original in California . However , the two castles can be differentiated through very subtle details . Hong Kong Disneyland uses a different color scheme compared to that of Disneyland , with more natural white and pink colours for the accents and cornice . It also has fewer trees surrounding its castle , allowing a more open view to accompany the nightly fireworks show . The park 's current castle will be completely redesigned and reconstructed in 2020 , as part of its 15th anniversary celebration . The castle will be redesigned to pay tribute to all Disney princesses . The castle closed on January 1 , 2018 . During the 5th anniversary ( edit ) In celebration of Hong Kong Disneyland 's fifth anniversary , Celebration in the Air , the castle was transformed into Tinker Bell 's Pixie Dusted Castle . The castle was decorated with golden pixie dust , which sparkled and shimmered in the sun and was illuminated by night . During the 10th anniversary ( edit ) Although no significant decorations were added to Hong Kong Disneyland 's Sleeping Beauty Castle for the park 's 10th anniversary , the nightly `` Disney In The Stars '' fireworks show was added with elaborate projection mapping with visuals to compliment the display . This , however , resulted in the elimination of a few pyrotechnic elements launched from the front of the castle during the show . Logo usage ( edit ) As Sleeping Beauty Castle is a Disney icon , it and Magic Kingdom 's Cinderella Castle have become the basis for the logo of Walt Disney Pictures , Walt Disney Television , Disney Music Group and Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures . It was also heavily featured in advertisements for the Wonderful World of Disney , formerly shown on the Disney Channel . References ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sleeping Beauty Castle at Disneyland . Jump up ^ Smith , Alex ( 2008 ) , Is Authenticity Important ? ( PDF ) , Royal College of Art , retrieved 2011 - 01 - 3 Jump up ^ Pimental , Joseph ( October 17 , 2015 ) . `` One of Disneyland 's many voices has an ear for magic '' . The Orange County Register . p . Local 1 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Coat of Arms / Disney Family Crest '' . 4crests.com. 2011 - 12 - 24 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ Erik , Irrawaddy . `` The Disney Crest Flickr - Photo Sharing ! '' . Flickr . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Daveland - Sleeping Beauty Castle ( Disneyland - June 1965 ) '' . Davelandweb.com . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Daveland - Sleeping Beauty Castle ( Disneyland - July 1965 ) '' . Davelandweb.com . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Brooks ( November 22 , 2016 ) . `` Hong Kong Disneyland , Seeking Return to Profit , Plans $1.4 Billion Upgrade '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Miller , Daniel ( November 22 , 2016 ) . `` Hong Kong Disneyland in line for a $1.4 - billion expansion , adding a ' Frozen ' themed land in a bid to boost growth '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . `` Sleeping Beauty '' / `` Little Briar Rose '' by Charles Perrault and the Brothers Grimm Theatre La Belle au Bois Dormant ( opera ) The Sleeping Beauty ( ballet ) Variants Sun , Moon , and Talia The Young Slave The Glass Coffin Retellings Alinda of the Loch Enchantment The Light Princess `` Little Daylight '' The Ordinary Princess The Sleeping Beauty Quartet Spindle 's End The Gates of Sleep Films Sleeping Beauty ( 1959 ) Some Call It Loving ( 1973 ) Sleeping Beauty ( 1987 ) Sleeping Beauty ( 1995 ) Keys to the Kingdom ( 2007 ) Sleeping Betty ( 2008 ) Maleficent ( 2014 ) Descendants ( 2015 ) Charming ( 2018 ) Disney `` Once Upon a Dream '' ( song ) Sleeping Beauty Castle Le Château de la Belle au Bois Dormant `` Evil Like Me '' ( song ) Kingdom Hearts series Characters Prince Charming Wicked fairy godmother Disney 's Sleeping Beauty characters Princess Aurora Flora , Fauna , and Merryweather Maleficent Disneyland Current attractions Former attractions Main Street , U.S.A. 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Mystic Point Mystic Manor Treasure Cove Pirates of the Caribbean : Battle for the Sunken Treasure Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sleeping_Beauty_Castle&oldid=832394790 '' Categories : Operating amusement attractions Amusement rides introduced in 1955 Closed amusement attractions Amusement rides introduced in 2005 Amusement rides that closed in 2018 Amusement rides by name Walt Disney Parks and Resorts attractions Walt Disney Parks and Resorts icons Disneyland Hong Kong Disneyland Sleeping Beauty ( 1959 film ) Fantasyland Castles in the United States Buildings and structures completed in 1955 Buildings and structures completed in 2005 Talk Variants Contents About Wikipedia Català Español Français 한국어 עברית Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Português Scots 粵語中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 March 2018 , at 19 : 01 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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what is the pen name of bankim chandra chattopadhyay			Bankim Chandra Chatterjee	bankim chandra chatterjee	Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay or Bankim Chandra Chatterjee ( 27 June 1838 -- 8 April 1894 ) was a Bengali writer , poet and journalist . He was the composer of India 's national song Vande Mataram , originally in Sanskrit stotra personifying India as a mother goddess and inspiring the activists during the Indian Independence Movement . Chattopadhyay wrote thirteen novels and several ' serious , serio - comic , satirical , scientific and critical treaties ' in Bengali . His works were widely translated into other regional languages of India as well as in English .	Born to an orthodox Brahmin family , Chattopadhyay was educated at Hooghly Mohsin College founded by Bengali philanthropist Muhammad Mohsin and Presidency College , Calcutta . He was one of the first graduates of the University of Calcutta . From 1858 , until his retirement in 1891 , he served as a deputy magistrate and deputy collector in the Government of British India . Chattopadhyay is widely regarded as a key figure in literary renaissance of Bengal as well as the broader Indian subcontinent . Some of his writings , including novels , essays and commentaries , were a breakaway from traditional verse - oriented Indian writings , and provided an inspiration for authors across India . When Bipin Chandra Pal decided to start a patriotic journal in August 1906 , he named it Vande Mataram , after Chattopadhyay 's song . Lala Lajpat Rai also published a journal of the same name . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life and background 2 Literary career 3 Personal life 4 Quotes 5 Bibliography 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Early Life and background ( edit ) Chattopadhyay was born in the village Kanthalpara in the town of North 24 Parganas , Near Naihati , in an orthodox Bengali Brahmin family , the youngest of three brothers , to Yadav Chandra Chattopadhyaya and Durgadebi . His father , a government official , went on to become the Deputy Collector of Midnapur . One of his brothers , Sanjib Chandra Chattopadhyay was also a novelist and his known for his famous book `` Palamau '' . He was educated at the Hooghly Mohsin College and later at the Presidency College , graduating with a degree in Arts ( Law ) in 1858 . He was one of the first two graduates of the University of Calcutta namely he and Jadunath Bose . He later obtained a degree in Law as well , in 1869 . He was appointed as Deputy Collector , just like his father , of Jessore , Chattopadhyay went on to become a Deputy Magistrate , retiring from government service in 1891 . His years at work were peppered with incidents that brought him into conflict with the ruling British . However , he was made a Companion , Order of the Indian Empire in 1894 . Literary career ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Chattopadhyay 's earliest publications were in Ishwar Chandra Gupta 's weekly newspaper Sangbad Prabhakar . Following the model of Ishwar Chandra Gupta , he began his literary career as a writer of verse . His majestic talents showed him other directions , and turned to fiction . His first attempt was a novel in Bengali submitted for a declared prize . He did not win the prize , and the novelette was never published . His first fiction to appear in print was Rajmohan 's Wife . It was written in English and is regarded as the first Indian novel to be written in English . He could n't gain any praise by writing his novel in English , realizing the fact that he could n't have a smooth literary career if he wrote in English , he turned his attention towards Bengali literature . Durgeshnondini , his first Bengali romance and the first ever novel in Bengali , was published in 1865 . Kapalkundala ( 1866 ) is Chattopadhyay 's first major publication . The heroine of this novel , named after the mendicant woman in Bhavabhuti 's Malatimadhava , is modelled partly after Kalidasa 's Shakuntala and partly after Shakespeare 's Miranda . The hero of this novel was Nabakumar . However , the partial similarities are only inferential analysis by critics , and Chattopadhyay 's heroine may be completely his original . He had chosen Dariapur in Contai Subdivision as the background of this famous novel . His next romance , Mrinalini ( 1869 ) , marks his first attempt to set his story against a larger historical context . This book marks the shift from Chattopadhyay 's early career , in which he was strictly a writer of romances , to a later period in which he aimed to stimulate the intellect of the Bengali speaking people and bring about a cultural renaissance of Bengali literature . Chattopadhyay started publishing a monthly literary magazine Bangadarshan in April 1872 , the first edition of which was filled almost entirely with his own work . The magazine carried serialised novels , stories , humorous sketches , historical and miscellaneous essays , informative articles , religious discourses , literary criticisms and reviews . Vishabriksha ( The Poison Tree , 1873 ) is the first novel of Chattopadhyay that appeared serially in Bangodarshan . Bangodarshan went out of circulation after four years . It was later revived by his brother , Sanjeeb Chandra Chattopadhyay . Chattopadhyay 's next major novel was Chandrasekhar ( 1877 ) , which contains two largely unrelated parallel plots . Although the scene is once shifted back to eighteenth century , the novel is not historical . His next novel was Rajani ( 1877 ) , which features an autobiographical plot , with a blind girl in the title role . Autobiographical plots had been used in Wilkie Collins ' `` A Woman in White '' , and a precedent for blind girl in a central role existed in Edward Bulwer - Lytton 's Nydia in `` The Last Days of Pompeii '' , though the similarities of Rajani with these publications end there . In Krishnakanter Will ( Krishnakanta 's Will , 1878 ) Chattopadhyay produced a complex plot . It was a brilliant depiction of contemporary India and its lifestyle and corruption . In that complexity , critics saw resemblance to Western novels . One of the many novels of Chattopadhyay that are entitled to be termed as historical fiction is Rajsimha ( 1881 , rewritten and enlarged 1893 ) . Anandamath ( The Abbey of Bliss , 1882 ) is a political novel which depicts a Sannyasi ( Hindu ascetic ) army fighting the British soldiers . The book calls for the rise of Indian nationalism . The novel was also the source of the song Vande Mataram ( I worship my Motherland for she truly is my mother ) which , set to music by Rabindranath Tagore , was taken up by many Indian nationalists , and is now the National Song of India . The plot of the novel is loosely set on the Sannyasi Rebellion . He imagined untrained Sannyasi soldiers fighting and beating the highly experienced British Army ; ultimately however , he accepted that the British can not be defeated . He categorically claimed that the British are not the enemy but friends ; the Muslims are the real enemy . Hence , this novel is also termed communal in nature . The novel first appeared in serial form in Bangadarshan , the literary magazine that Chattopadhyay founded in 1872 . Vande Mataram became prominent during the Swadeshi movement , which was sparked by Lord Curzon 's attempt to partition Bengal into a Hindu majority West and a Muslim majority East . Drawing from the Shakti tradition of Bengali Hindus , Chattopadhyay personified India as a Mother goddess , which gave the song a Hindu undertone that would prove to be problematic for some Muslims . Chattopadhyay 's next novel , Devi Chaudhurani , was published in 1884 . His final novel , Sitaram ( 1886 ) , tells the story of a local Hindu lord , torn between his wife and the woman he desires but unable to attain , makes a series of blunders and takes arrogant , self - destructive decisions . Finally , he must confront his self and motivate the few loyal soldiers that stand between his estate and the Muslim Nababs army about to take over . Chattopadhyay 's humorous sketches are his best known works other than his novels . Kamalakanter Daptar ( From the Desk of Kamalakanta , 1875 ; enlarged as Kamalakanta , 1885 ) contains half humorous and half serious sketches . Kamalakanta is an opium - addict , similar to De Quincey 's Confessions of an English Opium - Eater , but Bankim Chandra goes much beyond with his deft handling of sarcastic , political messages that Kamalakanta delivers . Chattopadhyay 's commentary on the Gita was published eight years after his death and contained his comments up to the 19th Verse of Chapter 4 . Through this work , he attempted to reassure Hindus who were increasingly being exposed to Western ideas . His belief was , that there was `` No serious hope of progress in India except in Hinduism - reformed , regenerated and purified '' . He wrote an extensive commentary on two verses in particular - 2.12 and 2.13 - which deal with the immortality of the soul and its reincarnation Critics , like Pramathnath Bishi , consider Chattopadhyay as the best novelist in Bangla literature . Their belief is that few writers in world literature have excelled in both philosophy and art as Bankim has done . They have felt that in a colonised nation Bankim could not overlook politics . He was one of the first intellectuals who wrote in a British colony , accepting and rejecting the status at the same time . Bishi also rejects the division of Bankim in ' Bankim the artist ' and ' Bankim the moralist ' -- for Bankim must be read as a whole . The artist in Bankim can not be understood unless you understand him as a moralist and vice versa . Personal Life ( edit ) Chattopadhyay was married at a very young age of eleven . He had a son with his first wife , who died in 1859 . He later married Rajalakshmi Devi with whom he had three daughters . Quotes ( edit ) Once Ramakrishna Paramahamsa , playing on the meaning of Bankim ( Bent A Little ) , asked him what it was that had bent him . Bankim Chandra jokingly replied that it was the kick from the Englishman 's shoe for he was a well known critic of the British and he used his excellent sense of humour and comedy to do so . After the Vishabriksha ( The Poison Tree ) was published in 1873 , the magazine , Punch wrote , Have you read the Poison Tree of Bankim Chandra Chatterjee ? Bibliography ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay Fiction Durgeshnandini ( March 1865 ) Kapalkundala ( 1866 ) Mrinalini ( 1869 ) Vishabriksha ( The Poison Tree , 1873 ) Indira ( 1873 , revised 1893 ) Jugalanguriya ( 1874 ) Radharani ( 1876 , enlarged 1893 ) Chandrasekhar ( 1877 ) Kamalakanter D aptar ( From the Desk of Kamlakanta , 1875 ) Rajani ( 1877 ) Krishnakanter Uil ( Krishnakanta 's Will , 1878 ) Rajsimha ( 1882 ) Anandamath ( 1882 ) Devi Chaudhurani ( 1884 ) Kamalakanta ( 1885 ) Sitaram ( March 1887 ) Muchiram Gurer Jivancharita ( The Life of Muchiram Gur ) Religious Commentaries Krishna Charitra ( Life of Krishna , 1886 ) Dharmatattva ( Principles of Religion , 1888 ) Devatattva ( Principles of Divinity , Published Posthumously ) Srimadvagavat Gita , a Commentary on the Bhagavad Gita ( 1902 -- Published Posthumously ) Poetry Collections Lalita O Manas ( 1858 ) Essays Lok Rahasya ( Essays on Society , 1874 , enlarged 1888 ) Bijnan Rahasya ( Essays on Science , 1875 ) Bichitra Prabandha ( Assorted Essays ) , Vol 1 ( 1876 ) and Vol 2 ( 1892 ) Samya ( Equality , 1879 ) Chattopadhyay 's first novel was an English one and he also started writing his religious and philosophical essays in English . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Bankim Chandra Chatterjee '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 30 March 2016 . Jump up ^ History & Heritage Jump up ^ Merriam - Webster , Inc ( 1995 ) . Merriam - Webster 's Encyclopedia of Literature . Merriam - Webster . pp. 231 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87779 - 042 - 6 . Retrieved 24 June 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Staff writer . `` Bankim Chandra : The First Prominent Bengali Novelist '' , The Daily Star , 30 June 2011 Jump up ^ `` Bankimchandra Chattopadhyay - Penguin Books India '' . Archived from the original on 28 November 2011 . Retrieved 26 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Islam , Sirajul ( 2012 ) . `` Chattopadhyay , Bankimchandra '' . In Islam , Sirajul ; Jamal , Ahmed A. Banglapedia : National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh ( Second ed . ) . Asiatic Society of Bangladesh . Jump up ^ Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay ( Chatterjee ) , from BengalOnline . Jump up ^ Mukherjee , Meenakshi ( 1 January 2002 ) . `` Early Novels in India '' . Sahitya Akademi . Jump up ^ http://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/what-is-vandana-vande-mataram/articleshow/11652292.cms Jump up ^ Mazumdar , Aurobindo ( 1 January 2007 ) . `` Vande Mataram and Islam '' . Mittal Publications . Jump up ^ Minor Robert ( 1986 ) Modern Indian Interpreters of the Bhagavad Gita . State University of NY press . ISBN 0 - 88706 - 298 - 9 Jump up ^ Lemon , Mark ; Mayhew , Henry ; Taylor , Tom ; Brooks , Shirley ; Burnand , Sir Francis Cowley ; Seaman , Sir Owen ( 1 January 1885 ) . `` London Charivari '' . Punch Publications Limited . Further reading ( edit ) Ujjal Kumar Majumdar : Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay : His Contribution to Indian Life and Culture . Calcutta : The Asiatic Society , 2000 . ISBN 81 - 7236 - 098 - 3 . Walter Ruben : Indische Romane . Eine ideologische Untersuchung . Vol. 1 : Einige Romane Bankim Chattopadhyays iund Ranbindranath Tagore . Berlin : Akademie Verlag , 1964 . ( German ) Bhabatosh Chatterjee , Editor : Bankimchandra Chatterjee : Essays in Perspective ( Sahitya Akademi , New Delhi ) 1994 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay . Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Chatterji , Bankim Chandra . Works by Bankim Chandra Chatterji at Project Gutenberg Works by or about Bankim Chandra Chatterjee at Internet Archive भारतीय साहित्य संग्रह में बंकिम चन्द्र Bankim Bhavan Gaveshana Kendra ( 1 ) ( Maintained by SNLTR ) Works of Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay Bengali novels Durgeshnandini ( 1865 ) Kapalkundala ( 1866 ) Mrinalini Bishabriksha Indira Jugalanguriya Chandrashekhar Radharani Rajani Krishnakanter Will Rajsingha Anandamath ( 1882 ) Devi Chaudhurani ( 1884 ) Sitaram English novel Rajmohan 's Wife Literary magazine Bangadarshan National song of India Vande Mataram Wikiquote Wikisource texts Modern Hindu writers ( 1848 to date ) Hinduism Hinduism in the West Indian philosophy Indian religions Religious writers Mirra Alfassa ( The Mother ) Sri Anirvan Sri Aurobindo Ananda Coomaraswamy Dayananda Eknath Easwaran Satsvarupa dasa Goswami Mahendranath Gupta Jiddu Krishnamurti Nisargadatta Maharaj Ramana Maharshi Sister Nivedita Swami Prabhavananda A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada Krishna Prem Swami Rama Swami Ramdas Chinmayananda Saraswati Dayananda Saraswati ( Arya Samaj ) Krishnananda Saraswati Sivananda Saraswati Swami Shraddhanand Ram Swarup Swami Vivekananda Paramahansa Yogananda Political writers Mahatma Gandhi François Gautier Sita Ram Goel Ram Gopal Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan H.V. Sheshadri Arun Shourie Bal Gangadhar Tilak Literary writers Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay Ramdhari Singh Dinkar C. Rajagopalachari K.D. Sethna Amish Tripathi Westerners influenced by Hinduism Annie Besant Helena Blavatsky Deepak Chopra Aleister Crowley Ram Dass T.S. Eliot R.W. Emerson Allen Ginsberg René Guénon George Harrison Aldous Huxley Christopher Isherwood David Lynch André Malraux Henry Miller Maria Montessori H.S. Olcott Oppenheimer Helena Roerich Romain Rolland Arthur Schopenhauer Erwin Schrödinger Thoreau Leo Tolstoy Voltaire Alan Watts Ken Wilber W.B. Yeats Scholars Alain Daniélou S.N. Balagangadhara Michel Danino Paul Deussen Dharampal Mircea Eliade Koenraad Elst Georg Feuerstein David Frawley Meenakshi Jain Subhash Kak Nicholas Kazanas Klaus Klostermaier Hajime Nakamura Harsh Narain Rajiv Malhotra Anantanand Rambachan Ramesh Nagaraj Rao Yvette Rosser Arvind Sharma Graham Schweig Lists List of modern Eastern religions writers List of writers on Hinduism Hinduism Portal Indian religions Portal India Portal Hindu reform movements Ayyavazhi Arya Samaj Brahma Kumaris BAPS Chinmaya Mission Divine Life Society ISKCON Ramakrishna Mission Sri Aurobindo Ashram Swadhyay Parivar Swaminarayan Sampraday YSS Topics Bhakti Brahmacharya Caste Persecution of Hindus Shuddhi Women in Hinduism Reformers and revivalist writers Arumuka Navalar Bal Gangadhar Tilak Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay Dayananda Saraswati Debendranath Tagore Keshub Chandra Sen Mahatma Gandhi Mirra Alfassa Narasimha Chintaman Kelkar Pandurang Shastri Athavale Ram Mohan Roy Ramakrishna Sister Nivedita Sivananda Saraswati Sri Aurobindo Swami Shraddhanand Swami Vipulananda Swaminarayan Vivekananda more Bengali renaissance People Sri Aurobindo Atul Prasad Sen Rajnarayan Basu Jagadish Chandra Bose Subhash Chandra Bose Satyendra Nath Bose Bethune Upendranath Brahmachari Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay Akshay Kumar Datta Henry Derozio Alexander Duff Michael Madhusudan Dutt Romesh Chunder Dutt Anil Kumar Gain Dwarkanath Ganguly Kadambini Ganguly Monomohun Ghose Ramgopal Ghosh Aghore Nath Gupta David Hare Kazi Nazrul Islam Eugène Lafont Ashutosh Mukherjee Harish Chandra Mukherjee Ramakrishna Paramahamsa Gour Govinda Ray Upendrakishore Ray Chowdhury Raja Ram Mohan Roy Meghnad Saha Akshay Chandra Sarkar Mahendralal Sarkar Brajendra Nath Seal Girish Chandra Sen Keshub Chandra Sen Haraprasad Shastri Debendranath Tagore Rabindranath Tagore Satyendranath Tagore Jnanadanandini Devi Sitanath Tattwabhushan Brahmabandhav Upadhyay Ram Chandra Vidyabagish Dwarkanath Vidyabhusan Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar Swami Vivekananda Paramahansa Yogananda Begum Rokeya Culture Adi Dharm Bengali literature Bengali poetry Bengali music Brahmo Samaj British Raj British Indian Association History of Bengal Nazrul geeti Rabindra Nritya Natya Rabindra Sangeet Sambad Prabhakar Socialism in Bengal Swadeshi Satyagraha Tattwabodhini Patrika Tagore family Bangiya Sahitya Parishad Young Bengal Institutions Anandamohan College Asiatic Society Banga Mahila Vidyalaya Bangabasi College Bethune College Bengal Engineering and Science University , Shibpur Calcutta Madrasah College Calcutta Medical College Fort William College General Assembly 's Institution Hindu Mahila Vidyalaya Hindu Theatre Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science Midnapore College National Council of Education , Bengal Oriental Seminary Presidency College Ripon College Sanskrit College Scottish Church College Serampore College St. Xavier 's College , Kolkata Vidyasagar College Visva - Bharati University University of Calcutta University of Dhaka Other renaissance and revolutionary movements Bhakti movement Gaudiya Vaishnavism Brahmoism Fakir - Sannyasi rebellion Indian independence movement Kalighat painting Jugantar movement Bengal School of Art Hindu -- German Conspiracy Kallol Gananatya Andolan Bratachari movement Bengali Little Magazine Movement Parallel Cinema Indian Communism Naxalism Hungryalism Prakalpana Movement VIAF : 46770296 LCCN : n50083202 ISNI : 0000 0001 2130 9718 GND : 118675680 SELIBR : 262582 SUDOC : 028042174 BNF : cb11995720g ( data ) MusicBrainz : 17ad70ae - f227 - 43a8 - 96fb - ba85af45dea2 NLA : 35027567 NDL : 00661888 NKC : jo2012688765 ICCU : IT \ ICCU \ CUBV \ 012020 BNE : XX5439839 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bankim_Chandra_Chatterjee&oldid=814518850 '' Categories : 1838 births 1894 deaths Presidency University , Kolkata alumni People associated with the Bengal Renaissance Bengali writers Bengali - language writers Indian civil servants Indian male novelists Writers from Kolkata People from North 24 Parganas district University of Calcutta alumni Writers of historical romances Bengali Hindus Indian historical novelists 19th - 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what season does burke come back in grey's anatomy	While mentioned in passing throughout later seasons , Burke officially returns in the tenth season in order to conclude Cristina Yang 's departure from the series .	in the tenth season	Preston Burke	preston burke	`` Did n't We Almost Have It All ? '' ( 3.25 ) May 17 , 2007 ( as series regular )	`` We Are Never Getting Back Together '' ( 10.22 ) May 1 , 2014 ( as guest star ) Created by Shonda Rhimes Portrayed by Isaiah Washington Information Full name Preston Xavier Burke Occupation Attending cardiothoracic surgeon at Seattle Grace Hospital ( former ) Title Chief Of Cardiothoracic Surgery ( former ) M.D. F.A.C.S. Spouse ( s ) Edra Burke Significant other ( s ) Cristina Yang ( ex-fiancée ) ( engaged : 2006 - 2007 ) Relatives Jane Burke ( mother ) Donald Burke ( father ) Religion Christian Preston Xavier Burke , M.D. is a fictional character from the medical drama television series Grey 's Anatomy , which airs on ABC in the United States . The character was created by series producer Shonda Rhimes , and was portrayed by actor Isaiah Washington from 2005 to 2007 . Introduced as an attending cardiothoracic surgeon at the fictional Seattle Grace Hospital , Burke 's romantic relationship with intern Cristina Yang formed one of the main storylines in the shows ' first three seasons . Burke made his final appearance in the third season , leaving Seattle in the aftermath of his failed wedding . On June 7 , 2007 , ABC announced it had decided not to renew Washington 's contract , and that he would be dropped from the show after an on - set incident with fellow cast members T.R. Knight and Patrick Dempsey . While mentioned in passing throughout later seasons , Burke officially returns in the tenth season in order to conclude Cristina Yang 's departure from the series . Contents ( hide ) 1 Storylines 2 Development 2.1 Casting and creation 2.2 Characterization 3 Reception 4 References 5 External links Storylines ( edit ) Preston Burke is the former chief cardiothoracic surgeon at Seattle Grace Hospital . He completed his pre-medical studies at Tulane University where he pledged Kappa Alpha Psi , and went on to graduate first in his class from Johns Hopkins School of Medicine . While in college , he met Erica Hahn ( Brooke Smith ) , who graduated in second place after him , beginning a rivalry between them . He was once the interim chief of surgery while Dr. Richard Webber ( James Pickens , Jr . ) was healing from his brain surgery . In season 1 , it is revealed that Richard had promised him the position but instead enticed his former student , renowned neurosurgeon Derek Shepherd ( Patrick Dempsey ) , to Seattle as he felt Burke was becoming arrogant and needed competition to keep him on his toes . He began a relationship with intern Cristina Yang ( Sandra Oh ) but broke it off because he feared it would ruin both of their reputations . Her miscarriage brought them back together . He and Cristina lived together in his perfectly kept apartment . Towards the end of the second season , he was shot , which affected his control of his right - hand . His temporary fix to this possibly long - term problem was to work together with Cristina during every one of his surgeries so that she could take over in case he might have trouble with his hand . The arrangement fell apart after Cristina , reacting to growing stress after George O'Malley ( T.R. Knight ) caught onto their secret , went to the Chief and confessed everything . Initially , he was engaged in a cold war with Cristina , where neither of them spoke . However , after she broke the silence , he proposed to her and she accepted his proposal . Before their secret was revealed , Burke was to become the next Chief of Surgery , but he had to compete with his fellow attendings for the position . He has since recovered from the injury , after Derek operated on him . For the remainder of the season , Preston and Cristina prepared for the wedding and experienced normal stresses that result from such a process , such as meeting each other 's parents . However , in the finale of season three , on the day of their wedding , Burke told Cristina that he no longer wished to make her do anything against her will , and realized he was trying to make Cristina the woman he wanted her to be , and not accept her as the woman she is . Cristina said she `` thought this was what she wanted . '' He wanted her to say she knew it was what she wanted , so he left her in the chapel . Cristina then returned to their apartment and discovered Burke had left , taking with him the things that meant something to only him ( his trumpet , his Eugene Foote collection , his grandmother 's picture , and his lucky scrub cap ) , leaving Cristina devastated . In the fourth season , Preston 's long - time rival and love - to - hate medic Dr. Erica Hahn replaced him as the head of cardiothoracic surgery . Before taking over the position she had tremendous respect for Burke although she would have never admitted it to his face . Hahn disliked Cristina Yang because of her relationships with Dr. Burke and Colin Marlow . During his employment at a new hospital , he is made the recipient of 2008 's Harper Avery , a highly prestigious medical award . Cristina is later hurt that he did not mention her in his article , even though Cristina helped Burke with his recovery from an injury . In season ten , Preston is seen to be living in Zürich , where he runs a privately owned cardiothoracic research hospital . He invited Cristina to the hospital to give a speech on her research . Cristina is both shocked and angered by the sight of Preston , and the former couple exchange bitter sentiments . Cristina claims that the two would never have worked out because she wanted to emulate him , not be by his side . Preston then reveals his ulterior motive for bringing Cristina to Switzerland : to ask her to take over his hospital , which she accepts . He is married to an Italian woman , Edra , and has two daughters , Simone and Vivianna . They are on the verge of moving to Milan . Development ( edit ) Casting and creation ( edit ) `` In the abstract , Burke was a more awkward and self - hating guy , a little bit of a weasel , but that was before Isaiah walked into the room . Isaiah played him as someone who intensely loves his job . He brought a sense of honor to what Burke does . And with Isaiah , suddenly there was a sexiness to the role , an intelligence and a wit . '' Rhimes on Washington 's audition as Burke The character of Preston Burke was originally envisioned as a caucasian , to be played by Paul Adelstein , who starred in Grey 's Anatomy 's spin - off Private Practice . However , due to his commitment to a film whose shooting dates changed , the actor had to drop out at the last moment and his character was rethought . Isaiah Washington was originally considered for the role of Derek Shepherd , which eventually went to Patrick Dempsey . Washington later received a callback from Rhimes to play Burke . He commented : `` I knew I could never be wrong in my heart about something so good and so genuine . Her writing just seemed very complex , very honest . '' `` I said that I would only do it if I did n't have to be like that guy on that other medical show who was always struggling with his anger . '' Shonda Rhimes noted Washington 's commitment to his role , revealing that he learns all his surgeries before he performs them on television . `` I think if he stopped at an accident on the street , he 'd know exactly what to do . He has pulled shifts at hospitals where he follows the surgeons around for 48 hours '' . At the beginning of the series , Burke is one of the three African american characters , along with Miranda Bailey ( Chandra Wilson ) and Richard Webber ( James Pickens , Jr . ) . In the show 's third season , Washington became a central figure in a widely reported backstage controversy . In October 2006 , news reports surfaced that Washington had insulted co-star T.R. Knight with a homophobic slur . Shortly after the details of the argument became public , Knight publicly disclosed that he was gay . The situation seemed somewhat resolved when Washington issued a statement , apologizing for his `` unfortunate use of words during the recent incident on - set . '' The controversy later resurfaced when the cast appeared at the Golden Globes in January 2007 . While being interviewed on the red carpet prior to the awards , Washington joked , `` I love gay . I wanted to be gay . Please let me be gay . '' After the show won Best Drama , Washington , in response to press queries as to any conflicts backstage , said , `` I never called T.R. a faggot . '' However , in an interview with Ellen DeGeneres on The Ellen DeGeneres Show , Knight said that `` everybody heard him . '' After being rebuked by his studio , Touchstone Television ( now ABC Studios ) , Washington issued a statement apologizing at length for using the epithet in an argument with Patrick Dempsey . On January 30 , 2007 , a source told People magazine that Washington was scheduled to return to the Grey 's Anatomy set as early on that Thursday for the first time since entering `` executive counseling '' after making the comments at the Golden Globes . However , on June 7 , 2007 , ABC announced it had decided not to renew Washington 's contract , and that he would be dropped from the show . `` I 'm mad as hell and I 'm not going to take it anymore , '' Washington said in a statement released by his publicist , borrowing the famous line from Network . In another report , Washington stated he was planning to `` spend the summer pursuing charity work in Sierra Leone , work on an independent film and avoid worrying about the show . '' In a subsequent interview , Washington claimed that `` they fired the wrong guy '' ( referring to Knight ) and said he was considering filing a lawsuit as a result . He accused Knight of using the controversy to bolster his own career and increase his salary on Grey 's Anatomy . Washington , in late June 2007 , began asserting that racism within the media was a factor in his firing from the series . On July 2 , 2007 , Washington appeared on Larry King Live on CNN , to present his side of the controversy . According to Washington , he never used the `` F Word '' in reference to Knight , but rather blurted it out in an unrelated context in the course of an argument `` provoked '' by Dempsey , who , he felt , was treating him like a `` B - word , '' a `` P - word , '' and the `` F - word , '' which Washington said conveyed `` somebody who is being weak and afraid to fight back . '' Washington himself said that his dismissal from Grey 's Anatomy was an unfortunate misunderstanding that he was eager to move past . On March 6 , 2014 , Shonda Rhimes announced that Washington would return to his role for one episode airing in May to help conclude Sandra Oh 's final storylines as Cristina Yang . Rhimes said of his return , `` It 's important to me that Cristina 's journey unfolds exactly as it should . Burke is vital to that journey -- he gives her story that full - circle moment we need to properly say goodbye to our beloved Cristina Yang . '' Characterization ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( September 2012 ) Washington said of his character : `` He did start out sort of stone - faced , but he 's evolved into someone we see as an effective leader and someone who learns how to love and be loved . '' Thanks to Yang , Washington says Burke `` has been able to show levels of vulnerability . '' In an interview with Oprah Winfrey , Rhimes has described Preston as a `` mama 's boy '' , and noted the shock the audience felt when discovering that side of his personality after the arrival of his parents . Isaiah Washington also noted Preston 's `` determination '' and `` commitment '' . Rhimes referred to Burke 's relationship with Yang by the portmanteau `` Burktina '' , citing `` Losing My Religion '' as one of her favorite episodes featuring them because it shows their evolution from the beginning of the second season to its end . Ann Oldenburg of USA Today called it `` one of the spiciest relationships on TV right now '' . Drawing a comparison between the two doctors , she said Burke is `` tidy '' while Yang is `` messy '' ; he is `` spiritual '' but she is not . Reception ( edit ) Isaiah Washington has been nominated for multiple awards for his portrayal of Preston Burke . He and the Grey 's Anatomy cast won Best Ensemble in a Television Series at the 2006 Satellite Awards . He was awarded `` Outstanding Actor in a Drama Series '' twice at the NAACP Image Awards , in 2006 and 2007 . Washington was recognized along with the rest of the cast at the Screen Actors Guild Awards , receiving three nominations for `` Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series '' each year from 2006 to 2008 , with the 2007 Awards marking a victory . TV Guide named Isaiah Washington `` TV 's Sexiest Man '' in 2006 . Burke 's relationship with Cristina Yang was considered as `` one of the most interesting relationships on the show . '' Similarly , The Orange County Register wrote that their romance became `` one of the most touching and funny attractions of Grey 's Anatomy . '' Oscar Dahl of BuddyTV listed Burke as the fifth worthless TV character . References ( edit ) Specific Jump up ^ Episode 12 of Season 2 `` Grandma Got Run Over By a Reindeer '' Jump up ^ Episode 26 of Season 2 `` Deterioration of the Fight or Flight Response '' Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 05 - 01 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ Rhodes , Joe ( July 15 , 2005 ) . `` Today 's News : Our Take -- Vet Earns M.D. on Grey 's Anatomy '' . TV Guide . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2010 . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Fogel , Matthew ( 8 May 2005 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Goes Colorblind '' . New York Times . Arthur Ochs Sulzberger , Jr . Retrieved May 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Cohn , Paulette ( July 16 , 2012 ) . `` Paul Adelstein 's ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Disappointment '' . American Profile . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2012 . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Albiniak , Paige ( May 29 , 2005 ) . `` Why ' Grey ' Seems So Bright '' . Broadcasting & Cable . NewBay Media . Retrieved September 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Fonseca , Nicholas ( September 16 , 2005 ) . `` Playing Doctors '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Oprah Winfrey talks to Shonda Rhimes '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 11 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` EXCLUSIVE : Isaiah Washington Apologizes '' . People . October 25 , 2006 . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ The Associated Press ( January 17 , 2007 ) . `` Isaiah Washington : `` I Love Gay '' `` . Access Hollywood . Archived from the original on 2007 - 01 - 20 . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` ABC drops Washington from Grey 's Anatomy '' . Cbc.ca . June 8 , 2007 . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ Grey 's star says they fired the wrong guy Archived 2011 - 08 - 08 at the Wayback Machine. , Houston Chronicle , June 21 , 2007 Jump up ^ `` Racism was a factor '' Archived 2012 - 11 - 05 at the Wayback Machine. , Washington Post , June 28 , 2007 Jump up ^ For the transcript , see `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 10 - 19 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( March 7 , 2014 ) . `` Isaiah Washington Returning to ' Grey 's Anatomy ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2014 . Retrieved March 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Duffy , Mike ( April 2 , 2006 -- September 10 , 2012 ) . `` TV : No tokens on this work force '' . The Orange County Register . Freedom Communications . Archived from the original on October 1 , 2015 . Retrieved September 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rhimes , Shonda ( May 17 , 2006 ) . `` From Shonda Rhimes ( FINALLY ) ... '' Grey Matter . American Broadcasting Company . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2013 . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ oldenburg , Ann ( December 20 , 2005 ) . `` Love is no longer color - coded on TV '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2009 . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Winner Announcement '' ( PDF ) . www.pressacademy.com . International Press Academy . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 10 , 2007 . Retrieved January 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Krause , Staci ( February 7 , 2007 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy : `` Wishin ' and Hopin ' '' `` . IGN . Archived from the original on September 13 , 2007 . Retrieved June 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dahl , Oscar ( January 15 , 2007 ) . `` Top Ten Most Worthless TV Characters : # 5 Preston Burke '' . BuddyTV . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2012 . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . General `` Grey 's Anatomy : Episode Recap Guide '' . ABC . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Grey 's Anatomy at ABC.com ( hide ) Grey 's Anatomy Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Characters ( cast members ) Meredith Grey Cristina Yang Izzie Stevens Alex Karev George O'Malley Miranda Bailey Richard Webber Preston Burke Derek Shepherd Addison Montgomery Mark Sloan Callie Torres Lexie Grey Erica Hahn Owen Hunt Sadie Harris Arizona Robbins Teddy Altman Jackson Avery April Kepner Amelia Shepherd Stephanie Edwards Maggie Pierce Nathan Riggs Spin - offs Private Practice Station 19 Other Awards and nominations Soundtrack Video game A Corazón Abierto ( Mexican telenovela ) A Corazón Abierto ( Colombian telenovela ) Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Preston_Burke&oldid=838558710 '' Categories : Grey 's Anatomy characters Fictional surgeons Fictional African - American people Fictional characters introduced in 2005 Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles to be expanded from September 2012 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی 한국어 Italiano Македонски Polski Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 27 April 2018 , at 19 : 51 . 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how many wind turbines would it take to power the us			Wind power in the United States	wind power in the united states	Wind power in the United States is a branch of the energy industry that has expanded quickly over the latest several years . For the twelve months through November 2017 , wind power in the United States amounted to 254.2 terawatt - hours , or 6.33 % of all generated electrical energy .	As of January 2017 , the U.S. nameplate generating capacity for wind power was 82,183 megawatts ( MW ) . This capacity is exceeded only by China and the European Union . Thus far , wind power 's largest growth in capacity was in 2012 , when 11,895 MW of wind power was installed , representing 26.5 % of new power capacity . In 2016 , Nebraska became the eighteenth state to have installed over 1,000 MW of wind power capacity . Texas , with over 20,000 MW of capacity , had the most installed wind power capacity of any U.S. state at the end of 2016 . Texas also had more under construction than any other state currently has installed . The state generating the highest percentage of energy from wind power is Iowa . North Dakota has the most per capita wind generation . The Alta Wind Energy Center in California is the largest wind farm in the United States with a capacity of 1548 MW . GE Energy is the largest domestic wind turbine manufacturer . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 National trends 2.1 Production 2.2 Wind generation potential 3 State trends 3.1 Texas 3.2 California 3.3 Iowa 3.4 Oklahoma 3.5 Illinois 3.6 Kansas 4 Commercialization of wind power 4.1 Industry trends 4.2 Other government involvement 4.3 Siting considerations 5 Offshore wind power 5.1 New England 5.2 Mid Atlantic 6 Wind energy meteorology 7 Environmental regulations 8 Statistics 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Overview ( edit ) Map illustrating installed wind generating capacity for U.S. states at end of 2016 . Map of large US wind farms , with size illustration Monthly wind electric power generation in the US , 2007 - 2015 Average monthly capacity factors for electric power generation by utility - scale wind turbines in the United States , 2011 - 2015 ( US Energy Information Administration data ) . See also : List of wind farms in the United States and History of wind power The first municipal use of multiple wind - electric turbines in the USA may have been a five turbine system in Pettibone , North Dakota in 1940 . These were commercial Wincharger units on guyed towers . In 1980 the world 's first wind farm , consisting of twenty 30 kW wind turbines was installed at Crotched Mountain , in New Hampshire . From 1974 through the mid-1980s the United States government worked with industry to advance the technology and enable large commercial wind turbines . A series of NASA wind turbines were developed under a program to create a utility - scale wind turbine industry in the U.S. , with funding from the National Science Foundation and later the United States Department of Energy ( DOE ) . A total of 13 experimental wind turbines were put into operation , in four major wind turbine designs . This research and development program pioneered many of the multi-megawatt turbine technologies in use today , including : steel tube towers , variable - speed generators , composite blade materials , partial - span pitch control , as well as aerodynamic , structural , and acoustic engineering design capabilities . Later , in the 1980s , California provided tax rebates for wind power . These rebates funded the first major use of wind power for utility electric power . These machines , gathered in large wind parks such as at Altamont Pass would be considered small and un-economic by modern wind power development standards . In 1985 half of the world 's wind energy was generated at Altamont Pass . By the end of 1986 about 6,700 wind turbines , mostly less than 100 kW , had been installed at Altamont , at a cost of about $1 billion , and generated about 550 million kWh / year . The U.S. , as of 2017 , has over 82 GW of installed wind power capacity . Only China has more installed capacity . The five states with the most wind capacity installed at the start of 2017 were : Texas ( 20,321 MW ) Iowa ( 6,917 MW ) Oklahoma ( 6,645 MW ) California ( 5,662 MW ) Kansas ( 4,451 MW ) Fourteen states now have 10 percent or more of their generation coming from wind power . Most of these are in the central plains . These states include North Dakota , South Dakota , Minnesota , Iowa , Nebraska , Colorado , Kansas , Oklahoma , New Mexico , Texas , Maine , Vermont , Oregon , and Idaho . The top five states according to percentage of generation by wind in 2016 were : Iowa ( 36.6 % ) South Dakota ( 30.3 % ) Kansas ( 29.6 % ) Oklahoma ( 25.1 % ) North Dakota ( 21.5 % ) Ten of the largest wind farms in the United States are : Project Capacity ( MW ) State Alta Wind Energy Center 1548 California Shepherds Flat Wind Farm 845 Oregon Roscoe Wind Farm 781 Texas Horse Hollow Wind Energy Center 736 Texas Tehachapi Pass Wind Farm 705 California Capricorn Ridge Wind Farm 662 Texas San Gorgonio Pass Wind Farm 619 California Fowler Ridge Wind Farm 600 Indiana Sweetwater Wind Farm 585 Texas Altamont Pass Wind Farm 576 California A 2012 report by a clean energy consulting group concluded that new wind farms can produce electric power in the 5 - 8 cents per kWh range , making wind power cost - competitive with fossil fuels in many areas . As of 2013 , the US Energy Information Administration estimates the `` levelized cost '' of wind energy from new installations as 7 to 10 cents per kWh , depending on the geographic area , but cautioned that levelized costs of non-dispatchable sources such as wind should be compared to the avoided energy cost rather than the levelized cost of dispatchable sources such as natural gas , or baseload sources such as coal or geothermal . In 2015 , a Koch - funded institute of Utah State University stated that the cost of wind energy is higher than most cost estimates calculate . Renewable portfolio standards require renewable energy to exist ( most of them intermittent such as wind and solar ) , but at the expense of utilities and consumers . The production tax credit makes wind power cheaper for utilities and consumers , but at the expense of taxpayers . The American Wind Energy Association has criticized the study of lacking comparison with pollution and subsidies incurred by other electric power sources , and for counting transmission as a cost rather than a benefit . National Trends ( edit ) Production ( edit ) U.S. Wind Generation by Year Thousand Megawatthours Generated since 2000 U.S. Wind Generation Capacity by Year Megawatts of Installed Generating Capacity since 2000 Wind power has increased dramatically over the past years . In 2010 , however , newly installed generating capacity was about half of the previous year due to various factors , including the financial crisis , and recession . In 2013 there was a 92 % reduction in newly installed generating capacity compared to 2012 , due to the late extension of the PTC ( see image on the right ) . The graph at left shows the growth in installed wind generation capacity in the United States based on data from the Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy . In 2008 , installed capacity in the U.S. increased by 50 % over the prior year . The world average growth rate that year was 28.8 % . By 2014 , the wind industry in the USA was able to produce more power at lower cost by using taller wind turbines with longer blades , capturing the faster winds at higher elevations . This opened up new opportunities and in Indiana , Michigan , and Ohio , the price of power from wind turbines built 300 feet to 400 feet above the ground competed with conventional fossil fuels like coal . Prices had fallen to about 4 cents per kilowatt - hour in some cases and utilities had been increasing the amount of wind energy in their portfolio , saying it is their cheapest option . For power contracts made in the year 2014 , the average price of wind power fell to 2.5 ¢ / kWh . The capacity factor is the ratio of power actually produced divided by the nameplate capacity of the turbines . The overall average capacity factor for wind generation in the US increased from 31.7 % in 2008 , to 32.3 % in 2013 . Wind generation potential ( edit ) Wind power potential According to the National Renewable Energy Laboratory , the contiguous United States has the potential for 10,459 GW of onshore wind power . The capacity could generate 37 petawatt - hours ( PW h ) annually , an amount nine times larger than current total U.S. electricity consumption . The U.S. also has large wind resources in Alaska , and Hawaii . In addition to the large onshore wind resources , the U.S. has large offshore wind power potential , with another NREL report released in September 2010 showing that the U.S. has 4,150 GW of potential offshore wind power nameplate capacity , an amount 4 times that of the country 's 2008 installed capacity from all sources , of 1,010 GW . The U.S. Department of Energy 's 2008 report 20 % Wind Energy by 2030 envisioned that wind power could supply 20 % of all U.S. electric power , which included a contribution of 4 % to the nation 's total electric power from offshore wind power . In order to achieve this , however , significant advances in cost , performance and reliability are needed , based on a 2011 report from a coalition of researchers from universities , industry , and government , supported by the Atkinson Center for a Sustainable Future . Obtaining 20 % from wind requires about 305 GW of wind turbines , an increase of 16 GW / year after 2018 , or an average increase of 14.6 % / year , and transmission line improvements . Analysts estimate around 25 GW of added US wind power in 2016 - 18 , depending on the Clean Power Plan and PTC extensions . After the current PTC phase - out in 2021 , additional wind power capacity is expected to be around 5 GW per year . State Trends ( edit ) Trends of wind electrical generation in the top five states , 1990 - 2013 ( US EIA data ) Main article : Growth of wind power in the United States In 2015 , electric power generation from wind power was 10 percent or more in twelve U.S. states : Colorado , Idaho , Iowa , Kansas , Maine , Minnesota , North Dakota , Oklahoma , Oregon , and South Dakota , Vermont , and Texas . Iowa , South Dakota , and Kansas each had more than 20 percent of their electric power generation come from wind . Twenty states now have more than five percent of their generation coming from wind . Texas ( edit ) A wind turbine blade on I - 35 near Elm Mott , an increasingly common sight in Texas Main article : Wind power in Texas In 2016 Texas surpassed the 20,000 MW mark by adding over 1800 MW of generating capacity . In 2011 , Texas had become the first state to surpass the 10,000 MW mark . In July 2008 , Texas approved a $4.93 billion expansion of the state 's electric grid to bring wind energy to its major cities from western areas of the state . Transmission companies will recoup the cost of constructing the new power lines , expected to be completed in 2013 , from fees estimated at $4 per month for residential customers . A lack of transmission capacity forced wind turbines to be shut down at times and reduced wind power generation in Texas by 17 % in 2009 . The Roscoe Wind Farm in Roscoe , Texas , Texas 's largest wind farm with 627 wind turbines and a total installed capacity of 781.5 MW , surpassed the nearby 735.5 MW Horse Hollow Wind Energy Center . It is located about 200 miles ( 320 km ) west of Fort Worth and the wind farm area spans parts of four Texas counties . Large wind farms in Texas Wind farm Installed capacity ( MW ) Turbine manufacturer County Buffalo Gap Wind Farm 523 Vestas Taylor / Nolan Capricorn Ridge Wind Farm 662 GE Energy / Siemens Sterling / Coke Horse Hollow Wind Energy Center 735 GE Energy / Siemens Taylor / Nolan Lone Star Wind Farm 400 Gamesa Shackelford / Callahan Panther Creek Wind Farm 458 GE Energy Howard / ... Papalote Creek Wind Farm 380 Siemens San Patricio Peñascal Wind Farm 404 Mitsubishi Kenedy Roscoe Wind Farm 781 Mitsubishi Nolan Sweetwater Wind Farm 585 GE Energy / Siemens / Mitsubishi Nolan California ( edit ) Main article : Wind power in California Wind power in California has doubled in capacity since 2002 . With a total of nearly 4,000 megawatts installed , as of the end of 2011 , wind energy now supplies about 5 % of California 's total electric power needs , or enough to power more than 400,000 households . The amount varies greatly from day to day . In 2011 , 921.3 megawatts were installed . Most of that activity occurred in the Tehachapi area of Kern County , with some big projects in Solano , Contra Costa and Riverside counties as well . After 2014 , California ranked second nationwide in terms of capacity , behind Texas with a capacity of 5,917 MW . Large portions of California 's wind output , are located in three primary regions : Altamont Pass Wind Farm ( east of San Francisco ) ; Tehachapi Pass Wind Farm ( south east of Bakersfield ) , and San Gorgonio Pass Wind Farm ( near Palm Springs , east of Los Angeles ) . The giant new Alta Wind Energy Center , is also located within the Tehachapi Pass region . Large wind farms in California Name Location Capacity ( MW ) Ref Altamont Pass Wind Farm Alameda County 576 Alta Wind Energy Center Kern County 1548 San Gorgonio Pass Wind Farm Riverside County 615 Tehachapi Pass Wind Farm Kern County 705 The majority of the San Gorgonio Pass Wind Farm as viewed from the San Jacinto Mountains to the south . ( The farm continues over the hills to the north along California State Route 62 and is not visible from this vantagepoint ) . The layout includes a variety of large modern and older smaller turbine designs Iowa ( edit ) State wind generation percentages for 2013 . Main article : Wind power in Iowa More than 35 percent of the electric power generated in Iowa now comes from wind power . Iowa had over 6900 megawatts ( MW ) of generation capacity at the end of 2016 . Electrical energy generated in Iowa by wind in 2014 amounted to over 16 million Megawatt - hours . Since Iowa adopted a renewable energy standard in 1983 , the wind power industry has generated over $10 billion in investment . The second concrete wind turbine tower to be built in the U.S. , and also the country 's tallest ( 377 feet ) at the time built , is in Adams county . The tower was completed in the spring of 2016 . Oklahoma ( edit ) Main article : Wind power in Oklahoma Oklahoma has one of the best resources in the United States . Bergey Windpower , a leading manufacturer of small wind turbines is located in Oklahoma . Programs leading to careers in the wind power industry are provided at tech schools , community colleges and universities in Oklahoma . The Oklahoma Wind Power Initiative supports the development of wind power in the state . Illinois ( edit ) Wind power capacity density by state at end of 2013 . Main article : Wind power in Illinois Wind power has been supported by a renewable portfolio standard , passed in 2007 , and strengthened in 2009 , which requires 10 % renewable energy from electric companies by 2010 and 25 % by 2025 . Illinois has the potential for installing up to an estimated 249,882 MW of wind generation capacity at a hub height of 80 meters . Kansas ( edit ) Main article : Wind power in Kansas In 2012 , Kansas saw a large number of wind projects completed making it among the largest and fastest growing wind energy markets . At the end of 2014 the total capacity sits at 2,967 MW . Kansas has high potential capacity for wind power , second behind Texas . The most recent estimates are that Kansas has a potential for 950 GW of wind power capacity . Kansas could generate 3,900 TW h of electric power each year , which represents more than all the electric power generated from coal , natural gas and nuclear combined in the United States in 2011 . Commercialization of wind power ( edit ) Levelized wind Power purchase agreement prices by PPA execution date and region . See also : Renewable energy commercialization The National Renewable Energy Laboratory projects that the levelized cost of wind power in the U.S. will decline about 25 % from 2012 to 2030 . Industry Trends ( edit ) Further information : List of wind turbine manufacturers Since 2005 many turbine manufacturing leaders have opened U.S. facilities ; of the top 10 global manufacturers in 2007 , seven -- Vestas , GE Energy , Gamesa , Suzlon , Siemens , Acciona , and Nordex -- have an American manufacturing presence . REpower is another manufacturer with notable usage in the United States . Plans for 30 new manufacturing facilities were announced in 2008 , and the wind industry expects to see a continued shift towards domestic manufacturing in the coming years . In total , 70 manufacturing facilities have begun production , been expanded , or announced since January 2007 . As of April 2009 , over 100 companies are producing components for wind turbines , employing thousands of workers in the manufacture of parts as varied as towers , composite blades , bearings and gears . Many existing companies in traditional manufacturing states have retooled to enter the wind industry . Their manufacturing facilities are spread across 40 states , employing workers from the Southeast to the Steel Belt , to the Great Plains and on to the Pacific Northwest . The U.S. Department of Energy ( DOE ) is working with six leading wind turbine manufacturers towards achieving 20 % wind power in the United States by 2030 . The DOE announced the Memorandum of Understanding ( MOU ) with GE Energy , Siemens Power Generation , Vestas Wind Systems , Clipper Windpower , Suzlon Energy , and Gamesa Corporation . Under the MOU , the DOE and the six manufacturers will collaborate to gather and exchange information relating to five major areas : research and development related to turbine reliability and operability ; siting strategies for wind power facilities ; standards development for turbine certification and universal interconnection of wind turbines ; manufacturing advances in design , process automation , and fabrication techniques ; and workforce development . In 2014 , GE had 60 % , Siemens had 26 % , and Vestas had 12 % of US market share . Combined , they had 98 % . Most new turbines were designed for low wind . The turbine manufacturers compete with each other and cause decreasing turbine prices . Other government involvement ( edit ) Kaheawa Wind Farm near Maalaea , Maui , with 20 GE Energy 1.5 MW wind turbines The DOE 's National Renewable Energy Laboratory ( NREL ) has announced a number of wind technology projects , including a new state - of - the - art wind turbine blade test facility to be built in Ingleside , Texas . The Texas - NREL Large Blade Research and Test Facility will be capable of testing blades as long as 70 meters ( 230 feet ) . It will be built and operated through a partnership among NREL , DOE , and a state consortium led by University of Houston , with the university owning and operating the facility 's buildings , DOE funding up to $2 million in capital costs , and NREL providing technical and operational assistance . The blade test facility is estimated to cost between $12 million and $15 million and should be completed by 2010 . Located on the Gulf Coast , the Texas facility will complement a similar facility that is being built on the coast of Massachusetts . NREL has also recently signed agreements with Siemens Power Generation and First Wind , a wind power developer . Siemens is launching a new research and development facility in nearby Boulder , Colorado , and has agreed to locate and test a commercial - scale wind turbine at NREL 's National Wind Technology Center ( NWTC ) . First Wind ( formerly called UPC Wind Partners , LLC ) owns and operates the 30 - megawatt Kaheawa Wind Power farm in West Maui , Hawaii , and has agreed to let the NWTC establish a Remote Research Affiliate Partner Site at the facility . The Maui satellite of NWTC will collaborate with First Wind on studies to develop advanced wind energy technologies , including energy storage and integration of renewable electric power into Maui 's electrical grid . In 2010 , the DOE awarded $60 million for a study of transmission requirements . Beginning in 2006 , the DOE is required to provide a transmission congestion report once every three years . Recent U.S. policy has generally been to provide an inflation - adjusted federal production tax credit ( PTC ) of $15 per MW h ( in 1995 dollars ) generated for the first ten years of operation for wind energy sold . As of 2015 , the credit was $23 per MW h . Renewable portfolio standards mandating a certain percentage of electric power sales come from renewable energy sources , which are in place in about half of the states , also have boosted the development of the wind industry . Each time Congress has allowed the production tax credit has expired , wind power development has slowed as investors wait for the credit to be restored . Each year it is renewed development has expanded . The tax credit expired at the end of 2012 , bringing wind power development activity to a near halt . A short term , one year policy was enacted at the beginning of 2013 which provides a tax credit to projects under construction by the end of 2013 and completed before the end of 2014 . The PTC was first introduced in 1992 . When it was allowed to expire , development dropped 93 % , 73 % , and 77 % the following year . The Energy Information Administration has reported that wind power received the largest share of direct federal subsidies and support in fiscal year 2013 ( the latest year for which statistics are available ) , accounting for 37 % ( $5.936 billion ) of total electric power related subsidies . Almost three - quarters of wind energy subsidies in that year were direct expenditures and largely resulted from the ARRA programs . These figures do not include subsidies and supports from other levels of government . The development of wind power in the United States has been supported primarily through a production tax credit ( PTC ) , which pays producers on the amount of electric power produced . On January 1 , 2013 the production tax credit was extended for another year . In late 2015 authorities provided an extension of the Production Tax Credit . The extension phases out the credit over a period of five years . The 30 percent wind and solar tax credit will extend through 2019 and then taper to 10 percent in 2022 . The average price of Power purchase agreements was $23.5 / MWh in 2014 . Operating expenses were estimated to $10 / MWh . Siting considerations ( edit ) Landowners typically receive $3,000 to $5,000 per year in rental income from each wind turbine , while farmers continue to grow crops or graze cattle up to the foot of the turbines . See also : Wind farm and Environmental effects of wind power There is competition for wind farms among farmers in places like Iowa or ranchers in Colorado . Farmers , with no investment on their part , typically receive $3,000 -- 5,000 per year in royalties from the local utility for siting a single , large , advanced - design wind turbine . Landscape and ecological issues may be significant for some wind farm proposals , and environmental issues are a consideration in site selection . Worldwide experience has shown that community consultation and direct involvement of the general public in wind farm projects has helped to increase community approval , and some wind farms overseas have become tourist attractions , like the Ten Mile Lagoon wind farm . Offshore wind power ( edit ) Offshore development is hindered by relatively high cost compared to onshore facilities . Several projects are under development with some at advanced stages of development . The United States , though , has very large offshore wind energy resources due to strong , consistent winds off the long U.S. coastline . The 2011 NREL report , Large - Scale Offshore Wind Power in the United States , analyzes the current state of the offshore wind energy industry . According to the report , offshore wind resource development would help the country to achieve 20 % of its electric power from wind by 2030 and to revitalize the manufacturing sector . Offshore wind could supply 54 gigawatts of capacity to the nation 's electrical grid , thereby increasing energy security . It could also generate an estimated $200 billion in new economic activity and create thousands of permanent jobs . NREL 's report concludes that `` the development of the nation 's offshore wind resources can provide many potential benefits , and that offshore wind energy could play a vital role in future U.S. energy markets '' . Coastal residents have opposed offshore wind farms because of fears about impacts on marine life , the environment , electric power rates , aesthetics , and recreation such as fishing and boating . However , residents also cite improved electric power rates , air quality , and job creation as positive impacts they would expect from wind farms . Because the bases of offshore turbines function as artificial reefs , studies have shown that after the initial disturbance of construction , local fish and shellfish are positively affected . Because wind turbines can be positioned at some distance from shore , impacts to recreation and fishing can be managed by careful planning of wind farm locations . Five exploratory leases for wind power production on the Outer Continental Shelf offshore from New Jersey and Delaware were issued in June 2009 by the Secretary of the Interior . The leases authorize data gathering activities , allowing for the construction of meteorological towers on the Outer Continental Shelf from six to 18 miles ( 29 km ) offshore . Four areas are being considered . On February 7 , 2011 , Salazar and Stephen Chu announced a national strategy to have offshore wind power of 10 GW in 2020 , and 54 GW in 2030 . Projects are under development in areas of the East Coast , Great Lakes , and Gulf coast . New england ( edit ) Rhode Island and Massachusetts state officials picked Deepwater Wind to build a $1.5 - billion , 385 - megawatt wind farm in federal waters off Block Island . The 100 - turbine project could provide 1.3 terawatt - hours ( TW h ) of electric power per year -- 15 percent of all electric power used in the state of Rhode Island . In 2009 , Deepwater signed an agreement with National Grid to sell the power from a $200 - million , 30 - MW wind farm off Block Island , at an initial price of 24.4 ¢ / kW h . Construction of the Block Island Wind Farm , a five turbine project began in April 2015 . Cape Wind started development around 2002 , but faced opposition and eventually ceased before being realized . The floating VolturnUS operated in a Maine river in 2013 . Mid Atlantic ( edit ) To promote wind power in New Jersey , in 2007 the state awarded a $4.4 million contract to conduct an 18 - month Ocean / Wind Power Ecological Baseline Study , becoming the first state to sponsor an ocean and wind power study before allowing renewable energy developers to study and build off its shores . The study focused on a designated area off the coast to determine the current distribution , abundance and migratory patterns of avian species , fish , marine resources and sea turtle use of the existing ecological resources . The results of the study were released in June 2010 . The study concluded that the effects of developing offshore windfarms would be negligible . In 2008 , new federal rules greatly expanded the territory offshore wind parks can be built . Previously , projects were only allowed in shallow state waters within 3 nautical miles ( 5.6 km ) of shore . The edge of U.S. territory is about 200 nautical miles ( 370 km ) out . Increased distance from the coast diminishes their visibility . Waters off the coast of the United States are deeper than in Europe , requiring different designs . Atlantic Wind Connection is a proposed electrical transmission backbone to be built off the Atlantic Coast of the United States to serve off - shore wind farms . The transmission line , proposed by Trans - Elect Development Company , would deliver power ashore in southern Virginia , Delaware , southern New Jersey and northern New Jersey . As a first of its kind project , it poses significant risks of encountering unexpected technological challenges and cost overruns . Such an offshore backbone is an element in the national electric power strategy . Bechtel has been selected as the EPC contractor and Alstom as technical advisor for the first phase of the development for the project . Google and Good Energies , an investment firm , are the major investors in the $5 billion project . Wind Energy meteorology ( edit ) Play media Upper : the propagation of transient waves . Lower : the time and spatial variation of the related capacity factor values ( CF ) at 100m . The power curves and technical parameters for the GE 2.5 MW turbines is used to calculate the instantaneous capacity factor . Winds in the Central plains region of the U.S. are variable on both short ( minutes ) and long ( days ) time scales . Variations in wind speed result in variations in power output from wind farms , which poses difficulties incorporating wind power into an integrated power system . Wind turbines are driven by boundary layer winds , those that occur near the surface of the earth , at around 300 feet . Boundary layer winds are controlled by wind in the higher free atmosphere and have turbulence due to interaction with surface features such as trees , hills , and buildings . Short term or high frequency variations are due to this turbulence in the boundary layer . Long term variations are due to the passage of transient waves in the atmosphere , with a characteristic time scale of several days . The transient waves that influence wind in the Central U.S. are large scale and this results in the power output from wind farms in the region being somewhat correlated and not entirely independent . Large scale distribution of wind farms significantly reduce short term variability , limiting the relative standard deviation of the capacity factor to about 45 % . The correlation is highest in summer and lowest in winter . Environmental regulations ( edit ) The US federal government has jurisdiction to prevent bird and bat deaths by wind turbines , under the Endangered Species Act , the Migratory Bird Treaty Act , and the Bald and Golden Eagle Protection Act . Under the 2009 Bald and Golden Eagle Protection Act , the Interior Department could issue permits to allow `` non-purposeful take '' for activities where eagle deaths were considered unavoidable ; however , as of December 2013 , no take permits had been issued to wind energy developers . The United States Fish and Wildlife Service has published voluntary guidelines for design and siting of wind turbines to minimize bird and bat deaths . Interim guidelines were published in 2003 , and the latest version in 2012 . The document recognizes that even the best management practices may not prevent wind turbine bird deaths in violation of federal law , but stated : `` However , if a violation occurs the Service will consider a developer 's documented efforts to communicate with the Service and adhere to the Guidelines . '' In 2013 , the Obama administration was accused of having a double standard to protect the wind industry from Bald and Golden Eagle Protection Act prosecutions , while vigorously pursuing violations by oil companies and owners of power lines . The administration refused to divulge the number of raptor deaths reported to it by wind companies , saying that to do so would reveal trade secrets . The government also ordered federal law enforcement field agents not to pursue bird - death prosecutions against wind companies without prior approval from Washington . The policy was said to be an environmental trade - off to promote renewable energy . In November 2013 , the federal government obtained its first criminal conviction of a wind power operator for killing protected birds in violation of the 1918 Migratory Bird Treaty Act . Duke Energy plead guilty , and was fined $1 million , for the deaths of 160 birds , including 14 golden eagles , at two wind farms in Wyoming . The Justice Department charged that Duke had designed and sited the turbines knowing that they would kill birds ; Duke noted that it had self - reported the bird deaths , and that US Fish and Wildlife Service guidelines for reducing bird deaths by wind turbines had not been issued when the turbines were built . After they were charged , Duke implemented a radar detection system , at a cost of $600,000 per year , designed to turn off turbines when approached by large birds ; the company noted that the system was working , as no golden eagle deaths had been observed in more than a year of operation since the radar was installed . In December 2013 the US Fish and Wildlife Service announced that it would issue 30 - year permits to wind energy projects to allow for eagle deaths ; previously , permits had been available for only 5 years , but none were issued to wind projects . Under the 30 - year permits , wind power developers would be required to report eagle deaths , and the permits would be reviewed every 5 years . The measure was intended to remove what was seen as legal uncertainty discouraging wind energy investments . The government said that an environmental review was not needed for the change , because it was only an administrative change . The new regulation was welcomed by the American Wind Energy Association , which said that wind power caused less than two percent of human - caused eagle fatalities , and pointed out that the rules would require extensive mitigation and monitoring of eagle deaths . The extension of eagle taking permits from 5 to 30 years was opposed by a number of conservation groups , including the American Bird Conservancy , the Nature Conservancy , the Sierra Club , the Audubon Society , and the Humane Society of the United States . Statistics ( edit ) United States wind generation ( GWh ) Year Total % of total Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2,789 1991 2,951 2,888 3,006 3,447 1995 3,164 3,234 3,288 1998 3,026 1999 4,488 2000 5,593 6,737 2002 10,354 2003 10,729 14,144 0.36 % 999 1,022 1,291 1,295 1,702 1,397 1,164 1,051 1,090 1,029 932 1,172 2005 14,597 0.36 % 899 783 1,235 1,408 1,494 1,539 1,171 918 1,275 1,256 1,363 1,257 2006 26,589 0.65 % 2,383 1,922 2,359 2,472 2,459 2,052 1,955 1,655 1,879 2,442 2,540 2,472 2007 32,143 0.77 % 2,459 2,541 3,061 3,194 2,858 2,395 1,928 2,446 2,641 3,056 2,705 2,859 2008 55,363 1.34 % 4,273 3,852 4,782 5,225 5,340 5,140 4,008 3,264 3,111 4,756 4,994 6,616 2009 73,886 1.87 % 5,951 5,852 7,099 7,458 6,262 5,599 4,955 5,464 4,651 6,814 6,875 6,906 94,652 2.29 % 6,854 5,432 8,589 9,764 8,698 8,049 6,724 6,686 7,106 7,944 9,748 9,059 2011 120,177 2.93 % 8,550 10,452 10,545 12,422 11,772 10,985 7,489 7,476 6,869 10,525 12,439 10,656 2012 140,822 3.48 % 13,632 11,052 14,026 12,709 12,541 11,972 8,822 8,469 8,790 12,636 11,649 14,524 2013 167,665 4.13 % 14,633 13,907 15,643 17,294 16,264 13,766 11,146 9,593 11,709 13,720 15,888 14,100 2014 181,791 4.44 % 17,989 14,001 17,779 18,747 15,532 15,691 12,096 10,187 11,473 14,552 18,997 14,696 2015 190,927 4.67 % 15,258 14,964 15,361 17,835 17,060 13,398 13,632 13,040 13,859 16,391 19,693 20,067 2016 226,551 5.55 % 18,511 20,214 21,752 20,555 18,824 16,364 17,589 13,565 16,435 20,376 19,334 23,032 2017 231,089 6.3 % 20,270 21,692 25,599 25,403 22,317 19,429 15,711 13,094 17,291 24,789 23,320 Last entry , % of Total 5.88 % 7.52 % 8.05 % 8.65 % 6.95 % 5.46 % 3.93 % 3.44 % 5.17 % 7.76 % 7.60 % 6.19 % ( show ) Selected monthly wind generation profiles United States ( 2016 ) Texas ( 2016 ) Oklahoma ( 2015 ) Iowa 2015 California 2015 Illinois 2015 Kansas 2015 Minnesota 2015 See also ( edit ) Renewable energy portal United States portal American Wind Energy Association List of wind farms in the United States Renewable energy in the United States Wind ENergy Data & Information ( WENDI ) Gateway Solar power in the United States Geothermal energy in the United States Biofuel in the United States Hydroelectric power in the United States Renewable energy by country References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` AWEA 4th quarter 2014 Public Market Report '' ( PDF ) . 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PMID 19549865 . ^ Jump up to : Associated Press , `` US to allow eagle deaths -- to aid wind power '' , Washington Post , 6 Dec. 2013 . Jump up ^ United States Fish and Wildlife Service , Land - Based Wind Energy Guidelines Archived May 28 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine. , Mar. 2012 . Jump up ^ Dina Cappiello , `` Wind farms get pass on eagle deaths '' , Associated Press , 14 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Soumya Karlamangla , `` Energy company to pay $1 million in wind turbine eagle deaths '' , Los Angeles Times , 24 Nov. 2013 . Jump up ^ Eyder Peralta , Duke Energy Pleads Guilty Over Eagle Deaths At Wind Farms `` , National Public Radio , 23 Nov. 2013 . Jump up ^ American Wind Energy Association , AWEA Statement on U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service 's Eagle Permit Tenure Rule , 6 Dec. 2013 . Jump up ^ American Bird Conservancy , Opposition to 30 - Year Eagle Take Permits , accessed 8 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Audubon Society , Interior Dept . Rule Greenlights Eagle Slaughter at Wind Farms , Says Audubon CEO , 5 December 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.eia.gov/electricity/monthly/index.cfm#tabs_unit-3 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Wind power in the United States and Wind farms in the United States . Wind Map Wind Energy in the U.S. Factsheet by the University of Michigan 's Center for Sustainable Systems A New Era for Wind Power in the United States , a 2013 DOE report GA Mansoori , N Enayati , LB Agyarko ( 2016 ) , Energy : Sources , Utilization , Legislation , Sustainability , Illinois as Model State , World Sci. Pub. 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causes and effects of the first world war			Causes of World war I	causes of world war i	The causes of World War I remain controversial and debated questions . World War I began in the Balkans in late July 1914 and ended in November 1918 , leaving 17 million dead and 20 million wounded .	Scholars looking at the long - term seek to explain why two rival sets of powers -- Germany and Austria - Hungary on the one hand , and Russia , France , and Great Britain on the other -- had come into conflict by 1914 . They look at such factors as political , territorial and economic conflicts , militarism , a complex web of alliances and alignments , imperialism , the growth of nationalism , and the power vacuum created by the decline of the Ottoman Empire . Other important long - term or structural factors that are often studied include unresolved territorial disputes , the perceived breakdown of the balance of power in Europe , convoluted and fragmented governance , the arms races of the previous decades , and military planning . Scholars doing short - term analysis focused on summer 1914 ask if the conflict could have been stopped , or whether it was out of control . The immediate causes lay in decisions made by statesmen and generals during the July Crisis of 1914 . This crisis was triggered by the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria by a Bosnian Serb who had been supported by a nationalist organization in Serbia . The crisis escalated as the conflict between Austria - Hungary and Serbia came to involve Russia , Germany , France , and ultimately Belgium and Great Britain . Other factors that came into play during the diplomatic crisis that preceded the war included misperceptions of intent ( e.g. , the German belief that Britain would remain neutral ) , fatalism that war was inevitable , and the speed of the crisis , which was exacerbated by delays and misunderstandings in diplomatic communications . The crisis followed a series of diplomatic clashes among the Great Powers ( Italy , France , Germany , Britain , Austria - Hungary and Russia ) over European and colonial issues in the decades before 1914 that had left tensions high . In turn these public clashes can be traced to changes in the balance of power in Europe since 1867 . Consensus on the origins of the war remains elusive since historians disagree on key factors , and place differing emphasis on a variety of factors . This is compounded by changing historical arguments over time , particularly the delayed availability of classified historical archives . The deepest distinction among historians is between those who focus on the actions of Germany and Austria - Hungary as key and those who focus on a wider group of actors . Secondary fault lines exist between those who believe that Germany deliberately planned an European war , those who believe that the war was ultimately unplanned but still caused principally by Germany and Austria - Hungary taking risks , and those who believe that either all or some of the other powers , namely Russia , France , Serbia and Great Britain , played a more significant role in causing the war than has been traditionally suggested . Contents ( hide ) 1 Polarization of Europe , 1887 -- 1914 1.1 German re-alignment to Austria - Hungary and Russian re-alignment to France , 1887 -- 1892 1.2 French revanchist foreign policy towards Germany 1.3 British alignment towards France and Russia , 1898 -- 1907 : The Triple Entente 1.4 First Moroccan Crisis , 1905 -- 06 : Strengthening the Entente 1.5 Bosnian Crisis , 1908 : Worsening relations of Russia and Serbia with Austria - Hungary 1.6 Agadir crisis in Morocco , 1911 1.7 Italo - Turkish War : Abandonment of the Ottomans , 1911 -- 12 1.8 Balkan Wars , 1912 -- 13 : Growth of Serbian and Russian power 1.9 Franco - Russian Alliance changes : The Balkan inception scenario , 1911 -- 1913 1.10 The Liman von Sanders `` Affair '' 1913 - 14 1.11 Anglo - German détente , 1912 -- 14 2 July Crisis : The chain of events 2.1 Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand by Serbian irredentists , 28 June 1914 2.2 Austria edges towards war with Serbia 2.3 `` Blank Cheque '' -- Germany supports Austria - Hungary , 6 July 2.4 Fermeté -- France backs Russia , 20 -- 23 July 2.5 Austria - Hungary presents ultimatum to Serbia , 23 July 2.6 Russia mobilises -- The Crisis escalates , 24 -- 25 July 2.7 Serbia rejects the ultimatum , Austria declares war on Serbia 25 -- 28 July 2.8 Russia -- general mobilisation is ordered , 29 -- 30 July 2.9 German mobilisation and war with Russia and France , 1 -- 3 August 2.10 Britain declares war on Germany , 4 August 1914 3 Domestic political factors 3.1 German domestic politics 3.2 The drivers of Austro - Hungarian policy 3.3 The drivers of Serbian Policy 4 Imperialism 4.1 The impact of Colonial rivalry and aggression on Europe in 1914 4.2 German isolation : Consequence of Weltpolitik ? 4.3 German isolation : Consequence of The Triple Entente ? 4.4 Imperial opportunism : Italy -- Ottomans 4.5 Imperial opportunism France -- North Africa 4.6 Marxist interpretation 5 Social Darwinism 6 Web of alliances 7 Arms race 7.1 Anglo - German naval race 7.1. 1 Russian interests in Balkans and Ottoman Empire 8 Technical and military factors 8.1 The ' Short war illusion ' 8.2 Primacy of the offensive and war by timetable 9 Historiography 10 See also 11 Citations 12 References 13 Further reading 13.1 Historiography 13.2 Primary sources 14 External links Polarization of Europe , 1887 -- 1914 ( edit ) To understand the long term origins of the war in 1914 it is essential to understand how the powers formed into two competing sets sharing common aims and enemies . These two sets became , by August 1914 , Germany and Austria - Hungary on the one hand and Russia , France , Serbia and Great Britain on the other . German re-alignment to Austria - Hungary and Russian re-alignment to France , 1887 -- 1892 ( edit ) In 1887 German and Russian alignment was secured by means of a secret Reinsurance Treaty arranged by Otto von Bismarck . However , in 1890 the treaty was allowed to lapse in favor of the Dual Alliance ( 1879 ) between Germany and Austria - Hungary . In response Russia secured the Franco - Russian Alliance in 1892 , which was to last until 1917 . French revanchist Foreign policy towards Germany ( edit ) French Emperor Napoleon III ( left ) as prisoner of Bismarck ( right ) in the Franco - Prussian War Some of the distant origins of World War I can be seen in the results and consequences of the Franco - Prussian War in 1870 -- 71 and the concurrent Unification of Germany . Germany had won decisively and established a powerful Empire , while France fell into chaos and military decline for years . A legacy of animosity grew between France and Germany following the German annexation of Alsace - Lorraine . The annexation caused widespread resentment in France , giving rise to the desire for revenge , known as revanchism . French sentiments wanted to avenge military and territorial losses and the displacement of France as the pre-eminent continental military power . Bismarck was wary of French desire for revenge ; he achieved peace by isolating France and balancing the ambitions of Austria - Hungary and Russia in the Balkans . During his later years he tried to placate the French by encouraging their overseas expansion . However , anti-German sentiment remained . France eventually recovered from its defeat , paid its war indemnity , and rebuilt its military strength again . But it was smaller than Germany in terms of population and industry , and thus felt insecure next to its more powerful neighbor . British alignment towards France and Russia , 1898 -- 1907 : the Triple Entente ( edit ) After Bismarck 's removal in 1890 , French efforts to isolate Germany became successful . With the formation of the Triple Entente , Germany began to feel encircled . The French Foreign Minister , Théophile Delcassé , especially , went to great pains to woo Russia and Great Britain . Key markers were the Franco - Russian Alliance of 1894 , the 1904 Entente Cordiale with Great Britain , and finally the Anglo - Russian Entente in 1907 which became the Triple Entente . This formal alliance with Russia , and informal alignment with Britain , against Germany and Austria eventually led Russia and Britain to enter World War I as France 's Allies . Britain abandoned the policy of holding aloof from the continental powers , so called `` Splendid Isolation '' , in the 1900s after being isolated during the Boer War . Britain concluded agreements , limited to colonial affairs , with her two major colonial rivals , the Entente Cordiale with France in 1904 and the Anglo - Russian Entente of 1907 . Some historians see Britain 's alignment as principally a reaction to an assertive German foreign policy and the buildup of its navy from 1898 which led to the Anglo - German naval arms race . Other scholars , most notably Niall Ferguson , argue that Britain chose France and Russia over Germany because Germany was too weak an ally to provide an effective counterbalance to the other powers and could not provide Britain with the imperial security achieved by the entente agreements . In the words of British diplomat Arthur Nicolson it was `` far more disadvantageous to us to have an unfriendly France and Russia than an unfriendly Germany '' . Ferguson argues that the British Government rejected German alliance overtures `` not because Germany began to pose a threat to Britain , but , on the contrary because they realized she did not pose a threat '' . The impact of the Triple Entente was therefore twofold , to improve British relations with France and her ally Russia and to demote the importance to Britain of good relations with Germany . It was `` not that antagonism toward Germany caused its isolation , but rather that the new system itself channeled and intensified hostility towards the German Empire '' . The Triple Entente between Britain , France and Russia is often compared to the Triple Alliance between Germany , Austria -- Hungary and Italy , but historians caution against the comparison . The Entente , in contrast to the Triple Alliance or the Franco - Russian Alliance , was not an alliance of mutual defence and Britain therefore felt free to make her own foreign policy decisions in 1914 . As British Foreign Office Official Eyre Crowe minuted : `` The fundamental fact of course is that the Entente is not an alliance . For purposes of ultimate emergencies it may be found to have no substance at all . For the Entente is nothing more than a frame of mind , a view of general policy which is shared by the governments of two countries , but which may be , or become , so vague as to lose all content . '' A series of diplomatic incidents between 1905 and 1914 heightened tensions between the Great Powers and reinforced the existing alignments , beginning with the First Moroccan Crisis . First Moroccan crisis , 1905 -- 06 : strengthening the Entente ( edit ) The First Moroccan Crisis ( also known as the Tangier Crisis ) was an international crisis between March 1905 and May 1906 over the status of Morocco . The crisis worsened German relations with both France and the United Kingdom , and helped ensure the success of the new Anglo - French Entente Cordiale . In the words of historian Christopher Clark `` The Anglo - French Entente was strengthened rather than weakened by the German challenge to France in Morocco '' . Bosnian crisis , 1908 : worsening relations of Russia and Serbia with Austria - Hungary ( edit ) In 1908 Austria - Hungary announced its annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina , dual provinces in the Balkan region of Europe formerly under the control of the Ottoman Empire . Though Bosnia and Herzegovina were still nominally under the sovereignty of the Ottoman Empire in 1908 , Austria - Hungary had administered the provinces since the Congress of Berlin in 1878 , when the great powers of Europe awarded it the right to occupy the two provinces , with the legal title to remain with Turkey . The announcement in October 1908 of Austria - Hungary 's annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina upset the fragile balance of power in the Balkans , enraging Serbia and pan-Slavic nationalists throughout Europe . Though weakened Russia was forced to submit , to its humiliation , its foreign office still viewed Austria - Hungary 's actions as overly aggressive and threatening . Russia 's response was to encourage pro-Russian , anti-Austrian sentiment in Serbia and other Balkan provinces , provoking Austrian fears of Slavic expansionism in the region . Agadir crisis in Morocco , 1911 ( edit ) Main article : Agadir crisis French troops in Morocco , 1912 Imperial rivalries pushed France , Germany and Britain to compete for control of Morocco , leading to a short - lived war scare in 1911 . In the end France established a protectorate over Morocco that increased European tensions . The Agadir Crisis was the international tension sparked by the deployment of a substantial force of French troops in the interior of Morocco in April 1911 . Germany reacted by sending the gunboat SMS Panther to the Moroccan port of Agadir on 1 July 1911 . The main result was deeper suspicion between London and Berlin , and closer military ties between London and Paris . Rather than scaring Britain into turning toward Germany , increased fear and hostility drew Britain closer to France . British backing of France during the crisis reinforced the Entente between the two countries ( and with Russia as well ) , increasing Anglo - German estrangement , deepening the divisions which would culminate 1914 . In terms of internal British jousting , the crisis was part of a five - year struggle inside the British cabinet between Radical isolationists and Liberal Party imperialist interventionists . The interventionists sought to use the Triple Entente to contain German expansion . The Radicals obtained an agreement for official cabinet approval of all initiatives that might lead to war . However the interventionists were joined by the two leading Radicals , David Lloyd George and Winston Churchill . Lloyd 's famous `` Mansion House speech '' of 21 July 1911 angered the Germans and encouraged the French . By 1914 the interventionists and Radicals had agreed to share responsibility for decisions culminating in the declaration of war , and so the decision was almost unanimous . Significantly for the events of August 1914 , the crisis led British Foreign Secretary Edward Grey and France to make a secret naval agreement where the Royal Navy promised to protect the northern coast of France from German attack , while France concentrated her fleet in the western Mediterranean and agreed to protect British interests there . France was thus able to guard her communications with her North African colonies , and Britain to concentrate more force in home waters to oppose the German High Seas Fleet . The Cabinet was not informed of this agreement until August 1914 . Meanwhile , the episode strengthened the hand of Admiral Tirpitz who was calling for a greatly increased Navy , and obtained it in 1912 . Italo - Turkish war : abandonment of the ottomans , 1911 -- 12 ( edit ) In the Italo - Turkish War or Turco - Italian War Italy defeated the Ottoman Empire in North Africa in 1911 - 12 . Italy easily captured the important coastal cities but its army failed to advance far into the interior . Italy captured the Ottoman Tripolitania Vilayet ( province ) , of which the most notable sub-provinces ( sanjaks ) were Fezzan , Cyrenaica , and Tripoli itself . These territories together formed what became known as Italian Libya . The main significance for the First World War was that this war made it clear that no Great Power appeared to wish to support the Ottoman Empire any longer and this paved the way for the Balkan Wars . Christopher Clark stated : `` Italy launched a war of conquest on an African province of the Ottoman Empire , triggering a chain of opportunistic assaults on Ottoman territories across the Balkans . The system of geographical balances that had enabled local conflicts to be contained was swept away . '' Balkan wars , 1912 -- 13 : growth of Serbian and Russian power ( edit ) The Balkan Wars were two conflicts that took place in the Balkan Peninsula in south - eastern Europe in 1912 and 1913 . Four Balkan states defeated the Ottoman Empire in the first war ; one of the four , Bulgaria , was defeated in the second war . The Ottoman Empire lost nearly all of its holdings in Europe . Austria - Hungary , although not a combatant , was weakened as a much - enlarged Serbia pushed for union of the South Slavic peoples . The Balkan Wars in 1912 -- 1913 increased international tension between the Russian Empire and Austria - Hungary . It also led to a strengthening of Serbia and a weakening of the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria , who might otherwise have kept Serbia under control , thus disrupting the balance of power in Europe in favor of Russia . Russia initially agreed to avoid territorial changes , but later in 1912 supported Serbia 's demand for an Albanian port . The London Conference of 1912 -- 13 agreed to create an independent Albania ; however both Serbia and Montenegro refused to comply . After an Austrian , and then an international , naval demonstration in early 1912 and Russia 's withdrawal of support , Serbia backed down . Montenegro was not as compliant and on May 2 , the Austrian council of ministers met and decided to give Montenegro a last chance to comply and , if it would not , then to resort to military action . However , seeing the Austrian military preparations , the Montenegrins requested the ultimatum be delayed and complied . The Serbian government , having failed to get Albania , now demanded that the other spoils of the First Balkan War be reapportioned , and Russia failed to pressure Serbia to back down . Serbia and Greece allied against Bulgaria , which responded with a preemptive strike against their forces , beginning the Second Balkan War . The Bulgarian army crumbled quickly when Turkey and Romania joined the war . The Balkan Wars strained the German / Austro - Hungarian alliance . The attitude of the German government to Austrian requests of support against Serbia was initially both divided and inconsistent . After the German Imperial War Council of 8 December 1912 , it was clear that Germany was not ready to support Austria - Hungary in a war against Serbia and her likely allies . In addition , German diplomacy before , during , and after the Second Balkan War was pro-Greek and pro-Romanian and in opposition to Austria - Hungary 's increasingly pro-Bulgarian views . The result was tremendous damage to Austro - German relations . Austrian foreign minister Leopold von Berchtold remarked to German ambassador Heinrich von Tschirschky in July 1913 that `` Austria - Hungary might as well belong ' to the other grouping ' for all the good Berlin had been '' . In September 1913 , it was learned that Serbia was moving into Albania and Russia was doing nothing to restrain it , while the Serbian government would not guarantee to respect Albania 's territorial integrity and suggested there would be some frontier modifications . In October 1913 , the council of ministers decided to send Serbia a warning followed by an ultimatum : that Germany and Italy be notified of some action and asked for support , and that spies be sent to report if there was an actual withdrawal . Serbia responded to the warning with defiance and the Ultimatum was dispatched on October 17 and received the following day . It demanded that Serbia evacuate Albanian territory within eight days . Serbia complied , and the Kaiser made a congratulatory visit to Vienna to try to fix some of the damage done earlier in the year . By this time , Russia had mostly recovered from its defeat in the Russo - Japanese War , and the calculations of Germany and Austria were driven by a fear that Russia would eventually become too strong to be challenged . Their conclusion was that any war with Russia had to occur within the next few years in order to have any chance of success . Franco - Russian alliance changes : the Balkan inception scenario , 1911 -- 1913 ( edit ) The original Franco - Russian alliance was formed to protect both France and Russia from a German attack . In the event of such an attack both states would mobilize in tandem , placing Germany under the threat of a two - front war . However , there were limits placed on the alliance so that it was essentially defensive in character . Throughout the 1890s and the 1900s the French and the Russians made clear the limits of the alliance did not extend to provocations caused by the others ' adventurous foreign policy . For example , Russia warned France that the alliance would not operate if the French provoked the Germans in North Africa . Equally , the French insisted to the Russians that they should not use the alliance to provoke Austria - Hungary or Germany in the Balkans , and that France did not recognise in the Balkans a vital strategic interest for France or for Russia . In the last 18 to 24 months before the outbreak of the war , this changed . At the end of 1911 and particularly during the Balkan wars themselves in 1912 -- 13 , the French view changed . France now accepted the importance of the Balkans to Russia . Moreover , France clearly stated that if , as a result of a conflict in the Balkans , war were to break out between Austria - Hungary and Serbia , France would stand by Russia . Thus the Franco - Russian alliance changed in character , and by a consequence of that Serbia became a security salient for Russia and France . As they bought into the future scenario of a war of Balkan inception , regardless of who started such a war , the alliance would respond nonetheless . It would view this conflict as a casus foederis : as a trigger for the alliance . Christopher Clark described this change as `` a very important development in the pre-war system which made the events of 1914 possible '' . The Liman von Sanders `` affair '' 1913 - 14 ( edit ) This was a crisis caused by the appointment of a German officer , Liman von Sanders to command the Turkish First Army Corps guarding Constantinople , and the subsequent Russian objections . The `` Liman von Sanders Affair , '' began on November 10 , 1913 , when the Russian foreign minister , Sergei Sazonov , instructed the Russian ambassador in Berlin , Sergei Sverbeev , to tell the Germans that the von Sanders mission , would be regarded by Russia as an `` openly hostile act . '' In addition to threatening Russia 's foreign trade , half of which flowed through the Turkish straits , the mission raised the possibility of a German - led Turkish assault on Russia 's Black Sea ports and imperilled Russian plans for expansion in eastern Anatolia . Liman 's appointment brought a storm of protest from Russia , who suspected German designs on the Ottoman capital . A compromise arrangement was subsequently agreed whereby Liman was appointed to the rather less senior ( and less influential ) position of Inspector General in January 1914 . As a result of the crisis , Russia 's weakness in military power prevailed . The Russians could not rely upon their financial means as a tool for foreign policy . Anglo - German détente , 1912 -- 14 ( edit ) Historians caution that , taken together , the preceding crisis should not be seen as an argument that a European war was inevitable in 1914 . Significantly , the Anglo - German Naval Race was over by 1912 . In April 1913 , Britain and Germany signed an agreement over the African territories of the Portuguese empire which was expected to collapse imminently . Moreover , the Russians were threatening British interests in Persia and India to the extent that in 1914 , there were signs that the British were cooling in their relations with Russia and that an understanding with Germany might be useful . The British were `` deeply annoyed by St Petersburg 's failure to observe the terms of the agreement struck in 1907 and began to feel an arrangement of some kind with Germany might serve as a useful corrective . '' British Diplomat Arthur Nicolson wrote in May 1914 , `` Since I have been at the Foreign Office I have not seen such calm waters . '' July crisis : the Chain of events ( edit ) June 28 , 1914 : Serbian irredentists assassinate Archduke Franz Ferdinand of the Austro - Hungarian Empire . June 30 : Austrian Foreign Minister Count Leopold Berchtold and Emperor Franz Josef agree that the `` policy of patience '' with Serbia was at an end and a firm line must be taken . July 5 : Austrian Diplomat Alexander , Count of Hoyos visits Berlin to ascertain German attitudes . July 6 : Germany provides unconditional support to Austria - Hungary -- the so - called `` blank check '' . July 20 -- 23 : French President Raymond Poincaré , on state visit to the Tsar at St Petersburg , urges intransigent opposition to any Austrian measure against Serbia . July 23 : Austria - Hungary , following their own secret enquiry , sends an ultimatum to Serbia , containing their demands , and gives only forty - eight hours to comply . July 24 : Sir Edward Grey , speaking for the British government , asks that Germany , France , Italy and Great Britain , `` who had no direct interests in Serbia , should act together for the sake of peace simultaneously . '' July 24 : Serbia seeks support from Russia and Russia advises Serbia not to accept the ultimatum . Germany officially declares support for Austria 's position . July 24 Russian Council of Ministers agrees secret partial mobilisation of the Russian Army and Navy . July 25 : Tsar approves Council of Ministers decision and Russia begins partial mobilization of 1.1 million men against the Austrian - Hungarian Empire . July 25 : Serbia responds to Austro - Hungarian démarche with less than full acceptance and asks that the Hague Tribunal arbitrate . Austria - Hungary breaks diplomatic relations with Serbia . Serbia mobilizes its army . July 26 : Serbian reservists accidentally violate Austro - Hungarian border at Temes - Kubin . July 26 : A meeting is organised to take place between ambassadors from Great Britain , Germany , Italy and France to discuss the crisis . Germany declines the invitation . July 28 : Austria - Hungary , having failed to accept Serbia 's response of the 25th , declares war on Serbia . Austro - Hungarian mobilisation against Serbia begins . July 29 : Sir Edward Grey appeals to Germany to intervene to maintain peace . July 29 : The British Ambassador in Berlin , Sir Edward Goschen , is informed by the German Chancellor that Germany is contemplating war with France , and furthermore , wishes to send its army through Belgium . He tries to secure Britain 's neutrality in such an action . July 29 : In the morning Russian general mobilisation against Austria and Germany is ordered ; in the evening the Tsar chooses for partial mobilization after a flurry of telegrams with Kaiser Wilhelm . July 30 : Russian general mobilization is reordered by the Tsar on instigation by Sergei Sazonov . July 31 : Austrian general mobilization is ordered . July 31 : Germany enters a period preparatory to war . July 31 : Germany sends an ultimatum to Russia , demanding that they halt general mobilization within twelve hours , but Russia refuses . July 31 : Both France and Germany are asked by Britain to declare their support for the ongoing neutrality of Belgium . France agrees to this . Germany does not respond . July 31 : Germany asks France whether it would stay neutral in case of a war Germany vs. Russia . August 1 : German general mobilization is ordered , deployment plan ' Aufmarsch II West ' chosen . August 1 : French general mobilization is ordered , deployment Plan XVII chosen . August 1 : Germany declares war against Russia . August 1 : The Tsar responds to the king 's telegram , stating , `` I would gladly have accepted your proposals had not the German ambassador this afternoon presented a note to my Government declaring war . '' August 2 : Germany and the Ottoman Empire sign a secret treaty entrenching the Ottoman -- German Alliance . August 3 : Germany , after France declines ( See Note ) its demand to remain neutral , declares war on France . Germany states to Belgium that she would `` treat her as an enemy '' if she did not allow free passage of German troops across her lands . August 4 : Germany implements offensive operation inspired by Schlieffen Plan . August 4 ( midnight ) : Having failed to receive notice from Germany assuring the neutrality of Belgium , Britain declares war on Germany . August 6 : Austria - Hungary declares war on Russia . August 23 : Japan , honoring the Anglo - Japanese Alliance , declares war on Germany . August 25 : Japan declares war on Austria - Hungary . Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand by Serbian irredentists , 28 June 1914 ( edit ) On 28 June 1914 , Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria , heir presumptive to the Austro - Hungarian throne , and his wife , Sophie , Duchess of Hohenberg , were shot dead , by two gun shots in Sarajevo by Gavrilo Princip , one of a group of six assassins ( five Serbs and one Bosniak ) coordinated by Danilo Ilić , a Bosnian Serb and a member of the Black Hand secret society . The assassination is significant because it was perceived by Austria - Hungary as an existential challenge to her and in her view provided a casus belli with Serbia . The Austrian Emperor Franz Joseph was aged 84 , so the assassination of his heir , so soon before he was likely to hand over the crown , was seen as a direct challenge to Austrian polity . Many ministers in Austria , especially Berchtold , argue this act must be avenged . Moreover , the Archduke , who had been a decisive voice for peace in the previous years , had now been removed from the discussions . The assassination triggered the July Crisis , which turned a local conflict into a European , and then a worldwide , war . Austria edges towards war with Serbia ( edit ) The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand , the heir apparent to the Austrian throne , sent deep shockwaves through Austrian elites , and the murder has been described as a `` 9 / 11 effect , a terrorist event charged with historic meaning , transforming the political chemistry in Vienna . '' Although they were not personally close , the Emperor Franz Joseph was profoundly shocked and upset . It quickly emerged that three leading members of the assassination squad had spent long periods of time in Belgrade , had only recently crossed the border from Serbia , and were carrying weapons and bombs of Serbian manufacture . They were secretly sponsored by the Black Hand , whose objectives included the liberation of all Bosnian Slavs from Austrian rule , and masterminded by the Head of Serbian Military intelligence , Apis . Two days after the assassination , Foreign Minister Berchtold and the Emperor agreed that the `` policy of patience '' with Serbia was at an end . Austria feared that if she displayed weakness , their neighbours to the South and East would be emboldened , whereas war with Serbia would put to an end the problems the dual monarchy had experienced with Serbia . Chief of Staff Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf stated of Serbia : '' If you have a poisonous adder at your heel , you stamp on its head , you do n't wait for the bite . '' There was also a feeling that the moral effects of military action would breathe new life into the exhausted structures of the Habsburg monarchy , restoring it to the vigour and virility of an imagined past , and that Serbia must be dealt with before it became too powerful to defeat militarily . The principal voices for peace in previous years included Franz Ferdinand himself . His removal not only provided the casus belli but removed one of the most prominent doves from policymaking . Since taking on Serbia involved the risk of war with Russia , Vienna sought the views of Berlin . The Germans provided their unconditional support for war with Serbia , the so - called `` Blank Cheque . '' Buoyed up by German support the Austrians began drawing up an ultimatum , giving the Serbs forty - eight hours to respond to ten demands . The Austrians hoped that the ultimatum would be rejected in order to provide the pretext for war with a neighbour they considered to be impossibly turbulent . Samuel R. Williamson , Jr. has emphasized the role of Austria - Hungary in starting the war . Convinced Serbian nationalism and Russian Balkan ambitions were disintegrating the Empire , Austria - Hungary hoped for a limited war against Serbia and that strong German support would force Russia to keep out of the war and weaken its Balkan prestige . At this stage in the crisis the possibility of determined Russian support for Serbia , and its attendant risks , was never properly weighed up . The Austrians remained fixated on Serbia but did not decide on their precise objectives other than war . Nevertheless , having decided upon war with German support , Austria was slow to act publicly , and did not deliver the ultimatum until July 23 , some three weeks after the assassinations on 28 June . Thus Austria lost the reflex sympathies attendant to the Sarajevo murders and gave the further impression to the Entente powers that Austria was merely using the assassinations as a pretext for aggression . `` Blank Cheque '' -- Germany supports Austria - Hungary , 6 July ( edit ) On July 6 Germany provided its unconditional support to its ally Austria - Hungary in its quarrel with Serbia -- the so - called `` blank cheque '' . In response to a request for support , Vienna was told the Kaiser 's position was that , if Austria - Hungary `` recognised the necessity of taking military measures against Serbia he would deplore our not taking advantage of the present moment which is so favourable to us ... we might in this case , as in all others , rely upon German support '' The thinking was as Austria - Hungary was Germany 's only ally , if its prestige was not restored then its position in the Balkans might be irreparably damaged , encouraging further irredentism by Serbia and Romania . A quick war against Serbia would not only eliminate her , but also probably lead to further diplomatic gains vis a vis Bulgaria and Romania . A Serbian defeat would also be a defeat for Russia and reduce her influence in the Balkans . The benefits were clear but there were risks , namely that Russia would intervene and this would lead to a continental war . However , this was thought even more unlikely since the Russians had not yet finished their French - funded rearmament programme scheduled for completion in 1917 . Moreover , they did not believe that Russia , as an absolute monarchy , would support regicides , and more broadly `` the mood across Europe was so anti-Serbian that even Russia would not intervene . '' Personal factors also weighed heavily and the German Kaiser was close to the murdered Franz Ferdinand and was affected by his death , to the extent that German counsels of restraint vis a vis Serbia in 1913 changed to an aggressive stance . On the other hand , the military thought that if Russia did intervene then St Petersburg clearly desired war and now would be a better time to fight , when Germany had a guaranteed ally in Austria - Hungary , Russia was not ready and Europe was sympathetic to them . On balance , at this point in the crisis , the Germans anticipated that their support would mean the war would be a localised affair between Austria - Hungary and Serbia . This would be particularly true if Austria moved quickly , `` while the other European powers were still disgusted over the assassinations and therefore likely to be sympathetic to any action Austria - Hungary took '' . Fermeté -- France backs Russia , 20 -- 23 July ( edit ) French President Raymond Poincaré arrived in St. Petersburg for a state visit on 20 July and departed on 23 July . Due to the breaking of the Austrian codes , Russia and France were aware of the impending Austrian ultimatum and their meetings were centrally concerned with the crisis unfolding in central Europe . The French and the Russians agreed their alliance extended to supporting Serbia against Austria , confirming the already established policy behind the Balkan inception scenario . As Christopher Clark notes `` Poincare had come to preach the gospel of firmness and his words had fallen on ready ears . Firmness in this context meant an intransigent opposition to any Austrian measure against Serbia . At no point do the sources suggest that Poincare or his Russian interlocutors gave any thought whatsoever to what measures Austria - Hungary might legitimately be entitled to take in the aftermath of the assassinations '' . On 21 July , the Russian Foreign Minister warned the German ambassador to Russia that `` Russia would not be able to tolerate Austria - Hungary 's using threatening language to Serbia or taking military measures . '' The leaders in Berlin discounted this threat of war . German foreign minister Gottlieb von Jagow noted `` there is certain to be some blustering in St. Petersburg . '' German Chancellor Theobald von Bethmann - Hollweg told his assistant that Britain and France did not realize that Germany would go to war if Russia mobilized . He thought London saw a German `` bluff '' and was responding with a `` counterbluff . '' Political scientist James Fearon argues from this episode that the Germans believed Russia were expressing greater verbal support for Serbia than they would actually provide , in order to pressure Germany and Austria - Hungary to accept some Russian demands in negotiation . Meanwhile , Berlin was downplaying its actual strong support for Vienna so as to not appear the aggressor , for that would alienate German socialists . Austria - Hungary presents ultimatum to Serbia , 23 July ( edit ) On 23 July , Austria - Hungary , following their own enquiry into the assassinations , sends an ultimatum to Serbia , containing their demands , giving forty - eight hours to comply . Russia mobilises -- the crisis escalates , 24 -- 25 July ( edit ) On 24 -- 25 July the Russian Council of Ministers met , and in response to the crisis and despite the fact that she had no alliance with Serbia , agreed to a secret partial mobilisation of over one million men of the Russian Army and the Baltic and Black Sea Fleets . It is worth stressing , since this is a cause of some confusion in general narratives of the war , that this was done prior to the Serbian rejection of the ultimatum , the Austrian declaration of war on 28 July or any military measures taken by Germany . As a diplomatic move this had limited value since the Russians did not make this mobilisation public until 28 July . The arguments used to support this move in the Council of Ministers were : The crisis was being used as a pretext by the Germans to increase their power Acceptance of the ultimatum would mean that Serbia would become a protectorate of Austria Russia had backed down in the past -- for example in the Liman von Sanders affair and the Bosnian Crisis -- and this had encouraged the Germans rather than appeased them Russian arms had recovered sufficiently since the disasters of 1904 -- 06 In addition Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Sazonov believed that war was inevitable and refused to acknowledge that Austria - Hungary had a right to counter measures in the face of Serbian irredentism . On the contrary , Sazonov had aligned himself with the irredentism , and expected the collapse of the Austro - Hungarian empire . Crucially , the French had provided their clear support for their Russian allies for a robust response in their recent state visit just days before . Also in the background was Russian anxiety of the future of the Turkish straits -- `` where Russian control of the Balkans would place Saint Petersburg in a far better position to prevent unwanted intrusions on the Bosphorus '' The policy was intended to be a mobilisation against Austria - Hungary only . However , due to Russian incompetence , the Russians realised by 29 July that partial mobilisation was not militarily possible , and as it would interfere with general mobilisation , only full mobilisation could prevent the entire operation being botched . The Russians therefore moved to full mobilisation on 30 July . Christopher Clark stated `` It would be difficult to overstate the historical importance of the meetings of 24 and 25 July '' and `` In taking these steps , ( Russian Foreign Minister ) Sazonov and his colleagues escalated the crisis and greatly increased the likelihood of a general European war . For one thing , Russian pre-mobilization altered the political chemistry in Serbia , making it unthinkable that the Belgrade government , which had originally given serious consideration to accepting the ultimatum , would back down in the face of Austrian pressure . It heightened the domestic pressure on the Russian administration ... it sounded alarm bells in Austria - Hungary . Most importantly of all , these measures drastically raised the pressure on Germany , which had so far abstained from military preparations and was still counting on the localisation of the Austro - Serbian conflict . '' Serbia rejects the ultimatum , Austria declares war on Serbia 25 -- 28 July ( edit ) Serbia initially considered accepting all the terms of the Austrian ultimatum before news from Russia of pre mobilisation measures stiffened their resolve . The Serbs drafted their reply to the ultimatum in such a way as to give the impression of making significant concessions but , as Christopher Clark states `` In reality , then , this was a highly perfumed rejection on most points '' . In response to the rejection of the ultimatum , Austria immediately broke off diplomatic relations on 25 July and declared war on 28 July . Russia -- general mobilisation is ordered , 29 -- 30 July ( edit ) On July 29 , 1914 , the Tsar ordered full mobilization , then changed his mind after receiving a telegram from Kaiser Wilhelm . Partial mobilization was ordered instead . The next day , the Tsar 's foreign minister , Sergey Sazonov once more persuaded Nicholas of the need for general mobilization , and the order was issued that day , July 30 Christopher Clark states : `` The Russian general mobilisation was one of the most momentous decisions of the July crisis . This was the first of the general mobilisations . It came at the moment when the German government had not yet even declared the State of Impending War '' Why did Russia do this ? In response to the Austrian declaration of war on 28 July . The previously ordered partial mobilisation was incompatible with a future general mobilisation Sazonov 's conviction that Austrian intransigence was Germany 's policy , and therefore given that Germany was driving Austria , there was no longer any point in mobilising against Austria only France reiterated her support for Russia , and there was significant cause to think that Britain would also support Russia German mobilisation and war with Russia and France , 1 -- 3 August ( edit ) On 28 July , Germany learned through its spy network that Russia had implemented its `` Period Preparatory to War '' . The Germans assumed that Russia had , after all , decided upon war and that her mobilisation put Germany in danger . This was doubly so because German war plans , the so - called Schlieffen Plan , relied upon Germany to mobilise speedily enough to defeat France first ( by attacking largely through neutral Belgium ) before turning to defeat the slower - moving Russians . Christopher Clarke states : `` German efforts at mediation -- which suggested that Austria should `` Halt in Belgrade '' and use the occupation of the Serbian capital to ensure its terms were met -- were rendered futile by the speed of Russian preparations , which threatened to force the Germans to take counter -- measures before mediation could begin to take effect '' Thus , in response to Russian mobilisation , Germany ordered the state of Imminent Danger of War ( SIDW ) on 31 July , and when the Russian government refused to rescind its mobilisation order , Germany mobilised and declared war on Russia on 1 August . Given the Franco - Russian alliance , countermeasures by France were , correctly , assumed to be inevitable and Germany therefore declared war on France on 3 August 1914 . Britain declares war on Germany , 4 August 1914 ( edit ) Following the German invasion of neutral Belgium , Britain issued an ultimatum to Germany on 2 August that she must withdraw or face war . The Germans did not comply and Britain declared war on Germany on 4 August 1914 . Britain 's reasons for declaring war were complex . The ostensible reason given was that Britain was required to safeguard Belgium 's neutrality under the Treaty of London 1839 . The German invasion of Belgium was , therefore , the casus belli and , importantly , legitimized and galvanized popular support for the war . Strategic risk posed by German control of the Belgian and ultimately French coast was considered unacceptable . German guarantees of post-war behavior were cast into doubt by her blasé treatment of Belgian neutrality . However , the Treaty of London of 1839 had not committed Britain on her own to safeguard Belgium 's neutrality . Moreover , naval war planning demonstrated that Britain herself would have violated Belgian neutrality by blockading her ports ( to prevent imported goods passing to Germany ) in the event of war with Germany . Rather Britain 's relationship with her Entente partners , both France and Russia , were equally significant factors . Edward Grey argued that the secret naval agreements with France ( although they had not been approved by the Cabinet ) created a moral obligation vis a vis Britain and France . What is more , in the event that Britain abandoned its Entente friends , it was feared that if Germany won the war , or the Entente won without British support , then , either way , Britain would be left without any friends . This would have left both Britain and her Empire vulnerable to attack . British Foreign office mandarin Eyre Crowe stated : `` Should the war come , and England stand aside , one of two things must happen . ( a ) Either Germany and Austria win , crush France and humiliate Russia . What will be the position of a friendless England ? ( b ) Or France and Russia win . What would be their attitude towards England ? What about India and the Mediterranean ? '' Domestically , the Liberal Cabinet was split and in the event that war was not declared the Government would fall as Prime Minister Asquith , Edward Grey and Winston Churchill made it clear they would resign . In that event , the existing Liberal Cabinet would lose their jobs . Since it was likely the pro-war Conservatives would be elected to power this would lead to a slightly belated British entry into the war in any event , so wavering Cabinet ministers were also likely motivated by the desire to avoid senselessly splitting their party and sacrificing their jobs . Domestic political factors ( edit ) German domestic Politics ( edit ) Left - wing parties , especially the Social Democratic Party of Germany ( SPD ) , made large gains in the 1912 German election . German government at the time was still dominated by the Prussian Junkers who feared the rise of these left - wing parties . Fritz Fischer famously argued that they deliberately sought an external war to distract the population and whip up patriotic support for the government . Indeed , one German military leader Moritz von Lynker , the chief of the military cabinet , favored war in 1909 because it was `` desirable in order to escape from difficulties at home and abroad . '' Conservative Party leader Ernst von Heydebrand und der Lasa suggested that `` a war would strengthen patriarchal order '' . Other authors argue that German conservatives were ambivalent about a war , worrying that losing a war would have disastrous consequences , and even a successful war might alienate the population if it were lengthy or difficult . The drivers of Austro - Hungarian policy ( edit ) The argument that Austro - Hungary was a moribund political entity , whose disappearance was only a matter of time , was deployed by hostile contemporaries to suggest that the empire 's efforts to defend its integrity during the last years before the war were in some sense illegitimate . Clark states : `` Evaluating the prospects of the Austo - Hungarian empire on the eve of the first world war confronts us in an acute way with the problem of temporal perspective ... The collapse of the empire amid war and defeat in 1918 impressed itself upon the retrospective view of the Habsburg lands , overshadowing the scene with auguries of imminent and ineluctable decline . '' It is true that in Austro - Hungary , the political scene of the last decades before the war were increasingly dominated by the struggle for national rights among the empire 's eleven official nationalities -- German , Hungarians , Czechs , Slovaks , Slovenes , Croats , Serbs , Romanians , Ruthenians , Poles and Italians . Yet before 1914 , radical nationalists seeking full separation from the empire were still in a small minority and the roots of Austro - Hungary 's political turbulence went less deep than appearances suggested . In fact , during the pre-war decade the Habsburg lands passed through a phase of strong economic growth with a corresponding rise in general prosperity . Most inhabitants of the empire associated the Habsburg state with the benefits of orderly government , public education , welfare , sanitation , the rule of law , and the maintenance of a sophisticated infrastructure . Christopher Clark states : `` Prosperous and relatively well administered , the empire , like its elderly sovereign , exhibited a curious stability amid turmoil . Crises came and went without appearing to threaten the existence of the system as such . The situation was always , as the Viennese journalist Karl Kraus quipped , ' desperate but not serious ' . '' The drivers of Serbian policy ( edit ) The principal drivers of Serbian policy were to consolidate the Russian - backed expansion of Serbia during the Balkan wars of 1912 - 13 and achieve dreams of a Greater Serbia , which included `` unification '' of lands with large ethnic Serb populations inside the Austro - Hungarian Empire , including Bosnia Overlaying this was a culture of extreme nationalism , and a cult of assassination , derived from the slaying of the Ottoman Sultan as the heroic epilogue to the otherwise disastrous Battle of Kosovo on 28 June 1389 . Clark states : `` The Greater Serbian vision was not just a question of government policy , however , or even of propaganda . It was woven deeply into the culture and identity of the Serbs '' . Serbian policy was complicated by the fact that the main actors in 1914 were both the official Serb government led by Nikola Pašić and the `` Black Hand '' terrorists led by the Head of Serb Military Intelligence , known as Apis . The Black Hand believed that a Greater Serbia would be achieved by provoking a war with Austro - Hungary through an act of terror which , with Russian backing , would be won . The official government position was to focus on consolidating the gains made during the Balkan war , and avoid any further conflict , since recent wars had somewhat exhausted the Serb state . Nevertheless , the official policy was muted by the political necessity of simultaneously and clandestinely supporting dreams of a Greater Serb state in the long - term . The Serb government found it impossible to put and end to the machinations of the Black Hand for fear it would itself be overthrown . Clark states : `` Serbian authorities were partly unwilling and partly unable to suppress the irredentist activity that had given rise to the assassinations in the first place '' Russia , for its part , tended to support Serbian as a fellow Slav state and considered Serbia her `` client '' . Russia also encouraged Serbia to focus its irredentism against Austro - Hungary because it would discourage conflict between Serbia and Bulgaria ( another prospective Russian ally ) in Macedonia . Imperialism ( edit ) See also : New Imperialism The impact of colonial rivalry and aggression on Europe in 1914 ( edit ) Imperial rivalry , and the consequences of the search for imperial security or for imperial expansion , had important consequences for the origins of the First World War . Imperial rivalries between France , Great Britain , Russia and Germany played an important part in the creation of the Triple Entente and the relative isolation of Germany . Imperial opportunism , in the form of the Italian attack on Ottoman Libyan provinces , also encouraged the Balkan wars of 1912 - 13 , which changed the balance of power in the Balkans to the detriment of Austro - Hungary . Some historians , such as Margaret MacMillan , believe that Germany created its own diplomatic isolation in Europe in part through an aggressive and pointless imperial policy , known as Weltpolitik . Others , such as Clark , believe that German isolation was the unintended consequence of a détente between Great Britain , France and Russia . This détente was driven by Britain 's desire for imperial security in relation to France in North Africa and in relation to Russia in Persia and India . Either way , this isolation is important for the causes of WW1 because it left Germany few options but to ally herself more strongly with Austro - Hungary , leading ultimately to unconditional support for Austria 's punitive war on Serbia during the July crisis of 1914 . German isolation : consequence of Weltpolitik ? ( edit ) Germany 's Chancellor in the 1870s and 1880s Otto von Bismarck disliked the idea of an overseas empire . Rather Bismarck supported French colonization in Africa because it diverted government attention and resources away from continental Europe and revanchism post 1870 . Germany 's `` New Course '' in foreign affairs , termed `` Weltpolitik '' ( `` world policy '' ) was adopted in the 1890s after Bismarck 's dismissal . The aim of Weltpolitik was ostensibly to transform Germany into a global power through assertive diplomacy , the acquisition of overseas colonies , and the development of a large navy . Some historians , notably MacMillan and Hew Strachan , believe that a consequence of the policy of Weltpolitik and the associated assertiveness was to isolate Germany . Weltpolitik , particularly as expressed in Germany 's objections to France 's growing influence in Morocco in 1904 and 1907 , also helped cement the Triple Entente . The Anglo - German Naval race also isolated Germany by reinforcing Britain 's preference for agreements with Germany 's continental rivals , France and Russia . German isolation : consequence of the Triple Entente ? ( edit ) Historians , including Ferguson and Clark , believe that Germany 's isolation was the unintended consequences of the need for Britain to defend her Empire against threats from France and Russia . They also downplay the impact of Weltpolitik and the Anglo - German naval race , which ended in 1911 . Britain and France signed a series of agreement in 1904 , which became known as the Entente Cordiale . The most important feature of the agreement was that it granted freedom of action to the UK in Egypt and to France in Morocco . Equally , the Anglo - Russian Convention of 1907 is the common name used for the Convention between the United Kingdom and Russia relating to Persia , Afghanistan , and Tibet . The convention brought shaky British -- Russian relations to the forefront by solidifying boundaries that identified respective control in Persia , Afghanistan , and Tibet . The alignment between Great Britain , France and Russia became known as the Triple Entente . Therefore , the Triple Entente was not conceived as a counterweight to the Triple Alliance , but rather as a formula to secure imperial security between these three powers . The impact of the Triple Entente was therefore twofold , to improve British relations with France and her ally Russia and to demote the importance to Britain of good relations with Germany . Clark states it was `` not that antagonism toward Germany caused its isolation , but rather that the new system itself channeled and intensified hostility towards the German Empire '' . Imperial opportunism : Italy -- ottomans ( edit ) The Italo - Turkish War of 1911 - 12 was fought between the Ottoman Empire and the Kingdom of Italy in North Africa . The main significance for the First World War was that this war made it clear that no Great Power appeared to wish to support the Ottoman Empire any longer and this paved the way for the Balkan Wars . Imperial opportunism France -- North Africa ( edit ) The status of Morocco had been guaranteed by international agreement , and when France attempted to greatly expand its influence there without the assent of all the other signatories Germany opposed it prompting the Moroccan Crises , the Tangier Crisis of 1905 and the Agadir Crisis of 1911 . The intent of German policy was to drive a wedge between the British and French , but in both cases produced the opposite effect and Germany was isolated diplomatically , most notably lacking the support of Italy despite Italian membership in the Triple Alliance . The French protectorate over Morocco was established officially in 1912 . In 1914 , however , the African scene was peaceful . The continent was almost fully divided up by the imperial powers ( with only Liberia and Ethiopia still independent ) . There were no major disputes there pitting any two European powers against each other . Marxist interpretation ( edit ) Marxists typically attributed the start of the war to imperialism . `` Imperialism , '' argued Lenin , `` is the monopoly stage of capitalism . '' He thought the monopoly capitalists went to war to control markets and raw materials . Social Darwinism ( edit ) Social Darwinism was a theory of human evolution loosely based on Darwinism that influenced most European intellectuals and strategic thinkers in the 1870 - 1914 era . These theories emphasized that struggle between nations and `` races '' was natural and that only the fittest nation deserved to survive . It gave an impetus to German assertiveness as a world economic and military power , aimed at competing with France and Britain for world power . German colonial rule in Africa 1884 - 1914 was an expression of nationalism and moral superiority that was justified by constructing an image of the natives as `` Other '' . This approach highlighted racist views of mankind . German colonization was characterized by the use of repressive violence in the name of ' culture ' and ' civilization ' . Germany 's cultural - missionary project boasted that its colonial programs were humanitarian and educational endeavors . Furthermore , the wide acceptance among intellectuals of social Darwinism justified Germany 's right to acquire colonial territories as a matter of the ' survival of the fittest ' , according to historian Michael Schubert . The model suggested an explanation of why some ethnic groups ( called `` races '' at the time ) had been so antagonistic for so long , such as Germans and Slavs . They were natural rivals , destined to clash . Senior German generals such as Helmuth von Moltke talked in apocalyptic terms about the need for Germans to fight for their existence as a people and culture . MacMillan states : `` Reflecting the Social Darwinist theories of the era , many Germans saw Slavs , as especially Russia as the natural opponent of the Teutonic races '' . Social Darwinism extended to Austria , where Conrad , Chief of the Austro - Hungarian General Staff declared : `` A people that lays down its weapons seals its fate . '' In July 1914 the Austrian press described Serbia and the South Slavs in terns which owed much to Social Darwinism . War was seen as natural and a viable or even useful instrument of policy . `` War was compared to a tonic for a sick patient or a life - saving operation to cut out diseased flesh '' . Since war was natural for some leaders it was simply a question of timing , and it would be therefore better to have a war when the circumstances where most precipitous . `` I consider a war inevitable '' , declared Moltke in 1912 , `` The sooner the better '' . Nationalism made war a competition between peoples , nations or races rather than kings and elites . Social Darwinism carried a sense of inevitability to conflict and downplayed the use of diplomacy or international agreements to end warfare . It tended to glorify warfare , taking the initiative and the warrior male role . Social Darwinism played an important role across Europe , but J. Leslie has argued that it played a critical and immediate role in the strategic thinking of some important , hawkish members of the Austro - Hungarian government . Social Darwinism therefore normalised war as an instrument of policy and justified its use . Web of alliances ( edit ) `` The Chain of Friendship '' , an American editorial cartoon depicting the supposed web of alliances , captioned , `` If Austria attacks Serbia , Russia will fall upon Austria , Germany upon Russia , and France and England upon Germany . '' This dimension developed into the concept of Chain ganging . General narratives of the war tend to emphasis the importance of Alliances in binding the major powers to act in the event of a crisis such as the July crisis . Historians such as Margaret MacMillan warn against the argument that alliances forced the great powers to act as they did during the July crisis . MacMillan states : `` What we tend to think of as fixed alliances before the First World War were nothing of the sort . They were much more loose , much more porous , much more capable of change . '' The most important alliances in Europe required participants to agree to collective defense if attacked . Some of these represented formal alliances while the Triple Entente represented only a frame of mind . These included : German - Austrian treaty ( 1879 ) or Dual Alliance The Franco - Russian Alliance ( 1894 ) The addition of Italy to the Germany and Austrian alliance in 1882 , forming the `` Triple Alliance '' . Treaty of London , 1839 , guaranteeing the neutrality of Belgium There are three notable exceptions which demonstrate that alliances did not in themselves force the great powers to act : The `` Entente Cordiale '' between Britain and France in 1905 included a secret agreement which left the northern coast of France and the Channel to be defended by the British navy only , and the separate `` entente '' between Britain and Russia ( 1907 ) that formed the so - called Triple Entente . However , the Triple Entente between Russia , France and the United Kingdom did not in fact force the United Kingdom to mobilize because it was not a military treaty . Moreover , general narratives of the war regularly misstate that Russia was allied to Serbia . Clive Ponting noted : `` Russia had no treaty of alliance with Serbia and was under no obligation to support it diplomatically , let alone go to its defence '' . Italy , despite being part of the Triple Alliance did not enter the war in defence of its alliance partners . Arms race ( edit ) By the 1870s or 1880s all the major powers were preparing for a large - scale war , although none expected one . Britain focused on building up its Royal Navy , already stronger than the next two navies combined . Germany , France , Austria , Italy and Russia , and some smaller countries , set up conscription systems whereby young men would serve from 1 to three years in the army , then spend the next 20 years or so in the reserves with annual summer training . Men from higher social statuses became officers . Each country devised a mobilisation system whereby the reserves could be called up quickly and sent to key points by rail . Every year the plans were updated and expanded in terms of complexity . Each country stockpiled arms and supplies for an army that ran into the millions . Germany in 1874 had a regular professional army of 420,000 with an additional 1.3 million reserves . By 1897 the regular army was 545,000 strong and the reserves 3.4 million . The French in 1897 had 3.4 million reservists , Austria 2.6 million , and Russia 4.0 million . The various national war plans had been perfected by 1914 , albeit with Russia and Austria trailing in effectiveness . Recent wars ( since 1865 ) had typically been short -- a matter of months . All the war plans called for a decisive opening and assumed victory would come after a short war ; no one planned for or was ready for the food and munitions needs of a long stalemate as actually happened in 1914 -- 18 . As David Stevenson has put it , `` A self - reinforcing cycle of heightened military preparedness ... was an essential element in the conjuncture that led to disaster ... The armaments race ... was a necessary precondition for the outbreak of hostilities . '' David Herrmann goes further , arguing that the fear that `` windows of opportunity for victorious wars '' were closing , `` the arms race did precipitate the First World War . '' If Archduke Franz Ferdinand had been assassinated in 1904 or even in 1911 , Herrmann speculates , there might have been no war . It was `` ... the armaments race ... and the speculation about imminent or preventive wars '' that made his death in 1914 the trigger for war . One of the aims of the First Hague Conference of 1899 , held at the suggestion of Tsar Nicholas II , was to discuss disarmament . The Second Hague Conference was held in 1907 . All the signatories except for Germany supported disarmament . Germany also did not want to agree to binding arbitration and mediation . The Kaiser was concerned that the United States would propose disarmament measures , which he opposed . All parties tried to revise international law to their own advantage . Anglo - German naval race ( edit ) Main article : Anglo -- German naval arms race 1909 cartoon in Puck shows ( clockwise ) US , Germany , Britain , France and Japan engaged in naval race in a `` no limit '' game . Historians have debated the role of the German naval build - up as the principal cause of deteriorating Anglo - German relations . In any case Germany never came close to catching up with Britain . Supported by Wilhelm II 's enthusiasm for an expanded German navy , Grand Admiral Alfred von Tirpitz championed four Fleet Acts from 1898 to 1912 , and , from 1902 to 1910 , the Royal Navy embarked on its own massive expansion to keep ahead of the Germans . This competition came to focus on the revolutionary new ships based on the Dreadnought , which was launched in 1906 , and which gave Britain a battleship that far outclassed any other in Europe . The naval strength of the powers in 1914 Country Personnel Large Naval Vessels ( Dreadnoughts ) Tonnage Russia 54,000 328,000 France 68,000 10 731,000 Britain 209,000 29 2,205,000 TOTAL 331,000 43 3,264,000 Germany 79,000 17 1,019,000 Austria - Hungary 16,000 249,000 TOTAL 95,000 21 1,268,000 ( Source : ) The overwhelming British response proved to Germany that its efforts were unlikely to equal the Royal Navy . In 1900 , the British had a 3.7 : 1 tonnage advantage over Germany ; in 1910 the ratio was 2.3 : 1 and in 1914 , 2.1 : 1 . Ferguson argues that , `` So decisive was the British victory in the naval arms race that it is hard to regard it as in any meaningful sense a cause of the First World War . '' This ignores the fact that the Kaiserliche Marine had narrowed the gap by nearly half , and that the Royal Navy had long intended to be stronger than any two potential opponents ; the United States Navy was in a period of growth , making the German gains very ominous . In Britain in 1913 , there was intense internal debate about new ships due to the growing influence of John Fisher 's ideas and increasing financial constraints . In early - mid-1914 Germany adopted a policy of building submarines instead of new dreadnoughts and destroyers , effectively abandoning the race , but kept this new policy secret to delay other powers following suit . The Germans abandoned the naval race before the war broke out . The extent to which the naval race was one of the chief factors in Britain 's decision to join the Triple Entente remains a key controversy . Historians such as Christopher Clark believe it was not significant , with Margaret Moran taking the opposite view . Russian interests in Balkans and Ottoman Empire ( edit ) The main Russian goals included strengthening its role as the protector of Eastern Christians in the Balkans ( such as the Serbians ) . Although Russia enjoyed a booming economy , growing population , and large armed forces , its strategic position was threatened by an expanding Turkish military trained by German experts using the latest technology . The start of the war renewed attention of old goals : expelling the Turks from Constantinople , extending Russian dominion into eastern Anatolia and Persian Azerbaijan , and annexing Galicia . These conquests would assure Russian predominance in the Black Sea and access to the Mediterranean . Technical and military factors ( edit ) The ' short war Illusion ' ( edit ) Traditional narratives of the war suggested that when the war began both sides believed that the war would end quickly . Rhetorically speaking there was an expectation that the war would be `` Over by Christmas '' 1914 . This is important for the origins of the conflict since it suggests that , given the expectation was that war would be short , the statesmen did not tend to take gravity of military action as seriously as they might have done . However , modern historiography suggests a more nuanced approach . There is ample evidence to suggest that statesmen and military leaders thought the war would be lengthy , terrible and have profound political consequences . While it is true all military leaders planned for a swift victory , many military and civilian leaders recognized that the war may be long and highly destructive . The principal German and French military leaders , including Moltke and Ludendorff and his French counterpart Joseph Joffre , expected a long war . The British Secretary of State for War Lord Kitchener expected a long war : `` three years '' or longer , he told an amazed colleague . Moltke hoped that a European war , if it broke out , would be resolved swiftly , but he also conceded that it might drag on for years , wreaking immeasurable ruin . Asquith wrote of the approach of ' Armageddon ' and French and Russian generals spoke of a ' war of extermination ' and the ' end of civilization ' . Foreign Secretary Grey famously stated just hours before Britain declared war : `` The lamps are going out all over Europe , we shall not see them lit again in our life - time '' . Nevertheless , Clark concludes that `` In the minds of many statesmen , the hope for a short war and the fear of a long one seemed to have cancelled each other out , holding at bay a fuller appreciation of the risks . '' Primacy of the offensive and war by Timetable ( edit ) See also : Cult of the offensive Military commanders of the time , including Moltke , Joffre and Conrad , held that seizing the offensive was extremely important . This theory encouraged all belligerents to devise war plans to strike first to gain the advantage . These war plans all included complex plans for mobilisation of the armed forces , either as a prelude to war or as a deterrent . In the case of the continental Great Powers the mobilisation plans included arming and transporting millions of men and their equipment , typically by rail and to strict schedules - hence the metaphor `` War by Timetable '' . These mobilisation plans shortened the window for diplomacy as military planners wanted to begin mobilization as quickly as possible to avoid being caught on the defensive . They also put pressure on policymakers to begin their own mobilisation once it was discovered that other nations had begun to mobilise . Some historians assert that mobilization schedules were so rigid that once it was begun , they could not be cancelled without massive disruption of the country and military disorganization and so diplomatic overtures conducted after the mobilizations had begun were ignored . For example , Russia ordered partial mobilisation on 25 July . The policy was intended to be a mobilisation against Austria - Hungary only . However , due to a lack of pre-war planning for this type of partial mobilisation , the Russians realised by 29 July that partial mobilisation was not militarily possible , and as it would interfere with a general mobilisation , only full mobilisation could prevent the entire operation being botched . The Russians were therefore faced with only two options , to cancel mobilisation during a crisis or to move to full mobilisation , which they did on 30 July . This full mobilisation meant mobilising along both the Russian border with Austro - Hungary and the border with Germany . For their part the German war plans , the so - called Schlieffen plan , assumed a two - front war against France and Russia . They were predicated on massing the bulk of the German army against France , and taking the offensive in the West , while a holding force held East Prussia . The plans were based on the assumption that France would mobilise significantly quicker than Russia . Hence German forces could be deployed in the West to defeat France before turning to face the slow - moving Russians in the East . On 28 July , Germany learned through its spy network that Russia had implemented partial mobilisation and its `` Period Preparatory to War '' . The Germans assumed that Russia had , after all , decided upon war and that her mobilisation put Germany in danger . This was doubly so because German war plans , the so - called Schlieffen Plan , relied upon Germany to mobilise speedily enough to defeat France first ( by attacking largely through neutral Belgium ) before turning to defeat the slower - moving Russians . Christopher Clarke states : `` German efforts at mediation -- which suggested that Austria should `` Halt in Belgrade '' and use the occupation of the Serbian capital to ensure its terms were met -- were rendered futile by the speed of Russian preparations , which threatened to force the Germans to take counter -- measures before mediation could begin to take effect `` ... Furthermore , Clarke states : `` The Germans declared war on Russia before the Russians declared war on Germany . But by the time that happened , the Russian government had been moving troops and equipment to the German front for a week . The Russians were the first great power to issue an order of general mobilisation and the first Russo - German clash took place on German , not on Russian soil , following the Russian invasion of East Prussia . That does n't mean that the Russians should be ' blamed ' for the outbreak of war . Rather it alerts us to the complexity of the events that brought war about and the limitations of any thesis that focuses on the culpability of one actor . '' Historiography ( edit ) Main article : Historiography of the Causes of World War I Louis P. Bénézet 's map of `` Europe As It Should Be '' ( 1918 ) , depicting imagined nations based on ethnic and linguistic criteria . Bénézet 's book The World War and What was Behind It ( 1918 ) blamed on German aggression combined with perceived threats to the traditional social order from radicals and ethnic nationalists . During the period immediately following the end of hostilities , Anglo - American historians argued that Germany was solely responsible for the start of the war . However , academic work in the English - speaking world in the later 1920s and 1930s blamed participants more equally . Debates over which country `` started '' the war , and who bears the blame , continues to this day . According to Annika Mombauer a new consensus among scholars had emerged by the 1980s , mainly as a result of Fischer 's intervention : Few historians agreed wholly with his ( Fischer 's ) thesis of a premeditated war to achieve aggressive foreign policy aims , but it was generally accepted that Germany 's share of responsibility was larger than that of the other great powers . Regarding historians inside Germany , she adds , `` There was ' a far - reaching consensus about the special responsibility of the German Reich ' in the writings of leading historians , though they differed in how they weighted Germany 's role . See also ( edit ) World War I portal American entry into World War I Causes of World War II Diplomatic history of World War I History of the Balkans International relations ( 1814 -- 1919 ) Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ Van Evera , Stephen ( Summer 1984 ) . `` The Cult of the Offensive and the Origins of the First World War '' . International Security . 9 ( 1 ) : 62 . doi : 10.2307 / 2538636 . JSTOR 2538636 . Jump up ^ Fischer , Fritz ( 1975 ) . War of illusions : German policies from 1911 to 1914 . Chatto and Windus . p. 69 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 3930 - 5480 - 4 . Jump up ^ Sagan , Scott D. ( Fall 1986 ) . `` 1914 Revisited : Allies , Offense , and Instability '' . International Security . 11 ( 2 ) : 151 -- 175 . doi : 10.2307 / 2538961 . JSTOR 2538961 . Jump up ^ Henig , Ruth ( 2006 ) . The Origins of the First World War . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 1 - 134 - 85200 - 0 . Jump up ^ Lieven , D.C.B. ( 1983 ) . Russia and the Origins of the First World War . St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 69611 - 5 . Jump up ^ Jean - Marie Mayeur , and Madeleine Rebirioux , The Third Republic from its Origins to the Great War , 1871 -- 1914 ( 1988 ) Jump up ^ G.P. Gooch , Franco - german relations , 1871 - 1914 ( 1923 ) . Jump up ^ Hewitson , Mark ( 2000 ) . `` Germany and France before the First World War : a reassessment of Wilhelmine foreign policy '' . English Historical Review . 115 ( 462 ) : 570 -- 606 . doi : 10.1093 / ehr / 115.462. 570 . Jump up ^ Samuel R. Williamson Jr. , `` German Perceptions of the Triple Entente after 1911 : Their Mounting Apprehensions Reconsidered '' Foreign Policy Analysis 7 # 2 ( 2011 ) : 205 - 214 . Jump up ^ Taylor , The Struggle for Mastery in Europe , 1848 -- 1918 ( 1954 ) pp 345 , 403 -- 26 Jump up ^ G.P. Gooch , Before the war : studies in diplomacy ( 1936 ) , chapter on Delcassé pp 87 - 186 . Jump up ^ Strachan , Hew ( 2005 ) . The First World War . Jump up ^ J.A. Spender , Fifty years of Europe : a study in pre-war documents ( 1933 ) pp 212 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : Ferguson ( 1999 ) . ^ Jump up to : Clark ( 2013 ) , p. 324 . Jump up ^ Ferguson ( 1999 ) , p. 53 . Jump up ^ Clark ( 2013 ) , p. 159 . Jump up ^ Hamilton , K.A. ( 1977 ) . `` Great Britain and France , 1911 -- 1914 '' . In Hinsley , F.H. British Foreign Policy Under Sir Edward Grey . Cambridge University Press . p. 324 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 21347 - 9 . Jump up ^ Clark ( 2013 ) , p. 157 . Jump up ^ J.A. Spender , Fifty years of Europe : a study in pre-war documents ( 1933 ) pp 297 - 312 Jump up ^ MacMillan , The war that ended peace pp 438 - 65 . Jump up ^ Falls , Nigel ( 2007 ) . `` The Panther at Agadir '' . History Today . 57 ( 1 ) : 33 -- 37 . Jump up ^ Sidney B. Fay , `` The Origins of the World War '' ( 2nd ed. 1930 ) : 1 : 290 - 93 . Jump up ^ Kaylani , Nabil M. ( 1975 ) . `` Liberal Politics and British - Foreign - Office 1906 - 1912 - Overview '' . International Review of History and Political Science . 12 ( 3 ) : 17 -- 48 . Jump up ^ J.A. Spender , Fifty years of Europe : a study in pre-war documents ( 1933 ) pp 329 - 40 . Jump up ^ William C. Askew , Europe and Italy 's Acquisition of Libya , 1911 -- 1912 ( 1942 ) online Jump up ^ Clark ( 2013 ) , p. 242 . Jump up ^ Williamson ( 1991 ) , pp. 125 -- 140 . Jump up ^ Williamson ( 1991 ) , pp. 143 - 145 . Jump up ^ Williamson ( 1991 ) , pp. 147 - 149 . Jump up ^ Williamson ( 1991 ) , pp. 151 - 154 . Jump up ^ Wohlforth , William C. ( April 1987 ) . `` The Perception of Power : Russia in the Pre-1914 Balance '' ( PDF ) . World Politics . Cambridge University Press . 39 ( 3 ) : 353 -- 381 . doi : 10.2307 / 2010224 . JSTOR 2010224 . Jump up ^ Clark , Christopher ( 17 April 2014 ) . Europe : Then and Now . Center for Strategic and International Studies l . 26 - 27 minutes in -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ http://www.firstworldwar.com/bio/liman.htm Jump up ^ Mulligan , William ( 2017 ) . The Origins of the First World War . United Kingdom : University Printing House . p. 89 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 316 - 61235 - 4 . Jump up ^ Martin , Connor ( 2017 ) . Bang ! Europe At War . United Kingdom . p. 23 . ISBN 978 - 1366291004 . Jump up ^ HE Legge , How War Came About Between Great Britain and Germany Jump up ^ Ponting ( 2002 ) , p. 124 . Jump up ^ July 1914 : Countdown to War by Sean McMeekin Jump up ^ Albertini ( 1952 ) , pp. 461 -- 462 , 465 , Vol II . Jump up ^ The Origins of the First World War by James Joll Jump up ^ The Willy Nicky Telegrams Jump up ^ `` The Treaty of Alliance Between Germany and Turkey 2 August 1914 '' . Avalon Project . Lillian Goldman Law Library , Yale Law School . 2008 . Jump up ^ Taylor , A.J.P. ( 1954 ) . The Struggle for Mastery in Europe , 1848 - 1918 . Oxford University Press . p. 524 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 822101 - 2 . Jump up ^ Martin , Connor ( 2017 ) . Bang ! Europe At War . United Kingdom . p. 20 . ISBN 9781389913839 . Jump up ^ Martin , Connor ( 2017 ) . Bang ! Europe At War . United Kingdom . p. 23 . ISBN 9781389913839 . ^ Jump up to : Clark , Christopher ( 25 June 2014 ) . Month of Madness . BBC Radio 4 . Jump up ^ Sked , Alan ( 1989 ) . The Decline and Fall of the Habsburg Empire : 1815 - 1918 . Addison - Wesley Longman . p. 254 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 582 - 02530 - 1 . Jump up ^ Williamson ( 1991 ) . Jump up ^ Clark ( 2013 ) , pp. 402 - 403 . Jump up ^ Ponting ( 2002 ) , p. 72 . Jump up ^ Martin , Connor ( 2017 ) . Bang ! Europe At War . United Kingdom . p. 27 . ISBN 978 - 1366291004 . Jump up ^ Ponting ( 2002 ) , p. 70 . Jump up ^ Ponting ( 2002 ) , p. 73 . Jump up ^ Ponting ( 2002 ) , p. 74 . Jump up ^ Clark ( 2013 ) , pp. 449 -- 450 . Jump up ^ Konrad Jarausch , `` The Illusion of Limited War : Chancellor Bethmann Hollweg 's Calculated Risk , '' Central European History 2 # 1 ( 1969 ) , pp. 48 - 76 at p. 65 . Jump up ^ James D. Fearon , `` Rationalist explanations for war . '' International organization 49 # 3 ( 1995 ) : 379 - 414 at pp 397 - 98 . online Jump up ^ Clark ( 2013 ) , p. 486 . Jump up ^ Clark ( 2013 ) , p. 475 . Jump up ^ Clark ( 2013 ) , p. 480 . Jump up ^ Clark ( 2013 ) , p. 463 . Jump up ^ Clark ( 2013 ) , p. 466 . ^ Jump up to : Clark ( 2013 ) , p. 509 . Jump up ^ Clark ( 2013 ) , pp. 510 - 511 . Jump up ^ Clark ( 2013 ) , p. 525 . ^ Jump up to : Clark ( 2013 ) , p. 544 . Jump up ^ Clark ( 2013 ) , p. 545 . Jump up ^ Fischer , Fritz ( 1967 ) . Germany 's Aims in the First World War . W.W. Norton . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 09798 - 6 . Jump up ^ Hull , Isabel V. ( 2004 ) . The Entourage of Kaiser Wilhelm II , 1888 - 1918 . Cambridge University Press . p. 259 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 53321 - 8 . Jump up ^ Neiberg , Michael S. ( 2007 ) . The World War I Reader . NYU Press . p. 309 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8147 - 5833 - 5 . Jump up ^ Clark ( 2013 ) , p. 68 . Jump up ^ Clark ( 2013 ) , pp. 77 - 78 . Jump up ^ Clark ( 2013 ) , p. 77 . ^ Jump up to : Clark , Christopher ( 2013 ) . The Sleepwalkers : How Europe Went to War in 1914 . HarperCollins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 219922 - 5. , p. 22 Jump up ^ Clark , Christopher ( 2013 ) . The Sleepwalkers : How Europe Went to War in 1914 . HarperCollins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 219922 - 5. , p. 26 Jump up ^ Clark , Christopher ( 2013 ) . The Sleepwalkers : How Europe Went to War in 1914 . HarperCollins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 219922 - 5. , p. 559 Jump up ^ Mowat , C.L. , ed. ( 1968 ) . The New Cambridge Modern History : Volume 12 , The Shifting Balance of World Forces , 1898 - 1945 . Cambridge University Press . pp. 151 -- 152 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 04551 - 3 . Jump up ^ Richard Weikart , `` The Origins of Social Darwinism in Germany , 1859 - 1895 . '' Journal of the History of Ideas 54.3 ( 1993 ) : 469 - 488 in JSTOR . Jump up ^ Schubert , Michael ( 2011 ) . `` The ' German nation ' and the ' black Other ' : social Darwinism and the cultural mission in German colonial discourse '' . Patterns of Prejudice . 45 ( 5 ) : 399 -- 416 . doi : 10.1080 / 0031322x. 2011.624754 . Jump up ^ Felicity Rash , The Discourse Strategies of Imperialist Writing : The German Colonial Idea and Africa , 1848 - 1945 ( Routledge , 2016 ) . ^ Jump up to : MacMillan , Margaret ( 2013 ) . The War That Ended Peace : The Road to 1914 . Random House . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8129 - 9470 - 4 . p524 Jump up ^ MacMillan , Margaret ( 2013 ) . The War That Ended Peace : The Road to 1914 . Random House . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8129 - 9470 - 4 . p479 Jump up ^ Weikart , Richard ( 2004 ) . From Darwin to Hitler : Evolutionary Ethics , Eugenics and Racism in Germany . Palgrave Macmillan US . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4039 - 6502 - 8 . Jump up ^ Hamilton , Richard F. ; Herwig , Holger H. ( 2003 ) . The Origins of World War I. Cambridge University Press . p. 26 . ISBN 9780521817356 . Jump up ^ Leslie , John ( 1993 ) . `` The Antecedents of Austria - Hungary 's War Aims : Policies and Policymakers in Vienna and Budapest before and during 1914 '' . In Springer , Elibabeth ; Kammerhofer , Leopold . Archiv und Forschung das Haus - , Hof - und Staats - Archiv in Seiner Bedeutung für die Geschichte Österreichs und Europas ( Archive and research the Household , Court and State Archives in its importance for the history of Austria and Europe ) ( in German ) . Munich , Germany : Verlag für Geschichte und Politik . pp. 307 -- 394 . Jump up ^ Explaining the Outbreak of the First World War - Closing Conference Genève Histoire et Cité 2015 ; https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uWDJfraJWf0 See13 : 50 Jump up ^ Ponting ( 2002 ) , p. 122 . Jump up ^ Hinsley , F.H. , ed. ( 1962 ) . The New Cambridge Modern History : Material progress and world - wide problems , 1870 - 1898 . University Press . pp. 204 -- 242 . Jump up ^ Mulligan ( 2014 ) , pp. 643 -- 649 . Jump up ^ Ferguson ( 1999 ) , p. 82 . Jump up ^ Mulligan ( 2014 ) , pp. 646 -- 647 . Jump up ^ Ross , Angus ( April 2010 ) . `` HMS Dreadnought ( 1906 ) -- A Naval Revolution Misinterpreted or Mishandled ? '' ( PDF ) . Northern Mariner . XX ( 2 ) : 175 -- 198 . Jump up ^ Blyth , Robert J. ; Lambert , Andrew ; Rüger , Jan , eds. ( 2011 ) . The Dreadnought and the Edwardian Age . Ashgate . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7546 - 6315 - 7 . Jump up ^ Ferguson ( 1999 ) , p. 85 . Jump up ^ Ferguson ( 1999 ) , pp. 83 - 85 . Jump up ^ Lambert , Nicholas A. ( September 1995 ) . `` British Naval Policy , 1913 -- 1914 : Financial Limitation and Strategic Revolution '' . The Journal of Modern History . 67 ( 3 ) : 623 -- 626 . doi : 10.1086 / 245174 . JSTOR 2124221 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Jelavich , Barbara ( 2004 ) . Russia 's Balkan Entanglements , 1806 - 1914 . Cambridge University Press . p. 10 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 52250 - 2 . Jump up ^ McMeekin , Sean ( 2011 ) . The Russian Origins of the First World War . Harvard University Press . p. 7 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 06320 - 4 . Jump up ^ Ferguson ( 1999 ) , p. 97 . Jump up ^ Clark ( 2013 ) , p. 562 . Jump up ^ Taylor , A.J.P. ( 1969 ) . War by Time - table : How the First World War Began . Macdonald & Co . Jump up ^ https://www.lrb.co.uk/v35/n16/christopher-clark/the-first-calamity Jump up ^ `` World War One : 10 interpretations of who started WW1 '' . BBC News . 12 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Annika Mombauer , `` Guilt or Responsibility ? The Hundred - Year Debate on the Origins of World War I . '' Central European History 48 # 4 ( 2015 ) : 541 - 564 , quote on p. 543 . Jump up ^ Mombauer , p. 544 References ( edit ) Albertini , Luigi ( 1952 ) . The Origins of the War of 1914 . Translated by Massey , Isabella M. Oxford University Press . OCLC 168712 . Clark , Christopher ( 2013 ) . The Sleepwalkers : How Europe Went to War in 1914 . HarperCollins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 219922 - 5 . Ferguson , Niall ( 1999 ) . The Pity of War . Basic Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 465 - 05712 - 2 . Fromkin , David ( 2004 ) . Europe 's last summer : who started the Great War in 1914 ? . Knopf . Holmes , T.M. ( April 2014 ) . `` Absolute Numbers : The Schlieffen Plan as a Critique of German Strategy in 1914 '' . War in History . Sage. 21 ( 2 ) : 193 -- 213 . doi : 10.1177 / 0968344513505499 . ISSN 0968 - 3445 . Jastrow , Morris ( 1917 ) . The War And The Bagdad Rail Way . J.B. Lippincott Company . Kennedy , Paul M. ( 1980 ) . The Rise of the Anglo - German Antagonism , 1860 - 1914 . Humanity Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57392 - 301 - 9 . Mulligan , William ( 2014 ) . `` The Trial Continues : New Directions in the Study of the Origins of the First World War '' . The English Historical Review . 129 ( 538 ) : 639 -- 666 . doi : 10.1093 / ehr / ceu139 . Ponting , Clive ( 2002 ) . Thirteen Days : The Road to the First World War . Chatto & Windus . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7011 - 7293 - 0 . Williamson , Samuel R. ( 1991 ) . Austria - Hungary and the Origins of the First World War . St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 05283 - 6 . Zuber , Terence ( 2011 ) . The Real German War Plan , 1904 - 14 . History Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7524 - 5664 - 5 . Further reading ( edit ) Main article : Bibliography of World War I Barnes , Harry Elmer ( 1972 ) ( 1928 ) . In Quest of Truth And Justice : De-bunking The War Guilt Myth . New York : Arno Press . ISBN 0 - 405 - 00414 - 1 . OCLC 364103 . ; revisionist ( Germany not guilty ) Brandenburg , Erich . ( 1927 ) From Bismarck to the World War : A History of German Foreign Policy 1870 - 1914 ( 1927 ) online . Carroll , E. Malcolm , French Public Opinion and Foreign Affairs 1870 - 1914 ( 1931 ) . online Carroll , E. Malcolm . Germany and the great powers , 1866 - 1914 : A study in public opinion and foreign policy ( 1938 ) online ; online at Questia also online review Carter , Miranda ( 2009 ) . The Three Emperors : Three Cousins , Three Empires and the Road to World War One . Fig Tree . ISBN 978 - 0 - 670 - 91556 - 9 . Clark , Christopher . Sleepwalkers : How Europe Went to War in 1914 ( 2012 ) , major comprehensive overview Sleepwalkers lecture by Clark . online Evans , R.J.W. ; von Strandmann , Hartmut Pogge , eds. ( 1988 ) . The Coming of the First World War . Clarendon Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 150059 - 6 . essays by scholars from both sides Fay , Sidney Bradshaw ( 1928 ) . The origins of the world war . Volume 1 . Macmillan . Fay , Sidney Bradshaw ( 1929 ) . The origins of the world war . Volume 2 . Macmillan . Gilpin , Robert ( 1981 ) . War and Change in World Politics . Cambridge UP . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 27376 - 3 . Gooch , G.P. History of modern Europe , 1878 - 1919 ( 2nd ed. 1956 ) pp 386 -- 413 . online , diplomatic history Gooch , G.P. Before the war : studies in diplomacy ( vol 1 1936 ) online long chapters on Britain 's Landsdowne ; France 's Théophile Delcassé ; Germany 's Bernhard von Bülow pp 187 -- 284 ; Russia 's Alexander Izvolsky 285 - 365 ; and Austria ' Aehrenthal pp 366 -- 438 . Hamilton , Richard F. ; Herwig , Holger H. ( 2004 ) . Decisions for War , 1914 - 1917 . Cambridge UP . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 54530 - 3 . Herrmann , David G. ( 1997 ) . The Arming of Europe and the Making of the First World War . Princeton UP . ISBN 0 - 691 - 01595 - 3 . Hewitson , Mark . `` Germany and France before the First World War : a reassessment of Wilhelmine foreign policy . '' English Historical Review 115.462 ( 2000 ) : 570 - 606 ; argues Germany had a growing sense of military superiority . Hewitson , Mark . Germany and the Causes of the First World War ( 2004 ) online at Questia Hillgruber , Andreas ( 1981 ) ( 1967 ) . Germany and the Two World Wars . Harvard UP . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 35322 - 0 . Hobson , Rolf ( 2002 ) . Imperialism at Sea : Naval Strategic Thought , the Ideology of Sea Power , and the Tirpitz Plan , 1875 - 1914 . BRILL . ISBN 0 - 391 - 04105 - 3 . Joll , James ; Martel , Gordon ( 2013 ) . The Origins of the First World War ( 3rd ed . ) . Taylor & Francis . ISBN 978 - 1 - 317 - 87535 - 2 . Keiger , John F.V. ( 1983 ) . France and the origins of the First World War . Macmillan . ISBN 0 - 312 - 30292 - 4 . Kennedy , Paul M. ( 1980 ) . The rise of the Anglo - German antagonism , 1860 - 1914 . Ashfield Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 948660 - 06 - 1 . Kennedy , Paul M. , ed. ( 2014 ) ( 1979 ) . The War Plans of the Great Powers : 1880 - 1914 . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 1 - 317 - 70251 - 1 . Keiger , John F.V. France and the origins of the First World War ( Macmillan , 1983 ) summary . Knutsen , Torbjørn L. ( 1999 ) . The Rise and Fall of World Orders . Manchester UP . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7190 - 4058 - 0 . Kuliabin , Alexander ; Semin , Sergey ( 17 July 1997 ) . `` Russia -- a Counterbalancing Agent to the Asia '' . Zavtra Rossii . Lee , Dwight Erwin , ed. ( 1958 ) . The Outbreak of the First World War : Who was Responsible ? . Heath . readings from multiple points of view Lieven , D.C.B. ( 1983 ) . Russia and the Origins of the First World War . St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 69611 - 5 . Lowe , Cedric James ; Dockrill , Michael L. ( 2001 ) ( 1972 ) . The Mirage of Power . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 27367 - 1 . all three volumes combined Lowe , Cedric James ; Dockrill , Michael L. ( 2013 ) ( 1972 ) . Mirage Of Power : British Foreign Policy 1902 - 14 . Volume I. Routledge . ISBN 978 - 1 - 135 - 03377 - 4 . Lowe , Cedric James ; Dockrill , Michael L. ( 2013 ) ( 1972 ) . Mirage Of Power : British Foreign Policy 1914 - 22 . Volume II . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 1 - 136 - 46774 - 5 . Miller , Steven E. ; Lynn - Jones , Sean M. ; Van Evera , Stephen , eds. ( 1991 ) . Military Strategy and the Origins of the First World War ( 2nd ed . ) . Princeton UP . ISBN 978 - 0 - 6910 - 2349 - 6 . MacMillan , Margaret ( 2013 ) . The War That Ended Peace : The Road to 1914 . Random House . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8129 - 9470 - 4 . ; major scholarly overview Mayer , Arno J. ( 1981 ) . The Persistence of the Old Regime : Europe to the Great War . Croom Helm . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7099 - 1724 - 3 . Neiberg , Michael S. ( 2011 ) . Dance of the Furies . Harvard UP . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 04954 - 3 . role of public opinion Nester , Cody ( 2015 ) . `` France and the Great War : Belligerent Warmonger or Failed Peacekeeper ? A Literature Review '' . History . 12 : 2 . Nock , Albert Jay ( 1922 ) . The Myth of a Guilty Nation . New York : B.W. Huebsch . Wikisource . Remak , Joachim ( 1995 ) ( 1967 ) . The Origins of World War I , 1871 - 1914 . Harcourt Brace College Publishers . ISBN 978 - 0 - 15 - 501438 - 1 . Seligmann , Matthew S. `` Failing to Prepare for the Great War ? The Absence of Grand Strategy in British War Planning before 1914 '' War in History ( 2017 ) 24 # 4 414 - 37 . Snyder , Jack ( Summer 1984 ) . `` Civil -- Military Relations and the Cult of the Offensive , 1914 and 1984 '' . International Security . 9 ( 1 ) : 108 . doi : 10.2307 / 2538637 . JSTOR 2538637 . Spender , J.A. Fifty years of Europe : a study in pre-war documents ( 1933 ) covers 1871 to 1914 , 438pp Steiner , Zara S. ; Neilson , Keith ( 2003 ) ( 1977 ) . Britain and the Origins of the First World War ( Second ed . ) . Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 1 - 137 - 18217 - 3 . Stevenson , David ( 2004 ) . Cataclysm : The First World War as Political Tragedy . Basic Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7867 - 3885 - 4 . major reinterpretation Stevenson , David ( 1988 ) . The First World War and international politics . Oxford UP . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 873049 - 1 . Strachan , Hew ( 2001 ) . The First World War : Volume I : To Arms . Oxford UP . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 160834 - 6 . a major scholarly synthesis Taylor , A.J.P. The Struggle for Mastery in Europe 1848 -- 1918 ( 1954 ) online free Tucker , Spencer C. , ed. ( 2013 ) ( 1996 ) . The European Powers in the First World War : An Encyclopedia . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 1 - 135 - 50694 - 0 . Turner , Leonard Charles Frederick ( 1970 ) . Origins of the First World War . Norton . ISBN 0 - 393 - 09947 - 4 . Historiography ( edit ) Cohen , Warren I. ( 1967 ) . The American Revisionists : The Lessons of Intervention in World War I. University of Chicago Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 11213 - 8 . D'Agostino , Anthony ( Spring 2004 ) . `` The Revisionist Tradition in European Diplomatic History '' . Journal of the Historical Society . 4 ( 2 ) : 255 -- 287 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1529 - 921X. 2004.00098. x . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Gillette , Aaron ( November 2006 ) . `` Why Did They Fight the Great War ? A Multi-Level Class Analysis of the Causes of the First World War '' . The History Teacher. 40 ( 1 ) : 45 -- 58 . doi : 10.2307 / 30036938 . JSTOR 30036938 . ( Registration required ( help ) ) . Hewitson , Mark ( 2014 ) . Germany and the Causes of the First World War . Bloomsbury Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84520 - 729 - 8 . Iriye , Akira ( September 2014 ) . `` The Historiographic Impact of the Great War '' . Diplomatic History . 38 ( 4 ) : 751 -- 762 . doi : 10.1093 / dh / dhu035 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jones , Heather ( September 2013 ) . `` As the Centenary Approaches : The Regeneration of First World War Historiography '' . The Historical Journal . 56 ( 4 ) : 857 -- 878 . doi : 10.1017 / S0018246X13000216 . Keiger , J.F.V. ( April 2013 ) . `` The Fischer Controversy , the War Origins Debate and France : A Non-History '' . Journal of Contemporary History . 48 ( 2 ) : 363 -- 375 . doi : 10.1177 / 0022009412472715 . Kramer , Alan ( February 2014 ) . `` Recent Historiography of the First World War - Part I '' . Journal of Modern European History . 12 ( 1 ) : 5 -- 27 . doi : 10.17104 / 1611 - 8944_2014_1_5 . Kramer , Alan ( May 2014 ) . `` Recent Historiography of the First World War ( Part II ) '' . Journal of Modern European History . 12 ( 2 ) : 155 -- 174 . doi : 10.17104 / 1611 - 8944_2014_2_155 . Marczewski , Jerzy ( 1977 ) . `` German Historiography and the Problem of Germany 's Responsibility for World War I '' . Polish Western Affairs . 12 ( 2 ) : 289 -- 309 . Mombauer , Annika ( 2007 ) . `` The First World War : Inevitable , Avoidable , Improbable Or Desirable ? Recent Interpretations On War Guilt and the War 's Origins '' . German History . 25 ( 1 ) : 78 -- 95 . doi : 10.1093 / 0266355407071695 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Nugent , Christine ( April 2008 ) . `` The Fischer Controversy : Historiographical Revolution or Just Another Historians ' Quarrel ? '' . Journal of the North Carolina Association of Historians. 16 : 77 -- 114 . Ritter , Gerhard ( 1997 ) ( 1962 ) . Herwig , Holger , ed . Anti-Fischer : A New War - Guilt Thesis ? . The Outbreak of World War One : Causes and Responsibilities . Houghton Mifflin . pp. 135 -- 142 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 6694 - 1692 - 3 . Schroeder , Paul W. ( 2007 ) . Levy , Jack ; Goertz , Gary , eds . Necessary conditions and Worlkd War I as an unavoidable war . Explaining War and Peace : Case Studies and Necessary Condition Counterfactuals . Routledge . pp. 147 -- 236 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 134 - 10140 - 5 . Schroeder , Paul W. ( 2004 ) . `` Embedded Counterfactuals and World War I as an Unavoidable War '' . Systems , Stability , and Statecraft : Essays on the International History of Modern Europe . Palgrave Macmillan US . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4039 - 6357 - 4 . Seipp , Adam R. ( October 2006 ) . `` Beyond the ' Seminal Catastrophe ' : Re-imagining the First World War '' . Journal of Contemporary History . 41 ( 4 ) : 757 -- 766 . doi : 10.1177 / 0022009406067756 . JSTOR 30036418 . Showalter , Dennis ( Winter 2006 ) . `` The Great War and Its Historiography '' . The Historian. 68 ( 4 ) : 713 -- 721 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1540 - 6563.2006. 00164. x . JSTOR 24453743 . Smith , Leonard V. ( November 2007 ) . `` The Culture De Guerre and French Historiography of the Great War of 1914 -- 1918 '' . History Compass. 5 ( 6 ) : 1967 -- 1979 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1478 - 0542.2007. 00484. x . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Strachan , Hew ( March 2014 ) . `` The origins of the First World War '' . International Affairs . 90 ( 2 ) : 429 -- 439 . doi : 10.1111 / 1468 - 2346.12118 . Waite , Robert G. ( 6 November 2014 ) . `` The dangerous and menacing war psychology of hatred and myth '' . American Historians and the Outbreak of the First World War 1914 . An Overview ( Speech ) . Berliner Gesellschaft für Faschismus und Weltkriegsforschung . Primary sources ( edit ) Collins , Ross F. World War I : Primary Documents on Events from 1914 to 1919 ( 2007 ) excerpt and text search Dugdale , E.T.S. ed . German Diplomatic Documents 1871 - 1914 ( 4 vol 1928 - 31 ) , in English translation . online French Ministry of Foreign Affairs , The French Yellow Book : Diplomatic Documents ( 1914 ) Gooch , G.P. Recent Revelations of European Diplomacy ( 1940 ) ; 475pp detailed summaries of memoirs from all the major belligerents Gooch , G.P. and Harold Temperley , eds . British documents on the origins of the war , 1898 - 1914 ( 11 vol. ) online v. i The end of British isolation -- v. 2 . From the occupation of Kiao - Chau to the making of the Anglo - French entente Dec. 1897 - Apr. 1904 -- V. 3 . The testing of the Entente , 1904 - 6 -- v. 4 . The Anglo - Russian rapprochment , 1903 - 7 -- v. 5 . The Near East , 1903 - 9 -- v. 6 . Anglo - German tension . Armaments and negotiation , 1907 - 12 -- v. 7 . The Agadir crisis -- v. 8 . Arbitration , neutrality and security -- v. 9 . The Balkan wars , pt. 1 - 2 -- v. 10 , pt. 1 . The Near and Middle East on the eve of war . pt. 2 . The last years of peace -- v. 11 . The outbreak of war V. 3 . The testing of the Entente , 1904 - 6 -- v. 4 . The Anglo - Russian rapprochment , 1903 - 7 -- v. 5 . The Near East , 1903 - 9 -- v. 6 . Anglo - German tension . Armaments and negotiation , 1907 - 12 -- v. 7 . The Agadir crisis -- v. 8 . Arbitration , neutrality and security -- v. 9 . The Balkan wars , pt. 1 - 2 -- v. 10 , pt. 1 . The Near and Middle East on the eve of war . pt. 2 . The last years of peace -- v. 11 . The outbreak of war . Gooch , G.P. and Harold Temperley , eds . British Documents on the Origins of the War 1898 - 1914 Volume XI , the Outbreak of War Foreign Office Documents ( 1926 ) online Lowe , C.J. and M.L. Dockrill , eds . The Mirage of Power : The Documents of British Foreign Policy 1914 - 22 ( vol 3 , 1972 ) , pp 423 -- 759 Mombauer , Annika . The Origins of the First World War : Diplomatic and Military Documents ( 2013 ) , 592pp ; Reichstag speeches ( 1 ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to World War I origins . Overview of Causes and Primary Sources Russia -- Getting Too Strong for Germany by Norman Stone The Origins of World War One : An article by Dr. Gary Sheffield at the BBC History site . What caused World War I : Timeline of events and origins of WWI Kuliabin A. Semine S. Some of aspects of state national economy evolution in the system of the international economic order. - USSR ACADEMY OF SCIENCES FAR EAST DIVISION INSTITUTE FOR ECONOMIC & INTERNATIONAL OCEAN STUDIES Vladivostok , 1991 The Evidence in the Case : A Discussion of the Moral Responsibility for the War of 1914 , as Disclosed by the Diplomatic Records of England , Germany , Russia by James M. Beck Concept Map of the Causes of WWI ' World War One and 100 Years of Counter-Revolution ' by Mark Kosman ( on the domestic causes of war ) World War I Home fronts Theatres European Balkans Western Front Eastern Front Italian Front Middle Eastern Gallipoli Sinai and Palestine Caucasus Persia Mesopotamia South Arabia African South West East Kamerun Togoland North Asian and Pacific Tsingtao German New Guinea and Samoa At sea North Atlantic U-boat campaign Mediterranean North Sea Baltic Indian , Pacific and South Atlantic Oceans Papeete Madras Penang Cocos Coronel Falkland Islands Más a Tierra Principal participants ( people ) Entente powers Belgium Brazil China France French Empire Greece Italy Japan Montenegro Portuguese Empire Romania Russia Russian Empire Russian Republic Serbia United Kingdom British Empire United States Central Powers Germany Austria - Hungary Ottoman Empire Bulgaria Timeline Pre-War conflicts Scramble for Africa ( 1880 -- 1914 ) Russo - Japanese War ( 1905 ) First Moroccan ( Tangier ) Crisis ( 1905 -- 06 ) Agadir Crisis ( 1911 ) Italo - Turkish War ( 1911 -- 12 ) French conquest of Morocco ( 1911 -- 12 ) First Balkan War ( 1912 -- 13 ) Second Balkan War ( 1913 ) Prelude Origins Sarajevo assassination Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo July Crisis Autumn 1914 Battle of the Frontiers Battle of Cer First Battle of the Marne Siege of Tsingtao Battle of Tannenberg Battle of Galicia Battle of the Masurian Lakes Battle of Kolubara Battle of Sarikamish Race to the Sea First Battle of Ypres 1915 Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes Second Battle of Ypres Battle of Gallipoli Second Battle of Artois Battles of the Isonzo Gorlice -- Tarnów Offensive Great Retreat Second Battle of Champagne Kosovo Offensive Siege of Kut Battle of Loos 1916 Erzurum Offensive Battle of Verdun Lake Naroch Offensive Battle of Asiago Battle of Jutland Battle of the Somme first day Brusilov Offensive Baranovichi Offensive Battle of Romani Monastir Offensive Battle of Transylvania 1917 Capture of Baghdad First Battle of Gaza Zimmermann Telegram Second Battle of Arras Second Battle of the Aisne Kerensky Offensive Third Battle of Ypres ( Passchendaele ) Battle of Mărășești Battle of Caporetto Southern Palestine Offensive Battle of Cambrai Armistice of Erzincan 1918 Operation Faustschlag Treaty of Brest - Litovsk Spring Offensive Battle of Goychay Battle of Aghsu Battle of Kyurdamir Second Battle of the Marne Battle of Baku Hundred Days Offensive Vardar Offensive Battle of Megiddo Third Transjordan attack Meuse - Argonne Offensive Battle of Vittorio Veneto Battle of Aleppo Armistice of Salonica Armistice of Mudros Armistice of Villa Giusti Armistice with Germany Other conflicts Mexican Revolution ( 1910 -- 20 ) Somaliland Campaign ( 1910 -- 20 ) Libyan resistance movement ( 1911 -- 43 ) Maritz Rebellion ( 1914 -- 15 ) Zaian War ( 1914 -- 21 ) Indo - German Conspiracy ( 1914 -- 19 ) Senussi Campaign ( 1915 -- 16 ) Volta - Bani War ( 1915 -- 17 ) Easter Rising ( 1916 ) Anglo - Egyptian Darfur Expedition ( 1916 ) Kaocen Revolt ( 1916 -- 17 ) Central Asian Revolt ( 1916 - 17 ) Russian Revolution ( 1917 ) Finnish Civil War ( 1918 ) Post-War conflicts Russian Civil War ( 1917 -- 21 ) Ukrainian -- Soviet War ( 1917 -- 21 ) Armenian -- Azerbaijani War ( 1918 -- 20 ) Georgian -- Armenian War ( 1918 ) German Revolution ( 1918 -- 19 ) Revolutions and interventions in Hungary ( 1918 -- 20 ) Hungarian -- Romanian War ( 1918 -- 19 ) Greater Poland Uprising ( 1918 -- 19 ) Estonian War of Independence ( 1918 -- 20 ) Latvian War of Independence ( 1918 -- 20 ) Lithuanian Wars of Independence ( 1918 -- 20 ) Third Anglo - 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blessed are you lord god king of the universe			List of Jewish prayers and blessings	list of jewish prayers and blessings	Listed below are some Hebrew prayers and blessings that are part of Judaism that are recited by many Jews . Most prayers and blessings can be found in the Siddur , or prayer book . This article addresses Jewish liturgical blessings , which generally begin with the formula :	בָּרוּךְ אַתָּה ה ' אֱ - לֹהֵינוּ , מֶלֶךְ הָעוֹלָם ... ‬ Transliteration : Barukh ata Adonai Eloheinu , melekh ha ` olam ... Translation : `` Blessed are You , LORD our God , King of the universe ... '' NOTE : ' is used in transliterations to refer to the sh'vah , which is similar / equivalent to ə ; a mid-word aleph , a glottal stop ; and a mid-word ayin , a voiced pharyngeal fricative ʕ similar / equivalent to Arabic ع . Whenever ` is used , it refers to ayin whether word - initial , medial , or final . ' H / h ' are used to represent both he , an English h sound as in `` hat '' ; and ḥes , a voiceless pharyngeal fricative ħ equivalent to Arabic ح . Whenever ' ḥ ' is used , it refers to ḥet . Resh is represented by an ' r , ' though it 's equivalent to Spanish ' r , ' Spanish ' rr , ' or French ' r , ' depending on one 's dialect . In all other regards , transliterations are according to the Sephardi tradition , with modern Hebrew pronunciation . Contents ( hide ) 1 Prayer 2 Blessings and liturgical poetry 3 Everyday prayers and blessings 3.1 Upon waking up 3.2 Morning 3.3 For putting on tzitzit 3.3. 1 For putting on a tallit gadol ( prayer shawl ) 3.3. 1.1 On inspection of the tzitzit 3.3. 1.2 Before putting on the tallit 3.3. 1.3 After wrapping the tallit around the body 3.4 For putting on tefillin 3.4. 1 On placement of the arm - tefillin 3.4. 2 On placement of the head - tefillin 3.4. 3 On coiling the straps around the middle finger 3.5 Blessings during a meal 3.5. 1 N'tilat Yadayim ( Ritual washing of hands ) 3.5. 2 Blessing over the bread 3.5. 3 After the meal 3.5. 4 Blessings over food 3.5. 4.1 Before eating grain products -- M'zonot 3.5. 4.2 Before drinking wine -- HaGefen 3.5. 4.3 Before eating fruit -- HaEtz 3.5. 4.4 Before eating non-fruit produce -- HaAdama 3.5. 4.5 Before eating other foods -- SheHakol 4 Holiday prayers and blessings 4.1 Shabbat 4.1. 1 Candle lighting blessings before Shabbat 4.1. 2 Havdalah ( `` Separation '' ceremony ) 4.2 Hanukkah 4.2. 1 Blessing for lighting the candles 4.2. 2 Blessing for the miracles of Hanukkah 4.3 Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur ( The High Holy Days ) 4.3. 1 Candle lighting 4.3. 2 Over apples and honey on Rosh Hashanah 4.4 Sukkot ( Feast of Tabernacles ) 5 Blessings on special occasions 5.1 Mezuzah 5.2 Sheheḥeyanu ( `` Who has kept us alive '' ) 5.3 On immersion in a Mikvah 5.4 Blessing for surviving illness or danger 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Prayer ( edit ) Amidah עמידה The `` standing ( prayer ) '' , also known as the Shemoneh Esreh ( `` The Eighteen '' ) , consisting of 19 strophes on weekdays and seven on Sabbath days . It is the essential component of Jewish services , and is the only service that the Talmud calls prayer . It is said three times a day ( four times on Sabbaths and holidays , and five times on Yom Kippur ) . Blessings and liturgical poetry -- like piyyutim , psalms , citations from Tanach -- frame this service , an analogy being the ascent to the Jerusalem temple , the actual service there , and the following descent to Jerusalem by a different path . Blessings and liturgical poetry ( edit ) Mizmor Shir מזמור שיר ‬ Psalm 30 . Recited at the beginning of Pesukei Dezimra . Baruch Sheamar ברוך שאמר ‬ The first blessing of Pesukei Dezimra Songs of thanksgiving A series of paragraphs in Pesukei Dezimra . Includes Psalm 100 Yehi kevod יהי כבוד ‬ A series of verses recited during Pesukei Dezimra Ashrei אשרי ‬ Recited three times daily : during Pesukei Dezimra , following Uva Letzion , and at the beginning of Mincha ( Ne'ila on Yom Kippur ) Hallel ( pesukei dezimra ) הלל ‬ Includes Ashrei and Psalms 146 , 147 , 148 , 149 , and 150 Baruch Hashem L'Olam ( Shacharit ) ברוך ה לעולם ‬ Recited as a blessing after concluding Hallel Vayivarech David ויברך דוד ‬ From Chronicles Book I , Chapter 29 , verses 10 -- 13 Ata Hu Hashem L'Vadecha אתה - הוא יהוה לבדך ‬ From Book of Nehemiah , Chapter 9 , verses 6 -- 11 Az Yashir אז ישיר ‬ From Book of Exodus 15 : 1 -- 18 Yishtabach ישתבח ‬ Concluding blessing of Pesukei Dezimra Yotzer ohr יוצר אור ‬ The first blessing recited during Shacharit Maariv Aravim מעריב ערבים ‬ The first blessing recited during Maariv Ahava Rabbah אהבה רבה ‬ The second blessing recited during Shacharit Ahavat Olam אהבת עולם ‬ The second blessing recited during Maariv Shema Yisrael שמע ישראל ‬ A centerpiece of Jewish prayer services which affirms belief and trust in the One God , the Shema is composed of three sections taken from the Torah . Kaddish קדיש ‬ An Aramaic prayer which focuses on the idea of magnification and sanctification of God 's name . This prayer is normally recited at the conclusion of a period of study or a section of a prayer service . Because mourners are required to say one version of the Kaddish ( the Mourner 's Kaddish ) , it is sometimes viewed as a prayer for the dead , but it does not actually mention death at all . Birkat Kohanim ברכת כהנים ‬ The `` Priestly Blessing , '' recited by the Kohanim on Jewish holidays ( every day in Israel ) . Ein Keloheinu אין כאלהינו ‬ A lyrical prayer recited at the end of services on Shabbat and holidays , praising God 's uniqueness . Aleinu עלינו ‬ The Aleinu praises God for allowing the Jewish people to serve him , and expresses their hope that the whole world will recognize God and abandon idolatry . An'im Zemirot אנעים זמירות ‬ More formally known as `` The Song of Glory , '' this song is sung at the end of morning prayers on Shabbat . Hallel הלל ‬ Psalms 113 -- 118 , recited as a prayer of praise and thanksgiving on Jewish holidays . Hallel is said in one of two forms : Full Hallel and Partial Hallel . Kol Nidre כל ‐ נדרי ‬ A prayer recited in the synagogue at the beginning of the evening service on Yom Kippur ( יום כיפור ‬ ) , the Day of Atonement . It is a declaration of absolution from vows taken , to free the congregants from guilt due to unfulfilled vows during the previous ( and coming ) year . Shehecheyanu שהחיינו ‬ The blessing for special ( once a year ) occasions , recited on holidays and other special occasions . Birkat HaMazon ברכת המזון ‬ The blessing after meals , thanking God for the food and His support in general . Tefilat HaDerech תפלת הדרך ‬ The traveler 's prayer for a safe journey . Birkat HaBayit ברכת הבית ‬ A blessing for the home often found inside on wall plaques or hamsas . Ma Tovu מה טובו ‬ A prayer of reverence for the synagogue , recited in the morning upon entering . Everyday prayers and blessings ( edit ) Upon waking up ( edit ) Main article : Modeh ani מוֹדֶה אֲנִי לְפָנֶיךָ מֶלֶךְ חַי וְקַיָּם שֶׁהֶחֱזַרְתָּ בִּי נִשְׁמָתִי בְּחֶמְלָה , רַבָּה אֱמוּנָתֶךָ. ‬ Transliteration : Modeh ani lifanekha melekh ḥai v'kayam sheheḥezarta bi nishmahti b'ḥemla , raba emunatekha . Translation : `` I give thanks before You , Living and Eternal King , that You have returned within me my soul with compassion ; ( how ) abundant is Your faithfulness ! '' Morning ( edit ) Elohai Neshamah אֱ - לֹהַי , נְשָׁמָה שֶׁנָּתַתָּ בִּי טְהוֹרָה הִיא . אַתָּה בְרָאתָהּ , אַתָּה יְצַרְתָּהּ , אַתָּה נְפַחְתָּהּ בִּי , ( וְאַתָּה מְשַׁמְּרָהּ בְּקִרְבִּי , וְאַתָּה עָתִיד לִטְּלָהּ מִמֶּנִּי , וּלְהַחֲזִירָהּ בִּי לֶעָתִיד לָבוֹא . כָּל זְמַן שֶׁהַנְּשָׁמָה בְּקִרְבִּי מוֹדֶה אֲנִי לְפָנֶיךָ ה ' אֱ - לֹהַי וֵא - לֹהֵי אֲבוֹתַי . רִבּוֹן כָּל הַמַּעֲשִׂים אֲדוֹן כָּל הַנְּשָׁמוֹת . בָּרוּךְ אַתָּה ה ' , הַמַּחֲזִיר נְשָׁמוֹת לִפְגָרִים מֵתִים : ) ‬ Transliteration : `` Elohai neshama shenatata bi t'horah hi . Ata b'ratah , ata y'tzartah , ata n'fachtah bi ( v'ata m'shamrah b'kirbi v'ata atid litelah mimeni ulehachazirah bi leatid lavo . Kol z'man shehaneshaman b'kirbi modeh / ah ani lefaneicha , Adonai Elohai v'lohei avotai , Ribon kol hamasim , Adon kol haneshamot . Baruch ata Adonai , hamachazir neshamot lifgarim metim ) . '' Translation : `` My God , the soul You have given me is pure . You created it , You formed it , and You breathed it into me. ( and You guard it while it is within me , and one day You will take it from me , and restore it to me in the time to come . As long as the soul is within me , I will thank You , HaShem my God and God of my ancestors , Master of all works , Lord of all souls . Blessed are You , LORD , who restores souls to lifeless bodies ) . '' ( 1 ) Po'ke'ah Ivrim בָּרוּךְ אַתָּה ה ' אֱ - לֹהֵינוּ , מֶלֶךְ הָעוֹלָם . פּוֹקֵחַ עִוְרִים. ‬ Transliteration : Baruch ata Adonai Eloheinu , melekh ha'olam po'ke'ah ivrim . Translation : Blessed are you , Lord our God , King of the universe , who restores the eyes of the blind . ( 2 ) For putting on tzitzit ( edit ) Main article : Tzitzit The tzitzit are first inspected to make sure they are properly intact before wearing the tallit katan . While holding the tallit katan , in readiness to put it on , the following blessing is recited . בָּרוּךְ אַתָּה ה ' אֱ - לֹהֵינוּ , מֶלֶךְ הָעוֹלָם . אֲשֶר קִדְּשָנוּ בְּמִצְוֹתָיו וִצִוָּנוּ לְהִתְעַטֵף בַּצִיצִת. ‬ Transliteration : Barukh ata Adonai Eloheinu , melekh ha ` olam , asher kid'shanu b'mitzvotav , v'tzivanu l'hitateif batzitzit . Translation : `` Blessed are You , LORD our God , King of the universe , Who has sanctified us with His commandments , and commanded us regarding the commandment of fringes . '' After donning the tallit katan , many kiss the tzitzit ; some additionally say the following : יְהִי רָצוֹן מִלְּפָנֶיךָ ה ׳ אֱ - לֹהי וֵא - לֹהֵי אֲבוֹתַי , שֶׁתְּהֵא חֲשׁוּבָה מִצְוַת צִיצִית לְפָנֶיךָ כְּאִלּוּ קִיַּמְתִּיהָ בְּכָל פְּרָטֶיהָ וְדִקְדּוּקֶיהָ וְכַוָּנוֹתֶיהָ , וְתַרְיַ `` ג מִצְוֹת הַתְּלוּיִם בָּהּ , אָמֵן סֶלָה. ‬ Transliteration : Y'hi ratzon mil'fanekha , Adonai Elohai velohei avotai , she 't ' hei hashuva mitzvat tzitzit l'fanekha , k'ilu kiyamtiha b'khol p'rateha v'dikdukeha v'khavanoteha , v'taryag mitzvot ha 't ' luyim bah . Amen , Selah . Translation : `` May there be the desire before You , LORD my God and the God of my forefathers , that the commandment of fringes should be considered before You as if I had fulfilled it in all its aspects , its details and its intentions , as well as the 613 commandments that are dependent on it . Amen , Selah . '' For putting on a tallit gadol ( prayer shawl ) ( edit ) Main article : Tallit On inspection of the tzitzit ( edit ) Psalms 104 : 1 -- 2 is traditionally read : בָּרְכִי נַפְשִׁי אֶת ה ' , ה ' אֱ - לֹהַי גָּדַלְתָּ מְּאֹד הוֹד וְהָדָר לָבָשְׁתָּ : עֹטֶה אוֹר כַּשַּׂלְמָה נוֹטֶה שָׁמַיִם כַּיְרִיעָה ‬ Transliteration : Barkhi nafshi et Adonai . Adonai Elohai , gadalta m'od ; hod v'hadar lavashta -- O'te or ka'salma , no'te shamayim ka'y'ri'a . Translation : `` Bless , ( O ) my soul , the LORD . LORD my God , You are very great ; glory and majesty have You worn -- Who dons light as a garment , Who stretches out the heavens like a curtain . '' Before putting on the tallit ( edit ) בָּרוּךְ אַתָּה ה ' אֱ - לֹהֵינוּ מֶלֶךְ הָעוֹלָם , אֲשֶר קִדְּשָׁנוּ בְּמִצְוֹתָיו וְצִוָּנוּ לְהִתְעַטֵּף בַּצִיצִית ‬ Transliteration : Barukh ata Adonai Eloheinu , melekh ha'olam , asher kid'shanu b'mitzvotav v'tzivanu l'hit'atef ba'tzitzit . Translation : `` Blessed are You , LORD our God , King of the universe , Who has sanctified us with His commandments and has commanded us to wrap ourselves with fringes . '' After wrapping the tallit around the body ( edit ) Psalms 36 : 8 -- 11 is traditionally recited : מַה יָּקָר חַסְדְּךָ אֱ - לֹהִים . וּבְנֵי אָדָם בְּצֵל כְּנָפֶיךָ יֶחֱסָיוּן : יִרְוְיֻן מִדֶּשֶׁן בֵּיתֶךָ וְנַחַל עֲדָנֶיךָ תַשְׁקֵם : כִּי עִמְּךָ מְקוֹר חַיִּים . בְּאוֹרְךָ נִרְאֶה אוֹר : מְשׁוֹךְ חַסְדְּךָ לְיֹדְעֶיךָ וְצִדְקָתְךָ לְיִשְׁרֵי לֵב. ‬ Transliteration : Ma yakar hasd'kha Elohim , uvnei adam b'tzel k'nafekha yehesayun . Yirv'yun mideshen beitekha , v'nahal adanekha tashkem . Ki im'kha m'kor hayim , b'or'kha nir'e or . M'shokh hasd'kha l'yod'ekha , v'tzidkat'kha l'yish'rei lev Translation : `` How precious is your kindness , ( O ) God ! People take refuge in the shadow of Your wings . They are sated from the abundance of Your house , and from the stream of Your delights You give them to drink . For with You is the source of life ; by Your light shall we see light . Extend Your kindness to those who know You , and Your righteousness to the upright of heart . '' For putting on tefillin ( edit ) Main article : Tefillin On placement of the arm - tefillin ( edit ) Before the strap of the arm - tefillin is fastened , the following blessing is said : בָּרוּךְ אַתָּה ה ' אֱ - לֹהֵינוּ מֶלֶךְ הָעוֹלָם , אֲשֶׁר קִדְּשָׁנוּ בְּמִצְוֹתָיו וְצִוָּנוּ לְהָנִיחַ תְּפִלִּין. ‬ Transliteration : Barukh ata Adonai Eloheinu , melekh ha ` olam , asher kid'shanu b'mitzvotav v'tzivanu l'hani'aḥ t'filin . ( The `` l '' in t'filin is geminated . ) Translation : `` Blessed are You , LORD our God , King of the universe , Who has sanctified us with His commandments and has commanded us to put on tefillin . '' On placement of the head - tefillin ( edit ) Sephardic and Hasidic authorities are of the opinion that the blessing on laying the head - tefillin is not necessary and the one blessing on laying the arm - tefillin is sufficient . Ashkenazim , however , do recite a second blessing on the head - tefillin , before tightening it around the head : בָּרוּךְ אַתָּה ה ' אֱ - לֹהֵינוּ מֶלֶךְ הָעוֹלָם , אֲשֶׁר קִדְּשָׁנוּ בְּמִצְוֹתָיו וְצִוָּנוּ עַל מִצְוַת תְּפִלִּין. ‬ Transliteration : Barukh ata Adonai Eloheinu , melekh ha'olam , asher kid'shanu b'mitzvotav v'tzivanu al mitzvat t'filin . Translation : `` Blessed are You , LORD our God , King of the universe , Who has sanctified us with His commandments and has commanded us regarding the commandment of tefillin . '' Because of the doubt as to the necessity of this blessing , it is followed by a statement of praise , so as not to have uttered God 's name in vain : בָּרוּךְ שֵׁם כְּבוֹד מַלְכוּתוֹ לְעוֹלָם וָעֶד. ‬ Transliteration : Barukh shem k'vod malkhuto l'olam va'ed . Translation : `` Blessed is the Name of His glorious kingdom for ever and ever . '' On coiling the straps around the middle finger ( edit ) The remainder of the arm - tefillin straps are then wound three times around the middle finger and around the hand . This is traditionally accompanied by the recitation of Hosea 2 : 21 -- 22 : Arm - tefillin with ש ( shin ) pattern , according to one of the Ashkenazi opinions וְאֵרַשְׂתִּיךְ לִי לְעוֹלָם : וְאֵרַשְׂתִּיךְ לִי בְּצֶדֶק וּבְמִשְׁפָּט וּבְחֶסֶד וּבְרַחֲמִים : וְאֵרַשְׂתִּיךְ לִי בֶּאֱמוּנָה . וְיָדַעְתְּ אֶת ה '. ‬ Transliteration : V'erastikh li l'olam , v'erastikh li b'tzedek u'v'mishpat u'v'hesed u'v'rachamim . V'erastikh li b'emuna v'yadat et Adonai . Translation : `` And I will betroth you to Myself for ever ; I will betroth you to Myself in righteousness , and in justice , and in lovingkindness , and in compassion . And I will betroth you to Myself in faithfulness ; and you shall know the LORD . '' Blessings during a meal ( edit ) N'tilat yadayim ( ritual washing of hands ) ( edit ) The hands are ritually washed before partaking of certain staples of life . In the Ashkenazic tradition and some Sephardic and other communities , it is done before eating bread . In some Sephardic rites and in the German community originating in Frankfurt it is done before drinking wine and or eating bread , alone or with the wine ( such as would be done before a Sabbath or festive meal ) at which time this blessing is said : After washing but before drying the hands , the blessing below is said . בָּרוּךְ אַתָּה ה ' , אֱ - לֹהֵינוּ מֶלֶךְ הָעוֹלָם , אֲשֶׁר קִדְּשָׁנוּ בּמִצְוֹתָיו , וצִוָּנוּ עַל נְטִילַת יָדָיִם. ‬ Transliteration : Barukh ata Adonai Elohenu , melekh ha ` olam , asher kid'shanu b'mitzvotav v'tzivanu ` al netilat yadayim . Translation : `` Blessed are You , LORD our God , King of the universe , Who has sanctified us with His commandments and commanded us concerning the taking ( drying ) of hands . '' Blessing over the bread ( edit ) This blessing is made only for bread made from one or all of wheat , barley , rye , oats , spelt . בָּרוּךְ אַתָּה ה ' , אֱ - לֹהֵינוּ מֶלֶךְ הָעוֹלָם , הַמּוֹצִיא לֶחֶם מִן הָאָרֶץ. ‬ Transliteration : Barukh ata Adonai Eloheinu , melekh ha'olam , hamotzi lehem min ha'aretz . Translation : `` Blessed are You , LORD our God , King of the universe , Who brings forth bread from the earth . '' After the meal ( edit ) Main article : Birkat Hamazon The combined blessing of Birkat Hamazon is made only after eating a meal containing bread ( including matza ) made from one or all of wheat , barley , rye , oats , spelt . After Birkat Hamazon , many Sephardic Jews of the Spanish and Portuguese rite recite Ya Comimos or sing Bendigamos . These prayers are similar in content to Birkat Hamazon . Blessings over food ( edit ) Additionally , appropriate blessings are said on food when not having a full ( i.e. bread - based ) meal . There are five halakhic `` food groups : '' Before eating grain products -- m'zonot ( edit ) Before eating non-bread ( e.g. cake ) products of wheat , barley , rye , oats , or spelt ( and rice , according to many opinions ) : בָּרוּךְ אַתָּה ה ' , אֱ - לֹהֵינוּ מֶלֶךְ הָעוֹלָם , בּוֹרֵא מִינֵי מְזוֹנוֹת. ‬ Transliteration : Barukh ata Adonai Eloheinu , Melekh ha'olam , bo 're minei m'zonot . Translation : `` Blessed are You , LORD our God , King of the universe , Who creates varieties of nourishment . '' Before drinking wine -- hagefen ( edit ) This blessing is made for wine made from grapes , but not any other fermented drink . Wine made from other fruits , and other alcohols , require the Shehakol blessing ( see below ) . Also , hands might be ritually washed first depending on the minhag of the person saying the blessing on the grape wine ( see above ) . בָּרוּךְ אַתָּה ה ' , אֱ - לֹהֵינוּ מֶלֶךְ הָעוֹלָם , בּוֹרֵא פְּרִי הַגֶּפֶן. ‬ Transliteration : Barukh ata Adonai Eloheinu , Melekh ha'olam , bo 're p'ri hagefen . Translation : `` Blessed are You , LORD our God , King of the universe , Who creates the fruit of the vine . '' Before eating fruit -- haetz ( edit ) בָּרוּךְ אַתָּה ה ' , אֱ - לֹהֵינוּ מֶלֶךְ הָעוֹלָם , בּוֹרֵא פְּרִי הָעֵץ. ‬ Transliteration : Barukh ata Adonai Eloheinu , Melekh ha'olam , bo 're p'ri ha'etz . Translation : `` Blessed are You , LORD our God , King of the universe , Who creates the fruit of the tree . '' Before eating non-fruit produce -- haadama ( edit ) Before eating produce that grew directly from the earth : בָּרוּךְ אַתָּה ה ' אֱ - לֹהֵינוּ מֶלֶךְ הָעוֹלָם בּוֹרֵא פְּרִי הָאֲדָמָה. ‬ Transliteration : Barukh ata Adonai Eloheinu , Melekh ha ` olam , bo 're p'ri ha'adama . Translation : `` Blessed are You , LORD our God , King of the universe , Who creates the fruit of the ground . '' Before eating other foods -- shehakol ( edit ) Before eating or drinking any foods not in the first four categories : בָּרוּךְ אַתָּה ה ' אֱ - לֹהֵינוּ מֶלֶךְ הָעוֹלָם שֶׁהַכֹּל נִהְיָה בִּדְבָרוֹ. ‬ Transliteration : Barukh ata Adonai Eloheinu , Melekh ha'olam , shehakol nih'ye bidvaro . Translation : `` Blessed are You , LORD our God , King of the universe , through Whose word everything comes into being . 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Translation : `` Blessed are You , LORD our God , King of the universe , Who has sanctified us with His commandments and commanded us to light the Shabbat candle ( s ) . '' The Chabad version of the blessing adds the word קודש at the end of the blessing , making `` ... the candle of the holy Shabbat , '' transliterated , `` ... ner shel Shabbat kodesh . '' Havdalah ( `` separation '' ceremony ) ( edit ) Main article : Havdalah ( Havdalah is recited Saturday night , usually about an hour after sunset , measured as the time when three stars appear in the sky , at which time Shabbat is over . ) Havdalah is a ceremony consisting of four blessings . First , since havdalah is recited over a cup of wine , the blessing on wine is said : בָּרוּךְ אַתָּה ה ' , אֱ - לֹהֵינוּ מֶלֶךְ הָעוֹלָם , בּוֹרֵא פְּרִי הַגֶּפֶן. ‬ Transliteration : Barukh ata Adonai Eloheinu , Melekh ha'olam , bo 're p'ri hagefen . Translation : `` Blessed are You , LORD our God , King of the universe , Who creates the fruit of the vine . '' Then , spices are smelled , preceded by the blessing on smelling spices : בָּרוּךְ אַתָּה ה ' , אֱ - לֹהֵינוּ מֶלֶךְ הָעוֹלָם , בּוֹרֵא מִינֵי בְשָׂמִים. ‬ Transliteration : Barukh ata Adonai Eloheinu , melekh ha'olam , bo 're minei b'samim . Translation : `` Blessed are You , LORD our God , King of the universe , Who creates varieties of spices . '' The spices are then passed around and smelled by those present . Next , a multi ‐ wicked candle , which has already been lit , is viewed , preceded by the blessing : בָּרוּךְ אַתָּה ה ' אֱ - לֹהֵינוּ מֶלֶךְ הָעוֹלָם . בּוֹרֵא מְאוֹרֵי הָאֵשׁ. ‬ Transliteration : Barukh ata Adonai Eloheinu , melekh ha'olam , bo 're m'orei ha'esh . Translation : `` Blessed are You , LORD our God , King of the universe , Who creates the lights of the fire . '' The candle is held up in the air and those present look at the reflection of the light on their fingernails . Last is a blessing of praise for God 's separating the holy from the every ‐ day : בָּרוּךְ אַתָּה ה ' אֱ - לֹהֵינוּ מֶלֶךְ הָעוֹלָם. ‬ הַמַּבְדִּיל בֵּין קֹדֶשׁ לְחוֹל. ‬ בֵּין אוֹר לְחשֶׁךְ . בֵּין יִשְׂרָאֵל לָעַמִּים. ‬ בֵּין יוֹם הַשְּׁבִיעִי לְשֵׁשֶׁת יְמֵי הַמַּעֲשֶׂה : ‬ בָּרוּךְ אַתָּה ה ' , הַמַבְדִּיל בֵּין קֹדֶשׁ לְחוֹל : ‬ . ‬ Transliteration : Barukh ata Adonai Eloheinu , melekh ha'olam , ha'mavdil bein kodesh l'hol , bein or l'hoshekh , bein yisra'el la'amim , bein yom ha'sh'vi'i l'sheshet y'mei ha'ma'a'se . Barukh ata Adonai , ha'mavdil bein kodesh l'hol . Translation : `` Blessed are You , LORD our God , King of the universe , Who distinguishes between the sacred and the secular , between light and dark , between Israel and the nations , between the seventh day and the six days of labor . Blessed are You , LORD , Who distinguishes between the sacred and the secular . '' Hanukkah ( edit ) Main article : Hanukkah Two blessings are recited as the Hanukkah candles are lit . On the first night , the shehecheyanu blessing is said as well ( see below ) . Blessing for lighting the candles ( edit ) Hanukkah Prayer / O Hanukkah / Maoz Tzur Main article : Menorah ( Hanukkah ) בָּרוּךְ אַתָּה ה ' , אֱ - לֹהֵינוּ מֶלֶךְ הָעוֹלָם , אֲשֶׁר קִדְּשָׁנוּ בְּמִצְוֹתָיו , וְצִוָּנוּ לְהַדְלִיק נֵר חֲנֻכָּה. ‬ Transliteration : Barukh ata Adonai Eloheinu , melekh ha'olam , asher kid'shanu b'mitzvotav v'tzivanu l'hadlik ner shel Hanukkah . Translation : `` Blessed are You , LORD our God , King of the universe , Who has sanctified us with His commandments and commanded us to kindle the Hanukkah light ( s ) . '' Blessing for the miracles of Hanukkah ( edit ) בָּרוּךְ אַתָּה ה ' אֱ - לֹהֵינוּ מֶלֶךְ הָעוֹלָם , שֶׁעָשָׂה נִסִּים לַאֲבוֹתֵֽינוּ בַּיָּמִים הָהֵם בַּזְּמַן הַזֶּה. ‬ Transliteration : Barukh ata Adonai Eloheinu , melekh ha'olam , she'asa nisim la'avoteinu ba'yamim ha'heim ba'z'man ha'ze . Translation : `` Blessed are You , LORD our God , King of the universe , Who performed miracles for our ancestors in those days at this time ... '' Rosh Hashanah and yom Kippur ( the high holy days ) ( edit ) Main articles : Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur Candle lighting ( edit ) On yom tov ( when it falls on a weekday ) , it is permissible to transfer a flame ( but not to create a new flame ) . The festival candles should preferably be lit before sunset on erev yom tov ( the afternoon before the holiday ) , but if they were not lit before sunset , they may ( and should ) be lit after sunset from a pre-existing flame . Over apples and honey on Rosh Hashanah ( edit ) On Rosh Hashanah eve , at the start of the festive meal , it is customary to dip some cut raw apples into some honey as symbolic of asking God to grant a sweet new year . The blessings for the apples and honey : בָּרוּךְ אַתָּה ה ' , אֱ - לֹהֵינוּ מֶלֶךְ הָעוֹלָם , בּוֹרֵא פְּרִי הָעֵץ. ‬ Transliteration : Barukh ata Adonai Eloheinu , melekh ha'olam , bo 're p'ri ha'etz . Translation : `` Blessed are You , LORD our God , King of the universe , Who creates the fruit of the tree . '' A bite of apple dipped in honey is eaten , which is followed by : יְהִי רָצוֹן מִלְפָנֶיךָ , ה ׳ אֱ ‐ לֹהֵינוּ וא ‐ לֹהַי אֲבוֹתֵינוּ , שֶׁתְּחַדֵשׁ עָלֵינוּ שָׁנָה טוֹבָה וּמְתוּקָה ‬ Transliteration : Y'hi ratzon mil'fanekha , Adonai Eloheinu velohei avoteinu , shet'hadesh aleinu shana tova um'tuka . Translation : `` May it be Your will , LORD our God and God of our ancestors , that you renew for us a good and sweet year . '' Sukkot ( feast of tabernacles ) ( edit ) Main articles : Sukkot and Sukkah : Traditional blessings upon entering a Sukkah ברוך אתה ה ' א ‐ לוהינו , מלך העולם , אשר קדשנו במצותיו וצונו לישב בסכה. ‬ Transliteration : Barukh ata Adonai Eloheinu , melekh ha'olam , asher kid'shanu b'mitzvotav v'tzivanu leishev ba'sukah . Translation : `` Blessed are You , LORD our God , King of the universe , Who has sanctified us with His commandments and commanded us to dwell in the sukkah . '' Blessings on special occasions ( edit ) Mezuzah ( edit ) Main article : Mezuzah The following blessing is said when attaching a mezuzah to the doorpost : ברוך אתה ה ' א ‐ לוהינו , מלך העולם , אשר קדשנו במצותיו וצונו לקבוע מזוזה. ‬ Transliteration : Barukh ata Adonai Eloheinu , melekh ha'olam , asher kid'shanu b'mitzvotav v'tzivanu likvo'a m'zuza . Translation : `` Blessed are You , LORD our God , King of the universe , Who has sanctified us with His commandments and commanded us to affix the mezuzah . '' Sheheḥeyanu ( `` Who has kept us alive '' ) ( edit ) Main article : Sheheheyanu This blessing is said whenever something pleasant that has not happened for a while is encountered . This includes all holidays except Shabbat . It is said on the first night of Hanukkah , but not for the other nights of that holiday . The blessing is also recited upon such occasions as affixing a mezuzah ( particularly on a new home ) , buying new dress clothes , or eating a rare fruit . ברוך אתה ה ' א ‐ לוהינו , מלך העולם , שהחינו וקימנו והגענו לזמן הזה. ‬ Transliteration : Barukh ata Adonai Eloheinu , melekh ha'olam , she'heheyanu v'kiy'manu v'higi'anu la'z'man ha'ze . Translation : `` Blessed are You , LORD our God , King of the universe , Who has kept us alive , sustained us , and enabled us to reach this season . '' On immersion in a mikvah ( edit ) Main article : Mikveh This blessing is made on immersion in a mikvah ( ritual bath ) , e.g. by a woman following menstruation . When immersing utensils in a mikvah , the final words are modified to `` al tevliat keilim , '' or `` concerning immersion of utensils . '' Transliteration : Barukh ata Adonai Eloheinu , melekh ha'olam , asher kid'shanu b'mitzvotav v'tzivanu al ha 't ' vila . Translation : `` Blessed are You , LORD our God , King of the universe , Who has sanctified us with His commandments and commanded us concerning immersion . '' Blessing for surviving illness or danger ( edit ) The Birkhat HaGomel blessing is said after surviving illness , childbirth , or danger ( including a hazardous journey or captivity ) . Transliteration : Blessing : Barukh ata Adonai Eloheinu , melekh ha'olam , hagomel lahayavim tovot , sheg'molani kol tov . Congregational Response : Amen . Mi sheg'molkha ( for a woman : sheg'molayikh ) kol tov , hu yigmolkha ( yigmolayikh ) kol tov . Selah . Translation : Blessing : `` Blessed are You , LORD our God , King of the Universe , Who bestows good things upon the unworthy , and has bestowed upon me every goodness . '' Congregational Response : `` Amen . He Who has bestowed upon you every goodness , may He ( continue to ) bestow upon you every goodness . Selah . '' Note : Mizrahi ( Syrian ) Jews precede this blessing with reciting Psalm 111 : 1 ... : Transliteration : O'de Adonai b'khol levav b'sod y'sharim v'eda . Translation : I shall give thanks to the LORD wholeheartedly in the assembly of the upright and the congregation . ... and ( among Mizrahi ) the Congregational Response at the end begins : Transliteration : Amen . Ha'el sheg'molkha kol tov , ... Translation : Amen . God who has bestowed upon you every goodness , ... This prayer has its origins in the Talmud ( T.B. , Berakhot 54b ) : `` Rav Judah said , in the name of Rav , There are four person who have to offer thanksgiving : ( 1 ) One who has crossed the sea , ( 2 ) one who has crossed the wilderness , ( 3 ) one who has recovered from illness , and ( 4 ) one who has been freed from captivity . '' This was deduced from Psalm 107 , where these four situations are mentioned . In the days of the Temple , such a person would bring a thanksgiving sacrifice , but as this is no longer possible , such a person stands and recites the blessing . The word גמל ( gomel ) means a recompense , a reward , and frequently a generous benefit ( e.g. Psalms 13 : 6 , 103 : 2 & 10 , 116 : 7 ) . Joseph H. Hertz ( 1872 -- 1946 ) , chief rabbi of the British Empire , in his commentary to the prayerbook says : `` The Benediction is not limited to the above - mentioned four classes ( listed in the Talmud quotation ) , but is recited after any signal escape from danger . This Benediction is followed with deepfelt sympathy by the fellow - worshippers . '' Hertz mentions an instance in Britain in 1940 when was recited by an entire congregation because they were the survivors of a Blitz bombing of the previous night . Most halakhic authorities hold that the HaGomel blessing must be said publicly , in front of a minyan of 10 . It is customary for men to say it after being called to the Torah . All Conservative and many Orthodox authorities ( 3 ) hold that women are also obligated to say the Birkhat HaGomel blessing . The blessing is not time ‐ dependent ( preferably it should be recited as soon after the deliverance from danger as the opportunity presents itself ) , and it substitutes in part for the toda ( Thanksgiving ) offering , one of the classes of korbanot ( sacrifices ) which women were obligated to offer ( e.g. after childbirth ) in the days of the Temple in Jerusalem . Accordingly , these authorities say that women are eligible to be counted in the minyan of 10 equally with men for the special purpose of the mitzvah of saying the HaGomel blessing and its congregational response publicly . See also ( edit ) Berakhah Birkat Hachama Shuckling Siddur References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Orot Sephardic Weekday Siddur ( 1994 , Lakewood , NJ ) page 229 ; Koren Mizrahi Siddur ( 1988 , Jerusalem ) page 64 ; Nulman , Macy , Encyclopedia of Jewish Prayer ( 1993 , NJ , Jason Aronson ) page 100 . Jump up ^ Nulman , Macy , Encyclopedia of Jewish Prayer ( 1993 , NJ , Jason Aronson ) page 100 ; Orot Sephardic Weekday Siddur ( 1994 , Lakewood , NJ ) page 229 adds the rabbinic specifications that the illness must have kept the person bedridden at least three days , and that the journey on land must have been hazardous or at least lasted 72 minutes outside the city . Jump up ^ Abrahams , Israel , A Companion to the Authorised Daily Prayerbook ( 2nd ed. 1922 , London , Eyre & Spottiswoode ) page LXXIX , ( revised reprint 1966 , NY , Hermon Press ) page 79 ; Hertz , Joseph H. , The Authorized Daily Prayer Book with commentary , introduction and notes ( rev . American ed , 1948 , NY , Bloch Publ'g ) pages 487 -- 488 ( but the date of the Blitz attack may be in error ) . External links ( edit ) This article 's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia 's policies or guidelines . Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links , and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references . 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who has the highest score on dancing with the stars	Rank Season Place Celebrity Professional Average Score 18 Champion Meryl Davis Maksim Chmerkovskiy 28.40 6 Champion Kristi Yamaguchi Mark Ballas 28.33 8 Runner - up Gilles Marini Cheryl Burke 28.06 15 Champion Melissa Rycroft Tony Dovolani 28.00 20 Runner - up Riker Lynch Allison Holker 6 25 Champion Jordan Fisher Lindsay Arnold 27.94 7 15 Runner - up Shawn Johnson Derek Hough 27.93 8 21 Champion Bindi Irwin Derek Hough 27.88 9 14 Runner - up Katherine Jenkins Mark Ballas 27.87 18 Runner - up Amy Purdy Derek Hough 11 17 Champion Amber Riley Derek Hough 27.75 20 Champion Rumer Willis Valentin Chmerkovskiy 13 3rd Place Stacy Keibler Tony Dovolani 27.73 Champion Drew Lachey Cheryl Burke 15 23 Champion Laurie Hernandez Valentin Chmerkovskiy 27.70 19 Champion Alfonso Ribeiro Witney Carson 17 Runner - up Mario Lopez Karina Smirnoff 27.60 5 Runner - up Mel B Maksim Chmerkovskiy 19 15 6th Place Gilles Marini Peta Murgatroyd 27.55 20 20 4th Place Nastia Liukin Derek Hough 27.54 21 Champion Apolo Anton Ohno Julianne Hough 27.53 10 Champion Nicole Scherzinger Derek Hough 23 Runner - up Joey Fatone Kym Johnson 27.47 14 3rd Place William Levy Cheryl Burke 23 Runner - up James Hinchcliffe Sharna Burgess 26 24 3rd Place Normani Kordei Valentin Chmerkovskiy 27.45 27 16 Champion Kellie Pickler Derek Hough 27.40 28 17 Runner - up Corbin Bleu Karina Smirnoff 27.38 19 3rd Place Janel Parrish Valentin Chmerkovskiy 30 16 Runner - up Zendaya Valentin Chmerkovskiy 27.33 31 9 Runner - up Mýa Dmitry Chaplin 27.29 32 15 5th Place Apolo Anton Ohno Karina Smirnoff 27.25 33 19 4th Place Bethany Mota Derek Hough 27.20 34 11 Champion Jennifer Grey Derek Hough 27.18 21 Runner - up Nick Carter Sharna Burgess 36 5 Champion Hélio Castroneves Julianne Hough 27.13 22 Runner - up Paige VanZant Mark Ballas 38 15 8th Place Sabrina Bryan Louis Van Amstel 27.07 39 7 Champion Brooke Burke Derek Hough 27.06 14 Champion Donald Driver Peta Murgatroyd 41 25 Runner - up Lindsey Stirling Mark Ballas 27.05 42 3rd Place Laila Ali Maksim Chmerkovskiy 27.00 5 7th Place Sabrina Bryan Mark Ballas 18 5th Place Charlie White Sharna Burgess 24 Champion Rashad Jennings Emma Slater	Meryl Davis\|Maksim Chmerkovskiy	Dancing with the Stars ( U.S. TV series )	dancing with the stars ( u. s. tv series )	Dancing with the Stars is an American dance competition television series that premiered on June 1 , 2005 , on ABC . It is the US version of the UK series Strictly Come Dancing . The show is hosted by Tom Bergeron , alongside Erin Andrews , who became co-host in season eighteen . Lisa Canning was co-host in the first season , Samantha Harris co-hosted seasons two through nine and Brooke Burke - Charvet in seasons ten through seventeen . On May 12 , 2017 , it was announced that the series had been renewed for season 26 .	The format of the show consists of a celebrity paired with a professional dancer . Each couple performs predetermined dances and competes against the others for judges ' points and audience votes . The couple receiving the lowest combined total of judges ' points and audience votes is eliminated each week until only the champion dance pair remains . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 1.1 Hosts 1.2 Judging panel 1.3 Cast timeline 1.4 Couples 1.5 Dance troupe and musicians 2 Series overview 3 Scoring and voting procedure 4 General information 4.1 Payment 4.2 Withdrawals 4.3 Macy 's Stars of Dance : Design a Dance 5 Special episodes 5.1 100th episode 5.2 200th episode 5.3 300th episode 5.4 400th episode 5.5 10th Anniversary Special 5.6 Tributes 6 Records 6.1 Average 6.2 Perfect scores 6.3 Professionals with perfect scores 7 Merchandise 7.1 Cardio dance DVDs 7.2 Companion book 7.3 Spin - offs 7.4 Tours 8 Reception 8.1 U.S. Nielsen ratings 9 Awards and nominations 9.1 Emmy Awards 9.2 Others 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Cast Hosts Tom Bergeron has been the host since the program 's premiere in 2005 . In season 1 , his co-host was Lisa Canning . She was replaced by Samantha Harris for seasons 2 through 9 ( 2006 -- 09 ) , who was then replaced by Brooke Burke - Charvet from seasons 10 through 17 ( 2010 -- 13 ) . Erin Andrews took over as co-host starting in season 18 ( 2014 ) . Drew Lachey served as a temporary replacement for Harris during season 5 ( 2007 ) during her absence for 3 weeks due to maternity leave . Leah Remini filled in for Andrews in week 6 of season 19 , due to commitments with the 2014 World Series and filled in for her again in weeks 6 and 7 of season 21 for the 2015 World Series . Season 19 champion Alfonso Ribeiro filled in for Bergeron on week 4 of season 21 , due to Bergeron 's ailing father . Judging panel The regular judges are Len Goodman , who serves as head judge , Carrie Ann Inaba , and Bruno Tonioli . Goodman was absent for much of season 19 , all of season 21 , and much of season 23 . Julianne Hough , who was a professional dancing partner for seasons 4 -- 8 , was added as a full - time judge on the panel for 3 seasons , 19 -- 21 , after having been a guest judge in the previous 2 seasons . She did not return for season 22 . Hough did return as a full - time judge for seasons 23 and 24 but did not return for season 25 . Several former contestants appeared as judges in episode 200 ( in season 11 ) , including Hélio Castroneves , Mel B , Drew Lachey , Gilles Marini , Kelly Osbourne , and Emmitt Smith . Other celebrities , most often those who are associated with the world of dancing , former professional dancers , and past contestants have appeared as the 4th judge or in absence of 1 of the main judges , including Paula Abdul , Donnie Burns , Nick Carter , Cher , Maksim Chmerkovskiy , Michael Flatley , Kevin Hart , Jessie J , Baz Luhrmann , Ricky Martin , Idina Menzel , Abby Lee Miller , Mandy Moore , Olivia Newton - John , Kenny Ortega , Donny Osmond , Pitbull , Redfoo , Alfonso Ribeiro , Robin Roberts , Shania Twain , and Zendaya . Cast timeline Color key : Host Co-host Contestant Professional Judge Musical director Guest Judge Cast member Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Tom Bergeron Lisa Canning Samantha Harris Brooke Burke - Charvet Erin Andrews Carrie Ann Inaba Bruno Tonioli Len Goodman Julianne Hough Harold Wheeler Ray Chew Couples See also : List of Dancing with the Stars ( U.S. ) competitors A total of 286 celebrities have appeared in the 25 seasons of the series . For each season , the celebrities are paired with a professional partner who instructs them in the various dances each week and competes alongside them in the televised competition . A total of 44 professional partners have appeared alongside celebrities , some for only one season ( mostly in the earliest seasons ) . Key : Won the season Placed second in the season Placed third in the season Placed last in the season Withdrew in the season ( show ) Professional dancer Season 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Alan Bersten N / A Debbie Gibson Alec Mazo Kelly Monaco N / A Paulina Porizkova Josie Maran N / A Toni Braxton N / A Natalie Coughlin N / A Allison Holker N / A Jonathan Bennett Riker Lynch Andy Grammer N / A Kenny `` Babyface '' Edmonds N / A Andrea Hale N / A Kenny Mayne N / A Anna Demidova N / A Michael Irvin N / A Anna Trebunskaya N / A Jerry Rice N / A Albert Reed Steve Guttenberg N / A Chuck Liddell Evan Lysacek Kurt Warner Sugar Ray Leonard Carson Kressley Jack Wagner Drew Lachey N / A Gary Busey N / A Artem Chigvintsev N / A Lea Thompson Patti LaBelle N / A Mischa Barton Maureen McCormick Nancy Kerrigan Nikki Bella Ashly DelGrosso Joey McIntyre Master P Harry Hamlin N / A Buzz Aldrin N / A Brian Fortuna N / A Shandi Finnessey N / A Charlotte Jørgensen John O'Hurley N / A Chelsie Hightower N / A Ty Murray Louie Vito Jake Pavelka Michael Bolton Romeo Miller N / A Roshon Fegan Hélio Castroneves N / A Cheryl Burke N / A Drew Lachey Emmitt Smith Ian Ziering Wayne Newton Cristián de la Fuente Maurice Greene Gilles Marini Tom DeLay Chad Ochocinco Rick Fox Chris Jericho Rob Kardashian William Levy Emmitt Smith D.L. Hughley Jack Osbourne Drew Carey Antonio Sabàto , Jr . N / A Ryan Lochte N / A Terrell Owens Corky Ballas N / A Cloris Leachman N / A Florence Henderson N / A Damian Whitewood N / A Pamela Anderson N / A Derek Hough N / A Jennie Garth Shannon Elizabeth Brooke Burke Lil ' Kim Joanna Krupa Nicole Scherzinger Jennifer Grey N / A Ricki Lake Maria Menounos Shawn Johnson Kellie Pickler Amber Riley Amy Purdy Bethany Mota Nastia Liukin Bindi Irwin N / A Marilu Henner N / A Dmitry Chaplin N / A Holly Madison Mýa N / A Petra Nemcova N / A Edyta Śliwińska Evander Holyfield George Hamilton Joey Lawrence John Ratzenburger Cameron Mathison Jason Taylor Jeffrey Ross Lawrence Taylor Ashley Hamilton Aiden Turner N / A Geraldo Rivera N / A Elena Grinenko N / A Tucker Carlson Clyde Drexler N / A Emma Slater N / A Bill Engvall Billy Dee Williams Michael Waltrip Redfoo Hayes Grier N / A Rick Perry Rashad Jennings Drew Scott Fabian Sanchez N / A Marlee Matlin N / A Gleb Savchenko N / A Lisa Vanderpump N / A Jana Kramer Erika Jayne Sasha Pieterse Henry Byalikov N / A Diana Nyad N / A Inna Brayer N / A Ted McGinley N / A Jenna Johnson N / A Jake T. Austin N / A Jesse DeSoto N / A Shanna Moakler N / A Jonathan Roberts Rachel Hunter Giselle Fernandez N / A Heather Mills Marie Osmond Monica Seles N / A Belinda Carlisle Macy Gray N / A Julianne Hough N / A Apolo Anton Ohno Hélio Castroneves Adam Carolla Cody Linley Chuck Wicks N / A Karina Smirnoff N / A Mario Lopez Billy Ray Cyrus Floyd Mayweather , Jr . Mario Rocco DiSpirito Steve Wozniak Aaron Carter N / A Michael `` The Situation '' Sorrentino Ralph Macchio J.R. Martinez Gavin DeGraw Apolo Anton Ohno Jacoby Jones Corbin Bleu Sean Avery Randy Couture N / A Victor Espinoza Doug Flutie N / A Keo Motsepe N / A Lolo Jones Charlotte McKinney Chaka Khan Jodie Sweetin N / A Charo Barbara Corcoran Kym Johnson - Herjavec N / A Jerry Springer Joey Fatone Mark Cuban Penn Jillette Warren Sapp David Alan Grier Donny Osmond N / A David Hasselhoff Hines Ward David Arquette Jaleel White Joey Fatone Ingo Rademacher N / A Robert Herjavec N / A Mr. T N / A Lacey Schwimmer N / A Lance Bass Steve - O Mark Dacascos N / A Kyle Massey Mike Catherwood Chaz Bono N / A Lindsay Arnold N / A Victor Ortiz N / A Alek Skarlatos Wanya Morris Calvin Johnson , Jr . David Ross Jordan Fisher Louis van Amstel Trista Sutter Lisa Rinna Monique Coleman N / A Priscilla Presley N / A Kelly Osbourne Niecy Nash Margaret Cho Kendra Wilkinson N / A Sabrina Bryan N / A Paula Deen N / A Maksim Chmerkovskiy N / A Tia Carrere Willa Ford Laila Ali Melanie Brown N / A Misty May - Treanor Denise Richards Debi Mazar Erin Andrews Brandy Norwood Kirstie Alley Hope Solo Melissa Gilbert Kirstie Alley N / A Meryl Davis N / A Amber Rose Heather Morris Vanessa Lachey Mark Ballas N / A Sabrina Bryan Kristi Yamaguchi Kim Kardashian Shawn Johnson Melissa Joan Hart Shannen Doherty Bristol Palin Chelsea Kane Kristin Cavallari Katherine Jenkins Bristol Palin Alexandra Raisman Christina Milian Candace Cameron Bure Sadie Robertson Willow Shields Alexa PenaVega Paige VanZant N / A Lindsey Stirling Nick Kosovich N / A Tatum O'Neal Vivica A. Fox N / A Peta Murgatroyd N / A Metta World Peace Donald Driver Gilles Marini Sean Lowe Brant Daugherty James Maslow Tommy Chong Michael Sam N / A Nyle DiMarco N / A Nick Viall Nick Lachey Sasha Farber N / A Nicole `` Snooki '' Polizzi N / A Kim Fields Terra Jolé Simone Biles N / A Sharna Burgess N / A Andy Dick Keyshawn Johnson Charlie White Tavis Smiley Noah Galloway Nick Carter Antonio Brown James Hinchcliffe Bonner Bolton Derek Fisher Tony Dovolani N / A Stacy Keibler Sara Evans Leeza Gibbons Jane Seymour Marissa Jaret Winokur Susan Lucci Melissa Rycroft Kathy Ireland Kate Gosselin Audrina Patridge Wendy Williams Chynna Phillips Martina Navratilova Melissa Rycroft Wynonna Judd Leah Remini NeNe Leakes Betsey Johnson Suzanne Somers Kim Zolciak - Biermann Marla Maples N / A Tristan MacManus N / A Nancy Grace Gladys Knight Pamela Anderson Dorothy Hamill Valerie Harper N / A Tyne Stecklein N / A Bill Nye N / A Valentin Chmerkovskiy N / A Elisabetta Canalis Sherri Shepherd Kelly Monaco Zendaya Elizabeth Berkley Lauren Danica McKellar Janel Parrish Rumer Willis Tamar Braxton Ginger Zee Laurie Hernandez Normani Kordei Victoria Arlen Witney Carson N / A Cody Simpson Alfonso Ribeiro Chris Soules Carlos PenaVega Von Miller Vanilla Ice Chris Kattan Frankie Muniz Dance troupe and musicians In season 12 , the show introduced the troupe consisting of professional dancers who perform on the show but are not paired with celebrity partners . The first troupe in season 12 included Oksana Dmytrenko , Tristan MacManus , Peta Murgatroyd , Kiki Nyemchek , Nicole Volynets , and Ted Volynets . Members of the season 25 troupe are Artur Adamski , Brandon Armstrong , Hayley Erbert , Sasha Farber , Jenna Johnson , and Britt Stewart . Other past troupe members include Sharna Burgess , Dasha Chesnokova , Emma Slater , Henry Byalikov , Sonny Fredie Pedersen , Witney Carson , Julz Tocker , Lindsay Arnold , Gleb Savchenko , Artem Chigvintsev , Alan Bersten , Brittany Cherry , Shannon Holtzapffel , Dennis Jauch , Kiril Kulish , and Keo Motsepe . Key : Active member of the troupe Professional partner ( show ) Troupe members Dancers Seasons 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Artur Adamski Brandon Armstrong Lindsay Arnold Alan Bersten Sharna Burgess Henry Byalikov Witney Carson Dasha Chesnokova Brittany Cherry Artem Chigvintsev Oksana Dmytrenko Hayley Erbert Sasha Farber Shannon Holtzapffel Dennis Jauch Jenna Johnson Kiril Kulish Tristan MacManus Keo Motsepe Peta Murgatroyd Kiki Nyemchek Sonny Fredie Pedersen Gleb Savchenko Emma Slater Britt Stewart Julz Tocker Nicole Volynets Ted Volynets For 17 seasons , the Harold Wheeler orchestra and singers provided the live music for the show . On Feb 7 , 2014 , it was announced that the new bandleader is Ray Chew . Along with him is a new band of instrumentalists and singers . Series overview Season Number of Duration dates Partners in the finals Couples Weeks First place Second place Third place 6 6 June 1 -- July 6 , 2005 Kelly Monaco & Alec Mazo John O'Hurley & Charlotte Jørgensen Joey McIntyre & Ashly DelGrosso 10 8 January 5 -- February 24 , 2006 Drew Lachey & Cheryl Burke Jerry Rice & Anna Trebunskaya Stacy Keibler & Tony Dovolani 11 10 September 12 -- November 15 , 2006 Emmitt Smith & Cheryl Burke Mario Lopez & Karina Smirnoff Joey Lawrence & Edyta Śliwińska 11 10 March 19 -- May 22 , 2007 Apolo Anton Ohno & Julianne Hough Joey Fatone & Kym Johnson Laila Ali & Maksim Chmerkovskiy 5 12 10 September 24 -- November 27 , 2007 Hélio Castroneves & Julianne Hough Mel B & Maksim Chmerkovskiy Marie Osmond & Jonathan Roberts 6 12 10 March 17 -- May 20 , 2008 Kristi Yamaguchi & Mark Ballas Jason Taylor & Edyta Śliwińska Cristián de la Fuente & Cheryl Burke 7 13 10 September 22 -- November 25 , 2008 Brooke Burke & Derek Hough Warren Sapp & Kym Johnson Lance Bass & Lacey Schwimmer 8 13 11 March 9 -- May 19 , 2009 Shawn Johnson & Mark Ballas Gilles Marini & Cheryl Burke Melissa Rycroft & Tony Dovolani 9 16 10 September 21 -- November 24 , 2009 Donny Osmond ‡ & Kym Johnson Mýa & Dmitry Chaplin Kelly Osbourne & Louis Van Amstel 10 11 10 March 22 -- May 25 , 2010 Nicole Scherzinger & Derek Hough Evan Lysacek & Anna Trebunskaya Erin Andrews & Maksim Chmerkovskiy 11 12 10 September 20 -- November 23 , 2010 Jennifer Grey ‡ & Derek Hough Kyle Massey & Lacey Schwimmer Bristol Palin & Mark Ballas 12 11 10 March 21 -- May 24 , 2011 Hines Ward & Kym Johnson Kirstie Alley & Maksim Chmerkovskiy Chelsea Kane & Mark Ballas 13 12 10 September 19 -- November 22 , 2011 J.R. Martinez & Karina Smirnoff Rob Kardashian & Cheryl Burke Ricki Lake & Derek Hough 14 12 10 March 19 -- May 22 , 2012 Donald Driver & Peta Murgatroyd Katherine Jenkins & Mark Ballas William Levy & Cheryl Burke 15 13 10 September 24 -- November 27 , 2012 Melissa Rycroft & Tony Dovolani Shawn Johnson & Derek Hough Kelly Monaco & Valentin Chmerkovskiy 16 12 10 March 18 -- May 21 , 2013 Kellie Pickler & Derek Hough Zendaya & Valentin Chmerkovskiy Jacoby Jones & Karina Smirnoff 17 12 11 September 16 -- November 26 , 2013 Amber Riley & Derek Hough Corbin Bleu & Karina Smirnoff Jack Osbourne & Cheryl Burke 18 12 10 March 17 -- May 20 , 2014 Meryl Davis & Maksim Chmerkovskiy Amy Purdy & Derek Hough Candace Cameron Bure & Mark Ballas 19 13 11 September 15 -- November 25 , 2014 Alfonso Ribeiro & Witney Carson Sadie Robertson & Mark Ballas Janel Parrish & Valentin Chmerkovskiy 20 12 10 March 16 -- May 19 , 2015 Rumer Willis & Valentin Chmerkovskiy Riker Lynch & Allison Holker Noah Galloway & Sharna Burgess 21 13 11 September 14 -- November 24 , 2015 Bindi Irwin & Derek Hough Nick Carter & Sharna Burgess Alek Skarlatos & Lindsay Arnold 22 12 10 March 21 -- May 24 , 2016 Nyle DiMarco & Peta Murgatroyd Paige VanZant & Mark Ballas Ginger Zee & Valentin Chmerkovskiy 23 13 11 September 12 -- November 22 , 2016 Laurie Hernandez * & Valentin Chmerkovskiy James Hinchcliffe & Sharna Burgess Calvin Johnson Jr . & Lindsay Arnold 24 12 10 March 20 -- May 23 , 2017 Rashad Jennings & Emma Slater David Ross & Lindsay Arnold Normani Kordei & Valentin Chmerkovskiy 25 13 10 September 18 -- November 21 , 2017 Jordan Fisher * & Lindsay Arnold Lindsey Stirling & Mark Ballas Frankie Muniz & Witney Carson * Youngest male winner at age 23 ; youngest female winner at age 16 ‡ Oldest male winner at age 52 ; oldest female winner at age 50 Scoring and voting procedure In seasons 1 and 2 , only the overall ranking between competitors by the judges and the public was relevant . In season 3 and all subsequent seasons , the scoring system has made the exact scores relevant as well . The scoring begins with the judges ' marks . Each judge gives a numeric score from 1 to 10 , for a total score of 3 to 30 . The scoring was altered for the `` all - star '' season 15 , during which judges could give scores at 1 / 2 - point intervals from 0.5 to 10 , for a total score of 1.5 to 30 . When multiple performances are scored , only the cumulative total counts . The contestants ' judges ' shares are calculated as the % of the total number of points awarded to all contestants that evening . ( For example , if a team earned 20 pts on a night when the judges awarded 200 pts , their judges ' share would be 20 / 200 = 10 % . ) This % is then added to the % of North American votes received by each contestant . The bottom 2 couples are identified at the end of the show , and the couple with the lowest combined total gets eliminated . Season 8 added an occasional ' dance - off ' , in which contestants could re-do 1 of their dances , in an effort to improve their judges ' score . This was later discontinued . Public voting is conducted via a toll - free number , the ABC website , and , most recently , text messages and Facebook ; contestants can vote during and immediately after each performance show . The maximum number of votes per voter per medium is equal to the number of couples performing that night , or 5 votes , whichever is larger . In April 2010 , it was revealed that former contestant Kate Gosselin had e-mailed friends and family asking them to vote as many as 10x each . In Nov 2010 , the Washington Post reported that online voting appeared not to require a valid email address , and accordingly that numerous votes apparently could be cast by 1 person . In several cases where ESPN coverage of Monday Night Football airs instead on an ABC affiliate in an NFL team 's home market , the program is delayed to air immediately after that station 's local news , and a voting window confined only to the area codes of the pre-empted market is opened up to allow affected viewers to still put their votes in for the competition , though this is on a market - by - market basis ( in some markets , an alternate sister station or digital subchannel carries the program live as scheduled ) . Seasons 1 and 3 featured only 2 celebrities in the final week instead of 3 . Starting with season 16 , 4 celebrities made it into the final week , although the top 3 finalists proceeded to dance 1 more time for the judges after the 4th place couple was announced . In season 20 , there were 3 celebrities in the final week , but in seasons 21 , 23 and 25 , there were 4 . In seasons 22 and 24 , there were only 3 celebrities in the final week . General information Payment On the April 18 , 2006 episode of the Howard Stern Radio Show , Stern 's wife Beth said that she was guaranteed to earn $125,000 for just appearing on DWTS ( in season 3 ) and could earn up to more than double the original sum , depending on how long she lasted on the program . In season 21 , Bindi Irwin had her payments withheld by a Los Angeles County Superior Court judge because she was a minor , which therefore required her parents to sign - off on the contract . But although her mother signed , the contract lacked her father 's signature , so the judge refused to validate the contract , despite Irwin 's father being the world - famous naturalist Steve Irwin , whose death in 2006 had been widely covered in the news / media . The judge later validated the contract once Steve Irwin 's death certificate was presented to the court , resulting in Bindi receiving a $350,000 paycheck from the show . Withdrawals The first person to withdraw from competition was Romeo in season 2 . His father , Master P , took his place in the competition before the beginning of broadcasts , being partnered with Ashly DelGrosso . However , Romeo later competed in season 12 and finished in 5th place . He was partnered with Chelsie Hightower . On week six in season three , Sara Evans cited her divorce as the reason for leaving the competition . No one was eliminated that week . Another withdrawal occurred during the run - up to season four on February 28 , when Vincent Pastore withdrew from the competition after only one week of training . Pastore said he did not realize how much work was needed during a ten - week period , and that he was not up to the physical demands of the show . He was replaced on March 2 by Pixar voice actor John Ratzenberger who was partnered with Edyta Sliwinska . In season seven , Misty May - Treanor withdrew from the competition in week three , after rupturing her Achilles tendon when rehearsing her jive with her partner , Maksim Chmerkovskiy . She did not perform the routine at all nor was she scored for it ; no one else was eliminated that week . In season eight , Jewel and Nancy O'Dell were injured before the season even began and could not compete . Jewel was diagnosed with fractured tibias in both legs ; she came back later in the season to perform `` Somewhere Over the Rainbow '' on a results show . O'Dell suffered from a torn knee cartilage . They were replaced by Holly Madison and Melissa Rycroft who would be dancing with their partners for the rest of the season ( Dmitry Chaplin and Tony Dovolani ) . Tom DeLay , in season nine , withdrew in week three of competition due to a full stress fracture that had developed in both feet from an earlier pre-stress fracture in one foot . DeLay was declared safe before he announced his withdrawal during the October 6 , 2009 results show . Debi Mazar was still eliminated that night despite DeLay 's departure . In season sixteen , Olympic figure skating champion Dorothy Hamill had to withdraw from the competition due to doctor 's orders for a spinal injury . A cyst had developed near her lower spine , and was pinching off the nerve in that area . Either boxing champion Victor Ortiz or reality TV star Lisa Vanderpump would 've been eliminated , but Hamill withdrew before the results could be announced , meaning that no one was eliminated that week . In season eighteen , week three , actor Billy Dee Williams withdrew , by advice from a doctor , due to a chronic back problem ( which resulted in no elimination that week ) . In season twenty - one , week three , reality TV star Kim Zolciak - Biermann was forced to withdraw from the competition after suffering a blood clot which resulted in a mini stroke ( which resulted in no elimination that week ) . Tamar Braxton also withdrew from the season due to blood clots in her lungs making it the first season to have two withdrawals in it . Macy 's Stars of dance : design a dance Beginning season 7 , viewers had the opportunity to vote for their favorite pros ( or in some cases former contestants ) to dance to a style of dance as well as a song to dance to . An online contest is also usually held so viewers can submit drawings of outfits for the performance . Special Episodes 100th episode The show celebrated its 100th episode on Tuesday , May 6 , 2008 , during week 8 of season 6 . More than 30 former cast members and pros returned , with interviews with Stacy Keibler , Lisa Rinna , Jerry Springer , Vivica A. Fox , Joey Fatone , Kenny Mayne , Sabrina Bryan , and former winners Kelly Monaco , Drew Lachey , and Apolo Anton Ohno . Other appearances , besides the season 6 cast , included Paula Abdul ( in a video introduction ) , Jane Seymour , Ian Ziering , Mark Cuban , Wayne Newton , Leeza Gibbons , Harry Hamlin , Shandi Finnessey , and Hélio Castroneves . New routines were performed by Apolo Anton Ohno and Julianne Hough , Mel B and Maksim Chmerkovskiy , and by Mario Lopez with the cast of A Chorus Line , in which he was starring on Broadway . The musical guest was country group Rascal Flatts . Judges ' top 10 dances The judges also presented a countdown of their choices for the top 10 perfect - scoring dances of the 1st 5 seasons . Their choices were : No . Celebrity Professional Season Week Dance Place Mario Lopez Karina Smirnoff 9 Tango 2nd Mel B Maksim Chmerkovskiy 5 7 Paso doble 2nd Stacy Keibler Tony Dovolani 8 Samba 3rd Drew Lachey Cheryl Burke 8 Freestyle 1st 5 Helio Castroneves Julianne Hough 5 8 Quickstep 1st 6 Joey Fatone Kym Johnson 7 Jive 2nd 7 Apolo Anton Ohno Julianne Hough 9 Quickstep 1st 8 Emmitt Smith Cheryl Burke 9 Cha - cha - cha 1st 9 Sabrina Bryan Mark Ballas 5 Paso doble 7th 10 Kelly Monaco Alec Mazo 6 Freestyle 1st 200th episode In season 11 , viewers were allowed 2 votes per day on the DWTS website to vote for their favorite out of 30 given choices . On Oct 25 , 2010 , a countdown of the Top 10 voted for dances on the show was reported to celebrate the following week when the 200th show would be . No . Celebrity Professional Season Week Dance Place Drew Lachey Cheryl Burke 8 Freestyle 1st Gilles Marini Cheryl Burke 8 Argentine tango 2nd Apolo Anton Ohno Julianne Hough 5 Samba 1st Nicole Scherzinger Derek Hough 10 8 1950 's Paso doble 1st 5 Mel B Maksim Chmerkovskiy 5 7 Paso doble 2nd 6 Joanna Krupa Derek Hough 9 8 Futuristic Paso doble 4th 7 Apolo Anton Ohno Julianne Hough 10 Freestyle 1st 8 Helio Castroneves Julianne Hough 5 8 Quickstep 1st 9 Donny Osmond Kym Johnson 9 5 Argentine tango 1st 10 Shawn Johnson Mark Ballas 8 11 Freestyle 1st On the actual 200th show , several dances were performed again on the show and 6 of the past fan favorites came back to judge ; Helio Castroneves , Emmitt Smith , Drew Lachey , Kelly Osbourne , Gilles Marini , Mel B , and more . The couples re-created their most memorable routines on the 200th episode ; Kristi Yamaguchi and Apolo Ohno served as team captains for the team dances . Yamaguchi 's team consisted of Rick & Cheryl , Kyle & Lacey and Bristol & Mark , while Brandy & Maksim , Jennifer & Derek and Kurt & Anna were on Ohno 's team . On the results show of November 2 , some awards were given out to past celebrity contestants and professionals . Category Winner Most Dramatic Moment Marie Osmond Worst Dancer Kenny Mayne Biggest Dancer Transformation Louis van Amstel 300th episode The 300th episode took place on the week 9 results show of season 16 . 22 past and present pros performed an opening number choreographed by Jason Gilkinson . Past pros who performed were Chelsie Hightower , Dmitry Chaplin , Louis Van Amstel , and Anna Trebunskaya . Kellie Pickler and Derek Hough danced their `` Argentine tango '' as the week 's encore . However , the top 10 dances were not revealed , nor were the achievements . 400th episode The 400th episode took place on the season premiere of the twenty - fourth season . Tom Bergeron did mention so ; however , no special dances took place . 10th anniversary special On April 28 , 2015 , during season 20 , a special pre-recorded episode aired as a 10th anniversary special with many former stars and professional dancers returning to the ballroom . Many past stars performed and reflected on their time on the show . Patti LaBelle , Amber Riley , and Lil ' Kim performed LaBelle 's `` Lady Marmalade '' . The show closed with the largest number of people dancing in the show 's history as stars , pros , hosts , and judges were all out on the dance floor . Tributes In seasons 9 and 10 , three tribute performances were done to honor the memory of artists and others . The first was a tribute to recently deceased actor Patrick Swayze , on Sep 23 , 2009 . `` She 's Like the Wind '' from the Dirty Dancing soundtrack ( originally written by Swayze for Dirty Dancing ) , `` Unchained Melody '' from his film Ghost , and `` ( I 've had ) the Time of my Life '' from Dirty Dancing were performed by select professional dancers of the show . On Oct 20 , 2009 , a tribute was done for singer and dancer , Michael Jackson . `` I Want You Back '' , `` Man in the Mirror '' , and `` Thriller '' were performed -- the first two songs by select professional dancers of the show , and all coming together for `` Thriller '' . In season 10 , professional Haitian dancers performed as a tribute to victims of the 2010 Haiti earthquake on March 30 , 2010 . One of the male dancers , Emmanuel Pierre - Antoine , had lost his son in the rubble . They were dancing to `` Dance Like This '' by Wyclef Jean . In season 24 , to honor the passing of season 11 contestant Florence Henderson on November 24 , 2016 , a special tribute to Henderson was displayed on the dance floor . The season 24 premiere aired on March 20 , 2017 . Records Average This is a list of the celebrities with the highest averages . All averages above 27 out of a possible 30 are shown here . ( Averages out of 40 were rounded to be out of 30 ) Rank Season Place Celebrity Professional Average Score 18 Champion Meryl Davis Maksim Chmerkovskiy 28.40 6 Champion Kristi Yamaguchi Mark Ballas 28.33 8 Runner - up Gilles Marini Cheryl Burke 28.06 15 Champion Melissa Rycroft Tony Dovolani 28.00 20 Runner - up Riker Lynch Allison Holker 6 25 Champion Jordan Fisher Lindsay Arnold 27.94 7 15 Runner - up Shawn Johnson Derek Hough 27.93 8 21 Champion Bindi Irwin Derek Hough 27.88 9 14 Runner - up Katherine Jenkins Mark Ballas 27.87 18 Runner - up Amy Purdy Derek Hough 11 17 Champion Amber Riley Derek Hough 27.75 20 Champion Rumer Willis Valentin Chmerkovskiy 13 3rd Place Stacy Keibler Tony Dovolani 27.73 Champion Drew Lachey Cheryl Burke 15 23 Champion Laurie Hernandez Valentin Chmerkovskiy 27.70 19 Champion Alfonso Ribeiro Witney Carson 17 Runner - up Mario Lopez Karina Smirnoff 27.60 5 Runner - up Mel B Maksim Chmerkovskiy 19 15 6th Place Gilles Marini Peta Murgatroyd 27.55 20 20 4th Place Nastia Liukin Derek Hough 27.54 21 Champion Apolo Anton Ohno Julianne Hough 27.53 10 Champion Nicole Scherzinger Derek Hough 23 Runner - up Joey Fatone Kym Johnson 27.47 14 3rd Place William Levy Cheryl Burke 23 Runner - up James Hinchcliffe Sharna Burgess 26 24 3rd Place Normani Kordei Valentin Chmerkovskiy 27.45 27 16 Champion Kellie Pickler Derek Hough 27.40 28 17 Runner - up Corbin Bleu Karina Smirnoff 27.38 19 3rd Place Janel Parrish Valentin Chmerkovskiy 30 16 Runner - up Zendaya Valentin Chmerkovskiy 27.33 31 9 Runner - up Mýa Dmitry Chaplin 27.29 32 15 5th Place Apolo Anton Ohno Karina Smirnoff 27.25 33 19 4th Place Bethany Mota Derek Hough 27.20 34 11 Champion Jennifer Grey Derek Hough 27.18 21 Runner - up Nick Carter Sharna Burgess 36 5 Champion Hélio Castroneves Julianne Hough 27.13 22 Runner - up Paige VanZant Mark Ballas 38 15 8th Place Sabrina Bryan Louis Van Amstel 27.07 39 7 Champion Brooke Burke Derek Hough 27.06 14 Champion Donald Driver Peta Murgatroyd 41 25 Runner - up Lindsey Stirling Mark Ballas 27.05 42 3rd Place Laila Ali Maksim Chmerkovskiy 27.00 5 7th Place Sabrina Bryan Mark Ballas 18 5th Place Charlie White Sharna Burgess 24 Champion Rashad Jennings Emma Slater Perfect scores This is a list of celebrities who earned perfect scores ( team dances are not included ) . Number of Perfect Scores Season Place Celebrity Professional 9 25 Champion Jordan Fisher Lindsay Arnold 8 21 23 Champion Champion Bindi Irwin Laurie Hernandez Derek Hough Valentin Chmerkovskiy 6 11 18 20 Champion Champion Champion Jennifer Grey Meryl Davis Rumer Willis Derek Hough Maksim Chmerkovskiy Valentin Chmerkovskiy 5 5 8 15 16 19 19 20 21 24 25 Champion Runner - up Runner - up Runner - up Champion Runner - up Champion 3rd Place Runner - up Runner - up 3rd Place Runner - up Apolo Anton Ohno Joey Fatone Mel B Gilles Marini Melissa Rycroft Zendaya Alfonso Ribeiro Janel Parrish Riker Lynch Nick Carter Normani Kordei Lindsey Stirling Julianne Hough Kym Johnson Maksim Chmerkovskiy Cheryl Burke Tony Dovolani Valentin Chmerkovskiy Witney Carson Valentin Chmerkovskiy Allison Holker Sharna Burgess Valentin Chmerkovskiy Mark Ballas 5 6 9 10 12 13 14 15 16 17 22 23 23 23 3rd Place 3rd Place Champion Champion Runner - up Champion Champion Champion 3rd Place Runner - up Champion Champion Runner - up Runner - up 3rd Place 4th Place Stacy Keibler Laila Ali Hélio Castroneves Kristi Yamaguchi Mýa Nicole Scherzinger Hines Ward J.R. Martinez William Levy Shawn Johnson Kellie Pickler Amber Riley Paige VanZant James Hinchcliffe Calvin Johnson , Jr . Jana Kramer Tony Dovolani Maksim Chmerkovskiy Julianne Hough Mark Ballas Dmitry Chaplin Derek Hough Kym Johnson Karina Smirnoff Cheryl Burke Derek Hough Derek Hough Derek Hough Mark Ballas Sharna Burgess Lindsay Arnold Gleb Savchenko 7 8 12 14 17 18 19 19 20 21 22 22 Champion Champion Runner - up Champion Champion 3rd Place Runner - up Runner - up Runner - up Runner - up 4th Place 4th Place 6th Place Champion 3rd Place Drew Lachey Emmitt Smith Mario Lopez Brooke Burke Shawn Johnson Chelsea Kane Katherine Jenkins Corbin Bleu Amy Purdy Sadie Robertson Bethany Mota Nastia Liukin Alexa PenaVega Nyle DiMarco Ginger Zee Cheryl Burke Cheryl Burke Karina Smirnoff Derek Hough Mark Ballas Mark Ballas Mark Ballas Karina Smirnoff Derek Hough Mark Ballas Derek Hough Derek Hough Mark Ballas Peta Murgatroyd Valentin Chmerkovskiy 8 9 10 13 13 14 14 15 16 16 17 18 18 20 21 21 22 23 24 24 25 3rd Place Champion Runner - up Runner - up 3rd Place Champion 4th Place 5th Place 3rd Place 4th Place 6th Place 4th Place 5th Place 3rd Place 3rd Place 4th Place 4th Place 5th Place Champion 4th Place 3rd Place Melissa Rycroft Donny Osmond Evan Lysacek Rob Kardashian Ricki Lake Donald Driver Maria Menounos Apolo Anton Ohno Jacoby Jones Alexandra Raisman Elizabeth Berkley Lauren James Maslow Charlie White Noah Galloway Alek Skarlatos Carlos PenaVega Wanya Morris Terra Jolé Rashad Jennings Simone Biles Frankie Muniz Tony Dovolani Kym Johnson Anna Trebunskaya Cheryl Burke Derek Hough Peta Murgatroyd Derek Hough Karina Smirnoff Karina Smirnoff Mark Ballas Valentin Chmerkovskiy Peta Murgatroyd Sharna Burgess Sharna Burgess Lindsay Arnold Witney Carson Lindsay Arnold Sasha Farber Emma Slater Sasha Farber Witney Carson 5 5 6 11 12 15 15 17 21 21 22 24 24 Champion 3rd Place 4th Place 4th Place 7th Place Runner - up 4th Place Runner - up 4th Place 8th Place 3rd Place 5th Place 7th Place 6th Place 2nd Place 8th Place Kelly Monaco Joey Lawrence Ian Ziering Jennie Garth Sabrina Bryan Jason Taylor Brandy Kirstie Alley Emmitt Smith Sabrina Bryan Jack Osbourne Tamar Braxton Andy Grammer Jodie Sweetin David Ross Heather Morris Alec Mazo Edyta Śliwińska Cheryl Burke Derek Hough Mark Ballas Edyta Śliwińska Maksim Chmerkovskiy Maksim Chmerkovskiy Cheryl Burke Louis Van Amstel Cheryl Burke Valentin Chmerkovskiy Allison Holker Keo Motsepe Lindsay Arnold Maksim Chmerkovskiy Shawn Johnson danced her Paso doble / Tango fusion dance with Mark Ballas instead of her partner Derek Hough due to him being injured . James Hinchcliffe danced his Viennese Waltz with Jenna Johnson instead of his partner Sharna Burgess due to her being injured . Nastia Liukin danced her Jive and Quickstep with Sasha Farber instead of her partner Derek Hough due to him being injured . For the switch - up week , Alexa PenaVega got a perfect score with Derek Hough instead of her original partner Mark Ballas . Professionals with perfect scores 46 : Derek Hough 35 : Valentin Chmerkovskiy 30 : Mark Ballas 20 : Cheryl Burke 18 : Maksim Chmerkovskiy , Lindsay Arnold 14 : Karina Smirnoff 12 : Sharna Burgess 11 : Kym Johnson , Tony Dovolani 9 : Julianne Hough , Witney Carson 7 : Peta Murgatroyd 6 : Allison Holker 4 : Dmitry Chaplin , Gleb Savchenko , Sasha Farber 2 : Anna Trebunskaya , Edyta Sliwinska , Emma Slater 1 : Alec Mazo , Louis Van Amstel , Keo Motsepe Merchandise Cardio dance dvds A DVD titled Dancing With The Stars : Cardio Dance was released on April 3 , 2007 featuring Kym Johnson , Maksim Chmerkovskiy and Ashly DelGrosso . The program contains cardiovascular workouts adapted from cha - cha , Paso doble , samba , and jive dance routines . A second DVD Dancing with the Stars : Latin Cardio Dance was released on September 13 , 2008 featuring Maksim Chmerkovskiy and Cheryl Burke . The program contains cardiovascular workouts adapted from cha - cha , Merengue , samba and mambo dance routines . Companion book A companion book written by Guy Phillips was released in the early fall of 2007 . Titled Dancing with the Stars : Jive , Samba and Tango Your Way Into The Best Shape Of Your Life , the book includes fitness routines modeled by Alec Mazo and Edyta Sliwinska , as well as original costume designs , lists of performed songs during a dance , and a complete list of song - and - dance routine performed since the first season of the show . Spin - offs The first Dancing spin - off , Dance War : Bruno vs. Carrie Ann , premiered on January 7 , 2008 on ABC . The show 's format was similar to the BBC Television series , DanceX . The show was canceled after 1 season . A figure skating spin - off similar to ITV 's Dancing on Ice called Skating with the Stars aired on ABC on November 22 , 2010 . The series was canceled after one season . On May 16 , 2017 , a Dancing with the Stars Junior spin - off was announced . The dance competition spin - off was originally set to premiere in the spring of 2018 on ABC , and the format of the show will feature celebrity children and the children of celebrities paired with professional junior ballroom dancers . In January 2018 , ABC stated that Dancing with the Stars Junior is still in the works , but it did n't develop as quickly they hoped it would . So instead , the all - athletes edition will air in its place , with Dancing with the Stars Junior slated to air in summer 2018 . On November 21 , 2017 , ABC announced a special 4 - week all - athletes edition of Dancing with the Stars , set to premiere in the spring of 2018 on ABC , and is set to be considered more of a mini-season / spin - off than a regular season . The format will feature 10 athletes from all corners of the sports world paired with the show 's professional ballroom dancers for a chance at the Mirrorball . Bergeron and Andrews will return as hosts , with Bergeron confirming on Twitter that the athletes edition will start airing in late April . On January 8 , 2018 , ABC announced that the all - athletes edition would premiere on April 30 , 2018 . Tours An unofficial live tour show called Dancing Pros : Live ! toured with several Dancing pros since 2010 . A Dancing with the Stars : Live ! official tour was announced on November 3 , 2014 for the 2014 - 2015 season starting on December 27 , 2014 in Niagara Falls , New York and ending February 15 , 2015 hitting 33 cities . A second tour , `` Dancing with the Stars Live ! : Dance All Night '' was announced . A third tour , Dancing with the Stars : Live ! - We Came to Dance , was announced on October 3 , 2016 for 43 cities from December 16 , 2016 to February 14 , 2017 . A fourth tour , Dancing with the Stars : Light Up the Night , was announced in October 2017 and began on December 30 , 2017 in Charlotte , North Carolina , performing 71 shows and ending in Los Angeles . Reception In 2016 , a New York Times study of the 50 TV shows with the most Facebook Likes found that `` unlike So You Think You Can Dance , which is generally more of a city show , ' Dancing with the Stars ' is most popular in the countryside . It also has a higher share of ' likes ' from viewers aged 65 and up than any other show . U.S. Nielsen ratings Season Timeslot ( ET ) Episodes First aired Last aired TV season Rank Avg . viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Wednesday 9 : 00 p.m. 8 June 1 , 2005 ( 2005 - 06 - 01 ) 13.5 July 6 , 2005 ( 2005 - 07 - 06 ) 22.4 2004 -- 05 6 < 17 Thursday / Friday 8 : 00 p.m. 15 January 5 , 2006 ( 2006 - 01 - 05 ) N / A February 24 , 2006 ( 2006 - 02 - 24 ) N / A 2005 -- 06 7 18.6 Tuesday / Wednesday 8 : 00 p.m. 20 September 12 , 2006 ( 2006 - 09 - 12 ) N / A November 15 , 2006 ( 2006 - 11 - 15 ) N / A 2006 -- 07 20.7 Monday 8 : 00 p.m. Tuesday 9 : 00 p.m. 20 March 19 , 2007 ( 2007 - 03 - 19 ) N / A May 22 , 2007 ( 2007 - 05 - 22 ) N / A 2006 -- 07 5 20 5 21 September 24 , 2007 ( 2007 - 09 - 24 ) N / A November 27 , 2007 ( 2007 - 11 - 27 ) N / A 2007 -- 08 19.58 6 21 March 17 , 2008 ( 2008 - 03 - 17 ) 20.90 May 20 , 2008 ( 2008 - 05 - 20 ) 20.12 2007 -- 08 21.67 7 21 September 22 , 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 22 ) 21.12 November 25 , 2008 ( 2008 - 11 - 25 ) 20.58 2008 -- 09 19.76 8 21 March 9 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 09 ) 22.82 May 19 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 19 ) 20.12 2008 -- 09 19.76 9 23 September 21 , 2009 ( 2009 - 09 - 21 ) 17.79 November 24 , 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 24 ) 19.29 2009 -- 10 19.72 10 19 March 22 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 22 ) 24.19 May 25 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 25 ) 18.40 2009 -- 10 19.72 11 20 September 20 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 20 ) 20.99 November 23 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 23 ) 24.14 2010 -- 11 21.92 12 19 March 21 , 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 21 ) 22.65 May 24 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 24 ) 21.42 2010 -- 11 21.92 13 20 September 19 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 19 ) 19.03 November 22 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 22 ) 19.45 2011 -- 12 5 18.23 14 20 March 19 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 19 ) 18.79 May 22 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 22 ) 17.79 2011 -- 12 5 18.23 15 19 September 24 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 24 ) 14.11 November 27 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 27 ) 16.73 2012 -- 13 7 14.85 16 20 March 18 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 18 ) 17.06 May 21 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 21 ) 12.20 2012 -- 13 7 14.85 17 Monday 8 : 00 p.m. 12 September 16 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 16 ) 16.04 November 26 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 26 ) 14.75 2013 -- 14 5 15.2 18 11 March 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 17 ) 15.44 May 20 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 20 ) 15.07 2013 -- 14 5 15.2 19 Monday / Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 15 September 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 15 ) 13.64 November 25 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 25 ) 15.98 2014 -- 15 9 14.72 20 14 March 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 16 ) 14.16 May 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 19 ) 13.49 2014 -- 15 9 14.72 21 Monday 8 : 00 p.m. Tuesday 9 : 00 p.m. 14 September 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 14 ) 13.13 November 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 24 ) 13.49 2015 -- 16 8 13.44 22 Monday 8 : 00 p.m. 11 March 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 21 ) 12.46 May 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 24 ) 10.49 2015 -- 16 8 13.44 23 Monday / Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. 15 September 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 12 ) 12.19 November 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 22 ) 10.97 2016 -- 17 14 12.38 24 Monday 8 : 00 p.m. 11 March 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 20 ) 12.09 May 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 23 ) 8.91 2016 -- 17 14 12.38 25 12 September 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 18 ) 10.71 November 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 21 ) 9.20 2017 -- 18 19 11.23 Awards and nominations This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Emmy awards ( show ) Category Nominee ( s ) Result 58th Primetime Emmy Awards ( 2006 ) Outstanding Reality - Competition Program Richard Hopkins , Conrad Green Nominated Outstanding Art Direction For A Variety , Music Program , or Special Patrick Doherty , James Yarnell Outstanding Choreography Cheryl Burke Tony Dovolani Cheryl Burke , Nick Kosovich 59th Primetime Emmy Awards ( 2007 ) Outstanding Reality - Competition Program Conrad Green Nominated Outstanding Choreography Louis van Amstel 60th Primetime Emmy Awards ( 2008 ) Outstanding Host for a Reality or Reality - Competition Program Tom Bergeron Nominated Outstanding Reality - Competition Program Conrad Green Outstanding Choreography Julianne Hough 61st Primetime Emmy Awards ( 2009 ) Outstanding Host for a Reality or Reality - Competition Program Tom Bergeron Nominated Outstanding Reality - Competition Program Conrad Green Outstanding Choreography Derek Hough , Julianne Hough 62nd Primetime Emmy Awards ( 2010 ) Outstanding Reality - Competition Program Conrad Green Nominated Outstanding Host for a Reality or Reality - Competition Program Tom Bergeron Outstanding Choreography Derek Hough Chelsie Hightower , Derek Hough 63rd Primetime Emmy Awards ( 2011 ) Outstanding Reality - Competition Program Conrad Green Nominated Outstanding Host for a Reality or Reality - Competition Program Tom Bergeron Outstanding Choreography Mark Ballas 64th Primetime Emmy Awards ( 2012 ) Outstanding Reality - Competition Program Conrad Green Nominated Outstanding Choreography Travis Wall , Teddy Forance , Nick Lazzarini Outstanding Host for a Reality or Reality - Competition Program Tom Bergeron Won 65th Primetime Emmy Awards ( 2013 ) Outstanding Host for a Reality or Reality - Competition Program Tom Bergeron Nominated Outstanding Reality - Competition Program Conrad Green Outstanding Choreography Derek Hough , Allison Holker Derek Hough Won 66th Primetime Emmy Awards ( 2014 ) Outstanding Host for a Reality or Reality - Competition Program Tom Bergeron Nominated Outstanding Reality - Competition Program Conrad Green Outstanding Choreography Derek Hough 67th Primetime Emmy Awards ( 2015 ) Outstanding Choreography Derek Hough , Julianne Hough , Tessandra Chavez Won Witney Carson Nominated Outstanding Host for a Reality or Reality - Competition Program Tom Bergeron Outstanding Reality - Competition Program Rob Wade 68th Primetime Emmy Awards ( 2016 ) Outstanding Host for a Reality or Reality - Competition Program Tom Bergeron Nominated Outstanding Choreography Derek Hough Nominated Outstanding Reality - Competition Program Rob Wade Nominated The program has also been nominated for various other production - related awards since premiering in 2005 , including for hairstyling , makeup , lighting design , and technical direction . Others ( show ) Year Category Nominee ( s ) Result People 's Choice Awards 2007 Favorite Competition / Reality Show Dancing with the Stars Won 2008 Favorite Competition / Reality Show Dancing with the Stars 2009 Favorite Competition Show Dancing with the Stars Nominated Favorite Competition Show Dancing with the Stars 2011 Favorite TV Competition Show Dancing with the Stars 2012 Favorite TV Competition Show Dancing with the Stars 2013 Favorite Competition TV Show Dancing with the Stars 2014 Favorite Competition TV Show Dancing with the Stars 2015 Favorite Competition TV Show Dancing with the Stars 2016 Favorite Competition TV Show Dancing with the Stars Teen Choice Awards 2005 Choice Summer Series Dancing with the Stars Nominated 2006 TV -- Choice Reality Star ( Male ) Drew Lachey Won 2006 TV -- Choice Reality Star ( Female ) Stacy Keibler Nominated 2007 Choice TV : Male Reality / Variety Star Apolo Ohno 2007 Choice TV : Personality Bruno Tonioli 2007 Choice TV : Reality / Variety Show Dancing with the Stars 2008 Choice TV Female Reality / Variety Star Kristi Yamaguchi 2008 Choice TV Reality Dance Dancing with the Stars 2009 Choice TV Reality / Variety Star Shawn Johnson 2009 Choice TV : Reality Competition Dancing with the Stars Choice TV : Reality Competition Dancing with the Stars 2012 Choice TV : Female Personality Carrie Ann Inaba 2012 Choice TV : Male Reality Star William Levy 2013 Choice TV : Female Personality Carrie Ann Inaba 2013 Choice TV : Reality Competition Show Dancing with the Stars NAACP Image Awards 2007 Outstanding Reality Series Dancing with the Stars Nominated 2008 Outstanding Reality Series Dancing with the Stars 2009 Outstanding Reality Series Dancing with the Stars Outstanding Reality Series Dancing with the Stars Producers Guild of America Awards 2007 Non-Fiction Television Producer of the Year Conrad Green , Richard Hopkins , Izzie Pick Nominated 2008 Non-Fiction Television Producer of the Year Conrad Green , Richard Hopkins , Izzie Pick 2009 Non-Fiction Television Producer of the Year Conrad Green , Richard Hopkins , Izzie Pick 2012 Outstanding Producer of Competition Television 2013 Outstanding Producer of Competition Television 2014 Outstanding Producer of Competition Television Ashley Edens Shaffer , Conrad Green , Joe Sungkur Costume Designer Guild Awards 2007 Outstanding Costume Design for TV Series -- Contemporary Randall Christensen Nominated 2009 Outstanding Costume Design for TV Series -- Contemporary Randall Christensen Outstanding Costume Design for TV Series -- Contemporary Randall Christensen Eddie Awards ( American Cinema Editors ) 2007 Best Edited Reality Series Pamela Malouf , Hans van Riet , David Timoner Nominated Imagen Awards 2007 Outstanding reality Series Dancing with the Stars Won See also Strictly Come Dancing , the original British version of the program Dancing with the Stars , which contains a full list of international versions References Jump up ^ `` Dancing with the Stars Listings '' . People . Retrieved September 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lisk , Jason . `` Erin Andrews is the New Co-Host of ABC 's Dancing with the Stars '' . The Big Lead . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ Eames , Tom ( 2014 - 02 - 24 ) . `` Dancing with the Stars : Erin Andrews confirmed as co-host - Dancing with the Stars News - Reality TV '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Dancing with the Stars news at realitytvworld.com '' . Reality TV World . Retrieved October 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Dancing with the Stars news at realitytvworld.com '' . Reality TV World . Retrieved October 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Dancing with the Stars , The Bachelor Renewed by ABC for 2017 - 2018 Season '' . Jump up ^ Bricker , Tierney ( October 17 , 2014 ) . `` Find Out Who 's Taking Over for Erin Andrews as Dancing With the Stars ' Co-Host ! '' . EOnline . Retrieved October 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bricker , Tierney ( October 16 , 2015 ) . `` Whoa , Find Out Who 's Taking Over for Erin Andrews as Dancing With the Stars ' Co-Host ! '' . EOnline . Retrieved October 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Alfonso Riberio Filling in for Tom Bergeron on DWTS '' . People . October 4 , 2015 . Retrieved October 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Gomez , Patrick ( February 17 , 2016 ) . `` Dancing with the Stars Judges : Julianne Hough Out , Len Goodman Back '' . people.com . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ O'Connell , Michael ( August 21 , 2014 ) . `` Julianne Hough Returns to ' Dancing With the Stars ' as Fourth Judge '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lee , Allyssa ( 29 March 2011 ) . `` WHAT YOU 'RE WATCHING '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 26 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Week 2 : New Dance Troupe '' . XFinity . Archived from the original on 12 September 2015 . Retrieved 26 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Gomez , Patrick ( August 28 , 2017 ) . `` Find Out Which Former Pros are Returning to the Dancing with the Stars Troupe for Season 25 '' . People . Retrieved August 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Oldenburg , Ann ( February 7 , 2014 ) . `` ' Dancing With the Stars ' hires new music director '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ `` Dancing With The Stars Voting Summary , abc.go.com '' . Jump up ^ `` Kate Gosselin -- Secret E-Mail Support for Dancing with the Stars ? '' . National Ledger. April 20 , 2010 . Retrieved April 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Lisa de Moraes ( November 16 , 2010 ) . `` ' Dancing with the Stars ' recap : Brandy sent packing , Bristol survives to finale '' . Washington Post . Jump up ^ `` TO DANCE OR NOT TO DANCE ? '' . HowardStern.com. April 18 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Beth 's Next Career Move. 04 / 18 / 06 . 6 : 35 am '' . MarksFriggin.com. April 18 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Rice , Lynette ( November 6 , 2015 ) . `` A judge needs proof Bindi Irwin 's dad died before she can get paid by DWTS '' . EW.com . Retrieved August 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Clark , Jessica ( December 9 , 2015 ) . `` Bindi Irwin Finally Gets Paid For DWTS '' . Yahoo New Zealand . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2016 . Retrieved August 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ABC 's ' Dancing with the Stars 2 ' replaces Romeo with Master P '' . Realitytvworld.com . December 14 , 2005 . Retrieved March 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Romeo to avenge his dad Master P 's low ' DWTS ' scores '' . Today.msnbc.msn.com . October 3 , 2011 . Retrieved March 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ABC News : John Ratzenberger Joins Cast of ' Dancing With the Stars ' '' . Abcnews.go.com . March 2 , 2007 . Retrieved March 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jewel and Nancy O'Dell Withdraw from Dancing '' . people.com . March 5 , 2009 . Retrieved October 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Dancing With the Stars ' : Billy Dee Williams Withdraws in Week 3 '' . ABC News . Jump up ^ Washington , Julie E. ( April 30 , 2008 ) . `` ' Dancing With the Stars ' steps its way toward its 100th episode '' . cleveland.com . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2008 . Retrieved July 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` ' Dancing With the Stars ' eliminates another celeb Tuesday night '' . Dallas Morning News . May 7 , 2008 . Retrieved May 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ TV News Desk ( 9 May 2013 ) . `` DANCING WITH THE STARS to Celebrate 300th Episode Next Week '' . Retrieved 19 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Wetpaint Visitor ( 2013 - 05 - 10 ) . `` Dancing With the Stars Semifinals : Avril Lavigne & The Wanted Perform , Pros Return For 300th Episode Dancing With The Stars '' . Wetpaint . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 27 . Jump up ^ Kubicek , John ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing with the Stars ' Season 24 Premiere Live Blog : The First Dances '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dancing with the Stars : Latin Cardio Dance , Dancing with the Stars Archived 2008 - 08 - 29 at the Wayback Machine . ABC TV Store Jump up ^ `` Skating with the Stars at futoncritic.com '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved October 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Bachelor ' and ' Dancing With the Stars ' Get Spinoffs at ABC '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Fox , Joanne ( January 14 , 2015 ) . `` REVIEW : ' Dancing Pros : Live ! ' brings true competition to Sioux City 's Orpheum stage '' . Sioux City Journal . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Miller , Bruce ( December 12 , 2014 ) . `` Chelsie Hightower reveals what really goes on at ' Dancing with the Stars ' '' . Sioux City Journal . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rancilio , Alicia ( November 4 , 2014 ) . `` ' Dancing with the Stars : Live ' books 2015 date at Hard Rock Rocksino Northfield Park '' . cleveland.com . Advance Ohio . AP . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Skillman , Cari ( October 3 , 2016 ) . `` New ' Dancing with the Stars : Live ! ' tour announced '' . ABC7 Los Angeles . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dancing with the Stars to Light Up the Night on 2018 winter tour '' . AXS.com . Jump up ^ Katz , Josh ( 2016 - 12 - 27 ) . `` ' Duck Dynasty ' vs. ' Modern Family ' : 50 Maps of the U.S. Cultural Divide '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` ' Dancing With the Stars ' Debuts in 2nd Place Fox News '' . Fox News . 2005 - 06 - 08 . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : Maynard , John ( 2005 - 07 - 13 ) . `` ABC Cuts In : ' Dancing ' Racks Up No. 1 Summer Ratings '' . The Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Nielsen Ratings / Historic / Network Television by Season / 2000s - The TV IV '' . tviv.org . 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TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2009 . Retrieved July 11 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` American Idol , Dancing With The Stars Top Average Viewership For 2008 - 9 Season '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` Full 2010 - 2011 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( March 17 , 2009 ) . `` Top ABC Primetime Shows , March 9 -- 15 , 2009 -- Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( May 20 , 2009 ) . `` Tuesday Ratings : Fox Gleeful As Idol , Glee Top Dancing , NCIS , Mentalist Finales '' . The Nielsen Company . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2010 . Retrieved July 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Monday broadcast final numbers -- Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( December 2 , 2009 ) . `` TV Ratings : Sunday Night Football Big Bang , Dancing With the Stars / NCIS top weekly broadcast charts '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2009 . Retrieved January 19 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Full Series Rankings For The 2009 - 10 Broadcast Season '' . Deadline . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( March 23 , 2010 ) . `` Monday Finals : `` Dancing With the Stars '' Rises ; `` Castle '' Falls `` . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2010 . Retrieved March 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( May 26 , 2010 ) . `` TV Ratings : Idol , Glee Tops ; NCIS : LA , Good Wife Hit Lows '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2012 . Retrieved May 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Fall 2010 ratings : ' Dancing with the Stars ' kills , but ' Lone Star ' is D.O.A. '' Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings Tuesday : ' Dancing with the Stars ' Finale Up 23 % ; Glee Down 20 % '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( March 22 , 2011 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Castle , ' ' The Chicago Code ' Adjusted Down ; Dancing Stars , ' How I Met Your Mother ' Adjusted Up ; ' Chuck ' Stays Low '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( May 25 , 2011 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol , ' ' Dancing with the Stars ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Monday Broadcast Final Ratings : ' Two / a Half Men , ' ' 2 Broke Girls , ' DWTS Adjusted Up ; ' Castle ' Adjusted Down '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings Tuesday : ' Dancing With The Stars ' Finale , ' NCIS , ' ' NCIS : LA , ' ' Unforgettable ' Hit Lows Amid Widespread Declines '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` Full 2011 - 2012 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : Dancing with the Stars ( U.S. season 14 ) # U.S. Nielsen ratings Jump up ^ `` Monday Final Ratings : ' How I Met Your Mother ' , ' Mike / Molly ' , ' Voice ' , ' Bones ' Adjusted Up ; ' DWTS ' , ' Revolution ' , ' Castle ' ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' & ' LA Complex ' Adjusted Down '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' NCIS ' & ' Raising Hope ' Adjusted Up '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` Full 2012 - 2013 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Dancing With the Stars , ' ' How I Met Your Mother ' , ' The Biggest Loser ' , ' Bones ' , ' Rules of Engagement ' , ' 2 Broke Girls ' , & ' The Following ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Carrie Diaries ' & ' Deception ' Adjusted Down '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' So You Think You Can Dance ' , ' The Voice ' & ' Dancing With the Stars ' Adjusted Up '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Monday Final TV Ratings : ' Sleepy Hollow ' & ' Bones ' Adjusted Up , ' Dancing With the Stars ' , ' Million Second Quiz ' , ' American Ninja Warrior ' & ' Siberia ' Adjusted Down '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' , ' The Voice ' , ' Supernatural ' & ' Person of Interest ' Adjusted Up '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : https://pmcdeadline2.files.wordpress.com/2014/05/primetime-ratings-total-audience-2013-2014-table-updated__140523003932.jpg Jump up ^ `` Monday Final TV Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' Dancing With the Stars ' & ' 2 Broke Girls ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Blacklist ' Adjusted Down '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Dancing With the Stars : Road to the Finals ' Adjusted Up '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Monday Final Ratings : American Ninja Warrior ' Adjusted Up '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' NCIS ' & ' Dancing With The Stars ' Adjusted Up '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` Full 2014 - 15 TV Season Series Rankings : Football & ' Empire ' Ruled '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on 2015 - 05 - 22 . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 17 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' Dancing With The Stars ' , ' Mike & Molly ' & ' Jane The Virgin ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Night Shift ' & ' The Originals ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 19 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Flash ' , ' The Voice ' & ' Hell 's Kitchen ' Adjusted Up ; ' iZombie ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dixon , Dani ( September 15 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Dancing With the Stars ' Down , ' American Ninja Warrior ' & ' DanceBattle America ' Adjusted Up '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved September 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 25 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' NCIS ' adjusts up , everything else steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Full 2015 -- 16 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline Hollywood . May 26 , 2015 . Retrieved May 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 22 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' The Voice ' adjusts up , ' Blindspot ' adjusts down '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 25 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' The Voice , ' ' The Flash ' / ' The Real O'Neals ' finales adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 13 , 2016 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Dancing With the Stars ' premiere matches Fall 2015 '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved September 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 23 , 2016 ) . `` ' American Housewife ' adjusts up , everything else holds : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Final 2016 - 17 TV Rankings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Winning Streak Continues '' . Deadline Hollywood . May 26 , 2017 . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing With the Stars ' adjusts up , ' Taken ' / ' Quantico ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing With the Stars finale adjusts up , ' iZombie ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing With the Stars ' / ' To Tell the Truth ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing With the Stars , ' ' This Is Us , ' all others hold : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 . External links Official website Dancing with the Stars on IMDb Dancing with the Stars at TV.com Dancing with the Stars ratings at TV by the Numbers `` List of Dancing with the Stars Episodes '' . TVGuide . Retrieved July 9 , 2009 . 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who has the patriots played in the super bowl			New England Patriots	new england patriots	American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 )	Eastern Division ( 1960 -- 1969 ) National Football League ( 1970 -- present ) American Football Conference ( 1970 -- present ) AFC East ( 1970 -- present ) Current uniform Team colors Navy Blue , Red , Silver , White Mascot Pat Patriot Personnel Owner ( s ) Robert Kraft Chairman Robert Kraft CEO Robert Kraft President Jonathan Kraft General manager Bill Belichick ( de facto ) Head coach Bill Belichick Team history Boston Patriots ( 1960 -- 1970 ) Bay State Patriots ( 1971 ) New England Patriots ( 1971 -- present ) Team nicknames The Pats Championships League championships ( 5 ) Super Bowl championships ( 5 ) 2001 ( XXXVI ) , 2003 ( XXXVIII ) , 2004 ( XXXIX ) , 2014 ( XLIX ) , 2016 ( LI ) Conference championships ( 10 ) AFC : 1985 , 1996 , 2001 , 2003 , 2004 , 2007 , 2011 , 2014 , 2016 , 2017 Division championships ( 20 ) AFL East : 1963 AFC East : 1978 , 1986 , 1996 , 1997 , 2001 , 2003 , 2004 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 Playoff appearances ( 25 ) AFL : 1963 NFL : 1976 , 1978 , 1982 , 1985 , 1986 , 1994 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 , 2001 , 2003 , 2004 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 Home fields Nickerson Field ( 1960 -- 1962 ) Fenway Park ( 1963 -- 1968 ) Alumni Stadium ( 1969 ) Harvard Stadium ( 1970 ) Foxboro Stadium ( 1971 -- 2001 ) Gillette Stadium ( 2002 -- present ) The New England Patriots are a professional American football team based in the Greater Boston region . The Patriots compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member club of the league 's American Football Conference ( AFC ) East division . The team plays its home games at Gillette Stadium in the town of Foxborough , Massachusetts , which is located 21 miles ( 34 km ) southwest of downtown Boston , Massachusetts and 20 miles ( 32 km ) northeast of downtown Providence , Rhode Island . The Patriots are also headquartered at Gillette Stadium . An original member of the American Football League ( AFL ) , the Patriots joined the NFL in the 1970 merger of the two leagues . The team changed its name from the original Boston Patriots after relocating to Foxborough in 1971 . The Patriots played their home games at Foxboro Stadium from 1971 to 2001 , then moved to Gillette Stadium at the start of the 2002 season . The Patriots ' rivalry with the New York Jets is considered one of the most bitter rivalries in the NFL . The Patriots have appeared in the Super Bowl ten times in franchise history , the most of any team , eight of them since the arrival of head coach Bill Belichick and quarterback Tom Brady in 2000 . The Patriots have since become one of the most successful teams in NFL history , winning 15 AFC East titles in 17 seasons since 2001 , without a losing season in that period . The franchise has since set numerous notable records , including most wins in a ten - year period ( 126 , in 2003 -- 2012 ) , an undefeated 16 - game regular season in 2007 , the longest winning streak consisting of regular season and playoff games in NFL history ( a 21 - game streak from October 2003 to October 2004 ) , and the most consecutive division titles won by a team in NFL history ( won nine straight division titles from 2009 to 2017 ) . The team owns the record for most Super Bowls reached ( eight ) and won ( five ) by a head coach -- quarterback tandem . Currently , the team is tied with the 49ers and Cowboys for the second most Super Bowl wins with five , after the Steelers , who have six . Patriot fans rally in front of Boston City Hall following the Super Bowl XXXVIII championship . Contents ( hide ) 1 Franchise history 1.1 Season - by - season records 1.2 Records 2 Rivalries 2.1 New York Jets 2.2 Baltimore / Indianapolis Colts 2.3 Buffalo Bills 2.4 Miami Dolphins 2.5 Baltimore Ravens 3 Controversies 3.1 `` Spygate '' 3.2 `` Deflategate '' 4 Strategy 5 Stadium 6 Logos and uniforms 6.1 Logos 6.2 Uniforms 6.2. 1 1960 -- 1992 6.2. 2 1993 -- present 6.2. 3 Alternate uniforms 7 Players 7.1 Current roster 7.2 Retired numbers 7.3 New England Patriots Hall of Fame members 7.4 All - decade teams 7.4. 1 1960s ( AFL ) 7.4. 2 1970s , 1980s , 1990s 7.4. 3 2000s 7.5 Anniversary teams 7.5. 1 35th anniversary ( 1994 ) 7.5. 2 50th anniversary ( 2009 ) 7.6 All - time first - round draft picks 8 Staff 8.1 Head coaches 8.2 Current staff 9 Culture 9.1 Cheerleaders and mascot 9.2 Radio and television 10 See also 11 Notes and references 12 Further reading 13 External links Franchise history Further information : History of the New England Patriots `` Pat Patriot '' logo , used through 1992 . On November 16 , 1959 , Boston business executive Billy Sullivan was awarded the eighth and final franchise of the developing American Football League ( AFL ) . The following winter , locals were allowed to submit ideas for the Boston football team 's official name . The most popular choice -- and the one that Sullivan selected -- was the `` Boston Patriots , '' with `` Patriots '' referring to those colonists of the Thirteen Colonies who rebelled against British control during the American Revolution and in July 1776 declared the United States of America an independent nation . Immediately thereafter , artist Phil Bissell of The Boston Globe developed the `` Pat Patriot '' logo . The Patriots struggled for most of their years in the AFL , and they never had a regular home stadium . Nickerson Field , Harvard Stadium , Fenway Park , and Alumni Stadium all served as home fields during their time in the American Football League . They played in only one AFL championship game , following the 1963 season , in which they lost to the San Diego Chargers 51 -- 10 . They did not appear again in an AFL or NFL post-season game for another 13 years . When the NFL and AFL merged in 1970 , the Patriots were placed in the American Football Conference ( AFC ) East division , where they still play today . The following year , the Patriots moved to a new stadium in Foxborough , Massachusetts , which would serve as their home for the next 30 years . As a result of the move , they announced they would change their name from the Boston Patriots to the Bay State Patriots . The name was rejected by the NFL and on March 22 , 1971 , the team officially announced they would change its geographic name to New England . During the 1970s , the Patriots had some success , earning a berth to the playoffs in 1976 -- as a wild card team -- and in 1978 -- as AFC East champions . They lost in the first round both times . In 1985 , they returned to the playoffs , and made it all the way to Super Bowl XX , which they lost to the Chicago Bears 46 -- 10 . Following their Super Bowl loss , they returned to the playoffs in 1986 , but lost in the first round . The team would not make the playoffs again for eight more years . During the 1990 season , the Patriots went 1 -- 15 . They changed ownership three times in the ensuing 14 years , being purchased from the Sullivan family first by Victor Kiam in 1988 , who sold the team to James Orthwein in 1992 . Orthwein intended to move the team to his native St. Louis , Missouri ( where it would have been renamed as the St. Louis Stallions ) , but instead sold the team in 1994 to its current owner Robert Kraft . Though Orthwein 's period as owner was short and controversial , he did oversee major changes to the team , first with the hiring of former New York Giants coach Bill Parcells in 1993 . Orthwein and his marketing team also commissioned the NFL to develop a new visual identity and logo , and changed their primary colors from the traditional red , white and blue to blue and silver for the team uniforms . Parcells would bring the Patriots to two playoff appearances , including Super Bowl XXXI , which they lost to the Green Bay Packers by a score of 35 -- 21 . Pete Carroll , Parcells 's successor , would also take the team to the playoffs twice in 1997 & 1998 before being dismissed as head coach after the 1999 season . The Patriots ' current coach , Bill Belichick , was hired in 2000 , and a new home field , Gillette Stadium , was opened in 2002 . Under Belichick , the team won three Super Bowls in four years ( 2001 , 2003 , and 2004 ) . The Patriots finished the 2007 regular season with a perfect 16 -- 0 record , becoming only the fourth team in league history to go undefeated in the regular season , and the only one since the league expanded its regular season schedule to 16 games . After advancing to Super Bowl XLII , the team 's fourth Super Bowl in seven years , the Patriots were defeated by the Giants to end their bid for a 19 -- 0 season . With the loss , the Patriots ended the year at 18 -- 1 , becoming only one of three teams to go 18 -- 1 along with the 1984 San Francisco 49ers and the 1985 Chicago Bears . The Patriots ' returned to the Super Bowl in 2012 but lost again to the Giants , 21 -- 17 . In 2015 , they won Super Bowl XLIX , defeating the Seattle Seahawks by a score of 28 -- 24 . The Patriots became the first team to reach nine Super Bowls in the 2016 -- 17 playoffs and faced the Atlanta Falcons in Super Bowl LI , which ended up paving the way for their fifth Super Bowl victory , tying them with the Dallas Cowboys and the San Francisco 49ers for the second-most in NFL history , 1 behind the Pittsburgh Steelers with 6 ; the game was also the first Super Bowl to go into overtime . The Patriots became the first team to reach ten Super Bowls in the 2017 -- 18 playoffs but lost to the Philadelphia Eagles in Super Bowl LII , on February 4 , 2018 , at U.S. Bank Stadium in Minneapolis , Minnesota . Season - by - season records Further information : List of New England Patriots seasons Sam `` Bam '' Cunningham is the franchise 's all - time leading rusher Records All - time Patriots leaders Leader Player Record number Years played for Patriots Passing Tom Brady 66,159 passing yards 2000 -- present Rushing Sam Cunningham 5,453 rushing yards 1973 -- 1982 Receiving Stanley Morgan 10,352 receiving yards 1977 -- 1989 Scoring Stephen Gostkowski 1,537 points 2006 -- present Coaching wins Bill Belichick 280 wins 2000 -- present Rivalries Super Bowl banners at Gillette Stadium prior to the Patriots winning Super Bowl XLIX In terms of number of games played , the Patriots have competed most against teams either currently or formerly from the AFC East division . This includes the current teams , the New York Jets , the Miami Dolphins , and the Buffalo Bills , as well as former divisional opponents the Indianapolis Colts . Among those , however , a few run deeper than others . New York Jets Main article : Jets -- Patriots rivalry Patriots ' head coach Bill Belichick was `` traded '' from the Jets to the Patriots in 2000 The closest geographically has been the rivalry with the New York Jets . The Patriots and Jets have been in the same division ( what is now the AFC East ) since both teams ' foundings in 1960 , and have played each other at least twice a year since then . The rivalry between the Jets and Patriots has escalated since 1996 , when Patriots head coach Bill Parcells left the Patriots under controversy to become the head coach of the Jets ; he was replaced by former Jets coach Pete Carroll . Four years later Carroll was fired , and Parcells 's assistant , Bill Belichick , resigned the day he was named the Jets ' head coach to become the head coach of the Patriots . Six years after that , Eric Mangini , an assistant under Belichick , became the head coach of the Jets . Bill Belichick achieved his 200th career head coaching win ( regular season and playoffs ) on November 22 , 2012 , defeating the Jets 49 -- 19 ; it was his 163rd such win as Patriots coach . The Patriots defeated the Jets in Week seven of the 2015 season by a score of 30 -- 23 , to give them a 6 -- 0 record to date . Baltimore / Indianapolis Colts Main article : Colts -- Patriots rivalry See also : Tom Brady -- Peyton Manning rivalry The Patriots rivalry with the Baltimore / Indianapolis Colts ran through the two clubs ' tenure together in the AFC East ( 1970 -- 2001 ) . The two clubs clashed in several close games , such as on December 19 , 1971 , as a late Patriots touchdown decided a 21 -- 17 New England win ; on September 18 , 1978 , the Colts rallied to defeat the Patriots 34 -- 27 on Monday Night Football on a virtual one - man scoring rampage by running back Joe Washington ; on September 4 , 1983 , the Colts defeated the Patriots in overtime 29 -- 23 in their final season in Baltimore . The Patriots defeated the Colts in back - to - back overtime games , 23 -- 17 on December 8 , 1991 , and 37 -- 34 on November 15 , 1992 . The Pats facing the Colts in 2011 Even though the two clubs were placed in separate divisions in the NFL 's 2002 divisional realignment , their rivalry did not diminish . At that time , both teams were among the best in the AFC , and both were led by likely Hall of Fame quarterbacks , Peyton Manning ( for the Colts ) and Tom Brady ( for the Patriots ) The teams met three times in four years ( 2003 , 2004 , 2006 ) in the playoffs , with the winner going on to win that season 's Super Bowl each time . The Manning portion of the rivalry began in Manning 's rookie season , 1998 ; in 1999 Manning suffered a bitter 31 -- 28 loss in September as the Patriots behind Drew Bledsoe erased a 28 -- 7 Colts lead , then defeated the Patriots 20 -- 15 in Indianapolis on December 12 . The Brady -- Manning portion of the rivalry began on September 30 , 2001 , as Brady made his first NFL start in a 44 -- 13 Patriots win at Foxboro ; on October 21 the Patriots defeated the Colts at the RCA Dome 38 -- 17 . After the Colts left the AFC East in 2002 , they first met on November 30 , 2003 , in a 38 -- 34 Patriots win decided on a last - second goal line stand by the Patriots . The Colts broke a six - game Patriot winning streak in the rivalry in November 2005 , then won twice in 2006 ; in the AFC Championship Game the Colts erased a 21 -- 6 halftime lead ; the game lead tied or changed seven times in the second half before a late touchdown led to a 38 -- 34 Colts win . The November 4 , 2007 , meeting involved both teams being unbeaten to that point ; the 8 -- 0 Patriots and the 7 -- 0 Colts . The Patriots rallied to win 24 -- 20 . The Colts won again in 2008 and then erased a large Patriots lead in 2009 's 4th and 2 game . Manning 's final meeting with the Patriots as a Colt came in November 2010 ; a late interception sealed a 31 -- 28 Patriots win . In 2012 , the Patriots faced the Colts , quarterbacked now by Andrew Luck , on November 18 ; the Patriots defeated the Colts 59 -- 24 . The Patriots also beat the Colts on January 12 , 2014 , 43 -- 22 . The Patriots played the Colts in the playoffs again on January 18 , 2015 , in the AFC title game , winning 45 -- 7 . Buffalo Bills Main article : Bills -- Patriots rivalry The Patriots and the Bills were both charter members of the AFL , and even competed with each other in an AFL playoff game . They have remained divisional rivals since the NFL - AFL merger . Prior to the rise of Tom Brady , the two teams shared a mellow , yet occasionally competitive rivalry , featuring highlights from players such as O.J. Simpson , Steve Grogan , Joe Ferguson , Jim Kelly , and Drew Bledsoe . However , Brady has dominated the Bills ever since taking over as the Patriots ' franchise quarterback , holding a 26 - 3 regular season record over them . Though Patriots fans usually feel apathetic towards the Bills , Bills fans have come to despise the Patriots more than any other rival . The rivalry has remained somewhat intense in recent years with multiple players having played for both teams , the Bills usually giving their all when playing the Patriots , and the presence of Rex Ryan , who coached both the Bills and Jets and was known for his trash - talk . Miami Dolphins Main article : Dolphins -- Patriots rivalry The Patriots first played the Miami Dolphins in 1966 in the AFL , when Miami was one of two expansion teams to debut that year in that league . The Dolphins dominated the Patriots in the 1970s and 1990s , but the two teams remained competitive with each other for years before the rise of Tom Brady . Brady , however , struggled occasionally against the Dolphins in the 2000s before reasserting dominance in the 2010s . The Patriots and Dolphins are the only two teams in the Super Bowl era to post undefeated regular season records , with Miami going 14 - 0 in 1972 and the Patriots going 16 - 0 in 2007 . Notable moments between the clubs include the Snowplow Game , three playoff matchups , and the Dolphins revealing their Wildcat offense against the Patriots . Baltimore Ravens Main article : Ravens -- Patriots rivalry The Ravens first met the New England Patriots in 1996 , but the rivalry truly started in 2007 when the Ravens suffered a bitter 27 -- 24 loss in the Patriots ' quest for perfection . The rivalry began to escalate in 2009 when the Ravens lost to the Patriots 27 -- 21 in a game that involved a confrontation between Patriots quarterback Tom Brady and Ravens linebacker Terrell Suggs . Both players would go on to take verbal shots at each other through the media after the game . The Ravens defeated the Patriots in the 2009 AFC Wild Card playoff game , 33 -- 14 . This was the first time the Ravens had ever defeated the Patriots . The Ravens faced the Patriots in week six of the 2010 season . The Patriots ended up winning 23 -- 20 in overtime ; the game caused controversy from a hit to the helmet of tight end Todd Heap by Patriots safety Brandon Meriweather . Tom Brady has a career record of 8 -- 3 against the Ravens The Ravens played the Patriots for the third consecutive season in the 2012 AFC championship game , which the Ravens lost 23 -- 20 . The rivalry reached a new level of friction with this , the second career playoff game between the two clubs . The Ravens clawed to a 20 -- 16 lead in the fourth quarter , but Patriots quarterback Tom Brady dove into the end zone to make the score 23 -- 20 with around 11 minutes remaining ; this proved to be the winning touchdown . On the Ravens ' last possession of the game , quarterback Joe Flacco threw a pass to wide receiver Lee Evans in the corner of the end zone which looked to be the game - winning touchdown , before a last - second strip by Sterling Moore forced the ball from the hands of Evans , forcing the game to be decided on a last - minute field goal by Ravens placekicker Billy Cundiff . With 11 seconds remaining on the clock , the kicker missed the 32 - yard field goal attempt , allowing the Patriots to kill the clock on their way to Super Bowl XLVI for a rematch with the New York Giants . The Ravens ' first regular - season win over the Patriots came on September 23 , 2012 . The game was emotional as receiver Torrey Smith was competing following the death of his brother in a motorcycle accident just the night before . Smith caught two touchdowns in a back and forth game ; the Ravens erased a 13 -- 0 lead in the first half and led 14 -- 13 , but the Patriots scored at the end of the second quarter for a 20 -- 14 lead . The lead changed twice in the third quarter and the Patriots led 30 -- 21 in the fourth , but the Ravens scored on Smith 's second touchdown catch . The Ravens were stopped on fourth down but the Patriots had to punt ; in the final two minutes a pass interference penalty on Devin McCourty put the ball at the Patriots 7 - yard line ; new Ravens kicker Justin Tucker booted a 27 - yard field goal on the final play ; the ball sailed directly over the upright and was ruled good ; the quality of officiating by replacement referees caused controversy as Bill Belichick angrily reached for one of the referees as they were leaving the field , leading to a $50,000 fine later that week . Massachusetts native Robert Kraft has owned the team since 1994 The two teams met again on January 20 , 2013 , in the AFC Championship , where the Ravens won 28 -- 13 . The Patriots led at halftime , 13 -- 7 , but the Ravens defense gave up no points in the 2nd half . It was the first time ever that Tom Brady lost a game at home after leading at halftime , and the first time a road team beat the Patriots in the AFC Championship . The two teams met once again at Gillette Stadium in the playoffs on January 10 , 2015 . The Patriots trailed by as much as 14 twice , before beating the Ravens 35 -- 31 to advance to the AFC Championship . Controversies See also : List of conspiracy theories § New England Patriots `` Spygate '' Main article : Spygate ( NFL ) During the 2007 season , the New England Patriots were disciplined by the league for videotaping New York Jets ' defensive coaches ' signals from an unauthorized location during a September 9 , 2007 game . Videotaping opposing coaches is not illegal in the NFL de jure , but there are designated areas allowed by the league to do such taping . After an investigation , the NFL fined Patriots head coach Bill Belichick $500,000 for his role in the incident , fined the Patriots $250,000 , and docked the team their original first - round selection in the 2008 NFL Draft which would have been the 31st pick of the draft . `` Deflategate '' Main article : Deflategate During the 2015 AFC Championship Game against the Indianapolis Colts , allegations arose that the Patriots were utilizing under - inflated footballs . It was even suggested that the Patriots ' staff themselves deliberately deflated the footballs to give their team an unfair advantage during the playoffs . A lengthy investigation and heated debate commenced shortly afterwards , with a full report being published in May 2015 . The Wells Report found that balls provided by the Patriots , who were the home team , indeed had less pressure on average than the balls provided by the Colts . Also notable was the findings of some suggestions of communication between Tom Brady and two Patriots locker room attendants , indicating Brady was likely `` generally aware '' of the situation and that the Patriots staff intentionally deflated the footballs . A later study by the American Enterprise Institute called the evidence and methodology of the Wells report `` deeply flawed '' and `` unreliable '' . In the aftermath of the incident , the NFL suspended Brady without pay for the first four games of the 2015 season , fined the Patriots $1 million , and forced them to forfeit their 2016 first round draft pick and 2017 fourth round draft pick . Brady appealed his suspension , which was eventually vacated by the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York , only for the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit to reinstate it a year later for the 2016 NFL season . Brady eventually agreed to serve the suspension in 2016 , but led the Patriots to win Super Bowl LI in spite of it . Strategy Further information : New England Patriots strategy Under head coach Bill Belichick , the Patriots have employed specific on - field and off - field strategies . On the field , the Patriots have typically utilized an `` Erhardt -- Perkins '' offense and a `` Fairbanks -- Bullough '' 3 -- 4 defense , referred to commonly as a two - gap 3 -- 4 defensive system . Their philosophy in making personnel decisions and in game planning has focused on the `` team '' concept , stressing preparation , strong work ethic , versatility , and lack of individual ego . This approach , which has led to five Super Bowl victories under Belichick , was analyzed in the 2004 book Patriot Reign . When owner Robert Kraft purchased the team in 1994 , he did so for $175 million . Since then , the Patriots have sold out every home game in both Foxboro Stadium and Gillette Stadium . By 2009 , the value of the franchise had increased by over $1 billion , to a Forbes magazine estimated value of $1.361 billion , third highest in the NFL only behind the Dallas Cowboys and Washington Redskins . As of July 2015 , the Patriots are the seventh most valuable sports franchise in the world according to Forbes magazine . Stadium Main article : Gillette Stadium Gillette Stadium , home of the Patriots Since 2002 , the Patriots ' home stadium has been Gillette Stadium , a $350 million facility privately financed by Kraft . It houses all administrative offices for the team and its owning entity , The Kraft Group , as well as the Kraft - owned Major League Soccer team , the New England Revolution . The field , which was originally natural grass , was replaced with a FieldTurf surface during the 2006 season . The area around the stadium was developed , beginning in 2007 , into a $375 million `` lifestyle and entertainment center '' called Patriot Place ; among its largest structures is a multi-floor restaurant and bar called CBS Scene . Prior to 2002 , the Patriots played in Foxboro Stadium dating back to 1971 , the team 's second year in the NFL after the AFL -- NFL merger . During the team 's days in the American Football League , the Boston Patriots were hosted by a number of fields in or around Boston -- they played at Braves Field , Harvard Stadium , Fenway Park , and Alumni Stadium . Logos and uniforms Logos The current New England Patriots wordmark logo , first unveiled on July 3 , 2013 . The Patriots original helmet logo was a simple tricorne hat , used only for the 1960 season . From 1961 to 1992 , the Patriots used a logo of a Revolutionary War minuteman hiking a football . The Patriots script logo during this time consisted of a western - style font . The minuteman logo became known as the `` Pat Patriot '' logo , which later became the name of the team 's mascot . In 1979 , the Patriots worked with NFL Properties to design a new , streamlined logo , to replace the complex Pat Patriot logo . The new logo featured the blue and white profile of a minuteman in a tricorne hat set against a flag showing three red stripes separated by two white stripes . Team owner Billy Sullivan decided to put the new logo up to a vote against Pat Patriot with the fans at the September 23rd home game against the San Diego Chargers , using a sound level meter to judge the crowd 's reaction . The new logo was decidedly rejected by the crowd in favor of Pat , and the concept was shelved . In 1993 , a new logo was unveiled involving the gray face of a minuteman wearing a red , white and blue hat that begins as a tricorne and transitions into a flowing banner - like design . The logo bears some superficial resemblance to the aborted 1979 logo . It became popularly known as the `` Flying Elvis '' due to many observing its resemblance to the profile of a young Elvis Presley . In 2000 , the blue color was darkened . On July 3 , 2013 , the Patriots unveiled a new wordmark logo . Uniforms 1960 -- 1992 The Patriots originally wore red jerseys with white block numbering at home , and white jerseys with red block numbering on the road . Both uniforms used white pants and white helmets , first with the hat logo over the player 's number , then with the `` Pat Patriot '' logo starting in 1961 . A blue stripe was added to the two red helmet stripes in 1964 . The numbers on both the home and away jerseys gained a blue outline in 1973 . In 1979 , the Patriots began the first of many sporadic runs of wearing red pants with the white jerseys . The red pants were dropped in 1981 , but returned in 1984 . After being dropped again in 1988 , they were used again from 1990 to 1992 . 1993 -- present The Patriots underwent a complete identity overhaul before the 1993 season , starting with the introduction of the aforementioned `` Flying Elvis '' logo . The new uniforms consisted of a royal blue home jersey and a white away jersey . The helmet was silver with the Flying Elvis logo and no additional striping . Both uniforms used silver pants , originally with stripes designed to look like those flowing from the Flying Elvis , but these were changed to simple red and blue stripes after one season . When they debuted , both the home and away jerseys used red block numbers with a blue and white outline , but after one season the home uniforms switched to the now - familiar white with a red outline . In 1995 , the Patriots switched the block numbers to a more modern rounded number font with a dropshadow . The Patriots were one of the first adopters of custom numbers , a trend that would grow drastically over the next 20 years . However , in 2000 , the Patriots also became one of the only teams to drop the rounded numbers and switched back to block numbers . Also that year , the shade of blue was darkened from royal to nautical blue . The Patriots , unsatisfied with the white - on - silver road look , also took the opportunity to introduce blue pants to be worn with the white jersey , offering a better contrast . To better match the blue pants , the number on the white jersey was switched from red to blue . Alternate uniforms In 1994 , the Patriots wore the `` Pat Patriot '' helmets and plain white striped pants from two seasons prior as alternates as part of the NFL 's 75th anniversary celebration . In 2002 , NFL teams were allowed to add a permanent third jersey to be worn in a maximum of two games . The Patriots reintroduced a red jersey as their alternate , complimented with the old - style `` Pat Patriot '' helmet . In 2003 , the Patriots changed their alternate to a silver jersey with blue pants . For this uniform , the `` Flying Elvis '' helmet was utilized . The uniform was identical to the white jersey with any areas of white replaced by silver . These uniforms were dropped after 2007 . No alternate uniform was used in 2008 . In 2009 , the red alternate was reintroduced , again accompanied by the `` Pat Patriot '' helmet . An alternate white road jersey was also worn with the older helmet for one game , using red numbers , in tribute to the 50th anniversary of the AFL . The red alternate gained a blue outline around the numbers in 2010 and this was worn through 2012 . The Patriots retired their alternate red uniforms in 2013 , thanks to a new NFL rule outlawing throwback alternate helmets . In 2016 , the Patriots took part in the NFL Color Rush program , wearing monochrome navy uniforms on September 22 against the Houston Texans . Players Further information : List of New England Patriots players , List of New England Patriots starting quarterbacks , and List of New England Patriots first - round draft picks Current roster New England Patriots roster view talk Quarterbacks 12 Tom Brady -- Danny Etling 2 Brian Hoyer Running backs 38 Brandon Bolden 34 Rex Burkhead 46 James Develin FB 35 Mike Gillislee 33 Jeremy Hill -- Sony Michel -- Ralph Webb 28 James White Wide receivers -- Braxton Berrios 88 Kenny Britt 13 Phillip Dorsett 11 Julian Edelman 15 Chris Hogan 81 Cody Hollister 80 Jordan Matthews 17 Riley McCarron 19 Malcolm Mitchell 84 Cordarrelle Patterson 18 Matthew Slater Tight ends 83 Dwayne Allen 87 Rob Gronkowski 47 Jacob Hollister -- Ryan Izzo 86 Troy Niklas 82 Will Tye -- Shane Wimann Offensive linemen 60 David Andrews C 72 Luke Bowanko G 67 Trent Brown T 61 Marcus Cannon T 74 Cole Croston G 66 James Ferentz C 76 Andrew Jelks T 77 Ulrick John T 75 Ted Karras G 65 Jason King G 69 Shaq Mason G 62 Joe Thuney G 64 Matt Tobin T 68 LaAdrian Waddle T -- Isaiah Wynn T Defensive linemen -- John Atkins DT 90 Malcom Brown DT 70 Adam Butler DT 94 Adrian Clayborn DE 58 Keionta Davis DE 98 Trey Flowers DE 96 Geneo Grissom DE 93 Lawrence Guy DE -- Trent Harris DE -- Frank Herron DT 55 Eric Lee DE 95 Derek Rivers DE 71 Danny Shelton DT 99 Vincent Valentine DT 91 Deatrich Wise Jr . DE Linebackers -- Ja'Whaun Bentley MLB 59 Marquis Flowers OLB 50 Nicholas Grigsby MLB 54 Dont'a Hightower MLB 48 Harvey Langi OLB 52 Elandon Roberts MLB -- Christian Sam MLB 53 Kyle Van Noy OLB Defensive backs 23 Patrick Chung SS -- Keion Crossen CB -- Duke Dawson CB 43 Nate Ebner SS 24 Stephon Gilmore CB 21 Duron Harmon FS -- J.C. Jackson CB 41 Cyrus Jones CB 26 David Jones FS 31 Jonathan Jones CB 36 Brandon King SS 27 Ryan Lewis CB 32 Devin McCourty FS 30 Jason McCourty CB -- A.J. Moore CB 37 Jordan Richards SS 25 Eric Rowe CB 39 Damarius Travis SS 22 Jomal Wiltz CB Special teams 6 Ryan Allen P -- Corey Bojorquez P 49 Joe Cardona LS 3 Stephen Gostkowski K Reserve lists -- Darren Andrews WR ( NF - Inj . ) Rookies in italics Roster updated May 18 , 2018 Depth chart Transactions 88 Active , 1 Inactive , 2 Unsigned → AFC rosters → NFC rosters AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA John Hannah played on the Pats ' offensive line from 1973 to 1985 Retired numbers New England Patriots retired numbers No . Player Position Tenure 20 Gino Cappelletti WR , K 1960 -- 1970 40 Mike Haynes CB 1976 -- 1982 57 Steve Nelson LB 1974 -- 1987 73 John Hannah 1973 -- 1985 78 Bruce Armstrong 1987 -- 2000 79 Jim Lee Hunt DL 1960 -- 1971 89 Bob Dee DL 1960 -- 1967 New England Patriots Hall of Fame members The New England Patriots feature 22 former players and two contributors in their team hall of fame , established in 1991 . A committee of media and staff selected 11 players for enshrinement between 1991 and 2001 , before a six - year span of no selections . In 2007 , in advance of the 2008 opening of The Hall at Patriot Place , the Patriots introduced a new nomination committee to select three candidates , with the winner of an Internet fan vote being enshrined in the hall of fame . In order to be eligible , players and coaches must be retired for at least four years . Beginning in 2011 , and meeting every five years , a senior selection committee has the option of voting a player who has been retired for at least 25 seasons into the hall of fame . Former owner Billy Sullivan was inducted by owner Robert Kraft in March 2009 , the Patriots ' 50th season , as a contributor . Additionally , four of these Patriots players have also been enshrined in the Pro Football Hall of Fame . The Patriots have officially retired seven uniform numbers . New England Patriots Hall of Fame Players No . Name Positions Seasons Inducted No . Name Positions Seasons Inducted 73 John Hannah 1973 -- 1985 1991 ( Pro : 1991 ) 87 Ben Coates TE 1991 -- 1999 2008 85 Nick Buoniconti LB 1962 -- 1968 1992 ( Pro : 2001 ) 35 Jim Nance FB 1965 -- 1971 2009 20 Gino Cappelletti WR / K 1960 -- 1970 1992 39 Sam Cunningham RB 1973 -- 1982 89 Bob Dee DL 1960 -- 1967 1993 11 Drew Bledsoe QB 1993 -- 2001 2011 79 Jim Lee Hunt DT 1960 -- 1971 1993 56 Jon Morris 1964 -- 1974 2011 57 Steve Nelson LB 1974 -- 1987 1993 80 Troy Brown WR / PR / CB 1993 -- 2007 2012 15 Vito `` Babe '' Parilli QB 1961 -- 1967 1993 54 Tedy Bruschi LB 1996 -- 2008 2013 40 Mike Haynes CB 1976 -- 1982 1994 ( Pro : 1997 ) 24 Ty Law CB 1995 -- 2004 2014 14 Steve Grogan QB 1975 -- 1990 1995 55 Willie McGinest LB / DE 1994 -- 2005 2015 56 Andre Tippett LB 1982 -- 1993 1999 ( Pro : 2008 ) 65 Houston Antwine DL 1961 -- 1971 2015 78 Bruce Armstrong 1987 -- 2000 2001 33 Kevin Faulk RB 1999 -- 2011 2016 86 Stanley Morgan WR 1977 -- 1989 2007 26 Raymond Clayborn CB 1977 - 1989 2017 Contributors Name Positions Seasons Inducted Name Positions Seasons Inducted Billy Sullivan Owner & founder 1960 -- 1988 2009 Gil Santos Broadcaster 1972 -- 1979 1991 -- 2012 2013 `` Partial '' New England Patriots Hall of Famers Players No . Name Position ( s ) Season ( s ) Inducted 28 Curtis Martin RB 1995 -- 1997 2012 55 Junior Seau LB 2006 -- 2009 2015 Coaches and Executives Name Position ( s ) Season ( s ) Inducted Bill Parcells Head coach 1993 -- 1996 2013 All - decade teams 1960s ( AFL ) In November 1971 , fans voted on a 10 - year Patriots anniversary team , which coincided with the team 's 10 years in the then - defunct American Football League : Additional selections for returner , special teamer , and coach were added in 2009 : ( show ) Boston Patriots All - 1960s Team Offense Parilli ( QB ) Nance ( RB ) Garron ( RB ) Colclough ( WR ) Graham ( WR ) Whalen ( TE ) Long ( T ) Neville ( T ) Neighbors ( G ) St. Jean ( G ) Morris ( C ) Defense Dee ( DE ) Eisenhauer ( DE ) Antwine ( DT ) Hunt ( DT ) Addison ( OLB ) Philpott ( OLB ) Buoniconti ( MLB ) Shonta ( CB ) Johnson ( CB ) Webb ( S ) Hall ( S ) Special Teams Garron ( Ret . ) Cappelletti ( PK ) Yewcic ( P ) Webb ( ST ) Coach Holovak 1970s , 1980s , 1990s In March 2009 , as part of the Patriots ' 50th anniversary , a group of local media and other team figures selected all - decade teams for the 1970s , 1980s , and 1990s : ( show ) New England Patriots All - 1970s Team Offense Grogan ( QB ) Cunningham ( RB ) Johnson ( RB ) Morgan ( WR ) Vataha ( WR ) Francis ( TE ) Gray ( T ) Neville ( T ) Hannah ( G ) S. Adams ( G ) Lenkaitis ( C ) Defense J. Adams ( DE ) McGee ( DE ) Hamilton ( NT ) Zabel ( OLB ) King ( OLB ) Nelson ( ILB ) Hunt ( ILB ) Clayborn ( CB ) Haynes ( CB ) Fox ( S ) McCray ( S ) Special Teams Herron ( Ret . ) Smith ( PK ) Patrick ( P ) Tatupu ( ST ) Coach Fairbanks New England Patriots All - 1980s Team Offense Grogan ( QB ) Collins ( RB ) C. James ( RB ) Fryar ( WR ) Morgan ( WR ) Dawson ( TE ) Armstrong ( T ) Holloway ( T ) Hannah ( G ) Wooten ( G ) Brock ( C ) Defense Adams ( DE ) Veris ( DE ) Bishop ( NT ) Tippett ( OLB ) Blackmon ( OLB ) Nelson ( ILB ) Rembert ( ILB ) Clayborn ( CB ) Lippett ( CB ) R. James ( S ) Marion ( S ) Special Teams Fryar ( Ret . ) Franklin ( PK ) Camarillo ( P ) Tatupu ( ST ) Coach Berry New England Patriots All - 1990s Team Offense Bledsoe ( QB ) Martin ( RB ) Russell ( RB ) Glenn ( WR ) Jefferson ( WR ) Coates ( TE ) Armstrong ( T ) Harlow ( T ) Rucci ( G ) Lane ( G ) Wohlabaugh ( C ) Defense McGinest ( DE ) Williams ( DE ) Goad ( NT ) Tippett ( OLB ) Slade ( OLB ) Brown ( ILB ) Johnson ( ILB ) Hurst ( CB ) Law ( CB ) Clay ( S ) Milloy ( S ) Special Teams Meggett ( Ret . ) Vinatieri ( PK ) Tupa ( P ) Whigham ( ST ) Coach Parcells 2000s On March 16 , 2010 , the Patriots Hall of Fame selection committee selected an all - decade team for the 2000s : ( show ) New England Patriots All - 2000s Team Offense Brady ( QB ) Dillon ( RB ) Moss ( WR ) Welker ( WR ) Brown ( WR ) Graham ( TE ) Light ( T ) Kaczur ( T ) Andruzzi ( G ) Mankins ( G ) Koppen ( C ) Defense Seymour ( DE ) Warren ( DE ) Wilfork ( NT ) McGinest ( OLB ) Vrabel ( OLB ) Bruschi ( ILB ) Phifer ( ILB ) Law ( CB ) Samuel ( CB ) Harrison ( S ) Milloy ( S ) Special Teams Faulk ( Ret . ) Vinatieri ( PK ) Miller ( P ) Izzo ( ST ) Coach Belichick Anniversary teams 35th anniversary ( 1994 ) In 1994 , a group of local media selected a 35th anniversary team : ( show ) New England Patriots 35th Anniversary Team ( 1994 ) Offense Grogan ( QB ) Nance ( RB ) Cunningham ( RB ) Morgan ( WR ) Cappelletti ( WR ) Francis ( TE ) Armstrong ( T ) Neville ( T ) Hannah ( G ) S. Adams ( G ) Morris ( C ) Defense J. Adams ( DE ) Eisenhauer ( DE ) Antwine ( DT ) J. Hunt ( DT ) Tippett ( LB ) Buoniconti ( LB ) Nelson ( LB ) S. Hunt ( LB ) Haynes ( CB ) Clayborn ( CB ) Marion ( S ) Hall ( S ) Special Teams Cappelletti ( PK ) Camarillo ( P ) Tatupu ( ST ) 50th anniversary ( 2009 ) In 2009 , the Patriots Hall of Fame selection committee selected a 50th anniversary team : ( show ) New England Patriots 50th Anniversary Team ( 2009 ) Offense Brady ( QB ) Nance ( RB ) Cunningham ( RB ) Morgan ( WR ) Brown ( WR ) Fryar ( WR ) Coates ( TE ) Armstrong ( T ) Light ( T ) Hannah ( G ) Mankins ( G ) Morris ( C ) Defense Adams ( DE ) Seymour ( DE ) Antwine ( DT ) Wilfork ( DT ) Tippett ( OLB ) Vrabel ( OLB ) Nelson ( ILB ) Buoniconti ( ILB ) Haynes ( CB ) Law ( CB ) Marion ( S ) Harrison ( S ) Special Teams Faulk ( Ret . ) Vinatieri ( PK ) Camarillo ( P ) Tatupu ( ST ) Captains Cappelletti ( Offense ) Bruschi ( Defense ) Coach Belichick All - time first - round draft picks Main article : List of New England Patriots first - round draft picks Staff Head coaches Main article : List of New England Patriots head coaches Current staff New England Patriots staff Front office Chairman / CEO -- Robert Kraft President -- Jonathan Kraft General Manager -- Bill Belichick Director of Player Personnel -- Nick Caserio Director of College Scouting -- Monti Ossenfort Director of Pro Personnel -- Dave Ziegler Assistant Director of College Scouting -- Brian Smith Director of Scouting Administration -- Nancy Meier Football Research Director -- Ernie Adams Director of Football / Head Coach Administration -- Berj Najarian Head Coach Head Coach -- Bill Belichick Offensive Coaches Offensive Coordinator / Quarterbacks Coach -- Josh McDaniels Assistant Quarterbacks -- Jerry Schuplinski Running Backs -- Ivan Fears Wide Receivers -- Chad O'Shea Tight Ends -- Nick Caley Offensive Line -- Dante Scarnecchia Offensive Assistant -- Cole Popovich Coaching Assistant -- DeMarcus Covington Defensive Coaches Defensive Coordinator -- Vacant Defensive Line -- Brendan Daly Linebackers -- Brian Flores Cornerbacks -- Josh Boyer Safeties -- Steve Belichick Defensive Assistant -- Mike Pellegrino Coaching Assistant -- Brian Belichick Special Teams Coaches Special Teams -- Joe Judge Assistant Special Teams -- Vacant Strength and Conditioning Strength and Conditioning -- Moses Cabrera Assistant Strength and Conditioning -- James Hardy → Coaching staff → Management → More NFL staffs AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA Culture Cheerleaders and mascot Main article : New England Patriots Cheerleaders The Patriots Cheerleaders performing a routine in 2007 The Patriots NFL Cheerleaders are simply known as the Patriots Cheerleaders . In 2005 , cheerleader Kristin Gauvin won Miss Massachusetts , in part from her local commitment with the Patriots . The Patriots ' mascot is Pat Patriot , a revolutionary minuteman wearing a Patriots home jersey . The Patriots also employ a corps known as the End Zone Militia . During each game , about ten men dressed as minutemen line the back of each end zone . When the Patriots score a touchdown , field goal , point - after - touchdown or safety , the militia behind the opposite end zone fire a volley of blanks from flintlock muskets . Per an interview with the Loren & Wally Show on WROR 105.7 FM in and around the time of Super Bowl XLIX , said shots use double the load of black powder than a regular historical reenactor does , specifically 200 grains , in order to be heard throughout the stadium . ESPN writer Josh Pahigian named this one of the top ten celebrations in the league in 2007 . Radio and television Main article : List of New England Patriots broadcasters The Patriots ' flagship radio station is WBZ - FM 98.5 FM , owned by CBS Radio . The larger radio network is called the New England Patriots Radio Network , whose 37 affiliate stations span seven states . Gil Santos and Gino Cappelletti were the longtime announcing team until their retirement following the conclusion of the 2012 NFL season . Santos was replaced by Bob Socci . Former Patriots QB Scott Zolak joined the radio team in the 2011 season as a sideline analyst , and in 2013 , he replaced Cappelletti as color commentator . Any preseason games not on national television are shown on CBS 's O&O WBZ - TV , who also airs the bulk of Patriots regular season games by virtue of CBS having the rights to most AFC games ; CBS also has a presence at the nearby Patriot Place with the `` CBS Scene '' bar / restaurant . During the regular season whenever the Patriots host an NFC team , the games are aired on Fox affiliate WFXT - TV , and NBC Sunday Night Football games are carried by the `` NBC Boston '' network of stations led by WBTS - LD . Preseason games were broadcast on ABC affiliate WCVB - TV from 1995 until the change to WBZ in 2009 . Don Criqui was play - by - play announcer for the 1995 -- 2012 seasons , with Randy Cross as a color commentator and Mike Lynch as a sideline reporter . Lynch was replaced by WBZ reporter Steve Burton in 2009 . See also American football portal The Kraft Group Notes and references Jump up ^ `` The History of the New England Patriots '' . New England Patriots . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Evolution of the Patriots Logo and Uniform '' . New England Patriots. April 1 , 2016 . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` New England Patriots Team Capsule '' ( PDF ) . 2016 Official National Football League Record and Fact Book . 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Jump up ^ Hoffman , Benjamin ( 2017 - 02 - 05 ) . `` Here 's How the Patriots Won Their Fifth Super Bowl '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ Acee , Kevin ( February 5 , 2017 ) . `` Patriots win wild , historic Super Bowl '' . sandiegouniontribune.com . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.si.com/nfl/2018/01/22/eagles-patriots-super-bowl-52-nick-foles-tom-brady-peter-king-mmqb Jump up ^ `` New England Patriots Career Passing Leaders '' . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New England Patriots Career Rushing Leaders '' . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on September 9 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New England Patriots Career Receiving Leaders '' . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on September 21 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New England Patriots Career Scoring Leaders '' . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2015 . Retrieved November 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New England Patriots All - Time Coaching Wins '' . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` How Exactly Will History Judge Parcells ? ( Pt 3 ) '' . patsfans.com . Retrieved January 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bisman , Neil ( October 17 , 2013 ) . `` History Fuels Rivalry Between Jets and Patriots '' . NBC New York . Retrieved January 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kevin W. Ryan ( September 10 , 2013 ) . `` The 10 Best Moments of the Jets - Pats Rivalry '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved January 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jets - Patriots rivalry through the years ( Belichick resigns as head coach ) '' . Newsday . Retrieved December 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jets hire Mangini as head coach '' . ESPN . January 18 , 2006 . Retrieved January 11 , 2014 . 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Archived from the original on October 11 , 2008 . Retrieved February 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NFL was ready to check New England Patriots ' footballs against Colts , report says - Newsday '' . Newsday . Retrieved May 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Report : Colts Raised Concerns About Under - Inflated Balls After Game vs. Patriots in Indianapolis '' . Boston.com . Retrieved May 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McLaughlin , Eliott ( January 23 , 2015 ) . `` What the heck is Deflategate anyway ? '' . CNN . Retrieved January 23 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Wells Jr. , Theodore V. ( May 6 , 2015 ) . `` INVESTIGATIVE REPORT CONCERNING FOOTBALLS USED DURING THE AFC CHAMPIONSHIP GAME ON JANUARY 18 , 2015 '' ( PDF ) . National Football League . Retrieved May 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` On the Wells Report '' . American Enterprise Institute . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Brady 's four - game suspension upheld '' . ESPN . April 25 , 2016 . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl LI - New England Patriots vs. Atlanta Falcons - February 5th , 2017 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ Borges , Ron ( September 1 , 2000 ) . `` Coming to terms with the system '' . The Boston Globe . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2000 . Retrieved October 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Guregian , Karen ( January 15 , 2009 ) . `` Scott Pioli starts life as lone boss in Kansas City '' . Boston Herald . Archived from the original on September 21 , 2012 . Retrieved October 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Long , Mark ( February 6 , 2005 ) . `` Versatile Vrabel vaults into Super Bowl lore '' . San Diego Union - Tribune . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2008 . Retrieved October 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Bell , Jarrett ( January 24 , 2005 ) . `` Patriots all about the rings '' . USA Today . Retrieved October 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` # 3 New England Patriots '' . Forbes . September 2 , 2011 . Retrieved October 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Team Valuations '' . Forbes . September 2 , 2011 . Retrieved October 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Badenhausen , Kurt ( September 7 , 2011 ) . `` The NFL 's Most Valuable Teams '' . Forbes . Jump up ^ Badenhausen , Kurt ( July 15 , 2015 ) . `` The World 's 50 Most Valuable Sports Teams 2015 '' . Forbes . Retrieved August 31 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sports '' . Gillette Stadium . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2014 . Retrieved March 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Patriots Select FieldTurf for Gillette Stadium '' . FieldTurf . Retrieved March 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Patriot Place '' . Patriot Place . Retrieved March 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Sessler , Marc ( July 3 , 2013 ) . `` New England Patriots debut new , bolder logo '' . National Football League . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2015 . Retrieved August 29 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Patriots ' Uniform Evolves From Flying Elvis Over The Years '' . NESN . July 20 , 2013 . Retrieved August 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lukas , Paul ( July 28 , 2011 ) . `` The untold story behind the Patriots logo '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved January 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` History of NFL Uniforms : New England Patriots '' . National Football League . Retrieved August 26 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Evolution of the Patriots ' Uniform '' . National Football League . Retrieved August 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New NFL Safety Rule Forbids Alternate Helmets '' . Bleacher Report . September 18 , 2013 . Retrieved August 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fiske , Angelique ( September 13 , 2016 ) . `` Check out the 2016 Patriots Color Rush Jerseys '' . New England Patriots . Retrieved September 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Hall at Patriot Place '' . New England Patriots . Retrieved June 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ben Coates elected to Patriots Hall of Fame '' . New England Patriots . July 7 , 2008 . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2008 . Retrieved July 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Hall at Patriot Place Presented by Raytheon Hall of Fame ! '' . New England Patriots . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2005 . Retrieved June 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Patriots Hall of Fame Senior Selection Committee formed '' . New England Patriots . March 25 , 2011 . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2012 . Retrieved March 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Finn , Chad ( March 24 , 2009 ) . `` Sullivan inducted into team 's Hall '' . The Boston Globe . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2009 . Retrieved March 24 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Patriots Anniversary Teams '' . New England Patriots . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2008 . Retrieved March 30 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Patriots All - Decade teams announced '' . New England Patriots . March 31 , 2009 . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` New England Patriots All - Decade Team '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved March 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Patriots Cheerleaders and Appearances '' . New England Patriots . Archived from the original on September 9 , 2011 . Retrieved January 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` It 's a Celebration : Best NFL Touchdown Rituals '' . ESPN . Josh Pahigian . December 13 , 2007 ^ Jump up to : `` Media Center -- Radio Stations '' . New England Patriots . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2011 . Retrieved January 1 , 2014 . Further reading Fox , Larry ( 1979 ) . The New England Patriots : Triumph & Tragedy . Macmillan Publishing Company . ISBN 0 - 689 - 10992 - X Hyldburg , Bob ( 2009 ) . Total Patriots : The Definitive Encyclopedia of the World - Class Franchise . Triumph Books . ISBN 1 - 60078 - 099 - 7 Holley , Michael ( 2004 ) . Patriot Reign : Bill Belichick , the Coaches , and the Players Who Built a Champion . William Morrow and Company . ISBN 0 - 06 - 075794 - 9 Price , Christopher ( 2007 ) . The Blueprint : How the New England Patriots Beat the System to Create the Last Great NFL Superpower . Thomas Dunne Books . ISBN 0 - 312 - 36838 - 0 Lavin , James ( 2005 ) . Management Secrets of the New England Patriots : From Patsies to Triple Super Bowl Champs ; Vol. 1 . Pointer Press . ISBN 0 - 9762039 - 5 - 2 Lavin , James ( 2005 ) . Management Secrets of the New England Patriots : From Patsies to Triple Super Bowl Champs ; Vol. 2 . Pointer Press . ISBN 0 - 9762039 - 8 - 7 Glennon , Sean ( 2008 ) . The Good , the Bad & the Ugly New England Patriots : Heart - pounding , Jaw - dropping , and Gut - wrenching Moments from New England Patriots History . Triumph Books . ISBN 1 - 60078 - 118 - 7 Felger , Michael ( 2004 ) . Tales from the Patriots Sideline . Sports Publishing LLC . ISBN 1 - 58261 - 525 - X Donaldson , Jim ( 2009 ) . Then Belichick Said to Brady : The Best New England Patriots Stories Ever Told . Triumph Books . ISBN 1 - 60078 - 239 - 6 Donaldson , Jim ( 2005 ) . Stadium Stories : New England Patriots . Globe Pequot . ISBN 0 - 7627 - 3788 - 3 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to New England Patriots . Official website Works by or about New England Patriots in libraries ( WorldCat catalog ) `` New England Patriots collected news and commentary '' . The New York Times . 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who sings this is the end of the innocence	`` The End of the Innocence '' is the lead single and title track from Don Henley 's third solo studio album of the same name , released in 1989 . Henley co-wrote and co-produced the song with Bruce Hornsby , who also performed piano ; both artists perform the song live in their respective concerts . Henley 's version peaked at number eight on the Billboard Hot 100 , becoming his fifth solo top ten hit on the chart . `` The End of the Innocence '' also became his fourth number - one single on the Mainstream Rock Tracks chart and peaked at number two on the Hot Adult Contemporary chart . The song features Wayne Shorter on saxophone .	Don Henley	The end of the innocence ( song )	the end of the innocence ( song )	`` The End of the Innocence '' is the lead single and title track from Don Henley 's third solo studio album of the same name , released in 1989 . Henley co-wrote and co-produced the song with Bruce Hornsby , who also performed piano ; both artists perform the song live in their respective concerts . Henley 's version peaked at number eight on the Billboard Hot 100 , becoming his fifth solo top ten hit on the chart . `` The End of the Innocence '' also became his fourth number - one single on the Mainstream Rock Tracks chart and peaked at number two on the Hot Adult Contemporary chart . The song features Wayne Shorter on saxophone .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Background and content 2 Music video 3 Chart performance 3.1 Weekly charts 3.2 Year - end charts 4 See also 5 References Background and content ( edit ) This section possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( October 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Henley 's lyrics take the form of a personal remembrance of a close friend or companion , and evoke a powerful sense of nostalgia for the lost innocence of childhood . The music was written by Bruce Hornsby years earlier . Don was driving back from Bruce 's ranch in Moorpark when he found out that a friend had been indicted for securities fraud -- - at the time the government was going after Michael Milken , thus the references to having to call the lawyers `` because Daddy had to lie . '' The `` place where we can go '' refers to his 50 - acre ranch outside Aspen , Colorado off Woody Creek Rd . The reflections and the emotional responses represent the end of the innocence of the baby boomers , which for some was coupled with a perception of nihilism , consumerism , and militarism during the Reagan administration . Even as they yearn for the simplicity and values of the past and the uncorrupted people they used to be , the song sees them coming to terms with the responsibilities and challenges facing Americans entering middle - age in the 1980s . Music video ( edit ) The black and white music video for the song was directed by future film director David Fincher ( Seven , Fight Club ) and earned Henley an MTV Video Music Award for Best Male Video in 1990 . There are two political comments in the video . At the line `` armchair warriors often fail , '' it shows a TV set showing scenes of the congressional testimony of Oliver North . At the line `` they 're beating plowshares into swords , for the tired old man that we elected king , '' it shows a series of posters of President Ronald Reagan . After Reagan had left office , Bruce Hornsby began singing his version with the line `` for the tired old man that is no longer king . '' Also in the video , there are shots of Henley singing in front of the Texas School Book Depository in Dealey Plaza , Dallas , Texas . To Henley , this is where the `` end of the innocence '' can be found . A portion of the video was also filmed in the town of Waxahachie , Texas , just south of Dallas at the historic Rogers Hotel , where Bonnie and Clyde stayed and where the movies Places in the Heart and Tender Mercies were filmed . Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1989 - 1990 ) Peak position Canadian RPM Top Singles Canadian RPM Adult Contemporary UK Singles Chart 48 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 8 U.S. Billboard Adult Contemporary Tracks U.S. Billboard Album Rock Tracks Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1989 ) Position Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 15 See also ( edit ) Ronald Reagan in music References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2002 ) . Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 - 2001 . Record Research . p. 114 . Jump up ^ `` Top Singles - Volume 51 , No. 8 , December 23 , 1989 '' . RPM . December 23 , 1999 . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . Don Henley Studio albums I Ca n't Stand Still Building the Perfect Beast The End of the Innocence Inside Job Cass County Compilation albums Actual Miles : Henley 's Greatest Hits The Very Best of Don Henley One of These Nights : Boston 1993 Singles `` Johnny Ca n't Read '' `` Dirty Laundry '' `` The Boys of Summer '' `` All She Wants to Do Is Dance '' `` Not Enough Love in the World '' `` Sunset Grill '' `` The End of the Innocence '' `` New York Minute '' `` The Last Worthless Evening '' `` The Heart of the Matter '' `` The Garden of Allah '' `` Everybody Knows '' Guest singles `` Leather and Lace '' `` Sometimes Love Just Ai n't Enough '' `` Walkaway Joe '' `` Inside Out '' See also Discography Eagles Bruce Hornsby Albums The Way It Is Scenes from the Southside A Night on the Town Harbor Lights Hot House Spirit Trail Here Come The Noise Makers Big Swing Face Halcyon Days Intersections ( 1985 - 2005 ) Ricky Skaggs & Bruce Hornsby Camp Meeting Levitate Bride of the Noisemakers Rehab Reunion Songs `` Every Little Kiss '' `` The Way It Is '' `` Mandolin Rain '' `` The Valley Road '' `` Jacob 's Ladder '' `` The End of the Innocence '' `` Barren Ground '' Related articles Grateful Dead The Other Ones Jerry Garcia Sonny Emory Christian McBride Jack DeJohnette Ricky Skaggs Pat Metheny Branford Marsalis Bonnie Raitt Steve Kimock David Mansfield Joe Puerta John Molo John Hornsby Don Henley Huey Lewis Béla Fleck Films directed by David Fincher Alien 3 ( 1992 ) Seven ( 1995 ) The Game ( 1997 ) Fight Club ( 1999 ) Panic Room ( 2002 ) Zodiac ( 2007 ) The Curious Case of Benjamin Button ( 2008 ) The Social Network ( 2010 ) The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo ( 2011 ) Gone Girl ( 2014 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_End_of_the_Innocence_(song)&oldid=843211818 '' Categories : 1989 songs 1989 singles Don Henley songs Billboard Mainstream Rock number - one singles MTV Video Music Award for Best Male Video Songs written by Bruce Hornsby Songs written by Don Henley Music videos directed by David Fincher Black - and - white music videos Geffen Records singles Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from December 2013 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats Articles that may contain original research from October 2011 All articles that may contain original research Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 27 May 2018 , at 17 : 19 . 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who did he end up with on how i met your mother			How I Met Your Mother	how i met your mother	How I Met Your Mother ( often abbreviated to HIMYM ) is an American sitcom that originally aired on CBS from September 19 , 2005 to March 31 , 2014 . The series follows the main character , Ted Mosby , and his group of friends in New York City 's Manhattan . As a framing device , Ted , in the year 2030 , recounts to his son and daughter the events that led him to meet their mother .	The series was created by Craig Thomas and Carter Bays , who also served as the show 's executive producers and were frequent writers . The series was loosely inspired by their friendship when they both lived in New York City . Among the 208 episodes , there were only four directors : Pamela Fryman ( 196 episodes ) , Rob Greenberg ( 7 episodes ) , Michael Shea ( 4 episodes ) and Neil Patrick Harris ( 1 episode ) . Known for its unique structure , eccentric humor , and incorporation of dramatic elements , How I Met Your Mother has gained a cult following over the years . The show initially received positive reviews , while the later seasons received more mixed reviews . The show was nominated for 28 Emmy Awards , winning nine . In 2010 , Alyson Hannigan won the People 's Choice Award for Favorite TV Comedy Actress . In 2012 , seven years after its premiere , the series won the People 's Choice Award for Favorite Network TV Comedy , and Neil Patrick Harris won the award for Favorite TV Comedy Actor . The ninth and final season began airing on September 23 , 2013 , and concluded on March 31 , 2014 , with a double - length finale episode , which received polarized reviews from critics and fans alike for its controversial twist ending , as many critics and fans believed it contradicted many of the previous episodes . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Production 3 Cast and characters 4 Season synopsis 4.1 Season 1 4.2 Season 2 4.3 Season 3 4.4 Season 4 4.5 Season 5 4.6 Season 6 4.7 Season 7 4.8 Season 8 4.9 Season 9 5 Critical reception 6 Tie - ins 6.1 Books 6.2 Soundtracks 6.3 Pineapple Incident Explained 6.4 Proposed spin - offs 6.4. 1 How I Met Your Dad 6.4. 2 How I Met Your Father ( First attempt ) 6.4. 3 How I Met Your Father ( Second attempt ) 6.5 Russian adaptation 7 Nielsen ratings 8 Awards and nominations 9 DVD releases 10 References 11 External links Premise ( edit ) The series concerns the adventures of Ted Mosby ( played by Josh Radnor ) narrating the story of how he met the mother of his children . The story goes into a flashback and starts in 2005 with a 27 - year - old Ted Mosby living in New York City and working as an architect ; the narrative deals primarily with his best friends , including the long - lasting couple Marshall Eriksen ( Jason Segel ) and Lily Aldrin ( Alyson Hannigan ) ; the eccentric , womanizing - playboy Barney Stinson ( Neil Patrick Harris ) ; and news reporter Robin Scherbatsky ( Cobie Smulders ) . The lives of all characters are entwined in each others . The series explores many storylines , including a `` will they or wo n't they '' relationship between Robin and each of the two single male friends , Marshall and Lily 's relationship , and the ups and downs of the characters ' careers . The show 's frame story depicts Ted ( voice of Bob Saget , uncredited ) verbally retelling the story to his son Luke ( David Henrie ) and daughter Penny ( Lyndsy Fonseca ) as they sit on the couch in the year 2030 . This future - set frame is officially the show 's `` present day '' and How I Met Your Mother exploits this framing device in numerous ways : to depict and re-depict events from multiple points of view ; to set up jokes using quick and sometimes multiple flashbacks nested within the oral retelling ; to substitute visual , verbal or aural euphemisms for activities Ted does n't want to talk about with his children ( sexual practices , use of illicit substances , vulgar language , etc . ) ; and even to add some elements of humor : in the episode `` How I Met Everyone Else '' , Ted describes his dates with a girlfriend whose name he has forgotten , leading all characters to act as though her given name were `` Blah - Blah . '' While the traditional love - story structure begins when the romantic leads first encounter each other , How I Met Your Mother does not introduce Ted 's wife ( Cristin Milioti ) until the eighth - season finale , and only announces her name ( Tracy McConnell ) during the series finale . The show instead focuses on Ted 's prior relationships and his dissatisfaction with those women , thus setting the stage for his eventual happiness with Tracy . Production ( edit ) How I Met Your Mother was inspired by Carter Bays and Craig Thomas 's idea to `` write about our friends and the stupid stuff we did in New York '' , where they previously worked as writers for Late Show with David Letterman , among others . The two drew from their friendship in creating the characters . Ted is based loosely on Bays , and Marshall and Lily are based loosely on Thomas and his wife . Thomas ' wife Rebecca was initially reluctant to have a character based on her but agreed if they could get Alyson Hannigan to play her . Hannigan was looking to do more comedy work and was available . Josh Radnor and Jason Segel , who were cast as Ted and Marshall , respectively , were not well known , though Segel had been a cast member on the short - lived Freaks and Geeks and a recurring guest star on Judd Apatow follow - up Undeclared . The role of Barney was initially envisioned as a `` John Belushi - type character '' before Neil Patrick Harris won the role after being invited to an audition by the show 's casting director Megan Branman . Pamela Fryman invited Bob Saget to be the voiceover narrator , Future Ted , explaining to him that the show would be like The Wonder Years but `` kind of into the future '' . Saget either went to the television studio and recorded the narration while watching the episode , or did so separately and rerecorded with the episode if necessary . He normally did not attend table readings but did so for the last episode . In various interviews Bays and Thomas have stated that `` a pretty famous actress '' turned down the role of Robin , whom they revealed in February 2014 to have been Jennifer Love Hewitt . They then cast Cobie Smulders for the role who , at the time , was fairly unknown . Bays and Thomas later said , `` Thank God we did for a million reasons ... when Ted 's seeing her for the first time , America 's seeing her for the first time -- the intriguingness of that propelled the show going forward and kept the show alive '' . Although Ted is initially smitten by Robin in the pilot , it is quickly established at the end of the episode that she is not the mother , which Thomas said was done so they would not copy or rehash the `` will they or wo n't they '' Ross and Rachel storyline from Friends . According to an Entertainment Weekly article , the writers adopted facets of each main actor 's personality and incorporated them into their characters . This includes Neil Patrick Harris 's skills with magic , Jason Segel 's passion for songwriting , Alyson Hannigan 's absent - mindedness while pregnant , and Josh Radnor 's intellectualism . MacLaren 's , an Irish bar in the middle of New York , in which some of the show is set , is loosely based on four favorite bars of Bays , Thomas and others from the Late Show staff . They include : McGee 's , a Midtown tavern near the Ed Sullivan Theater where the Late Show is taped ; McHale 's , a legendary Hell 's Kitchen bar which closed in 2006 ; Chumley 's , a since - closed historic Greenwich Village pub ; and Fez , another closed bar on the Upper West Side . McGee 's had a mural that Bays and Thomas both liked and wanted to incorporate into the show . The name for the bar is from Carter Bays ' assistant , Carl MacLaren ; the bartender in the show is also named Carl . Episodes were generally shot over a three - day period in the Los Angeles - based Soundstage Studio 22 and featured upwards of 50 scenes with quick transitions and flashbacks . However , the `` Pilot '' episode was filmed at CBS Radford . The laugh track was later created by recording an audience being shown the final edited episode . Thomas claimed that shooting before a live audience would have been impossible because of the structure of the show and the numerous flashforwards in each episode and because doing so `` would blur the line between ' audience ' and ' hostage situation ' '' . Later seasons started filming in front of an audience on occasion when smaller sets were used . The theme song is a portion of `` Hey Beautiful '' by The Solids , of which Bays and Thomas are members . Episodes from Season 1 generally started with the opening credits . A cold opening has been used since Season 2 . Viewers then occasionally see Ted 's children on a couch and hear him talking to them , telling the story of how he met their mother . Alternatively , scenes from previous episodes or shots of New York City with Ted narrating over the top are shown . Thomas has stated that Future Ted is an unreliable narrator since he is trying to tell a story that happened over 20 years earlier ; this has been a plot point in several episodes including `` The Goat '' , `` Oh Honey '' , `` How I Met Everyone Else '' and `` The Mermaid Theory '' . Nevertheless , Thomas has also emphasized maintaining a coherent and consistent universe and trying to avoid continuity errors , a problem he noticed in other shows . A scene relating to the identity of the mother , involving Ted 's future children , was filmed in 2006 for the show 's eventual series finale . This was done because it was likely that the teenage actors portraying them would be adults by the time the final season was shot . During the 2007 -- 2008 Writers Guild of America strike , How I Met Your Mother shut - down production ; when the strike ended , the show returned on March 17 , 2008 , with nine new episodes . The network announced a change in the timeslot to 8 : 30 pm ET / 7 : 30 pm CT , flip - flopping from the summer schedule with The Big Bang Theory . CBS renewed the show for a fourth season on May 14 , 2008 , which premiered on September 22 , 2008 . In September 2008 , Lifetime Television announced it had purchased the cable rerun rights to How I Met Your Mother at a rate of about $725,000 per episode . The four - year syndication contract stipulated that the studio deliver at least 110 half - hour episodes by the year 2010 , and allowed for up to eight seasons of the show . At the end of the fourth season only 88 episodes had been produced , and a further 22 episodes were required , ensuring that there would be a fifth season . There also was a complication with the writing of the show due to the absence of actress Alyson Hannigan due to her pregnancy . The writers had to create episodes that did not include one of the five main characters . On May 19 , 2009 , the fifth - season renewal was announced . May 20 , 2009 , CBS announced that How I Met Your Mother would again be aired at 8 pm , leading into the new comedy Accidentally on Purpose . On January 12 , 2010 , the show aired its 100th episode and CBS announced that the series would return for a sixth season . Upon learning that the series would be syndicated , Thomas said , `` We 're thrilled that it will live on in other forms , '' and they were proud of the show and it was great to see the strong demand . Reruns of the series began airing on local U.S. broadcast television stations and on Chicago - based cable superstation WGN America September 13 , 2010 . Featured in these airings are vanity cards previously unseen in the CBS and Lifetime airings due to marginalized credit sequences used by the two networks . Shown in between the closing credits and the production company credits , these vanity cards show portions of `` The Bro Code '' , a list of rules frequently referenced by Harris ' character , Barney Stinson , on how men should interact with each other , with an emphasis on activities involving pursuing members of the opposite sex . The opening theme song for the syndicated reruns is also slightly edited , running shorter and not using all the pictures seen in the opening montage that runs on DVD and the original CBS broadcasts . The episodes are also slightly edited , leaving out a few details . One of the series ' ongoing traditions involves giving guest roles to actors from various Joss Whedon productions , many of whom co-starred with Hannigan on Buffy the Vampire Slayer . Bays attributes this to their being `` huge fans '' and to those casts representing `` a big talent pool '' . On March 4 , 2011 , CBS announced that the show had been renewed for two more seasons , with the seventh season premiering with back - to - back episodes on September 19 , 2011 . On July 27 , 2011 , the FX channel announced it had picked up the series for syndication . On September 5 , 2011 , FX began airing the series . Although cast members had previously stated that the show would not run longer than eight seasons , a ninth season was secured in December 2012 amidst tense negotiations with the studios and the actors -- especially Jason Segel , who had wanted to move on to other ventures after the eighth season . During these negotiations , Bays and Thomas originally approached the eighth season as if it was the show 's last year , but also had a `` Plan B '' if the show was renewed . After producers secured a ninth and final season , they implemented plans to secretly cast the titular future mother , with Cristin Milioti eventually winning the role , besting at least two other contenders . Milioti first appeared in the last scene in the season eight finale `` Something New '' and was a regular cast member in the show 's final season . This marked the first time that the show had expanded its core roster . In January 2013 , How I Met Your Mother was renewed for a ninth and final season . Carter Bays stated to Entertainment Weekly that season nine `` will feature some of the most non-linear episodes we 've ever done '' . The season nine premiere episode aired on September 23 , 2013 and the one - hour series finale aired on March 31 , 2014 . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of How I Met Your Mother characters Main cast Josh Radnor Cristin Milioti Neil Patrick Harris Cobie Smulders Alyson Hannigan Jason Segel Ted Mosby Tracy McConnell Barney Stinson Robin Scherbatsky Lily Aldrin Marshall Eriksen Josh Radnor as Ted Mosby , an architect , college professor and the central character of the series . He is the main protagonist where he tells the story of his adult years from his late twenties to his early thirties and about all his obstacles he has to endure before he meets `` The One '' aka the Mother . This story is told by the Older Ted Mosby , and narrator of the series , Bob Saget . Ted moved to New York City with his friends Marshall and Lily after graduating from Wesleyan University . In New York , he met Barney at the urinal of MacLaren 's and Robin , to whom he was immediately attracted . Ted is on a quest for happiness and `` The One '' , the woman he will marry . Ted prefers more elegant and high - class interests than his friends have . He goes to great lengths to profess his love to the women in his life , but they all falter eventually . Despite these qualities , Ted often acts immaturely , such as partaking in wild activities with Barney . He meets the love of his life ( the titular Mother ) in the show 's finale . Jason Segel as Marshall Eriksen , Ted 's best friend . In season 2 Marshall marries Lily , with whom he has been in love since his freshman year of college ; they have a child during season 7 . Marshall was born in St. Cloud , Minnesota . He has an interest in paranormal phenomenon , and mythical creatures , particularly Sasquatch . His dream to be an environmental lawyer conflicts with his immediate need for money , such as for his wedding and to raise his children . Cobie Smulders as Robin Scherbatsky , a news anchor who has on - again off - again relationships with both Ted and Barney . Robin emigrated from Canada to take a job in a news station and met Ted at MacLaren 's ; her Canadian background is a source of many jokes from her friends . She is shown to be very career - centric and rejects traditional roles , such as getting married and having kids . Robin often drinks scotch and smokes cigars , and she is an avid gun fan . She and Barney get engaged and later marry in the first part of the series finale , but divorce in the second part , three years later . Cobie 's husband Taran Kilam has also appeared on 6 episodes of the show as Gary Blauman . Neil Patrick Harris as Barney Stinson is a serial playboy , using his relative wealth and an array of outrageous strategies to seduce women with no intention of engaging in a relationship . His catchphrases include ' Suit Up ' and ' Legend - wait - for - it - Dary ' . He is Ted 's `` bro , '' often jealous of Marshall for having known Ted since college . Abandoned by his father at a young age , Barney has abandonment issues and clings to his friends . He marries Robin in the series finale but they divorce after three years . In 2020 , a failed one - night stand gives him a daughter , Ellie . Neil 's husband David Burtka has appeared on 7 episodes on the show as Scooter . Alyson Hannigan as Lily Aldrin , a kindergarten teacher , aspiring artist , and Marshall 's wife . She is terrible at keeping secrets , and can be manipulative at times . She marries Marshall in season 2 and gives birth to Marvin in season 7 . Though appearing sweet and cute , Lily can be quite unexpectedly fierce . Alyson 's husband Alexis Denisof has appeared on 10 episodes on the show as Sandy Rivers . Cristin Milioti as Tracy McConnell ( guest - season 8 ; main - season 9 ) , the future wife of Ted Mosby , The Mother . Tracy McConnell is first seen in the finale of season 8 , though her name is hinted at season 1 ( 01x09 `` Belly full of Turkey '' ) and officially revealed in the series finale . Ted falls madly in love with her , but in 2024 she passes away . Bob Saget as Future Ted Mosby ( voice only , uncredited ) , Ted 's future self , telling his children the story of how he met their mother , in the year 2030 . Season synopsis ( edit ) Main article : List of How I Met Your Mother episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 22 September 19 , 2005 ( 2005 - 09 - 19 ) May 15 , 2006 ( 2006 - 05 - 15 ) 22 September 18 , 2006 ( 2006 - 09 - 18 ) May 14 , 2007 ( 2007 - 05 - 14 ) 20 September 24 , 2007 ( 2007 - 09 - 24 ) May 19 , 2008 ( 2008 - 05 - 19 ) 24 September 22 , 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 22 ) May 18 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 18 ) 5 24 September 21 , 2009 ( 2009 - 09 - 21 ) May 24 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 24 ) 6 24 September 20 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 20 ) May 16 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 16 ) 7 24 September 19 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 19 ) May 14 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 14 ) 8 24 September 24 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 24 ) May 13 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 13 ) 9 24 September 23 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 23 ) March 31 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 31 ) Season 1 ( edit ) Main article : How I Met Your Mother ( season 1 ) In the year 2030 , Ted Mosby ( voiced by Bob Saget ) sits his daughter and son down to tell them the story of how he met their mother . The series begins in September 2005 with Ted ( Josh Radnor ) as a single , 27 - year - old architect living with his two best friends from his college years ; Marshall Eriksen ( Jason Segel ) , a law student , and Lily Aldrin ( Alyson Hannigan ) , a kindergarten teacher and an aspiring artist . Lily and Marshall have been dating for almost nine years when Marshall finally proposes . Their engagement causes Ted to think about marriage and finding his soul mate , much to the disgust of his self - appointed best friend Barney Stinson ( Neil Patrick Harris ) , whom he met in the restroom at a bar four years earlier . Barney is a serial womanizer who concocts elaborate con games , usually involving costumes and fake identities , designed to bed women , only to lose interest in them immediately afterward . Ted begins his search for his perfect soul mate and meets an ambitious young reporter from Canada , Robin Scherbatsky ( Cobie Smulders ) , with whom he quickly falls in love . Robin , however , does not want to rush into a relationship and the two decide to be friends . Future Ted reveals that Robin is not the mother after referring to her as `` Aunt Robin '' . Ted begins dating a baker , Victoria ( Ashley Williams ) , whom he meets at Stuart and Claudia 's wedding , causing Robin to become jealous , and realize she does have feelings for Ted . Victoria is offered a fellowship in pastry - making , moves to Germany and she and Ted try a long - distance relationship . Once Ted learns Robin has feelings for him , he tells her he broke up with Victoria , even though he has not . They almost have sex when Victoria calls and Robin answers , mistaking Ted 's phone for her own . Ted and Victoria then break up and an angry Robin distances herself from Ted , but they eventually reconcile and decide to date . Meanwhile , Lily begins to wonder if she 's missed any opportunities because of her relationship with Marshall , and decides to pursue an art fellowship in San Francisco , breaking - up with Marshall in the process . The season ends with Ted returning to the apartment , the morning after spending the night with Robin for the first time , to find Marshall sitting in the rain with Lily 's engagement ring , devastated by their sudden break - up . Season 2 ( edit ) Main article : How I Met Your Mother ( season 2 ) Ted and Robin are now a couple ; meanwhile , a heartbroken Marshall tries to continue his life without Lily . After enduring numerous emotional breakdowns , Marshall 's friends step in , and Barney , using sly catchphrases and pick - up lines , tries to get Marshall back in the dating game . Later , Lily , after finally realizing she is not meant to be an artist , returns to New York . They remain separated as Marshall begins to date another girl , described by the gang as having ' crazy eyes ' . The date with the girl does not end well and eventually leads to Lily and Marshall becoming reunited , and their engagement eventually resumes . When Robin refuses to go to the mall or explain why , Marshall suspects she is married , and Barney suspects she has performed in adult films . They bet on it , appointing Lily as `` Slap Bet Commissioner . '' Lily oversees the search for the truth , as they discover that Robin was a teenage pop star named `` Robin Sparkles '' , and Marshall eventually earns the right to slap Barney five times whenever he wishes . He uses one slap immediately and another later in the season . It is revealed that Barney has a gay African American half - brother named James ( Wayne Brady ) and , unaware that his mother lied to him , believes that Bob Barker is his father . As a result of this he takes a trip to California to be a contestant on The Price Is Right to meet his `` father '' . While on the show , Barney wins all the prizes and gives them to Lily and Marshall as a ' happy early wedding ' present . In the season finale , Ted reveals to Barney that he and Robin have been broken up for some time due to their conflicting views on marriage and children . They did not tell anyone , in order to avoid taking attention away from Lily and Marshall 's wedding . The season ends with Barney 's excitement at the prospect of he and Ted being single guys on the town again . Barney 's final words are `` this is going to be legen - wait for it ... '' . Season 3 ( edit ) Main article : How I Met Your Mother ( season 3 ) Barney begins the season with the word , `` - dary ! '' Robin returns from a trip to Argentina with her new boyfriend , Gael ( Enrique Iglesias ) , and Ted must adjust to life as just her friend , while watching Robin and Gael fawning over each other . Marshall and Lily decide to move out on their own , falling in love with a place they can not afford . Robin learns of Lily 's bad credit rating due to her compulsive shopping for designer brands , and forces Lily to tell Marshall . Despite this , they are able to finally secure their dream apartment , only to discover it 's in a bad location and more poorly constructed than they thought ( the floor is tilted ) . Barney is slapped for the third time on Thanksgiving , which Marshall dubs `` Slapsgiving . '' Ted tells his children he met their mother through a story concerning her yellow umbrella . He finds the umbrella at a club and takes it home after attending a St. Patrick 's Day party where his future wife was , although they did not meet . Ted attempts to woo Stella ( Sarah Chalke ) , a dermatologist he sees to remove an embarrassing butterfly tattoo . This culminates in a memorable `` two - minute date , '' which incorporates small talk , dinner , a movie , coffee , two cab rides , and a goodnight kiss , all within two minutes . Robin sleeps with Barney after he comforts her following a break - up with a past Canadian love ; Ted is infuriated , and decides to stop being friends with Barney . Meanwhile , an unknown woman begins to sabotage Barney 's attempts to hook up . His saboteur is revealed to be Abby ( Britney Spears ) , Stella 's receptionist , with a vendetta against him for not calling her after they had sex . In the season finale , Ted gets into a car accident and ends up in hospital after breaking up with Stella . Subsequently , Barney is hit by a bus while he is on his way to visit Ted and receives treatment in the same hospital . Ted realizes Barney really cares about him and they renew their friendship . Barney 's true feelings for Robin are revealed while Ted proposes to Stella in an arcade with a toy kangaroo . Season 4 ( edit ) Main article : How I Met Your Mother ( season 4 ) Stella says yes to Ted 's proposal . Robin takes a new job in Japan , but quickly resigns and returns to New York to attend Ted 's wedding , after realizing how much she misses her friends . Stella leaves Ted at the altar to get back together with Tony ( Jason Jones ) , the father of her daughter . Barney struggles with his feelings for Robin as his company shifts him to the management team of a new acquisition , Goliath National Bank ( GNB ) , where Marshall has accepted a position . Marshall and Lily move to their new apartment and debate over whether or not they 're ready to have children . Robin becomes roommates with Ted and gets a job as an anchor for a 4 AM news show after Barney submits her video resume . Ted and Robin decide to sleep together constantly so they will not fight over each other 's bad co-living habits . Barney attempts to make them stop fighting to prevent this , revealing to Ted his love for Robin . Ted finds out Lily has sabotaged all of his relationships with anyone she does not approve of and indirectly may have inspired his breakup with Robin . Robin and Ted end up talking about it , causing their friendship to begin moving toward a positive note . After Barney finally sleeps with his 200th woman ( and rubs it in the face of the childhood bully who taunted him into pursuing it ) , he begins to question the purpose of the remainder of his life , leaving him more certain of his feelings for Robin . Ted , while carrying the yellow umbrella , bumps into Stella and Tony . Tony later decides to visit him , sympathizing with Ted over his loss of Stella . Tony offers him a job as a professor of architecture , which Ted initially turns down . In the season finale Robin finds out that Barney loves her , and initially refuses to commit to anything but a sex - only relationship ; they seemingly end up together anyway . Ted decides that being an architect is leading nowhere , and finally decides instead to become a college professor . The finale ends with Ted preparing to teach his first class and Future Ted revealing to his children that one of the women in the class is their mother . Season 5 ( edit ) Main article : How I Met Your Mother ( season 5 ) Ted begins his job as a professor of architecture , standing in the middle of a classroom -- although the mother was present , it turns out to be an economics class as he 's in the wrong lecture hall . Barney and Robin have had a sexual relationship throughout the summer and Lily locks them in a room , forcing them to come to terms with their relationship . After a rough patch they decide to break up . Robin describes it instead as `` two friends getting back together . '' Barney immediately goes back to his old ways , using the playbook to score with women . Throughout the season Barney and Robin show feelings of regret over their break - up . Ted dates a graduate student named Cindy ( Rachel Bilson ) and it is revealed her roommate is his future wife . Robin meets Don Frank ( Benjamin Koldyke ) , her new co-anchor on her 4 AM TV show . Though she initially dislikes him , the two start dating and eventually she moves in with him . At the end of the season they break up when Don takes a job in Chicago -- a job which Robin had previously turned down to stay in New York with Don . Marshall uses his fourth slap on Barney , once again at Thanksgiving . Ted buys a house , which needs to be fixed up badly , but is later revealed to be the future home for Ted and his children . Lily and Marshall are still unsure about having children . After watching four doppelgangers of their group ( Lesbian Robin , Moustache Marshall , Stripper Lily and Mexican Wrestler Ted ) they decide to leave the big decision to the universe 's `` infinite wisdom '' and start trying when they have seen Barney 's Doppelganger . In the season finale , Barney disguises himself to have sex with a girl from every country in the world , and Lily and Marshall mistake him for the final doppelganger . When Marshall finds out , he decides not to tell Lily , fearing she will want to wait even longer to have children . Lily eventually finds out and decides to wait . In the season finale , Lily thinks she sees Barney 's doppelganger as a hot dog vendor , which causes the group to realize she is seeing what she wants to see , and play along . Eventually Barney agrees having babies is not a stupid idea and Lily and Marshall should go forth . The season ends with Lily asking Marshall to `` put a baby in my belly '' . Season 6 ( edit ) Main article : How I Met Your Mother ( season 6 ) In the season opening , Ted sees Cindy again with a girl who he thinks to be her roommate , but she turns out to be Cindy 's girlfriend whom she later marries . After prodding by Barney , Ted is eventually hired by GNB once more as the architect of the bank 's new headquarters , which was originally scrapped in Season 4 . However , he encounters opposition when he meets Zoey Pierson ( Jennifer Morrison ) , a woman who is protesting against GNB for selecting a decrepit hotel , the Arcadian , to be torn down for the headquarters . Over the season , Ted 's encounters with Zoey eventually blossom into a relationship after she divorces her rich husband , the Captain ( Kyle MacLachlan ) , but they break up as he puts his career and friends over love , leading to the Arcadian 's demolition . Ted also resolves not to get back with Zoey . Having agreed to conceive a baby at the end of the previous season , Lily and Marshall keep having sex , hoping she will get pregnant . Around Christmas , they have a false alarm and later seek fertility testing . The fertility specialist , Dr. Stangel , turns out to be Barney 's doppelgänger , fulfilling their promise with the universe in regard to their decision to have a child . However , tragedy strikes when Marshall 's father passes away , leaving him devastated and the gang comforting him . Marshall tries to get over his father 's death and live again . Despite a pledge to Lily to work harder for their future , Marshall resigns from GNB and follows his dream of being an environmental lawyer . Zoey also hires him as her lawyer in what became a futile battle to save the Arcadian . At the end of the season , Lily reveals that she is pregnant . Barney finally admits to the gang that Bob Barker is not his real father , especially when his mother decides to sell the house he grew up in and his brother , James , meets his own father . Loretta offers the identity of Barney 's father on a sheet of paper , but Barney tears this up after realizing her efforts as a single mother . At the funeral of Marshall 's father , Barney tells Loretta that he wants to see his father at last . The man , Jerry Whittaker ( John Lithgow ) , is eventually revealed to be someone whom Barney thought was his uncle . Barney , who remembers Jerry as a fun - loving man , is disappointed after learning how Jerry has grown out of his free - wheeling ways . Although he tries to bring back Jerry 's old behaviors , Barney admits that he wants to settle down someday . He is also introduced to Nora ( Nazanin Boniadi ) , a co-worker of Robin , for whom he develops feelings . After an initial falling out , the two reconcile at the end of the season after Barney asks her for coffee . Robin continues to work at her talk show , Come On , Get Up , New York ! , but the presence of a new hyperactive co-host forces her to leave . She is accepted as a researcher in another network , World Wide News . The gang also discovers more of her past as the Canadian pop star Robin Sparkles . Robin also encounters a man ( Michael Trucco ) she has had a secret crush on since first seeing him when she and Ted were dating , and Future Ted hints that they will see more of him later . Short scenes during the season premiere and finale feature a wedding set sometime in the future , where Ted will meet his future wife . In the final scene of the season , the groom is revealed to be Barney . Season 7 ( edit ) Main article : How I Met Your Mother ( season 7 ) Season seven opens with another flash forward , in which Ted is helping Barney get ready for his wedding to a still - unknown bride . In the present , Marshall gets a job in environmental law while Lily progresses with her pregnancy . Barney proves to Nora that he can be a good boyfriend to her , while Robin is revealed to still have feelings for Barney . Robin meets a therapist Kevin ( Kal Penn ) and they start to date . Meanwhile , after a period of unemployment since leaving GNB , Marshall finally manages to land his dream job at a top environmental law firm . After losing a bet , Barney is forced to wear a tie with a duck pattern on it ( nicknamed the ' Ducky Tie ' ) which he hates . Marshall allows him to take it off when meeting Nora 's parents on the condition that Barney has three slaps added to the one still remaining from the Slap Bet . Marshall uses two slaps immediately , leaving two left . While reminiscing about Hurricane Irene , Lily and Marshall reveal that they conceived their baby in Barney 's apartment , and Barney and Robin end up sleeping together . Barney and Robin decide to break up with their partners , but Robin reneges on the deal , returning to Kevin and leaving Barney alone and heartbroken . Robin has a pregnancy scare at Thanksgiving and tells Barney the child is his , since she and Kevin had not yet slept together . However , Robin 's doctor informs her that she can not have children at all . Kevin , who wants children , proposes to Robin , who decides that they must break up . Ted comforts Robin and reveals he still loves her , but the gesture is unrequited . Eventually , she moves out to give him some space . Marshall and Lily decide they want to move to Long Island , after Lily 's paternal grandparents offer them their house there . Eventually , they move back to the old apartment in New York City after realizing suburban life is not for them . Ted gives them his apartment because he believes he can not move on from Robin while living there , while he and Robin become estranged and do not speak for several weeks . Robin is eventually offered a news anchor job and subsequently achieves recognition after preventing a helicopter she is flying in from crashing . Barney starts dating a stripper named Quinn , to the group 's initial apprehension . The gang begins to meddle in their relationship , but Barney and Quinn outsmart their attempts and win their approval . Quinn moves in with Barney , while Ted buys Quinn 's old apartment . Lily goes into labor and frantically calls Barney and Marshall , who are out at a casino . After many attempts to escape , Barney helps Marshall arrive in time for Lily 's delivery and chooses the middle name for the baby , Marvin Waitforit Eriksen . Ted and Robin 's friendship also recovers as a result of Marvin 's birth . As the season concludes , Marshall and Lily begin their new family with their baby , Barney proposes to Quinn , and Ted contacts his old girlfriend Victoria . Unhappy with her own impending marriage , she leaves her fiancé for Ted and the pair drive off into the sunset . A final flash forward returns to the day of Barney 's wedding , where Robin is revealed as the bride . Season 8 ( edit ) Main article : How I Met Your Mother ( season 8 ) Ted visits Robin on the day of her wedding to Barney , causing him to remember how he and Victoria ran away from her wedding to be together . The summer is spent with Ted , Barney , and Robin enjoying their current relationships ; however , all subsequently break up with their partners . Victoria splits up with Ted over his friendship with Robin , Barney and Quinn break up due to their inability to trust each other , and Robin breaks up with Nick realizing his immaturity . Robin and Barney kiss but decide not to get together , despite Barney 's wishes . Barney then begins dating Robin 's hated co-worker Patrice ( Ellen D. Williams ) , a relationship later exposed as a ruse to make Robin realize her true feelings for him . In a culminating scene Barney proposes to Robin , who says yes . Marshall and Lily attempt to get used to being parents , which causes a brief estrangement from the gang as Baby Marvin takes up the majority of their time . Lily 's father Mickey becomes Marvin 's nanny , freeing the two up to spend more time with their friends . The Captain , ex-husband of Ted 's old girlfriend Zoey , offers Lily a job as an art consultant after she identifies a painting that made a huge profit for him . Lily accepts , happy to finally achieve her dream of having a job in the art industry , while Marshall decides to apply to become a judge . The Captain offers Lily a year 's work in Rome , which she accepts with Marshall 's blessing . However , just before Barney and Robin 's wedding , Marshall is informed that his application to become a judge has been granted , a development that would require them to stay in the US . Ted briefly dates Jeanette ( Abby Elliott ) , a girl who stalked him after he appeared on the cover of New York Magazine for designing GNB headquarters . He quickly realizes he 's made a mistake and breaks up with her . Ted 's feelings of loneliness grow , especially as he is now the only single member of the group , and he decides he is truly ready to settle down . He argues with Lily over hiring a DJ or a band for Barney and Robin 's wedding , but is forced to provide a band at short notice when Lily concedes the argument . During a chance meeting on the subway , Cindy offers the services of her roommate 's wedding band . This roommate is Ted 's future wife . As the week of the wedding approaches , Robin has doubts about marrying Barney and shares an emotional moment with Ted . Guilty , Ted realizes he ca n't be around Barney and Robin after they 're married and decides to move to Chicago the day after the wedding . The season concludes with everyone travelling to Barney and Robin 's wedding , including the mother of Ted 's children ( revealed on screen for the first time and portrayed by Cristin Milioti ) , who is seen buying a train ticket to the venue and holding her yellow umbrella . Season 9 ( edit ) Main article : How I Met Your Mother ( season 9 ) With the exception of the very last episode , the entirety of season nine takes place in the 56 hours leading up to Barney and Robin 's wedding . Marshall , who is stuck in Minnesota , desperately tries to find a way to get to the wedding in time . Meanwhile , in Farhampton , the time is slowly counting down to the wedding , with a new problem arising in almost every episode . It is revealed that Lily is pregnant and that she and Marshall will have a daughter . It was also revealed that Ted 's children are named Penny and Luke . In addition , the 200th episode detailed the Mother 's eight years before meeting Ted , while later episodes gave viewers a glimpse of Ted and the Mother together in flash forward scenes . Also , Marshall uses his final two slaps from the slap bet : the first being used as an apology present for missing the rehearsal dinner , and the second when Barney begins to panic just before the beginning of the wedding ceremony . In the series finale , it was revealed that after three years of marriage , Barney and Robin decide to divorce . Barney ends up fathering a child during a one - night stand . Marshall eventually becomes a judge , and he and Lily have three children . Ted 's wife Tracy dies of an unknown illness in 2024 , six years prior to Ted telling his children the full story of how they met . Upon finishing the story , at the urging of his kids , Ted decides to ask Robin out . Alluding to the first season , the finale ends with Robin looking out her apartment window to see Ted on the street holding the blue French horn . Critical reception ( edit ) The first season was met with generally favorable reviews from critics , though some compared the series unfavorably to Friends . On Metacritic , a review aggregation site that collected 25 reviews for the series , it scored a 69 out of 100 . Michael Abernethy of PopMatters gave the season a negative review , writing that `` The comedy that does occur in How I Met Your Mother is n't enough to compensate for its inconsistencies . '' Tom Shales of The Washington Post gave the season a lukewarm review , saying it 's `` a little better than most other sitcoms , past and present -- especially those featuring wacky urban friends in their twenties experiencing the bittersweet mysteries of life . '' On the other hand , Melanie Macfarlane gave the season a positive review , saying the show `` may not break any comedic ground , but it 's the sort of comfortable , reliable hitter CBS needs on Monday nights . '' The second season received critical acclaim . Staci Krause of IGN gave the season a positive review , calling it `` great '' . The third season was met with mostly positive reviews . Michelle Zoromski of IGN gave the season a positive review , saying that `` the season was fun and clever , a good , consistent flow from the first two seasons '' . The fourth season received critical acclaim and is generally considered the best season of the series . Michelle Zoromski of IGN gave Season 4 an overall rating of 8.5 out of 10 , stating that `` This fourth season seemed to settle down the chase for the titular mother . While Ted was busy dating Stella , the gang settled into many stand alone episodes which were every bit as entertaining as episodes devoted to Ted 's love life '' . Zoromski went on to say : `` A stellar Robin - Marshall episode , titled ' Little Minnesota ' , makes it clear that these two do not get enough screen time together . With Robin homesick and unemployed ( and at risk of being deported ) , this pairing brought out the best Robin Sparkles reference of the season , when Marshall leads a rousing karaoke version of ' Let 's Go to the Mall ! ' '' The fifth season received mostly positive reviews . Cindy McLennan of Television Without Pity gave the season a mixed review , and at the end of the season wrote : `` I 'm okay with any given season not being primarily focused on mother - meeting , but this season , the characters seemed to regress -- particularly Barney and Ted . Usually , when a season ends , I have to deal with a week or two weeks ' worth of letdown . Right now , all I 'm feeling is relief . '' The sixth season received generally positive reviews . Justin Fowler of Later Reviews gave the season a positive review , saying that the season was `` a pretty good season of television '' and better than the `` poor '' fifth season . He also said that `` Seventeen out of the 24 episodes are what I would consider good '' . The seventh season received mixed reviews . Alan Sepinwall gave the season a mixed review and criticized the flash - forwards throughout the season , saying that `` the show is just much , much stronger when its stories dwell on matters of the present or the past , and where the writers do n't have to act like magicians trying to keep the audience from figuring out how the trick works . And the finale affirmed that belief for me . The parts that had little or nothing to do with things to come were quite good ; the parts that were all about the future made me roll my eyes and ask , for the umpteenth time , ' Really ? This is where you 're going with this ? ' '' The eighth season was widely criticized , with Rotten Tomatoes reporting that 40 % of critics gave the show a positive review . The consensus reads : `` How I Met Your Mother wears out its welcome this season , with an anticlimactic reveal and rote , less - than - fruitful humor . '' The ninth season received mixed to positive reviews by critics , though fans found it worse than prior seasons . Rotten Tomatoes reported that 80 % of critics gave the show a positive review , with an average rating of 7.3 out of 10 . Gareth Mitchell at `` House of Geekery '' responded negatively , mostly criticizing the structure of the season , stating that they are `` struggling to come up with stories that last out the 22 minutes '' . The finale of the show received a polarized reaction from fans . While some complained that the last few seasons had built towards an end game that was discarded within the hour - long episode , others felt that it remained true to both the initial concept of the show and to life itself . Tie - ins ( edit ) Books ( edit ) The Bro Code , cited by Barney many times throughout the series , is a set of written rules for bros to follow , and has been published as a tie - in novel , an audiobook , an iPhone Application and an Android Application . Barney alleges it was written by Barnabus Stinson , a contemporary of George Washington and Benjamin Franklin . Many of the rules listed in this book also appear in the show 's closing vanity cards in syndication . Bro on the Go , a companion to The Bro Code , released in 2009 . Bro Code for Parents : What to Expect When You 're Awesome , released in 2012 . The Playbook , based on the fifth season episode of the same name , by Barney Stinson and Matt Kuhn . How I Met Your Mother and Philosophy , released in 2013 . Soundtracks ( edit ) Main article : How I Met Your Music ( Original Songs from the Hit Series `` How I Met Your Mother '' ) A soundtrack album entitled How I Met Your Music : Original Songs from the Hit Series was released digitally to iTunes on September 24 , 2012 , featuring songs from the first seven seasons A second soundtrack album entitled How I Met Your Music : Deluxe was released digitally to iTunes on September 23 , 2014 , featuring songs from the final two seasons . Pineapple Incident explained ( edit ) After the end of the series , the officials released a short video , explaining the running mystery of the pineapple in the Pineapple Incident ( season 1 , episode 10 ) . The extra footage revealed that a character revealed in the 6th season , the Captain , had put a pineapple in front of his door as a tradition and Ted took the pineapple while he was drunk . Proposed spin - offs ( edit ) How I Met Your Dad ( edit ) On November 15 , 2013 , it was announced that CBS and the series ' producer 20th Century Fox Television would launch How I Met Your Dad , a woman - centric variation executive - produced by Bays , Thomas , and Emily Spivey . The new series would possibly have featured a new bar and would not have tied into the original series . The primary cast of the series was revealed to be Greta Gerwig , Drew Tarver , Nicholas D'Agosto and Andrew Santino . On April 23 , 2014 , Meg Ryan was announced to voice future Sally . On May 14 , 2014 , CBS passed on picking up How I Met Your Dad since show creators Craig Thomas and Carter Bays did not want to reshoot the pilot . Nina Tassler , the entertainment president at CBS , stated that `` there were elements of the pilot that did n't work out '' . Talks of the series being `` shopped '' to other networks emerged . Netflix , FOX and NBC were named as possible candidates for picking up the show . Ultimately , nothing came of those talks . It was reported that the options on the cast contracts had expired and they had been released from their contracts and co-creator Carter Bays denied any rumours that the spin - off pilot will be reshot . On July 11 , 2014 , Bays confirmed that the spin - off project was officially dead . Six days later , Nina Tassler said that CBS would `` love the opportunity to take another shot '' at the pilot and that she would continue to `` hound '' Carter Bays and Craig Thomas -- even though they shot down the idea of a new version of the project stating that they had both moved on . How I Met Your father ( first attempt ) ( edit ) On December 14 , 2016 , it was reported that Isaac Aptaker and Elizabeth Berger were set to write a new version of the previous spin - off 's pilot , re-titled How I Met Your Father , with Bays and Thomas serving as executive producers . On March 6 , 2017 , it was announced that following signing new contracts with 20th Century Fox Television that would see both Aptaker and Berger being promoted to executive producers and co-showrunners on This Is Us alongside Dan Fogelman , their completed spec script for How I Met Your Father would be placed on the back burner in light of their new duties . The idea was later completely abandoned . How I Met Your father ( second attempt ) ( edit ) On August 8 , 2017 , Fox chairman Dana Walden told Deadline that the studio was set to try a third spin - off with different writers . It was also stated that all ideas from the previous two attempts will not be carried over and the new attempt will be created from scratch . On August 11 , 2017 , Deadline reported that Alison Bennett had been selected to write the spin - off . It was also confirmed that this incarnation would be developed under the title used for the Aptaker and Berger project , and that Bays and Thomas are once again attached as executive producers . Russian adaptation ( edit ) The GoodStoryMedia , a Russian production company , made a remake of the series which was broadcast on STS and ran for two seasons . Nielsen ratings ( edit ) Viewership represented in a line graph The show 's highest viewed episode was the series finale , `` Last Forever '' , watched by 13.13 million viewers . Previously , the most viewed episode was the season 1 episode `` The Pineapple Incident '' , watched by 12.3 million viewers . The lowest - viewed episode was the season 6 episode `` Landmarks '' , watched by 6.4 million viewers , approximately 52 % of the show 's series high . Season nine was the highest watched season overall and among the 18 - 49 adults , scoring a 4.5 rating in that sector up from the second - highest rating of 4.1 in season seven . Season Timeslot ( ET ) Season premiere Season finale TV season Rank Avg . viewers ( in millions ) Monday 8 : 30 P.M. September 19 , 2005 May 15 , 2006 2005 -- 2006 54 9.47 Monday 8 : 30 P.M. ( Episodes 1 -- 3 ) Monday 8 : 00 P.M. ( Episodes 4 -- 22 ) September 18 , 2006 May 14 , 2007 2006 -- 2007 61 8.94 Monday 8 : 00 P.M. ( Episodes 1 -- 11 ) Monday 8 : 30 P.M. ( Episodes 12 -- 20 ) September 24 , 2007 May 19 , 2008 2007 -- 2008 70 8.21 Monday 8 : 30 P.M. September 22 , 2008 May 18 , 2009 2008 -- 2009 49 9.42 5 Monday 8 : 00 P.M. September 21 , 2009 May 24 , 2010 2009 -- 2010 42 8.60 6 September 20 , 2010 May 16 , 2011 2010 -- 2011 48 8.79 7 September 19 , 2011 May 14 , 2012 2011 -- 2012 45 9.67 8 September 24 , 2012 May 13 , 2013 2012 -- 2013 42 9.02 9 September 23 , 2013 March 31 , 2014 2013 -- 2014 28 10.51 Awards and nominations ( edit ) Awards & nominations Award Won Nominated ALMA Awards Art Directors Guild 0 7 Casting Society of America 0 Critics ' Choice Television Awards Emmy Awards 9 28 EWwy Awards GLAAD Media Awards 0 Golden Globe Awards 0 People 's Choice Awards 6 17 PRISM Awards 0 Satellite Awards 0 TCA Awards 0 Teen Choice Awards 0 Young Hollywood Awards 0 Total number of wins and nominations Totals 18 72 Main article : List of awards and nominations received by How I Met Your Mother The show has been nominated for 72 awards , winning 18 . The show has been nominated for 28 Emmy Awards , including a nomination for Outstanding Comedy Series . Stars Alyson Hannigan and Neil Patrick Harris have each received acting accolades , with both receiving People 's Choice Awards , and Harris receiving Emmy and Golden Globe nominations . In 2012 , seven years after its premiere , the series won the People 's Choice for Favorite Network TV Comedy . The show 's art direction , editing and cinematography have also been awarded . DVD Releases ( edit ) DVD season Release dates Episodes Additional information Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 Season 1 November 21 , 2006 May 7 , 2007 January 10 , 2007 22 Includes : commentaries on six episodes a video yearbook 2 music videos ( `` First Round '' and `` Last Call '' ) a gag reel Episodes have been cropped from the broadcast widescreen to a full frame 4 : 3 format Season 2 October 2 , 2007 February 8 , 2010 April 8 , 2008 22 Includes : commentaries on seven episodes How We Make Your Mother 2 music videos ( `` Let 's Go To The Mall '' and `` Hey Beautiful '' ) 3 `` How It Really Happened '' scenes a gag reel an Easter Egg . The Legendary Season 3 October 7 , 2008 May 10 , 2010 February 11 , 2009 20 Includes : commentaries on 7 episodes a series retrospective Lily & Marshall 's honeymoon videos cast favorites a behind the scenes of `` We 're Not From Here '' 6 `` How It Really Happened '' scenes 2 music videos ( `` You Just Got Slapped '' and `` Sandcastles in the Sand '' ) `` Ted Mosby Is A Jerk '' audio track a gag reel . The Awesome Season 4 September 29 , 2009 July 19 , 2010 October 27 , 2009 24 Includes : commentaries on 4 episodes A Night With Your Mother : Academy of Television Arts & Sciences Panel Discussion season recap Eriksen 's Fight Club a music video ( `` That Guy 's Awesome '' ) a gag reel Also available on Blu - Ray , and is the only season to have a subsequent Blu Ray release . The Complete Season 5 . The Suited - Up Edition September 21 , 2010 November 8 , 2010 October 27 , 2010 24 Includes : a gag reel music videos for `` Super Date '' , `` Nothing Suits Me Like a Suit '' , and `` Best Night Ever '' 2 behind the scenes features making of `` Super Date '' behind the scenes of the 100th episode an extended version of the `` Wedding Bride '' trailer a musical series recap . The Complete Season 6 . The New Is Always Better Edition September 27 , 2011 October 3 , 2011 October 5 , 2011 24 Includes : a gag reel making of `` Subway Wars '' behind the scenes of `` Glitter '' commentaries on 3 episodes an extended performance of `` Stand By Me '' a season recap The Complete Season 7 . The Ducky Tie Edition October 2 , 2012 October 15 , 2012 October 10 , 2012 24 Includes : a gag reel 2 behind the scenes featurettes deleted scenes audio commentaries on 3 episodes a feature on Neil Patrick Harris ' Hollywood Walk of Fame star . The Complete Season 8 . The Yellow Umbrella Edition October 1 , 2013 September 30 , 2013 November 9 , 2013 24 Includes : deleted scenes audio commentary on `` Farmhampton '' and `` The Final Page '' music video for `` PS I Love You '' making of `` PS I Love You '' Where We Make Your Mother : Set Tour a gag reel . The 9th and Legendary Final Season . The Rest of Your Life Edition September 23 , 2014 October 13 , 2014 October 22 , 2014 24 Includes : Deleted Scenes Audio Commentary on `` The Locket '' Audio Commentary on `` The Rehearsal Dinner '' Audio Commentary on `` How Your Mother Met Me '' Last Forever Alternate Ending How It All Ends Cristin Milioti Audition Behind the Scenes of `` Gary Blauman '' Gag Reel The Whole Story Seasons 1 -- 9 September 23 , 2014 October 13 , 2014 October 22 , 2014 208 Includes : All Out of Spoilers : Looking Back at Your Mother -- A Retrospective Table Read of the Series Finale with the Entire Cast The Secret of the Pineapple Incident Revealed Meeting the Mother How I Met Your Mother at Comic - Con 2013 - 2014 The Mosby Kids : 8 Years on the Couch How We Filmed the Kids Plus All the Special Features from Every Previous Season Seasons 1 through 9 are available to stream on Netflix in Australia , Latin America , Spain , the UK , Ireland , and Canada ; season 9 was released on September 26 , 2014 . Seasons 1 - 9 were removed from Netflix in the United States as of November 13 , 2017 . Seasons 1 through 9 are available to stream on Hotstar in India . Note : The whole story DVD had a different package in Region 1 as opposed to Region 2 + 4 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` TV Summer School : How to Create and Run a Successful Sitcom '' . E ! Online . August 6 , 2007 . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2011 . Retrieved November 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` How I Met Your Mother : Season 8 ( 2012 - 2013 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 9 June 2014 . Jump up ^ McLennan , Cindy . `` This Just In '' . Television Without Pitty . Bravo Media . Retrieved 9 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Alexander . `` How I Met Your Mother Season 8 Finale Review '' . How I Met Your Mother Season 8 Review . WeGotThisCovered . Retrieved 9 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Nicholson , Max . `` HOW I MET YOUR MOTHER : SEASON 9 REVIEW : THE BIG FAT MISDIRECT '' . ign.com . IGN Entertainment Inc . Retrieved 9 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Ricard , Sara ( April 2 , 2014 ) . `` HIMYM Tomatometer Watch : Series Finale Currently Rotten -- Majority of critics disappointed by ' Last Forever ' '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved April 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Moylan , Brian ( April 1 , 2014 ) . `` How I Met Your Mother : the latest show to fail in the search for a perfect ending '' . The Guardian . Retrieved April 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kissell , Rick ( December 19 , 2013 ) . `` CBS ' ' How I Met Your Mother ' to Get Hourlong Series Finale '' . Variety . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Alyson Hannigan -- `` How I Met Your Mother '' Sitcom -- William S. Paley TV Fest `` . Whedon . March 28 , 2006 . Retrieved February 13 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Ryan , Maureen ( April 27 , 2006 ) . `` Craig Thomas : ' Sitcoms used to be about something ' '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Brian Ford ( January 8 , 2010 ) . `` Live at the Paley Center for Media : `` How I Met Your Mother '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved June 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dransfeldt , Jeffrey ( April 26 , 2008 ) . `` Harris is enjoying Barney 's adventures in How I Met Your Mother '' . Ventura County Star . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2009 . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Przybyla , Kathryn ( April 30 , 2012 ) . `` A Chat with Bob Saget '' . The Buffalo News . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2013 . Retrieved May 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Saget , Bob ( April 4 , 2014 ) . `` Did they show you filmed and cut episodes , or did you just do it all at once ? '' . Reddit . Retrieved April 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Saget , Bob ( April 4 , 2014 ) . `` How do you feel about the fact that Josh Radnor was still the older version of Ted on the series finale of HIMYM and not you ? '' . Reddit . Retrieved April 4 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Stransky , Tanner ( May 13 , 2013 ) . `` ' HIMYM ' unveils the mother ! The creators answer your burning questions '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jennifer Love Hewitt Turned Down How I Met Your Mother ? ! '' . E ! Online . February 3 , 2014 . Retrieved February 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Entertainment Weekly . September 6 , 2013 Jump up ^ Colucci , Jim ( April 2008 ) . `` How They Created Mother '' ( PDF ) . Watch ! The CBS Magazine . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ How I Met Your Mother 1st Season DVD Commentary Jump up ^ Keller , Joel ( May 11 , 2007 ) . `` Carter Bays of How I Met Your Mother : The TV Squad Interview '' . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2007 . Retrieved November 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Season 7 Behind the Scenes '' . CBS . August 13 , 2011 . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Audio commentary at 00 : 58 min. of the HIMYM -- Season 1 DVD Jump up ^ Ryan , Maureen ( January 15 , 2007 ) . `` The Watcher : How ' How I Met Your Mother ' is not a traditional sitcom '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved December 22 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Ghosh , Korbi . `` ' How I Met Your Mother 's ' Craig Thomas on Ted & Barney 's Breakup , Eriksen Babies and The Future of Robarn '' . Zap2it.com . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2010 . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . ( He is ) a guy who is telling the story so many years in the future , and he jumbles it up in his memory a little bit . He can be an unreliable narrator . Jump up ^ `` Suit Up for How I Met Your Mother Scoops '' . Television Without Pity . October 3 , 2008 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 10 - 04 . Retrieved October 7 , 2011 . It 's nice to go ( online ) and see how much continuity matters to people within the universe of a show . That 's absolutely true for me , too . Whenever there 's the slightest inconsistency in a Buffy episode or Friends or something , my wife and I would sit on the couch and throw stuff at the TV ... When we 're doing stuff in the writers room , I really try and remember that . Jump up ^ Ryan , Maureen ( July 19 , 2008 ) . `` Barney writes a book , Barney + Robin , Ted + Stella and other ' How I Met Your Mother ' news '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . He did reveal that more than two years ago ... With only the two kids who play Ted 's future children ... they shot a scene that directly relates to the identity of the mother . That scene will be included in the show 's series finale , which Thomas said he hopes ' people will see in 2012 . ' Jump up ^ `` CBS Sets Series Return Dates '' . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2008 . Retrieved February 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Breaking News -- `` The Big Bang Theory '' And `` How I Met Your Mother '' To Swap Time Periods '' ( Press release ) . TheFutonCritic.com . February 20 , 2008 . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Upfront : CBS Releases Full Schedule '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 16 . Retrieved May 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` CBS Announces 2008 -- 2009 Premiere Dates '' ( Press release ) . The Futon Critic . June 26 , 2008 . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Nordyke , Kimberly ( September 24 , 2008 ) . `` ' Mother ' reruns nest at Lifetime '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Lifetime 's four - year licensing deal includes up to eight seasons of `` Mother '' , should the CBS comedy run that long . `` Mother '' had a big fourth - season premiere Monday , jumping 21 % in the ratings over last season . Jump up ^ `` How I Met Your Mother : Syndication Deal Ensures Season Five for Sitcom '' . September 17 , 2008 . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` How ' How I Met Your Mother ' dealt with 2 pregnant stars , and what 's coming next on the comedy - The Watcher '' . featuresblogs.chicagotribune.com . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( May 19 , 2009 ) . `` Exclusive : ' Without a Trace , ' ' Privileged , ' canceled , ' Gossip ' spin - off DOA '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2009 . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( January 25 , 2010 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' meets Season 6 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Cohn , Angel ( October 3 , 2008 ) . `` Suit Up for How I Met Your Mother Scoops '' . Television Without Pity . Archived from the original on 2008 - 10 - 09 . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gelman , Vlada ( April 8 , 2014 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' : ' Buffy 's ' Danny Strong , Alexis Denisof to guest '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( March 4 , 2011 ) . `` ' How I met Your Mother ' renewed for two seasons '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` CBS announces 2011 -- 2012 premiere dates '' ( Press release ) . CBS Express . June 29 , 2011 . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` FX Fall 2011 Schedule Has How I Met Your Mother ; The Nanny Reunion on Happily Divorced '' ( Press release ) . Sitcoms Online . July 27 , 2011 . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` How I Met Your Mother to end after 8 seasons ? '' . TV Series Finale . July 7 , 2010 . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( December 22 , 2012 ) . `` HOW I MET YOUR MOTHER Renewed for Ninth and Final Season ; Entire Cast Will Return '' . collider.com . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt ( December 21 , 2012 ) . `` Report : How I Met Your Mother Renewed for 9th Season After Jason Segel 's 11th - Hour Reversal '' . tvline.com . Retrieved December 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rome , Emily ( September 24 , 2012 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' : Showrunners talk about the ( possible ) beginning of the end '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( May 17 , 2013 ) . `` Exclusive : How I Met Your Mother Makes Cristin ' Mom ' Milioti a Full - Fledged Series Regular '' . TVLine.com . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Cristin Milioti , who was unmasked as the titular mom in this week 's season finale , took the title of series regular during the comedy 's upcoming ninth and final season . This marks the first time HIMYM will have expanded its core group of regulars beyond stars Josh Radnor , Alyson Hannigan , Neil Patrick Harris , Cobie Smulders and Jason Segel . Jump up ^ `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' Makes Cristin Milioti a Series Regular '' . The Hollywood Reporter . May 17 , 2013 . Retrieved May 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Michael Ausiello ( January 30 , 2013 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' Season 9 Spoilers -- We Will Meet the Mother '' . TVLine . Retrieved November 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' NCIS , ' ' Downton Abbey , ' ' Scandal , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy ' : Find out what 's next in the Spoiler Room '' . Entertainment Weekly . May 16 , 2013 . Retrieved May 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` How I Met Your Mother : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abernethy , Michael . `` How I Met Your Mother Review '' . Retrieved 9 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Shales , Tom ( 2005 - 09 - 19 ) . `` How I Met Your Mother Review '' . Retrieved 9 June 2014 . Jump up ^ MacFarland , Melanie ( September 11 , 2005 ) . `` Fall TV : Seek and ye shall find something worth watching '' . Retrieved 9 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` How I Met Your Mother Season 2 Review '' . Retrieved 9 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Krause , Staci ( May 15 , 2007 ) . `` How I Met Your Mother : `` Something Blue '' Review `` . Retrieved 9 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Wheat , Alynda . `` How I Met Your Mother : Season 3 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 31 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Zoromski , Michelle . `` How I Met Your Mother : Season 3 Review '' . IGN . IGN Entertainment Inc . Retrieved 31 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Michelle Zoromski ( May 27 , 2009 ) . `` How I Met Your Mother : Season 4 Review : The one where they hide the pregnancies '' . IGN . News Corporation . Retrieved June 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McLennan , Cindy . `` This Just In '' . Television Without Pitty . Bravo Media . Retrieved 30 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` How I Met Your Mother Season 6 Episode Reviews '' . Retrieved 9 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Fowler , Justin ( May 28 , 2011 ) . `` How I Met Your Mother : Season 6 in Review or Ranking the Episodes '' . Retrieved 9 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Sepinwall , Alan . `` Season finale review : ' How I Met Your Mother ' - ' The Magician 's Code ' : Miss Direction '' . Hitfix . Hitfix INC . Retrieved 9 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` How I Met Your Mother : Season 8 ( 2012 - 2013 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 30 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` How I Met Your Mother : Season 9 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Gareth . `` How I Met Your Mother Final Season Needs to be Left at the Altar '' . Wordpress . Retrieved November 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Alex Heigl ; Cara Shultz ( 1 April 2014 ) . `` How I Met Your Mother Fans Split on Finale : Great Finish , or Disappointment ? '' . People . Retrieved 22 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Stinson , Barney ( 2008 ) . The Bro Code . New York : Fireside . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4391 - 1000 - 3 . Jump up ^ Stinson , Barney ( 2009 ) . Bro on the Go . Fireside . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4391 - 7313 - 8 . Jump up ^ Stinson , Barney ( 2012 ) . Bro Code for Parents : What to Expect When You 're Awesome . Touchstone . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4516 - 9058 - 3 . Jump up ^ The Playbook . Touchstone . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4391 - 9683 - 0 . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ von Matterhorn , Lorenzo , ed . ( October 5 , 2010 ) . Popular Culture and Philosophy . Open Court Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8126 - 9835 - 0 . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gonzalez , Sandra ( September 18 , 2012 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' soundtrack : See the full listings ! -- EXCLUSIVE '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` How I met your music deluxe '' . 20th Century Fox . September 23 , 2014 . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 -- via Apple iTunes . Jump up ^ Goodman , Jessica ( 2014 - 09 - 19 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' Pineapple Incident Mystery Is Finally Revealed '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( November 15 , 2013 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' Spinoff -- CBS Orders Pilot '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lintz , Kristina ( November 16 , 2013 ) . `` ' HIMYM ' spinoff ' How I Met Your Dad ' ordered , show creators tweet info '' . Hypable.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 14 , 2014 ) . `` Nick D'Agosto & Andrew Santino To Star In CBS ' ' HIMYM ' Spinoff ' How I Met Your Dad ' '' . Deadline.com . Jump up ^ `` Meg Ryan To Voice The Mother In CBS 's ' How I Met Your Dad ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 23 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` CBS Passes on How I Met Your Dad '' . IGN . May 14 , 2014 . Retrieved May 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` CBS Has Passed On How I Met Your Dad '' . Time . May 14 , 2014 . Retrieved May 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` What Pilots Are Still Alive , What Pilots Are Being Shopped '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Carter Bays on Twitter '' . Twitter . Retrieved December 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva . `` What 2014 Broadcast Pilots Are Still Alive -- Full List - Deadline '' . Deadline . Retrieved December 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( December 14 , 2016 ) . `` New ' How I Met Your Mother ' Dad Spinoff In Works With ' This Is Us ' Writing Duo '' . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' : Isaac Aptaker & Elizabeth Berger Named Co-Showrunners In New 20th TV Deal , ' HIMYM ' Spinoff On Hold '' . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( August 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' Spinoff To Get Another Shot With New Writers , ' Modern Family ' & ' Empire ' Spinoffs Also Possible '' . Retrieved September 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( August 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Father ' : Alison Bennett Tapped To Write New ' HIMYM ' Spinoff '' . Retrieved September 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Как я встретил вашу маму ( 2010 ) -- о фильме , отзывы , смотреть видео онлайн на Film.ru '' . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 1 , 2014 ) . `` TV Ratings Monday : ' How I Met Your Mother ' Finale Hits High , ' Bones ' & ' The Tomorrow People ' Up , ' The Voice ' Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Full 2013 - 2014 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline.com . May 22 , 2014 . Retrieved May 28 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Gorman , Bill ( May 24 , 2012 ) . `` Complete List Of 2011 -- 12 Season TV Show Ratings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Tops , Followed By ' American Idol , ' ' NCIS ' & ' Dancing With The Stars ' '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` How I Met Your Mother ratings '' . ABCmedianet . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2007 . Retrieved December 24 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` How I Met Your Mother ratings '' . ABCmedianet . Archived from the original on 2012 - 01 - 02 . Retrieved December 24 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Season Program Rankings from 09 / 24 / 07 through 05 / 25 / 08 '' . ABC Medianet . May 28 , 2008 . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2010 . Retrieved July 3 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Season Program Rankings from 09 / 22 / 08 through 05 / 17 / 09 '' . ABC Medianet . May 19 , 2009 . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2009 . Retrieved July 3 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( May 27 , 2010 ) . `` Full Series Rankings For The 2009 -- 10 Broadcast Season '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved December 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( June 1 , 2011 ) . `` 2010 -- 11 Season Broadcast Primetime Show Viewership Averages '' . TV by Numbers . Retrieved August 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic . `` Full 2012 -- 2013 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` How I Met Your Mother DVD news : Announcement for How I Met Your Mother -- Season 6 '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved August 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` How I Met Your Mother DVD news : Announcement for How I Met Your Mother -- Season 7 '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved September 2 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` How I Met Your Mother DVD news : Press Release for Season 9 and The Whole Story '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved December 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Remling , Amanda ( August 31 , 2014 ) . `` Fall TV 2014 Preview : Catch Up On Your Favorite TV Shows With Netflix New Releases '' . International Business Times . IBT Media . Retrieved January 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ West , Amy ( December 3 , 2015 ) . `` Top 5 Netflix recommendations of the week : How I Met Your Mother , American Beauty and more '' . IBTimes . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rubin , Rebecca ( October 30 , 2017 ) . `` What 's Leaving Netflix in November 2017 '' . Variety . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutHow I Met Your Motherat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Data from Wikidata Official website How I Met Your Mother at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) How I Met Your Mother on IMDb How I Met Your Dad on IMDb How I Met Your Mother Episodes Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Season 6 Season 7 Season 8 Season 9 Characters Ted Mosby Marshall Eriksen Lily Aldrin Barney Stinson Robin Scherbatsky Tracy McConnell Soundtracks How I Met Your Music Related articles Awards and nominations The Bro Code Cheerleader effect `` Nothing Suits Me Like a Suit '' How I Met Your Mother episodes Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 VIAF : 219033079 LCCN : no2010159293 GND : 7746815 - 6 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=How_I_Met_Your_Mother&oldid=819234943 '' Categories : How I Met Your Mother 2005 American television series debuts 2014 American television series endings 2000s American sitcoms 2000s American romance television series 2010s American sitcoms 2010s American romance television series Casual sex in television CBS network shows English - language television programs Fiction with unreliable narrators Nonlinear narrative television series Television series by 20th Century Fox Television Television shows set in New York City Romantic comedy television series Television shows filmed in Los Angeles Television series about friendship Television series about television Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from April 2014 Articles needing additional references from December 2014 All articles needing additional references Articles with DMOZ links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote অসমীয়া Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Vèneto Tiếng Việt Zazaki 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 January 2018 , at 06 : 38 . 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gunde jaari gallanthayyinde full movie in odia dubbed download			Gunde Jaari Gallanthayyinde	gunde jaari gallanthayyinde	Gunde Jaari Gallanthayyinde ( English : Heart Slipped and Went Missing ) is a 2013 Telugu film written and directed by then - debutante Vijay Kumar Konda . It was produced by N. Nikitha Reddy under the banner of Shresht Movies . The film features her brother Nithin along with Nithya Menen and Isha Talwar in the lead roles . Indian badminton player Jwala Gutta made a special appearance . The title of the movie is taken from the song `` Dil Se '' from Pawan Kalyan 's film Gabbar Singh . Pawan Kalyan made a cameo appearance in the song `` Emaindho Emo Eevela '' , which is a remix of the song with the same name in Pawan 's Tholi Prema . Anoop Rubens composed the music while I. Andrew and Prawin Pudi handled the cinematography and editing respectively .	The film performed well at the box office , emerging as a consecutive hit for Nitin after Ishq , which also starred Nithya Menen . The film was remade in Kannada as Khushi Khushiyagi ( 2015 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Reception 4 Box office 5 Soundtrack 6 DVD and Blu - ray 7 Awards 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) Karthik ( Nithin ) is a carefree guy who believes that one should make their self decisions . At his friend Pandu 's ( Ali ) wedding reception , he sees Sruthi ( Isha Talwar ) and falls for her at first sight . He asks Pandu 's wife to find out about Sruthi . After Pandu 's wife gives Sruthi 's number to Pandu and asks him to convey it to Karthik , a miscommunication between Karthik and Pandu leads to Karthik calling Sravani ( Nithya Menen ) . Karthik mistakes Sravani for Sruthi and talks to her over the phone . Unbeknownst to him , Sravani knows who Karthik is and develops an interest in him . But a series of events clears Karthik 's confusion and everything is revealed . Meanwhile , Karthik helps his friend Madhu ( Madhunandan ) in gaining a girl 's attention ; the girl none other than Sruthi , who falls for Madhu . Comedic events lead to Madhu doubting Sruthi , and their relationship is at stake . Later they unite . Meanwhile , Sravani plans to avenge the deception and pain that Karthik put her through . She gains employment as Karthik 's boss and decides to put him through the same hardships . However , Karthik wants to propose to his boss ( Sravani ) and Sravani is ready to reject his proposal to avenge her pain . Just before he proposes , Karthik realizes he is truly in love with his phone friend Sravani and runs to her house to plead for her forgiveness . There he sees Sravani and they unite with a hug . Cast ( edit ) Nithin as Karthik Nithya Menen as Sravani Isha Talwar as Sruthi Ali as Pandu Thagubothu Ramesh Madhunandan as Madhu Raghubabu Ahuti Prasad as Shravani 's father Sudha as Sravani 's mother Duvvasi Mohan Sandya Janak Arun Kumar Jwala Gutta in a special appearance in the song `` Ding Ding Ding '' Reception ( edit ) The movie completed 100 days in 18 centres all over Andhra Pradesh and Telangana state respectively . Box office ( edit ) The movie was created on a budget of ₹ 8.2 crores and was released in over 450 theatres worldwide , collecting ₹ 22.6 crores and becoming the biggest hit in Nithiin 's career . Soundtrack ( edit ) Gunde Jaari Gallanthayyinde Soundtrack album by Anoop Rubens Genre Feature film soundtrack Length 24.22 Language Telugu Label Sreyas Music Producer Nikitha Reddy & Vikram Goud The soundtrack was composed by Anoop Rubens and was released in Hyderabad on 27 March 2013 . The soundtrack was distributed by Sreyas Music . Krishna Chaitanya penned four songs for the film . Producer Dil Raju was the chief guest and launched the audio CD . A. Karunakaran , Nandini Reddy , Surender Reddy , Kona Venkat , Bandla Ganesh , and Jwala Gutta were other guests at the audio launch . `` Yemaindho Yemo ee Vela '' , a hit song from Pawan Kalyan 's Tholi Prema , was remixed in the movie . Tracklist No . Title Lyrics Artist ( s ) Length 1 . `` Gunde Jaari Gallanthayyinde '' Krishna Chaitanya Anoop Rubens , Shravani , Chorus 04 : 08 2 . `` Thu Hi Rey '' Krishna Chaitanya Nikhil D'souza , Nithya Menen 04 : 08 3 . `` Ding Ding Ding '' Krishna Chaitanya Nitin , Chaitra , Ranjith , Anup Rubens , Thagubothu Ramesh , Dhananjai 04 : 35 4 . `` Neve Neve '' Krishna Chaitanya Adnan Sami 04 : 17 5 . `` Yemaindho Yemo EE Vela '' Bhuvanchandra Ramki 04 : 33 6 . `` Gunde Jaari Gallanthayyinde ( Rubens Club Mix ) '' 04 : 21 Total length : 24.22 Dvd and Blu - ray ( edit ) DVD and Blu - ray discs of the movie were released by Bhavani Videos . Awards ( edit ) Filmfare Awards South Best Actress -- Telugu - Nithya Menen Nominated -- Best Film -- Telugu - Nikitha Reddy , Vikram Goud Nominated -- Best Actor -- Telugu - Nitin References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Gunde Jaari Gallanthayyinde Cast & Crew , Gunde Jaari Gallanthayyinde Star Cast , Actor , Actress , Director '' . entertainment.oneindia.in . Retrieved 19 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ishq 's pair back with ' Gunde Jaari Gallanthayyinde ' '' . Andhrawatch.com . Retrieved 19 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` GJG has a superb weekend '' . 123telugu.com . Retrieved 22 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Gunde Jaari Gallanthyyinde 100 days posters '' . idlebrain.com . Retrieved 26 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nithin interview about Gunde Jaari Gallanthyyinde '' . idlebrain.com . Retrieved 18 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Photos : Gunde Jaari Gallanthayyinde music launched in style - Oneindia Entertainment '' . Entertainment.oneindia.in. 28 March 2013 . Retrieved 19 February 2014 . External links ( edit ) Gunde Jaari Gallanthayyinde on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gunde_Jaari_Gallanthayyinde&oldid=810513099 '' Categories : 2013 films Telugu - language films Indian films Telugu films remade in other languages 2010s Telugu - language films Indian drama films Films shot in Hyderabad , India Hidden categories : EngvarB from May 2014 Use dmy dates from May 2014 Duration without hAudio microformat Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Track listings with deprecated parameters Track listings with input errors Talk Contents About Wikipedia Русский தமிழ் తెలుగు Edit links This page was last edited on 15 November 2017 , at 18 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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what is gecko's name on pj masks	Greg / Gekko ( voiced by Kyle Harrison Breitkopf ) is a green - eyed , blonde haired boy . When he transforms he wears a green costume with a thick reptilian tail , fins on top of his head . His powers are , Super Gekko Camouflage to go invisible or blend into his surroundings , Super Gekko Muscles ( aka Super Muscles ) to lift heavy things , Super Lizard Grip to climb walls or anchor himself to stop vehicles , and Super Lizard Water Run to walk on water . He has exhibited enough strength to lift a mobile laboratory off the ground . His vehicle is the Gekko - Mobile , which is also a submersible vehicle which can travel underwater and also ride up & over buildings via land on tank treads which is slower than the Cat - Car . His vehicle is located in the bottom segment of the PJ Masks tower . The vehicle has abilities similar to him , with a `` Gekko - Mobile Camouflage '' letting it blend in with surroundings . His bedroom is on the second floor of a green - roofed green - doored house next to Amaya 's .	Greg	PJ Masks	pj masks	PJ Masks is an animated children 's television series produced by Entertainment One , Frog Box , and TeamTO . The series is based on the Les Pyjamasques book series by Romuald Racioppo . The series debuted on Disney Junior in the United States on September 18 , 2015 . In June 2016 , a second season , consisting of another 52 11 - minute segments , was announced ; it began airing on January 15 , 2018 .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Episodes 2 Characters 2.1 Heroes 2.2 Villains 2.3 Recurring 3 Production 4 References 5 External links Episodes Main article : List of PJ Masks episodes Season Segments Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 52 26 September 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 18 ) February 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 17 ) Shorts -- 20 July 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 31 ) December 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 01 ) 52 TBA January 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 15 ) TBA Characters Heroes Connor / Catboy ( voiced by Jacob Ewaniuk in Season 1 , and Jacob Ursomarzo in Season 2 ) is a blue - eyed boy with brown hair . When he transforms he wears a blue cat costume with cat ears and a thin feline tail . He is the leader of the group . He has super-hearing using Cat Ears , can leap high and far using Super Cat Jump , and sprints fast using Super Cat Speed , or just Super Speed . His main flaws are his impulsiveness and his need to control , flaws which can be exploited by the team 's opponents . His vehicle is the Cat Car located in the middle segment of the PJ Masks ' tower . His bedroom is on the second floor of a blue - roofed blue - doored house next to Amaya 's . Amaya / Owlette ( voiced by Addison Holley ) is an auburn - eyed girl with brown hair who wears red glasses . She is the only female member of the PJ Masks . she transforms into owelette , she has owl eyes which lets her see things that are far away up close , and she also has super owl wing wind . Her vehicle is the Owl - Glider , which can also do a `` Super Owl Wing Wind '' . She is housed in her top segment of the PJ Masks ' tower . Her bedroom is on the third floor of a red - roofed red - doored home with a walled - in yard between Connor and Greg 's houses . Greg / Gekko ( voiced by Kyle Harrison Breitkopf ) is a green - eyed , blonde haired boy . When he transforms he wears a green costume with a thick reptilian tail , fins on top of his head . His powers are , Super Gekko Camouflage to go invisible or blend into his surroundings , Super Gekko Muscles ( aka Super Muscles ) to lift heavy things , Super Lizard Grip to climb walls or anchor himself to stop vehicles , and Super Lizard Water Run to walk on water . He has exhibited enough strength to lift a mobile laboratory off the ground . His vehicle is the Gekko - Mobile , which is also a submersible vehicle which can travel underwater and also ride up & over buildings via land on tank treads which is slower than the Cat - Car . His vehicle is located in the bottom segment of the PJ Masks tower . The vehicle has abilities similar to him , with a `` Gekko - Mobile Camouflage '' letting it blend in with surroundings . His bedroom is on the second floor of a green - roofed green - doored house next to Amaya 's . PJ Robot is a robot that Romeo created to infiltrate the PJ masks HQ , however PJ robot decided to be a PJ Mask rather than a villain 's sidekick . He joined the PJ Masks Team in season 2 . Villains Armadillain ( voiced by Max Calinescu ) is one of the two main villains in the series who was transformed into a villain and a former PJ Mask member who got kicked off the team by the PJ Masks because he was too reckless . He becomes Romeo 's ally and his main goal is to get revenge on PJ Masks for kicking him off their team . Romeo ( voiced by Alex Thorne presently and by Carter Thorne in Shorts ) is the one of the two main villains in the series who comes up with a variety of devices from his mobile lab . His favorite inventions ( as said in `` Owlette 's New Move '' ) are his Robot , his La - Boggin , his Track - A-Whacker , and Radical Romeo Remote . He once took over the city in `` Gekko and the Mayhem at the Museum '' Night Ninja ( voiced by Trek Buccino in Season 1 and Devan Cohen in the short films and Season 2 ) is the tertiary villain who controls a bunch of minions called the Ninjalinos . He and Romeo once teamed up in `` Catboy and the Shrinker . '' Luna Girl ( voiced by Brianna Daguanno ) is the secondary villain with a Luna Magnet device . This once included a giant Moon - Ball , which could steal objects and swallow her enemies . She once teamed with her all time enemies while defeating Romeo in `` Gekko and the Mighty Moon Problem . '' Werewolf Kids / Howler , Rip , and Kevin , ( voiced by Ethan Puggiotto ) are new kids that turn to werewolves when the full moon is out . Recurring Cameron ( voiced by Tristan Samuel in Season 1 and Jonah Wineberg in Season 2 ) is a boy in the same class as PJ Masks when they attend school during the day as civilians . He once scared Amaya with a T - Rex cutout the same way Connor did earlier in `` Owlette 's Terrible Pterodactyl Trouble '' , but Connor learned his lesson and tells Cameron not to do it . Teacher ( voiced by Rob Tinkler ) is an unnamed adult male who teaches Connor , Greg , and Amaya 's class . When things disappear , he thinks it 's strange . Jayden Houston is a popular singer that is known for his golden microphone . His microphone was stolen by Luna Girl in `` Catboy 's Tricky Ticket , '' but was later recovered by the PJ Masks . Master Fang is the protagonist of his own comic book and TV series . He is largely looked up to by Connor and Greg , but Amaya does n't seem to care about him much . He is known for his signature sword which was stolen by Night Ninja in `` Catboy and Master Fang 's Sword . '' Kick McGee is Master Fang 's unseen sidekick . His persona is often used by during missions . Flossy Flash is a female comic book superhero that is looked up to by Owlette . Owlette prefers her over Master Fang and Kick McGee who are favored by Catboy and Gekko . The announcer ( voiced by Ron Pardo ) is a male voice that is heard in every episode . He is never seen , but is known for saying his signature introduction sequence . Robette is one of Romeo 's inventions it began to try to take over the world herself in `` Catboy and Gekko 's Robot Rampage '' . This was due to a loose screw and was later resolved . During the episode , Romeo 's original robot became jealous of Robette , which resulted in the robot running away . This was also later resolved and Romeo became friends with Robot again . She returned again in Season 2 . Production PJ Masks is a British / French coproduction by Entertainment One , Frog Box , and TeamTO . The series was renewed for a second season consisting of 52 11 - minute segments in June 2016 ; the second season premiered on January 15 , 2018 . References Jump up ^ `` PJmasks '' . TeamTO . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jennifer Wolfe ( October 2 , 2015 ) . `` ' PJ Masks ' Sees Strong U.S. Debut '' . Animation World Network . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Luke McCord ( September 2 , 2015 ) . `` Disney Channel , Disney Junior to Debut ' PJ Masks ' Sept. 18 '' . Broadcasting & Cable . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Georg Szalai ( June 15 , 2016 ) . `` Disney Junior 's ' PJ Masks ' to Get Second Season '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Jordan Pinto ( June 15 , 2016 ) . `` PJ Masks greenlit for second season '' . Kidscreen . Retrieved May 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Catboy and the Shrinker '' . PJ Masks . I 'm not that little , and I can still be your leader . ^ Jump up to : PJ Masks . Episode 2 . ^ Jump up to : `` Owlette and the Moonball '' . PJ Masks. 21 minutes in . We need to play as a team . Gekko , use your Super Muscles , Catboy , use your Super Speed , and I 'll use my Owl Wing Wind ! Jump up ^ Greg . `` Looking After Gekko '' . PJ Masks. 1 minutes in . You 're always trying to protect me because I 'm the youngest . I 'm not a baby , I can take care of myself . Jump up ^ John Hopewell ; Emilio Mayorga ( June 18 , 2016 ) . `` Annecy : TeamTO Re-Ups on ' PJ Masks , ' ' Skylanders ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved May 6 , 2018 . External links France portal UK portal Television portal Disney portal Official website PJ Masks on IMDb PJ Masks at TheTVDB.com PJ Masks on Disney Junior PJ Masks on Entertainment One PJ Masks on Frog Box PJ Masks on TeamTO Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PJ_Masks&oldid=840840646 '' Categories : 2010s British animated television series 2010s French animated television series 2015 British television programme debuts 2015 French television series debuts Animated superhero television series British action television series British children 's animated television programmes British fantasy television series British computer - animated television series French computer - animated television series English - language television programs Fictional trios French children 's animated action television series French children 's animated fantasy television series Television programs based on children 's books Television series by Entertainment One 2010s British children 's television series Disney Junior Hidden categories : Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Български Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Svenska Türkçe 9 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 May 2018 , at 14 : 34 . 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where does the smell and ph change come from in the pancreatin digestion			Pancreatic enzymes ( Medication )	pancreatic enzymes ( medication )	Pancreatic enzymes also known as pancrelipase and pancreatin , are commercial mixtures of amylase , lipase , and protease . They are used to treat malabsorption syndrome due to pancreatic problems . These pancreatic problems may be due to cystic fibrosis , surgical removal of the pancreas , long term pancreatitis , or pancreatic cancer among others . It is taken by mouth .	Common side effects include vomiting , abdominal pain , constipation , and diarrhea . Other side effects include perianal irritation and high blood uric acid . The enzymes are from pigs . Use is believed to be safe during pregnancy . The components are digestive enzymes similar to those normally produced by the human pancreas . They help the person digest fats , starches , and proteins . Pancreatic enzymes have been used as medications since at least the 1800s . They are on the World Health Organization 's List of Essential Medicines , the most effective and safe medicines needed in a health system . In the United Kingdom a typical month supply costs the NHS about 11.64 pounds . In the United States a month of treatment typically costs 50 to 100 USD . Contents ( hide ) 1 Medical use 2 Society and culture 2.1 Brand names 2.2 Regulation 3 References Medical use ( edit ) Pancrelipases are generally a first line approach in treatment of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency and other digestive disorders , accompanying cystic fibrosis , complicating surgical pancreatectomy , or resulting from chronic pancreatitis . The formulations are generally hard capsules filled with gastro - resistant granules . Pancrelipases and pancreatins are similar , except pancrelipases has an increased lipase component . Pancreatin is a mixture of several digestive enzymes produced by the exocrine cells of the pancreas . It is composed of amylase , lipase and protease . This mixture is used to treat conditions in which pancreatic secretions are deficient , such as surgical pancreatectomy , pancreatitis and cystic fibrosis . It has been claimed to help with food allergies , celiac disease , autoimmune disease , cancer and weight loss . Pancreatin is sometimes called `` pancreatic acid '' , although it is neither a single chemical substance nor an acid . Pancreatin contains the pancreatic enzymes trypsin , amylase and lipase . A similar mixture of enzymes is sold as pancrelipase , which contains more active lipase enzyme than does pancreatin . The trypsin found in pancreatin works to hydrolyze proteins into oligopeptides ; amylase hydrolyzes starches into oligosaccharides and the disaccharide maltose ; and lipase hydrolyzes triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerols . Pancreatin is an effective enzyme supplement for replacing missing pancreatic enzymes , and aids in the digestion of foods in cases of pancreatic insufficiency . Pancreatin reduces the absorption of iron from food in the duodenum during digestion Some contact lens cleaning solutions contain porcine pancreatin extractives to assist in the intended protein - removal process . Society and culture ( edit ) Brand names ( edit ) Brand names include Creon , Pancreaze , Pertzye , Ultresa , Zenpep , Sollpura ( Liprotamase ) . Regulation ( edit ) Longstanding pancreatic enzyme replacement products ( PERPs ) -- some in use for a century or more -- fell under a 2006 FDA requirement that pharmaceutical companies with porcine - derived PERP products submit an NDA for each ; Creon ( AbbVie Inc . ) was the first of the commercial PERP products approved after the FDA directive , reaching market in 2009 . The specific requirement and reasoning for the FDA directive was that manufacturers submit a Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy ( REMS ) and Medication Guide to ensure patients were adequately informed regarding potential risks associated with administration of high doses of porcine - derived PERP products , especially with regard to `` the theoretical risk of transmission of viral disease from pigs to patients '' , the risk of which ( alongside other off - target effects ) is reduced by patient adherence to label dosing instructions . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Pancrelipase '' . The American Society of Health - System Pharmacists . Archived from the original on 18 January 2017 . Retrieved 8 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pancreatin '' . The American Society of Health - System Pharmacists . Archived from the original on 18 January 2017 . Retrieved 8 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : British national formulary : BNF 69 ( 69 ed . ) . British Medical Association . 2015 . pp. 82 -- 83 . ISBN 9780857111562 . Jump up ^ Stuhan , Mary Ann ( 2013 ) . Understanding Pharmacology for Pharmacy Technicians . ASHP . p. 597 . ISBN 9781585283606 . Archived from the original on 2017 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ Bagchi , Debasis ; Swaroop , Anand ; Bagchi , Manashi ( 2015 ) . Genomics , Proteomics and Metabolomics in Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods . John Wiley & Sons . p. 274 . ISBN 9781118930465 . Archived from the original on 2017 - 09 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` WHO Model List of Essential Medicines ( 19th List ) '' ( PDF ) . World Health Organization . April 2015 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 13 December 2016 . Retrieved 8 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Hamilton , Richart ( 2015 ) . Tarascon Pocket Pharmacopoeia 2015 Deluxe Lab - Coat Edition . Jones & Bartlett Learning . p. 281 . ISBN 9781284057560 . ^ Jump up to : Whitehead , A.M. ( 1988 ) . `` Study to compare the enzyme activity , acid resistance and dissolution characteristics of currently available pancreatic enzyme preparations '' . Pharmaceutisch Weekblad Scienafic Edition . 10 : 12 -- 13 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Löhr , Johannes - Matthias ; Hummel , Frank ; Pirilis , Konstantinos ; Steinkamp , Gregor ; Körner , Andreas ; Henniges , Frederike ( September 2009 ) . `` Properties of different pancreatin preparations used in pancreatic exocrine insufficiency '' . European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 21 ( 9 ) : 1024 . doi : 10.1097 / MEG. 0b013e328328f414 . Archived from the original on 25 November 2015 . Retrieved 25 November 2015 . Jump up ^ R. Stephton Smith ( 1965 ) ' Iron deficiency and iron overload ' Arch . Dis . Child . 40 , 343 . Jump up ^ Baines , M. ; Cai , F. ( 1990 ) . `` Adsorption and removal of protein bound to hydrogel contact lenses '' . Optometry & Vision Science . 67 ( 11 ) : 807 -- 810 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : U.S. Food and Drug Administration ( 2009 ) FDA Approves Pancreatic Enzyme Replacement Product for Marketing in United States : Creon designed to help those with cystic fibrosis , others with exocrine pancreatic insufficiency , News & Events , FDA News Release , May 7 , 2009 , see `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 08 - 08 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 20 . , accessed 20 July 2014 . ( hide ) Digestives , including enzymes ( A09 ) Enzymes Diastase Pancreatin Pancrelipase Pepsin Acid preparations Citric acid Hydrochloric acid Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pancreatic_enzymes_(medication)&oldid=810415860 '' Categories : Enzymes World Health Organization essential medicines Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Template : drugs.com link with non-standard subpage Chemicals that do not have a ChemSpider ID assigned ECHA InfoCard ID from Wikidata Infobox drug articles with non-default infobox title Articles without EBI source Articles without KEGG source Articles without InChI source Drugs with no legal status Articles containing unverified chemical infoboxes All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2014 RTT Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español ଓଡ଼ିଆ Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 November 2017 , at 03 : 08 . 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who played dean wormer's daughter in animal house			Sarah Holcomb	sarah holcomb	Sarah Holcomb ( born September 11 , 1958 ) is an American former actress . Her first role was in 1978 's National Lampoon 's Animal House as Clorette DePasto , the 13 - year - old daughter of shady Mayor Carmine DePasto ; Holcomb was 18 years old at the time of filming .	She played roles in four other films , ending with Caddyshack in 1980 . Partial filmography ( edit ) Animal House ( 1978 ) - Clorette DePasto Walk Proud ( 1979 ) - Sarah Lassiter Mr. Mike 's Mondo Video ( 1979 ) - Herself Happy Birthday , Gemini ( 1980 ) - Judith Hastings Caddyshack ( 1980 ) - Maggie O'Hooligan References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0390106/ External links ( edit ) Sarah Holcomb on IMDb LCCN : no2009107936 VIAF : 91151435 This article about a United States film actor or actress born in the 1950s is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sarah_Holcomb&oldid=844443472 '' Categories : 1950 births American film actresses Living people People from Weston , Connecticut Actresses from Connecticut American film actor , 1950s birth stubs Hidden categories : Articles lacking reliable references from January 2010 All articles lacking reliable references BLP articles lacking sources from January 2010 All articles sourced by IMDb Articles sourced by IMDb from January 2010 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Asturianu Español Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 4 June 2018 , at 23 : 27 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah%20Holcomb	1,124
who do think you are song christina perri			Jar of Hearts	jar of hearts		`` Jar of Hearts '' ( 2010 ) `` Arms '' ( 2011 ) `` Jar of Hearts '' is the debut single by American singer Christina Perri . The song was released onto iTunes July 27 , 2010 , a week after its debut on So You Think You Can Dance . The song was included on Perri 's debut EP , The Ocean Way Sessions , and appeared on Perri 's debut studio album , Lovestrong ( 2011 ) . The song was co-written by Perri , Drew Lawrence , and Barrett Yeretsian . Perri drew inspiration for the song from a real - life experience with a love interest who wanted to rekindle a broken relationship . After its debut , the song was released onto iTunes where it later rose to the Top 20 spot in one week . Perri was unsigned at the time of the song release , which created a lot of discussion between critics who favored the song . The song charted on multiple charts in both the United States and Canada at numbers 17 and 21 respectively . The song sold a total of 47,500 downloads in its opening week . In 2011 , it was released in the UK and peaked at number 4 on the UK Singles Chart . It spent 31 weeks in the Top 40 and 48 weeks in the Top 75 . It was later certified Platinum after shipping 600,000 copies . It was the 11th best selling single of 2011 in the UK . Contents 1 Background and release 2 Theme and composition 3 Reception 3.1 Critical reception 3.2 Chart performance 4 Music video 5 Live performances 6 Charts and certifications 6.1 Weekly charts 6.2 Certifications 6.3 Year - end charts 7 Covers 8 In popular culture 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Background and release ( edit ) The song is so vulnerable , but she was stomping on the piano in our lobby with her combat boots . She was so confident and poised -- you could visualize her at Madison Square Garden -- Julie Greenwald , chairman and COO of Atlantic Records After teaching herself to play six chords on the guitar , Perri wrote `` The Perfect Man '' about the same person about whom `` Jar of Hearts '' was written . `` Jar of Hearts '' premiered on So You Think You Can Dance in June , before Perri even had a record deal . Perri 's best friend , Keltie Colleen ( a Rockette ) , passed it on to one of the show 's choreographers , Stacey Tookey , who later choreographed a contemporary dance routine for All - Star Kathryn McCormick and contestant Billy Bell . Perri wrote the song in December 2009 , only to begin working with her production and management team in February 2010 . While recording for an EP , `` Jar of Hearts '' was additionally going to be recorded with a full band ; however , Perri later decided against it stating that `` I imagined people dancing to it . It was all a big ' just in case . ' '' The song was first added to Perri 's YouTube channel on June 30 , 2010 and was later released on iTunes on July 27 , 2010 . A karaoke - version of the song was also officially released onto iTunes February 1 , 2011 . The song was featured on the singer 's first EP titled The Ocean Way Sessions , and has additionally appeared on Perri 's debut album , lovestrong . Theme and composition ( edit ) `` Jar of Hearts '' has been described as an autobiographical song for Perri , recalling an ex-boyfriend who wanted to reconnect after a tough breakup . Seeing writing duties by the song 's performer Christina Perri , additional writing is seen by Drew Lawrence and Barrett Yeretsian ; production by the song 's writers Barrett Yeretsian and Christina Perri . `` Jar of Hearts '' is a rock - oriented tune that is about shunning the continued advances of a former flame who was ungrateful while together , yet now wants to rekindle a failed romance . `` Jar of Hearts '' A 24 - second sample of `` Jar of Hearts '' , which features the simple piano - rock beat and voice of Perri . Problems playing this file ? See media help . Lyrically the ballad revolves around an ex of Perri 's , who sings personal lyrics . In a blog by the artist , Perri described that the song came from true experiences , stating `` I wrote the song after I went home to Philadelphia for the holiday last December . I sat in my childhood bedroom and hid from the boy ( with the jar of hearts ) who wanted to see me . My heart wanted to see him , my head knew better . I could n't take one more break so I wrote the song instead . '' According to the sheet music published at Musicnotes.com by Hal Leonard Corporation , `` Jar of Hearts '' is a moderate piano - rock song pacing in common time , written in the key of C minor . Perri 's vocals range from the notes E ♭ to C as she sings to the score of pianos and chords . The song consists simply of a piano melody and delicate strings . Additionally described as a wrenching , string - drenched ballad , the song features `` angsty , unvarnished piano rock . '' Perri stated that she does not know how to read or write music , but knew how to perform certain piano chords , which were used in the song . In the singer 's personal blog she released the piano chords of the entire song . The verse of the song is played in the chords Cm Eb Bb Fm ; the pre-chorus in Fm Ab Eb Bb Fm Ab Bbsus ; the chorus in Eb Bb Cm Ab ( Abm ) end with : Eb ; the bridge in the chords Cm ( right hand ) Walk down C , B , Bb , A ( bass note ) Ab G ; and the outro finishes the song in the chords Ab B F . Reception ( edit ) Critical reception ( edit ) `` Jar of Hearts '' received positive reviews from most critics . Kyle Anderson of MTV News positively reviewed the song as a `` hook - heavy ballad , '' while reviewing Perri 's rise to fame . Gavin Edwards of Rolling Stone described the song as `` a wrenching , string - drenched ballad in which she delivers a kiss - off to an ex who wo n't stop hanging around . '' Megan Vick of Billboard gave the song a positive review stating that the simple piano chords of the song complement Perri 's voice , which was additionally described as `` A Fine Frenzy-esque . '' The Leeds UK based entertainment magazine / webzine , Contactmusic.com called the song a raw , defiant break - up song . Much less impressed , giving it two stars out of a possible five , Jody Rosen of Rolling Stone described the song as both insipid and bombastic . John Hill of About.com broke the song down to understand the `` instant hit '' within the song . Hill stated that the song begins with weariness from the opening verse and builds up strength leading to the chorus of the song . Hill continued stating `` There have been countless ' you did me wrong ' songs through the history of pop music , but identifying a serial dater as a collector of broken hearts is one of the more unique ways of displaying both hurt and frustration , '' only to later conclude that the song is a bona fide hit and contains longevity making it an `` impactful introduction '' for Perri . Common Sense Media gave the song a rating of three - out - of - five stars , stating that although Perri is a `` newcomer '' to music , she proves that she can `` hang with the big girls '' with `` Jar of Hearts '' , and said she was vocally superior both to Selena Gomez and Hayley Williams of Paramore . While reviewing the album , Chad Grischow of IGN described the song as a tender ballad containing a certain `` magic '' which fails to be recaptured by the rest of the album . Chart performance ( edit ) `` Jar of Hearts '' debuted at No. 28 on Billboard 's Hot Digital Songs chart , No. 63 on the Billboard Hot 100 , and No. 54 on the Canadian Hot 100 , clocking 48,000 downloads , according to Nielsen SoundScan . After landing at No. 25 on the Hot 100 , the track sold 200,000 downloads in three weeks . Spending twenty - three weeks on the Billboard Hot 100 , the song peaked at number seventeen . Peaking at number nineteen after eleven weeks on the Pop Songs Chart , the ringtone version of the song has peaked at number twenty - one on the Ringtones chart after seven weeks . The song spent 72 weeks on the Hot Digital Songs chart , despite missing the top fifteen of the Hot 100 . As of June 2014 , the song has sold over 3,798,000 digital copies in the US alone , Elsewhere , `` Jar of Hearts '' peaked at No. 2 in Australia and the Republic of Ireland , No. 3 in the Czech Republic and No. 4 in the United Kingdom and Finland . The song has remained in the UK Singles Chart for 27 weeks . Music video ( edit ) As a couple ( Keltie Colleen ) share an intimate moment in the car , her jar empties ( below ) as he collects the heart from it ( above ) The music video for the song was directed by Jay Martin . A `` Behind the scenes ... '' look was given into the recording of the music video on August 25 , 2010 . In the video , Perri states `` I really hope that the video connects me to the song and entertains all of the fans of So You Think You Can Dance because it 's because of them that this even happened . I really hope that they love it . I hope that they love the dance ... and that they just feel like we did this song justice with this video . '' So You Think You Can Dance contestants Allison Holker and Kathryn McCormick appear as dancers in the music video , performing choreography by Stacey Tookey . The music video premiered on September 13 , 2010 on Perri 's YouTube channel . The video begins with Perri on a stoop while black petals fall from the sky . As Perri begins walking , a smoke reflection is shown over her chest , showing that her `` jar '' is empty - her heart is missing . As the song continues , Perri walks through different scenarios of hearts being collected , all by the same man , whose `` jar '' is being filled . This includes an intimate moment in a car and another in a phone booth , both of which leave the women whose hearts are stolen ( through their mouths ) with empty jars . They fall unconscious away from the collector , a young man with dark hair . Towards the end of the video , Perri is watching as the collector , the love - interest , collects more hearts while dancing with different women . The video ends with Perri stealing a heart from him , leaving his `` jar '' empty . He falls to the ground , and she appears to recuperate with her heart newly intact . The music video was added to a list of `` VH1 's Top 40 Music Videos Of 2010 , '' `` Jar of Hearts '' coming in at number seventeen . During the premiere of Perri 's `` Daydream , '' VH1 compared it to the music video of `` Jar of Hearts '' stating that it took a more cinematic route that `` relied heavily on slow motion to connote emotions . '' Live performances ( edit ) Perri performing `` Jar of Hearts '' in the Lovestrong Tour at the Centro de Bellas Artes in San Juan , Puerto Rico . After premiering the song on So You Think You Can Dance , Perri returned to the stage on July 17 , 2010 , performing the song live for the first time . In an interview with Entertainment Weekly , Perri discussed her thoughts on performing on the show after premiering it on the same show , stating `` I am very nervous , but very excited . It 's almost like my first child is ' So You Think You Can Dance ' . I will do whatever they want me to do . And if it 's perform in front of millions of people , I 'll do that too . I 'm pretty certain this is gon na be the biggest audience I 've ever performed for . '' Perri has additionally performed the song live on and The Early Show on CBS and the Today Show on NBC in August 2012 . On July 29 , 2010 , Perri also performed on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno , replacing Stone Temple Pilots who could n't make it to the show on time . On December 7 , 2010 , Perri performed the song on Conan O'Brien 's new show , Conan , with many critics naming the performance a career peak and stellar . On November 2 , 2010 , VH1 allowed Perri to perform the song , along with other tracks from her EP , in the elevator lobby as part of an ongoing `` Live At VH1 '' series . The performances were recorded and shown through VH1 's video - hosting sites . In October 2011 , Perri performed the song live on The Late Late Show , an Irish chat show hosted by Ryan Tubridy . On November 13 , 2011 , Perri performed the song live on the Strictly Come Dancing Results Show . On January 29 , 2012 , Perri performed the song live on Dancing On Ice . On February 18 , 2012 , she performed the song before the world heavyweight boxing championship fight between Vitali Klitschko and Dereck Chisora in Munich . Also Perri performed the song as part of the encore for her first tour Lovestrong Tour in 2011 / 12 . Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2010 -- 12 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratip Flanders ) 28 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 21 Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) 5 Ireland ( IRMA ) Israel ( Media Forest ) Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) 99 Luxembourg Digital Songs ( Billboard ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 52 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 28 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) 26 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 5 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 17 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 11 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Latin Pop Songs ( Billboard ) 26 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 15 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 3 × Platinum 210,000 Austria ( IFPI Austria ) Gold 15,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) 2 × Platinum 160,000 Germany ( BVMI ) Platinum 300,000 Ireland ( IRMA ) 2 × Platinum 30,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Platinum 15,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) 2 × Platinum 60,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) 2 × Platinum 1,001,463 United States ( RIAA ) 5 × Platinum 5,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2011 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 16 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 11 US Billboard Hot 100 55 Chart ( 2012 ) Position Germany ( Media Control Charts ) 28 Covers ( edit ) In 2010 , `` Jar of Hearts '' was covered by Christina Novelli and Dash Berlin to huge success . In May 2011 , `` Jar of Hearts '' was performed on Glee . The song was sung by Lea Michele portraying the character Rachel Berry , in the episode `` Prom Queen '' . In 2011 , a cover by Mercury Red with vocals by Francesca Sisneros , was included on compilation albums , Clubland 20 , Monster Floorfillers 2011 and Pop Princesses 2012 . In mid-2011 , the song was covered by Twenty One Pilots . On September 6 , 2011 , the song was covered by Ronan Parke . In late 2012 , the lead singer of rock band Three Days Grace , Adam Gontier played this song as an encore on their `` Special Club Tour '' in support of their latest album Transit of Venus . On June 17 , 2012 , singer and actress Jennifer Love Hewitt covered the song for the season finale of The Client List . On September 30 , 2013 , Hamden , Connecticut - based pop / new - age artist , The 465 CT Transit Driver , performed the piano instrumental version at The Arrivals Ceremony at Newark Liberty International Airport to promote his first instrumental debut album , The Bridge , was scheduled to be released in December 2013 via 20th Century Fox Records / Interscope Records / Warner Bros. Records . Australian singer Mark Vincent covered the song on his 2013 album The Quartet Sessions . Electronic music artist Dash Berlin created a track with the lyrics from the song sung by Christina Novelli . In 2017 , rock band Through Fire covered the song on the deluxe edition of their album Breathe . In 2016 , Holly Henry , an American lounge singer known from the U.S. production of The Voice , released a cover of the song with piano accompaniment . In popular culture ( edit ) `` Jar of Hearts '' was played in `` It 's Alive '' from the Pretty Little Liars series . `` Jar of Hearts '' was featured on Switched at Birth ( Season 1 , Episode 4 `` Dance Amongst Daggers '' ) and The Client List ( season 1 episode 10 `` Past Is Prologue '' ) In July 2011 , Fitzy and Wippa , from the Australian Radio Station Nova made a parody of the song called `` Jar of Hoons '' . See also ( edit ) List of million - selling singles in the United Kingdom References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` iTunes Store '' . itunes.apple.com . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : Pastorek , Whitney ( 2010 - 07 - 15 ) . `` ' Jar of Hearts ' singer Christina Perri on getting her break from ' So You Think You Can Dance ' : A Music Mix Q&A ! The Music Mix EW.com '' . Music-mix.ew.com . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : Gavin Edwards ( 2010 - 10 - 26 ) . `` Band of the Week : Christina Perri , Sudden Star Rolling Stone Music '' . Rollingstone.com . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Jar of Hearts - Single by Christina Perri - Download Jar of Hearts - Single on iTunes '' . itunes.apple.com. 2010 - 07 - 27 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Jar of Hearts ( Karaoke Version ) - Single by Christina Perri - Download Jar of Hearts ( Karaoke Version ) - Single on iTunes '' . itunes.apple.com. 2011 - 02 - 01 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : Scott Shetler ( 2011 - 01 - 07 ) . `` Christina Perri , ' Jar of Hearts ' - New Song '' . AOL Radio Blog . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Christina Perri Exits the Studio & Gets Ready to Release Debut Full - Length Album -- `` lovestrong . '' -- May 10th on Atlantic Records '' ( Press release ) . Atlantic Records . March 2 , 2011 . Retrieved March 6 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Christina Perri - Jar Of Hearts - Review of Christina Perri 's Jar Of Hearts '' . Top40.about.com. 2011 - 02 - 27 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : `` '' Jar of Hearts '' ( CD single ) by Christina Perri - Music Review `` . Commonsensemedia.org. 2010 - 11 - 07 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : `` Christina Perri Blogs JAR OF HEARTS . piano chords '' . Christinaperriblogs.tumblr.com. 2010 - 07 - 03 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Freakum Dress digital sheet music ( Digital Download ) '' . MusicNotes.com Hal Leonard Corporation . Jump up ^ `` Christina Perri Completes Her Elevation To Stardom On ' Conan ' '' MTV Newsroom `` . Newsroom.mtv.com. 2010 - 12 - 08 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 12 - 11 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Music Hits , Top 100 Music Charts , Top 100 Songs & The Hot 100 '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : `` Christina Perri - Biography , Photos , News , Videos and Tour Dates and Tickets '' . Contactmusic.com. 2010 - 12 - 08 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ Jody Rosen ( 2011 - 05 - 10 ) . `` Lovestrong Album Reviews '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ Chad Grischow . `` Christina Perri : lovestrong . Review - Music Review at IGN '' . Music.ign.com . Archived from the original on 2011 - 08 - 20 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Music Hits , Top 100 Music Charts , Top 100 Songs & The Hot 100 '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top 100 Music Hits , Top 100 Music Charts , Top 100 Songs & The Hot 100 '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ Paul Grein ( June 11 , 2014 ) . `` Chart Watch : Sam Smith Zooms Into Top 10 '' . Yahoo Music . Jump up ^ `` Radio 1 - Chart - The Official UK Top 40 Singles Chart '' . BBC . 2012 - 01 - 08 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Videos : Christina Perri : Jar of Hearts '' . CMT . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : So You Think You Can Dance ( 2010 - 08 - 25 ) . `` So You Think You Can Dance -- Behind the Scenes of `` Jar of Hearts '' `` . Dance.blogs.fox.com . Archived from the original on 2011 - 03 - 17 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` ' Jar Of Hearts ' Video Premiere '' . Christina Perri . Archived from the original on 2010 - 12 - 16 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` VH1 Top 40 Music Videos Of 2011 ( Complete List ) Vh1 Blog '' . Blog.vh1.com. 2010 - 12 - 17 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Christina Perri Daydream Video Vh1 Blog '' . Blog.vh1.com. 2010 - 11 - 16 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Christina Perri - Jar of Hearts ( Live on So You Think You Can Dance ) - PerezTV '' . Perezhilton.com . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 15 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ Pastorek , Whitney ( 2010 - 07 - 15 ) . `` ' Jar of Hearts ' singer Christina Perri on getting her break from ' So You Think You Can Dance ' : A Music Mix Q&A ! The Music Mix EW.com '' . Music-mix.ew.com . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Week Ending Jan. 23 , 2011 : Songs : Mars Attacks - Chart Watch '' . New.music.yahoo.com. 2011 - 02 - 02 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Christina Perri performs on Jay Leno show tonight : Beatweek Magazine '' . Beatweek.com. 2010 - 07 - 29 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 11 - 15 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Christina Perri Completes Her Elevation To Stardom On ' Conan ' '' MTV Newsroom `` . Newsroom.mtv.com . Archived from the original on 2010 - 12 - 11 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : `` Christina Perri Jar Of Hearts Live Vh1 Blog '' . Blog.vh1.com. 2010 - 11 - 02 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Christina Perri -- Jar of Hearts '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Christina Perri -- Jar of Hearts '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Christina Perri -- Jar of Hearts '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratip . Jump up ^ `` Christina Perri Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201201 into search . Retrieved 18 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Christina Perri : Jar of Hearts '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Christina Perri -- Jar of Hearts '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 32 , 2011 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Christina Perri -- Jar of Hearts Media Forest '' . Israeli Airplay Chart . Media Forest . Jump up ^ `` Christina Perri Album & Song Chart History - Billboard '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved May 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Luxembourg Digital Songs - March 3 , 2012 '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Christina Perri -- Jar of Hearts '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.nz -- Christina Perri -- Jar of Hearts '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201151_52 into search . Retrieved 18 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Christina Perri -- Jar of Hearts '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Christina Perri Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Christina Perri Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Christina Perri Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Christina Perri Chart History ( Latin Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Christina Perri Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2011 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Jump up ^ `` Austrian single certifications -- Christina Perri -- Jar of Hearts '' ( in German ) . IFPI Austria . Enter Christina Perri in the field Interpret . Enter Jar of Hearts in the field Titel . Select single in the field Format . Click Suchen Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Christina Perri -- Jar of Hearts '' . Music Canada . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Christina Perri ; ' Jar of Hearts ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Jump up ^ `` Irish single certifications -- Christina Perri -- Jar of Hearts '' . Irish Recorded Music Association . Jump up ^ `` NZ Top 40 Singles Chart - The Official New Zealand Music Chart '' . THE OFFICIAL NZ MUSIC CHART . Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( Christina Perri ; ' Jar of Hearts ' ) '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Christina Perri -- Jar of Hearts '' . British Phonographic Industry . Select singles in the Format field . Select Platinum in the Certification field . Enter Jar of Hearts in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ Jones , Alan ( February 26 , 2016 ) . `` Official Charts Analysis : Lukas Graham extends reign at top of charts '' . Music Week . Intent Media . Retrieved February 26 , 2016 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Christina Perri -- Jar of Hearts '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` The Top 40 Biggest Selling Singles of the Year '' . BBC . 2011 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2011 -- Hot 100 Songs '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved December 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Jahrescharts 2012 '' . VIVA . VIVA . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2013 . Retrieved January 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Semigran , Aly ( 2011 - 05 - 11 ) . `` Christina Perri 's ' Jar Of Hearts ' : Story Behind The ' Glee ' Cover - Music , Celebrity , Artist News '' . MTV . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` '' Jar of Hearts '' cover by Twenty One Pilots on SoundCloud `` . Retrieved March April 6 , 2014 . Check date values in : accessdate = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Pretty Little Liars `` It 's Alive '' Episode Guide `` . TV Fanatic . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Fitzy & Wippa 's Song Parodies : Jar of Hoons - NovaFM Audios '' . Novafm.com.au . Archived from the original on 2011 - 10 - 05 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 13 . External links ( edit ) Official music video on YouTube Jar of Hearts ( Making Of ) on YouTube Jar Of Hearts Website - Interactive Jar Of Hearts ( Official ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Christina Perri Discography Studio albums and singles Lovestrong `` Jar of Hearts '' `` Arms '' `` Distance '' Head or Heart `` Human '' `` Burning Gold '' EPs The Ocean Way Sessions A Very Merry Perri Christmas Other singles `` A Thousand Years '' Promotional singles `` The Lonely '' Concert tours Lovestrong Tour Demi World Tour ( opening act ) Related articles Nick Perri Atlantic Records Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jar_of_Hearts&oldid=840109225 '' Categories : 2010 singles Debut singles 2010s ballads Pop ballads Christina Perri songs Songs based on actual events Songs written by Christina Perri 2009 songs Atlantic Records singles Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Pages containing links to subscription - only content CS1 errors : dates Articles with hAudio microformats Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2014 Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Tip Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadianhot100 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Czech Republic Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart usages for Israelairplay Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Slovakia Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardlatinpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Austria Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Ireland Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Switzerland Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano Português Suomi Svenska Tagalog Edit links This page was last edited on 7 May 2018 , at 19 : 48 ( UTC ) . 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what is the difference between death and the grim reaper	Death , also known as the Grim Reaper , is frequently imagined as a personified force , due to its prominent place in human culture . In some mythologies , the Grim Reaper causes the victim 's death by coming to collect them . In turn , people in some stories try to hold on to life by avoiding Death 's visit , or by fending Death off with bribery or tricks . Other beliefs hold that the Spectre of Death is only a psychopomp , serving to sever the last ties between the soul and the body , and to guide the deceased to the afterlife , without having any control over when or how the victim dies . Death is most often personified in male form , although in certain cultures Death is perceived as female ( for instance , Marzanna in Slavic mythology ) .		Death ( personification )	death ( personification )	Death , also known as the Grim Reaper , is frequently imagined as a personified force , due to its prominent place in human culture . In some mythologies , the Grim Reaper causes the victim 's death by coming to collect them . In turn , people in some stories try to hold on to life by avoiding Death 's visit , or by fending Death off with bribery or tricks . Other beliefs hold that the Spectre of Death is only a psychopomp , serving to sever the last ties between the soul and the body , and to guide the deceased to the afterlife , without having any control over when or how the victim dies . Death is most often personified in male form , although in certain cultures Death is perceived as female ( for instance , Marzanna in Slavic mythology ) .	Contents ( hide ) 1 By region 1.1 Middle Eastern 1.2 Hellenic 1.3 Celtic 1.4 Slavic 1.5 The Low Countries 1.6 Scandinavia 1.7 Baltic 1.8 India 1.9 East Asia 1.10 Latin America 2 In Abrahamic religions 2.1 In Judaism 2.1. 1 Form and functions 2.1. 2 Scholars and the Angel of Death 2.1. 3 Rabbinic views 2.2 In Catholicism 2.3 In Islam 3 In popular culture 3.1 Films 3.2 Television 3.3 Literature 4 See also 5 Notes 6 Bibliography 7 External links By region ( edit ) A Western depiction of Death as a skeleton wielding a scythe . Middle eastern ( edit ) Main article : Mot Mot ( lit . `` Death '' ) was personified to Canaanites as a god of death . He was considered a son of the king of the gods , El . His contest with the storm god Baʿal forms part of the myth cycle discovered in the 1920s in the ruins of Ugarit . Lacunae obscure some of the details , but Mot apparently consumes Baʿal before being split open and mutilated by that god 's sister , the warrior ' Anat . After a time , both gods are restored and resume battle before the sun goddess Shapash prompts a truce by warning Mot that , if forced to , El would intervene on Baʿal 's behalf . The Phoenicians also worshipped death under the name Mot and a version of Mot later became Maweth , the devil or angel of death in Judaism . Hellenic ( edit ) Thanatos as a winged youth , c. 325 -- 300 BC , at Temple of Artemis , Ephesos Main article : Thanatos Ancient Greece found Death to be inevitable , and therefore , he is not represented as purely evil . He is often portrayed as a bearded and winged man , but has also been portrayed as a young boy . Death , or Thanatos , is the counterpart of life , death being represented as male , and life as female . He is the twin brother of Hypnos , the god of sleep . He is typically shown with his brother and is represented as being just and gentle . His job is to escort the dead to the underworld , Hades . He then hands the dead over to Charon , who mans the boat that carries them over the river Styx , which separates the land of the living from the land of the dead . It was believed that if the ferryman did not receive some sort of payment , the soul would not be delivered to the underworld and would be left by the riverside for a hundred years . Thanatos ' sisters , the Keres , were the spirits of violent death . They were associated with deaths from battle , disease , accident , and murder . The sisters were portrayed as evil , often feeding on the blood of the body after the soul had been escorted to Hades . They had fangs and talons , and would be dressed in bloody garments . Celtic ( edit ) Breton folklore shows a spectral figure portending death , the Ankou ( yr Angau in Welsh ) . Usually , the Ankou is the spirit of the last person that died within the community and appears as a tall , haggard figure with a wide hat and long white hair or a skeleton with a revolving head who sees everyone , everywhere . The Ankou drives a deathly wagon or cart with a creaking axle . The cart or wagon is piled high with corpses and a stop at a cabin means instant death for those inside . In Ireland there was a creature known as a dullahan , whose head would be tucked under his or her arm ( dullahans were not one , but an entire species ) , and the head was said to have large eyes and a smile that could reach the head 's ears . The dullahan would ride a black horse or a carriage pulled by black horses , and stop at the house of someone about to die , and call their name , and immediately the person would die . The dullahan did not like being watched , and it was believed that if a dullahan knew someone was watching them , they would lash that person 's eyes with their whip , which was made from a spine ; or they would toss a basin of blood on the person , which was a sign that the person was next to die . Also in Ireland there is a female spirit known as Banshee , who heralds the death of a person , usually by shrieking or keening . The banshee is often described in Gaelic lore as wearing red or green , usually with long , disheveled hair . She can appear in a variety of forms . Perhaps most often she is seen as an ugly , frightful hag , but she can also appear as young and beautiful if she chooses . In Ireland and parts of Scotland , a traditional part of mourning is the keening woman ( bean chaointe ) , who wails a lament -- in Irish : Caoineadh , caoin meaning `` to weep , to wail '' . When several banshees appear at once , it indicates the death of someone great or holy . The tales sometimes recounted that the woman , though called a fairy , was a ghost , often of a specific murdered woman , or a mother who died in childbirth . In Scottish folklore there was a belief that a black , dark green or white dog known as a Cù Sìth took dying souls to the afterlife . Slavic ( edit ) In Poland , Death , or Śmierć , has an appearance similar to the traditional Grim Reaper , but instead of a black robe , Death has a white robe . Also , due to grammar , Death is a female ( the word śmierć is of feminine gender ) , mostly seen as an old skeletal woman , as depicted in 16th century dialogue `` Rozmowa Mistrza Polikarpa ze Śmiercią '' ( Latin : `` Dialogus inter Mortem et Magistrum Polikarpum '' ) . In Serbia and other smaller Balkan countries , Grim Reaper is well knows as Smrt ( `` Death '' ) or Kosač ( `` Billhook '' ) , Balkan people found this very similar to the Devil and other dark powers . One popular saying about the Grim Reaper is : Smrt ne bira ni vreme , mesto ni godine ( `` Death is not choosing a time , place or years '' - which means she is destiny . ) The low countries ( edit ) In the Netherlands , but also to lesser extent in Belgium , the personification of Death is known as Magere Hein ( `` Meager Hein '' ) . Historically , he was sometimes simply referred to as Hein or variations thereof such as Heintje , Heintjeman and Oom Hendrik ( `` Uncle Hendrik '' ) . Related archaic terms are Beenderman ( `` Bone - man '' ) , Scherminkel ( very meager person , `` skeleton '' ) and Maaijeman ( `` mow - man '' , a reference to his scythe ) . The concept of Magere Hein was pre-Christian and tied to Pagan beliefs , but it was Christianized and likely gained its modern name and features ( scythe , skeleton , black robe etc . ) during the Middle Ages . The designation `` Meager '' comes from its portrayal as a skeleton , which was largely influenced by the Christian `` Dance of Death '' ( Dutch : dodendans ) theme that was prominent in Europe during the late Middle Ages . `` Hein '' was a Middle Dutch name originating as a short form of Heinric ( see Henry ( given name ) ) . Its use was possibly related to the comparable German concept of `` Freund Hein '' . Notable is that many of the names given to Death can also refer to the Devil , showing how his status as a feared and `` evil '' being led to him being merged into the concept of Satan . In Belgium , this personification of Death is now commonly called Pietje de Dood `` Little Pete , the Death '' . As with some of the Dutch names , it can also refer to the Devil . Scandinavia ( edit ) In Scandinavia , in Norse mythology death was personified in the shape of Hel , the goddess of death and ruler over the realm of the same name , where she received a portion of the dead . In the times of the Black Plague , Death would often be depicted as an old woman known by the name of Pesta , meaning `` plague hag '' . She wore a black hood . She would go into a town carrying either a rake or a broom . If she brought the rake , some people would survive the plague ; if she brought the broom , however , everyone would die . Later , Scandinavians adopted the classic Grim Reaper with a scythe and black robe . Baltic ( edit ) Lithuanians named Death Giltinė , deriving from word gelti ( `` to sting '' ) . Giltinė was viewed as an old , ugly woman with a long blue nose and a deadly poisonous tongue . The legend tells that Giltinė was young , pretty and communicative until she was trapped in a coffin for seven years . The goddess of death was a sister of the goddess of life and destiny , Laima , symbolizing the relationship between beginning and end . Lithuanians later adopted the classic Grim Reaper with a scythe and black robe . India ( edit ) Yama , the Hindu lord of death , presiding over his court in hell The Sanskrit word for death is mrityu ( cognate with Latin mors and Polish śmierć ) , which is often personified in Dharmic religions . In Hindu scriptures , the lord of death is called King Yama ( यम राज , Yama Rājā ) . He is also known as the King of Karmic Justice ( Dharmaraja ) as one 's karma at death was considered to lead to a just rebirth . ( Yudhishthira , eldest of the pandavas and a personification of justice , was born through Kunti 's prayers to Yama . ) Yama rides a black buffalo and carries a rope lasso to carry the soul back to his home , called Naraka , pathalloka , or Yamaloka . There are many forms of reapers , although some say there is only one who disguises himself as a small child . His agents , the Yamadutas , carry souls back to Yamalok . There , all the accounts of a person 's good and bad deeds are stored and maintained by Chitragupta . The balance of these deeds allows Yama to decide where the soul has to reside in its next life , following the theory of reincarnation . Yama is also mentioned in the Mahabharata as a great philosopher and devotee of the Supreme Brahman . Buddhist scriptures also mention Mara , much in the similar way . East asia ( edit ) Yama was introduced to Chinese mythology through Buddhism . In Chinese , he is known as King Yan ( t 閻王 , s 阎王 , p Yánwáng ) or Yanluo ( t 閻羅王 , s 阎罗王 , p Yánluówáng ) , ruling the ten gods of the underworld Diyu . He is normally depicted wearing a Chinese judge 's cap and traditional Chinese robes and appears on most forms of hell money offered in ancestor worship . From China , Yama spread to Japan as the Great King Enma ( 閻魔大王 , Enma - Dai - Ō ) , ruler of Jigoku ( 地獄 ) ; Korea as the Great King Yŏmna ( 염라 대 왕 ) , ruler of Jiok ( 지옥 ) ; and Vietnam as Diêm La Vương , ruler of Địa Ngục or Âm Phủ Separately , the Kojiki relates that the Japanese goddess Izanami was burnt to death giving birth to the fire god Hinokagutsuchi . She then entered a realm of perpetual night called Yomi - no - Kuni . Her husband Izanagi pursued her there but discovered his wife was no longer as beautiful as before . After an argument , she promises she will take a thousand lives every day , becoming a goddess of death . There are also death gods called shinigami ( 死神 ) , which are closer to the Western tradition of the Grim Reaper ; while common in modern Japanese arts and fiction , they were essentially absent in traditional mythology . In Korean mythology , the equivalent of the Grim Reaper is the `` Netherworld Emissary '' Jeoseung - saja ( 저승 사자 ) . He is depicted as a stern and ruthless bureaucrat in Yŏmna 's service . A psychopomp , he escorts all -- good or evil -- from the land of the living to the netherworld when the time comes . Latin america ( edit ) Santa Muerte Our Lady of the Holy Death ( Santa Muerte ) is a female deity of Mexican folk religion , whose faith has been spreading in Mexico and the United States . Since the pre-Columbian era Mexican culture has maintained a certain reverence towards death , which can be seen in the widespread commemoration of the Day of the Dead . Elements of that celebration include the use of skeletons to remind people of their mortality . The cult of Santa Muerte is indeed a continuation of the Aztec cult of the goddess of death Mictecacihuatl ( Nahuatl for `` Lady of the Dead '' ) clad in Spanish iconography . In Aztec mythology , Mictecacihuatl is the `` Queen of Mictlan '' ( Mictlancihuatl ) , the underworld , ruling over the afterlife with Mictlantecuhtli , another deity who is designated as her husband . Her role is to keep watch over the bones of the dead . She presided over the ancient festivals of the dead , which evolved from Aztec traditions into the modern Day of the Dead after synthesis with Spanish cultural traditions . She is said now to preside over the contemporary festival as well . She is known as the `` Lady of the Dead '' since it is believed that she was born , then sacrificed as an infant . Mictecacihuatl was represented with a defleshed body and with jaw agape to swallow the stars during the day . San La Muerte ( Saint Death ) is a skeletal folk saint that is venerated in Paraguay , the Northeast of Argentina and southern Brazil . As the result of internal migration in Argentina since the 1960s the veneration of San La Muerte has been extended to Greater Buenos Aires and the national prison system as well . Saint Death is depicted as a male skeleton figure usually holding a scythe . Although the Catholic Church in Mexico has attacked the devotion of Saint Death as a tradition that mixes paganism with Christianity and is contrary to the Christian belief of Christ defeating death , many devotees consider the veneration of San La Muerte as being part of their Catholic faith . The rituals connected to and powers ascribed to San La Muerte are very similar to those of Santa Muerte . In the Brazilian religion Umbanda , the orixá Omolu personifies sickness and death , and also the cure . The image of the death is also associated with Exu , lord of the crossroads , who rules the midnight and the cemeteries . In abrahamic religions ( edit ) See also : Destroying angel ( Bible ) The `` Angel of the Lord '' smites 185,000 men in the Assyrian camp ( II Kings 19 : 35 ) . When the Angel of Death passes through to smite the Egyptian first - born , God prevents `` the destroyer '' ( shâchath ) from entering houses with blood on the lintel and side posts ( Exodus 12 : 23 ) . The `` destroying angel '' ( mal'ak ha - mashḥit ) rages among the people in Jerusalem ( II Sam . 24 : 16 ) . In I Chronicles 21 : 15 the `` angel of the Lord '' is seen by King David standing `` between the earth and the heaven , having a drawn sword in his hand stretched out over Jerusalem . '' The biblical Book of Job ( 33 : 22 ) uses the general term `` destroyers '' ( memitim ) , which tradition has identified with `` destroying angels '' ( mal'ake Khabbalah ) , and Prov. 16 : 14 uses the term the `` angels of death '' ( mal'ake ha - mavet ) . Azra'il is sometimes referred as the Angel of Death as well . Jewish tradition also refers to Death as the Angel of Dark and Light , a name which stems from Talmudic lore . There is also a reference to `` Abaddon '' ( The Destroyer ) , an Angel who is known as the `` Angel of the Abyss '' . In Talmudic lore , he is characterized as archangel Michael . In Judaism ( edit ) La mort du fossoyeur ( Death of the gravedigger ) by Carlos Schwabe In Hebrew scriptures , Death ( `` Maweth '' ) is sometimes personified as a devil or angel of death ( e.g. , Habakkuk 2 : 5 ; Job 18 : 13 ) . In both the Book of Hosea and the Book of Jeremiah , Maweth / Mot is mentioned as a deity to whom Yahweh can turn over Judah as punishment for worshiping other gods . The memitim are a type of angel from biblical lore associated with the mediation over the lives of the dying . The name is derived from the Hebrew word mĕmītǐm ( מְמִיתִים -- `` executioners '' , `` slayers '' , `` destroyers '' ) and refers to angels that brought about the destruction of those whom the guardian angels no longer protected . While there may be some debate among religious scholars regarding the exact nature of the memitim , it is generally accepted that , as described in the Book of Job 33 : 22 , they are killers of some sort . Form and functions ( edit ) According to the Midrash , the Angel of Death was created by God on the first day . His dwelling is in heaven , whence he reaches earth in eight flights , whereas Pestilence reaches it in one . He has twelve wings . `` Over all people have I surrendered thee the power , '' said God to the Angel of Death , `` only not over this one which has received freedom from death through the Law . '' It is said of the Angel of Death that he is full of eyes . In the hour of death , he stands at the head of the departing one with a drawn sword , to which clings a drop of gall . As soon as the dying man sees Death , he is seized with a convulsion and opens his mouth , whereupon Death throws the drop into it . This drop causes his death ; he turns putrid , and his face becomes yellow . The expression `` the taste of death '' originated in the idea that death was caused by a drop of gall . The soul escapes through the mouth , or , as is stated in another place , through the throat ; therefore , the Angel of Death stands at the head of the patient ( Adolf Jellinek , l.c. ii. 94 , Midr . Teh. to Ps . xi . ) . When the soul forsakes the body , its voice goes from one end of the world to the other , but is not heard ( Gen. R. vi. 7 ; Ex . R. v. 9 ; Pirḳe R. El . xxxiv . ) . The drawn sword of the Angel of Death , mentioned by the Chronicler ( I. Chron. 21 : 15 ; comp . Job 15 : 22 ; Enoch 62 : 11 ) , indicates that the Angel of Death was figured as a warrior who kills off the children of men . `` Man , on the day of his death , falls down before the Angel of Death like a beast before the slaughterer '' ( Grünhut , `` Liḳḳuṭim '' , v. 102a ) . R. Samuel 's father ( c. 200 ) said : `` The Angel of Death said to me , ' Only for the sake of the honor of mankind do I not tear off their necks as is done to slaughtered beasts ' '' ( ' Ab . Zarah 20b ) . In later representations , the knife sometimes replaces the sword , and reference is also made to the cord of the Angel of Death , which indicates death by throttling . Moses says to God : `` I fear the cord of the Angel of Death '' ( Grünhut , l.c.v. 103a et seq . ) . Of the four Jewish methods of execution , three are named in connection with the Angel of Death : Burning ( by pouring hot lead down the victim 's throat ) , slaughtering ( by beheading ) , and throttling . The Angel of Death administers the particular punishment that God has ordained for the commission of sin . A peculiar mantle ( `` idra '' - according to Levy , `` Neuhebr . Wörterb . '' i . 32 , a sword ) belongs to the equipment of the Angel of Death ( Eccl . R. iv. 7 ) . The Angel of Death takes on the particular form which will best serve his purpose ; e.g. , he appears to a scholar in the form of a beggar imploring pity ( The beggar should receive Tzedakah . ) ( M. Ḳ . 28a ) . `` When pestilence rages in the town , walk not in the middle of the street , because the Angel of Death ( i.e. , pestilence ) strides there ; if peace reigns in the town , walk not on the edges of the road . When pestilence rages in the town , go not alone to the synagogue , because there the Angel of Death stores his tools . If the dogs howl , the Angel of Death has entered the city ; if they make sport , the prophet Elijah has come '' ( B. Ḳ . 60b ) . The `` destroyer '' ( saṭan ha - mashḥit ) in the daily prayer is the Angel of Death ( Ber . 16b ) . Midr . Ma'ase Torah ( compare Jellinek , `` B.H. '' ii. 98 ) says : `` There are six Angels of Death : Gabriel over kings ; Ḳapẓiel over youths ; Mashbir over animals ; Mashḥit over children ; Af and Ḥemah over man and beast . '' Scholars and the Angel of Death ( edit ) Black Angel , Oakland Cemetery ( Iowa City , Iowa ) Talmud teachers of the 4th century associate quite familiarly with him . When he appeared to one on the street , the teacher reproached him with rushing upon him as upon a beast , whereupon the angel called upon him at his house . To another , he granted a respite of thirty days , that he might put his knowledge in order before entering the next world . To a third , he had no access , because he could not interrupt the study of the Talmud . To a fourth , he showed a rod of fire , whereby he is recognized as the Angel of Death ( M.K. 28a ) . He often entered the house of Bibi and conversed with him ( Ḥag . 4b ) . Often , he resorts to strategy in order to interrupt and seize his victim ( B.M. 86a ; Mak . 10a ) . The death of Joshua ben Levi in particular is surrounded with a web of fable . When the time came for him to die and the Angel of Death appeared to him , he demanded to be shown his place in paradise . When the angel had consented to this , he demanded the angel 's knife , that the angel might not frighten him by the way . This request also was granted him , and Joshua sprang with the knife over the wall of paradise ; the angel , who is not allowed to enter paradise , caught hold of the end of his garment . Joshua swore that he would not come out , and God declared that he should not leave paradise unless he was absolved from his oath ; if not absolved , he was to remain . The Angel of Death then demanded back his knife , but Joshua refused . At this point , a heavenly voice ( bat ḳol ) rang out : `` Give him back the knife , because the children of men have need of it will bring death . '' Hesitant , Joshua Ben Levi gives back the knife in exchange for the Angel of Deaths name . To never forget the name he carved Troke into his arm the Angel of Death 's chosen name . When the knife was returned to the Angel Joshua 's carving of the name faded and he forgot . ( Ket . 77b ; Jellinek , l.c. ii. 48 -- 51 ; Bacher , l.c.i. 192 et seq . ) . Rabbinic views ( edit ) The Rabbis found the Angel of Death mentioned in Psalm 89 : 48 , where the Targum translates : `` There is no man who lives and , seeing the Angel of Death , can deliver his soul from his hand . '' Eccl. 8 : 4 is thus explained in Midrash Rabbah to the passage : `` One may not escape the Angel of Death , nor say to him , ' Wait until I put my affairs in order , ' or ' There is my son , my slave : take him in my stead . ' '' Where the Angel of Death appears , there is no remedy , but his name ( Talmud , Ned . 49a ; Hul . 7b ) . If one who has sinned has confessed his fault , the Angel of Death may not touch him ( Midrash Tanhuma , ed . Buber , 139 ) . God protects from the Angel of Death ( Midrash Genesis Rabbah lxviii . ) . By acts of benevolence , the anger of the Angel of Death is overcome ; when one fails to perform such acts the Angel of Death will make his appearance ( Derek Ereẓ Zuṭa , viii . ) . The Angel of Death receives his orders from God ( Ber . 62b ) . As soon as he has received permission to destroy , however , he makes no distinction between good and bad ( B. Ḳ . 60a ) . In the city of Luz , the Angel of Death has no power , and , when the aged inhabitants are ready to die , they go outside the city ( Soṭah 46b ; compare Sanh . 97a ) . A legend to the same effect existed in Ireland in the Middle Ages ( Jew . Quart. Rev. vi. 336 ) . In Catholicism ( edit ) Medieval painting of Death playing chess from Täby Church in Sweden In Roman Catholicism , the archangel Michael is viewed as the good Angel of Death ( as opposed to Samael , the controversial Angel of Death ) , carrying the souls of the deceased to Heaven ( cf . his invocation in the traditional offertory prayer of the Requiem Mass ) . Death is also one of the Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse portrayed in the Book of Revelation . Revelation 6 : 7 -- 8 In Islam ( edit ) Main article : Islamic view of death In Islam , Azrail ( Malak al - Maut ) is the angel of Death . He pulls the souls out of the body , and guides them through the journey of the afterlife . His appearance depends on the person 's deed and actions , with those that did good seeing a beautiful being , and those that did wrong seeing a horrific monster . Islamic tradition discusses elaborately , almost in graphic detail , as to what exactly happens before , during , and after the death . The angel of death ( Malak al - Maut ) appears to the dying to take out their souls . The sinners ' souls are extracted in a most painful way while the righteous are treated easily . After the burial , two angels -- Munkar and Nakir -- come to question the dead in order to test their faith . The righteous believers answer correctly and live in peace and comfort while the sinners and disbelievers fail and punishments ensue . The time period or stage between death and resurrection is called the life of barzakh . Death is a significant event in Islamic life and theology . It is seen not as the termination of life , rather the continuation of life in another form . In Islamic belief , God has made this worldly life as a test and a preparation ground for the afterlife ; and with death , this worldly life comes to an end . Thus , every person has only one chance to prepare themselves for the life to come where God will resurrect and judge every individual and will entitle them to rewards or punishment , based on their good or bad deeds . And death is seen as the gateway to and beginning of the afterlife . In Islamic belief , death is predetermined by God , and the exact time of a person 's death is known only to God . In popular culture ( edit ) Films ( edit ) Destiny ( 1921 ) Metropolis ( 1927 ) Death Takes a Holiday ( 1934 ) On Borrowed Time ( 1939 ) Flesh and Fantasy ( 1943 ) The Seventh Seal ( 1957 ) Darby O'Gill and the Little People ( 1959 ) The Masque of the Red Death ( 1964 ) Brancaleone at the Crusades ( 1970 ) Monty Python 's The Meaning of Life ( 1983 ) The Adventures of Baron Munchausen ( 1988 ) Bill and Ted 's Bogus Journey ( 1991 ) The Sandman ( 1991 ) Last Action Hero ( 1993 ) Meet Joe Black ( 1998 ) Click ( 2006 ) Hellboy II : The Golden Army ( 2008 ) Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 ( 2010 ) The Book Thief ( 2013 ) Collateral Beauty ( 2016 ) Television ( edit ) The Twilight Zone ( 1959 - 1964 ) The Twilight Zone ( 1985 - 1989 ) South Park ( 1997 - ) Family Guy ( 1999 - ) Red Dwarf ( 1999 ) The Twilight Zone ( 2002 - 2003 ) The Grim Adventures of Billy and Mandy ( 2003 -- 2008 ) Dead Like Me ( 2003 -- 2004 ) Death Note ( 2006 -- 2007 ) Torchwood ( 2006 -- 2011 ) Terry Pratchett 's Hogfather ( 2006 ) Horrible Histories ( 2009 - 2013 ) Regular Show ( 2010 - 2017 ) Supernatural ( 2010 -- 2015 ) Adventure Time ( 2011 - 2016 ) American Horror Story : Asylum ( 2011 -- 2012 ) American Horror Story : Roanoke ( 2014 -- 2015 ) Saturday Night Live as Steve Bannon ( 2016 -- 17 ) Literature ( edit ) The Nightingale ( 1843 ) Discworld series ( 1983 -- 2015 ) Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows ( 2007 ) Death ( DC Comics ) ( 1971 ) Deadpool ( 1997 ) The Book Thief ( 2005 ) On a Pale Horse ( 1983 ) Death : A Life ( 2008 ) See also ( edit ) 1 / 9 Insignia Personifications Psychopomp List of death deities / Death deity Acheron Atropos / Morta Azrael Kali Keres ( mythology ) ( Thanatos ' sisters ) Maximón , contemporary Mayan worship , Guatemala . Mictecacihuatl Thanatos / Mors , the personification of Death in Classical Greco - Roman mythology Yama Izanami Shinigami Xibalba Banshee Sailor Saturn , the Sailor Guardian of Death and Rebirth in the original Sailor Moon and its second anime series , Sailor Moon Crystal . Samhain Thursday of the Dead Veneration of the dead Walpurgis Night Santa Muerte La Calavera Catrina Día de los Muertos Skeleton ( undead ) / Skull art Death drive Danse Macabre Plague doctor costume Death ( Discworld ) Death ( Marvel Comics ) Death ( DC Comics ) Devil in popular culture Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Cassuto , U. ( 1962 ) . `` Baal and Mot in the Ugaritic Texts '' . Israel Exploration Journal . 12 ( 2 ) : 81 -- 83 . JSTOR 27924890 . Jump up ^ See , e.g. , Hab. 2 : 5 & Job 18 : 13 . Jump up ^ Anatole Le Braz : Légende de la Mort ^ Jump up to : Niermeyer , Antonie ( 1840 ) . Verhandeling over het booze wezen in het bijgeloof onzer natie : eene bijdrage tot de kennis onzer voorvaderlijke mythologie ( Treatise on the evil being in the superstition of our nation : a contribution to the knowledge of our ancestral mythology ) ( in Dutch ) . Rotterdam : A. Wijnands . pp. 32 -- 33 . Retrieved 23 May 2016 -- via Ghent University . Jump up ^ Lemma : Hein , INL Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ `` Hel ( Norse deity ) -- Encyclopædia Britannica '' . Global.britannica.com . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` død -- folketro -- Store norske leksikon '' . Snl.no . Archived from the original on 12 December 2013 . Retrieved 8 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Korean National Encyclopedia of Ethnic Practices ( Page in Korean ) '' . 210.204. 213.131 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 16 . Jump up ^ Bunson , Matthew , ( 1996 ) . Angels A to Z : Who 's Who of the Heavenly Host . Three Rivers Press . ISBN 0 - 517 - 88537 - 9 . Jump up ^ Handy , Lowell ( 1995 ) . The Appearance of the Pantheon in Judah in The Triumph of Elohim . Grand Rapids , Michigan , USA : Eerdmans . p. 40 . ISBN 0 - 8028 - 4161 - 9 . Jump up ^ Olyan , S.M. , A Thousand Thousands Served Him : Exegesis and the Naming of Angels in Ancient Judaism , page 21 . Jump up ^ Gordon , M.B. , Medicine among the Ancient Hebrews , page 472 . Jump up ^ Midrash Tanhuma on Genesis 39 : 1 Jump up ^ Talmud Berakhot 4b Jump up ^ Pirke De-Rabbi Eliezer 13 Jump up ^ Midrash Tanhuma on Exodus 31 : 18 Jump up ^ Talmud Avodah Zarah 20b ; on putrefaction see also Pesikta de-Rav Kahana 54b ; for the eyes compare Ezekiel 1 : 18 and Revelation 4 : 6 Jump up ^ Jewish Quarterly Review vi. 327 Jump up ^ http://www.requiemsurvey.org/latintext.php Jump up ^ https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Revelation%206:7-8&version=NASB ; ^ Jump up to : Matt Stefon , ed. ( 2010 ) . Islamic Beliefs and Practices . New York : Britannica Educational Publishing . pp. 83 -- 85 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61530 - 060 - 0 . Jump up ^ Nigosian , S.A. ( 2004 ) . Islam : Its History , Teaching , and Practices . pp. 123 -- 4 . ISBN 0 - 253 - 21627 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Oliver Leaman , ed. ( 2006 ) . The Qur'an : An Encyclopedia . Routledge . p. 27 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 32639 - 1 . Jump up ^ Juan E. Campo , ed. ( 2009 ) . Encyclopedia of Islam . Facts on File . p. 185 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8160 - 5454 - 1 . Jump up ^ Trendacosta , Katharine . `` The 10 Greatest Personifications of Death in Pop Culture '' . io9 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 02 . Bibliography ( edit ) Bender , A.P. ( January 1894 ) . `` Beliefs , Rites , and Customs of the Jews , Connected with Death , Burial , and Mourning '' . The Jewish Quarterly Review . 6 ( 2 ) : 317 -- 347 . JSTOR 1450143 . doi : 10.2307 / 1450143 . Bender , A.P. ( July 1894 ) . `` Beliefs , Rites , and Customs of the Jews , Connected with Death , Burial , and Mourning '' . The Jewish Quarterly Review . 6 ( 4 ) : 664 -- 671 . JSTOR 1450184 . doi : 10.2307 / 1450184 . Böklen , Ernst ( 1902 ) . Die Verwandtschaft der Jüdisch - Christlichen mit der Parsischen Eschatologie . Göttingen : Vendenhoeck & Ruprecht . Dillmann , August ( 1895 ) . Handbuch der alttestamentlichen Theologie . Leipzig : S. Hirzel . Gordon , Maurice Bear ( December 1941 ) . `` Medicine among the Ancient Hebrews '' . Isis. 33 ( 4 ) : 454 -- 485 . JSTOR 330623 . doi : 10.1086 / 358601 . Hamburger , J ( acob ) ( 1884 ) . `` Tod '' . Real - Encyclopädie für Bibel und Talmud : Wörterbuch zum handgebrauch für Bibelfreunde , Theologen , Juristen , Gemeinde - und Schulvorsteher , Lehrer &c ( in German ) . 1 . Strelitz , Mecklenburg : Selbstverlag des Verfassers . pp. 990 -- 992 . OCLC 234124918 . Retrieved 3 March 2013 . Joël , David ( 1881 ) . Der Aberglaube und die Stellung des Judenthums zu Demselben . Breslau : F.W. Jungfer 's Buch . This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Kaufmann Kohler and Ludwig Blau ( 1901 -- 1906 ) . `` Angel of Death '' . In Singer , Isidore ; et al. Jewish Encyclopedia . New York : Funk & Wagnalls Company . Kohut , Alexander ( 1866 ) . Ueber die Jüdische Angelologie und Dämonologie in Ihrer Abhängigkeit vom Parsismus . Leipzig : Brockhaus . Lynette , Rachel ( 2009 ) . The Grim Reaper . Monsters . Farmington Hills , MI : KidHaven Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7377 - 4568 - 9 . OCLC 317921894 . Milton , John . Paradise Lost . Olyan , Saul M. ( 1993 ) . A Thousand Thousands Served Him : Exegesis and the Naming of Angels in Ancient Judaism . Texte und Studien zum antiken Judentum , 36 . Tübingen : J.C.B. Mohr . ISBN 978 - 3 - 16 - 146063 - 0 . OCLC 28328810 . Schwab , Moïse ( 1897 ) . Vocabulaire de l'Angélologie d'Après les Manuscrits Hebreux de la Bibliothèque Nationale . Paris . Stave , Erik ( 1898 ) . Ueber den Einfluss des Parsismus auf das Judenthum . Haarlem : E.F. Bohn . Weber , F.W. ( 1897 ) . Jüdische Theologie auf Grund des Talmud und verwandter Schriften , gemeinfasslich dargestellt . Leipzig : Dörffling & Franke . Winer , Georg Benedikt ( 1848 ) . `` Satan '' . Biblisches Realwörterbuch zum Handgebrauch für Studirende , Kandidaten , Gymnasiallehrer und Prediger ( in German ) . 2 ( third ed . ) . Leipzig : Carl Heinrich Reclam . pp. 383 -- 386 . OCLC 311684816 . Retrieved 3 March 2013 . Hunter , Dave . Reapers inc . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to personification of Death . Korea National Encyclopedia of Ethnic Practices ( in Korean ) Morality plays of the Tudor period Interludes The Castle of Perseverance Mankind Everyman The World and the Child Interlude of Youth The Disobedient Child Liberality and Prodigality Horestes The Seven Deadly Sins The Play of the Weather Related works Medieval theatre Psychomachia Autos sacramentales Ordo Virtutum Elckerlijc A Satire of the Three Estates A Looking Glass for London Four Plays in One Pathomachia The Sun 's Darling Characters Vice Folly Death Personification Death and mortality in art Themes Carpe diem Consolatio Danse Macabre Death and the Maiden Lamentation of Christ Macabre Memento mori Mono no aware Sic transit gloria mundi Ubi sunt Personifications of death Vanitas Forms Death mask Elegy Funerary art Funerary text Lament Memorial Post-mortem photography Requiem Tomb Tragedy Wreath Artwork Architecture Capuchin Crypt Sedlec Ossuary Film ( category ) The Seventh Seal Literature Ars moriendi Bardo Thodol Book of Job Book of the Dead Hamlet 's soliloquy The Masque of the Red Death Music ( category ) Danse macabre Der Erlkönig Der Tod und das Mädchen Totentanz Painting ( category ) Et in Arcadia ego Gather Ye Rosebuds While Ye May La Calavera Catrina Pyramid of Skulls Skull of a Skeleton with Burning Cigarette The Ambassadors Poetry ( category ) And death shall have no dominion Der Erlkönig Do not go gentle into that good night Death Outline In medicine Cell death Necrosis Avascular necrosis Coagulative necrosis Liquefactive necrosis Gangrenous necrosis Caseous necrosis Fat necrosis Fibrinoid necrosis Temporal lobe necrosis Programmed cell death AICD Anoikis Apoptosis Autophagy Intrinsic apoptosis Necroptosis Paraptosis Parthanatos Phenoptosis Pseudoapoptosis Pyroptosis Autolysis Autoschizis Eschar Immunogenic cell death Ischemic cell death Pyknosis Karyorrhexis Karyolysis Mitotic catastrophe Suicide gene Abortion Autopsy Brain death Brainstem death Clinical death DOA Death by natural causes Death rattle Dysthanasia End - of - life care Euthanasia Lazarus sign Lazarus syndrome Medical definition of death Organ donation Terminal illness Unnatural death Lists Causes of death by rate Expressions related to death Natural disasters People by cause of death Premature obituaries Preventable causes of death Notable deaths by year Unusual deaths TV actors who died during production Mortality Birthday effect Child mortality Gompertz -- Makeham law of mortality Immortality Biological Digital Infant mortality Karōshi Maternal death Maternal mortality in fiction Memento mori Micromort Mortality displacement Mortality rate RAMR Mortality salience Perinatal mortality After death Body Stages Pallor mortis Algor mortis Rigor mortis Livor mortis Putrefaction Decomposition Skeletonization Fossilization Preservation Cryopreservation Cryonics Neuropreservation Embalming Maceration Mummification Plastination Prosection Taxidermy Disposal Burial Bed burial Burial at sea Chariot burial Jar burial Natural burial Premature burial Secondary burial Ship burial Sky burial Space burial Cannibalism Cremation Dismemberment Excarnation Promession Resomation Beating heart cadaver Body donation Cadaveric spasm Coffin birth Death erection Dissection Gibbeting Postmortem Caloricity Post-mortem interval Other aspects Afterlife Cemetery Consciousness Customs Death mask Eternal oblivion Examination Funeral Grief Intermediate state Internet Mourning Obituary Resurrection Taboo on the dead Vigil Paranormal Ghosts Near - death experience Near - death studies Necromancy Out - of - body experience Reincarnation research Séance Legal Abortion law Administration Capital punishment Cause of death Civil death Coroner Death - qualified jury Death certificate Declared death in absentia Death row Dying declaration Faked death Inquest Legal death Murder Prohibition of death Right to die Suspicious death Trust law Will Fields Forensic pathology Funeral director Mortuary science Necrobiology Post-mortem chemistry Post-mortem photography Taphonomy Biostratinomy Thanatology Other Apparent death Dark tourism Darwin Awards Dead pool Death and culture Death anniversary Death anxiety Death deity Personification of death Dying - and - rising god Psychopomp Death camp Death drive Death education Death from laughter Death hoax Death knell Death march Death messenger Death notification Death panel Death poem Death pose Death squad Death threat Death trajectory Dignified death Extinction Fan death Festival of the Dead Fascination with death Homicide Information - theoretic death Last rites Martyr Megadeath Museum of Death Necronym Necrophilia Necrophobia The Order of the Good Death Predation Sacrifice human animal Spiritual death Suicide Assisted suicide Thanatosensitivity Undead Voodoo death Portal WikiProject Theology : Outline Conceptions of God Theism Forms Deism Dystheism Henotheism Hermeticism Kathenotheism Nontheism Monolatrism Monotheism Mysticism Panentheism Pandeism Pantheism Polydeism Polytheism Spiritualism Theopanism Concepts Deity Divinity Gender of God and gods Male deity Goddess Numen Singular god theologies By faith Abrahamic religions Judaism Christianity Islam the Bahá'í Faith Buddhism Hinduism Jainism Sikhism Zoroastrianism Concepts Absolute Brahman Emanationism Logos Supreme Being God as the Devil Sustainer Time Trinitarianism Athanasian Creed Comma Johanneum Consubstantiality Homoousian Homoiousian Hypostasis Perichoresis Shield of the Trinity Trinitarian formula Trinity Trinity of the Church Fathers Trinitarian Universalism Eschatology Afterlife Apocalypticism Buddhist Christian Heaven Hindu Islamic Jewish Taoist Zoroastrian Feminist Buddhism Christianity Hinduism Islam Judaism Mormonism Goddesses Other concepts The All Aristotelian view Attributes of God in Christianity / in Islam Binitarianism Demiurge Divine simplicity Divine presence Egotheism Exotheology Holocaust Godhead in Christianity Latter Day Saints Great Architect of the Universe Great Spirit Apophatic theology Olelbis Open theism Personal god Phenomenological definition Philo 's view Process Tian Unmoved mover Names of God in Christianity Hinduism Islam Jainism Judaism By Faith Christian History Outline Biblical canon Glossary Christology Cosmology Ecclesiology Ethics Hamartiology Messianism Nestorianism Philosophy Practical Sophiology Soteriology Hindu Ayyavazhi theology Krishnology Islamic Oneness of God Prophets Holy Scriptures Angels Predestination Last Judgment Jewish Abrahamic prophecy Aggadah Denominations Kabbalah Philosophy Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Death_(personification)&oldid=802216340 '' Categories : Supernatural legends Personifications of death Death gods Hidden categories : CS1 Dutch - 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where does the young and the restless film	Taped at CBS Television City , studios 41 and 43 in Hollywood since its debut on March 26 , 1973 , the show was packaged by the distribution company Columbia Pictures Television , which has now been replaced by Sony Pictures Television . The Young and the Restless originally aired as a half - hour series on CBS and was the first soap opera to focus on the visual aspects of production , creating `` a look that broke with the visual conventions of the genre . '' Similar to the radio serials that had preceded them , soap operas at the time primarily focused on dialogue , characters , and story , with details like sets as secondary concerns . The Young and the Restless stood out by using unique lighting techniques and camera angles , similar to Hollywood - style productions . The style of videotaping included using out - of - the - ordinary camera angles and a large number of facial close - ups with bright lighting on the actors ' faces . Conboy said he used lighting to create `` artistic effects '' . Those effects made the series look dark , shadowy , and moody . The Young and the Restless ' look influenced the taping styles of other soap operas . When H. Wesley Kenney replaced Conboy as executive producer , he balanced the lighting of the scenes .	at CBS Television City , studios 41 and 43 in Hollywood	The Young and the Restless	the young and the restless	The Young and the Restless ( often abbreviated as Y&R ) is an American television soap opera created by William J. Bell and Lee Phillip Bell for CBS . The show is set in a fictional Wisconsin town called Genoa City , which is unlike and unrelated to the real life village of the same name , Genoa City , Wisconsin . First broadcast on March 26 , 1973 , The Young and the Restless was originally broadcast as half - hour episodes , five times a week . The show expanded to one - hour episodes on February 4 , 1980 . In 2006 , the series began airing encore episodes weeknights on SOAPnet until 2013 , when Y&R moved to TVGN ( now Pop ) . Pop still airs the encore episodes on weeknights , starting July 1 , 2013 . The series is also syndicated internationally .	The Young and the Restless originally focused on two core families : the wealthy Brooks family and the working class Foster family . After a series of recasts and departures in the early 1980s , all the original characters except Jill Foster and Katherine Chancellor were written out . Bell replaced them with the new core families , the Abbotts and the Williamses . Over the years , other families such as the Newmans , Winters , and the Baldwin - Fishers were introduced . Despite these changes , one storyline that has endured through almost the show 's entire run is the feud between Jill Abbott and Katherine Chancellor , the longest rivalry on any American soap opera . Since its debut , The Young and the Restless has won nine Daytime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Drama Series . It is also currently the highest - rated daytime drama on American television . As of 2008 , it had appeared at the top of the weekly Nielsen ratings in that category for more than 1,000 weeks since 1988 . As of December 12 , 2013 , according to Nielsen ratings , The Young and the Restless was the leading daytime drama for an unprecedented 1,300 weeks , or 25 years . The serial is also a sister series to The Bold and the Beautiful , as several actors have crossed over between shows . In June 2017 , The Young and the Restless was renewed for three additional years . Contents ( hide ) 1 Production 1.1 Videotaping and broadcasting 1.2 Casting and story development 1.3 Executive producers and head writers 2 Awards 2.1 Daytime Emmy Awards 2.2 TV Soap Golden Boomerang Awards 2.3 Writers Guild of America Awards 3 Broadcast 3.1 Oceania 3.2 Europe 3.3 African / Eastern 4 Theme music and other music 5 Ratings 5.1 Ratings history 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Production ( edit ) To compete with the youthful ABC soap operas , All My Children , One Life to Live , and General Hospital , CBS executives wanted a new daytime serial that was youth oriented . William J. Bell and Lee Phillip Bell created The Young and the Restless in 1972 for the network under the working title , The Innocent Years ! `` We were confronted with the very disturbing reality that young America had lost much of its innocence , '' Bell said . `` Innocence as we had known and lived it all our lives had , in so many respects , ceased to exist . '' They changed the title of the series to The Young and the Restless because they felt it `` reflected the youth and mood of the early seventies . '' The Bells named the fictional setting for the show after the real Genoa City , Wisconsin , which was located on their way from their then - home in Chicago to their annual summer vacation spot in Lake Geneva . The Young and the Restless began airing on March 26 , 1973 , replacing the cancelled soap opera , Where the Heart Is . Bell worked as head writer from the debut of the series until his retirement in 1998 . He wrote from his home in Chicago while production took place in Los Angeles , California . Originally , Bell wanted to shoot the series in New York , however , CBS executives felt that Los Angeles would be more cost effective . John Conboy acted as the show 's first executive producer , staying in the position until 1982 . Bell and H. Wesley Kenney became co-executive producers that year until Edward Scott took over in 1989 . Bell then became senior executive producer . Other executive producers included David Shaughnessy , John F. Smith , Lynn Marie Latham , Josh Griffith , Maria Arena Bell , and Paul Rauch . In the mid-1980s , Bell and his family moved to Los Angeles to create a new soap opera . During this time , his three children , William Jr. , Bradley , and Lauralee Bell , each became involved in soap operas . Lauralee Bell worked as an actress on The Young and the Restless . Bradley Bell co-created The Bold and the Beautiful with his father . William Bell Jr. became involved in the family 's production companies as president of Bell Dramatic Serial Co. and Bell - Phillip Television Productions Inc . `` It 's worked out very well for us because we really all worked in very different aspects of the show , '' William Bell Jr. said . `` With my father and I , it was a great kind of partnership and pairing in the sense that he had a total control of the creative side of the show and I did n't have even the inclination to interject in what he was doing . '' After William J. Bell 's 1998 retirement , a number of different head writers took over the position , including Kay Alden , Trent Jones , John F. Smith , Lynn Marie Latham , Scott Hamner , Josh Griffith , Maria Arena Bell , and Hogan Sheffer . In 2012 , former General Hospital executive producer Jill Farren Phelps was hired as the new executive producer of the soap , replacing Bell . Griffith was also named the sole head writer . On August 15 , 2013 , it was speculated and reported by several online sources that Griffith had resigned as head - writer of the serial . Further speculation adds that Shelly Altman may take over as the new scribe , alongside Tracey Thomson or Jean Passanante may be brought aboard as co-head scribe . On September 12 , 2013 , it was announced that Passanante and Altman were named head writers of the show , with Thomson promoted to co-head writer . On September 18 , 2014 , former All My Children , Santa Barbara and General Hospital head writer Charles Pratt , Jr. was named as the new head writer of the show . Passanante , Altman and Thomson have been demoted to breakdown writers . Pratt was also named as co-executive producer sharing the credit with Phelps . On June 7 , 2016 , Serial Scoop announced that Phelps had been terminated from her position as executive producer ; a replacement was not named at the time of their reporting . The following morning , Sony Pictures Television confirmed to several media outlets that Phelps had been let go from her position ; British television producer Mal Young was announced as Phelps ' replacement . Phelps ' last appearance as executive producer was July 12 , 2016 , while Young 's first appearance occurred the following day on July 13 . On September 13 , 2016 , it was announced that Pratt was named as executive producer and show - runner of Lee Daniels ' Star . The same day , Daytime Confidential revealed that former Generations and Days of Our Lives head writer Sally Sussman , who previously had positions with the show , such as Associate Head Writer , was in - talks to replace Pratt as Head Writer . On September 15 , 2016 , it was confirmed that Sussman was named as the soap 's new head writer . On September 21 , 2016 , Daytime Confidential reported that after ten years since leaving the soap , Alden had been re-hired to be a story consultant under Sussman 's regime . Sussman 's tenure as head writer began taping on October 20 , 2016 , and began airing on December 7 , 2016 . On June 20 , 2017 , CBS announced its decision to renew the serial for three years . On July 31 , 2017 , it was announced that both Alden and Sussman would retire from their positions ; Young was named as Sussman 's successor as head writer . Sussman last aired as head writer on October 24 , 2017 . Young 's tenure as head writer aired on October 25 , 2017 . Videotaping and broadcasting ( edit ) Taped at CBS Television City , studios 41 and 43 in Hollywood since its debut on March 26 , 1973 , the show was packaged by the distribution company Columbia Pictures Television , which has now been replaced by Sony Pictures Television . The Young and the Restless originally aired as a half - hour series on CBS and was the first soap opera to focus on the visual aspects of production , creating `` a look that broke with the visual conventions of the genre . '' Similar to the radio serials that had preceded them , soap operas at the time primarily focused on dialogue , characters , and story , with details like sets as secondary concerns . The Young and the Restless stood out by using unique lighting techniques and camera angles , similar to Hollywood - style productions . The style of videotaping included using out - of - the - ordinary camera angles and a large number of facial close - ups with bright lighting on the actors ' faces . Conboy said he used lighting to create `` artistic effects '' . Those effects made the series look dark , shadowy , and moody . The Young and the Restless ' look influenced the taping styles of other soap operas . When H. Wesley Kenney replaced Conboy as executive producer , he balanced the lighting of the scenes . Due to the success of the series , CBS and their affiliates pressured Bell to lengthen the series from 30 minutes to a full hour . Bell attributed this change to the show 's fall from number one in the Nielsen ratings , since the lengthening of the show led to the departure of a number of cast members . `` The issue of performing in a one - hour show had not been part of their contracts , '' Bell said . This forced the show to recast multiple main characters and eventually phase out the original core families in favor of new ones . The show expanded to one hour on February 4 , 1980 . It airs at 12 : 30pm ET / 11 : 00am CT / PT , although some stations opt to air it at 11 : 30am CT . Exteriors used in the late 1980s and early 1990s ( and reused years later ) included locations in and around Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , including Allegheny General Hospital , One Oxford Centre , the Duquesne Club , Hampton Township and the prison . Phillip Chancellor died in the Richland , Pennsylvania area , where the police chief was not told and believed the accident really happened . On June 27 , 2001 , The Young and the Restless became the first daytime soap opera to be broadcast in high - definition . In September 2011 , its sister soap The Bold and the Beautiful became the last soap to make the transition from SD to HD before All My Children ended its ABC run on September 23 , 2011 and began its TOLN run online on April 29 , 2013 . On April 24 , 2006 , SoapNet began airing same - day episodes of the series . The final airing on SoapNet was on June 28 , 2013 . The soap has moved from SoapNet to TV Guide Network . The same day episodes begin airing on TVGN ( now Pop ) weeknights on July 1 , 2013 . Casting and story development ( edit ) See also : The Young and the Restless cast members , The Young and the Restless characters , and The Young and the Restless storylines The cast photo of The Young and the Restless , taken in celebration of the soap 's 11,000 th episode ( 2016 ) . Front row ( l-r ) : Hunter King , Miles Gaston Villanueva , Melissa Ordway , Sean Carrigan , Mishael Morgan , Bryton James , Amelia Heinle , Jason Thompson , Eileen Davidson , Gina Tognoni , Peter Bergman , Eric Braeden , Melody Thomas Scott , Steve Burton , Sharon Case , Joshua Morrow , Justin Hartley , Melissa Claire Egan , Jess Walton , Tristan Rogers , Christel Khalil and Daniel Goddard Second row : Robert Adamson , Sofia Pernas , Michael E. Knight , Beth Maitland , Tracey E. Bregman , Christian LeBlanc , Doug Davidson , Lauralee Bell , Kristoff St. John , Camryn Grimes , Greg Rikaart , Mara McCaffray , Catherine Bach and Kate Linder Co-creators William J. Bell and Lee Phillip Bell centered The Young and the Restless around two core families , the wealthy Brooks ' and the poor Fosters . Bell borrowed this technique of soap opera building from his mentor , Irna Phillips . While casting for the series , Bell and executive producer John Conboy auditioned 540 actors for the 13 main characters . They assembled the youngest group of actors ever cast on a soap opera at the time , hiring mostly unknown actors who they considered `` glamorous model types '' . Chemistry between actors also factored into the criteria for casting . The stories focused on the younger characters , with an emphasis in fantasy . The fantasy element was reflected in the love story between Jill Foster and the millionaire Phillip Chancellor II ; the Leslie Brooks , Brad Elliot , and Lorie Brooks love triangle ; and Snapper Foster 's romance with Chris Brooks . Sexuality also played a major role in the stories . Formerly , soap operas did not delve into the sexual side of their romances . Bell changed that , first during his time as head writer of Days of Our Lives and again on The Young and the Restless . William Gray Espy 's Snapper Foster is considered the `` first to discover sex on a soap opera . '' During the story , the character is engaged to Chris Brooks ( Trish Stewart ) and having a sexual relationship with Sally McGuire ( Lee Crawford ) . Other plots reflected sexual themes as well . For the first time in the genre , the dialogue and the story situations included explicit sexual themes such as premarital intercourse , impotence , incest , and rape . The first two rape storylines that would be told on the serial were controversial at the time as they reflected a more introspective and analytic storytelling style , the first time rape storylines would be addressed in this manner in the genre . The first , in 1973 - 74 , revolved around the rape of Chris Brooks and the aftermath , in which she entertained ( and , eventually , rejected ) the idea that she was perhaps at fault for her attack . The second , in 1976 , involved Chris 's sister Peggy ( Pamela Peters Solow ) and was meant to serve as a cut - and - dried story in which no viewer could justify this attack , committed out of the blue by an authority figure . The series also explored social issues . Jennifer Brooks underwent the first mastectomy on a soap opera . Other social issue storylines included bulimia , alcoholism , and cancer . Lesbianism was also touched on with Katherine Chancellor , who flirts with Jill while drunk in 1974 and has a brief relationship with Joann Curtis ( Kay Heberle ) in 1977 . When the series lengthened from a half - hour to an hour in 1980 , multiple cast members who portrayed characters from the original core families departed because their contracts only bound them to performing in a half - hour show . A number of the characters were recast until one of the few remaining original actors , Jaime Lyn Bauer , who portrayed Lorie Brooks , decided to leave . When she announced her intention not to renew her contract , Bell decided to replace the original core families . `` As I studied the remaining cast , I realized I had two characters - Paul Williams , played by Doug Davidson , and Jack Abbott , played by Terry Lester - both of whom had a relatively insignificant presence on the show , '' Bell said . `` They did n't have families . Hell , they did n't even have bedrooms . But these became the two characters I would build our two families around . '' The characters from the Abbott and Williams families were integrated into the series while the Brooks and Foster families , with the exception of Jill , were phased out . The continuity of the feud between Jill and Katherine , which began in the early years of the show , smoothed the transition . The relationship between the two characters remained a central theme throughout the series and became the longest lasting rivalry in daytime history . Another character introduced in the 1980s was Eric Braeden 's Victor Newman . Originally , the character was `` a despicable , contemptible , unfaithful wife abuser '' who was intended to be killed off . Braeden 's tenure on the show was meant to last between eight and twelve weeks . `` When I saw Eric Braeden 's first performance - the voice , the power , the inner strength - I knew immediately that I did n't want to lose this man , '' Bell said . `` He was exactly what the show needed . Not the hateful man we saw on - screen , but the man he could and would become . '' Bell rewrote the story to save the character and put Braeden on contract . Victor 's romance with Nikki Reed became a prominent plot in the series . With the success of another iconic character , Kimberlin Brown 's Sheila Carter , Bell made daytime drama history in 1992 by successfully crossing her over from The Young and the Restless to his second soap , The Bold and the Beautiful . The success of the crossover was due , in part , to the creativity of Bell , as the nefarious character of Sheila was presumed to have died in a fire on The Young and the Restless . In the 1980s , core black characters were introduced with the Barber and Winters families . Victoria Rowell ( Drucilla Barber ) and Tonya Lee Williams ( Dr. Olivia Barber ) were cast as the nieces of the Abbott 's maid , Mamie Johnson , in 1990 . The brothers Neil ( Kristoff St. John ) and Malcolm Winters ( Shemar Moore ) were introduced as love interests for Olivia and Drucilla . The Young and the Restless became popular among black viewers , which Williams and St. John attributed to the writing for the black characters . `` I play a CEO at a major corporation , that 's something we do n't see that often , '' St. John said . `` And the show does n't use the old African - American stereotypes that we have been seeing on TV , like the hustler , the pimp , the drug dealer . We have come a long way . '' Though the characters held prominent positions in the fictional work place of Genoa City , they had little interaction with other characters outside of their jobs . Executive producers and head writers ( edit ) Executive producers Name Years Production Notes / Contributions William J. Bell 1973 -- 2005 Also the show 's creator and longtime head writer ( until 1998 ) , he served as the main executive producer while working alongside of other executive producers . He was n't credited as an executive producer until 1982 when his credit began appearing with H. Wesley Kenney . Served as solo EP from 1986 to 1987 after the departure of Kenney . He received the title of `` senior executive producer '' when Edward Scott became EP and remained credited with the title until 2004 when he returned to the executive producer credit with John F. Smith as co-executive producer . William J. Bell died on April 29 , 2005 and on the following Monday , his credit as EP was edited from the show ; he was still living when those episodes were filmed . John Conboy 1973 -- 82 Served as the show 's first executive producer while credited with the `` produced by '' credit as the title of executive producer was credited hardly on any soaps ( other than a small few ) , until the mid-1970s to 1980s . It was under his run when CBS wanted Y&R expanded from 30 minutes to an hour with the cancellation of Love of Life . Also the show switched from the live - to - tape filming technique to pre-recording episodes , a practice that remains in effect to this date as with all soaps . John departed in 1982 to produce his newly created soap Capitol , which was later cancelled to make room for Y&R 's sister show The Bold and the Beautiful . H. Wesley Kenney 1982 -- 86 Guided the show with more action - driven story direction inspired in large part by the more action oriented soap General Hospital which was a ratings smash at the time . The change to more action storylines are believed to be what helped the show win Daytime Emmy Awards in 1983 , 1985 and 1986 . Began crediting the show 's cast in alphabetical order , a standard that remains to this date . Ceased the fade to next scene transition effect within the show 's episodes . Had artist Sandy Dvore , who designed the art drawing photos in the shows main title , to design the show 's signature stylized brush stroke logo on Y&R merchandise in 1982 , leading to the debut of the logo in the show 's main title in January 1984 . Edward J. Scott 1987 -- 2001 Debuted on the show in 1976 as an associate producer eventually becoming the `` produced by '' producer under John Conboy until 1987 . Briefly filled in as EP for H. Wesley Kenney in 1986 . Helped the show rise to co - # 1 in 1987 with General Hospital in ratings before it solely dethroned GH as # 1 in 1988 and has since remained there . Retired the longtime art drawings cast montage of the opening credits in 1988 . Began the practice of crediting production principals on opening scenes of the show and adding the cast members ' real - life names to the opening credits in 1999 . Ceased the last commercial break between the last scene and end credits . Converted the show into HDTV in 2001 , making it the first soap in history to do so . Returned from 2004 to 2007 as `` supervising producer '' , a position he previously had briefly in 1987 . Real - life husband of actress Melody Thomas Scott ( Nikki Reed Newman ) . David Shaughnessy 2001 -- 04 Assumed executive producer position after serving as a producer and supervising producer since 1991 . The Bell Dramatic Serial Co. production logo began appearing with end credits under his run . He managed to score brief returns by veteran actors such as Jaime Lyn Bauer , William Gray Espy , Meg Bennett and James Houghton ( who wrote on the show between 1991 and 2006 ) , all of whom who left the show back in the 1970s and 1980s , for brief storylines in 2002 and 2003 . Debuted `` next episode '' preview scenes in 2003 , a practice started with the ABC soaps in 1998 . John F. Smith 2003 -- 06 Became co-executive producer with William J. Bell and David Shaughnessy while still serving as co-head writer with Kay Alden and Trent Jones ( until 2004 ) . Worked as a writer on the show since the early 1980s . Still maintained the co-EP title after William J. Bell 's passing in 2005 . Stepped down in 2006 as EP while remaining as co-head writer until November 2006 . Lynn Marie Latham 2006 -- 07 Brought on as a `` creative consultant '' under John F. Smith in November 2005 ; Latham would later fire Smith as co-head writer in 2006 . Promoted to head writer with Kay Alden and Smith in February 2006 , then promoted to executive producer , becoming the show 's first female EP in October 2006 , after the show went that summer without an EP . Tenure as EP / HW was criticized by viewers and insiders for damaging the show 's history with out - of - text writing , firing several longtime cast and crew members in favor of several unknowns , and doing too much favoritism . She was fired when she abandoned her post as EP to go on strike for the 2007 -- 08 writer 's strike . Josh Griffith 2006 -- 08 Brought on by Lynn Marie Latham as her co-executive producer in 2006 . Assumed full producer duties in December 2007 , when Latham was fired . He also served as head writer with Maria Arena Bell during the 2007 -- 08 writers strike . Remained as EP when Bell became sole head writer until he was fired when it was learned that he was tampering with Bell 's stories ; this was also known as former EP Edward Scott , who is friends with Griffith , was said to be doing the same thing on Days of Our Lives , leading to his departure from that show . Paul Rauch 2008 -- 11 The veteran producer debuted as Maria Arena Bell 's co-executive producer in October 2008 . It was established that his role as co-executive producer would be to only foresee everything with the production of the show while Bell was solely responsible for the stories . This was the only time Paul ever been a co-EP and his first stop back to soap operas in six years since his 2002 departure from Guiding Light . He opted not to renew his contract with Y&R after three years with the show and stepped down in May 2011 . Maria Arena Bell 2008 -- 12 Bell is the wife of William Bell , Jr. , the oldest son of William J. Bell and Lee Phillip Bell . Under her run , she brought the show 's fictional Jabot Cosmetics to life by teaming up with a real cosmetics marketing company to help distribute the products . Named head writer in December 2007 . Bell was named executive producer in October 2008 , after Josh Griffith was ousted for tampering with her stories . Bell brought along veteran producer Paul Rauch to help her with the production of the show while she mostly focused on the stories . She was known for steering away from character - driven storylines in favor of plot - driven ones , which was criticized . From 2008 to 2010 , she was credited as co-executive producer as well as Rauch , while her credit appeared first . Bell was let go in July 2012 ; an official reason was never given for her departure , however many sources speculate it was due to the controversial pairing of characters Sharon and Victor Newman ( Sharon Case and Eric Braeden ) . One of the final milestones to happen under Bell 's regime was the celebration of the 10,000 th episode . The final episode under Bell 's direction was broadcast on October 11 , 2012 ; but she was credited until October 22 . Jill Farren Phelps 2012 -- 16 Named executive producer in July 2012 upon the dismissal of Maria Arena Bell . This marked the second CBS soap opera Phelps executive produced , with the first being Guiding Light from 1991 to 1995 . While Maria Arena Bell was still credited , Phelps began her tenure by August as she made several immediate casting changes ( such as hiring Robert Adamson and Hunter King , two young actors she worked with on the primetime soap Hollywood Heights , respectively ) . By October , she was still uncredited as executive producer although her first episode aired on October 12 , 2012 , and received her first official credit on October 23 , 2012 . On June 7 , 2016 , Serial Scoop and Daytime Confidential reported that Phelps had been terminated at that soap , with no confirmation of final airdate made at press time . Phelps ' exit was confirmed the following day by Sony Pictures Television . Phelps was last credited as executive producer on July 12 , 2016 . Charles Pratt , Jr . 2015 -- 16 Named co-executive producer in September 2014 , sharing the position with Phelps , a position he previously served on NBC soap opera Santa Barbara . Pratt 's first episode as HW and co-EP aired on January 16 , 2015 . On September 13 , 2016 , it was announced that Pratt would no longer co-executive producer the soap , given his new position as show - runner of Lee Daniels ' Star . Pratt was last credited as head writer and co-executive producer on December 6 , 2016 . Mal Young 2016 -- present Named executive producer in June 2016 upon the dismissal of Jill Farren Phelps . This marks the first American soap opera Young executive produced , having previously been the producer and executive producer of British soap operas Brookside , EastEnders and Holby City . July 13 , 2016 , marked Young 's first appearance as executive producer . Immediate changes made under Young included the return of actress Elizabeth Hendrickson and a return guest appearance from Michael Graziadei in the roles of Chloe Mitchell and Daniel Romalotti , respectively . The series will also celebrate its 11,000 th episode under Young 's credit on September 1 , 2016 . In 2017 , it was announced that Young would take on head writer duties after Sally Sussman 's retirement . Young 's first credit as head writer will appear on October 25 , 2017 . Sally Sussman 2016 -- 17 Named co-executive producer in September 2016 upon the dismissal of Pratt , Jr ... Sussman shares the position with Young , a position she previously served on NBC soap opera Generations . Sussman 's first credit as head writer and co-executive producer appeared on December 7 , 2016 . In July 2017 , it was announced that Sussman would retire ; she received her last credit as head writer and co-executive producer on October 24 , 2017 . Head writers Years Head writer ( s ) March 26 , 1973 -- 97 William J. Bell 1997 -- 98 William J. Bell Kay Alden 1998 -- 2000 Kay Alden 2000 -- 02 Kay Alden Trent Jones 2002 -- 06 Kay Alden John F. Smith 2006 Kay Alden John F. Smith Lynn Marie Latham 2006 -- 07 Lynn Marie Latham Scott Hamner 2007 -- 08 Josh Griffith Maria Arena Bell 2008 -- 12 Maria Arena Bell Hogan Sheffer Scott Hamner 2012 -- 13 Josh Griffith Hogan Sheffer Tracey Thomson Shelly Altman 2013 -- 15 Shelly Altman Jean Passanante Tracey Thomson 2015 -- 16 Charles Pratt , Jr . 2016 -- 17 Sally Sussman 2017 -- Mal Young Awards ( edit ) The serial has won 116 Daytime Emmys , among 360 nominations . The following list summarizes awards won by The Young and the Restless : Daytime Emmy Awards ( edit ) Recipient Role Year ( s ) Outstanding Drama Series 1975 , 1983 , 1985 , 1986 , 1993 , 2004 , 2007 ( tied with Guiding Light ) , 2014 , 2015 ( tied with Days of Our Lives ) Outstanding Individual Director in a Daytime Drama Series Richard Dunlap 1975 , 1978 Outstanding Drama Series Directing Team 1986 , 1987 , 1988 , 1989 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 , 1999 , 2001 , 2002 , 2011 Outstanding Drama Series Writing Team 1992 , 1997 , 2000 , 2006 , 2011 , 2014 , 2017 Lead Actor Peter Bergman Eric Braeden Christian LeBlanc Doug Davidson Billy Miller Jack Abbott Victor Newman Michael Baldwin Paul Williams Billy Abbott 1991 , 1992 , 2002 1998 2005 , 2007 2009 2013 2014 Lead Actress Jess Walton Michelle Stafford Jeanne Cooper Gina Tognoni Jill Foster Abbott Phyllis Summers Katherine Chancellor Phyllis Summers 1997 2008 2017 Supporting Actor Shemar Moore Greg Rikaart Kristoff St. John Billy Miller Steve Burton Malcolm Winters Kevin Fisher Neil Winters Billy Abbott Dylan McAvoy 2000 2005 2008 2010 , 2013 ( tied with Scott Clifton ) 2017 Supporting Actress Beth Maitland Jess Walton Michelle Stafford Sharon Case Amelia Heinle Jessica Collins Traci Abbott Connolly Jill Foster Abbott Phyllis Summers Sharon Newman Victoria Newman Avery Bailey Clark 1985 1991 1997 1999 2014 2015 , 2016 Younger Actress Tracey E. Bregman Tricia Cast Heather Tom Camryn Grimes Christel Khalil Hunter King Lauren Fenmore Nina Webster Victoria Newman Cassie Newman Lily Winters Summer Newman 1985 1992 1993 , 1999 2000 2012 2014 , 2015 Younger Actor Kristoff St. John David Tom David Lago Bryton James Neil Winters Billy Abbott Raul Guittierez Devon Hamilton 1992 2000 2005 2007 Lifetime Achievement Award William J. Bell Jeanne Cooper Lee Phillip Bell creator Katherine Chancellor co-creator 1992 2007 TV Soap Golden Boomerang Awards ( edit ) 2006 `` Hall of Fame Inductee '' Eric Braeden ( Victor Newman ) Writers Guild of America Awards ( edit ) 2003 `` Best Daytime Serial '' Written by Kay Alden , Trent Jones , John F. Smith , Jerry Birn , Jim Houghton , Natalie Minardi , Janice Ferri , Eric Freiwald , Joshua McCaffrey , Michael Minnis , Rex M. Best 2006 `` Best Daytime Serial '' Written by Kay Alden , John F. Smith , Janice Ferri , Jim Houghton , Natalie Minardi Slater , Sally Sussman Morina , Sara Bibel , Eric Freiwald , Linda Schreiber , Joshua S. McCaffrey , Marc Hertz , Sandra Weintraub 2008 `` Best Daytime Serial '' Written by Lynn Marie Latham , Scott Hamner , Bernard Lechowick , Cherie Bennett , Jeff Gottesfeld , Jim Stanley , Natalie Minardi Slater , Lynsey Dufour , Marina Alburger , Sara Bibel , Sandra Weintraub Broadcast ( edit ) In Belize , Channel 5 Great Belize Television airs the soap , while rival Channel 7 Tropical Vision Limited also airs the soap . In Canada , the Global Television Network airs new episodes a day ahead of the US broadcast . Most Global stations use The Young and the Restless as a late - afternoon lead - in for their local newscasts , but times vary by market . It also airs on NTV in Newfoundland and Labrador which airs the program on a same - day - as - CBS basis . In Jamaica , the show airs on CVMTV . In Trinidad , the show airs weekdays on CBS and has been airing in Trinidad since the 1980s . In 1988 , 70 percent of Trinidadians who had access to a television watched daily episodes of The Young and the Restless , a series that emphasized family problems , sexual intrigue , and gossip . Oceania ( edit ) Main article : Screening of soap operas in Australia In Australia , The Young and the Restless airs after Days of Our Lives on Arena . It previously aired on the Nine Network from April 1 , 1974 to February 23 , 2007 , before joining the W line - up on April 2 , 2007 , to August 17 , 2012 , On July 20 , 2012 , it was announced that the show would move to Arena on August 20 , 2012 , after W rebranded as SoHo . Episodes are approximately four months behind those airing in the US at present . In New Zealand , The Young and the Restless aired alongside Days of Our Lives on TV ONE and ended on November 6 , 2009 . The soap was approximately four seasons behind the CBS season due to being preempted by holiday and sporting programming . In the Philippines , aired from 1987 to 1989 on ABS - CBN . Europe ( edit ) In the United Kingdom , The Young and The Restless has aired on many TV channels starting in 1990 , when episodes from 1987 debuted on BSB Galaxy in a regular weekday timeslot . When BSB merged with Sky in November 1990 , the soap moved to Sky 's flagship channel Sky One and aired at 11 : 00 weekdays until the end of 1992 . When BSB 's original three - year contract to air the soap expired , Sky chose not to renew it . In 1993 , Y&R was picked up by UK Living ( then known as simply Living , now Sky Living ) in a primetime timeslot , picking up where Sky left off . This lasted until late 1995 . In 2007 , Zone Romantica , now CBS Drama began broadcasting the show weekdays ( four years behind US ) . In 2009 , when CBS went into partnership with and took over the Chellozone Channels the show was relegated to just one showing a day ( in favor of repeating shows such as Dynasty and Dallas in the daytime ) . It was attracting around 18 -- 20,000 viewers at midnight in the last week of its broadcast in the UK in August 2010 . African / eastern ( edit ) In India , the show began airing in February 2007 on Zee Café . The channel started with episodes from 2004 . In South Africa , the show airs on e.tv . The show was originally aired in South Africa in the early 1990s , dubbed into the Afrikaans language , and entitled ' Rustelose Jare ' ( Restless Years ) . In 1999 The Young and the Restless was canceled but the show returned to South African television screens in June 2004 , with no overhead foreign translations . As of June 2014 , episodes are screened nine months behind the US . Because of `` continual viewing '' with no breaks , South African audiences will catch up with the US broadcast by mid-2016 . Theme music and other music ( edit ) Main article : Nadia 's Theme `` Nadia 's Theme '' has been the theme music of The Young and the Restless since the show 's debut in 1973 . The melody , originally titled `` Cotton 's Dream '' , was composed by Barry De Vorzon and Perry Botkin , Jr. for the 1971 theatrical film Bless the Beasts and Children . The melody was later renamed `` Nadia 's Theme '' after the ABC television network 's sports summary program Wide World of Sports lent the music for a montage of Romanian gymnast Nadia Comăneci 's routines during the 1976 Summer Olympics ; despite the title , Nadia never performed her floor exercises using this piece of music . Instead , she used a piano arrangement of a medley of the songs `` Yes Sir , That 's My Baby '' and `` Jump in the Line . '' Botkin wrote a rearranged version of the piece specifically for The Young and the Restless ' debut . The song remained unchanged , save for a slight remix in 1988 and a three - year stint in the early 2000s ( decade ) , when an alternate , more jazzy arrangement of that tune was used , using portions of the longer closing version of the original theme . An LP album was published in 1976 by A&M Records . The track list contains two titles of the French composer Michel Colombier , Rainbow and Emmanuel , a success track which he wrote in memory of the death of his son . In late September and early October 2012 , upon the show 's 10,000 th episode , the current form of opening credits were updated . In the years prior , fans criticized them for their lack of updates and cast additions ( some contract players , such as Adrienne Frantz , and Kimberlin Brown came and went without being added ) . In mid-February 2017 , the current form of opening credits were updated to honor the history on CBS Daytime and to carry them into the future as they approach the 44th anniversary . Ratings ( edit ) See also : List of U.S. daytime soap opera ratings As of 2010 , The Young and the Restless has managed over 1,000 consecutive weeks in the # 1 spot for daytime dramas . On the week ending April 6 , 2012 , The Young and the Restless was watched by a new low of an average of 3,960,000 viewers for the week , beating its previous low of 4.209 million in October 2011 , as well as being the only week to date below 4 million viewers . Currently , the show is still the most - watched daytime drama ; and for the season 2011 -- 12 , has a household rating of 3.5 , and 1.5 for the Women 18 -- 49 demographic . As of 2008 , the Tuesday episodes of The Young and the Restless on average is the most - watched daytime drama showing . When introduced during the 1972 -- 73 season , the show was at the bottom of the ratings , but rose rapidly : ninth by 1974 -- 75 and third by 1975 -- 76 . By 1988 -- 89 it had dethroned long - time leader General Hospital as the top - rated soap , a position it has held ever since . During the week of December 2 , 2013 , the series celebrated their twenty - fifth year as the number one daytime drama . The Young and the Restless airs every weeknight on Pop , where it averaged 362,000 viewers from July to September 2013 . Ratings history ( edit ) Season Rating Season rank 1972 -- 73 5.0 15th 1973 -- 74 6.2 13th 1974 -- 75 8.4 9th 1975 -- 76 8.6 3rd 1976 -- 77 8.7 4th 1977 -- 78 7.8 5th 1978 -- 79 8.6 3rd 1979 -- 80 8.8 3rd 1980 -- 81 7.8 6th 1981 -- 82 7.4 5th 1982 -- 83 8.0 4th 1983 -- 84 8.8 3rd 1984 -- 85 8.1 3rd 1985 -- 86 8.3 2nd 1986 -- 87 8.0 2nd 1987 -- 88 8.1 1st 1988 -- 89 8.1 1st 1990 -- 91 8.1 1st 1991 -- 92 8.2 1st 1992 -- 93 8.4 1st 1993 -- 94 8.6 1st 1994 -- 95 7.5 1st 1995 -- 96 7.6 1st 1996 -- 97 7.1 1st 1997 -- 98 6.8 1st 1998 -- 99 6.9 1st 1999 -- 00 6.8 1st 2000 -- 01 5.8 1st 2001 -- 02 5.0 1st 2002 -- 03 4.7 1st 2003 -- 04 4.4 1st 2004 -- 05 4.2 1st 2005 -- 06 4.2 1st 2006 -- 07 4.2 1st 2007 -- 08 4.1 1st 2008 -- 09 3.7 1st 2009 -- 10 3.8 1st 2010 -- 11 3.6 1st 2011 -- 12 3.5 1st 2012 -- 13 3.6 1st 2013 -- 14 3.4 1st 2014 -- 15 3.5 1st 2015 - 16 3.6 1st 2016 - 17 3.5 1st ^ A ( debut ) ^ B Tied in rating ( 8.1 ) with General Hospital ; however General Hospital drew more viewers in millions . ^ C The Young and the Restless was number - one solo ( for the first time ) for the 1988 -- 89 and has retained this position ever since . See also ( edit ) Television portal United States portal CBS Daytime Genoa City ( The Young and the Restless ) The Young and the Restless cast members The Young and the Restless characters List of longest - serving soap opera actors References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Strohm , Emily ( July 18 , 2016 ) . `` The Young and the Restless Celebrates 11,000 Episodes and 43 Years on Air ! '' . People . United States : Time Inc . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2016 . Retrieved July 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Young and the Restless '' . E ! True Hollywood Story . 2001 - 05 - 20 . E ! . ^ Jump up to : Simon , Ron ; Thompson , Robert J. ; Spence , Louise ; Feuer , Jane ( 1997 ) . Morton , Robert , ed . Worlds Without End : The Art and History of the Soap Opera . New York , New York : Harry N Abrams . pp. 150 -- 151 . ISBN 0 - 8109 - 3997 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Hyatt , Wesley ( 1997 ) . The Encyclopedia of Daytime Television . Billboard Books . pp. 476 -- 482 . ISBN 0 - 8230 - 8315 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : McNeil , Alex ( 1996 ) . Total Television : The Comprehensive Guide to Programming From 1948 to the Present . Fourth Edition . Penguin Books . pp. 931 -- 934 . ISBN 0140249168 . ^ Jump up to : Martin , Denise ( March 17 , 2006 ) . `` Sudser Slides to SoapNet '' . Variety magazine . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ O'Connell , Michael ( June 28 , 2013 ) . `` ' The Young and the Restless ' Moves From Soapnet to TV Guide Network '' . Retrieved April 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 28 , 2013 ) . `` ' The Young & the Restless ' Moves to TVGN for Exclusive Basic Cable Airings Beginning Monday , July 1 '' . Retrieved June 10 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Young and the Restless 35th Anniversary Salute '' ( PDF ) . Los Angeles Times . April 9 , 2008 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Worlds Without End , p. 33 ^ Jump up to : `` Black Stars Heat Up Daytime Soaps '' . Jet . October 13 , 1997 . pp. 52 -- 56 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` Y&R : Famous Plots -- Kay / Jill Feud '' . Youngandtherestless.com . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Y&R : Famous Plots '' . Global.com . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ Coleridge , Daniel ( April 26 , 2004 ) . `` TV Guide Editors ' Blogs -- Daniel 's Dish '' . TV Guide . Jump up ^ http://www.cbs.com/shows/the_young_and_the_restless/about/1001688/ ^ Jump up to : Matelski , Marilyn ( 1988 ) . The Soap Opera Evolution : America 's Enduring Romance with Daytime Drama . Jefferson , North Carolina : McFarland & Company , Inc . Publishers . p. 164 . ISBN 0 - 89950 - 324 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Timeline '' . ( Sony ) . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : Cassata , Mary ; Irwin , Barbara ( 1996 ) . Hoffman , Peter , ed . The Young and the Restless Most Memorable Moments . Los Angeles , California : General Publishing Group . p. 9 . ISBN 1 - 881649 - 87 - 3 . Jump up ^ Dorothy Catherine Anger ( 1999 ) . Other Worlds : Society Seen Through Soap Opera . University of Toronto Press . pp. 67 -- 68 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55111 - 103 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Oei , Lily ( December 5 , 2001 ) . `` Exec replaces Scott '' . Variety magazine . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Gladden , Chelsea P. `` Ask the Writers ! '' . Sony . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Gladden , Chelsea P. `` Checking in with Lynn ... '' . Sony . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : `` Soap Watch '' . Entertainment Weekly . February 22 , 2008 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Branco , Nelson ( May 27 , 2009 ) . `` Soap Whisperer '' . TV Guide Canada . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ Oei , Lily ( March 4 , 2004 ) . `` Ellen the talk of the Emmys '' . Variety magazine . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ; Oei , Lily ( March 14 , 2007 ) . `` Daytime Emmy Nominations '' . Variety magazine . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Jill Farren Phelps Named Executive Producer And Josh Griffith Named Head Writer Of `` THE YOUNG AND THE RESTLESS , '' The Number One Daytime Drama `` . Market Watch . Marketwatch.com . July 26 , 2012 . Retrieved July 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ SOD ( August 15 , 2013 ) . `` Y&R Head Writer Out '' . Soap Opera Digest . Soapoperadigest.com . Retrieved August 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Giddens , Jamey ( August 15 , 2013 ) . `` RUMOR REPORT : Is Josh Griffith IN or OUT at The Young and the Restless ? ! '' . Daytime Confidential . Daytimeconfidential.zap2it.com . Retrieved August 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Simms , Richard M. ( August 15 , 2013 ) . `` Y&R Headwriter Out ? '' . Soaps in Depth . CBS.soapsindepth.com . Retrieved August 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Giddens , Jamey ( August 15 , 2013 ) . `` Will Shelly Altman Assume Head Writer Duties at The Young and the Restless ? '' . Daytime Confidential . Daytimeconfidential.zap2it.com . Retrieved August 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ SOD ( September 12 , 2013 ) . `` Y&R Officially Names New Head Writers '' . Soap Opera Digest . Soapoperadigest.com . Retrieved September 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Giddens , Jamey ( September 18 , 2013 ) . `` Chuck Pratt Gets Head Writer Gig and an Executive Producer Credit at The Young and the Restless '' . Daytime Confidential . Daytimeconfidential.zap2it.com . Retrieved September 18 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Michael ( June 7 , 2016 ) . `` Jill Farren Phelps Out at The Young and the Restless ? '' . Serial Scoop . United States : Blogger ( Google ) . Retrieved June 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` CONFIRMED ! JILL FARREN PHELPS OUT AT Y&R '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , inc. 8 June 2016 . Retrieved June 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : SOD ( July 13 , 2016 ) . `` MAL YOUNG 'S FIRST Y&R EPISODE SET '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . Retrieved July 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Roots , Kimberly ( September 13 , 2016 ) . `` Ex-Y&R Headwriter Chuck Pratt Named New Showrunner of Lee Daniels ' Star '' . TVLine . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Archived from the original on September 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : SOD ( September 13 , 2016 ) . `` New Gig For Y&R 's Charles Pratt , Jr . '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . Retrieved September 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Giddens , Jamey ( September 13 , 2016 ) . `` Chuck Pratt OUT at Y&R ; Hearing Sally Sussman Morina in Talks '' . Daytime Confidential . Confidential Media ( SAY Media ) . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Giddens , Jamey ( September 15 , 2016 ) . `` Sally Sussman Morina Named Head Writer of The Young and the Restless '' . Daytime Confidential . Confidential Media ( SAY Media ) . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : SOD ( September 15 , 2016 ) . `` Y&R NAMES NEW HEAD WRITER '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States . American Media , Inc . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Giddens , Jamey ( September 21 , 2016 ) . `` Kay Alden Returns to The Young and the Restless as Story Consultant ( Exclusive ) '' . Daytime Confidential . Confidential Media ( SAY Media ) . Retrieved September 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Fairman , Michael ( October 20 , 2016 ) . `` Y&R 's Melody Thomas Scott Reveals First Airdate Of Sally Sussman Morina and Kay Alden 's Scripts ! '' . On - Air On - Soaps . United States : Michael Fairman Soaps , Inc . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ SOD ( June 20 , 2017 ) . `` CBS Renews Daytime Lineup ; Y&R Gets 3 More Years '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . Odyssey Magazine Publishing Group Inc . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2017 . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Webb Mitovich , Matt ( June 20 , 2017 ) . `` The Young and the Restless Gets 3 More Seasons , as CBS Renews Daytime Slate '' . TVLine . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2017 . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Giddens , Jamey ( July 31 , 2017 ) . `` The Young and the Restless SHOCKER : Sally Sussman and Kay Alden to Retire ; Mal Young in as New Head Writer ! ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Daytime Confidential . United States : Confidential Media , Inc . ( SAY Media ) . Retrieved July 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ SOD ( August 1 , 2017 ) . `` Y&R Scribes Out ! '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . Odyssey Magazine Publishing Group Inc . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giddens , Jamey ( August 1 , 2017 ) . `` New Y&R Head Writer Mal Young 's Material to Begin Airing in October '' . Daytime Confidential . United States : Confidential Media , Inc . ( SAY Media ) . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : SOD ( October 20 , 2017 ) . `` Exclusive ! How Y&R Will Change '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . Odyssey Magazine Publishing Group Inc . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shows -- CBS Television City '' . Retrieved July 25 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Worlds Without End , p. 36 . ^ Jump up to : Soares , Manuela ( 1978 ) . The Soap Opera Book . New York , New York : Harmony Books . pp. 29 -- 31 . ISBN 0 - 517 - 53331 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Williams , Carol Traynor ( 1992 ) . It 's Time for My Story . Westport , Connecticut : Praeger Publishers . p. 31 . ISBN 0 - 275 - 94297 - X . Jump up ^ Owen , Rob ( February 21 , 2014 ) . `` TV Q&A : ' Bates Motel , ' ' The Young & the Restless ' and Patrice King Brown '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Prikios , Karen Anderson ( June 25 , 2001 ) . `` Finding the art in HDTV '' . Broadcasting & Cable . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Y&R Leaving SOAPnet This Summer ! '' . Soaps in Depth . June 26 , 2013 . Retrieved April 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Starting July 1 watch same day episodes of # YR weeknights '' . TVGN Twitter . June 26 , 2013 . Retrieved June 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive Countdown To Y&R Clip From TVGN ! '' . Soap in Depth . June 26 , 2013 . Retrieved June 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Denis , Paul ( 1985 ) . Inside the Soaps . Don Mills , Ontario , Canada : Citadel Press . pp. 116 -- 119 . ISBN 0 - 8065 - 0940 - 6 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Annie ( 1979 ) . All My Afternoons . New York , New York : A & W Publishing . pp. 152 -- 162 . ISBN 0 - 89104 - 098 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : 1970s and Sex on American TV ^ Jump up to : Williams , p. 98 Jump up ^ Williams , p. 103 ^ Jump up to : Waldron , Clarence ( April 7 , 2008 ) . `` ' Young and the Restless ' Celebrates 35 Years of Drama , Success '' . Jet . pp. 56 -- 59 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Worlds Without End , p. 93 Jump up ^ Worlds Without End , p. 107 Jump up ^ `` Huge Shakeup at Y&R ! '' . Soap Opera Digest . August 20 , 2012 . pp. 4 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 25 , 2012 ) . `` DAYTIME AND SOAP OPERA TV RATINGS CBS Celebrates The Young and the Restless Milestone 10,000 th Episode on The Talk '' . TVbytheNumbers . United States : Zap2it . Retrieved July 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Logan , Michael ( August 27 , 2012 ) . `` Exclusive : New Boss Jill Farren Phelps Reveals What 's in Store For The Young and the Restless '' . TV Guide . TVGuide.com . Retrieved August 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Series producer ( s ) : Jill Farren Phelps and Charles Pratt , Jr. ; Writer ( s ) : Charles Pratt , Jr. and Tracey Thomson ( July 12 , 2016 ( US ) ; July 11 , 2016 ( Canada ) ) . The Young and the Restless . Season 43 . Episode 10,064 . CBS . Check date values in : date = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ SOD ( September 19 , 2014 ) . `` Y&R HIRES NEW HEAD WRITER '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States . American Media Inc . Retrieved June 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Logan , Michael ( May 7 , 2015 ) . `` The Most Polarizing Pair in Soaps : Execs Jill Farren Phelps and Chuck Pratt on the State of The Young and the Restless '' . TV Guide . TVGuide.com . Retrieved June 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Logan , Michael ( May 13 , 2015 ) . `` Round 2 : The Young and the Restless Chiefs Jill Farren Phelps and Chuck Pratt Answer Our Burning Questions '' . TV Guide . TVGuide.com . Retrieved June 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Series producer ( s ) : Charles Pratt , Jr. and Mal Young ; Writer ( s ) : Charles Pratt , Jr. and Tracey Thomson ( July 13 , 2016 ( US ) ; July 12 , 2016 ( Canada ) ) . The Young and the Restless . Season 43 . Episode 10,065 . CBS . Check date values in : date = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` 1975 Emmy Winners & Nominees '' . SoapOperaDigest.com . Retrieved June 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1983 Emmy Winners & Nominees '' . SoapOperaDigest.com . 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Associated Press . June 23 , 2012 . Retrieved June 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/766507/The-Young-and-the-Restless Jump up ^ Nadia Comăneci at Olympic.org Jump up ^ Y&R UNVEILS NEW OPENING Jump up ^ The Young and the Restless To Mark 1000 Weeks on Top ! -- The Young and the Restless News -- Soaps.com Jump up ^ New Lows For DAYS / Y&R ; Another Horrible Week For Soaps Soap Opera Network ^ Jump up to : Ratings : New Low For DAYS in Women 18 -- 49 Viewers Soap Opera Network Jump up ^ Daytime 's 40 Most Popular Shows Soap Opera Network Jump up ^ The Deadline Team ( December 12 , 2013 ) . `` ' General Hospital ' Overtakes ' The Young And The Restless ' For First Time In More Than Six Years '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved December 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ https://finance.yahoo.com/news/big-brother-dark-young-restless-161800237.html Jump up ^ Daytime Ratings : Week of April 28 Edition Soap Opera Network Jump up ^ http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2009/01/09/soap-opera-ratings-for-december-29-2008-january-2-2009/10582/ Jump up ^ Ratings : DAYS Rebounds From Bad Week Soap Opera Network Jump up ^ Ratings : Soaps Down in Total Viewers Soap Opera Network External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Young and the Restless . Wikinews has related news : The Young and the Restless celebrates 35 years : Wikinews interviews three actresses Official website The Young and the Restless at CBS Daytime The Young and the Restless on IMDb The Young and the Restless Daily Recaps The Young and the Restless at TVGN The Young and the Restless at Yahoo ! TV The Young and the Restless at the W. 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( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Young_and_the_Restless&oldid=807098676 '' Categories : 1973 American television series debuts 1970s American television series 1980s American television series 1990s American television series 2000s American television series 2010s American television series American television soap operas Television series with multiple main characters CBS network shows English - language television programs Television series by Sony Pictures Television Television shows set in Wisconsin The Young and the Restless Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series winners Television series created by William J. Bell Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 errors : dates Use mdy dates from June 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2009 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Македонски Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 25 October 2017 , at 21 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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a story of a farmer and a snake			The farmer and the viper	the farmer and the viper	The Farmer and the Viper is one of Aesop 's Fables , numbered 176 in the Perry Index . It has the moral that kindness to the evil will be met by betrayal and is the source of the idiom ' to nourish a viper in one 's bosom ' . The fable is not to be confused with The Snake and the Farmer , which looks back to a situation when friendship was possible between the two .	Contents 1 The story 2 Variations on a theme 3 See also 4 References 5 External links The story ( edit ) The story concerns a farmer who finds a viper freezing in the snow . Taking pity on it , he picks it up and places it within his coat . The viper , revived by the warmth , bites his rescuer , who dies realizing that it is his own fault . The story is recorded in both Greek and Latin sources . In the former , the farmer dies reproaching himself `` for pitying a scoundrel , '' while in the version by Phaedrus the snake says that he bit his benefactor `` to teach the lesson not to expect a reward from the wicked . '' The latter sentiment is made the moral in Medieval versions of the fable . Odo of Cheriton 's snake answers the farmer 's demand for an explanation with a counter-question , `` Did you not know that there is enmity and natural antipathy between your kind and mine ? Did you not know that a serpent in the bosom , a mouse in a bag and fire in a barn give their hosts an ill reward ? '' In modern times the fable has been applied in the religious sphere to teach that if one participates in unrighteous activities one is not immune to harm . Aesop 's fable was so widespread in Classical times that allusions to it became proverbial . One of the very earliest is in a poem by the 6th century BCE Greek poet Theognis of Megara , who refers to a friend who has betrayed him as the ' chill and wily snake that I cherished in my bosom ' . In the work of Cicero it appears as In sinu viperam habere ( to have a snake in the breast ) and in Erasmus ' 16th century collection of proverbial phrases , the Adagia , as Colubrum in sinu fovere ( to nourish a serpent in one 's bosom ) . The usual English form is ' to nourish a snake ( or viper ) in one 's bosom ' , a phrase used by Geoffrey Chaucer ( Merchant 's Tale , line 1786 ) , William Shakespeare ( Richard II 3.2. 129 -- 31 , ) John Milton ( Samson Agonistes , line 763 ) and John Dryden ( All for Love 4.1. 464 -- 66 ) , among the foremost . Variations on a theme ( edit ) An illustration of La Fontaine 's fable by Ernest Griset In one of the fable 's alternative versions , the farmer takes the snake home to revive it and is bitten there . Eustache Deschamps told it this way in a moral ballade dating from the end of the 14th century in which the repeated refrain is `` Evil for good is often the return . '' William Caxton amplified this version by having the snake threaten the farmer 's wife and then strangle the farmer when he tried to intervene . In still another variation , the farmer kills the snake with an axe when it threatens his wife and children . La Fontaine tells it thus as `` Le villageois et le serpent '' ( VI. 13 ) . The Russian fabulist Ivan Krylov , who often used La Fontaine 's fables for a variation of his own , adapted the story to address contemporary circumstances in his `` The Peasant & The Snake '' . Written at a time when many Russian families were employing French prisoners from Napoleon I 's invasion of 1812 to educate their children , he expressed his distrust of the defeated enemy . In his fable the snake seeks sanctuary in a peasant home and pleads to be taken in as a servant . The peasant replies that he can not take the risk of endangering his family and kills the snake . Wikisource has original text related to this article : Egotism or The Bosom - Serpent In Nathaniel Hawthorne 's short story `` Egotism or The Bosom - Serpent '' ( 1843 ) , the proverbial phrase as used in Milton 's Samson Agonistes was given a new psychological twist . Sampson was alluding to cherishing the proverbial ' snake in the bosom ' , in this case the woman who had betrayed him . In Hawthorne 's story a husband separated from his wife , but still dwelling upon her , becomes inturned and mentally unstable . The obsession that is killing him ( and may even have taken physical form ) vanishes once the couple are reconciled . Khushwant Singh 's short story `` The Mark of Vishnu '' ( 1950 ) adapts the situation of the fable to an Eastern background . A Brahmin priest , assured in the belief that a cobra has a godly nature and will never harm others if treated courteously , is nevertheless killed by the snake when trying to heal and feed it . See also ( edit ) The Scorpion and the Frog References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Aesopica site Jump up ^ Fable 59 Jump up ^ Church of Latter Day Saints Jump up ^ The Elegiac Poems of Theognis , lines 601 - 2 Jump up ^ Thesaurus proverbiorum medii aevi , Berlin 2000 , p. 129 Available on Google Books Jump up ^ Poésies morales et historiques d'Eustache Deschamps , '' Paris 1832 , pp. 187 - 8 Jump up ^ Fables of Esope 1.10 Jump up ^ An English version is on the Guttenberg site Jump up ^ `` Kriloff 's Fables , '' translated into the original metres by C. Fillingham Coxwell , London 1920 , pp. 94 - 5 Archived online Jump up ^ The collected short stories of Khushwant Singh , Delhi 1989 , pp. 13 - 16 Available on Google Books External links ( edit ) 15th - 20th century illustrations of `` The countryman and the snake '' from books Aesop Aesop 's Fables The Ant and the Grasshopper The Ass and his Masters The Ass and the Pig The Ass Carrying an Image The Ass in the Lion 's Skin The Astrologer who Fell into a Well The Bear and the Travelers The Belly and the Members The Bird - catcher and the Blackbird The Bird in Borrowed Feathers The Boy Who Cried Wolf The Cat and the Mice The Cock and the Jewel The Cock , the Dog and the Fox The Crow and the Pitcher The Crow and the Snake The Deer without a Heart The Dog and Its Reflection The Dog and the Wolf The Dove and the Ant The Farmer and the Stork The Farmer and the Viper The Fir and the Bramble The Fisherman and the Little Fish The Fowler and the Snake The Fox and the Crow The Fox and the Grapes The Fox and the Lion The Fox and the Mask The Fox and the Sick Lion The Fox and the Stork The Fox and the Weasel The Fox and the Woodman The Frog and the Ox The Frogs Who Desired a King The Goat and the Vine The Goose That Laid the Golden Eggs The Honest Woodcutter The Horse and the Donkey The Horse that Lost its Liberty The Lion and the Mouse The Lion , the Bear and the Fox The Man with two Mistresses The Mischievous Dog The Miser and his Gold The Mountain in Labour The Mouse and the Oyster The North Wind and the Sun The Oak and the Reed The Old Man and Death The Old Woman and the Doctor The Rose and the Amaranth The Satyr and the Traveller The Sick Kite The Snake and the Crab The Snake in the Thorn Bush The Tortoise and the Hare Town Mouse and Country Mouse The Travellers and the Plane Tree The Trees and the Bramble The Two Pots The Walnut Tree Washing the Ethiopian white The Wolf and the Crane The Wolf and the Lamb The Woodcutter and the Trees The Young Man and the Swallow Apocryphal An ass eating thistles The Bear and the Gardener Belling the cat ( also known as The Mice in Council ) The Blindman and the Lame The Boy and the Filberts Chanticleer and the Fox The Dog in the Manger The drowned woman and her husband The Elm and the Vine The Fox and the Cat The Gourd and the Palm - tree The Hawk and the Nightingale Jumping from the frying pan into the fire The milkmaid and her pail The miller , his son and the donkey The Monkey and the Cat The Priest and the Wolf The Scorpion and the Frog The Shepherd and the Lion Still waters run deep The Wolf in Sheep 's Clothing Related Jataka tales Panchatantra Perry Index The labyrinth of Versailles The Lion 's Share Aesop 's Fables ( album ) Screen adaptations Aesop 's Film Fables The Grasshopper and the Ants Print adaptations Ysopet The Morall Fabillis of Esope the Phrygian `` The Cock and the Jasp '' `` The Taill of how this forsaid Tod maid his Confessioun to Freir Wolf Waitskaith '' `` The Taill of Schir Chanticleir and the Foxe '' `` The Taill of the Uponlandis Mous and the Burges Mous '' La Fontaine 's Fables Translators Demetrius of Phalerum Phaedrus Babrius Avianus Dositheus Magister Alexander Neckam Adémar de Chabannes Odo of Cheriton John Lydgate Kawanabe Kyōsai Laurentius Abstemius Roger L'Estrange Gabriele Faerno Hieronymus Osius Marie de France Robert Henryson Jean de La Fontaine Ivan Krylov Nicolas Trigault Zhang Geng Robert Thom Zhou Zuoren portal : Novels Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Farmer_and_the_Viper&oldid=853782941 '' Categories : Aesop 's Fables La Fontaine 's Fables Proverbs Fictional farmers Fictional snakes Idioms Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español 한국어 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 August 2018 , at 23 : 36 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Farmer%20and%20the%20Viper	1,128
which king and queen were the last to live in versailles before the french revolution			History of the palace of Versailles	history of the palace of versailles	The Palace of Versailles is a royal château in Versailles , in the Île - de-France region of France . When the château was built , Versailles was a country village ; today , however , it is a suburb of Paris , some 20 kilometres southwest of the French capital . The court of Versailles was the centre of political power in France from 1682 , when Louis XIV moved from Paris , until the royal family was forced to return to the capital in October 1789 after the beginning of the French Revolution . Versailles is therefore famous not only as a building , but as well as a symbol of the system of absolute monarchy of the Ancien Régime .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins 2 Ancien Régime 2.1 Louis XIII 2.2 Louis XIV 2.2. 1 First building campaign 2.2. 2 Second building campaign 2.2. 3 Third building campaign 2.2. 4 Fourth building campaign 2.3 Louis XV 2.4 Louis XVI 3 French Revolution 4 First Empire 5 Bourbon Restoration 6 July Monarchy 7 Second Empire 8 Versailles under Pierre de Nolhac 9 The Van der Kemp period 10 Contemporary Versailles 11 References 12 Bibliography 13 External links Origins ( edit ) The earliest mention of the name of Versailles is found in a document which predates 1038 , the Charte de l'abbaye Saint - Père de Chartres ( Charter of the Saint - Père de Chartres Abbey ) , in which one of the signatories was a certain Hugo de Versailliis ( Hugues de Versailles ) , who was seigneur of Versailles . During this period , the village of Versailles centred on a small castle and church , and the area was governed by a local lord . Its location on the road from Paris to Dreux and Normandy brought some prosperity to the village but , following an outbreak of the Plague and the Hundred Years ' War , the village was largely destroyed , and its population sharply declined . In 1575 , Albert de Gondi , a naturalized Florentine who gained prominence at the court of Henry II , purchased the seigneury of Versailles . Ancien Régime ( edit ) The château , c. 1630 -- 1640 , as shown on the map of Jacques Gomboust ( fr ) Louis XIII ( edit ) In the early seventeenth century , Gondi invited Louis XIII on several hunting trips in the forests surrounding Versailles . Pleased with the location , Louis ordered the construction of a hunting lodge in 1624 . Designed by Philibert Le Roy , the structure , a small château , was constructed of stone and red brick , with a based roof . Eight years later , Louis obtained the seigneury of Versailles from the Gondi family and began to make enlargements to the château . A vignette of Versailles from the 1652 Paris map of Jacques Gomboust ( fr ) shows a traditional design : an entrance court with a corps de logis on the far western end , flanked by secondary wings on the north and south sides , and closed off by an entrance screen . Adjacent exterior towers were located at the four corners , with the entire structure surrounded by a moat . This was preceded by two service wings , creating a forecourt with a grilled entrance marked by two round towers . The vignette also shows a garden on the western side of the château with a fountain on the central axis and rectangular planted parterres to either side . Louis XIV had played and hunted at the site as a boy . With a few modifications , this structure would become the core of the new palace . Louis XIV ( edit ) Statue of Louis XIV in Versailles Louis XIII 's successor , Louis XIV , had a great interest in Versailles . He settled on the royal hunting lodge at Versailles , and over the following decades had it expanded into one of the largest palaces in the world . Beginning in 1661 , the architect Louis Le Vau , landscape architect André Le Nôtre , and painter - decorator Charles Lebrun began a detailed renovation and expansion of the château . This was done to fulfill Louis XIV 's desire to establish a new centre for the royal court . Following the Treaties of Nijmegen in 1678 , he began to gradually move the court to Versailles . The court was officially established there on 6 May 1682 . By moving his court and government to Versailles , Louis XIV hoped to extract more control of the government from the nobility and to distance himself from the population of Paris . All the power of France emanated from this centre : there were government offices here , as well as the homes of thousands of courtiers , their retinues , and all the attendant functionaries of court . By requiring that nobles of a certain rank and position spend time each year at Versailles , Louis prevented them from developing their own regional power at the expense of his own and kept them from countering his efforts to centralise the French government in an absolute monarchy . The meticulous and strict court etiquette that Louis established , which overwhelmed his heirs with its petty boredom , was epitomised in the elaborate ceremonies and exacting procedures that accompanied his rising in the morning , known as the Lever , divided into a petit lever for the most important and a grand lever for the whole court . Like other French court manners , étiquette was quickly imitated in other European courts . The expansion of the château became synonymous with the absolutism of Louis XIV . In 1661 , following the death of Cardinal Mazarin , chief minister of the government , Louis had declared that he would be his own chief minister . The idea of establishing the court at Versailles was conceived to ensure that all of his advisors and provincial rulers would be kept close to him . He feared that they would rise up against him and start a revolt and believed that if he kept all of his potential threats near him , they would be powerless . After the disgrace of Nicolas Fouquet in 1661 -- Louis claimed the finance minister would not have been able to build his grand château at Vaux - le - Vicomte without having embezzled from the crown -- Louis , after the confiscation of Fouquet 's estate , employed the talents of Le Vau , Le Nôtre , and Le Brun , who all had worked on Vaux - le - Vicomte , for his building campaigns at Versailles and elsewhere . For Versailles , there were four distinct building campaigns ( after minor alterations and enlargements had been executed on the château and the gardens in 1662 -- 1663 ) , all of which corresponded to Louis XIV 's wars . First building campaign ( edit ) The château circa 1668 , as painted by Pierre Patel ( Versailles Museum ) The first building campaign ( 1664 -- 1668 ) commenced with the Plaisirs de l'Île enchantée of 1664 , a fête that was held between 7 and 13 May 1664 . The fête was ostensibly given to celebrate the two queens of France -- Anne of Austria , the Queen Mother , and Marie - Thérèse , Louis XIV 's wife -- but in reality honored the king 's mistress , Louise de La Vallière . The celebration of the Plaisirs de l'Île enchantée is often regarded as a prelude to the War of Devolution , which Louis waged against Spain . The first building campaign ( 1664 -- 1668 ) involved alterations in the château and gardens to accommodate the 600 guests invited to the party . Second building campaign ( edit ) Plan of the main floor ( c. 1676 ) , showing Le Vau 's enveloppe with the grand appartement du roi in blue and the grand appartement de la reine in yellow . The old château is shown in gray . The terrace overlooked the central parterre of the gardens of Versailles . The second building campaign ( 1669 -- 1672 ) was inaugurated with the signing of the Treaty of Aix - la - Chapelle , which ended the War of Devolution . During this campaign , the château began to assume some of the appearance that it has today . The most important modification of the château was Le Vau 's envelope of Louis XIII 's hunting lodge . The enveloppe -- often referred to as the château neuf to distinguish it from the older structure of Louis XIII -- enclosed the hunting lodge on the north , west , and south . The new structure provided new lodgings for the king and members of his family . The main floor -- the piano nobile -- of the château neuf was given over entirely to two apartments : one for the king , and one for the queen . The grand appartement du roi occupied the northern part of the château neuf and grand appartement de la reine occupied the southern part . View of the garden front , 1674 , after the second building capmpaign , engraving by Israël Silvestre Garden façade of the Palace of Versailles , ca . 1675 , with the terrace that later became the Hall of Mirrors The western part of the enveloppe was given over almost entirely to a terrace , which was later enclosed with the construction of the Hall of Mirrors ( Galerie des Glaces ) . The ground floor of the northern part of the château neuf was occupied by the appartement des bains , which included a sunken octagonal tub with hot and cold running water . The king 's brother and sister - in - law , the duke and duchesse d'Orléans occupied apartments on the ground floor of the southern part of the château neuf . The upper story of the château neuf was reserved for private rooms for the king to the north and rooms for the king 's children above the queen 's apartment to the south . Significant to the design and construction of the grands appartements is that the rooms of both apartments are of the same configuration and dimensions -- a hitherto unprecedented feature in French palace design . It has been suggested that this parallel configuration was intentional as Louis XIV had intended to establish Marie - Thérèse d'Autriche as queen of Spain , and thus thereby establish a dual monarchy . Louis XIV 's rationale for the joining of the two kingdoms was seen largely as recompense for Philip IV 's failure to pay his daughter Marie - Thérèse 's dowry , which was among the terms of capitulation to which Spain agreed with the promulgation of the Treaty of the Pyrenees , which ended the war between France and Spain that began in 1635 during the Thirty Years ' War . Louis XIV regarded his father - in - law 's act as a breach of the treaty and consequently engaged in the War of Devolution . Both the grand appartement du roi and the grand appartement de la reine formed a suite of seven enfilade rooms . Each room is dedicated to one of the then known celestial bodies and is personified by the appropriate Greco - Roman deity . The decoration of the rooms , which was conducted under Le Brun 's direction depicted the `` heroic actions of the king '' and were represented in allegorical form by the actions of historical figures from the antique past ( Alexander the Great , Augustus , Cyrus , etc . ) . Third building campaign ( edit ) With the signing of the Treaty of Nijmegen in 1678 , which ended the Dutch War , the third building campaign at Versailles began ( 1678 -- 1684 ) . Under the direction of the architect , Jules Hardouin - Mansart , the Palace of Versailles acquired much of the look that it has today . In addition to the Hall of Mirrors , Hardouin - Mansart designed the north and south wings , which were used , respectively , by the nobility and Princes of the Blood , and the Orangerie . Le Brun was occupied not only with the interior decoration of the new additions of the palace , but also collaborated with Le Nôtre 's in landscaping the palace gardens . As symbol of France 's new prominence as a European super-power , Louis XIV officially installed his court at Versailles in May 1682 . Fourth building campaign ( edit ) View from the Place d'Armes , ca . 1722 , by Pierre - Denis Martin ( 1663 - 1742 ) Soon after the crushing defeat of the War of the League of Augsburg ( 1688 -- 1697 ) and owing possibly to the pious influence of Madame de Maintenon , Louis XIV undertook his last building campaign at Versailles . The fourth building campaign ( 1699 -- 1710 ) concentrated almost exclusively on construction of the royal chapel designed by Hardouin - Mansart and finished by Robert de Cotte and his team of decorative designers . There were also some modifications in the appartement du roi , namely the construction of the Salon de l'Œil de Bœuf and the King 's Bedchamber . With the completion of the chapel in 1710 , virtually all construction at Versailles ceased ; building would not be resumed at Versailles until some twenty one years later during the reign of Louis XV . Plans of the evolution of Versailles The palace in 1668 The palace in 1674 The palace in 1680 Louis XV ( edit ) After the death of the Louis XIV in 1715 , the five - year - old king Louis XV , the court , and the Régence government of Philippe d'Orléans returned to Paris . In May 1717 , during his visit to France , the Russian czar Peter the Great stayed at the Grand Trianon . His time at Versailles was used to observe and study the palace and gardens , which he later used as a source of inspiration when he built Peterhof on the Bay of Finland , west of Saint Petersburg . During the reign of Louis XV , Versailles underwent transformation but not on the scale that had been seen during his predecessor 's reign . When Louis XV and the court returned to Versailles in 1722 , the first project was the completion of the Salon d'Hercule , which had been begun during the last years of Louis XIV 's reign but was never finished due to the king 's death . Significant among Louis XV 's contributions to Versailles were the petit appartement du roi ; the appartements de Mesdames , the appartement du dauphin , the appartement de la dauphine on the ground floor ; and the two private apartments of Louis XV -- petit appartement du roi au deuxième étage ( later transformed into the appartement de Madame du Barry ) and the petit appartement du roi au troisième étage -- on the second and third floors of the palace . The crowning achievements of Louis XV 's reign were the construction of the Opéra and the Petit Trianon . Equally significant was the destruction of the Escalier des Ambassadeurs ( Ambassadors ' Stair ) , the only fitting approach to the State Apartments , which Louis XV undertook to make way for apartments for his daughters . The gardens remained largely unchanged from the time of Louis XIV ; the completion of the Bassin de Neptune between 1738 and 1741 was the most important legacy Louis XV made to the gardens . Towards the end of his reign , Louis XV , under the advice of Ange - Jacques Gabriel , began to remodel the courtyard façades of the palace . With the objective revetting the entrance of the palace with classical façades , Louis XV began a project that was continued during the reign of Louis XVI , but which did not see completion until the 20th century . Gardens and palace of Versailles in 1746 , by the abbot Delagrive Louis XVI ( edit ) In 1774 , shortly after his ascension , Louis XVI ordered an extensive replanting of the bosquets of the gardens , since many of the century - old trees had died . Only a few changes to Le Nôtre 's design were made : some bosquets were removed , others altered , including the Bains d'Apollon ( north of the Parterre de Latone ) , which was redone after a design by Hubert Robert in anglo - chinois style ( popular during the late 18th century ) , and the Labyrinthe ( at the southern edge of the garden ) was converted to the small Jardin de la Reine . In the interior of the palace , the library and the salon des jeux in the petit appartement du roi and the petit appartement de la reine , redecorated by Richard Mique for Marie - Antoinette , are among the finest examples of the style Louis XVI . French Revolution ( edit ) On 6 October 1789 , the royal family had to leave Versailles and move to the Tuileries Palace in Paris , as a result of the Women 's March on Versailles . During the early years of the French Revolution , preservation of the palace was largely in the hands of the citizens of Versailles . In October 1790 , Louis XVI ordered the palace to be emptied of its furniture , requesting that most be sent to the Tuileries Palace . In response to the order , the mayor of Versailles and the municipal council met to draft a letter to Louis XVI in which they stated that if the furniture was removed , it would certainly precipitate economic ruin on the city . A deputation from Versailles met with the king on 12 October after which Louis XVI , touched by the sentiments of the residents of Versailles , rescinded the order . Eight months later , however , the fate of Versailles was sealed : on 21 June 1791 , Louis XVI was arrested at Varennes after which the Assemblée nationale constituante accordingly declared that all possessions of the royal family had been abandoned . To safeguard the palace , the Assemblée nationale constituante ordered the palace of Versailles to be sealed . On 20 October 1792 a letter was read before the National Convention in which Jean - Marie Roland de la Platière , interior minister , proposed that the furnishings of the palace and those of the residences in Versailles that had been abandoned be sold and that the palace be either sold or rented . The sale of furniture transpired at auctions held between 23 August 1793 and 30 nivôse an III ( 19 January 1795 ) . Only items of particular artistic or intellectual merit were exempt from the sale . These items were consigned to be part of the collection of a museum , which had been planned at the time of the sale of the palace furnishings . In 1793 , Charles - François Delacroix deputy to the Convention and father of the painter Eugène Delacroix proposed that the metal statuary in the gardens of Versailles be confiscated and sent to the foundry to be made into cannon . The proposal was debated but eventually it was tabled . On 28 floréal an II ( 5 May 1794 ) the Convention decreed that the château and gardens of Versailles , as well as other former royal residences in the environs , would not be sold but placed under the care of the Republic for the public good . Following this decree , the château became a repository for art work seized from churches and princely homes . As a result of Versailles serving as a repository for confiscated art works , collections were amassed that eventually became part of the proposed museum . Among the items found at Versailles at this time a collection of natural curiosities that has been assembled by the sieur Fayolle during his voyages in America . The collection was sold to the comte d'Artois and was later confiscated by the state . Fayolle , who had been nominated to the Commission des arts , became guardian of the collection and was later , in June 1794 , nominated by the Convention to be the first directeur du Conservatoire du Muséum national de Versailles . The next year , André Dumont the people 's representative , became administrator for the department of the Seine - et - Oise . Upon assuming his administrative duties , Dumont was struck with the deplorable state into which the palace and gardens had sunk . He quickly assumed administrative duties of the château and assembled a team of conservators to oversee the various collections of the museum . One of Dumont 's first appointments was that of Huges Lagarde ( 10 messidor an III ( 28 June 1795 ) , a wealthy soap merchant from Marseille with strong political connections , as bibliographer of the museum . With the abandonment of the palace , there remained no less than 104 libraries which contained in excess of 200,000 printed volumes and manuscripts . Lagarde , with his political connections and his association with Dumont , became the driving force behind Versailles as a museum at this time . Lagarde was able to assemble a team of curators including sieur Fayolle for natural history and , Louis Jean - Jacques Durameau , the painter responsible for the ceiling painting in the Opéra , was appointed as curator for painting . Owing largely to political vicissitudes that occurred in France during the 1790s , Versailles succumbed to further degradations . Mirrors were assigned by the finance ministry for payment of debts of the Republic and draperies , upholstery , and fringes were confiscated and sent to the mint to recoup the gold and silver used in their manufacture . Despite its designation as a museum , Versailles served as an annex to the Hôtel des Invalides pursuant to the decree of 7 frimaire an VIII ( 28 November 1799 ) , which commandeered part of the palace and which had wounded soldiers being housed in the petit appartement du roi . In 1797 , the Muséum national was reorganised and renamed Musée spécial de l'École française . The grands appartements were used as galleries in which the morceaux de réception submitted by artists seeking admission to the Académie royale de peinture et de sculpture during the 17th and 18th centuries , the series The Life of Saint Bruno by Eustache Le Sueur and the Life of Marie de Médicis by Peter Paul Rubens were placed on display . The museum , which included the sculptures in the garden , became the finest museum of classic French art that had existed . First Empire ( edit ) With the advent of Napoléon and the First Empire , the status of Versailles changed . Paintings and art work that had previously been assigned to Muséum national and the Musée spécial de l'École française were systematically dispersed to other locations , and eventually the museum was closed . In accordance with provisions of the 1804 Constitution , Versailles was designated as an imperial palace for the department of the Seine - et - Oise . While Napoléon did not reside in the château , apartments were , however , arranged and decorated for the use of the empress Marie - Louise . The emperor chose to reside at the Grand Trianon . The château continued to serve , however , as an annex of the Hôtel des Invalides Nevertheless , on 3 January 1805 , Pope Pius VII , who came to France to officiate at Napoléon 's coronation , visited the palace and blessed the throng of people gathered on the parterre d'eau from the balcony of the Hall of Mirrors . Bourbon restoration ( edit ) The Bourbon Restoration saw little activity at Versailles . Areas of the gardens were replanted but no significant restoration and modifications of the interiors were undertaken , despite the fact that Louis XVIII would often visit the palace and walk through the vacant rooms . Charles X chose the Tuileries Palace over Versailles and rarely visited his former home . July monarchy ( edit ) Louis - Philippe opening the Galerie des Batailles , 10 June 1837 ( painted by François - Joseph Heim ) With the Revolution of 1830 and the establishment of the July Monarchy , the status of Versailles changed . In March 1832 , the Loi de la Liste civile was promulgated , which designated Versailles as a crown dependency . Like Napoléon before him , Louis - Philippe chose to live at the Grand Trianon ; however , unlike Napoléon , Louis - Philippe did have a grand design for Versailles . In 1833 , Louis - Philippe proposed the establishment of a museum dedicated to `` all the glories of France , '' which included the Orléans dynasty and the Revolution of 1830 that put Louis - Philippe on the throne of France . For the next decade , under the direction of Frédéric Nepveu and Pierre - François - Léonard Fontaine , the château underwent irreversible alterations . The museum was officially inaugurated on 10 June 1837 as part of the festivities that surrounded the marriage of the Prince royal , Ferdinand - Philippe d'Orléans with princess Hélène of Mecklenburg - Schwerin and represented one of the most ambitious and costly undertakings of Louis - Philippe 's reign . Over , the emperor at the king 's home -- Napoléon at Louis XIV 's ; in a word , it is having given to this magnificent book that is called French history this magnificent binding that is called Versailles ( Victor Hugo ) . Later , Balzac characterised the effort in less laudatory terms as the `` hospital of the glories of France '' . The southern wing ( Aile du Midi ) was given over to the Galerie des Batailles ( Hall of Battles ) , which necessitated the demolition of most of the apartments of the Princes of the Blood who lived in this part of the palace during the Ancien Régime . The Galerie des Batailles was modeled on the Grande Galerie of the Louvre Palace and was intended to glorify French military history from the Battle of Tolbiac ( traditionally dated 495 ) to the Battle of Wagram ( 5 -- 6 July 1809 ) . While a number of the paintings were of questionable quality , a few were masterpieces , such as the Battle of Taillebourg by Eugène Delacroix . Part of the northern wing ( Aile du Nord ) was converted to the Salle des Croisades , a room dedicated to famous knights of the Crusades and decorated with their names and coats of arms . The apartments of the dauphin and the dauphine as well as those of Louis XV 's daughters on the ground floor of the corps de logis were transformed into portrait galleries . To accommodate the displays , some of the boiseries were removed and either put into storage or sold . During the Prussian occupation of the palace in 1871 , the boiseries in storage were burned as firewood . Second Empire ( edit ) During the Second Empire , the museum remained essentially intact . The palace did serve as the backdrop for a number of state events including the visit by Queen Victoria . Versailles under Pierre de Nolhac ( edit ) Pierre de Nolhac arrived at the Palace of Versailles in 1887 and was appointed curator of the museum 18 November 1892 . Upon his arrival , he planned to re-introduce historical galleries , organized scientifically , in contrast to the approach of Louis - Philippe , who had created the first galleries in a manner aimed at glorifying the history of France . At the same time , Nolhac began to restore the palace to its appearance before the Revolution . To achieve these two goals , Nolhac removed rooms , took down the artworks and gave the rooms some historical scenery . He explained in his memoirs , for example that `` the first room sacrificed was that of the kings of France which had walls lined with effigies , real and imaginary , of our kings since Clovis '' . The revolution wrought by Nolhac produced a new awareness of the castle . Members of high society and nobility , such as the Duke of Aumale and the Empress Eugenie flocked to see new developments . Nolhac also working to bring in foreign personalities . On 8 October 1896 , Czar Nicolas II and his wife Alexandra , arrived at Versailles . Nolhac also organized events aimed at raising the awareness of potential donors to the palace . The owner of the New York Herald , Gordon Bennett , gave 25,000 francs for restructuring the 18th - century rooms . The development of private donations led to the creation of the Friends of Versailles in June 1907 . The Van der Kemp period ( edit ) Under the aegis of Gérald Van der Kemp ( fr ) , chief conservator of the museum from 1952 to 1980 , the palace witnessed some of its most ambitious conservation and restoration projects : the Opéra ( completed in 1957 ) ; the Grand Trianon ( 1965 ) ; the Chambre de la Reine ( 1975 ) ; the Chambre de Louis XIV and the Hall of Mirrors ( 1980 ) . At this time , the ground floor of the northern wing was converted into a gallery of French history from the 17th century to the 19th century . Additionally , at this time , policy was established in which the French government would aggressively seek to acquire as much of original furniture and artwork that had been dispersed at the time of the Revolution of 1789 as possible . Contemporary Versailles ( edit ) With the past and ongoing restoration and conservation projects at Versailles , the Fifth Republic has enthusiastically promoted the museum as one of France 's foremost tourist attractions . The palace , however , still serves political functions . Heads of state are regaled in the Hall of Mirrors ; the Sénat and the Assemblée Nationale meet in congress in Versailles to revise or otherwise amend the French Constitution , a tradition that came into effect with the promulgation of the 1875 Constitution . The Public Establishment of the Palace , Museum and National Estate of Versailles was created in 1995 . Château de Versailles Spectacles organised the Jeff Koons Versailles exhibition , held from 9 October 2008 to 4 January 2009 . Jeff Koons said that `` I hope the juxtaposition of today 's surfaces , represented by my work , with the architecture and fine arts of Versailles will be an exciting interaction for the viewer . '' Elena Geuna and Laurent Le Bon , curators of the exhibition present it as follow : `` It is the city aspect that underlies this entire venture . In recent years , many a cultural institution has attempted a confrontation between a heritage setting and contemporary works . The originality of this exhibition seems to us somewhat different , as regards both the chosen venue and the way it has been laid out . Echo , dialectic , opposition , counterpoint ... Not for us to judge ! '' The bronze equestrian statue of Louis XIV ( Statue équestre de Louis XIV ) , a sculpture created by both Pierre Cartellier ( 1757 - 1831 ) and Louis Petitot ( 1794 - 1862 ) and completed in 1836 , was restored in 2009 . On April 27 , 2009 , the statue , having previously been situated in the courtyard ( Cour d'Honneur ) , was placed outside the gates on the Place d'Armes ( intersection of Avenue Rockefeller and Avenue de Paris ) . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Guérard 1840 , p. 125 . Jump up ^ Guérard 1840 , p. xiv . Jump up ^ Bluche , 1990 ; Thompson , 2006 ; Verlet , 1985 . Jump up ^ Garrigues 2001 , p. 37 . Jump up ^ Batiffol , 1913 ; Bluche , 1991 ; Marie , 1968 ; Nolhac , 1901 ; Verlet , 1985 Jump up ^ Hazlehurst 1980 , p. 60 . Jump up ^ Versailles , The Dream of a King , directed by Paul Burgess , BBC TV Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Félibien , 1703 ; Marie , 1972 ; Verlet , 1985 . Jump up ^ Berger 2008 , p. 27 . Jump up ^ Solnon , 1987 . Jump up ^ Bluche , 1986 , 1991 ; Bendix , 1978 ; Solnon , 1987 . Jump up ^ Benichou , 1948 ; Bluche , 1991 ; Solnon 1987 . ^ Jump up to : Bluche , 1986 , 1991 . Jump up ^ Bluche , 1986 , 1991 ; Verlet , 1985 . Jump up ^ Nolhac , 1899 , 1901 ; Marie , 1968 ; Verlet , 1985 . Jump up ^ Berger 1985b , fig. 12 ( plan ) , pp. 41 -- 42 ; Verlet 1985 , p. 74 ( fig. 7 ) . Jump up ^ Nolhac , 1901 ; Marie , 1972 ; Verlet , 1985 . Jump up ^ Johnson , 1981 . Jump up ^ Berger , 1985b , pp. 41 -- 50 ( Chapter 5 : `` The Planetary Rooms '' ) ; Félibien , 1674 ; Verlet , 1985 . Jump up ^ Berger , 1985a ; Thompson , 2006 ; Verlet , 1985 . Jump up ^ Nolhac 1911 ; Marie 1976 , 1984 ; Verlet , 1985 . Jump up ^ Verlet 1985 , p. 301 . Jump up ^ Verlet 1985 , pp. 321 -- 324 . Jump up ^ Verlet , 198 , pp. 375 -- 384 ( Opéra ) and 500 -- 505 ( Petit Trianon ) . Jump up ^ Verlet 1985 , pp. 307 -- 308 . Jump up ^ Marie 1984 ; Thompson , 2006 ; Verlet 1985 , pp. 329 -- 330 . Jump up ^ Ayers 2004 , pp. 340 -- 341 ... Jump up ^ Hoog 1996 , p. 372 ; Verlet 1985 , pp. 540 -- 545 . Jump up ^ Verlet , 1945 ; Verlet 1985 ; Ayers 2004 , p. 341 . Jump up ^ Nagel 2009 . Jump up ^ Gatin 1908 . With the withdrawal of the king and the court from Versailles , many of those who had been employed either through a member of the royal family or by the court , followed the court and king to Paris . As a result , the population of Versailles fell from 80,000 to less than 25,000 in the weeks that followed 6 October 1789 ( Mauguin , 1934 ) . Jump up ^ Gatin 1908 , p. ? . Jump up ^ Fromageot 1903 , p. ? . Jump up ^ Fromageot 1903 , p. ? ? . Jump up ^ Fromageot 1903 , p. ? ? ? . Jump up ^ Fromageot 1903 , p. ? ? ? ? . Jump up ^ Fromageot 1903 , p. ? ? ? ? ? . Jump up ^ Gatin 1908 , p. ? ? . Jump up ^ Dutilleux 1887 , p. ? . Jump up ^ Verlet 1985 , pp. 661 -- 664 . Jump up ^ Article 16 : L'Empereur visite les départements : en conséquence , des palais impériaux sont établis aux quatre points principaux de l'Empire . -- Ces palais sont désignés et leurs dépendances déterminées par une loi . Source : Constitution of 1804 Jump up ^ Mauguin , 1940 -- 1942 ; Pradel , 1937 ; Verlet , 1985 . Jump up ^ Mauguin , 1940 -- 1942 . Jump up ^ Mansel 1999 ; Thompson 2006 . Jump up ^ Castelot 1989 . Jump up ^ Constans 1985 ; Constans 1998 , pp. 246 -- 258 ; Mauguin , 1937 ; Verlet , 1985 , pp. 661 -- 664 . Jump up ^ Hugo 1972 . `` Ce que le roi Louis - Philippe a fait à Versailles est bien . Avoir accompli cette œuvre , c'est avoir été grand comme roi et impartial comme philosophe ; c'est avoir fait un monument national d'un monument monarchique ; c'est avoir mis une idée immense dans un immense édifice ; c'est avoir installé le présent dans le passé , 1789 vis - à - vis de 1688 , l'empereur chez le roi , Napoléon chez Louis XIV ; en un mot , c'est avoir donné à ce livre magnifique qu'on appelle l'histoire de France cette magnifique reliure qu'on appelle Versailles . '' Jump up ^ Balzac 1853 . Jump up ^ Constans , 1985 ; 1987 ; Mauguin , 1937 ; Verlet , 1985 . Jump up ^ Da Vinha & Masson 2011 , p. 261 . Jump up ^ Da Vinha & Masson 2011 , p. 229 . Jump up ^ Pérouse de Montclos 1991 , pp. 10 , 284 ; Lemoine 1976 . Jump up ^ Kemp 1976 ; Meyer 1985 . Jump up ^ Opperman 2004 . Jump up ^ Article 9 : Le siège du pouvoir exécutif et des deux chambres est à Versailles . Source : Constitution of 1875 ^ Jump up to : Jeff Koons Versailles website Jump up ^ The Art Tribune . Source : The Louis XIV Sculpture Returns to Versailles Bibliography ( edit ) Ayers , Andrew ( 2004 ) . The Architecture of Paris . Stuttgart ; London : Edition Axel Menges . ISBN 9783930698967 . Balzac , Honoré de ( 1853 ) . La comédie humaine , vol. 12 . Paris : Pilet . Batiffol , Louis ( 1913 ) . `` Le château de Versailles de Louis XIII et son architecte Philibert le Roy '' Gazette des Beaux - Arts , 4th edition , vol. 10 ( November 1913 ) , pp. 341 -- 371 ( at Gallica ) . Benichou , Paul ( 1948 ) . Morales du grand siècle . Paris : Éditions Gallimard . OCLC 259119 . Berger , Robert W. ( 1985a ) . In the Garden of the Sun King : Studies on the Park of Versailles Under Louis XIV . Washington , DC : Dumbarton Oaks Research Library . ISBN 9780884021414 . Berger , Robert W. ( 1985b ) . Versailles : The Château of Louis XIV . University Park : The College Arts Association . ISBN 9780271004129 . Berger , Robert W. ( 2008 ) . Diplomatic Tours in the Gardens of Versailles Under Louis XIV . Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press . ISBN 9780812241075 . Bendix , Reinhard ( 1986 ) . Kings or People : Power and the Mandate to Rule . Los Angeles : University of California Press . ISBN 9780520023024 . Bluche , François ( 1986 ) . Louis XIV . Paris : Arthème Fayard . ISBN 9782213015682 . Bluche , François ( 1990 ) . Dictionnaire du Grand Siècle . Paris : Arthème Fayard . ISBN 9782213024257 . Castelot , André ( 1988 ) . Charles X : La fin d'un monde . Paris : Perrin . ISBN 9782262005450 . Constans , Claire ( 1985 ) . `` 1837 : L'inauguration par Louis - Philippe du musée dédié ' À Toutes les gloires de la France '' , Colloque Versailles . OCLC 12904910 , 761465041 . Constans , Claire ( 1987 ) . `` Encadrement et muséographie : l'example du Versailles de Louis - Philippe '' , Revue de l'Art , vol. 76 , pp. 53 -- 56 . doi : 10.3406 / rvart. 1987.347630 . Constans , Claire ( 1998 ) . Versailles : Absolutism and Harmony . New York : The Vendome Press . ISBN 9782702811252 . Da Vinha , Mathieu ; Masson , Raphaël ( 2011 ) . Versailles pour les nuls . Paris : Editions Générales First . ISBN 9782754015523 . Dutilleux , Adolphe ( 1887 ) . Notice sur le Museum national et le musée spécial de l'École française à Versailles ( 1792 -- 1823 ) . Versailles : Impr . de Cerf et fils . OCLC 457476198 . Félibien , Jean - François ( 1703 ) . Description sommaire de Versailles ancienne et nouvelle . Paris : A. Chrétien . Copy at INHA . Fromageot , Paul - Henri ( 1903 ) . `` Le Château de Versailles en 1795 , d'après le journal de Hugues Lagarde '' , Revue de l'histoire de Versailles , pp. 224 -- 240 ( at the Internet Archive ) . Garrigues , Dominique ( 2001 ) . Jardins et jardiniers de Versailles au grand siècle . Seyssel : Champ Vallon . ISBN 9782876733374 . Gatin , L. - A. ( 1908 ) . `` Versailles pendant la Révolution '' , Revue de l'histoire de Versailles , pp. 226 -- 253 and 333 -- 352 at the Internet Archive . Guérard , Benjamin ( 1840 ) . Collection des cartulaires de France . Tome I : Cartulaire de l'abbaye de Saint - Père de Chartres . Paris : Crapelet . Copy at Google Books . Hazlehurst , F. Hamilton ( 1980 ) . Gardens of Illusion : The Genius of André Le Nostre . Nashville , Tennessee : Vanderbilt University Press . ISBN 9780826512093 . Hoog , Simone ( 1996 ) . `` Versailles '' , vol. 32 , pp. 369 -- 374 , in The Dictionary of Art , edited by Jane Turner . New York : Grove . ISBN 9781884446009 . Also at Oxford Art Online ( subscription required ) . Hugo , Victor ( 1972 ) . Choses vues , 1830 -- 1846 , edited by Hubert Juin . Paris : Gallimard . ISBN 9782070360116 . Johnson , Kevin Olin ( 1981 ) . `` Il n'y plus de Pyrénées : Iconography of the first Versailles of Louis XIV '' , Gazette des Beaux - Arts , 6th edition , vol. 97 ( January ) , pp. 29 -- 40 . Lemoine , Pierre ( 1976 ) . `` La chambre de la Reine '' , La Revue du Louvre et des musées de France , vol. 26 , no . 3 , pp. 139 -- 145 . ISSN 0035 - 2608 . Mansel , Philip ( 1999 ) . Louis XVIII ( revised , in English ) . Stroud : Sutton . ISBN 9780750922173 ( paperback ) . Marie , Alfred ( 1968 ) . Naissance de Versailles . Paris : Édition Vincent , Freal & Cie. OCLC 3731196 . Marie , Alfred ; Marie , Jeanne ( 1972 ) . Mansart à Versailles . Paris : Editions Jacques Freal . OCLC 746666 . Marie , Alfred ; Marie , Jeanne ( 1976 ) . Versailles au temps de Louis XIV . Paris : Imprimérie Nationale . OCLC 311957302 . Marie , Alfred ; Marie , Jeanne ( 1984 ) . Versailles au temps de Louis XV . Paris : Imprimérie Nationale . ISBN 9782110808004 . Mauguin , Georges ( 1937 ) . `` L'Inauguration du Musée de Versailles '' , Revue de l'histoire de Versailles ( July 1937 ) , pp. 112 -- 146 ( at Gallica ) . Mauguin , Georges ( 1940 -- 1942 ) . `` La visite du Pape Pie VII à Versailles le 3 janvier 1805 '' , Revue de l'histoire de Versailles ( July 1940 -- December 1942 ) , pp. 134 -- 146 ( at Gallica ) . Meyer , Daniel ( 1985 ) . `` Un achat manqué par le musée de Versailles en 1852 '' , Colloque Versailles . OCLC 12904910 , 761465041 . Nagel , Susan ( 2009 . ) Marie - Therese : The Fate of Marie Antoinette 's Daughter . London : Bloomsbury . ISBN 9780747581598 . Nolhac , Pierre de ( 1898 ) . Le Chateau de Versailles sous Louis Quinze . Paris : H. Champion . OCLC 894269761 . Copy at HathiTrust . Nolhac , Pierre de ( 1899 ) . `` La construction de Versailles de Le Vau '' , Revue de l'Histoire de Versailles , pp. 161 -- 171 ( at Gallica ) . Nolhac , Pierre de ( 1901 ) . La création de Versailles . Versailles : L. Bernard . OCLC 8151727 . Nolhac , Pierre de ( 1911 ) . Histoire du Château de Versailles . Versailles Sous Louis XIV. ( 2 volumes ) . Paris : André Marty . OCLC 817037275 . Vol. 2 at HathiTrust . Nolhac , Pierre de ( 1918 ) . Histoire du Château de Versailles . Versailles au VIIIe siècle . Paris : Émile - Paul Frères . OCLC 897084052 . Copy at Google Books . Oppermann , Fabien ( 2004 ) . Images et usages du château de Versailles au XXe siècle ( thesis / dissertation ) . Paris : École des Chartes . Pérouse de Montclos , Jean - Marie ( 1991 ) . Versailles , translated from the French by John Goodman . New York : Abbeville Press Publishers . ISBN 9781558592285 . Pradel , Pierre ( 1937 ) . `` Versailles sous le premier Empire '' , Revue de l'histoire de Versailles , pp. 76 -- 94 ( at Gallica ) . Solnon , Jean François ( 1987 ) . La cour de France . Paris : Fayard . ISBN 9782213020150 . Thompson , Ian ( 2006 ) . The Sun King 's Garden . London : Bloomsbury . ISBN 9781582346311 . Van der Kemp , Gérald ( 1976 ) . `` Remeubler Versailles '' , La Revue du Louvre et des musées de France , vol. 26 , no . 3 , pp. 135 -- 137 . ISSN 0035 - 2608 . Verlet , Pierre ( 1945 ) . Le mobilier royal français . Paris : Editions d'art et d'histoire . OCLC 742722112 . Verlet , Pierre ( 1985 ) . Le château de Versailles ( revised and updated from the 1961 edition ) . Paris : Librairie Arthème Fayard . ISBN 9782213016009 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Historical images of the Palace of Versailles . 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what does the old testament say about the sabbath			Biblical Sabbath	biblical sabbath	Biblical Sabbath is a weekly day of rest or time of worship given in the Bible as the seventh day . It is observed differently in Judaism and Christianity and informs a similar occasion in several other faiths . Though many viewpoints and definitions have arisen over the millennia , most originate in the same textual tradition of `` Remember the sabbath day , to keep it holy '' .	Observation and remembrance of Sabbath is one of the Ten Commandments ( the fourth in the original Jewish , the Eastern Orthodox , and most Protestant traditions , the third in Roman Catholic and Lutheran traditions ) , sometimes referred to individually as the Sabbath Commandment . Most people who observe Biblical Sabbath regard it as having been made for man ( Mark . 2 : 27 ) at Creation ( Ex. 20 : 8 -- 11 ) , and instituted as a perpetual covenant for the people of Israel ( Ex. 31 : 13 - 17 , Ex. 23 : 12 , Deut. 5 : 13 - 14 ) , a rule that also applies to proselytes , and a sign respecting two events : the seventh day , during which God rested after having completed Creation in six days ( Gen. 2 : 2 - 3 , Ex. 20 : 8 - 11 ) , and God 's deliverance of the Israelites from Egypt ( Deut. 5 : 12 - 15 ) . Part of a series on the Bible Canons and books ( show ) Tanakh Torah Nevi'im Ketuvim Christian biblical canons Old Testament ( OT ) New Testament ( NT ) Deuterocanon Antilegomena Chapters and verses Apocrypha Jewish OT NT Authorship and development ( show ) Authorship Dating Hebrew canon Old Testament canon New Testament canon Documentary hypothesis Mosaic authorship Pauline epistles Petrine epistles Johannine works Translations and manuscripts ( show ) Samaritan Torah Dead Sea scrolls Masoretic Text Targumim Peshitta Septuagint Vulgate Gothic Bible Vetus Latina Luther Bible English Bibles Biblical studies ( show ) Archeology Artifacts Dating Historicity Internal consistency People Places Names Novum Testamentum Graece Documentary hypothesis Synoptic problem NT textual categories Biblical criticism Historical Textual Source Form Redaction Canonical Interpretation ( show ) Hermeneutics Pesher Midrash Pardes Allegorical interpretation Literalism Prophecy Inspiration Humor Violence Alcohol Ethics Slavery Women Muhammad Homosexuality Death penalty Perspectives ( show ) Gnostic Islamic Qur'anic Inerrancy Infallibility Criticism of the Bible Outline of Bible - related topics Bible book Bible portal Contents 1 Etymology 1.1 Sabbath 1.2 Shmita 2 Tanakh 2.1 Torah 2.2 Prophets 2.3 Writings 3 New Testament 3.1 Gospels 3.2 Epistles 4 Apocrypha 5 Religious books from no Biblical canon 6 Frameworks 6.1 Seventh day 6.1. 1 Seventh - day Sabbatarians 6.1. 1.1 Sunday law 6.2 First day 6.2. 1 Assemblies 6.3 Both days 6.4 Unspecified day 7 Interpretations 7.1 Genesis 2 7.2 Matthew 5 7.3 Colossians 2 7.4 Hebrews 4 7.5 Hebrews 8 8 See also 9 References Etymology ( edit ) Sabbath ( edit ) The Anglicized term `` Sabbath '' is in Hebrew Shabbath meaning `` day of rest '' . It derives from the verb shavath of same Hebrew spelling but different pointing ( שָׁבַת , Strong 's 7673 as šāvat , often shavat ) , defined as `` repose , i.e. desist from exertion '' ( often `` rest '' or `` cease '' ) . ( Another noun form of this root , shebeth ( `` cessation '' , 7674 ) , is identical to the infinitive ( 7675 ) of the common word `` to sit '' ( yashav , 3427 ) . ) Shabbath is the intensified form and is used only for a weekly cessation , 107 times in the Tanakh . Sabbatai Zevi in 1665 . The name form is `` Shabbethai '' a name appearing three times in the Tanakh . The Talmud also contains a pun on shebeth , where it secondarily means `` dill '' , a spice . Another related word is modern Hebrew shevita , a labor strike , with the same focus on active cessation of labor . And in over thirty languages other than English , the common name for Saturday is a cognate of `` Sabbath '' . A cognate Babylonian Sapattu or Sabattu is reconstructed from the lost fifth Enûma Eliš creation account , which is read as : `` ( Sa ) bbatu shalt thou then encounter , mid ( month ) ly '' . It is regarded as a form of Sumerian sa - bat ( `` mid-rest '' ) , rendered in Akkadian as um nuh libbi ( `` day of mid-repose '' ) . The dependent Greek cognate is Sabbaton , used in the New Testament 68 times . Two inflections , Hebrew Shabbathown and Greek `` σαββατισμός '' ( Sabbatismós , ) , are both translated `` sabbatism '' in Strong 's ( a `` special holiday '' or `` the repose of Christianity '' ) . The Hebrew form refers to High Sabbaths . The Greek form is cognate to the Septuagint verb sabbatizo ( e.g. , Ex. 16 : 30 ; Lev. 23 : 32 ; 26 : 34 ; 2 Chr. 36 : 21 ) . In English , the concept of `` Sabbatical '' is cognate to these two forms . The King James Bible uses the English form `` sabbath ( s ) '' 172 times . In the Old Testament , `` sabbath ( s ) '' translates Shabbath all 107 times ( including 35 plurals ) , plus shebeth three times , shabath once , and the related mishbath once ( plural ) . In the New Testament , `` sabbath '' translates Sabbaton 59 times and prosabbaton once ( the day before Sabbath ) ; Sabbaton is also translated as `` week '' nine times , by synecdoche . Shmita ( edit ) Further information : Shmita Sabbath Year or Shmita ( Hebrew : שמטה ‎ , Sh mittah , Strong 's 8059 , literally `` release '' ) , also called Sabbatical Year , is the seventh ( שביעי , sh biy'iy , 7637 ) year of the seven - year agricultural cycle mandated by Torah for the Land of Israel , relatively little observed in Biblical tradition , but still observed in contemporary Judaism . During Shmita , the land is left to lie fallow and all agricultural activity -- including plowing , planting , pruning and harvesting -- is forbidden by Torah and Jewish law . By tradition , other cultivation techniques ( such as watering , fertilizing , weeding , spraying , trimming and mowing ) may be performed as preventative measures only , not to improve the growth of trees or plants ; additionally , whatever fruits grow of their own accord during that year are deemed hefker ( ownerless ) , not for the landowner but for the poor , the stranger , and the beasts of the field ; these fruits may be picked by anyone . A variety of laws also apply to the sale , consumption and disposal of Shmita produce . When the year ended , all debts , except those of foreigners , were to be remitted ( Deut. 15 : 1 - 11 ) ; in similar fashion , Torah requires a slave who had worked for six years to go free in the seventh year . Leviticus 25 promises bountiful harvests to those who observe Shmita , and describes its observance as a test of religious faith . The term Shmita is translated `` release '' five times in the Book of Deuteronomy ( from the root שמט , shamat , `` desist , remit '' , 8058 ) . Tanakh ( edit ) Torah ( edit ) Book of Genesis : In 1 : 1 - 2 : 4 , God creates the heavens and earth in six days ( each day is defined as evening and morning ) and rests on the seventh day , which he thus confers with special status . So God blessed the seventh day and made it holy , because on it God rested from all his work that he had done in Creation . -- Gen. 2 : 3 This passage uses root form shabath , rather than intensified form Shabbath ; neither the noun form nor a positive Sabbath command appears in Genesis . In 8 : 4 , Noah 's ark comes to `` rest '' in the seventh month ( later revealed as the month of Shabbathown ) ; here the word for `` rest '' is not shabath but its synonym nuwach , the root of Noah 's name . Book of Exodus : In 16 : 23 - 30 , immediately after the Exodus from Egypt , Sabbath is revealed as the day upon which manna and manna gathering is to cease weekly ; the first of many Sabbath commands is given , in both positive and negative forms . Six days you shall gather it , but on the seventh day , which is a Sabbath , there will be none ... Remain each of you in his place ; let no one go out of his place on the seventh day . -- Ex. 16 : 26 , 16 : 29 In 20 : 8 - 11 , one month later , it is enjoined to be remembered as a memorial of Creation , as one of the Ten Commandments , the covenant revealed after God liberated Israel from Egyptian bondage . Remember the Sabbath day , to keep it holy . Six days you shall labor , and do all your work , but the seventh day is a Sabbath to the LORD your God . On it you shall not do any work ... For in six days the LORD made heaven and earth , the sea , and all that is in them , and rested on the seventh day . Therefore the LORD blessed the Sabbath day and made it holy . -- Ex. 20 : 8 - 11 In 31 : 12 - 17 , Sabbath is affirmed as a perpetual sign and covenant , and Sabbath - breakers are officially to be cut off from the assembly or potentially killed . Summarized again in 35 : 2 - 3 , verse 3 also forbids lighting a fire on the Sabbath . Part of a series on The Ten Commandments I am the LORD thy God No other gods before me No graven images or likenesses Not take the LORD 's name in vain Remember the sabbath day Honour thy father and thy mother Thou shalt not kill Thou shalt not commit adultery Thou shalt not steal Thou shalt not bear false witness Thou shalt not covet Related articles Tablets of Stone Ritual Decalogue Finger of God Moses Ark of the Covenant Catholic theology Book of Leviticus : In 16 : 31 , Yom Kippur is stated to be `` Sabbath of Sabbaths '' . In 19 , many of the Ten Commandments are repeated , including Sabbath ( 19 : 3 , 19 : 30 ) . In 23 , Moses defines weekly Sabbath , along with seven annual High Sabbaths , which do not necessarily occur on weekly Sabbath and are additional to the weekly `` LORD 's Sabbaths '' . One High Sabbath , Day of Atonement , is specifically defined as occurring from the evening of the prior day until the following evening . In 24 : 8 , the showbread is to be laid out in the tabernacle every Sabbath . In 25 : 2 - 6 , Shmita is given as a year of rest for land every seven years . In 26 : 2 , 26 : 34 - 35 , 26 : 43 , Sabbath is again enjoined , and Moses warns of the curse that if Israel disobeys , it will go into exile while the land enjoys Sabbaths denied to it during the time of rebellion . Book of Numbers : In 15 : 32 - 36 , a man gathering firewood on Sabbath is put to death ; the potential punishment for desecrating Sabbath ( stoning ) is the most severe in Jewish law . In 28 - 29 , the offerings for Sabbath , new moon , and High Sabbaths are enjoined . Book of Deuteronomy : In 5 : 12 - 15 , the Ten Commandments are restated ; instead of referring again to Creation , Sabbath is enjoined to be observed as a memorial or sign of The Exodus and Redemption of Israel from Egypt under God 's protection . Yemenite Jew blowing the shofar ( ram 's - horn trumpet ) for Sabbath in the 1930s . Prophets ( edit ) 2 Kings : In 4 : 23 , when Elisha 's patroness goes away suddenly to seek him , her husband questions why , since it was neither new moon nor Sabbath . In 11 : 5 - 9 , Joash becomes king , protected from usurper Athaliah by the additional troops present for changing of duty on Sabbath . In 16 , the colonnade built for Sabbath use and its royal entranceway are removed from the temple by King Ahaz . Book of Isaiah : Isaiah mentions Sabbath repeatedly , including in its first and last chapters . In 1 : 13 , he describes corrupted Sabbath tradition , called by God `` your '' assembly ( as opposed to his own ) . In 56 : 1 - 8 and 58 : 13 - 14 , Isaiah commends honoring the holiness of Sabbath , rather than using it to go one 's own way or to do idly as one pleases . Because of this passage , it is customary , in Judaism , to avoid talk about money or business matters on Sabbath ; and , among Latter - day Saints , to give full attention to spiritual matters , to perform only righteous activities , and to prepare only simple foods on Sabbath . In 66 : 22 - 23 , he foresees what is understood as the Messianic Kingdom , in which new moons and Sabbaths are occasions for the righteous to worship in God 's presence , and to meditate on the unquenched fire consuming the wicked . Book of Jeremiah : In 17 : 19 - 27 , Jeremiah declaims against carrying burdens out of houses or out of the city gates on Sabbath , as was commonly done by merchants in his day . Jeremiah also prophesies that Israel will be a desolation for seventy years ( 25 : 11 ) , interpreted later as land Sabbaths as also prophesied by Moses . Book of Ezekiel : In 20 : 12 - 26 , Ezekiel records God 's giving of laws , precepts , and Sabbaths , and Israel 's rejecting them ; Sabbaths are explicitly called a sign between God and Israel . In 22 : 8 , 22 : 23 - 31 , 23 : 38 , he states that Israel has profaned and hidden its eyes from Sabbath . In 44 : 24 , Ezekiel foresees a Messianic Temple , in which the priests keep Sabbath as truly holy . In 45 : 17 , 46 : 1 - 12 , he sees the east gate shut on the `` six working days '' and open on Sabbath and new moon , and a prince making burnt offerings on those festivals as well . Book of Hosea : In 2 : 11 , casting Israel as an adulterous wife , God vows to end `` her '' festivals , new moons , and Sabbaths . Book of Amos : In 8 : 5 , Amos objects to those who inquire when Sabbath or new moon will be over so that marketing can begin again , classifying this practice as comparable to that of dishonest weights . `` Der Samstug ( Sabbath ) '' , Frederich Campe , 1800 : German Jews , wearing baretta hats , gather outside a synagogue on Sabbath . Writings ( edit ) Book of Psalms : 92 is a song specifically for Sabbath . Book of Lamentations : In 1 : 7 , Israel 's enemies gloat over its `` cessation '' ( mishbath ) , after the destruction of the first temple . In 2 : 6 , this destruction and Israel 's rejection is linked to Israel forgetting its appointed times and Sabbaths . Book of Nehemiah : In 9 : 14 , the Levites , who have called a public fast , thank God for Sabbath , the mitzvoth ( commandments ) , and the Torah . In 10 : 31 - 33 , the people respond by swearing not to buy on Sabbath or holy day . In 13 : 15 - 22 , Nehemiah observes many kinds of business transacted on Sabbath , rejects it as profanation , locks the city gates for the whole of Sabbath and has them guarded , and threatens force against merchants who spend the night outside . Sabbath begins after evening shadows fall on the gates . 1 Chronicles : In 9 : 32 , the task of preparing Sabbath showbread is shown to have been assigned to kinsmen of Korah from the clan of Kohath . In 23 : 31 , King David assigns Levites to stand and sing thanks and praise whenever the burnt offerings are given for Sabbath , new moon , and the other designated days . 2 Chronicles : In 2 : 4 ( 2 : 3 , Hebrew ) and 8 : 12 - 13 , Solomon dedicates the first temple for daily , weekly , monthly , and annual offerings . In 23 : 4 - 8 , Joash becomes king , protected from usurper Athaliah by the additional troops present for changing of duty on Sabbath . In 31 : 3 , Hezekiah rededicates the same offerings as Solomon . In the last chapter of the Tanakh in Hebrew order ( at 36 : 21 ) , the prophecies of Moses and Jeremiah are combined as having been fulfilled in seventy years of captivity in Babylon , during which the land kept its Sabbaths . Oldest Sabbatarian Meeting House in America ( Seventh Day Baptist ) , built in 1729 in Newport , Rhode Island , now owned by Newport Historical Society . New Testament ( edit ) Gospels ( edit ) Matthew , Mark , and Luke contain several synoptic accounts , which John occasionally concurs in . Exorcism in Capernaum ( Mk. 1 : 21 - 39 , Lk. 4 : 31 - 43 ) : Jesus makes a practice of teaching in the Capernaum synagogue on Sabbath . One Sabbath he exorcises an unclean spirit , and also heals Peter 's wife 's mother . After sundown that day , he heals many people , and early in the morning of the first day , he goes out to pray alone . Lord of the Sabbath ( Mt. 12 : 1 - 8 , Mk. 2 : 23 - 28 , Lk. 6 : 1 - 5 ) : When his disciples pick heads of wheat and eat them , Jesus tells objectors that , because Sabbath was made for man , the Son of Man is Lord of Sabbath . Sabbatarians believe that Sabbath - keeping is central to following Christ , and that he highly regarded Sabbath ; some non-Sabbatarian Protestants and Catholics believe that Christ has power to abrogate Sabbath via a `` better dispensation '' , and that he did so as with all ceremonial law . The doctrine that Christ `` made '' all Creation ( Jn. 1 : 3 - 10 , Col. 1 : 16 ) implies that `` Sabbath was made '' , and observed , by Christ ( Mk. 2 : 27 ) , during Creation ; this is taken as earning him the identification `` Lord of Sabbath '' . Healing of the Withered Hand ( Mt. 12 : 9 - 21 , Mk. 3 : 1 - 6 , Lk. 6 : 6 - 11 ) : Knowing he is being watched , Jesus heals a man who had a withered hand , arguing that doing good and saving life is permitted and right on Sabbath . This passage follows his proclamation as Lord of Sabbath in Mark and Luke , but in Matthew follows his quotation of Jer. 6 : 16 that he would give rest for his disciples ' souls ; this is taken as indicating Matthew intended to teach that Sabbath 's true or spiritual fulfillment is found in coming to Jesus . Rejection of Jesus ( Mk. 6 : 1 - 6 , Lk. 4 : 16 - 30 ) : As is his custom , Jesus attends the Nazareth synagogue on Sabbath and stands to read . He preaches against skeptical demands for miracles and states that he is rejected there in his hometown . Events unique to John : In 5 : 9 - 18 , Jesus heals a paralytic at the Pool of Bethesda and tells him to carry his mat , spurring accusations of Sabbath - breaking . In 7 : 22 - 23 , Jesus argues that healing in general is equivalent to permitted Sabbath activity of circumcision , regarded as a cleansing ritual . In 9 , Jesus makes clay with spittle on Sabbath and heals a man born blind , and is investigated by Pharisees . Events unique to Luke : In 13 : 10 - 17 , Jesus heals a woman who had been bent over double for 18 years , arguing that setting her free is equivalent to permitted Sabbath activity of loosing one 's animals to water them . In 14 : 1 - 6 , Jesus heals a man with dropsy ( swollen with fluid ) , arguing that this is equivalent to permitted Sabbath activity of rescuing an animal from a well . In 18 : 9 - 14 , Jesus ' parable of the Pharisee and the Publican , the Pharisee fasts twice a week , literally twice per Sabbath ( the word Sabbaton means `` week '' by synecdoche ) . Olivet Discourse , unique to Matthew : In 24 , describing then - future apocalypses such as the Second Coming , Jesus requests prayer ( at 24 : 20 ) that the coming time , when Judah must escape to the hills , not occur in winter or on Sabbath . Sabbatarians believe that Jesus based on this text expected Sabbath to be kept long after his death ; others believe Jesus foresaw a non-Sabbatarian future community hampered by surrounding Sabbatarianism . Crucifixion of Jesus ( Mt. 27 , Mk. 15 , Lk. 23 , Jn. 19 ) : Jesus is crucified on Preparation Day , the day before Sabbath ; differing chronologies interpret this either as Friday ( before weekly Sabbath ) or Nisan 14 ( before High Sabbath ) or both . Joseph of Arimathaea buries him before this Sabbath begins . The women who wished to prepare his body keep Sabbath rest according to the commandment , intending to finish their work on the first day of the week ( the day after weekly Sabbath ) ; one reading of the text permits `` they rested '' to include a hint that the body of Jesus rests on Sabbath as well . Seventh - day Sabbatarians see no change in God 's law , regarding it as in force and affirmed by the evangelists after Jesus died on the cross . Others regard Sabbath as changed by the cross , either to Lord 's Day or to spiritual Sabbath . Resurrection of Jesus ( Mt. 28 , Mk. 16 , Lk. 24 , Jn. 20 ) : Jesus is raised from the dead by God and appears publicly on the first day of the week to several women . Jesus appears to Peter and again on the evening beginning the second day ( i.e. , after two disciples traveled seven miles from Emmaus , having begun when it was almost evening and getting dark , Lk. 24 : 28 - 36 ) . The text stating that `` Jesus rose early on the first day of the week '' ( Mk. 16 : 9 ) is often inferred as speaking indirectly of Sabbath change ; this conclusion is not direct in any Scripture , and the verse is not found in the two most ancient manuscripts ( the Sinaiticus and Vaticanus ) and some other ancient manuscripts , though it appears in Irenaeus and Hippolytus in the second or third century . Epistles ( edit ) Book of Acts 1 - 18 : In 1 : 12 , the distance from the Mount of Olives to Jerusalem is called a `` Sabbath journey '' , the distance Jewish law permitted one to walk on the Sabbath . In 2 , the Spirit of God is given to the disciples of Christ on Pentecost , who baptize 3,000 people into the apostolic fellowship ; though the weekday is not mentioned , this is usually calculated as falling on the day after Sabbath . In 13 : 13 - 45 , 16 : 13 , 17 : 2 , and 18 : 4 , as is his custom , Paul preaches on Sabbath to communal gatherings of Jewish and Gentile Christians , usually in synagogue , in Pisidian Antioch , Philippi , Thessalonica , and Corinth ( the meeting of Philippians was a riverside women 's prayer group , in Gentile territory ) . Seventh - day Sabbatarians believe that Luke 's recording Paul 's sitting down in the synagogue indicates they kept a rest day and affirmed the seventh day as Sabbath , while others believe that Paul merely preached on days that the Jewish portion of his audience would be available . In 15 : 19 - 29 , the Apostolic Decree , James proposes four limited rules for Gentile proselytes in response to the question of whether Gentiles should be directed to follow the Mosaic Law ; the apostles then write that no greater burden is laid on the Gentiles . James also states that Moses is read every Sabbath , which can be construed either as discounting Moses as too unnecessary to promote ( the Law being split into parts with Gentiles ordered to follow only Noachide Laws ) , or as supporting Moses as too ubiquitous to promote ( the Law being a unity to grow into ) . Acts 20 : When the Christians meet to break bread , during an all - night worship service in Troas , Paul preaches and raises Eutychus from the dead , the night after Sabbath ( i.e. , Saturday night and Sunday morning ) ; the first day had begun at sundown ( cf . Judg. 14 : 17 - 18 ) . Though Paul 's special farewell service , this event is otherwise considered a regular Christian Eucharistic observance . Paul then immediately walks eighteen miles from Troas to Assos , boards a boat , and continues to Mitylene . Seventh - day Sabbatarians state that Paul ( as a lifelong Sabbath keeper ) would not have done so on Sunday , if he had regarded Sunday as Sabbath . Non-Sabbatarians state that Paul did not keep any day of the week as Sabbath ( citing his later passages ) and that the early church met on the first day of the week but without rigor . First - day Sabbatarians state that he did not extend the travel prohibition to the first day . Book of Romans : In 14 : 5 - 6 , without mentioning Sabbath , Paul emphasizes being fully convinced of one 's practice , whether esteeming one day above another , or esteeming every day alike . Each interpretative framework regards this passage as demonstrating that ritual observance of others ' Sabbaths is not required , but is optional according to the conscience of each individual Christian . 1 Corinthians : In 11 : 1 , Paul exhorts readers to follow his example in religious practice as he follows Christ 's . In 16 : 1 - 2 , Paul encourages the setting aside of money on the day after Sabbath for a collection for the Christians in Jerusalem ; it is not stated whether this is in conjunction with a first - day group meeting . As in Acts 20 , the word `` week '' translates Sabbaton in `` the first day of the week '' . Galatians : In 4 : 10 - 11 , spiritual enslavement to special days , months , seasons , and years is rejected . In context , Paul speaks of enslavement to `` the elemental things of the world '' and `` those weak and miserable principles '' ( 4 : 3 , 4 : 9 ) , and allegorizes the Israelites as `` children who are to be slaves '' ( 4 : 24 ) . The theme of 5 is freedom . Seventh - day Sabbatarians believe Paul was promoting freedom in Sabbath observance and rejecting either observance of non-Levitical Gnostic practices , or else legalistic observance of Biblical festivals ( cf . Col. 2 : 9 - 17 ) ; others believe Paul spoke about Judaizers and was rejecting seventh - day Sabbath as not prescribed in the New Covenant , represented by Mount Zion above and by freedom . Colossians : In 2 : 9 - 17 , the rule is laid down that no one should pass judgment on anyone else in regard to High Sabbaths , new moon , and Sabbath . Paul states that these yet remain as a shadow of Messianic events that are still coming as of his writing . The withholding of judgment has been interpreted variously as indicating either maintenance , transference , or abolition of Sabbath . First - day Sabbatarians and non-Sabbatarians often regard the Mosaic law as being the `` record of debt '' ( ESV ) nailed to the cross . Some seventh - day Sabbatarians regard only High Sabbaths as abolished due to their foreshadowing the cross , holding it impossible for weekly Sabbath ( which preceded sin ) to foreshadow deliverance from sin in the cross . Others regard Sabbath , new moon , and High Sabbaths not as nailed to the cross but as foreshadowing the eternal plan of God . Book of Hebrews : In 4 : 1 - 11 , Sabbath texts are analyzed with the conclusion that some form of Sabbath - keeping ( sabbatismos ) remains for God 's people ; the term generically means any literal or spiritual Sabbath - keeping . Revelation : In 1 : 10 , John the Beloved states that he was `` in Spirit '' in the `` Lord 's Day '' , a term apparently familiar to his readers , without mentioning Sabbath . First - day Sabbatarians hold that this means he was worshipping on Sunday , the day of Christ 's resurrection ( cf . Acts 20 : 7 , 1 Cor. 16 : 2 , later patristic writings ) . Seventh - day Sabbatarians hold that this means he was brought by the Spirit into a vision of the Day of the Lord ( cf . Is . 58 : 13 - 14 , etc . ) . Both lay claim to the name `` Lord 's Day '' for Sabbath . In 20 : 1 - 10 , the millennial reign of Christ is described , which is often interpreted as a seventh ( Sabbatical ) millennium . Apocrypha ( edit ) 1 Esdras : 1 : 58 quotes 2 Chr. 36 : 21 , relying on the prophecies of Jer. 25 and of Lev. 26 . In 5 : 52 , Joshua the High Priest and Zerubbabel lead the rededication of the altar for Sabbath , new moon , and ( annual ) holy feasts . 1 Maccabees : In 1 : 39 - 45 , under Antiochus IV Epiphanes , Jerusalem 's Sabbaths become a reproach and profanation . In 2 : 32 - 41 , he wars against the Maccabees and followers on Sabbath , one thousand of whom are killed after refusing to come out ; Mattathias and his friends decree they will battle on Sabbath in self - defense . In 9 : 34 - 49 , Bacchides prepares to attack on Sabbath but is defeated by Jonathan Maccabeus . In 10 : 34 , Demetrius I Soter declares that Jews will be free to celebrate feasts , Sabbaths , new moons , and solemn days , but is not received . 2 Maccabees : In 5 : 25 - 26 , a Mysian captain named Apollonius attacks all those celebrating Sabbath . In 6 : 6 - 11 , Antiochus criminalizes Sabbath and ancient fasts , and those keeping Sabbath secretly in caves are burned to death . In 8 : 26 - 28 , after defeating Nicanor 's army , the men of Judas Maccabeus leave off pursuit on Preparation Day , instead gathering spoil , occupying themselves about Sabbath , and praising and thanking God ; after Sabbath they distribute the spoil to the maimed , widows , and orphans , and then themselves and their servants . In 12 : 38 - 39 , Judas 's men reach Adullam and purify themselves when the seventh day comes , according to custom , and keep Sabbath there , burying those dead in battle on the day after , according to custom ( i.e. , the first day ) . In 15 : 1 - 4 , Nicanor resolves to attack Judas in Samaria on Sabbath but is entreated to forbear by the Jews accompanying him , who argue that the living Lord commanded the seventh day to be kept in holiness . Judith : In 8 : 6 , Judith fasts and lives in a tent for three years and four months , except for Sabbath eve , Sabbath , new moon eve , new moon , and feasts and solemn days . In 10 : 2 , it is repeated that she only dwelt in her house for Sabbath and feast days . Religious books from no Biblical canon ( edit ) Infancy Gospel of Thomas 2.1 - 5 : The five - year - old Jesus forms twelve sparrows out of clay on Sabbath , which then fly away , chirping ; he also gathers together flowing water into pure pools by his word at the same time , and pronounces an efficaceous curse on the child who disperses the pools . Jews object to Joseph about these things . Gospel of Thomas 27 : Jesus warns , `` Fast as regards the world ... Observe the Sabbath as a Sabbath . '' Gospel of Peter 2.5 , 7.27 : Herod commends the swift burial of Jesus because it is the day before Sabbath and the Feast of Unleavened Bread . That day , after the ninth hour ( 3 : 00 p.m. ) , the disciples mourn and weep `` night and day until the Sabbath '' ( sunset or 6 : 00 p.m. ; the idiom `` night and day '' can import a portion of a day ) . Gospel of Nicodemus ( Acts of Pilate ) 1.1 , 2.6 , 4.2 , 6.1 , 12.1 - 2 , 15.6 , 16.1 - 2 : Annas , Caiaphas , and others accuse Jesus of polluting Sabbath and wanting to destroy Torah , because he healed on Sabbath . Joseph of Arimathea is arrested and sealed up in a room on the day of Jesus ' death , the day before Sabbath ; he is ordered by a council to be dishonored on the day after Sabbath , but is not found when the door is opened . Joseph later testifies ( on the day before another Sabbath ) that he had remained locked up all Sabbath but , on midnight the day after , beheld a lightning flash and was led outside by the risen Jesus . Acts of Paul , in the latter half of the second century : Paul prays `` on the Sabbath as the Lord 's Day ( kyriake ) drew near . '' Damascus Document , known from the Dead Sea Scrolls monastic community , as well as a previously found copy , contains some of the most detailed Sabbath regulations anywhere : Sabbath is said to begin from when the setting sun `` is above the horizon by its diameter '' ; any discussion of business or commerce on Sabbath is specifically forbidden , as is housecleaning , opening a container , or taking anything in or out of one 's house ; and the limit for walking outside one 's city is set at 1000 cubits , or 2000 cubits if following a herd animal . One may bathe and drink water directly from the river on Sabbath , but not fill a container with water . Also , it is permitted to rescue a human being who falls into a well on the Sabbath , but significantly , not permitted to rescue an animal from a well on the Sabbath . Frameworks ( edit ) Table set for Shabbat eve . Three primary interpretative frameworks exist , with many subcategories . Interpretation is complicated by the differing meanings attributed to unambiguous seventh - day Sabbath prior to the resurrection of Jesus ; the ambiguity of events after the resurrection , including first - day and seventh - day events ( Acts 20 : 7 , 1 Cor. 16 : 2 , perhaps Rev. 1 : 10 ; Acts 1 : 12 , 13 : 13 - 45 , 15 : 19 - 29 , 16 : 13 , 17 : 2 , and 18 : 4 ) ; and several early Christian observances being attested as daily or on nonspecific days ( Mk. 2 : 1 - 2 , Lk. 19 : 47 - 20 : 1 , Acts 2 : 42 - 47 ) . Early Christians also observed Jewish practices as a sect of Judaism ( Acts 3 : 1 , 5 : 27 - 42 , 21 : 18 - 26 , 24 : 5 , 24 : 14 , 28 : 22 ) , and observed Tanakh feasts ( Passover , Acts 12 : 3 - 4 , 20 : 6 , 1 Cor. 5 : 7 - 8 , 15 : 20 , Jude 12 ; Pentecost , Acts 2 : 1 , 18 : 21 , 20 : 16 , 1 Cor. 16 : 8 ; Atonement , Acts 27 : 9 ) . Interpreters of each framework consider the high regard for the New Covenant described in Jer. 31 : 31 ( cf . Heb. 8 : 1 - 13 ) as supporting their Sabbath positions . Seventh day ( edit ) Main articles : Shabbat and Sabbath in seventh - day churches Observing the Sabbath - closing havdalah ritual in 14th - century Spain . At least two branches of Christianity keep a seventh - day Sabbath , though historically they are not derived one from the other : the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Seventh - day Sabbatarians . Of different outlooks in some respects , they share others . Just as in the Jewish calendar , the Orthodox begin and end every ecclesial day at sunset , including the Sabbath . Both branches thus observe the Sabbath from what the civil calendar identifies as Friday sunset until Saturday sunset . Both identify the Sabbath with the day of rest established by God as stated in Genesis 2 , a day to be kept holy . Both identify Jesus Christ as the Lord of the Sabbath , and acknowledge that he faithfully kept the Sabbath throughout his life on earth . Both accept the admonitions of St. Ignatius on the keeping of the Sabbath . Seventh - day Sabbatarians ( edit ) Seventh - day Sabbatarians rest on the seventh Hebrew day . Jewish Shabbat is observed from sundown on Friday until the appearance of three stars in the sky on Saturday night ; it is also observed by a minority of Christians . Thirty - nine activities prohibited on Shabbat are listed in Tractate Shabbat ( Talmud ) . Customarily , Shabbat is ushered in by lighting candles shortly before sunset , at halakhically calculated times that change from week to week and from place to place . Observance in Hebrew Scriptures was universally from sixth - day evening to seventh - day evening ( Neh. 13 : 19 , cf . Lev. 23 : 32 ) on a seven - day week ; Shabbat ends approximately one hour after sunset by rabbinical ordinance to extend the Tanakh 's sunset - to - sunset Sabbath into the first day of the week . The Jewish interpretation usually states that the New Covenant ( Jer. 31 : 31 ) refers to the future Messianic Kingdom . Several Christian denominations ( such as Seventh Day Baptist , Seventh - day Adventist , Sabbath Rest Advent Church , Church of God ( Seventh Day ) , and other Churches of God ) observe Sabbath similarly to or less rigorously than Judaism , but observance ends at Saturday sunset instead of Saturday nightfall . Like the Jews with Shabbat , they believe that keeping seventh - day Sabbath is a moral responsibility , equal to that of any of the Ten Commandments , that honors God as Creator and Deliverer . The Christian seventh - day interpretation usually states that Sabbath belongs inherently to all nations ( Ex. 20 : 10 , Is . 56 : 6 - 7 , 66 : 22 - 23 ) and remains part of the New Covenant after the crucifixion of Jesus ( Lk. 23 : 56 , Mt. 24 : 20 , Acts 16 : 13 , Heb. 8 : 10 ) . Many seventh - day Sabbatarians also use `` Lord 's Day '' to mean the seventh day , based on Scriptures in which God calls the day `` my Sabbath '' ( Ex. 31 : 13 ) and `` to the LORD '' ( 16 : 23 ) ; some count Sunday separately as Lord 's Day and many consider it appropriate for communal worship ( but not for first - day rest , which would be considered breaking the Ten Commandments ) . In this way , St. Ignatius saw believers `` no longer observing the ( Jewish ) Sabbath , but living in the observance of the Lord 's Day '' , and amplified this point as follows : `` Let us therefore no longer keep the Sabbath after the Jewish manner , and rejoice in days of idleness ... But let every one of you keep the Sabbath after a spiritual manner , rejoicing in meditation on the law , not in relaxation of the body , admiring the workmanship of God , and not eating things prepared the day before , nor using lukewarm drinks , and walking within a prescribed space , nor finding delight in dancing and plaudits which have no sense in them . And after the observance of the Sabbath , let every friend of Christ keep the Lord 's Day as a festival , the resurrection - day , the queen and chief of all the days . '' The Seventh - day Adventist official 28 fundamental beliefs ( at 20 ) state : The beneficent Creator , after the six days of Creation , rested on the seventh day and instituted the Sabbath for all people as a memorial of Creation . The fourth commandment of God 's unchangeable law requires the observance of this seventh - day Sabbath as the day of rest , worship , and ministry in harmony with the teaching and practice of Jesus , the Lord of the Sabbath . The Sabbath is a day of delightful communion with God and one another . It is a symbol of our redemption in Christ , a sign of our sanctification , a token of our allegiance , and a foretaste of our eternal future in God 's kingdom . The Sabbath is God 's perpetual sign of His eternal covenant between Him and His people . Joyful observance of this holy time from evening to evening , sunset to sunset , is a celebration of God 's creative and redemptive acts . ( Gen. 2 : 1 - 3 ; Ex. 20 : 8 - 11 ; Luke 4 : 16 ; Isa. 56 : 5 , 6 ; 58 : 13 , 14 ; Matt . 12 : 1 - 12 ; Ex. 31 : 13 - 17 ; Eze. 20 : 12 , 20 ; Deut. 5 : 12 - 15 ; Heb. 4 : 1 - 11 ; Lev. 23 : 32 ; Mark 1 : 32 . ) The Doctrinal Points of the Church of God ( 7th day ) ( Salem Conference , at 17 ) state : We should observe the seventh day of the week ( Saturday ) , from even to even , as the Sabbath of the Lord our God . Evening is at sunset when day ends and another day begins . No other day has ever been sanctified as the day of rest . The Sabbath Day begins at sundown on Friday and ends at sundown on Saturday . Genesis 2 : 1 - 3 ; Exodus 20 : 8 - 11 ; Isaiah 58 : 13 - 14 ; 56 : 1 - 8 ; Acts 17 : 2 ; Acts 18 : 4 , 11 ; Luke 4 : 16 ; Mark 2 : 27 - 28 ; Matthew 12 : 10 - 12 ; Hebrews 4 : 1 - 11 ; Genesis 1 : 5 , 13 - 14 ; Nehemiah 13 : 19 . Both Jewish and Christian seventh - day interpretation usually state that Jesus ' teachings relate to the Pharisaic position on Sabbath observance , and that Jesus kept seventh - day Sabbath throughout his life on earth . Sunday law ( edit ) Main article : Seventh - day Adventist eschatology Noticing the rise of blue laws , the Seventh - day Adventist church in particular has traditionally taught that in the end time a coalition of religious and secular authorities will enforce an international Sunday law ; church pioneers saw observance of seventh - day Sabbath as a `` mark '' or `` seal '' or test of God 's people that seals them , even as those who do not observe Sunday rest will be persecuted and killed . Ellen G. White interpreted Dan . 7 : 25 , Rev. 13 : 15 , Rev. 7 , Ezek. 20 : 12 - 20 , and Ex. 31 : 13 in this way , describing the subject of persecution in prophecy as being about Sabbath commandments . First day ( edit ) Main articles : Sabbath in Christianity and Sabbatarianism § Sunday Sabbatarians Most Christians worship communally on the first ( Hebrew or Roman ) day . In most Christian denominations ( Roman Catholic , some Eastern Orthodox , and most Protestant ) , the `` Lord 's Day '' ( Sunday ) is the fulfillment of the `` Sabbath '' ( Catholic Catechism 2175 ) , which is kept in commemoration of the resurrection of Christ , and often celebrated with the Eucharist ( Catholic Catechism 2177 ) . It is often also the day of rest . Lord 's Day is considered both the first day and the `` eighth day '' of the seven - day week , symbolizing both first creation and new creation ( 2174 ) . ( Alternatively , in some calendars , Sunday is designated the seventh day of the week . ) Relatively few Christians regard first - day observance as entailing all of the ordinances of Shabbat . This interpretation usually states that the Holy Spirit through the Apostles instituted the worship celebration of the first day to commemorate Jesus ' resurrection , and that the New Covenant transfers Sabbath - keeping ( whether defined as rest or communal worship or both ) to the first day by implication . In Roman Catholicism , the transfer is described as based on their church 's authority and papal infallibility . Roman Catholics ( and many Protestants ) view the first day as a day for assembly for worship ( 2178 , Heb. 10 : 25 ) , but consider a day of rigorous rest not obligatory on Christians ( Rom. 14 : 5 , Col. 2 : 16 ) . Catholics count the prohibition of servile work as transferred from seventh - day Sabbath to Sunday ( 2175 - 6 ) , but do not hinder participation in `` ordinary and innocent occupations '' . Similarly , second - century father Justin Martyr believed in keeping perpetual Sabbath by repentance , holding that Gentile Christians need not rest as Jews were commanded ; but he accepted extant non-Judaizing seventh - day Sabbatarian Christians `` in all things as kinsmen and brethren '' . In other Protestant denominations , Lord 's Day is kept as a rest day with similar rigor as Jewish Sabbath . The Westminster Confession of Faith 21 : 7 - 8 , a Reformed Sabbatarian creed , states : As it is the law of nature , that , in general , a due proportion of time be set apart for the worship of God ; so , in His Word , by a positive , moral , and perpetual commandment binding all men in all ages , He has particularly appointed one day in seven , for a Sabbath , to be kept holy unto him ( Ex. 20 : 8 , 20 : 10 - 11 , Is . 56 : 2 , 56 : 4 , 56 : 6 - 7 ) : which , from the beginning of the world to the resurrection of Christ , was the last day of the week : and , from the resurrection of Christ , was changed into the first day of the week ( Ge. 2 : 2 - 3 , 1 Cor. 16 : 1 - 2 , Ac. 20 : 7 ) , which , in Scripture , is called the Lord 's Day ( Rev. 1 : 10 ) , and is to be continued to the end of the world , as the Christian Sabbath ( Ex. 20 : 8 , 20 : 10 , Mt. 5 : 17 ) . This Sabbath is to be kept holy unto the Lord when men , after a due preparing of their hearts , and ordering of their common affairs beforehand , do not only observe an holy rest all the day from their own works , words , and thoughts about their worldly employments and recreations ( Ex. 20 : 8 , 16 : 23 , 16 : 25 - 26 , 16 : 29 - 30 , 31 : 15 - 17 , Is . 58 : 13 , Neh. 13 : 15 - 19 , 13 : 21 - 22 ) , but also are taken up the whole time in the public and private exercises of His worship , and in the duties of necessity and mercy ( Is . 58 : 13 ) . Likewise , the General Rules of the Methodist Church required `` attending upon all the ordinances of God '' including `` the public worship of God '' and prohibited `` profaning the day of the Lord , either by doing ordinary work therein or by buying or selling '' . Assemblies ( edit ) Main article : Lord 's Day The following textual evidence for first - day assembly is usually combined with the notion that the rest day should follow the assembly day to support first - day Sabbatarianism . On the first day of the week ( usually considered the day of Firstfruits ) , after Jesus has been raised from the dead ( Mk. 16 : 9 ) , he appears to Mary Magdalene , Peter , Cleopas , and others . `` On the evening of that first day of the week '' ( Roman time ) , or the evening beginning the second day ( Hebrew time ) , the resurrected Jesus appears at a meeting of ten apostles and other disciples ( Jn. 20 : 19 ) . The same time of the week `` a week later '' ( NIV ) or , more literally , `` after eight days again '' inclusive ( KJV ) , Jesus appears to the eleven apostles and others ( Jn. 20 : 26 ) . After Jesus ascends ( Acts 1 : 9 ) , on the feast of Pentecost or Shavuot ( the 50th day from Firstfruits and thus usually calculated as the first day of the week ) , the Spirit of God is given to the disciples , who baptize 3,000 people into the apostolic fellowship . Later , on one occasion in Troas , the early Christians meet on the first day ( Hebrew ) to break bread and to listen to Christian preaching ( Acts 20 : 7 ) . Paul also states that the churches of Corinth and Galatia should set aside donations on the first day for collection ( 1 Cor. 16 : 2 ) . Didache 14 : 1 ( AD 70 - 120 ? ) contains an ambiguous text , translated by Roberts as , `` But every Lord 's day gather yourselves together , and break bread , and give thanksgiving '' ; the first clause in Greek , `` κατά κυριακήν δέ κυρίου '' , literally means `` On the Lord 's of the Lord '' , and translators supply the elided noun ( e.g. , `` day '' , `` commandment '' ( from 13 : 7 ) , or `` doctrine '' ) . Gleason Archer regards this as clearly referring to Sunday . Breaking bread may refer to Christian fellowship , agape feasts , or Eucharist ( cf . Acts 2 : 42 , 20 : 7 ) . Other interpreters believe these references do not support the concept of transfer of the seventh - day rest , and some add that they do not sufficiently prove that Sunday observance was an established practice in the primitive New Testament church . By the second century , Justin Martyr stated , `` We all gather on the day of the sun '' ( recalling both the creation of light and the resurrection ) ; and the Epistle of Barnabas on Is . 1 : 13 stated the eighth - day assembly marks the resurrection and the new creation : `` He is saying there : ' It is not these sabbaths of the present age that I find acceptable , but the one of my own appointment : the one that , after I have set all things at rest , is to usher in the Eighth Day , the commencement of a new world . ' ( And we too rejoice in celebrating the Eighth Day ; because that was when Jesus rose from the dead , and showed Himself again , and ascended into heaven . ) '' Both days ( edit ) Ethiopian Orthodox and Eritrean Orthodox Christians ( both of which are branches of Oriental Orthodoxy ) distinguish between the Sabbath ( seventh day ) and Lord 's Day ( first day ) and observe both . Seventh - day Adventists in several islands of the Pacific ( Tonga ; Western Samoa ; Tokelau ; Wallis & Futuna ; Phoenix & Line Islands ) observe Sunday as the practice on ships in the Pacific had been to change days at the 180 ° meridian . The islands were well to the east of this line , so the missionaries observed the Sabbath on the day sequence of the Western Hemisphere . However , the Tonga islands used the same days as New Zealand and Australia , so the missionaries were observing the seventh - day Sabbath on the day the secular authorities called Sunday . The International Date Line ( IDL ) was placed east of Tonga to align its weekdays with New Zealand and Fiji . Consequently , Tonga 's time zone is UTC + 13 rather than UTC − 12 : 00 , as it would be if the Date Line ran along the 180 ° meridian . However , the SDA church observes the Sabbath as though the IDL followed the 180 ° meridian . When the International Date Line was moved , islanders who had been worshiping on Sabbath were suddenly worshiping on Sunday because of a man made international treaty . After much discussion within the church , it was decided that the islanders would continue to worship on the same day as they always had , even though the name of the day had been changed from Saturday to Sunday by decree . However this situation is not without conflict . Note : Jump up ^ Governments are free to select the time zone of their choice . Unspecified day ( edit ) Main article : Non-Sabbatarianism Non-Sabbatarians affirm human liberty not to observe a weekly rest or worship day . While keepers of weekly days usually believe in religious liberty , non-Sabbatarians are particularly free to uphold Sabbath principles , or not , without limiting observance to either Saturday or Sunday . Some advocate Sabbath rest on any chosen day of the week , and some advocate Sabbath as a symbolic metaphor for rest in Christ ; the concept of `` Lord 's Day '' is usually treated as synonymous with `` Sabbath '' . The non-Sabbatarian interpretation usually states that Jesus ' obedience and the New Covenant fulfilled the laws of Sabbath , which are thus often considered abolished or abrogated . Some of Jesus ' teachings are considered as redefining the Sabbath laws of the Pharisees ( Lk. 13 : 10 - 17 , Jn. 5 : 16 - 18 , 9 : 13 - 16 ) . Since Jesus is understood to have fulfilled Torah ( Mk. 2 : 28 , Mt. 5 : 17 ) , non-Sabbatarian Christians believe that they are not bound by Sabbath as legalists consider themselves to be . Non-Sabbatarians can thus exhibit either Christian liberty or antinomianism . On principles of religious liberty , non-Sabbatarian Jews similarly affirm their freedom not to observe Shabbat as Orthodox Jews do . Non-Sabbatarian Christians also cite 2 Cor. 3 : 2 - 3 , in which believers are compared to `` a letter from Christ , the result of our ministry , written ... not on tablets of stone but on tablets of human hearts '' ; this interpretation states that Christians accordingly no longer follow the Ten Commandments with dead orthodoxy ( `` tablets of stone '' ) , but follow a new law written upon `` tablets of human hearts '' . 3 : 7 - 11 adds that `` if the ministry that brought death , which was engraved in letters on stone , came with glory ... , will not the ministry of the Spirit be even more glorious ? ... And if what was fading away came with glory , how much greater is the glory of that which lasts ! '' This is interpreted as teaching that new - covenant Christians are not under the Mosaic law , and that Sabbath - keeping is not required . Further , because `` love is the fulfillment of the law '' ( Rom. 13 : 10 ) , the new - covenant `` law '' is considered to be based entirely upon love and to rescind Sabbath requirements . Non-Sabbatarians who affirm that Sabbath - keeping remains for God 's people ( as in Heb. 4 : 9 ) often regard this as present spiritual rest and / or future heavenly rest rather than as physical weekly rest . For instance , Irenaeus saw Sabbath rest from secular affairs for one day each week as a sign of the way that Christians were called to permanently devote themselves to God and an eschatological symbol . Interpretations ( edit ) Genesis 2 ( edit ) Based on Genesis 2 : 1 - 4 , Sabbath is considered by seventh - day Sabbatarians to be the first holy day mentioned in the Bible , with God , Adam , and Eve being the first to observe it . In order to reconcile an omnipotent God with a resting on the seventh day of Creation , the notion of active cessation from labor , rather than passive rest , has been regarded as a more consistent reading of God 's activity in this passage . Non-Sabbatarians and many first - day Sabbatarians consider this passage not to have instituted observance of Sabbath , which they place as beginning with Moses and the manna . Walter Brueggemann emphasizes Sabbath is rooted in the history of the Book of Exodus . Matthew 5 ( edit ) Jesus ' statement , `` Do not think that I have come to abolish the Law or the Prophets ; I have not come to abolish them but to fulfill them , '' is highly debated . Some non-Sabbatarians and others such as Anabaptists believe Jesus greatly reformed the Law and thus that Sabbath could only be justified if it were reaffirmed by Jesus . Antinomianism , generally regarded as a heresy , holds that , because Jesus accomplished all that was required by the law , thus `` fulfilling '' it , he made it unnecessary for anyone to do anything further . Strict Sabbatarians follow or expand Augustine 's statement in Reply to Faustus that Jesus empowered his people to obey the law and gave additional commands that furthered its true intentions . This passage is often related to Colossians 2 , from which maintenance , transference , or abolition of Sabbath are variously taught . Colossians 2 ( edit ) The English Standard Version at Col. 2 : 16 - 7 ( `` Therefore let no one pass judgment on you in questions of food and drink , or with regard to a festival or a new moon or a Sabbath . These are a shadow of the things to come , but the substance belongs to Christ . '' ) is taken as affirming non-Sabbatarian freedom from obligations to Sabbath , whether this means only annual Sabbaths ( Lev. 23 : 4 -- 44 ) or specifically weekly Sabbath ( Lev. 23 : 1 -- 3 ) . This passage 's threefold categorization of events is parallel to Num. 28 - 29 , 1 Chr. 23 : 31 , 2 Chr. 2 : 4 , Is . 1 : 13 , Ezek. 45 : 17 ( Lev. 23 mentions Sabbaths and festivals but not new moons ) . Accordingly , non-Sabbatarians and some first - day Sabbatarians believe this passage indicates Sabbath - keeping is part of an Old Covenant that is not mandatory ( cf . Heb. 8 : 13 ) . Seventh - day Sabbatarians and strict first - day Sabbatarians believe this passage indicates that weekly Sabbath remains to be kept as a shadow of things future to Paul 's day and / or a memorial of creation past . Additionally , Col. 2 : 13 - 5 states , `` And you , who were dead in your trespasses and the uncircumcision of your flesh , God made alive together with him , having forgiven us all our trespasses , by canceling the record of debt that stood against us with its legal demands . This he set aside , nailing it to the cross . He disarmed the rulers and authorities and put them to open shame , by triumphing over them in him . '' The ESV footnote regards `` in it ( that is , the cross ) '' as equivalent to the closing in him ( Christ ) . First - day Sabbatarians and non-Sabbatarians often regard Sabbath as changed , either to Lord 's Day or to spiritual Sabbath , by the Mosaic law being the `` record of debt '' ( ESV ) nailed to the cross . Some seventh - day Sabbatarians regard only High Sabbaths as abolished due to their foreshadowing the cross , holding it impossible for weekly Sabbath ( which preceded sin ) to foreshadow deliverance from sin in the cross . Others see the `` record of debt '' ( accusations ) as distinct from God 's unchanging law , believing it to be in force and affirmed by the evangelists after Jesus died on the cross , regarding Sabbath , new moon , and High Sabbaths not as nailed to the cross but as foreshadowing the eternal plan of God . Hebrews 4 ( edit ) The unique word sabbatismos in Hebrews 4 : 9 is translated `` rest '' in the Authorized Version and others ; `` Sabbath rest '' in the New International Version and other modern translations ; `` Sabbatism '' ( a transliteration ) in the Darby Bible ; `` Sabbath observance '' in the Scriptures 98 Edition ; and `` Sabbath keeping '' in the Bible in Basic English . The word also appears in Plutarch , De Superstitione 3 ( Moralia 166A ) ; Justin , Dialogue with Trypho 23 : 3 ; Epiphanius , Adversus Haereses 30 : 2 : 2 ; Martyrium Petri et Pauli 1 ; and Apostolic Constitutions 2 : 36 : 2 . Andrew Lincoln states , `` In each of these places the term denotes the observance or celebration of the Sabbath ... Thus the writer to the Hebrews is saying that since the time of Joshua an observance of the Sabbath rest has been outstanding . '' Sabbatarians believe the primary abiding Christian duty intended is weekly Sabbath - keeping , while non-Sabbatarians believe it is spiritual or eschatological Sabbath - keeping ; both meanings may be intended . Justin uses sabbatismos in Trypho 23 : 3 to mean weekly Sabbath - keeping . However , Justin does not speak of Hebrews 4 , instead holding that there is no longer any need for weekly Sabbath - keeping for anyone . Hippolytus of Rome , in the early third century , interpreted the term in Hebrews 4 to have special reference to a millennial Sabbath kingdom after six millennia of labor . St. Chrysostom interpreted the term as having reference to three rests : God 's rest from His labor on the seventh day , the rest of the Israelites in arriving in Canaan , and the heavenly ( eschatological ) rest for the faithful . He argued that the `` rest '' that `` has been outstanding '' is the heavenly rest , since the first two rests had already been going on . He also interpreted weekly Sabbath as a symbol of this heavenly rest : `` And well did he conclude the argument . For he said not rest but ' Sabbath - keeping ' ; calling the kingdom ' Sabbath - keeping , ' by the appropriate name , and that which they rejoiced in and were attracted by . For as , on the Sabbath He commands to abstain from all evil things ; and that those things only which relate to the Service of God should be done , which things the Priests were wont to accomplish , and whatsoever profits the soul , and nothing else ; so also ( will it be ) then . '' Matthew Henry calls this `` a rest of grace , and comfort , and holiness , in the gospel state . And a rest in glory , where the people of God shall enjoy the end of their faith , and the object of all their desires ... undoubtedly the heavenly rest , which remains to the people of God , and is opposed to a state of labour and trouble in this world . It is the rest they shall obtain when the Lord Jesus shall appear from heaven ... God has always declared man 's rest to be in him , and his love to be the only real happiness of the soul . '' This is taken to support the belief that Sabbath - keeping is a metaphor for the eternal `` rest '' that Christians enjoy in Christ , prefigured by the promised land of Canaan . Hebrews 8 ( edit ) Non-Sabbatarians and some first - day Sabbatarians believe Hebrews 8 indicates Sabbath - keeping is not mandatory , because `` in that he saith , a new covenant , he hath made the first old '' ( Heb. 8 : 13 KJV ; or `` obsolete '' NIV ) . Seventh - day Sabbatarians and strict first - day Sabbatarians believe Hebrews 8 indicates the Law of God ( including Sabbath ) remains on the hearts of God 's people to be kept , but not fallibly as in the older covenant ( Heb. 8 : 9 -- 10 ) . See also ( edit ) Remember the sabbath day , to keep it holy References ( edit ) Jump up ^ שַׁבָּת , Strong 's Concordance number 7676 as šabbāt , now usually Shabbat Jump up ^ Shabb thay , `` restful '' , 7678 Jump up ^ Pinches , T.G. ( 2003 ) . `` Sabbath ( Babylonian ) '' . In Hastings , James . Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics. 20 . Selbie , John A. , contrib . Kessinger Publishing . pp. 889 -- 891 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7661 - 3698 - 4 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 17 . It has been argued that the association of the number seven with creation itself derives from the circumstance that the Enuma Elish was recorded on seven tablets . `` emphasized by Professor Barton , who says : ' Each account is arranged in a series of sevens , the Babylonian in seven tablets , the Hebrew in seven days . Each of them places the creation of man in the sixth division of its series . '' Albert T. Clay , The Origin of Biblical Traditions : Hebrew Legends in Babylonia and Israel , 1923 , p. 74 . Jump up ^ 4521 Jump up ^ 7677 Jump up ^ 4520 Jump up ^ `` Sabbatical Year : every seventh year , during which the land , according to the law of Moses , had to remain uncultivated ( Lev. 25 : 2 - 7 ; comp . Ex. 23 : 10 , 11 , 12 ; Lev. 26 : 34 , 35 ) . Whatever grew of itself during that year was not for the owner of the land , but for the poor and the stranger and the beasts of the field . '' Easton 's Bible Dictionary , 1897 . Jump up ^ Dabney , Robert L. `` The Christian Sabbath : Its Nature , Design and Proper Observance '' . Discussions of Robert L. Dabney. 1 . Center for Reformed Theology and Apologetics . pp. 497 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Lincoln , Prof. Andrew T. ( 1982 ) . `` Sabbath , rest and eschatology in the New Testament '' . In Carson , D.A. From Sabbath to Lord 's Day . Zondervan . pp. 197 -- 220 . Jump up ^ Edwards , Jonathan . First Sermon : The Perpetuity of the Sabbath . After the Christian dispensation was fully set up ... even then Christians were bound to a strict observation of the sabbath . Jump up ^ `` The Sabbath and the Gospels '' . Sabbath in the Bible . World 's Last Chance. 2004 -- 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Wohlberg , Steve . `` Sabbath Basics '' . `` Ten Reasons why the Sabbath is not Jewish '' . Truth Left Behind . Jump up ^ `` Mark 16 : 9 '' . Oxford NIV Scofield Study Bible . Scofield , C.I. , ed. ; English , E. Schuyler , chmn . New York City : Oxford University Press . 1984 ( 1909 ) . p. 1047 . Jump up ^ `` Sunday '' . The Catholic Encyclopedia . 1913 . The practice of meeting together on the first day of the week for the celebration of the Eucharistic Sacrifice is indicated . Jump up ^ Richards , H.M.S. ( 1940 ) . Hard Nuts Cracked . p. 6 . After all there is nothing in the Scriptures to show that the celebration of the Lord 's Supper was confined to any particular day of the week . Cf . Acts 2 : 46 . Jump up ^ Stern , David H. ( 1992 ) . `` Notes on Gal. 4 : 8 - 10 '' . Jewish New Testament Commentary . Clarksville , Maryland : Jewish New Testament Publications , Inc. p. 557 . ISBN 965 - 359 - 008 - 1 . When Gentiles observe these Jewish holidays ... out of fear induced by Judaizers who have convinced them that unless they do these things , God will not accept them , then they are not obeying the Torah but subjugating themselves to legalism ... An alternative interpretation , however , is that the ' days , months , seasons and years ' of this passage do not refer to the Jewish holidays at all but to pagan Gentile feasts , naturally and directly reflecting ' those weak and miserable elemental spirits . ' According to this understanding Sha'ul was worried that his ex-pagan converts might be returning to these pagan festivals . ^ Jump up to : `` 6 . Does n't Colossians 2 : 14 - 17 do away with the seventh - day Sabbath ? '' . The Lost Day Of History . Amazing Facts. 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Howard , Kevin ( 1997 ) . The Feasts of the Lord . Zion 's Hope . p. 224 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7852 - 7518 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : St. Ignatius . `` Epistle to the Magnesians '' . 9 . Jump up ^ `` 8 . But was n't the Sabbath changed to Sunday at Christ 's death or resurrection ? '' . The Lost Day Of History . Amazing Facts. 2010 . Jump up ^ Wohlberg , Steve . `` Anti-Sabbath Arguments : Are They Really Right ? '' . Truth Left Behind . Jump up ^ `` Fundamental Beliefs '' . 20 . Jump up ^ `` Doctrinal Points of the Church of God ( 7th Day ) '' ( PDF ) . Salem , West Virginia : The Church of God Publishing House . p. 18 . ^ Jump up to : United States Catholic Conference , Inc. ( 1997 ) . `` You Shall Love the Lord Your God with All Your Heart , and with All Your Soul , and with All Your Mind , Article 3 , The Third Commandment ( 2168 - 2195 ) '' . Catechism of the Catholic Church ( 2d ed . ) . New York City : Doubleday . pp. 580 -- 6 . Jump up ^ James Cardinal Gibbons , The Faith of Our Fathers ( 1917 edition ) , p. 72 - 73 ( 16th Edition , p. 111 ; 88th Edition , p. 89 ) . `` You may read the Bible from Genesis to Revelation , and you will not find a single line authorizing the sanctification of Sunday . The Scriptures enforce the religious observance of Saturday , a day which we never sanctify . '' Jump up ^ Catholic Virginian , October 3 , 1947 , p. 9 , article `` To Tell You the Truth . '' `` For example , nowhere in the Bible do we find that Christ or the Apostles ordered that the Sabbath be changed from Saturday to Sunday . We have the commandment of God given to Moses to keep holy the Sabbath day , that is the 7th day of the week , Saturday . Today most Christians keep Sunday because it has been revealed to us by the ( Roman Catholic ) church outside the Bible . '' Jump up ^ `` Sabbath '' . The Catholic Encyclopedia . 1913 . Jump up ^ `` Ten Commandments '' . The Catholic Encyclopedia . 1913 . Jump up ^ `` Sabbatarians '' . The Catholic Encyclopedia . 1913 . Jump up ^ Justin Martyr . `` Dialogue with Trypho '' . 12 . Jump up ^ Justin Martyr . `` Dialogue with Trypho '' . 23 . Jump up ^ Justin Martyr . `` Dialogue with Trypho '' . 47 . Jump up ^ `` Westminster Confession of Faith '' . 21.7 - 8 . Jump up ^ Tucker , Karen B. Westerfield ( 27 April 2011 ) . American Methodist Worship . Oxford University Press . p. 46 . ISBN 9780199774159 . Jump up ^ `` 14 : 1 '' . Didache . Roberts , trans . Early Christian Writings . Jump up ^ Holmes , M. The Apostolic Fathers : Greek Texts and English Translations . Jump up ^ Strand , Kenneth A. ( 1982 ) . The Sabbath in Scripture and History . Washington , D.C. : Review and Herald Publishing Association . pp. 347 -- 8 . In Morgan , Kevin ( 2002 ) . Sabbath Rest . TEACH Services , Inc . pp. 37 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Archer , Gleason L. An Encyclopedia of Bible Difficulties ( PDF ) . p. 114 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ Justin Martyr . `` First Apology '' . 67 . Jump up ^ `` Epistle of Barnabas '' . 15 . Staniforth , Maxwell , trans . Jump up ^ Hay 1990 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Greene 2002 , p. 80 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Berkowitz , Richard & Michele ( 1991 ) . Shabbat . Baltimore : Lederer Publications . pp. 11 -- 2 . ISBN 1 - 880226 - 00 - 6 . We have a remembrance -- a physical Sabbath day -- to remind us anew of our spiritual freedom in him ... Observance paints a sacred picture of what it is like to be united in faith with Messiah Yeshua . One other reason to observe Shabbat is God has a blessing for us . Jump up ^ `` Against Heresies '' . 3.16. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Against Heresies '' . 4.33. 2 . Jump up ^ Brueggemann , Walter ( 2002 ) . The Land : Place as Gift , Promise , and Challenge in Biblical Faith . Overtures to Biblical Theology ( 2d ed . ) . Fortress Press . pp. 60 , 225 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8006 - 3462 - 9 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 28 . The tradition of Deuteronomy appeals for Sabbath on more historical grounds . Sabbath is rooted in the history of Exodus , which led to the land of fulfillment . ^ Jump up to : Walker , Allen . `` Please explain Colossians 2 : 14 '' . The Law and the Sabbath . pp. 113 -- 116 . Jump up ^ `` Notes on Col. 2 : 16 - 7 '' . Holy Bible , English Standard Version . The false teacher ( s ) were advocating a number of Jewish observances , arguing that they were essential for spiritual advancement ... The old covenant observances pointed to a future reality that was fulfilled in the Lord Jesus Christ ( cf . Heb. 10 : 1 ) . Hence , Christians are no longer under the Mosaic covenant ( cf . Rom. 6 : 14 -- 15 ; 7 : 1 -- 6 ; 2 Cor. 3 : 4 -- 18 ; Gal. 3 : 15 -- 4 : 7 ) . Christians are no longer obligated to observe OT dietary laws ( ' food and drink ' ) or festivals , holidays , and special days ( ' a festival ... new moon ... Sabbath , ' Col. 2 : 16 ) , for what these things foreshadowed has been fulfilled in Christ . It is debated whether the Sabbaths in question included the regular seventh - day rest of the fourth commandment , or were only the special Sabbaths of the Jewish festal calendar . Jump up ^ Stern , David H. ( 1992 ) . `` Notes on Col. 2 : 17 '' . Jewish New Testament Commentary . Clarksville , Maryland : Jewish New Testament Publications , Inc. p. 611 . ISBN 965 - 359 - 008 - 1 . These are a shadow of things that are coming , meaning the good things that will happen when Yeshua returns . Both verbs in 17a are present tense . Jump up ^ Lincoln , Prof. Andrew T. `` From Sabbath to Lord 's Day ( symposium ) '' . p. 213 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ John Chrysostom . `` 6th Homily on the Epistle to the Hebrews '' . Jump up ^ Henry , Matthew . Concise Commentary on the Whole Bible . Shabbat ( שבת ) Prayers Rituals Jewish prayer Yedid Nefesh Lekhah Dodi Shalom Aleichem Kiddush Zemirot Baqashot Torah reading ( Weekly Torah portion Shnayim mikra ve - echad targum ) Maftir Haftarah Seudah Shlishit Triennial cycle Torah study Food Kosher wine Challah Chopped liver Gefilte fish Vorschmack Cholent Kugel Objects Crock pot Hot water urn Shabbat candles Blech Challah cover Kiddush cup Laws Biblical mile Biblical Sabbath Driving Electricity Eruv Eruv tavshilin Eruv techumin Food preparation Muktzeh Chai Nosei Et Atzmo Prohibited activities rabbinically prohibited Shabbos goy Shomer Shabbat Innovations KosherSwitch Zomet Institute Shabbat elevator Shabbat lamp Shabbat microphone Sabbath mode Shabbat pedestrian crossing Special Shabbat Shabbaton Eve of Passover on Shabbat Motza'ei Shabbat Kiddush levana Havdalah Melaveh Malkah List of Shabbat topics Ten Commandments Tablets of Stone Finger of God Ritual Decalogue Commandments I am the Lord thy God Thou shalt have no other gods before me Thou shalt not make unto thee any graven image Thou shalt not take the name of the Lord thy God in vain Remember the sabbath day , to keep it holy Honour thy father and thy mother Thou shalt not kill Thou shalt not commit adultery Thou shalt not steal Thou shalt not bear false witness against thy neighbour Thou shalt not covet Related Moses Biblical Mount Sinai Ark of the Covenant In Catholic theology Tabot Alternatives 613 commandments Seven Laws of Noah In art Descent from Mount Sinai ( Sistine Chapel , 1481 - 82 painting ) Moses ( c. 1513 -- 1515 sculpture ) Moses Breaking the Tablets of the Law ( 1659 painting ) Moses ( 1962 sculpture ) Media The Ten Commandments ( 1923 film ) The Ten Commandments ( 1956 film ) Les Dix Commandements ( 2000 musical ) K10C : Kids ' Ten Commandments ( 2003 videos ) The Ten Commandments ( 2004 musical ) The Ten Commandments ( 2006 miniseries ) The Ten ( 2007 film ) The Ten Commandments ( 2007 film ) I Am ( 2010 film ) The Ten Commandments ( 2016 film ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biblical_Sabbath&oldid=834312618 '' Categories : Sabbath Ancient Christian controversies Bible - related controversies Christian terminology Commandments Early Christianity and Judaism Mosaic law in Christian theology Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL Articles containing Hebrew - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2015 Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 5 April 2018 , at 01 : 25 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical%20Sabbath	1,130
who won the super bowl for the ravens			Super Bowl XLVII	super bowl xlvii	Super Bowl XLVII was an American football game between the American Football Conference ( AFC ) champion Baltimore Ravens and the National Football Conference ( NFC ) champion San Francisco 49ers to decide the National Football League ( NFL ) champion for the 2012 season . The Ravens defeated the 49ers by the score of 34 -- 31 , handing the 49ers their first Super Bowl loss in franchise history . The game was played on February 3 , 2013 , at Mercedes - Benz Superdome in New Orleans , Louisiana . This was the tenth Super Bowl to be played in New Orleans , equaling Miami 's record of ten in an individual city .	For the first time in Super Bowl history , the game featured two brothers coaching against each other -- Jim and John Harbaugh , head coaches of the San Francisco 49ers and Baltimore Ravens , respectively -- earning it the nickname Harbaugh Bowl . In addition , Super Bowl XLVII was the first to feature two teams that had undefeated records in previous Super Bowl games ( Baltimore , 1 -- 0 ; San Francisco , 5 -- 0 ) . The 49ers , who posted a regular - season record of 11 -- 4 -- 1 , entered the game seeking their sixth Super Bowl win in team history ( and first since Super Bowl XXIX at the end of the 1994 season ) , which would have tied the Pittsburgh Steelers for the most by a franchise . The Ravens , who posted a 10 -- 6 regular - season record , made their second Super Bowl appearance in 12 years , having previously won Super Bowl XXXV . Ray Lewis , the Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) from that game , as well as the last remaining member of the inaugural Ravens roster from 1996 , also played in this game , his last before his retirement from professional football . Baltimore built a 28 -- 6 lead early in the third quarter before a partial power outage in the Superdome suspended play for 34 minutes ( earning the game the added nickname of the Blackout Bowl ) . After play resumed , San Francisco scored 17 unanswered third - quarter points to cut the Ravens ' lead to 28 -- 23 , and continued to chip away in the fourth quarter . With the Ravens leading late in the game , 34 -- 29 , the 49ers advanced to the Baltimore 7 - yard line just before the two - minute warning but turned the ball over on downs . The Ravens then took an intentional safety in the waning moments of the game to preserve the victory . Baltimore quarterback Joe Flacco , who completed 22 of 33 passes for 287 yards and three touchdowns , became the fourth quarterback in a row to be named Super Bowl MVP , after Drew Brees at Super Bowl XLIV , Aaron Rodgers at Super Bowl XLV , and Eli Manning at Super Bowl XLVI . CBS broadcast the game in the U.S. , and charged an average of $4 million for a 30 - second commercial during the game , the highest rate for any Super Bowl . According to Nielsen , Super Bowl XLVII was viewed by an estimated average of 108.69 million people in the United States , with a record 164.1 million tuning into at least six minutes of the game . Beyoncé performed in the Super Bowl XLVII halftime show , which featured a reunion with her fellow members from Destiny 's Child : Kelly Rowland and Michelle Williams . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Host - selection process 1.2 Nicknames 1.3 Teams 1.3. 1 Baltimore Ravens 1.3. 2 San Francisco 49ers 1.4 Playoffs 1.5 Pregame notes 2 Broadcasting 2.1 Television 2.1. 1 United States 2.1. 2 International 2.1. 3 Commercials 2.1. 4 International broadcasters 2.2 Radio 3 Entertainment 3.1 Pregame 3.2 Halftime 4 Game summary 4.1 First quarter 4.2 Second quarter 4.3 Third quarter 4.4 Fourth quarter 4.5 Power outage 4.6 Box score 4.7 Statistical overview 5 Final statistics 5.1 Statistical comparison 5.2 Individual leaders 6 Starting lineups 7 Officials 8 References 9 External links Background ( edit ) The game marked the first Super Bowl in which both of the teams had appeared in , but had not yet lost a previous Super Bowl ; the 49ers came into the game having won all five of their previous Super Bowl appearances , while the Ravens had won in their lone previous Super Bowl appearance in Super Bowl XXXV against the New York Giants . Currently , this phenomenon can only be repeated if either the Ravens or the New York Jets play against either the Tampa Bay Buccaneers or the New Orleans Saints in a subsequent Super Bowl . Baltimore 's victory made them the only current NFL franchise to have appeared in at least two Super Bowls without ever losing any of their appearances . Host - selection process ( edit ) The Mercedes - Benz Superdome was selected as the host site for Super Bowl XLVII Three cities presented bids for the game : New Orleans , on behalf of Mercedes - Benz Superdome Glendale , Arizona , on behalf of University of Phoenix Stadium Miami Gardens , Florida , on behalf of Sun Life Stadium The league then selected the New Orleans bid during the NFL 's Spring Ownership Meetings in Fort Lauderdale , Florida on May 19 , 2009 . This was the tenth time that the city has hosted the Super Bowl , by far the most by an individual city and once again tying with the Miami area for the most Super Bowls hosted by a metropolitan area . It was the first Super Bowl to be held in New Orleans since the Superdome sustained damage from Hurricane Katrina in 2005 , as well as since the naming rights of the Superdome were sold to Mercedes - Benz while it was undergoing a major renovation in 2011 , including the addition of Champions Square . New Orleans artist Ally Burguieres was selected to design the official medallion for Super Bowl XLVII , which was included on beads to commemorate the Mardi Gras tradition . Because of the February 3 date of Super Bowl XLVII , the 2013 Mardi Gras calendar in Orleans Parish was changed . Parades scheduled for February 3 and before were moved ahead one week . The same situation occurred in 2002 when the 9 / 11 attacks caused a one - week delay in the 2001 NFL season , resulting in the Super Bowl XXXVI falling within the Mardi Gras parade calendar . Mercedes - Benz Superdome following Super Bowl XLVII This was the 49ers ' second Super Bowl played at the Superdome -- the first being Super Bowl XXIV when they beat the Denver Broncos 55 -- 10 . The 49ers , Broncos and New England Patriots are the only teams so far to play two or more Super Bowls at the Superdome . The 49ers also joined the Broncos and the Colts in playing two Super Bowls at two different stadiums . The 49ers won Super Bowls XXIII and XXIX in Miami at what is now known as Hard Rock Stadium . Nicknames ( edit ) Super Bowl XLVII earned many nicknames , including the `` Bro Bowl '' , `` Harbaugh Bowl '' , `` HarBowl '' , `` Super Baugh '' , `` Brother Bowl '' , and `` Superbro '' , as this was the first Super Bowl featuring brothers as opposing head coaches : Baltimore 's John Harbaugh and San Francisco 's Jim Harbaugh , whose clubs previously met in a 2011 Thanksgiving Day game , which John Harbaugh 's Ravens won 16 -- 6 , which was also the first time that two brothers had met as rival head coaches in the NFL . Due to a power outage affecting half the stadium during the third quarter , the game has also become known as the `` Blackout Bowl '' . Teams ( edit ) Baltimore Ravens ( edit ) Main article : 2012 Baltimore Ravens season After going 12 -- 4 and reaching the AFC Championship Game in 2011 , only to lose to the New England Patriots when wide receiver Lee Evans dropped a game - winning catch in the end zone and Billy Cundiff missed a potential game - tying 32 - yard field goal , the Ravens advanced further in 2012 to the Super Bowl after recording a 10 -- 6 regular season record . Under head coach John Harbaugh , who was in his fifth season with the team , Baltimore upgraded their roster with players such as defensive backs Sean Considine and Corey Graham , and wide receiver Jacoby Jones . In December 2012 , the Ravens fired offensive coordinator Cam Cameron and promoted quarterbacks coach Jim Caldwell , who was previously the head coach of the Indianapolis Colts from 2009 to 2011 , as the successor . With personnel on both sides of the ball , they finished the season ranked 10th in points per game ( 24.9 ) , and 12th in fewest points allowed ( 21.5 ) In command of the offense was five - year veteran Joe Flacco , who finished the season with a career - high 3,817 passing yards and 22 touchdowns , with only 10 interceptions . ( Super Bowl XLVII would be one of only two years the AFC team 's quarterback would not be either Tom Brady , Ben Roethlisberger or Peyton Manning between Super Bowls XXXVI and LI ; the other was Super Bowl XXXVII ten years prior , when the 2002 Oakland Raiders were helmed by Rich Gannon . ) His top targets were receivers Anquan Boldin ( 65 receptions , 921 yards , 4 touchdowns ) and Torrey Smith ( 49 receptions , 855 yards , 8 touchdowns ) , along with tight end Dennis Pitta ( 61 receptions , 669 yards , 7 touchdowns ) . Their backfield featured two Pro Bowl selections : halfback Ray Rice and fullback Vonta Leach . Rice rushed for 1,143 yards and 9 touchdowns , while also hauling in 61 receptions for 478 yards and another score . Leach served effectively as his lead blocker and a receiver out of the backfield , catching 21 passes . The Ravens ' offensive line was led by Pro Bowl guard Marshal Yanda . On special teams , Jones returned 38 kickoffs for 1,116 yards and two touchdowns , giving him a whopping 30.7 yards per return average . He also gained 341 yards and another touchdown returning punts , and caught 30 passes for 406 yards and a score . Rookie kicker Justin Tucker ranked 7th in the NFL in field goal percentage ( 90.9 ) , kicking 30 / 33 field goals and making all 42 of his extra point attempts . Baltimore 's defensive line was anchored by Pro Bowl defensive end Haloti Ngata , who compiled 51 tackles and 5 sacks , along with defensive tackle Arthur Jones ( 47 tackles , 4.5 sacks ) . The Ravens also had an excellent set of linebackers , such as Paul Kruger , Dannell Ellerbe , Jameel McClain , Terrell Suggs , and Ray Lewis . Kruger led the team in sacks with 9 , while Ellerbe added 92 tackles and 4.5 sacks . McClain had 79 tackles . Suggs , a ten - year veteran and five - time Pro Bowl selection , who had missed the first half of the regular season with a partially torn Achilles tendon , made a speedy recovery and was key in the Ravens ' win over the Broncos in the divisional round of the playoffs with 2 sacks on Broncos quarterback Peyton Manning . Lewis , a 17 - year veteran and 13 - time Pro Bowl selection , had missed most of the season with an arm injury , but still managed to rack up 57 tackles in just 6 games . Then shortly before returning for the playoffs , he announced his plans to retire after the postseason , and promptly went on to amass 44 tackles in Baltimore 's four playoff games . The Ravens secondary featured Pro Bowl safety Ed Reed , the NFL 's all - time leader in interception return yardage . Reed had another statistically successful season in 2012 , recording 58 tackles and 4 interceptions . Cornerback Cary Williams was also a big contributor with 4 interceptions and 75 tackles . The team dedicated their 2012 season to former owner and founder Art Modell , who died on September 6 , 2012 , four days before the first regular season game . San Francisco 49ers ( edit ) Main article : 2012 San Francisco 49ers season The 49ers had recently emerged as a dominant team after nearly a decade of ineptitude . During the ' 80s and ' 90s , they had been one of the NFL top contenders , playing in ten conference championship games and winning five Super Bowls . But after a strong 2002 season , San Francisco went into a dismal slump in which they failed to make the playoffs for eight consecutive seasons . Following the end of the 2010 season , the 49ers hired Jim Harbaugh as their head coach . Harbaugh , who played 14 years in the NFL , joined the team after an impressive 12 -- 1 season as the coach of Stanford , and in his first season with San Francisco he managed to turn their fortunes around , aided by breakout seasons from quarterback Alex Smith and receiver Michael Crabtree . Smith entered the 2012 season as the starting quarterback , but missed two starts mid-season after suffering a concussion , and second - year backup Colin Kaepernick successfully filled in . A quarterback controversy then began because Smith was ranked third in the NFL in passer rating ( 104.1 ) , led the league in completion percentage ( 70 % ) , and had been 19 -- 5 -- 1 as a starter under Harbaugh , while Kaepernick was considered more dynamic with his scrambling ability and arm strength . After Smith was fully recovered , Harbaugh chose Kaepernick as the starter for the 8 -- 2 -- 1 49ers , but also stated that the assignment was week - to - week and not necessarily permanent . Kaepernick ended up being the starter for the rest of the season and led the team to an 11 -- 4 -- 1 record , throwing for 1,814 yards and 10 touchdowns , with just 3 interceptions and a 98.4 passer rating , while also rushing for 415 yards and 5 touchdowns . San Francisco 's top receiver was Crabtree , who caught 85 passes for a career - high 1,105 yards and 9 touchdowns . Other key contributors to the passing game included tight end Vernon Davis ( 41 receptions for 538 yards and 5 touchdowns ) along with offseason acquired receivers Mario Manningham and Randy Moss . Manningham had been signed away from the defending Super Bowl champion New York Giants , while Moss , the NFL 's second all - time leader in receiving yards , had been signed out of retirement after missing the previous season . The 49ers ' backfield featured Pro Bowl running back Frank Gore , who rushed for 1,214 yards and 8 touchdowns , while also catching 28 passes for 234 yards and another score . The team also had a strong offensive line with two Pro Bowl linemen , left tackle Joe Staley and left guard Mike Iupati . On special teams , punter Andy Lee led the NFL in net yards per punt ( 43.2 ) and ranked 5th in gross yards per punt ( 48.1 ) . He planted 36 punts inside the 20 - yard line with just 5 touchbacks . Kicker David Akers had a relatively bad year overall , converting only 69 percent of his field goal attempts , but in the week 1 contest against the Green Bay Packers tied the NFL record for the longest field goal with a successful 63 - yard attempt . The 49ers ' strongest unit was their defense , which ranked 2nd in fewest points allowed per game ( 17.1 ) and sent 6 of their 11 starters to the Pro Bowl . Pro Bowl defensive end Justin Smith led the line with 66 tackles and 3 sacks . Behind him , all four of the team 's starting linebackers -- Aldon Smith , NaVorro Bowman , Patrick Willis and Ahmad Brooks -- were named to the 2012 All - Pro Team , and all but Brooks made the Pro Bowl . Aldon Smith set a franchise record with 19.5 sacks , more than the rest of the team had combined . Willis ranked second on the team with 120 tackles and picked off two passes , while Bowman 's 149 tackles were second most in the NFL . The 49ers secondary featured Pro Bowl safeties Dashon Goldson and Donte Whitner . Playoffs ( edit ) Main article : 2012 -- 13 NFL playoffs Baltimore finished the season as the AFC North champion and the number 4 seed in the American Football Conference . The Ravens began their playoff run at home against the number 5 seed Indianapolis Colts in the Wild - Card round in what would turn out to be Ray Lewis 's final career home game . They defeated the Colts 24 -- 9 , with Flacco throwing for 288 yards and two touchdowns , while their defense held the Colts to just 9 points , 13 below their regular season average . In the divisional round , the Ravens would face the top - seeded Denver Broncos , who came into the game with an 11 - game winning streak . Baltimore fell behind late in the game , but with less than a minute left on the clock , Flacco 's 70 - yard touchdown pass to Jacoby Jones sent it into overtime , a play that is known as the Mile High Miracle . An interception by Corey Graham from Peyton Manning late in the first overtime period set up Tucker 's 47 - yard field goal to win the game 1 : 42 into double overtime . Finally , Baltimore advanced to the Super Bowl by overcoming a 13 - 7 halftime deficit and then beating the second - seeded New England Patriots in the AFC Championship Game 28 -- 13 , vindicating the Ravens ' loss against New England in the 2011 AFC Championship game , forcing three turnovers total , intercepting two of Tom Brady 's passes , and keeping the Patriots scoreless in the second half . By winning the game , the Ravens handed Brady his first AFC Championship Game loss at home . As the NFC West champion and the number 2 seed in the National Football Conference , San Francisco earned a first - round bye . The 49ers started their playoff run against the number 3 seed Green Bay Packers in the divisional round . Jim Harbaugh 's decision to start Kaepernick for the playoffs came into immediate question when he threw an interception that was returned for a touchdown by Sam Shields on their opening drive , but this turned out to be the only miscue he would make for the rest of the game , as well as the only interception he would throw until the Super Bowl . By the end of the game , Kaepernick racked up 444 total yards ( more than the entire Packers team ) , including 181 rushing yards , the NFL single game record for rushing yards by a quarterback , as the 49ers went on to win easily , 45 -- 31 . They then faced the top - seeded Atlanta Falcons in the NFC Championship Game , where they quickly fell behind 17 -- 0 in the first half . No team in NFC Championship Game history had ever overcome a deficit that large , but the 49ers proved up to the challenge , cutting the score to 24 -- 21 going into the final quarter . Late in the game , their comeback hopes suffered a setback when Crabtree lost a fumble on the 1 - yard line as he was going in for the leading score . However , their defense forced a punt , and Ted Ginn Jr. 's 20 - yard return set up a touchdown run by Gore . The defense then held firm , forcing a turnover on downs at their 10 - yard line to secure the victory . Pregame notes ( edit ) This was the first Super Bowl since Super Bowl XXXVII that did not feature the New England Patriots , Indianapolis Colts , or the Pittsburgh Steelers as the AFC representatives . Baltimore defeated the Colts and Patriots during the playoffs while the Steelers failed to make the playoffs . By contrast , the NFC had a different member go to the Super Bowl almost every year during that same span , with the New York Giants ( who won Super Bowls XLII and XLVI ) being the only NFC team to make two appearances during that span . With the 49ers making their first Super Bowl appearance since Super Bowl XXIX , this left the Dallas Cowboys ( last appeared in Super Bowl XXX ) , Detroit Lions ( never appeared in a Super Bowl ) , Minnesota Vikings ( last appeared in Super Bowl XI ) and Washington Redskins ( last appeared in Super Bowl XXVI ) as the only NFC teams not to play in a Super Bowl since 1998 , with only the Vikings ( on three occasions ) even advancing to the NFC Championship Game . The 49ers attempted to follow the 2012 World Series championship victory of Major League Baseball 's San Francisco Giants . The last time a metropolitan area won the World Series and Super Bowl in the same season was when the Boston Red Sox won the 2004 World Series followed by the Patriots winning Super Bowl XXXIX . As the 49ers -- who were attempting to join the New York Giants and Green Bay Packers as the only teams to win a Super Bowl in three different decades -- were the designated home team in the annual rotation between AFC and NFC teams , San Francisco elected to wear their red jerseys , which they wore in Super Bowls XIX , XXIII , and XXIX ( wearing an alternate throwback red jersey with three - dimensional numerals in XXIX ) , and gold pants ( worn in their first four Super Bowl appearances ) for the first time since Super Bowl XXIV ( having worn white pants in XXIX along with the aforementioned throwback jerseys ) . The Ravens wore white jerseys as they did in Super Bowl XXXV , but with black pants this time instead of white . Due to the Ravens having their Art Modell memorial patch on the left side of their jerseys , the team wore their Super Bowl XLVII patch on the right side . Much of the pregame media hype centered around the Harbaugh brothers , and how their father Jack , a former college football head coach , raised them . On January 24 , Jack , along with his wife Jackie and daughter Joani , conducted a media conference call , answering questions about John and Jim . Jackie jokingly asked if the game could end in a tie , before stating that the family was staying neutral but remain excited that both John and Jim brought their respective teams to the Super Bowl . The Harbaugh brothers then conducted a joint press conference on the Friday before the game , which is unusual for opposing Super Bowl coaches , but it was done because of the historic nature of the game . Broadcasting ( edit ) Television ( edit ) United States ( edit ) The game was carried by CBS in the United States , with Jim Nantz calling play - by - play and Phil Simms as color analyst . For the second consecutive year , a webcast was provided ; this time on CBSSports.com . A special episode of Elementary would be the lead - out program of this Super Bowl . The network 's owned and operated stations in Baltimore and San Francisco , WJZ - TV ( originally an ABC affiliate ) and KPIX - TV respectively , were for many years owned by Westinghouse Broadcasting , which merged with CBS in 1995 . Thus , this became the first CBS - aired Super Bowl to involve two former Westinghouse markets since the merger . Additionally , this Super Bowl gave CBS the distinction of televising both of the Ravens ' appearances ( and victories ) so far ( after Super Bowl XXXV in 2001 ) . The game was later featured as one of the NFL 's Greatest Games under the title `` Change of Momentum '' . International ( edit ) A feed designed for areas less familiar with American football was produced by NFL Network , with Bob Papa ( the regular - season voice of the New York Giants ) calling play - by - play and Joe Theismann as color analyst . The NFL claimed that their feed would go to 180 countries . Commercials ( edit ) According to CBS , the price of a 30 - second advertisement hit a record high US $ 4,000,000 . General Motors announced it would not advertise on the game , citing the advertising costs . Adbowl had a special theme this year for the Super Bowl , called `` Catbowl 2013 '' , which pitted the best commercials by votes with cat videos to see which one is more popular . The advertisers for Super Bowl XLVII included Mercedes - Benz , Gildan , Samsung , BlackBerry , Kraft Foods , Subway , Taco Bell , Procter & Gamble , Best Buy , Coca - Cola , Sodastream , PepsiCo ( including entries in the Doritos Crash the Super Bowl contest ) , Axe , Audi , Kia Motors , Ford Motor Company , Wonderful Pistachios , GoDaddy , and perpetual Super Bowl advertiser Anheuser - Busch . Ram Trucks and the Future Farmers of America ran a two - minute commercial based on the Paul Harvey speech `` So God Made a Farmer . '' Movie studios Paramount Pictures , Universal Studios and Walt Disney Studios paying for movie trailers to be aired during the Super Bowl . With Paramount paying for Star Trek Into Darkness and World War Z , Universal paying for the debut trailer for Fast & Furious 6 that followed Monsters vs. Aliens ' footsteps and Disney paying for Iron Man 3 , The Lone Ranger and Oz the Great and Powerful . International broadcasters ( edit ) Australia : Network Ten / One , ESPN on Foxtel . All used CBS commentary and feed Austria : Puls 4 . Brazil : TV Esporte Interativo and ESPN . Canada : CTV simulcast CBS ' coverage in Canada , with simultaneous substitution expected to be invoked . The CTV coverage was simulcast online within Canada by TSN.ca , and in French on RDS . China : Shanghai Media Group controls broadcast rights to the game . Czech Republic : Sport 1 . Denmark : TV3+ . Finland : Nelonen Pro 1 with Finnish commentary and Nelonen Pro 2 with English commentary . France : W9 and BeIN Sport . Germany : ESPN America , Sat. 1 and Sport1 Hungary : Sport 1 . India : STAR Sports and ESPN India . But in reality , at the time of the Super Bowl , STAR Sports televised `` Australian Ironman '' and ESPN India televised `` Football Asia . '' Ireland : BBC and Sky Sports . Israel : Sport 5 Italy : Sportitalia 2 Japan : NHK Mexico : Azteca 7 , Canal 5 and ESPN . Norway : Viasat 4 , Viasat Sport . Philippines : Fox Sports Asia and Solar Sports . Both used the NFL Network feed . Poland : Polsat Sport , ESPN America . Portugal : Sport TV . Romania : Sport 1 . Russia : NTV Plus . South Africa : ESPN America . Sweden : TV10 . United Kingdom : BBC and Sky Sports . Radio ( edit ) In the United States , the game was carried nationwide over the Dial Global radio network , with Kevin Harlan as play - by - play announcer , Boomer Esiason as color analyst , and James Lofton and Mark Malone as sideline reporters . Univision Radio broadcast the game in Spanish . Each team 's flagship station also carried the game : WIYY and WBAL broadcast the game in Baltimore , with Gerry Sandusky on play - by - play and Stan White and Qadry Ismail on color commentary . In San Francisco , the game was broadcast on KSAN - FM and KNBR , with Ted Robinson on play - by - play , Eric Davis on color commentary , and Rod Brooks reporting from the sidelines . Both WBAL and KNBR are clear - channel stations , which allowed the local commentaries to be heard throughout the Eastern and Western United States , respectively . Per contractual rules , the rest of the stations in the 49ers ' and Ravens ' radio networks carried the Dial Global feed . Internationally , the game was carried on radio as follows : Canada : TSN Radio ( Dial Global simulcast ) United Kingdom : BBC Radio 5 Live Sports Extra Sirius XM Radio and NFL Audio Pass carried the local , Dial Global , and select international audio feeds . Entertainment ( edit ) Pregame ( edit ) Sandy Hook Elementary School Choir performing before Super Bowl XLVII On January 18 , 2013 , the league announced that Alicia Keys would sing the national anthem . Keys stated that she would not perform the song traditionally and instead would perform it as if it were `` a brand new song . '' Jennifer Hudson and a chorus of several students from Sandy Hook Elementary School in Newtown , Connecticut , the site of the shooting on December 14 , 2012 , performed `` America the Beautiful '' . The coin toss ceremony featured the recent inductees to the Pro Football Hall of Fame : Larry Allen , Cris Carter , Curley Culp , Warren Sapp , Bill Parcells , Jonathan Ogden , and Dave Robinson . Halftime ( edit ) Main article : Super Bowl XLVII halftime show The halftime show featuring Beyoncé On October 16 , 2012 , Beyoncé was chosen as the headline performer for the Super Bowl halftime show , with a reunited Destiny 's Child also appearing as part of the show . Despite initial reports that mentioned that Beyoncé 's husband , Jay Z , was a potential collaborator on the show , he did not make an appearance . Beyoncé was the second most - watched halftime show in history with 104 million viewers . Game Summary ( edit ) First quarter ( edit ) San Francisco was hurt by penalties and turnovers early in the game as the Ravens built a 21 -- 6 first - half lead . On their first play of the opening drive , tight end Vernon Davis 's 20 - yard reception was called back by an illegal formation penalty . The team ended up punting after three more plays , and Jacoby Jones returned the ball 17 yards to the Ravens ' 49 - yard line . Baltimore then drove 51 yards , scoring on Joe Flacco 's 13 - yard touchdown pass to receiver Anquan Boldin . Flacco had previously thrown a third - down incompletion , but an offsides penalty against linebacker Ahmad Brooks gave him a second chance . San Francisco responded on their next possession , moving the ball 62 yards in a 12 - play drive , with quarterback Colin Kaepernick completing a 19 - yard pass to Michael Crabtree and a 24 - yarder to Davis . David Akers finished the drive with a 36 - yard field goal to cut the score to 7 -- 3 . Baltimore responded with a drive to the 49ers ' 37 - yard line , featuring a 30 - yard catch by Boldin , but came up empty after Flacco was sacked on third down for a 5 - yard loss by defensive tackle Ray McDonald , pushing the Ravens out of field goal range . Second quarter ( edit ) Five plays into the 49ers ' next drive , linebacker Courtney Upshaw forced a fumble from running back LaMichael James , and Baltimore 's Arthur Jones recovered it on the Ravens ' 25 - yard line . Baltimore drove 75 yards on 10 plays , 42 of those came from a 23 - yard and a 14 - yard pass to tight end Ed Dickson , the second followed by a 15 - yard facemask penalty on Donte Whitner . Dennis Pitta caught a 1 - yard touchdown catch on the final play of the drive and the extra point made the score 14 -- 3 . Jacoby Jones dives for the end zone during the second quarter . view from the south end zone during 1st half of the game On the first play of the next drive , Ed Reed intercepted a pass by Kaepernick and returned the ball 6 yards to the 49ers ' 38 - yard line . This was the first interception thrown by San Francisco in any of their six Super Bowl appearances . Unnecessary roughness charges were called after the play on players from both teams so the charges offset . Baltimore reached the red zone on their next drive , but was unable to score . Following a one - yard run by Bernard Pierce and two incomplete passes , rookie kicker Justin Tucker was tackled 1 yard short of a first down while running the ball on a fake field goal play . San Francisco was forced to a three - and - out on the drive . Jones muffed the punt , but recovered the ball and returned it 11 yards to the Ravens ' 44 - yard line . Two plays later , Jones made a falling catch deep down the field , then got back up and eluded two 49ers defensive backs en route to a 56 - yard touchdown reception , making the score 21 -- 3 with less than two minutes to go in the first half . On the second play of San Francisco 's next drive , tight end Delanie Walker caught a 14 - yard pass from Kaepernick , which was extended by a 15 - yard roughing the passer penalty against Haloti Ngata . After an incomplete first down attempt , Walker received another 28 - yard pass , putting San Francisco on the Baltimore 17 - yard line . San Francisco reached the 9 - yard line , but were unable to convert on three plays . On the last play of the half , Akers kicked his second field goal to cut their deficit to 21 -- 6 . Third quarter ( edit ) Baltimore Ravens quarterback Joe Flacco attempts a pass to Ray Rice . On the second - half kickoff , Jacoby Jones fielded the kick and promptly returned it 108 yards for the longest play in Super Bowl history . It broke the previous 104 - yard record for the longest kickoff return in the playoffs ( set by Trindon Holliday of the Denver Broncos in the divisional playoff game earlier that year against Baltimore ) , and it tied an NFL record already held by Jones and shared with Ellis Hobbs and Randall Cobb for the longest kickoff return . With the extra point , Baltimore was now leading 28 -- 6 . Shortly into the 49ers ' next drive , a power outage caused the lights to go out in half of the stadium , stopping play for 34 minutes . The outage was caused by equipment failure at the stadium . Further information : § Power outage After play resumed , both teams punted once . Then San Francisco drove 80 yards , with Kaepernick rushing for 15 yards and completing an 18 - yard pass to Davis before finishing the drive with a pass to Crabtree , who broke through two potential Ravens tacklers on the way to a 31 - yard touchdown reception . Then Baltimore was forced to punt from their own 9 - yard line following Brooks ' 8 - yard sack of Flacco on third down , and Ted Ginn Jr. returned the ball 32 yards to the 20 before being shoved out of bounds by punter Sam Koch . Kaepernick completed a 14 - yard pass to Davis on the next play , and Gore followed it up with a 6 - yard touchdown run , cutting the score to 28 -- 20 . On the second play of the fourth quarter , Baltimore committed their first turnover when defensive back Tarell Brown forced and recovered a fumble from Ray Rice on the Ravens ' 25 - yard line . Three plays later , Akers missed ( went wide left ) on a 39 - yard field goal attempt , but Baltimore 's Chykie Brown was penalized for running into the kicker , and Akers ' second attempt was good from 34 yards , trimming the lead to 28 -- 23 . Fourth quarter ( edit ) The Ravens responded on their ensuing possession , moving the ball 77 yards and advancing to the San Francisco 1 - yard line , with Boldin catching two passes for 39 yards . But they were unable to reach the end zone and settled for Tucker 's 19 - yard field goal to put them back up by 8 points , 31 -- 23 . San Francisco stormed back , scoring in just five plays . Following a 32 - yard reception by Randy Moss and a 21 - yard burst by Gore , Kaepernick took the ball across the goal line on a 15 - yard run , the longest touchdown run by a quarterback in Super Bowl history . However , the ensuing two - point conversion failed , so the 49ers were unable to break the deficit , still trailing at 31 -- 29 . On the Ravens ' ensuing drive , Boldin caught two passes for 22 yards and Rice rushed for 11 yards as the team moved the ball 55 yards and scored on Tucker 's 38 - yard field goal , making the score 34 -- 29 with 4 : 19 left in regulation . San Francisco used up two timeouts on their next drive , but managed to move the ball to a first and goal on the Ravens ' 7 - yard line following a 24 - yard catch by Crabtree and a 33 - yard run by Gore . Ed Reed celebrates following victory . With four chances to take the lead , San Francisco started out with a 2 - yard run by James to the 5 - yard line . Then Kaepernick threw two incompletions , bringing up fourth down . On their last chance , Kaepernick tried to throw the ball to Crabtree in the end zone , but it was too far ahead and the pass fell incomplete . Defensive back Jimmy Smith and Crabtree both made contact prior to the ball arriving , but no penalty was called and the 49ers turned the ball over on downs with 1 : 46 left in the game . San Francisco managed to force a three - and - out on the Ravens ' next drive , but as they had only one timeout remaining , the Ravens were able to run the clock down to twelve seconds . On fourth down , and after the Ravens then called a timeout of their own , punter Sam Koch fielded the snap in his own end zone . In an effort to kill as much of the twelve remaining seconds on the clock , Koch was instructed not to punt the ball but rather hang on to it and scramble around in the end zone . Koch was able to scramble for eight seconds before giving up an intentional safety by running out of the side of the end zone , leaving just four seconds remaining . On the ensuing free kick , Ginn returned the ball 31 yards , but was tackled at midfield by linebacker Josh Bynes as time expired . Lombardi trophy presentation . Power outage ( edit ) Emergency lights provided some illumination during the power outage . Play was interrupted for 34 minutes because of a 22 - minute partial power outage . Emergency generators provided backup lighting . The fire department ( NOFD ) rescued people from elevator seven , but other elevators were brought to the ground uneventfully . Attendees used double the usual amount of data for their cell phones . AT&T reported 78 gigabytes ( GB ) downloaded from 8 to 9 PM , about double from the peak the year before . NFL chief security officer Jeffrey Miller attributed fans ' calmness to their preoccupation with their electronics . SMG , the Superdome 's management company , recently upgraded electrical systems at the facility . In an October 15 , 2012 memo , Louisiana officials expressed concern that the equipment bringing electricity into the stadium from utility company Entergy had a `` chance of failure '' . Authorities subsequently spent nearly $1 million on upgrades to the stadium , more than half of that paid to Allstar Electric to upgrade electrical feeder cables . Entergy and SMG both said the problem was in interconnection equipment , and SMG has hired a third party to investigate . Investigations homed in on a newly installed switchgear . Entergy installed a pair of relays made by Rogers Park 's S&C Electric Company of Rogers Park , Chicago to ensure continued power supply in case one supply line failed . One of those relays tripped . Subsequent tests showed one of the relays functioned properly and the other did not . S&C Electric Co. claims the relay 's trip setting was too low , but Entergy claims that the two were set identically . Electricity usage during the game was on par with a regular New Orleans Saints game . The halftime show was powered by a generator that did not impact the stadium 's power . Ray Lewis later stated in an interview that he believed the blackout was part of a conspiracy , saying `` You 're a zillion dollar company and your lights go out ? No . No way . '' 49ers CEO Jed York responded to the claim on Twitter in jest , tweeting `` There is no conspiracy . I pulled the plug . '' Box score ( edit ) Super Bowl XLVII : Baltimore Ravens 34 , San Francisco 49ers 31 Total Ravens ( AFC ) 7 14 7 6 34 49ers ( NFC ) 17 8 31 at Mercedes - Benz Superdome in New Orleans , Louisiana Date : February 3 , 2013 Game time : 5 : 31 p.m. CST Game weather : Played indoors ( dome stadium ) Gamebook ( hide ) Scoring summary Quarter Time Drive Team Scoring information Score Plays Yards TOP BAL SF 10 : 36 6 51 2 : 29 BAL Boldin 13 - yard touchdown reception from Flacco , Tucker kick good 7 0 3 : 58 12 62 6 : 38 SF 36 - yard field goal by Akers 7 7 : 10 10 75 4 : 43 BAL Pitta 1 - yard touchdown reception from Flacco , Tucker kick good 14 1 : 45 56 0 : 22 BAL J. Jones 56 - yard touchdown reception from Flacco , Tucker kick good 21 0 : 00 8 71 1 : 45 SF 27 - yard field goal by Akers 21 6 14 : 49 -- -- -- BAL J. Jones 108 - yard kickoff return for a touchdown , Tucker kick good 28 6 7 : 20 7 80 3 : 06 SF Crabtree 31 - yard touchdown reception from Kaepernick , Akers kick good 28 13 4 : 59 20 0 : 48 SF Gore 6 - yard touchdown run , Akers kick good 28 20 3 : 10 8 1 : 00 SF 34 - yard field goal by Akers 28 23 12 : 54 12 71 5 : 16 BAL 19 - yard field goal by Tucker 31 23 9 : 57 5 76 2 : 57 SF Kaepernick 15 - yard touchdown run , 2 - point pass failed 31 29 4 : 19 10 59 5 : 38 BAL 38 - yard field goal by Tucker 34 29 0 : 04 -- -- -- SF Koch − 8 - yard run , out of own end zone for a safety 34 31 `` TOP '' = time of possession . For other American football terms , see Glossary of American football . 34 31 Statistical overview ( edit ) Both teams combined for 312 kickoff return yards , a Super Bowl record . The Ravens scored the same amount of points ( 34 ) in both of their Super Bowl appearances . Meanwhile , the 49ers became just the second team to lose the Super Bowl while scoring more than 30 points after the Dallas Cowboys in Super Bowl XIII ; in both cases , the losing team scored 31 points . As such , these two Super Bowls are the only two times in NFL history ( including the pre-Super Bowl era ) in which both teams scored over 30 points in a Championship game . For the Ravens , Anquan Boldin was the leading receiver with 6 receptions for 106 yards and a touchdown . Paul Kruger had three tackles and two sacks , while Ed Reed had five tackles and an interception . Reed 's interception gave him 9 career postseason picks , tying the NFL record . Dannell Ellerbe had nine tackles , while Ray Lewis had seven tackles in the final game of his 17 - season career . Baltimore 's Jacoby Jones returned 5 kickoffs for 208 yards and a touchdown , two punts for 28 yards , and caught a 56 - yard touchdown pass . He tied an NFL league record and set a Super Bowl record for longest kickoff return in a Super Bowl with a 108 - yard return to open up the second half . Jones also set or tied the following records : the record for most combined yards in a Super Bowl game with 290 , tied the record for most touchdown plays of 50 yards or more , with 2 and became the first player to score a receiving touchdown and return touchdown in a Super Bowl . For San Francisco , Colin Kaepernick completed 16 of 28 passes for 302 yards and a touchdown , while also rushing for 62 yards and another score , but had 1 interception . His 62 rushing yards were the second highest total by a quarterback in the Super Bowl , behind Tennessee Titans quarterback Steve McNair 's record of 64 in Super Bowl XXXIV . Kaepernick also set a Super Bowl record for the longest rushing touchdown from a quarterback for his 15 - yard touchdown run in the fourth quarter . This beat the previous 6 - yard record held by the 49ers ' Joe Montana achieved in Super Bowl XIX . Frank Gore rushed for 110 yards and a touchdown . Michael Crabtree caught 5 passes for 109 yards and a touchdown , while Davis caught 6 passes for 104 yards . His 104 receiving yards tied Dan Ross 's record for the most ever by a tight end in a Super Bowl . Patrick Willis was the top tackler of the game with 10 , while Brooks had five tackles and a sack . Because of the power outage in the third quarter , the game set a Super Bowl record long running time of 4 hours and 14 minutes . During the presentation of the Vince Lombardi Trophy , Hall of Fame defensive end Richard Dent brought the trophy to the stage . Twitter announced that a record 24.1 million tweets were sent the night of the game . Final statistics ( edit ) Sources : NFL.com Super Bowl XLVII , The Football Database Super Bowl XLVII Statistical comparison ( edit ) Baltimore Ravens San Francisco 49ers First downs 21 23 First downs rushing 6 9 First downs passing 13 13 First downs penalty Third down efficiency 9 / 16 2 / 9 Fourth down efficiency 0 / 2 0 / 1 Net yards rushing 93 182 Rushing attempts 35 29 Yards per rush 2.7 6.3 Passing -- Completions - attempts 22 / 33 16 / 28 Times sacked - total yards 2 -- 13 3 -- 16 Interceptions thrown 0 Net yards passing 274 286 Total net yards 367 468 Punt returns - total yards 2 -- 28 1 -- 32 Kickoff returns - total yards 5 -- 206 4 -- 106 Interceptions - total return yards 1 -- 6 0 -- 0 Punts - average yardage 3 -- 47.0 3 -- 53.0 Fumbles - lost 2 -- 1 1 -- 1 Penalties - yards 2 -- 20 5 -- 33 Time of possession 32 : 23 27 : 37 Turnovers Records set Most Combined Yards , Game 290 yards Jacoby Jones , Baltimore Longest Play 108 yard kick return Longest Kick Return 108 yards Longest Kick Return for TD 108 yards Longest TD Run , Quarterback 15 yards Colin Kaepernick , San Francisco Most Kickoff - Return Yards , Both Teams 312 yards Baltimore 206 , San Francisco 106 Longest Time Of Game 4 : 14 Records tied Most TDs , Plays of 50 - or - More Yards , Game Jacoby Jones , Baltimore Most Receiving Yards , Game , Tight End 104 Vernon Davis , San Francisco Most TDs , Kickoff Returns , Game Jacoby Jones , Baltimore Most Safeties , Game Chris Culliver , San Francisco Most TDs , Kickoff Returns , Game , Team Baltimore Most Safeties , Game , Team San Francisco Most Players , 100 - or - More Receiving Yards , Game , Team San Francisco ( Michael Crabtree 109 , Vernon Davis 104 ) Most Points , Third Quarter , Both Teams 24 San Francisco 17 , Baltimore 7 Most Field Goals , Game , Both Teams 5 San Francisco 3 , Baltimore 2 Most Field Goals Without Miss , Game , Both Teams 5 San Francisco 3 , Baltimore 2 Fewest Rushing Touchdowns , Game , Team 0 Baltimore Individual leaders ( edit ) Ravens Passing C / ATT Yds TD INT Rating Joe Flacco 22 / 33 287 0 124.2 Ravens Rushing Car Yds TD LG Yds / Car Ray Rice 20 59 0 12 2.95 Bernard Pierce 12 33 0 8 2.75 Justin Tucker 8 0 8 8.00 Vonta Leach 0 1.00 Sam Koch -- 8 0 -- 8 -- 8.00 Ravens Receiving Rec Yds TD LG Target Anquan Boldin 6 104 30 10 Dennis Pitta 26 9 5 Ray Rice 19 0 7 Vonta Leach 10 0 8 Ed Dickson 37 0 23 Torrey Smith 35 0 20 6 Jacoby Jones 56 56 49ers Passing C / ATT Yds TD INT Rating Colin Kaepernick 16 / 28 302 91.7 49ers Rushing Car Yds TD LG Yds / Car Frank Gore 19 110 33 5.79 Colin Kaepernick 7 62 15 8.86 LaMichael James 10 0 9 3.33 49ers Receiving Rec Yds TD LG Target Vernon Davis 6 104 0 29 8 Michael Crabtree 5 109 31 10 Delanie Walker 48 0 28 Randy Moss 41 0 32 5 Ted Ginn Jr . 0 0 0 0 Completions / attempts Carries Long gain Receptions Times targeted Starting lineups ( edit ) Source : Baltimore Position Position San Francisco Offense Torrey Smith WR Michael Crabtree Bryant McKinnie LT Joe Staley Kelechi Osemele LG Mike Iupati Matt Birk Jonathan Goodwin Marshal Yanda RG Alex Boone Michael Oher RT Anthony Davis Anquan Boldin WR TE Vernon Davis Jacoby Jones WR Randy Moss Joe Flacco QB Colin Kaepernick Vonta Leach FB TE Delanie Walker Ray Rice RB Frank Gore Defense Haloti Ngata DT LDT Ray McDonald Ma'ake Kemoeatu NT Isaac Sopoaga Arthur Jones DE RDT Justin Smith Terrell Suggs RUSH ROLB Ahmad Brooks Dannell Ellerbe WILL JACK NaVorro Bowman Ray Lewis MIKE Patrick Willis Courtney Upshaw SAM LOLB Aldon Smith Corey Graham LCB Carlos Rogers Cary Williams RCB Tarell Brown Ed Reed FS Dashon Goldson Bernard Pollard SS Donte Whitner Officials ( edit ) Referee -- Jerome Boger Umpire -- Darrell Jenkins Head Linesman -- Steve Stelljes Line Judge -- Byron Boston Field Judge -- Craig Wrolstad Side Judge -- Joe Larrew Back Judge -- Dino Paganelli Alternate Referee -- Bill Vinovich Alternate Umpire -- Bruce Stritesky Alternate Flank -- Tom Stephan Alternate Deep -- Scott Edwards Alternate Back Judge -- Steve Freeman References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Chase , Chris ( January 20 , 2013 ) . `` San Francisco 49ers favored over Baltimore Ravens in Super Bowl XLVII '' . USA Today . Sports . Retrieved February 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Austro , Ben ( January 14 , 2013 ) . `` McAulay , Leavy head conference titles '' . FootballZebras.com . Retrieved January 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McLaughlin , Erin ( February 3 , 2013 ) . `` Super Bowl XLVII Live : Score , Commercials and More '' . ABC News . Retrieved February 3 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Morabito , Andrea ( February 4 , 2013 ) . `` Super Bowl Viewership Down for First Time Since 2005 '' . Broadcasting & Cable . Retrieved February 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Super Bowl Ratings : Baltimore Market Has Big Increase Over Ravens ' 2001 Win '' . Sports Media Watch . February 4 , 2013 . Retrieved February 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ CBS Q4 Profits Soar on Streaming Deals ( Updated ) . The Wrap . Retrieved February 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 Saints Opponents Announced '' . NewOrleansSaints.com . NFL . January 2 , 2012 . Retrieved February 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl 2013 '' . Superbowl-2013.org . Retrieved January 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl Returns to the Big Easy '' . The Australian . February 3 , 2013 . Retrieved February 4 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Super Bowl XLVII : `` The Harbaugh Bowl '' : NFL Full Game on YouTube Jump up ^ Mink , Ryan ( January 2 , 2013 ) . `` Ray Lewis Announces His Retirement '' . Baltimore Ravens . Retrieved January 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ravens ' Lewis says he will retire at end of season '' . TSN.ca . January 2 , 2013 . Retrieved January 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Power Fails and 49ers Surge , but Ravens Win '' . New York Times . February 4 , 2013 . Retrieved February 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ravens survive 49ers comeback and power failure to win Super Bowl '' . Guardian UK . February 4 , 2013 . Retrieved February 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` San Francisco 49ers 31 vs. Baltimore Ravens 34 '' . Pro Football Reference . Retrieved February 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tax Implications Of Joe Flacco 's Super Bowl MVP Award '' . Forbes.com . February 4 , 2013 . Retrieved February 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Heitner , Darren ( April 18 , 2013 ) . `` Is It Worth Spending $4 Million On A Super Bowl Commercial ? '' . Forbes . Retrieved February 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Collins , Scott ( February 5 , 2013 ) . `` Super Bowl ratings dip slightly from last year '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved February 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` New Orleans to host 10th Super Bowl in 2013 '' . ESPN.com . Associated Press . May 19 , 2009 . Retrieved January 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ally Burguieres Designs Official NFL Beads with Courtyard by Marriott for SuperBowl -- WGNO -- YouTube on YouTube Jump up ^ Wilner , Barry ( January 21 , 2013 ) . `` Ravens dominate Pats , set up ' Harbaugh Bowl ' '' . NBC Sports . Associated Press . Retrieved January 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Brinson , Will . `` Sorting the Sunday Pile , Divisional Round : Harbaugh Bowl still lives '' . CBSSports.com . CBS Interactive . Retrieved January 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Schwab , Frank . `` HarBowl ! Harbaugh brothers Jim and John to square off in Super Bowl '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Retrieved January 21 , 2003 . Jump up ^ `` The early odds on Super Baugh I are in '' . NBCSports.com . January 20 , 2013 . Retrieved January 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fendrich , Howard ( January 20 , 2013 ) . `` Harbaugh Brothers take 49ers , Ravens to Super Bowl '' . ABC News . Retrieved January 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pergament , Alan ( February 1 , 2013 ) . CBS ' play of Lewis , Harbaugh angles to be judged . Retrieved February 3 , 2013 . `` What 's the over-under on how many times the coaching brothers , Jim ( 49er ) and John Harbaugh ( Ravens ) will be shown on the sidelines ? ( A lot , after all this game is being called the Superbro or Harbowl in some quarters . I predict 50 ) . '' Jump up ^ Ginsburg , David ( November 24 , 2011 ) . `` Ravens Beat 49ers : Harbaugh Brothers Duel On Thanksgiving '' . Huffington Post Sports . The Huffington Post . Retrieved January 21 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Land , Josh ( February 3 , 2013 ) . `` Ravens surge to 34 -- 31 win in Blackout Bowl '' . MASN.com . Retrieved February 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Baltimore Ravens fire offensive coordinator Cam Cameron '' . Abc2news.com . December 10 , 2012 . Retrieved January 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mink , Ryan . `` Ravens Dedicate Season To Art Modell '' . Baltimore Ravens . Retrieved November 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dodds , Eric ( November 28 , 2012 ) . `` Examining the 49ers Quarterback Controversy '' . Time Sports . Archived from the original on November 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sando , Mike ( November 27 , 2012 ) . `` Reaching back for 49ers QB parallels '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on November 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Colin Kaepernick to start for 49ers '' . ESPN.com . November 28 , 2012 . Archived from the original on November 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 49ers to wear home reds for Super Bowl '' . Comcast SportsNet . January 22 , 2013 . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2015 . Retrieved January 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Price , Taylor ( January 25 , 2013 ) . `` # SB47 Social : Week 1 Preparation '' . 49ers.com . Retrieved January 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Check Out Super Bowl XLVII Jerseys '' . BaltimoreRavens.com . January 23 , 2013 . Retrieved January 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Harbaugh family is already a winner '' . Fox News . January 25 , 2013 . Retrieved January 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Harbaugh brothers ' concur ' it 's time to focus on players '' . USA Today . February 1 , 2013 . Retrieved February 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Roots , Kimberly ( November 5 , 2012 ) . `` ' Elementary ' After Super Bowl XLVII -- Sherlock Holmes Drama to Air Post-Game '' . TVLine . Retrieved January 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Aaron Smith ( January 3 , 2013 ) . `` Super Bowl ad price hits record $4 million '' . CNNMoney . Retrieved January 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ GM Says It 's Passing on $4 Million Super Bowl Ad Rates , Reuters via comcast.net May 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Top Five Ads of 2012 -- CATBOWL TM 2013 '' . Adbowl.com . Retrieved January 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Super Bowl advertisers walk fine line with teases . CBS News . Retrieved January 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Horovitz , Bruce ( January 29 , 2013 ) . Some Super Bowl advertisers return after hiatus . USA Today . Retrieved January 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Dominic Patten ( January 28 , 2013 ) . `` Super Bowl XLVII To Air 6 Studio Film Ads '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Klimas , Liz ( February 1 , 2013 ) . Here are 6 Super Bowl commercials you can watch before Sunday 's big game . TheBlaze . Retrieved February 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Superbowl XLVII Live On ESPN '' . Foxtel . Retrieved January 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NFL : San Francisco 49ers gegen Baltimore Ravens auf PULS 4 '' . Puls 4 . Retrieved January 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Esporte Interativo estreia NFL completa '' . Meio & Mensagem . Retrieved January 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Espn vai transmitir o Super Bowl '' . UOL Televisão . Retrieved February 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ TSN.ca : Live NFL . Retrieved January 22 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Sirius XM : Super Bowl broadcasters . Retrieved February 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sport TV 1 '' ( in Czech ) . Sport TV 1 . Retrieved January 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` TV3 + '' ( in Danish ) . TV3 . Retrieved January 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` TÄTÄ ON ODOTETTU : NYT ON SUPER BOWLIN AIKA -- NELONEN PROLLA URHEILUDIGGARIN UNELMAVIIKKO ! '' . Nelonen . Retrieved January 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` EVENEMENT : SUPER BOWL 2013 EN DIRECT LE 3 FEVRIER '' . W9 . Retrieved January 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sat. 1 TV - Programm '' . Sat. 1 . Retrieved January 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mediencenter TV - Programm '' . Sport1 . Retrieved January 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Alicia Keys énekel a Super Bowlon '' . Sport 1 TV . Retrieved January 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` STAR Sports and ESPN to broadcast live Super Bowl XLVII in India '' . Media Vataar . Retrieved February 3 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Live NFL coverage on the BBC '' . BBC . Retrieved January 19 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Live NFL coverage on Sky Sports '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved January 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` איך רואים את הסופרבול עם הפרסומות האמריקאיות ? '' . Haaretz . February 3 , 2013 . Retrieved February 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` National Football League : Super Bowl 47 Guide -- Foreign Language Broadcasts '' . Nfl.com . Retrieved February 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Azteca 7 , te damos de que hablar '' ( in Spanish ) . Azteca 7 . Retrieved February 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Televisa.com : : Canal 5 '' ( in Spanish ) . Televisa . Retrieved February 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Programacion '' ( in Spanish ) . ESPN Deportes . Retrieved February 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NFL -- the greatest game on earth '' . Viasat . Retrieved January 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fox Sports to air NFL Super Bowl XLVII live in PH Monday '' . Philippine Daily Inquirer . February 1 , 2013 . Retrieved February 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` SUPER BOWL XLVII '' . Polsat Sport . Retrieved February 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` SUPER BOWL XLVII '' . Sport TV . Retrieved January 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Preview -- Super Bowl 2013 '' ( in Romanian ) . hoinaru.ro . February 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Worldwide Broadcast Schedule : NFL Super Bowl XLVII -- 2 / 3 '' . ActualSchedules.com . January 8 , 2013 . Retrieved February 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Superbowl on DSTV '' . DSTV . Retrieved February 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Image 1 of 2 Dags för Super Bowl -- så sänder TV10 '' . TV10 . Archived from the original on January 5 , 2014 . Retrieved January 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Alicia Keys to perform national anthem at Super Bowl '' . ESPN . January 18 , 2013 . Retrieved January 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Alicia Keys planning a new version of national anthem for Super Bowl . MSN.com . Retrieved January 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Weseling , Chris ( January 30 , 2013 ) . `` Sandy Hook , Newtown to be represented in Super Bowl '' . National Football League . Retrieved January 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jennifer Hudson to Sing with Sandy Hook Chorus Before Super Bowl '' . Rolling Stone . February 1 , 2013 . Retrieved February 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Beyoncé Is More Important on Twitter Than the Super Bowl Itself '' . TIME . February 4 , 2013 . Retrieved February 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Source : Beyonce set for Super Bowl halftime '' . Times - Union . Associated Press . October 16 , 2012 . Retrieved October 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Chase , Chris ( January 31 , 2013 ) . `` Beyonce 's Super Bowl halftime performance preview : A minute - by - minute breakdown '' . USA Today . Retrieved February 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Beyonce half time performance '' . NFL.Com . February 4 , 2013 . Retrieved February 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Beyonce wows at half - time show '' . BBC News . February 4 , 2013 . Retrieved February 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Beyonce Draws Estimated 104 Million to Super Bowl Halftime '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Play - by - Play '' . ESPN . February 3 , 2013 . Retrieved February 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Inman , Cam ( February 3 , 2013 ) . `` Super Bowl 2013 : San Francisco 49ers ' furious comeback falls short in 34 -- 31 loss to Baltimore Ravens -- San Jose Mercury News '' . San Jose Mercury News . Retrieved February 4 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jacoby Jones returns kick 108 yards '' . ESPN.com . February 4 , 2013 . Retrieved April 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Watch Baltimore Ravens vs. Denver Broncos ( 01 / 12 / 2013 ) '' . NFL . Retrieved February 4 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Rosenthal , Gregg ( February 3 , 2013 ) . `` Jacoby Jones ' 108 - yard return TD a Super Bowl record '' . NFL . Retrieved February 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lights go out during Super Bowl '' . FOX Sports . Retrieved February 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Superdome goes dark during Super Bowl XLVII '' . USA Today . February 3 , 2013 . Retrieved February 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` SMA Addresses the Super Bowl Power Outage '' . Venues Today . February 6 , 2013 . Retrieved February 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Deckard , Linda ( February 6 , 2013 ) . `` Behind the Headlines : Super Bowl Blackout '' . Venues Today . Retrieved February 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Moritz , Scott ( February 5 , 2013 ) . `` AT&T sets Super Bowl mobile traffic record '' . Washington Post . Retrieved February 7 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kevin McGill ; Michael Kunzelman ( February 5 , 2013 ) . `` Superdome Power an Issue Before Big Game , AP Finds '' . ABC News . Retrieved February 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Perlstein , Mike ( February 7 , 2013 ) . `` Faulty piece of new equipment likely to blame for Super Bowl power outage '' . WWL TV . Retrieved February 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bomkamp , Samantha ( February 8 , 2013 ) . `` Power relay from local supplier at fault in Super Bowl outage '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved February 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Power company says Super Bowl blackout was caused by device designed to prevent power outages '' . Washington Post . AP . February 8 , 2013 . Retrieved February 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl blackout caused by faulty relay device , report finds '' . NFL.com . AP . March 21 , 2013 . Retrieved March 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ray Lewis : Super Bowl XLVII blackout was no accident '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Records set / tied in Super Bowl XLVII '' . Fox Sports . Retrieved February 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Matuszewski , Erik ( February 4 , 2013 ) . `` Ravens ' Super Bowl Win , Safety Combine to Deal Las Vegas a Loss '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved February 4 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Colin Kaepernick 's touchdown run sets Super Bowl record -- NFL -- Sporting News '' . SportingNews . AOL . February 3 , 2013 . Retrieved February 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ortutay , Barbara ( February 4 , 2013 ) . `` LIVE ACTION : TWITTER GRABS SUPER BOWL SPOTLIGHT '' . AP . Retrieved February 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Records set / tied in Super Bowl XLVII '' . Fox Sports . February 3 , 2013 . Retrieved October 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XLVII -- National Football League Game Summary '' ( PDF ) . National Football League . February 3 , 2013 . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jerome Boger leads Super Bowl officiating crew '' . SI.com . Associated Press . January 30 , 2013 . Retrieved February 3 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Wikinews has related news : Super Bowl XLVII : Ravens defeat 49ers , 34 -- 31 Wikimedia Commons has media related to Super Bowl XLVII . Official website Super Bowl XLVII Official Site at the Wayback Machine ( archived March 3 , 2013 ) Super Bowl XLVII play - by - play : Ravens 34 , 49ers 31 Super Bowl NFL NFC Championship AFC Championship Football Bowl games 1960s I ( 1967 ) II ( 1968 ) III ( 1969 ) 1970s IV ( 1970 ) V ( 1971 ) VI ( 1972 ) VII ( 1973 ) VIII ( 1974 ) IX ( 1975 ) X ( 1976 ) XI ( 1977 ) XII ( 1978 ) XIII ( 1979 ) 1980s XIV ( 1980 ) XV ( 1981 ) XVI ( 1982 ) XVII ( 1983 ) XVIII ( 1984 ) XIX ( 1985 ) XX ( 1986 ) XXI ( 1987 ) XXII ( 1988 ) XXIII ( 1989 ) 1990s XXIV ( 1990 ) XXV ( 1991 ) XXVI ( 1992 ) XXVII ( 1993 ) XXVIII ( 1994 ) XXIX ( 1995 ) XXX ( 1996 ) XXXI ( 1997 ) XXXII ( 1998 ) XXXIII ( 1999 ) 2000s XXXIV ( 2000 ) XXXV ( 2001 ) XXXVI ( 2002 ) XXXVII ( 2003 ) XXXVIII ( 2004 ) XXXIX ( 2005 ) XL ( 2006 ) XLI ( 2007 ) XLII ( 2008 ) XLIII ( 2009 ) 2010s XLIV ( 2010 ) XLV ( 2011 ) XLVI ( 2012 ) XLVII ( 2013 ) XLVIII ( 2014 ) XLIX ( 2015 ) 50 ( 2016 ) LI ( 2017 ) LII ( 2018 ) LIII ( 2019 ) 2020s LIV ( 2020 ) LV ( 2021 ) LVI ( 2022 ) People Champions Pre-Super Bowl NFL champions Head coaches Active head coach history Quarterbacks Officials Awards , trophies , records Super Bowl ring Vince Lombardi Trophy Most Valuable Players Records Broadcast and production National anthem Halftime Commercials USA Today Ad Meter Adbowl List Broadcast Network broadcasters Counterprogramming Lead - out programming Television ratings Super Bowl Sunday Curse Baltimore Ravens Super Bowl XLVII champions 2 Tyrod Taylor 4 Sam Koch 5 Joe Flacco ( MVP ) 9 Justin Tucker 10 Dennis Dixon 11 Tommy Streeter 12 Jacoby Jones 15 LaQuan Williams 16 David Reed 17 Tandon Doss 20 Ed Reed 21 Lardarius Webb 22 Jimmy Smith 23 Chykie Brown 24 Corey Graham 25 Asa Jackson 26 Emanuel Cook 27 Ray Rice 28 Damien Berry 29 Cary Williams 30 Bernard Pierce 31 Bernard Pollard 32 James Ihedigbo 33 Christian Thompson 34 Bobby Rainey 35 Anthony Allen 37 Sean Considine 38 Omar Brown 39 Chris Johnson 41 Anthony Levine 42 Nigel Carr 44 Vonta Leach 45 Lonyae Miller 46 Morgan Cox 47 Ricky Brown 48 Alex Silvestro 49 D.J. Bryant 50 Albert McClellan 51 Brendon Ayanbadejo 52 Ray Lewis 53 Jameel McClain 54 Adrian Hamilton 55 Terrell Suggs 56 Josh Bynes 58 Michael McAdoo 59 Dannell Ellerbe 60 Antoine McClain 62 Reggie Stephens 62 Terrence Cody 63 Bobbie Williams 66 Gino Gradkowski 69 Jack Cornell 70 Ramon Harewood 72 Kelechi Osemele 73 Marshal Yanda 74 Michael Oher 76 Jah Reid 77 Matt Birk 78 Bryant McKinnie 81 Anquan Boldin 82 Torrey Smith 83 Deonte Thompson 84 Ed Dickson 86 Billy Bajema 88 Dennis Pitta 90 Pernell McPhee 91 Courtney Upshaw 92 Haloti Ngata 93 DeAngelo Tyson 95 Bryan Hall 96 Ma'ake Kemoeatu 97 Arthur Jones 98 Ryan McBean 99 Paul Kruger Head coach : John Harbaugh Coaches : Teryl Austin Juney Barnett Clarence Brooks Jason Brooks Randy Brown Jim Caldwell Juan Castillo Jay Harbaugh Wade Harman Chris Hewitt Jim Hostler Don Martindale Andy Moeller Ted Monachino Wilbert Montgomery Dean Pees Bob Rogucki Jerry Rosburg Craig Ver Steeg Todd Washington Matt Weiss Baltimore Ravens Founded in 1996 Based in Baltimore , Maryland Headquartered in Owings Mills , Maryland Franchise History Seasons Head coaches Starting quarterbacks First - 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who are the ten tribes of israel today			Ten Lost Tribes	ten lost tribes	The ten lost tribes were the ten of the twelve tribes of ancient Israel that were said to have been deported from the Kingdom of Israel after its conquest by the Neo-Assyrian Empire circa 722 BCE . These are the tribes of Reuben , Simeon , Dan , Naphtali , Gad , Asher , Issachar , Zebulun , Manasseh and Ephraim . Claims of descent from the `` lost '' tribes have been proposed in relation to many groups , and some religions espouse a messianic view that the tribes will return .	In the 7th and 8th centuries CE , the return of the lost tribes was associated with the concept of the coming of the messiah . The Jewish historian Josephus ( 37 -- 100 CE ) wrote that `` the ten tribes are beyond the Euphrates till now , and are an immense multitude and not to be estimated in numbers . '' Historian Tudor Parfitt has declared that `` the Lost Tribes are indeed nothing but a myth '' , and he writes that `` this myth is a vital feature of colonial discourse throughout the long period of European overseas empires , from the beginning of the fifteenth century , until the later half of the twentieth '' . Zvi Ben - Dor Benite states : `` The fascination with the tribes has generated , alongside ostensibly nonfictional scholarly studies , a massive body of fictional literature and folktale . '' Anthropologist Shalva Weil has documented differing tribes and peoples claiming affiliation to the Lost Tribes throughout the world . Contents ( hide ) 1 The twelve tribes 1.1 Biblical apocrypha 1.2 New Testament 2 Religious beliefs 2.1 Judaism 2.2 Christianity 2.2. 1 Mormonism 3 Ethnology and anthropology 4 Groups which claim descent from lost tribes 4.1 Bene Israel 4.2 Bnei Menashe 4.3 Beta Israel of Ethiopia 4.4 Igbo Jews 4.5 Pakhtun / Pashtun of Afghanistan and Pakistan 5 Speculation regarding other ethnic groups 5.1 Scythian / Cimmerian theories 5.2 Native Americans 5.3 Japanese 5.4 Lemba 5.5 British Israelism 5.6 Brit - Am 5.7 Other variants 6 See also 7 Bibliography 7.1 Documentary 8 References and notes 8.1 Footnotes 8.2 Notations 9 External links The twelve Tribes ( edit ) See also : Assyrian captivity The scriptural basis for the idea of `` 10 Lost Tribes '' is 2 Kings 17 : 6 : `` In the ninth year of Hoshea , the king of Assyria captured Samaria and deported the Israelites to Assyria . He settled them in Halah , in Gozan on the Habor River and in the towns of the Medes . '' According to the Hebrew Bible , Jacob ( who was later named Israel ; Gen 35 : 10 ) had 12 sons and at least one daughter ( Dinah ) by two wives and two concubines . The twelve sons fathered the twelve Tribes of Israel . When the land of Israel was apportioned among the tribes in the days of Joshua , the Tribe of Levi , being chosen as priests , did not receive land ( Joshua 13 : 33 , 14 : 3 ) . However , the tribe of Levi were given cities . Six cities were to be refuge cities for all men of Israel , which were to be controlled by the Levites . Three of these cities were located on each side of the Jordan River . In addition , 42 other cities ( and their respective open spaces ) , totaling 48 cities , were given to the Tribe of Levi . ( Numbers 35 ) Jacob elevated the descendants of Ephraim and Manasseh ( the two sons of Joseph by his Egyptian wife Asenath ) ( Genesis 41 : 50 ) to the status of full tribes in their own right , replacing the Tribe of Joseph ( Genesis 48 : 5 ) . Each tribe received its own land and had its own encampment during the 40 years of wandering in the desert . Thus , the two divisions of the tribes are : Traditional division : Reuben Simeon Levi Judah Issachar Zebulun Dan Naphtali Gad Asher Joseph Benjamin Division according to apportionment of land in Israel : Reuben Simeon Judah Issachar Zebulun Dan Naphtali Gad Asher Benjamin Ephraim ( son of Joseph ) Manasseh ( son of Joseph ) Levi ( no territorial allotment , except a number of cities located within the territories of the other tribes ) According to the Bible , the Kingdom of Israel ( or Northern Kingdom ) was one of the successor states to the older United Monarchy ( also called the Kingdom of Israel ) , which came into existence in about the 930s BCE after the northern Tribes of Israel rejected Solomon 's son Rehoboam as their king . Nine landed tribes formed the Northern Kingdom : the tribes of Reuben , Issachar , Zebulun , Dan , Naphtali , Gad , Asher , Ephraim , and Manasseh . In addition , some members of Tribe of Levi , who had no land allocation , were found in the Northern Kingdom . The Tribes of Judah and Benjamin remained loyal to Rehoboam , and formed the Kingdom of Judah ( or Southern Kingdom ) . Members of Levi and the remnant of Simeon were also found in the Southern Kingdom . According to 2 Chronicles 15 : 9 , members of the tribes of Ephraim , Manasseh , and Simeon `` fled '' to Judah during the reign of Asa of Judah ( c. 911 - 870 BCE ) . Whether these groups were absorbed into the population or remained distinct groups , or returned to their tribal lands is not indicated . In c. 732 BCE , the Assyrian king Tiglath - Pileser III sacked Damascus and Israel , annexing Aramea and territory of the tribes of Reuben , Gad and Manasseh in Gilead including the desert outposts of Jetur , Naphish , and Nodab . People from these tribes , including the Reubenite leader , were taken captive and resettled in the region of the Khabur River system in Assyria / Mesopotamia . Tiglath - Pilesar also captured the territory of Naphtali and the city of Janoah in Ephraim , and an Assyrian governor was placed over the region of Naphtali . According to 2 Kings 16 : 9 and 15 : 29 , the population of Aram and the annexed part of Israel was deported to Assyria . Israel continued to exist within the reduced territory as an independent kingdom subject to Assyria until around 725 - 720 BCE , when it was again invaded by Assyria and the rest of the population deported . The Bible relates that the population of Israel was exiled , leaving only the Tribe of Judah , the Tribe of Simeon ( that was `` absorbed '' into Judah ) , the Tribe of Benjamin , and the people of the Tribe of Levi who lived among them of the original Israelite tribes in the southern Kingdom of Judah . However , Israel Finkelstein estimated that only a fifth of the population ( about 40,000 ) were actually resettled out of the area during the two deportation periods under Tiglath - Pileser III , Shalmaneser V , and Sargon II . Many also fled south to Jerusalem , which appears to have expanded in size fivefold during this period , requiring a new wall to be built , and a new source of water ( Siloam ) to be provided by King Hezekiah . Furthermore , 2 Chronicles 30 : 1 - 11 explicitly mentions northern Israelites who had been spared by the Assyrians -- in particular , members of Dan , Ephraim , Manasseh , Asher , and Zebulun -- and how members of the latter three returned to worship at the Temple in Jerusalem at that time . 2 Kings 17 : 34 says , `` To this day they persist in their former practices . They neither worship Yahweh nor adhere to the decrees and regulations , the laws and commands that Yahweh gave the descendants of Jacob , whom he named Israel . '' The medieval rabbi and biblical commentator David Kimhi explains that this is in reference to the tribes that were exiled , and that they remained in their ways , neither accepting a monotheistic God nor in adhering to any of the laws and regulations that were common to all Jews . The Hebrew Bible does not use the phrase `` ten lost tribes '' , leading some to question the number of tribes involved . 1 Kings 11 : 31 states that the kingdom would be taken from Solomon and ten tribes given to Jeroboam : And he said to Jeroboam , Take thee ten pieces : for thus saith the LORD , the God of Israel , Behold , I will rend the kingdom out of the hand of Solomon , and will give ten tribes to thee . -- 1 Kings 11 : 31 But I will take the kingdom out of his son 's hand , and will give it unto thee , even ten tribes . -- 1 Kings 11 : 35 Biblical Apocrypha ( edit ) According to Zvi Ben - Dor Benite : Centuries after their disappearance , the ten lost tribes sent an indirect but vital sign ... In 2 Esdras , we read about the ten tribes and `` their long journey through that region , which is called Arzareth '' ... The book of the `` Vision of Ezra '' , or Esdras , was written in Hebrew or Aramaic by a Palestinian Jew sometime before the end of the first century CE , shortly after the destruction of the temple by the Romans . It is one of a group of texts later designated as the so - called Apocrypha -- pseudoepigraphal books attached to but not included in the Hebrew biblical canon . New Testament ( edit ) Some evidence exists of a continuing identification in later centuries of individual Israelites to the Lost Tribes . For example , in Luke 2 : 36 of the New Testament , an individual is identified with the tribe of Asher . Religious beliefs ( edit ) In Ezekiel 37 : 16 - 17 , the prophet is told Son of man , take a stick and write on it , ' For Judah , and the people of Israel associated with him ' ; then take another stick and write on it , ' For Joseph ( the stick of Ephraim ) and all the house of Israel associated with him . ' 17 And join them one to another into one stick , that they may become one in your hand . -- Ezekiel 37 : 16 - 17 Judaism ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( August 2014 ) There are discussions in the Talmud as to whether the ten lost tribes will eventually be reunited with the Tribe of Judah , that is , with the Jewish people . Christianity ( edit ) The increased currency of tales relating to lost tribes that occurred in the 17th century was due to the confluence of several factors . According to Parfitt : ... As Michael Pollack shows , Menassah 's argument was based on , ' three separate and seemingly unrelated sources : a verse from the book of Isaiah , Matteo Ricci 's discovery of an old Jewish community in the heart of China and Antonio Montezinos ' reported encounter with members of the Lost Tribes in the wilds of South America . ' In 1605 , Jesuit missionary Matteo Ricci discovered a small community consisting of approximately ten to twelve families of Chinese Jews in Kaifeng , China , the Kaifeng Jews . According to historical records , a Jewish community in Kaifaeng built a synagogue in 1163 during the Southern Song Dynasty , which existed until the late nineteenth century . The Portuguese traveler and Marrano Sephardic Jew Antonio de Montezinos returned to Europe with accounts that some of the Lost Tribes were living as Native Americans of the Andes in South America . Menasseh ben Israel , a noted rabbi and printer in Amsterdam , was excited by this news . He believed that a Messianic age was approaching , and that having Jewish people settled around the world was necessary for it . In 1649 Menassah published his book , The Hope of Israel , in Spanish and in Latin in Amsterdam ; it included Montezinos ' account of the Lost Tribes in the New World . An English translation was published in London in 1650 . In it Menasseh argued , and for the first time tried to give learned support in European thought and printing , to the theory that the native inhabitants of America at the time of the European discovery were actually descendants of the ( lost ) Ten Tribes of Israel . Menasseh noted how important Montezinos ' account was , `` ... for the Scriptures do not tell what people first inhabited those Countries ; neither was there mention of them by any , til Christop . Columbus , Americus , Vespacius , Ferdinandus , Cortez , the Marquesse Del Valle , and Franciscus Pizarrus went thither ... '' He wrote on 23 December 1649 : ... I think that the Ten Tribes live not only there ... but also in other lands scattered everywhere ; these never did come back to the Second Temple and they keep till this day still the Jewish Religion ... In 1655 , Menasseh ben Israel petitioned Oliver Cromwell to allow the Jews to return to England in furtherance of the Messianic goal . ( Since the Edict of Expulsion in 1290 , Jews had been prohibited by law from living in England . ) With the approach of 1666 , considered a significant date , Cromwell was allegedly interested in the return of the Jews to England because of the many theories circulating related to millennial thinking about the end of the world . Many of these ideas were fixed upon the year 1666 and the Fifth Monarchy Men who were looking for the return of Jesus as the Messiah ; he was expected to establish a final kingdom to rule the physical world for a thousand years . Messianic believers supported Cromwell 's Republic in the expectation that it was a preparation for the fifth monarchy -- that is , the monarchy that should succeed the Babylonian , Persian , Greek , and Roman world empires . Apocryphal accounts concerning the Lost Tribes , based to varying degrees on biblical accounts , have been produced by both Jews and Christians since at least the 17th century . An Ashkenazi Jewish tradition speaks of these tribes as Die Roite Yiddelech , `` The little red Jews '' , cut off from the rest of Jewry by the legendary river Sambation , `` whose foaming waters raise high up into the sky a wall of fire and smoke that is impossible to pass through '' . Historians generally concluded that the groups referred to as the Lost Tribes merged with the local population . For instance , the New Standard Jewish Encyclopedia states : In historic fact , some members of the Ten Tribes remained in Palestine , where apart from the Samaritans some of their descendants long preserved their identity among the Jewish population , others were assimilated , while others were presumably absorbed by the last Judean exiles who in 597 - 586 BC were deported to Assyria ... Unlike the Judeans of the southern Kingdom , who survived a similar fate 135 years later , they soon assimilated ... Mormonism ( edit ) Main article : Mormon view of the House of Joseph The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints ( LDS Church ) believes in the literal gathering of Israel , and the LDS Church actively preaches the gathering of people from the twelve tribes . `` Today Israelites are found in all countries of the world . Many of these people do not know that they are descended from the ancient house of Israel , '' the church teaches in its basic Gospel Principles manual . `` The Lord promised that His covenant people would someday be gathered ... God gathers His children through missionary work . As people come to a knowledge of Jesus Christ , receiving the ordinances of salvation and keeping the associated covenants , they become ' the children of the covenant ' ( 3 Nephi 20 : 26 ) . '' The church also teaches that `` The power and authority to direct the work of gathering the house of Israel was given to Joseph Smith by the prophet Moses , who appeared in 1836 in the Kirtland Temple ... The Israelites are to be gathered spiritually first and then physically . They are gathered spiritually as they join The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints and make and keep sacred covenants ... The physical gathering of Israel means that the covenant people will be `` gathered home to the lands of their inheritance , and shall be established in all their lands of promise '' ( 2 Nephi 9 : 2 ) . The tribes of Ephraim and Manasseh will be gathered in the Americas . The tribe of Judah will return to the city of Jerusalem and the area surrounding it . The ten lost tribes will receive from the tribe of Ephraim their promised blessings ( see D&C 133 : 26 -- 34 ) ... The physical gathering of Israel will not be complete until the Second Coming of the Savior and on into the Millennium ( see Joseph Smith -- Matthew 1 : 37 ) . '' One of their main Articles of Faith , written by Joseph Smith , is as follows : `` We believe in the literal gathering of Israel and in the restoration of the Ten Tribes ; that Zion ( the New Jerusalem ) will be built upon the American continent ; that Christ will reign personally upon the earth ; and , that the earth will be renewed and receive its paradisiacal glory . '' ( LDS Articles of Faith # 10 ) Regarding the Ezekiel 37 prophecy , the LDS Church teaches that the Book of Mormon is the stick of Ephraim ( or Joseph ) mentioned and that the Bible is the stick of Judah , thus comprising two witnesses for Jesus Christ . The LDS Church believes the Book of Mormon to be a collection of records by prophets of the ancient Americas , written on plates of gold and translated by Joseph Smith c. 1830 . The LDS Church considers the Book of Mormon one of the main tools for the spiritual gathering of Israel . Ethnology and anthropology ( edit ) Expanded exploration and study of groups throughout the world through archeology and the new field of anthropology in the late 19th century led to a revival or reworking of accounts of the Lost Tribes . For instance , because archeological finds of the Mississippian culture 's complex earthwork mounds seemed beyond the skills of the Native American cultures known to European Americans at the time of their discovery , it was theorized that the ancient civilizations involved in the mounds ' construction were linked to the Lost Tribes . They tried to fit new information into a biblical construct . However , the earthworks across North America have been conclusively linked to various Native groups , and most archaeologists now consider the theory of non-Native origin to be pseudo-science . Groups which claim descent from Lost Tribes ( edit ) Bene Israel ( edit ) Main article : Bene Israel After learning about normative Judaism in the 19th century , the Bene Israel often migrated from villages in Konkan to nearby cities , which included Mumbai , Pune , Ahmedabad , and Karachi . Based on Bene Israel tradition , after centuries of traveling through Western Asia from Israel , their ancestors migrated to India and slowly assimilated into the surrounding community , while maintaining particular Jewish traditions . David Rahabi , an Indian Jew , found the Bene Israel in the 18th century and took note of their Jewish customs . Some historians note that the ancestors of the Bene Israel belonged to one of the Lost Tribes of Israel ; however , Jewish authorities have not officially recognized the Bene Israel as one of the Lost Tribes . Bnei Menashe ( edit ) Main article : Bnei Menashe Since the late 20th century , some tribes in the Indian North - Eastern states of Mizoram and Manipur claim they are Lost Israelites and have been studying Hebrew and Judaism . Beta Israel of Ethiopia ( edit ) Main article : Beta Israel The Beta Israel ( `` House of Israel '' ) are Ethiopian Jews , who were also called `` Falashas '' in the past . Some members of the Beta Israel , as well as several Jewish scholars , believe that they are descended from the lost Tribe of Dan , as opposed to the traditional story of their descent from the Queen of Sheba . They have a tradition of being connected to Jerusalem . Early DNA studies showed that they were descended from Ethiopians , but in the 21st century , new studies have shown their possible descent from a few Jews who lived in either the 4th or 5th century , possibly in Sudan . The Beta Israel made contacts with other Jewish communities in the later 20th century . After Halakhic and constitutional discussions , Israeli officials decided on March 14 , 1977 that the Israeli Law of Return applied to the Beta Israel . Igbo Jews ( edit ) Main article : Igbo Jews The Igbo Jews of Nigeria claim descent variously from the tribes of Ephraim , Naphtali , Menasseh , Levi , Zebulun and Gad . The theory , however , does not hold up to historical scrutiny . Historians have examined the historical literature on West Africa from the colonial era and they have elucidated diverse functions which such theories served for the writers who proposed them . Pakhtun / Pashtun of Afghanistan and Pakistan ( edit ) Main article : Theory of Pashtun descent from Israelites The Pashtuns are a predominantly Muslim people , native to Afghanistan and Pakistan , who adhere to a pre-Islamic indigenous religious code of honor and culture , Pashtunwali . The myth about Pashtuns being from the lost tribes of Israel has never been substantiated through concrete historical evidence . Many members of the Taliban hail from the Pashtun tribes and they do not necessarily disclaim their alleged `` Israelite '' descent . The tribal name ' Yusef Zai ' in Pashto translates as the `` sons of Joseph '' , as described in Makhzan - i - Afghani , a historical work from the 17th century by Nehamtullah , an official in the royal court of Mughal Emperor Jehangir . A similar story is told by the Iranian historian Ferishta . A number of genetic studies refute the possibility of a connection , whereas others maintain a link . In 2010 , The Guardian reported that the Israeli government was planning to fund a genetic study in order to test the veracity of a genetic link between the Pashtuns and the lost tribes of Israel . The article stated `` Historical and anecdotal evidence strongly suggests a connection , but definitive scientific proof has never been found . Some leading Israeli anthropologists believe that , of all the many groups in the world who claim a connection to the 10 lost tribes , the Pashtuns , or Pathans , have the most compelling case . '' Speculation regarding other Ethnic groups ( edit ) Scythian / Cimmerian theories ( edit ) A depiction of either King Jehu , or Jehu 's ambassador , kneeling at the feet of Shalmaneser III on the Black Obelisk . Several theories claim that the Scythians and / or Cimmerians were in whole or in part the Lost Tribes of Israel . These are generally based on the belief that the Northern Kingdom of Israel , which had been deported by the Assyrians , became known in history as the Scythians and / or Cimmerians . Various points of view exist as to their modern descendants . The Behistun Inscription is often cited as a link between the deported Israelites , the Cimmerians and the Scythians ( Saka ) . The 19th - century British scholar George Rawlinson wrote : We have reasonable grounds for regarding the Gimirri , or Cimmerians , who first appeared on the confines of Assyria and Media in the seventh century B.C. , and the Sacae of the Behistun Rock , nearly two centuries later , as identical with the Beth - Khumree of Samaria , or the Ten Tribes of the House of Israel . Adherents point out that the Behistun Inscription connects the people known in Old Persian and Elamite as Saka , Sacae or Scythian with the people known in Babylonian as Gimirri or Cimmerian . It should be made clear from the start that the terms ' Cimmerian ' and ' Scythian ' were interchangeable : in Akkadian the name Iskuzai ( Asguzai ) occurs only exceptionally . Gimirrai ( Gamir ) was the normal designation for ' Cimmerians ' as well as ' Scythians ' in Akkadian . E. Raymond Capt , a British Israelite , claimed similarities between King Jehu 's pointed headdress and that of the captive Saka king seen to the far right on the Behistun Inscription . He also posited that the Assyrian word for the House of Israel , Khumri , which was named after Israel 's King Omri of the 8th century BC , is connected phonetically to Gimirri ( Cimmerian ) . Dimont ( 1933 ) says of the Israel / Scythian theory that the customs of the Scythians and the Cimmerians differ from those of the Ancient Israelites . Native Americans ( edit ) In 1650 , a British divine named Thomas Thorowgood , who was a preacher in Norfolk , published a book entitled Jewes in America or Probabilities that the Americans are of that Race , which he had prepared for the New England missionary society . Tudor Parfitt writes : The society was active in trying to convert the Indians but suspected that they might be Jews and realized they better be prepared for an arduous task . Thorowgood 's tract argued that the native population of North America were descendants of the Ten Lost Tribes . In 1652 Sir Hamon L'Estrange , an English author writing on topics such as history and theology published an exegetical tract called Americans no Jews , or improbabilities that the Americans are of that Race in response to the tract by Thorowgood . In response to L'Estrange , Thorowgood published a second edition of his book in 1660 with a revised title and included a foreword written by John Eliot , a Puritan missionary to the Indians who had translated the Bible into an Indian language . Japanese ( edit ) Main article : Japanese - Jewish Common Ancestor Theory Some writers have speculated that the Japanese people may be the direct descendants of some of the Ten Lost Tribes . Tudor Parfitt writes that `` the spread of the fantasy of Israelite origin ... forms a consistent feature of the Western colonial enterprise '' : It is in fact in Japan that we can trace the most remarkable evolution in the Pacific of an imagined Judaic past . As elsewhere in the world , the theory that aspects of the country were to be explained via an Israelite model was introduced by Western agents . In 1878 , Scottish immigrant to Japan Nicholas McLeod published Epitome of the Ancient History of Japan . McLeod drew correlations between his observations of Japan and the fulfillment of biblical prophecy : The civilized race of the Aa . Inus , the Tokugawa and the Machi No Hito of the large towns , by dwelling in the tent or tabernacle shaped houses first erected by Jin Mu Tenno , have fulfilled Noah 's prophecy regarding Japhet , `` He shall dwell in the tents of Shem . '' ( McLeod , 1878 . p. 7 ) Several other authors have followed McLeod in speculating about parallels between Japanese and Israelite rituals , culture and language in an attempt to support the hypothesis . Arimasa Kubo , an ordained Christian minister , has translated McLeod 's book into Japanese , and has published a number of works on the topic . In his article , `` Mystery of the Ten Lost Tribes : Japan , '' he asserts that many traditional customs and ceremonies in Japan are very similar to those of ancient Israel . He postulates that perhaps these rituals came from the Jews through members of the Ten Lost Tribes of Israel , who might have come to ancient Japan . Jon Entine emphasizes that DNA evidence shows that there are no genetic links between Japanese and Israelite people . Emperor Jimmu ( 神武天皇 Jinmu - tennō ) was the first Emperor of Japan , according to legend . His accession is traditionally dated as 660 BC . In the reign of Emperor Kanmu ( 737 -- 806 ) , the eighth - century scholar Ōmi no Mifune designated rulers before Ōjin as tennō ( 天皇 , `` heavenly sovereign '' ) , a Japanese pendant to the Chinese imperial title Tiān - dì ( 天帝 ) , and posthumusly gave several of them including Emperor Jimmu their canonical names . Prior to this time , these rulers had been known as sumera no mikoto / ōkimi . The - no - mikoto ending is a common honorific suffix for the names of gods , of similar meaning to `` the grand , the great , the exalted '' . It is possible that the name sumera is a variant of Sumer . If so , the translation of sumera no mikoto ( the tile of all Japanese rulers prior to the Taika Reforms ) would roughly be `` the noble one of / from Sumer '' . The pronunciation of the word `` Sumer '' in Japanese language is ( sū - me - da ) . Lemba ( edit ) Main article : Lemba people The Lemba people ( Vhalemba ) from Southern Africa claim to be the descendants of several Jewish men who traveled from what is now Yemen to Africa in search of gold , where they took wives and established new communities . Recent research published in the South African Medical Journal studied Y - chromosomes variations in two groups of Lemba , one South African and the other Zimbabwean ( the Remba ) . It concluded that `` While it was not possible to trace unequivocally the origins of the non-African Y chromosomes in the Lemba and Remba , this study does not support the earlier claims of their Jewish genetic heritage . '' The researcher suggested `` a stronger link with Middle Eastern populations , probably the result of trade activity in the Indian Ocean . '' They have specific religious practices similar to those in Judaism and a tradition of being a migrant people , with clues pointing to an origin in West Asia or North Africa . According to the oral history of the Lemba , their ancestors were Jews who came from a place called Sena several hundred years ago and settled in East Africa . Sena is an abandoned ancient town in Yemen , located in the eastern Hadramaut valley , which history indicates Jews inhabited in past centuries . Some research suggests that `` Sena '' may refer to Wadi Masilah ( near Sayhut ) in Yemen , often called Sena , or alternatively to the city of Sana'a , also located in Yemen . British Israelism ( edit ) Main article : British Israelism British Israelism ( also known as ' Anglo - Israelism ' ) espouses the theory that people of northwestern European descent , especially those who live in the United Kingdom and the United States , are descended from the lost tribes of Israel . Adherents believe that the deported Israelites became Scythians / Cimmerians who they say are ancestors of the Celts / Anglo - Saxons of Western Europe . The theory arose in England , from whence it spread to the United States . During the 20th century , British Israelism was promoted by Herbert W. Armstrong , founder of the Worldwide Church of God . The Worldwide Church of God no longer teaches the theory , but some offshoot churches such as the Philadelphia Church of God , the Church of God , an International Community , the Church of God , a Worldwide Association , United Church of God and the Living Church of God continue to teach it . One notable adherent of British Israelism was Alberta premier `` Bible Bill '' Aberhart . Tudor Parfitt , author of The Lost Tribes : The History of a Myth , states that the proof cited by adherents of British Israelism is `` of a feeble composition even by the low standards of the genre . '' ( Parfitt , 2003 . p. 61 . ) Brit - Am ( edit ) Brit - Am , sometimes confused with British Israelism , is an organization centered in Jerusalem , and composed of Jews and non-Jews . Brit - Am , like British Israel , identifies the Lost Ten Tribes with peoples of West European descent , but does so from a Jewish perspective , quoting both biblical and Rabbinical sources . It uses Rabbinical Commentary supplemented by secular theories that posit the Lost Tribes / Scythian / Cimmerian connection , which are believed to have been ancestors of current Western European cultures and nations . An example of Brit - Am scholarship may be seen from its treatment of Obadiah 1 : 20 in Hebrew . Obadiah mentions `` Galut HaHail HaZeh '' i.e. `` this First Exile '' being in `` Tsarafath '' , where the original Hebrew was understood by Rabbinical commentators such as Rashi and Don Isaac Abrabanel as referring to the Lost Ten Tribes in France and England . Brit - Am also believes that `` Other Israelite Tribes gave rise to elements within Finland , Switzerland , Sweden , Norway , Ireland , Wales , France , Holland , and Belgium '' and that `` The Tribe of Dan is to be found amongst part of the Danish , Irish , and Welsh . '' Brit - Am also believes that the Khazars were descended from the Ten Tribes and quotes Jewish and non-Jewish sources that were contemporaneous with them . Other variants ( edit ) Other organizations teach other variants of the theory , including the claim that the Scythians / Cimmerians represented in whole or in part the Ten Lost Tribes . One such theory posits that the lost Israelites can be defined by the Y - DNA haplogroup R , which makes up much of the population of Europe and Russia , which is in conjunction to British Israelism and Brit - Am , which believe that the Israelites crossed the Bosphorus into modern day Turkey , from there they made their way to Odessa on the Black Sea ( formerly in Russia ) and over a period of time travelled through Eastern Europe , then into Western Europe through France and onto the British Isles , including Ireland . See also ( edit ) Assyria and Germany in Anglo - Israelism Black Hebrew Israelites , groups of African Americans who believe that they are descendents of the ancient Israelites British Israelism Christian Identity Groups claiming affiliation with Israelites History of the Jews in China History of the Jews in India Jewish diaspora Shavei Israel , an organization which seeks to find `` lost Jews . '' Theory of Kashmiri descent from lost tribes of Israel Timeline of Jewish history United States in Prophecy Joseph Wolff - the so - called `` Eccentric Missionary '' , the son of a rabbi who converted to Christianity , who in 1828 set off on extensive travels through Asia in search of the Ten Lost Tribes ( hide ) The Biblical and Historical Israelites Children of Israel / Twelve Tribes of Israel Ten Lost Tribes History of ancient Israel and Judah Land of Israel United Monarchy ( Kingdom of Israel ) Northern Kingdom Southern Kingdom ( Kingdom of Judah ) Tanakh Bible Hebrew Bible Old Testament Historicity of the Bible Bibliography ( edit ) Bruder , Édith : Black Jews of Africa , Oxford 2008 . Halkin , Hillel `` Across the Sabbath River '' Houghton Mifflin , 2002 Hewitt , Richard ( Risbek ) : `` Manas - Lost & Found : A Bridge Linking Kyrgyzstan 's Epic to Ancient Oracles '' , Bishkek ( 2012 ) Lange , Dierk : `` Yoruba origins and the ' Lost Tribes of Israel ' '' , Anthropos 106 ( 2011 ) , 579 - 595 . Parfitt , Tudor : The Lost Tribes of Israel : The History of a Myth , London 2002 . Parfitt , Tudor : `` The Black Jews of Africa and the Americas '' Harvard University Press , Cambridge , 2012 . Weil , Shalva : Beyond the Sambatyon : the Myth of the Ten Tribes , Tel Aviv 1991 . Zvi Ben - Dor Benite , The Ten Lost Tribes , Oxford University Press , 2009 Jones , Erik , `` The United States , Britain and the Commonwealth in Prophecy '' , 2016 . Documentary ( edit ) Jacobovici , Simcha , Quest for the Lost Tribes , 2003 . References and notes ( edit ) Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Josephus , The Antiquities of the Jews , Book 11 chapter 1 and II Esdras 13 : 39 - 45 Jump up ^ Weil , S. 2012 ' Tribes , Ten Lost ' , in Jewish Folklore and Traditions : A Multicultural Encyclopedia , ( Raphael Patai and Haya Bar Itzhak eds . ) ABC - CLIO , Inc. , 2 : 542 - 543 . Jump up ^ Zvi Ben - Dor Benite , The Ten Lost Tribes , Oxford University Press , pp. 58 - 62 Jump up ^ Josephus , Flavius . Antiquites . p. 11 : 133 . Jump up ^ Parfitt , Tudor ( 2003 ) . The Lost Tribes of Israel : The History of a Myth . Phoenix . pp. 1 , 225 . Jump up ^ Benite , p. 11 Jump up ^ Weil , S. 1991 ' Beyond the Sambatyon : the Myth of the Ten Lost Tribes ' . Tel - Aviv : Beth Hatefutsoth , the Nahum Goldman Museum of the Jewish Diaspora . Jump up ^ Lester L. Grabbe , Ancient Israel : What Do We Know and How Do We Know It ? ( New York : T&T Clark , 2007 ) : 134 Jump up ^ Finkelstein & Silberman 2001 , The Bible Unearthed . Jump up ^ Broshi , Maguen ( 2001 ) . Bread , Wine , Walls and Scrolls . Bloomsbury Publishing . p. 174 . ISBN 1841272019 . Jump up ^ David Kimhi . Commentary on 2 Kings 17 : 34 Jump up ^ The Ten Lost Tribes : A World History , Zvi Ben - Dor Benite , Oxford University Press , p. 57 Jump up ^ Weil , S. 1991 ' Beyond the Sambatyon : the Myth of the Ten Lost Tribes ' , in Ariel , 85 - 86 : 25 - 31 . Jump up ^ Parfitt , Tudor ( 2003 ) . The Lost Tribes of Israel : The History of a Myth . Phoenix . p. 69 . Jump up ^ De Christiana expeditione apud Sinas , p. 108 in Gallagher 's English translation ( 1953 ) ^ Jump up to : Méchoulan , Henry , and Nahon , Gérard ( eds . ) , Menasseh Ben Israel . The Hope of Israel , Oxford University Press , Oxford , 1987 - ISBN 0 - 19 - 710054 - 6 , p. 101 and passim . Jump up ^ Wilensky M. ( 1951 ) . `` The Royalist Position concerning the Readmission of Jews to England '' , The Jewish Quarterly Review , New Series , Vol. 41 , No. 4 , pp. 397 -- 409 Jump up ^ Menassah ben Israel , The Hope of Israel ( London , 1650 , English translation ) , scanned text online at Oliver 's Bookshelf , accessed 10 May 2013 Jump up ^ Moses Rosen . `` The Recipe '' ( published as epilogue to The Face of Survival , 1987 ) . Nathan Ausubel . Pictorial History of the Jewish People , Crown , 1953 . Jump up ^ The Ten Lost Tribes : A World History , Zvi Ben - Dor Benite , Oxford University Press , p. 59 Jump up ^ Moses Rosen . `` The Recipe '' ( published as epilogue to The Face of Survival , 1987 ) . Jump up ^ Stanford M Lyman , `` The Lost Tribes of Israel as a Problem in History and Sociology , '' International Journal of Politics , Culture , and Society , Volume 12 , Number 1 / September 1998 Jump up ^ Part of the Lyman article and a similar article can be read online in the book , Roads to Dystopia , at Roads to Dystopia Jump up ^ Nelson , Russell M. ( November 2006 ) . `` The Gathering of Scattered Israel '' . Liahona . The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints . Retrieved 23 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Gospel Principles , chapter 42 , `` The Gathering of the House of Israel '' . Jump up ^ Weil , S. 2013 ' Ten Lost Tribes ' , in Judith Baskin ( ed . ) Cambridge Dictionary of Judaism and Jewish Culture , New York : Cambridge University Press , 616 . Jump up ^ Stephen Conn , Ohio State University Jump up ^ Neusius , Sarah W. , and G. Timothy Gross ( 2014 ) Seeking Our Past : An Introduction to North American Archaeology ( second edition ) . Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ Weil , Shalva 1981 The Jews from the Konkan : the Bene IsraelCommunity of India . Tel - Aviv : Beth Hatefutsoth , the Nahum Goldman Museum of the Jewish Diaspora . Jump up ^ Weil , Shalva 2010 ' Bombay ' in Norman A. Stillman ( ed . ) Encyclopediaof Jews in the Islamic World , Leiden : Brill . ( http://www.brillonline.nl/subscriber/entry?entry=ejiw_COM-0004450 ) ; Jump up ^ Weil , Shalva 2008 ' The Jews of Pakistan ' ( 3 : 1228 - 1230 ) , in M. Avrum Erlich ( ed . ) Encyclopedia of the Jewish Diaspora , Santa Barbara , USA : ABC CLIO Jump up ^ Weil , Shalva ( 2009 ) ( 2002 ) . `` Bene Israel Rites and Routines '' . In Weil , Shalva . India 's Jewish Heritage : Ritual , Art and Life - Cycle ( 3rd ed . ) . Mumbai : Marg Publications . pp. 78 -- 89 . Jump up ^ Weil , Shalva ( 1994 ) . `` Yom Kippur : the Festival of Closing the Doors '' . In Goodman , Hananya . Between Jerusalem & Benares : Comparative Studies in Judaism & Hinduism . New York : State University of New York Press . pp. 85 -- 100 . Jump up ^ Weil , Shalva 2013 `` Jews of India '' ( 1 : 255 - 258 ) ; `` Ten Lost Tribes '' ( 2 : 542 - 543 ) , in Raphael Patai and Haya Bar Itzhak ( eds . ) Jewish Folklore and Traditions : A Multicultural Encyclopedia , ABC - CLIO , Inc Jump up ^ Bene Israel Jump up ^ Weil , S ( 2004b ) . `` Lost Israelites from North - East India : Re-Traditionalisation and Conversion among the Shinlung from the Indo - Burmese Borderlands '' . The Anthropologist. 6 ( 3 ) : 219 -- 233 . Jump up ^ Weil , S. 2011 ' Via India to Israel : The Migrations of the Bnei Menashe ' , International Relations and Security Network ( ISN ) . Web . http://www.isn.ethz.ch/Digital-Library/Articles/Detail/?ots591=4888caa0-b3db-1461-98b9-e20e7b9c13d4&lng=en&id=133889 . Jump up ^ Weil , S. 2013 ' Ethiopian Jews ' , in Judith Baskin ( ed . ) Cambridge Dictionary of Judaism and Jewish Culture , New York : Cambridge University Press , 165 - 166 . Jump up ^ Weil , S. 2008a ' Jews in Ethiopia ' ; ' Jews in India ' ; ' The Jews of Pakistan ' ; ' The Pathans of Afghanistan and their Israelite Status ' , in M. Avrum Erlich ( ed . ) Encyclopaedia of the Jewish Diaspora , Santa Barbara : ABC CLIO , 2 : 467 - 475 ; 3 : 1204 - 1212 , 1228 - 1230 , 1230 - 1231 . Jump up ^ Weil , S. 2012b `` Longing for Jerusalem Among the Beta Israel of Ethiopia '' , in Edith Bruder and Tudor Parfitt ( eds . ) African Zion : Studies in Black Judaism , Cambridge : Cambridge Scholars Publishing , pp. 204 - 217 . Jump up ^ Jon Entine , Abraham 's Children : Race , Identity , and the DNA of the Chosen People , Grand Central Publishing , 2007 . p. 149 . Jump up ^ Lucotte , G ; Smets , P ( 1999 ) . `` Origins of Falasha Jews studied by haplotypes of the Y chromosome '' . Human Biology . 71 ( 6 ) : 989 -- 93 . PMID 10592688 . Jump up ^ Zoossmann - Diskin , A ; Ticher , A ; Hakim , I ; Goldwitch , Z ; Rubinstein , A ; Bonne - Tamir , B ( 1991 ) . `` Genetic affinities of Ethiopian Jews '' . Israel Journal of Medical Sciences . 27 ( 5 ) : 245 -- 51 . PMID 2050504 . Jump up ^ Hammer , M.F. , Redd , A.J. , Wood , E.T. , Bonner , M.R. , Jarjanazi , H. , Karafet , T. , Santachiara - Benerecetti , S. , Oppenheim , A. , Jobling , M.A. , Jenkins , T. , Ostrer , H. , Bonné - Tamir , B. `` Jewish and Middle Eastern non-Jewish populations share a common pool of Y - chromosome biallelic haplotypes '' , Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , 6 June 2000 , vol. 97 , no . 12 , 6769 -- 6774 . Jump up ^ Shen , Peidong ; Lavi , Tal ; Kivisild , Toomas ; Chou , Vivian ; Sengun , Deniz ; Gefel , Dov ; Shpirer , Issac ; Woolf , Eilon ; Hillel , Jossi ( 2004 ) . `` Reconstruction of patrilineages and matrilineages of Samaritans and other Israeli populations from Y - Chromosome and mitochondrial DNA sequence Variation '' . Human Mutation. 24 ( 3 ) : 248 -- 60 . PMID 15300852 . doi : 10.1002 / humu. 20077 . Jump up ^ Michael Corinaldi , Ethiopian Jewry : Identity and Tradition , Rubin Mass , 1988 , p. 186 -- 188 ( Hebrew ) Jump up ^ Sanders , Edith ( 1963 ) . `` The Hamitic Hypothesis : Its Origin and Functions in Time Perspective '' . Journal of African History . 10 ( 4 ) : 521 -- 532 . JSTOR 179896 . Jump up ^ Zachernuk , Philip ( 1994 ) . `` Of Origins and Colonial Order : Southern Nigerians and the ' Hamitic Hypothesis ' c. 1870 - 1970 '' . Journal of African History . 35 ( 3 ) : 427 -- 55 . JSTOR 182643 . doi : 10.1017 / s0021853700026785 . Jump up ^ `` Ethnic Groups '' . Library of Congress Country Studies . 1997 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` The People - The Pashtuns '' . Center for Applied Linguistics ( CAL ) . June 30 , 2002 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 01 - 05 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ Weil , S. 2011 . `` The Israelite Connections of the Taliban '' , International Relations and Security Network ( ISN ) . Web . http://www.isn.ethz.ch/Digital-Library/Articles/Detail/?ots591=4888caa0-b3db-1461-98b9-e20e7b9c13d4&lng=en&id=132724 Jump up ^ Weil , S. 2008 `` The Pathans of Afghanistan and their Israelite Status '' , in M. Avrum Erlich ( ed . ) Encyclopaedia of the Jewish Diaspora , Santa Barbara : ABC CLIO , 3 : 1230 - 1231 . Jump up ^ Introduction : Muhammad Qāsim Hindū Šāh Astarābādī Firištah , History Of The Mohamedan Power In India , The Packard Humanities Institute Persian Texts in Translation ( retrieved 10 January 2007 ) . Jump up ^ Haber , M. ; Platt , D.E. ; Ashrafian Bonab , M. ; Youhanna , S.C. ; Soria - Hernanz , D.F. ; Martínez - Cruz , B.A. ; Douaihy , B. ; Ghassibe - Sabbagh , M. ; Rafatpanah , H. ; Ghanbari , M. ; Whale , J. ; Balanovsky , O. ; Wells , R.S. ; Comas , D. ; Tyler - Smith , C. ; Zalloua , P.A. ; Genographic , C. ( 2012 ) . Kayser , Manfred , ed . `` Afghanistan 's Ethnic Groups Share a Y - Chromosomal Heritage Structured by Historical Events '' . PLoS ONE . 7 ( 3 ) : e34288 . PMC 3314501 . PMID 22470552 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0034288 . Jump up ^ Abraham 's children : race , identity , and the DNA of the chosen people Jon Entine Jump up ^ McCarthy , Rory . 17th January , 2010 ' Pashtun clue to lost tribes of Israel ' . Web . http://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jan/17/israel-lost-tribes-pashtun Jump up ^ Jones , Erik ( 2016 ) , pp. 55 - 69 . `` The United States , Britain and the Commonwealth in Prophecy '' http://cdn.lifehopeandtruth.com/downloads/Life_Hope_Truth_Booklet_The_United_States_Britain_and_the_Commonwealth_in_Prophecy.pdf Jump up ^ George Rawlinson , noted in his translation of History of Herodotus , Book VII , p. 378 Jump up ^ Maurits Nanning Van Loon . Urartian Art . Its Distinctive Traits in the Light of New Excavations , Istanbul , 1966 . p. 16 ^ Jump up to : E. Raymond Capt , Missing Links Discovered in Assyrian Tablets , Artisan Pub , 1985 ISBN 0 - 934666 - 15 - 6 Jump up ^ Dimont , C ( 1933 ) . The Legend of British - Israel . Jump up ^ Oliver 's Bookshelf , The Premier Web - Site for Early Mormon History Jump up ^ Parfitt , Tudor ( 2003 ) . The Lost Tribes of Israel : The History of a Myth . Phoenix . p. 66 . Jump up ^ Parfitt , Tudor ( 2003 ) . The Lost Tribes of Israel : The History of a Myth . Phoenix . pp. 66 , 76 . Jump up ^ Parfitt , Tudor ( 2003 ) . The Lost Tribes of Israel : The History of a Myth . Phoenix . p. 158 . Jump up ^ Epitome of the ancient history of Japan N. McLeod Jump up ^ Kubo , Arimasa . Israelites Came to Ancient Japan . Archived 24 February 2008 at the Wayback Machine. , chapters : 2 Archived 14 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine . 3 Archived 16 December 2011 at the Wayback Machine . 4 Archived 14 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ 久保有政 - Wikipedia , 2013 - 01 - 23 , Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 15 Jump up ^ Israelites Came To Ancient Japan , Arimasa Kubo . Jump up ^ Jon Entine , Abraham 's Children : Race , Identity , and the DNA of the Chosen People Jump up ^ Transcript , INSIDE AFRICA : Current Events on the African Continent , CNN , 11 September 2004 . Jump up ^ `` The Lemba , The Black Jews of Southern Africa '' , NOVA episode , PBS . Jump up ^ The Story of the Lemba People by Dr. Rudo Mathivha , 15 October 1999 . Jump up ^ Soodyal , H ( 2013 ) . `` Lemba origins revisited : Tracing the ancestry of Y chromosomes in South African and Zimbabwean Lemba '' . South African Medical Journal . 103 ( 12 ) . Retrieved 9 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Tudor Parfitt 's Remarkable Journey Part 2 , NOVA , PBS website . ^ Jump up to : Parfitt , Tudor ( 2003 ) . The Lost Tribes of Israel : The History of a Myth . Phoenix . p. 61 . Jump up ^ `` The United States and Britain in Bible Prophecy '' . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 14 . Weil , S. 1989 Beta Israel : A House Divided , Binghamton State University of NewYork . Jump up ^ Parfitt , T : The Lost Tribes of Israel : The History of a Myth , London , 2002 , p. 52 - 65 . Jump up ^ Parfitt , T : The Lost Tribes of Israel : The history of a myth , London , 2002 , p. 57 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) `` Transformed by Christ : A Brief History of the Worldwide Church of God '' Jump up ^ Davidiy , Yair ( 1996 ) . `` The Cimmerians , Scythians , and Israel '' . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Brit - Am Commentary '' by Yair Davidiy , Brit - Am website , accessed 10 / 3 / 08 . Jump up ^ `` Biblical Locations of the Lost Ten Tribes : Scriptural Proof , '' by Yair Davidiy , Brit - Am website , accessed 7 / 15 / 08 . Jump up ^ `` The Khazars and the Scottish , '' by Yair Davidiy , britam website , accessed 10 / 3 / 08 . Jump up ^ Hanok . `` Israelite and Noahic Haplogroup Hypotheses '' . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 04 . Notations ( edit ) Michael Riff . The Face of Survival : Jewish Life in Eastern Europe Past and Present . Valentine Mitchell , London , 1992 . ISBN 0 - 85303 - 220 - 3 External links ( edit ) Menassah ben Israel , The Hope of Israel ( London , 1650 , English translation ) , scanned text online at Oliver 's Bookshelf Biblical History , The Jewish History Resource Center -- Project of the Dinur Center for Research in Jewish History , The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Database of Jewish communities at Beit Hatefutsot in Tel Aviv . - Overview of many hypotheses about the Ten Lost Tribes . Brit Am Israel Christian , Messianic , and Jewish research on the Ten Lost Tribes Bnei Menashe Website What happened to the 10 lost tribes ? video feature from Jerusalem Quest of the lost tribes Documentary about different groups associated with the lost tribes United Israel Lost Tribes Research Anglo - Israel The History of the Ten `` Lost '' Tribes by David Baron , `` intended primarily as a thorough examination and debunking of Anglo - Israelism '' British - Israel basics Where Are the United States and Britain in Prophecy ? 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the man in the high castle us map			The Man in the High Castle	the man in the high castle	The Man in the High Castle ( 1962 ) is an alternate history novel by American writer Philip K. Dick . Set in 1962 , fifteen years after an alternative ending to World War II , the novel concerns intrigues between the victorious Axis Powers -- primarily , Imperial Japan and Nazi Germany -- as they rule over the former United States , as well as daily life under the resulting totalitarian rule . The Man in the High Castle won the Hugo Award for Best Novel in 1963 . Beginning in 2015 , the book was adapted as a multi-season TV series , with Dick 's daughter , Isa Dick Hackett , serving as one of the show 's producers .	Reported inspirations include Ward Moore 's alternate Civil War history , Bring the Jubilee ( 1953 ) , various classic World War II histories , and the I Ching ( referred to in the novel ) . The novel features a `` novel within the novel '' comprising an alternate history within this alternate history wherein the Allies defeat the Axis ( though in a manner distinct from the actual historical outcome ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Synopsis 1.1 Background 1.2 Plot summary 2 The Grasshopper Lies Heavy 3 Inspirations 4 Reception 5 Adaptations 5.1 Audiobook 5.2 Television 6 Incomplete sequel 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Synopsis ( edit ) Fictional map of the world after the Axis victory Briefly , The Man in the High Castle is a `` fictional picture of a world divided by Germany and Japan , victors of the second World War '' . Background ( edit ) In the novel 's alternate history , U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt was assassinated by Giuseppe Zangara in 1934 leading to the continuation of the Great Depression and U.S. isolationism during the opening of World War II . Adolf Hitler led Nazi Germany to conquer most of Europe and the Soviet Union , murdering Jews , Roma , Slavs , and other groups . Meanwhile , Imperial Japan occupied China , before taking control of India and Oceania . The Nazis then helped Italy conquer most of Africa . As Japan invaded the U.S. West Coast , Germany invaded the U.S. East Coast and most of South America . By 1947 , the U.S. and the remaining Allies surrendered to the Axis , ending the war . By the 1960s , Imperial Japan and Nazi Germany are the world 's competing superpowers , with Japan establishing the `` Pacific States of America '' ( P.S.A. ) from the former Western United States , with the remaining Rocky Mountain States now a neutral buffer zone between the P.S.A. and the Nazi - occupied former Eastern United States . For unknown reasons , Canada remains independent . Hitler , though still alive , is incapacitated from advanced syphilis , and Martin Bormann has become Chancellor of Germany , with Goebbels , Heydrich , Göring , Seyss - Inquart ( who oversees the extermination of the peoples of Africa ) , and other Nazi leaders soon vying to take his place . The Nazis have drained the Mediterranean to make room for farmland , developed and used the hydrogen bomb , and designed rockets for extremely fast travel across the world as well as space , having colonized the Moon , Venus , and Mars . The novel is set mostly in San Francisco in the P.S.A. ; here , Chinese residents first appear in the novel as second - class citizens and black people as slaves . The secondary setting of the novel is the Rocky Mountains States , namely the cities of Cañon City , Denver and Cheyenne . Plot summary ( edit ) In 1962 , fifteen years after Imperial Japan and Nazi Germany have won World War II , Robert `` Bob '' Childan owns an Americana antique shop in San Francisco , California ( located in the Japanese - occupied Pacific States of America ) , which is most commonly frequented by the Japanese , who make a fetish of romanticized American cultural artifacts . Childan is contacted by Nobusuke Tagomi , a high - ranking Japanese trade official , who is seeking a gift to impress a visiting Swedish industrialist named Baynes . Childan 's store is stocked in part with antiques from the Wyndam - Matson Corporation , a metalworking company . Frank Frink ( formerly Fink ) , a secretly Jewish -- American veteran of World War II , has just been fired from the Wyndam - Matson factory , when he agrees to join a former coworker to begin a handcrafted jewelry business . Meanwhile , Frink 's ex-wife , Juliana , works as a judo instructor in Cañon City , Colorado ( in the neutral buffer zone of Mountain States ) , where she begins a sexual relationship with an Italian truck driver and ex-soldier , Joe Cinnadella . Throughout the book , many of these characters frequently make important decisions using prophetic messages they interpret from the I Ching . Many characters are also reading a widely banned yet extremely popular new novel , The Grasshopper Lies Heavy , which depicts an alternate history in which the Allies won World War II , a concept that amazes and intrigues its readers . Frink reveals that the Wyndam - Matson Corporation has been supplying Childan with counterfeit antiques , which effectively works to blackmail Wyndam - Matson for money to finance Frink 's new jewelry venture . Tagomi and Baynes meet , but Baynes repeatedly delays any real business as they await an expected third party from Japan . Suddenly , the public receives news of the death of the recently ill Chancellor of Germany , Martin Bormann . Childan tentatively , on consignment , takes some of Frink 's `` authentic '' new metalwork and attempts to curry favor with a Japanese client , who surprisingly considers Frink 's jewellery immensely spiritually alive . Juliana and Joe take a road trip to Denver , Colorado , and Joe impulsively decides they should go on a side - trip to meet the mysterious Hawthorne Abendsen , author of The Grasshopper Lies Heavy , who supposedly lives in a guarded fortress - like estate called the `` High Castle '' in Cheyenne , Wyoming . Soon , Joseph Goebbels is announced as the new German Chancellor . Baynes and Tagomi finally meet their Japanese contact as two agents of the Nazi secret police , the Sicherheitsdienst ( SD ) , close in to arrest Baynes , who is actually revealed to be a Nazi defector named Rudolf Wegener . Wegener warns his contact , a famed Japanese general , of Operation Dandelion , an upcoming Goebbels - approved plan for the Nazis to surprise - attack the Japanese Home Islands , in order to obliterate them in one swift stroke . As Frink is elsewhere exposed as a Jew and arrested , Wegener and Tagomi are confronted by the SD agents , both of whom Tagomi shoots dead with an antique American pistol . Back in Colorado , Joe abruptly changes his appearance and mannerisms before the trip to the High Castle , leading Juliana to deduce that he intends to actually murder Abendsen . Joe confirms this , revealing himself to be an undercover Swiss Nazi assassin . Juliana mortally wounds Joe and drives off to warn Abendsen of the threat to his life . Wegener flies back to Germany where upon landing learns that Reinhard Heydrich ( a member of the anti-Dandelion faction ) has launched a coup against Goebbels , possibly installing himself as Chancellor . Meanwhile , Tagomi remains shaken by the shootout and goes to Childan to sell back the gun he used in the fight ; however , instead , sensing the energy from one of Frink 's jewelery items , Tagomi impulsively buys it from Childan , before undergoing a spiritually intense ambiguous moment where he momentarily perceives an alternative - history version of San Francisco . Later , Tagomi on a whim forces the German authorities to release Frink , whom Tagomi has never met and does not know is the maker of the jewelery . Juliana soon has her own spiritual experience when she arrives in Cheyenne . There , she discovers that Abendsen now lives in a normal house with his family , having left behind the High Castle due to a change of outlook ; he no longer preoccupies himself with thoughts that he might soon be assassinated . After dodging many of Juliana 's questions about his inspiration for his novel , Abendsen finally confesses that he in fact used the I Ching to guide his writing of The Grasshopper Lies Heavy . Before leaving , Juliana infers then that `` Truth '' wrote the book in order to reveal the `` Inner Truth '' that Japan and Germany really lost World War II . The Grasshopper Lies Heavy ( edit ) Several characters in The Man in the High Castle read the popular novel The Grasshopper Lies Heavy , by Hawthorne Abendsen , whose title is assumed or supposed to have come from the Bible verse `` The grasshopper shall be a burden '' ( Ecclesiastes 12 : 5 ) . Thus , The Grasshopper Lies Heavy constitutes a novel within a novel , wherein Abendsen writes of an alternative universe , where the Axis Powers lost World War II ( 1939 -- 1947 ) . For this reason , the Germans have banned the novel in the occupied U.S. , but it is widely read in the Pacific , and its publication is legal in the neutral countries . The Grasshopper Lies Heavy postulates that President Roosevelt survives an assassination attempt but forgoes re-election in 1940 , honoring George Washington 's two - term limit . The next president , Rexford Tugwell , removes the Pacific Fleet from Pearl Harbor , Hawaii , saving it from Japanese attack , which ensures that the U.S. enters the conflict a well - equipped naval power . The United Kingdom retains most of its military - industrial strength , contributing more to the Allied war effort , leading to Rommel 's defeat in North Africa ; the British advance through the Caucasus to fight alongside the Soviets to victory in the Battle of Stalingrad ; Italy and Hungary renege on their membership in the Axis Powers and betray them ; British tanks and the Red Army jointly conquer Berlin ; at the end of the war , the Nazi leaders -- including Adolf Hitler -- are tried for their war crimes , wherein the Führer 's last words are Deutsche , hier steh ' ich ( `` Germans , here I stand '' ) , in imitation of Martin Luther . After the war , Winston Churchill remains the British Prime Minister , and , because of its military - industrial might , the British Empire does not collapse . The Soviet Union , crippled by war losses , collapses . The U.S. establishes strong business relations with Chiang Kai - shek 's right - wing regime in China after vanquishing the Communist Mao Zedong in the Chinese Civil War . The British Empire becomes more racist and expansionist post-war , while the U.S. outlaws Jim Crow laws , resolving its racism by the 1950s . Both changes provoke racial - cultural tensions between the U.S. and the U.K. , leading them to a Cold War for global hegemony between their two vaguely liberal , democratic , capitalist societies . Although the end of the novel is never depicted in the text , one character claims the book ends with the British Empire eventually defeating the U.S. , becoming the sole world superpower . Inspirations ( edit ) Dick said he conceived The Man in the High Castle when reading Bring the Jubilee ( 1953 ) , by Ward Moore , which occurs in an alternative nineteenth - century U.S. wherein the Confederate States of America won the American Civil War . In the acknowledgments to the book , he mentions other influences : The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich ( 1960 ) , by William L. Shirer ; Hitler : A Study in Tyranny ( 1962 ) , by Alan Bullock ; The Goebbels Diaries ( 1948 ) , Louis P. Lochner , translator ; Foxes of the Desert ( 1960 ) , by Paul Carrell ; and the 1950 translation of the I Ching by Richard Wilhelm . The acknowledgments have three references to traditional Japanese and Tibetan poetic forms ; ( i ) volume one of the Anthology of Japanese Literature ( 1955 ) , edited by Donald Keene , from which is cited the haiku on page 48 ; ( ii ) from Zen and Japanese Culture ( 1955 ) , by Daisetz Teitaro Suzuki , from which is cited a waka on page 135 ; and ( iii ) the Tibetan Book of the Dead ( 1960 ) , edited by Walter Evans - Wentz . Nathanael West 's Miss Lonelyhearts ( 1933 ) is also mentioned in the text , written before the Roosevelt assassination divergence point that separates the world of The Man in the High Castle from ours . In this novella , `` Miss Lonelyhearts '' is a male newspaper journalist who writes anonymous advice as an agony aunt to forlorn readers during the height of the Great Depression ; hence , `` Miss Lonelyhearts '' tries to find consolation in religion , casual sex , rural vacations , and work , none of which provide him with the sense of authenticity and engagement with the outside world that he needs . West 's book is about the elusive quality of interpersonal relationships and quest for personal meaning at a time of political turmoil within the United States . Philip Dick used the I Ching to make decisions crucial to the plot of The Man in the High Castle just as characters within the novel use the I Ching to guide decisions . Reception ( edit ) This section needs expansion with : further , broader statements aimed at encyclopedic , balanced views . You can help by adding to it . ( February 2014 ) In The Religion of Science Fiction , Frederick A. Kreuziger explores the theory of history implied by Dick 's creation of the two alternative realities : Neither of the two worlds , however , the revised version of the outcome of WWII nor the fictional account of our present world , is anywhere near similar to the world we are familiar with . But they could be ! This is what the book is about . The book argues that this world , described twice , although differently each time , is exactly the world we know and are familiar with . Indeed , it is the only world we know : the world of chance , luck , fate . Avram Davidson praised the novel as a `` superior work of fiction '' , citing Dick 's use of the I Ching as `` fascinating '' . Davidson concluded that `` It 's all here -- extrapolation , suspense , action , art , philosophy , plot , ( and ) character . '' The Man in the High Castle secured for Dick the 1963 Hugo Award for Best Novel . A new paperback edition of the novel was published in 1992 by Vintage Books . Adaptations ( edit ) Audiobook ( edit ) An unabridged The Man in the High Castle audiobook , read by George Guidall and running approximately 9.5 hours over seven audio cassettes , was released in 1997 . Another unabridged audiobook version was released in 2008 by Blackstone Audio , read by Tom Wyner and running approximately 8.5 hours over seven CDs . A third unabridged audiobook recording was released in 2014 by Brilliance Audio , read by Jeff Cummings with a running time of 9 hours 58 minutes . Television ( edit ) Main article : The Man in the High Castle ( TV series ) After a number of attempts to adapt the book to the screen , in October 2014 Amazon 's film production unit began filming the pilot episode of The Man in the High Castle in Roslyn , Washington , for release through the Amazon Prime Web video streaming service . The pilot episode was released by Amazon Studios on January 15 , 2015 , and was Amazon 's `` most watched pilot ever '' according to Amazon Studios ' vice president , Roy Price . On February 18 , 2015 , Amazon green - lit the series . The show became available for streaming on November 20 , 2015 . The television series diverges from the novel in many significant respects . Both the Pacific States of America and the Eastern American puppet state appear to be mere provinces of the Japanese and German empires without any apparent autonomous ( even quisling ) government institutions whatsoever . The Rocky Mountain States become an anarchic Neutral Zone . World War II appears to have ended following the destruction of Washington , D.C. with an atomic bomb , rather than a land invasion as in the book . As for Hitler , while elderly , he is apparently mostly hale in his Season 1 finale appearance , though other characters elsewhere in the season do reference his supposed physical infirmity . In the novel , the Italian Empire is a minor power that controls North Africa and the Middle East ; in the series , however , it is shown through maps that these territories are part of the Nazi Empire , suggesting that either the Italian Empire was annexed after the war or is self - governing within the Reich . Characters from the book that do appear are in most cases far more fleshed out with deeper and sometimes rather different backstories than their novel originals . For instance , Wegener is a Standartenführer in the SS , rather than a naval captain ( and oddly there are no German military or naval -- as opposed to SS -- personnel depicted anywhere in the first season ) . Rather than being a member of an organized internal resistance ( and despite his relatively low rank ) Wegener is a close personal confidante of Hitler and his disillusionment with the regime appears to be largely personal . Juliana and Frank are unmarried , but living together , rather than divorced and separated . Frank has a sister , nephew and niece , although they are killed early in the series , and this propels him into a more active role in relation to the resistance . Juliana also has a sister whose murder by the Kenpeitai early in the season instigates her search for the mysterious Man in the High Castle , as well as her having a mother and stepfather who are significant supporting characters . Joe Cinnadella is renamed Joe Blake and as he becomes closer to Juliana appears to have growing doubts about his role as a Nazi agent . Robert Childan is , however , a more minor character in Season 1 than the original , while Ed McCarthy has a rather more prominent and active role . There are several major additional characters introduced by the television series and numerous narrative details and the plotline differ radically from the source novel . For example , the planned Nazi pre-emptive nuclear strike on Japan , `` Operation Dandelion , '' is apparently being prevented only by Hitler 's personal refusal to authorise it , leading Heydrich and the faction demanding pre-emptive war to plot the Führer 's assassination . In addition , Hawthorne Abendsen does not appear in the first season of the television version and The Grasshopper Lies Heavy is a series of newsreel films depicting multiple alternative realities rather than a novel ( although this idea may actually be borrowed from Dick 's later novel Valis which features a mysterious film depicting yet another dystopian alternative history of the USA ) . As of the Season 1 finale , these films are being tracked down by SS agents like Blake for dispatch to Hitler for an as - yet - unknown purpose . In season two we see a map on John Smith 's wall of the world . From this map we can see that Japan controls the entirety of the Pacific Ocean and most of the Asian continent , including China , India and half of Russia . Japan is also shown to control Australia , New Zealand , western Canada , Alaska and , all pacific states in the USA . We also see that the Japanese Empire controls the Yucatán Peninsula and South American countries like Chile . In contrast , Nazi Germany is shown as controlling all of Europe , Africa and the Middle East . The German Empire also controls all of the United States and Canada up to the Rockies in the west and South American countries like Brazil . Germany also controls the western parts of former USSR such as the Ukraine . There are also buffer zones between the empires . Neither empire seems to have invaded Mexico and this neutral zone continues up through the Rockies and through Canada . A similar neutral zone is seen dividing Russia in half . Season two also shows two very different lifestyles in the Japanese controlled Pacific states and the German controlled east . The Germans have colonized the eastern states and are assimilating its inhabitants into Nazi beliefs . The Japanese Empire is occupying the pacific states versus colonizing them . There is enforced segregation between Japanese and Americans citizens . It is implied that Native Americans and Pacific Islanders were exterminated by the Germans . Incomplete sequel ( edit ) In a 1976 interview , Dick said he planned to write a sequel novel to The Man in the High Castle : `` And so there 's no real ending on it . I like to regard it as an open ending . It will segue into a sequel sometime . '' Dick said that he had `` started several times to write a sequel '' , but progressed little , because he was too disturbed by his original research for The Man in the High Castle and could not mentally bear `` to go back and read about Nazis again . '' He suggested that the sequel would be a collaboration with another author : Somebody would have to come in and help me do a sequel to it . Someone who had the stomach for the stamina to think along those lines , to get into the head ; if you 're going to start writing about Reinhard Heydrich , for instance , you have to get into his face . Can you imagine getting into Reinhard Heydrich 's face ? Two chapters of the proposed sequel were published in The Shifting Realities of Philip K. Dick , a collection of his essays and other writings . Dick 's novel Radio Free Albemuth is rumored to have started as a sequel to The Man in the High Castle . Dick described the plot of this early version of Radio Free Albemuth -- then titled VALISystem A -- writing : ... a divine and loving ETI ( extraterrestrial intelligence ) ... help ( s ) Hawthorne Abendsen , the protagonist - author in ( The Man in the High Castle ) , continue on in his difficult life after the Nazi secret police finally got to him ... VALISystem A , located in deep space , sees to it that nothing , absolutely nothing , can prevent Abendsen from finishing his novel . The novel eventually evolved into a new story unrelated to The Man in the High Castle . Dick ultimately abandoned the Albemuth book , unpublished during his lifetime , though portions were salvaged and used for 1981 's VALIS . The full book was published in 1985 , three years after Dick 's death . See also ( edit ) Novels portal Hypothetical Axis victory in World War II Simulated reality in fiction The Iron Dream Fatherland References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Staff ( December 15 , 1962 ) . `` New Fiction '' . Library Corner . Dixon Evening Telegraph . Dixon , Illinois . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 -- via Newspapers.com . ^ Jump up to : Dick , Philip K. ( 2011 ) . The Man in the High Castle ( 1st Mariner Books ed . ) . Boston : Mariner Books . p. ix - x . ISBN 9780547601205 . Retrieved December 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Cover , Arthur Byron ( February 1974 ) . `` Interview with Philip K. Dick '' . Vertex. 1 ( 6 ) . Retrieved July 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ West , Nathanael ( 1933 ) Miss Lonelyhearts , New York , N.Y. : Liveright Publ . Jump up ^ Kreuziger , Frederick A . `` In The Religion of Science Fiction '' . Retrieved July 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Books '' , The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction , June 1963 , p. 61 Jump up ^ `` Philip K. Dick , Won Awards For Science - Fiction Works '' . The New York Times . March 3 , 1982 . Retrieved March 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1963 Award Winners & Nominees '' . Worlds Without End . Retrieved September 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Wyatt , Fred ( November 7 , 1963 ) . `` A Brisk Bathrobe Canter At Cry Of ' Fire ! ' Stirs Blood '' . I-J Reporter 's Notebook . Daily Independent Journal . San Rafael , California . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 -- via Newspapers.com . Belatedly I learned that Philip K. Dick of Point Reyes Station won the Hugo , the 21st World Science Fiction Convention Annual Achievement Award for the best novel of 1962 . Jump up ^ Staff ( July 26 , 1992 ) . `` New in Paperback '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 -- via HighBeam Research . Jump up ^ Willis , Jesse ( May 29 , 2003 ) . `` Review of The Man In The High Castle by Philip K. Dick '' . SFFaudio . Retrieved December 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Man in the High Castle '' . BlackstoneAudio.com . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2010 . Retrieved January 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ L.B. `` Audiobook review : The Man in the High Castle by Philip K. Dick , read by Tom Weiner '' . audiofilemagazine.com . Retrieved January 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Man in the High Castle '' . Audible , Inc . Jump up ^ Muir , Pat ( October 5 , 2014 ) . `` Roslyn hopes new TV show brings 15 more minutes of fame '' . Yakima Herald . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( July 24 , 2014 ) . `` Amazon Studios Adds Drama ' The Man In The High Castle ' , Comedy ' Just Add Magic ' To Pilot Slate '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Man in the High Castle : Season 1 , Episode 1 '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved January 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Man in the High Castle '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Hilary ( February 18 , 2015 ) . `` Amazon Orders 5 New Series Including ' Man in the High Castle ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Robertson , Adi ( February 18 , 2015 ) . `` Amazon green - lights The Man in the High Castle TV series '' . The Verge . Retrieved December 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Moylan , Brian . `` Does The Man in the High Castle prove that the best TV is now streamed ? '' . The Guardian . Retrieved December 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hour 25 : A Talk With Philip K. Dick `` Philip K. Dick Fan Site '' . Philipkdickfans.com . June 26 , 1976 . Retrieved December 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : RC , Lord ( 2006 ) . Pink Beam : A Philip K. Dick Companion ( 1st ed . ) . Ward , Colorado : Ganymedean Slime Mold Pubs . p. 106 . ISBN 9781430324379 . Retrieved December 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dick , Philip K. ( 1995 ) . `` Part 3 . Works Related to ' The Man in the High Castle ' and its Proposed Sequel '' . In Sutin , Lawrence . The Shifting Realities of Philip K. Dick : Selected Literary and Philosophical Writings . New York : Vintage . ISBN 0 - 679 - 74787 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Pfarrer , Tony . `` A Possible Man in the High Castle Sequel ? '' . Willis E. Howard , III Home Page . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2008 . Retrieved July 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` LC Online Catalog -- Item Information ( Full Record ) '' . Catalog.loc.gov . Retrieved December 10 , 2015 . Further reading ( edit ) Brown , William Lansing 2006 . `` alternative Histories : Power , Politics , and Paranoia in Philip Roth 's The Plot against America and Philip K. Dick 's The Man in the High Castle '' , The Image of Power in Literature , Media , and Society : Selected Papers , 2006 Conference , Society for the Interdisciplinary Study of Social Imagery . Wright , Will ; Kaplan , Steven ( eds . ) ; Pueblo , CO : Society for the Interdisciplinary Study of Social Imagery , Colorado State University - Pueblo ; pp. 107 -- 11 . Campbell , Laura E. 1992 . `` Dickian Time in The Man in the High Castle '' , Extrapolation , 33 : 3 , pp. 190 -- 201 . Carter , Cassie 1995 . `` The Metacolonization of Dick 's The Man in the High Castle : Mimicry , Parasitism and Americanism in the PSA '' , Science - Fiction Studies # 67 , 22 : 3 , pp. 333 -- 342 . DiTommaso , Lorenzo , 1999 . `` Redemption in Philip K. Dick 's The Man in the High Castle '' , Science - Fiction Studies # 77 , 26 : , pp. 91 -- 119 . Fofi , Goffredo 1997 . `` Postfazione '' , Philip K. Dick , La Svastica sul Sole , Roma , Fanucci , pp. 391 -- 5 . Hayles , N. Katherine 1983 . `` Metaphysics and Metafiction in The Man in the High Castle '' , Philip K. Dick . Greenberg , M.H. ; Olander , J.D. ( eds . ) ; New York : Taplinger , 1983 , pp. 53 -- 71 . Malmgren , Carl D. 1980 . `` Philip Dick 's The Man in the High Castle and the Nature of Science Fictional Worlds '' , Bridges to Science Fiction . Slusser , George E. ; Guffey , George R. ; Rose , Mark ( eds . ) ; Carbondale and Edwardsville : Southern Illinois University Press , pp. 120 -- 30 . Mountfort , Paul 2016 . `` The I Ching and Philip K. Dick 's The Man in the High Castle '' , Science - Fiction Studies # 129 , 43 : , pp. 287 -- 309 . Pagetti , Carlo , 2001a . `` La svastica americana '' ( Introduction ) , Philip K. Dick , L'uomo nell'alto castello , Roma : Fanucci , pp. 7 -- 26 . Proietti , Salvatore , 1989 . `` The Man in The High Castle : politica e metaromanzo '' , Il sogno dei simulacri . Pagetti , Carlo ; Viviani , Gianfranco ( eds . ) ; Milano : Nord , 1989 pp. 34 -- 41 . Rieder , John 1988 . `` The Metafictive World of The Man in the High Castle : Hermeneutics , Ethics , and Political Ideology '' , Science - Fiction Studies # 45 , 15.2 : 214 - 25 . Rossi , Umberto , 2000 . `` All Around the High Castle : Narrative Voices and Fictional Visions in Philip K. Dick 's The Man in the High Castle '' , Telling the Stories of America -- History , Literature and the Arts -- Proceedings of the 14th AISNA Biennial conference ( Pescara , 1997 ) , Clericuzio , A. ; Goldoni , Annalisa ; Mariani , Andrea ( eds . ) ; Roma : Nuova Arnica , pp. 474 -- 83 . Simons , John L. 1985 . `` The Power of Small Things in Philip K. Dick 's The Man in the High Castle '' . The Rocky Mountain Review of Language and Literature , 39 : 4 , pp. 261 -- 75 . Warrick , Patricia , 1992 . `` The Encounter of Taoism and Fascism in The Man in the High Castle '' , On Philip K. Dick , Mullen et al. ( eds . ) ; Terre Haute and Greencastle : SF - TH Inc. 1992 , pp. 27 -- 52 . External links ( edit ) The Man in the High Castle cover art gallery The Man in the High Castle at the Internet Book List The Man in the High Castle at Worlds Without End Philip K. Dick ( works ) Novels Gather Yourselves Together ( 1950 ) Voices from the Street ( 1952 ) Solar Lottery ( 1954 ) Mary and the Giant ( 1954 ) The World Jones Made ( 1954 ) Eye in the Sky ( 1955 ) The Man Who Japed ( 1955 ) A Time for George Stavros ( 1956 ) Pilgrim on the Hill ( 1956 ) The Broken Bubble ( 1956 ) The Cosmic Puppets ( 1957 ) Puttering About in a Small Land ( 1957 ) Nicholas and the Higs ( 1958 ) Time Out of Joint ( 1958 ) In Milton Lumky Territory ( 1958 ) Confessions of a Crap Artist ( 1959 ) The Man Whose Teeth Were All Exactly Alike ( 1960 ) Humpty Dumpty in Oakland ( 1960 ) Vulcan 's Hammer ( 1960 ) Dr. Futurity ( 1960 ) The Man in the High Castle ( 1961 ) We Can Build You ( 1962 ) Martian Time - Slip ( 1962 ) Dr. Bloodmoney , or How We Got Along After the Bomb ( 1963 ) The Game - Players of Titan ( 1963 ) The Simulacra ( 1963 ) The Crack in Space ( 1963 ) Clans of the Alphane Moon ( 1964 ) The Three Stigmata of Palmer Eldritch ( 1964 ) The Zap Gun ( 1964 ) The Penultimate Truth ( 1964 ) The Unteleported Man ( 1964 ) The Ganymede Takeover ( 1965 ) Counter-Clock World ( 1965 ) Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep ? ( 1966 ) Nick and the Glimmung ( 1966 ) Now Wait for Last Year ( 1966 ) Ubik ( 1966 ) Galactic Pot - Healer ( 1968 ) A Maze of Death ( 1968 ) Our Friends from Frolix 8 ( 1969 ) Flow My Tears , the Policeman Said ( 1974 ) Deus Irae ( 1976 ) Radio Free Albemuth ( 1976 ; published 1985 ) A Scanner Darkly ( 1977 ) VALIS ( 1981 ) The Divine Invasion ( 1981 ) The Transmigration of Timothy Archer ( 1982 ) The Owl in Daylight ( unfinished ) Collections A Handful of Darkness ( 1955 ) The Variable Man ( 1956 ) The Preserving Machine ( 1969 ) The Book of Philip K. Dick ( 1973 ) The Best of Philip K. Dick ( 1977 ) The Golden Man ( 1980 ) Robots , Androids , and Mechanical Oddities ( 1984 ) I Hope I Shall Arrive Soon ( 1985 ) The Collected Stories of Philip K. Dick ( 1987 ) Beyond Lies the Wub ( 1988 ) The Dark Haired Girl ( 1989 ) The Father - Thing ( 1989 ) Second Variety ( 1989 ) The Days of Perky Pat ( 1990 ) The Little Black Box ( 1990 ) The Short Happy Life of the Brown Oxford ( 1990 ) We Can Remember It for You Wholesale ( 1990 ) The Minority Report ( 1991 ) Second Variety ( 1991 ) The Eye of the Sibyl ( 1992 ) The Philip K. Dick Reader ( 1997 ) Minority Report ( 2002 ) Selected Stories of Philip K. Dick ( 2002 ) Paycheck ( 2004 ) Vintage PKD ( 2006 ) The Exegesis of Philip K. Dick ( 2011 ) Short stories `` Beyond Lies the Wub '' ( 1952 ) `` The Gun '' ( 1952 ) `` The Skull '' ( 1952 ) `` The Little Movement '' ( 1952 ) `` The Defenders '' ( 1953 ) `` Mr. Spaceship '' ( 1953 ) `` Piper in the Woods '' ( 1953 ) `` Roog '' ( 1953 ) `` The Infinites '' ( 1953 ) `` Second Variety '' ( 1953 ) `` Colony '' ( 1953 ) `` The Cookie Lady '' ( 1953 ) `` Impostor '' ( 1953 ) `` Paycheck '' ( 1953 ) `` The Preserving Machine '' ( 1953 ) `` Expendable '' ( 1953 ) `` The Indefatigable Frog '' ( 1953 ) `` The Commuter '' ( 1953 ) `` Out in the Garden '' ( 1953 ) `` The Great C '' ( 1953 ) `` The King of the Elves '' ( 1953 ) `` The Trouble with Bubbles '' ( 1953 ) `` The Variable Man '' ( 1953 ) `` The Impossible Planet '' ( 1953 ) `` Planet for Transients '' ( 1953 ) `` The Builder '' ( 1953 ) `` Tony and the Beetles '' ( 1953 ) `` The Hanging Stranger '' ( 1953 ) `` Prize Ship '' ( 1954 ) `` Beyond the Door '' ( 1954 ) `` The Crystal Crypt '' ( 1954 ) `` The Short Happy Life of the Brown Oxford '' ( 1954 ) `` The Golden Man '' ( 1954 ) `` Sales Pitch '' ( 1954 ) `` Breakfast at Twilight '' ( 1954 ) `` The Crawlers '' ( 1954 ) `` Exhibit Piece '' ( 1954 ) `` Adjustment Team '' ( 1954 ) `` Shell Game '' ( 1954 ) `` Meddler '' ( 1954 ) `` A World of Talent '' ( 1954 ) `` The Last of the Masters '' ( 1954 ) `` Upon the Dull Earth '' ( 1954 ) `` The Father - thing '' ( 1954 ) `` Strange Eden '' ( 1954 ) `` The Turning Wheel '' ( 1954 ) `` The Hood Maker '' ( 1954 ) `` Foster , You 're Dead ! '' ( 1955 ) `` Human Is '' ( 1955 ) `` War Veteran '' ( 1955 ) `` Captive Market '' ( 1955 ) `` Nanny '' ( 1955 ) `` The Chromium Fence '' ( 1955 ) `` Service Call '' ( 1955 ) `` The Mold of Yancy '' ( 1955 ) `` Autofac '' ( 1955 ) `` Psi - man Heal My Child ! '' ( 1955 ) `` The Minority Report '' ( 1956 ) `` Pay for the Printer '' ( 1956 ) `` A Glass of Darkness '' ( 1956 ) `` The Unreconstructed M '' ( 1957 ) `` Null - O '' ( 1958 ) `` Explorers We '' ( 1959 ) `` Recall Mechanism '' ( 1959 ) `` Fair Game '' ( 1959 ) `` War Game '' ( 1959 ) `` All We Marsmen '' ( 1963 ) `` What 'll We Do with Ragland Park ? '' ( 1963 ) `` The Days of Perky Pat '' ( 1963 ) `` If There Were No Benny Cemoli '' ( 1963 ) `` Waterspider '' ( 1964 ) `` Novelty Act '' ( 1964 ) `` Oh , to Be a Blobel ! '' ( 1964 ) `` The War with the Fnools '' ( 1964 ) `` What the Dead Men Say '' ( 1964 ) `` Orpheus with Clay Feet '' ( 1964 ) `` Cantata 140 '' ( 1964 ) `` The Unteleported Man '' ( 1964 ) `` Retreat Syndrome '' ( 1965 ) `` Project Plowshare ( later `` The Zap Gun '' ) '' ( 1965 ) `` We Can Remember It for You Wholesale '' ( 1966 ) `` Faith of Our Fathers '' ( 1967 ) `` Not by Its Cover '' ( 1968 ) `` The Electric Ant '' ( 1969 ) `` A. Lincoln , Simulacrum '' ( 1969 ) `` The Pre-persons '' ( 1974 ) `` A Little Something for Us Tempunauts '' ( 1974 ) `` The Exit Door Leads In '' ( 1979 ) `` Rautavaara 's Case '' ( 1980 ) `` I Hope I Shall Arrive Soon '' ( 1980 ) `` The Eye of the Sibyl '' ( 1987 ) `` Stability '' ( 1987 ) Adaptations Films Blade Runner ( 1982 ) Total Recall ( 1990 ) Confessions d'un Barjo ( 1992 ) Screamers ( 1995 ) Impostor ( 2002 ) Minority Report ( 2002 ) Paycheck ( 2003 ) A Scanner Darkly ( 2006 ) Next ( 2007 ) Screamers : The Hunting ( 2009 ) Radio Free Albemuth ( 2010 ) The Adjustment Bureau ( 2011 ) Total Recall ( 2012 ) 2036 : Nexus Dawn ( 2017 ) 2048 : Nowhere to Run ( 2017 ) Blade Runner Black Out 2022 ( 2017 ) Blade Runner 2049 ( 2017 ) TV series Total Recall 2070 ( 1999 ) The Man in the High Castle ( 2015 -- present ) Minority Report ( 2015 ) Philip K. Dick 's Electric Dreams ( 2017 ) Related Philip K. Dick Award Hugo Award for Best Novel Retro The Sword in the Stone by T.H. White ( 1939 ) Slan by A.E. van Vogt ( 1941 ) The Mule by Isaac Asimov ( 1946 ) Farmer in the Sky by Robert A. Heinlein ( 1951 ) Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury ( 1954 ) 1953 -- 1975 The Demolished Man by Alfred Bester ( 1953 ) They 'd Rather Be Right ( aka : The Forever Machine ) by Mark Clifton and Frank Riley ( 1955 ) Double Star by Robert A. Heinlein ( 1956 ) The Big Time by Fritz Leiber ( 1958 ) A Case of Conscience by James Blish ( 1959 ) Starship Troopers by Robert A. Heinlein ( 1960 ) A Canticle for Leibowitz by Walter M. Miller , Jr. ( 1961 ) Stranger in a Strange Land by Robert A. Heinlein ( 1962 ) The Man in the High Castle by Philip K. Dick ( 1963 ) Here Gather the Stars ( aka : Way Station ) by Clifford D. Simak ( 1964 ) The Wanderer by Fritz Leiber ( 1965 ) Dune by Frank Herbert ( 1966 , tie ) ... And Call Me Conrad ( aka : This Immortal ) by Roger Zelazny ( 1966 , tie ) The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress by Robert A. Heinlein ( 1967 ) Lord of Light by Roger Zelazny ( 1968 ) Stand on Zanzibar by John Brunner ( 1969 ) The Left Hand of Darkness by Ursula K. Le Guin ( 1970 ) Ringworld by Larry Niven ( 1971 ) To Your Scattered Bodies Go by Philip José Farmer ( 1972 ) The Gods Themselves by Isaac Asimov ( 1973 ) Rendezvous with Rama by Arthur C. Clarke ( 1974 ) The Dispossessed by Ursula K. Le Guin ( 1975 ) 1976 -- 2000 The Forever War by Joe Haldeman ( 1976 ) Where Late the Sweet Birds Sang by Kate Wilhelm ( 1977 ) Gateway by Frederik Pohl ( 1978 ) Dreamsnake by Vonda N. McIntyre ( 1979 ) The Fountains of Paradise by Arthur C. Clarke ( 1980 ) The Snow Queen by Joan D. Vinge ( 1981 ) Downbelow Station by C.J. Cherryh ( 1982 ) Foundation 's Edge by Isaac Asimov ( 1983 ) Startide Rising by David Brin ( 1984 ) Neuromancer by William Gibson ( 1985 ) Ender 's Game by Orson Scott Card ( 1986 ) Speaker for the Dead by Orson Scott Card ( 1987 ) The Uplift War by David Brin ( 1988 ) Cyteen by C.J. Cherryh ( 1989 ) Hyperion by Dan Simmons ( 1990 ) The Vor Game by Lois McMaster Bujold ( 1991 ) Barrayar by Lois McMaster Bujold ( 1992 ) A Fire Upon the Deep by Vernor Vinge / Doomsday Book by Connie Willis ( 1993 ) Green Mars by Kim Stanley Robinson ( 1994 ) Mirror Dance by Lois McMaster Bujold ( 1995 ) The Diamond Age by Neal Stephenson ( 1996 ) Blue Mars by Kim Stanley Robinson ( 1997 ) Forever Peace by Joe Haldeman ( 1998 ) To Say Nothing of the Dog by Connie Willis ( 1999 ) A Deepness in the Sky by Vernor Vinge ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire by J.K. Rowling ( 2001 ) American Gods by Neil Gaiman ( 2002 ) Hominids by Robert J. Sawyer ( 2003 ) Paladin of Souls by Lois McMaster Bujold ( 2004 ) Jonathan Strange & Mr Norrell by Susanna Clarke ( 2005 ) Spin by Robert Charles Wilson ( 2006 ) Rainbows End by Vernor Vinge ( 2007 ) The Yiddish Policemen 's Union by Michael Chabon ( 2008 ) The Graveyard Book by Neil Gaiman ( 2009 ) The Windup Girl by Paolo Bacigalupi / The City & the City by China Miéville ( 2010 ) Blackout / All Clear by Connie Willis ( 2011 ) Among Others by Jo Walton ( 2012 ) Redshirts by John Scalzi ( 2013 ) Ancillary Justice by Ann Leckie ( 2014 ) The Three - Body Problem by Cixin Liu ( 2015 ) The Fifth Season by N.K. Jemisin ( 2016 ) The Obelisk Gate by N.K. Jemisin ( 2017 ) GND : 1127772945 LCCN : no2015162146 VIAF : 309275141 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Man_in_the_High_Castle&oldid=840578534 '' Categories : 1962 American novels 1962 science fiction novels American alternate history novels Dystopian novels Hugo Award for Best Novel - winning works Metafictional novels Postmodern novels Novels by Philip K. Dick Novels set in California Novels set in San Francisco World War II alternate histories G.P. Putnam 's Sons books Fictional states of the United States Novels adapted into television programs Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from January 2017 Pages to import images to Wikidata Articles to be expanded from February 2014 All articles to be expanded Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Polski Português Română Русский Slovenščina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 20 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 May 2018 , at 19 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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what is the biggest snake in the usa			List of largest Snakes	list of largest snakes	The largest living snakes in the world , measured either by length or by weight , are various members of the boidae and pythonidae families . They include anacondas , pythons , and boa constrictors , which are all non-venomous constrictors . The longest venomous snake , with a length up to 18.5 -- 18.8 ft ( 5.6 -- 5.7 m ) , is the king cobra , and the heaviest venomous snake is likely to be the Gaboon viper ( which also has the longest fangs and delivers the largest amount of venom ) or possibly the Eastern diamondback rattlesnake -- all three of which reach maximum weights in the range of 6 -- 20 kilograms ( 13 -- 44 lb ) .	There are ten living snakes , listed below according to their maximum known or reported mass , that have a maximum mass that may reach or exceed 50 pounds ( 23 kg ) . Pending the acceptance of its taxonomic status , the Bolivian anaconda ( Eunectes beniensis ) may also merit inclusion , and the northern and southern variations of African rock python could be considered separately . In terms of length , in addition to those listed here , there are two other species that may possibly reach a length of 20 feet ( 6.1 m ) or more -- the Oenpelli python ( Morelia oenpelliensis ) and the olive python ( Liasis olivaceus ) -- however , the information available about those species is rather limited . The Oenpelli python , in particular , has been called the rarest python in the world . It is important to be aware that there is considerable variation in the maximum reported size of these species , and most measurements are not truly verifiable , so the sizes listed should not be considered definitive . In general , the reported lengths are likely to be somewhat overestimated . In spite of what has been , for many years , a standing offer of a large financial reward ( initially $1,000 offered by U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt in the early 1900s , later raised to $5,000 , then $15,000 in 1978 and $50,000 in 1980 ) for a live , healthy snake over 30 ft ( 9.1 m ) long by the New York Zoological Society ( later renamed as the Wildlife Conservation Society ) , no attempt to claim the reward has ever been made . Although it is generally accepted that the reticulated python is the world 's longest living snake , most length estimates longer than 6.35 m ( 20 ft 10 in ) have been called into question . It has been suggested that confident length records for the largest snakes must be established from a dead body soon after death , or alternatively from a heavily sedated snake , using a steel tape and in the presence of witnesses , and must be published ( and preferably recorded on video ) . At least one reticulated python was measured under full anesthesia at 6.95 m ( 22 ft 10 in ) , and somewhat less reliable scientific reports up to 10 m ( 33 ft ) have appeared . Rank Common name Scientific name Family Mass Image Length Range map Green anaconda Eunectes murinus Boidae May exceed 227 kg ( 500 lb ) , validity questionable 97.5 kg ( 215 lb ) , reliable , maximum among 780 specimens caught over a seven - year period 1992 -- 98 Average 30.8 kg ( 68 lb ) among 45 specimens ( 1992 -- 98 ) Generally considered the heaviest May exceed 8.8 m ( 29 ft ) , not firmly verified 5.6 m ( 18 ft ) , somewhat reliable 5.21 m ( 17.1 ft ) , reliable , maximum among 780 specimens caught over a seven - year period 1992 -- 98 Average 3.7 m ( 12 ft ) among 45 specimens ( 1992 -- 98 ) Minimum adult length 3.2 m ( 10 ft ) Generally considered the second longest Burmese python Python bivittatus Pythonidae 182.8 kg ( 403 lb ) , reliable , for `` Baby '' in 1998 5.74 m ( 18.8 ft ) , reliable , for `` Baby '' ca . 1999 Minimum adult length 2.35 m ( 7.7 ft ) Reticulated python Python reticulatus Pythonidae Up to 158 kg ( 350 lb ) , somewhat reliable 158.8 kg ( 350 lb ) , somewhat reliable , for `` Medusa '' in 2011 Almost 160 kg ( 350 lb ) , somewhat reliable , for `` Twinkie '' in 2014 136 kg ( 300 lb ) , somewhat reliable , for `` Fluffy '' in 2010 133.7 kg ( 295 lb ) , reasonably reliable , for `` Colossus '' in 1954 ( with an empty stomach ) 124.7 kg ( 275 lb ) , somewhat reliable , for `` Samantha '' in 2002 59 kg ( 130 lb ) , reliable , wild specimen in 1999 ( after not eating for nearly 3 months ) 10 m ( 33 ft ) , not firmly verified 7.9 m ( 26 ft ) , somewhat reliable , for `` Samantha '' in 2002 7.67 m ( 25.2 ft ) , somewhat reliable , for `` Medusa '' in 2011 7.3 m ( 24 ft ) , somewhat reliable , for `` Fluffy '' in 2010 6.95 m ( 22.8 ft ) , reliable , wild specimen in 1999 6.35 m ( 20.8 ft ) , reasonably reliable , for `` Colossus '' in 1963 ( skeletal length ) Minimum adult length 3.04 m ( 10.0 ft ) Generally considered the world 's longest African rock python Python sebae ( sometimes considered two species , P. sebae and P. natalensis ) Pythonidae Up to 113 kg ( 250 lb ) , not firmly verified Up to 7.5 m ( 25 ft ) , not firmly verified Minimum adult length 2.50 m ( 8.2 ft ) Indian python Python molurus Pythonidae 91 kg ( 200 lb ) , not firmly verified 52 kg ( 115 lb ) , reliable 6.4 m ( 21 ft ) , not firmly verified 4.6 m ( 15.1 ft ) , reliable 6 Amethystine ( scrub ) python Morelia amethistina Pythonidae 91 kg ( 200 lb ) Little information about size is available Some reports up to or exceeding 8 m ( 26 ft ) , not firmly verified 7.2 m ( 24 ft ) , somewhat reliable In excess of 6 m ( 20 ft ) Typically 3.5 m ( 11 ft ) Minimum adult length 1.8 m ( 5.9 ft ) Little information about size is available 7 Yellow anaconda Eunectes notaeus Boidae They commonly weigh 25 to 35 kg ( 55 to 77 lb ) , though large specimens can weigh 40 to 55 kg ( 88 to 121 lb ) or even more . 4.6 m ( 15.1 ft ) , reasonably reliable Typically 3 -- 4 m ( 10 -- 13 ft ) 3.1 m ( 10 ft ) maximum among 86 specimens in a field study South America 8 Boa constrictor Boa constrictor Boidae More than 45 kg ( 99 lb ) Possibly up to 4.3 m ( 14 ft ) A much larger report was debunked 9 Dark - spotted anaconda Eunectes deschauenseei Boidae 30 kg ( 66 lb ) 3 m ( 9.8 ft ) , validity unknown 10 Papuan python Apodora papuana Pythonidae 22.5 kg ( 50 lb ) Little information about size is available One reasonably reliable report of 4.39 m ( 14.4 ft ) Often reaches 3 -- 4 m ( 9.8 -- 13.1 ft ) Most specimens 1.4 -- 3.6 m ( 4.6 -- 11.8 ft ) Little information about size is available See also ( edit ) Reptiles portal Wikispecies has information related to Reptilia List of largest reptiles Largest organisms Titanoboa , world 's largest known snake ( currently from the fossil record ) Gigantophis , one of the world 's largest snakes ( the past record holder for the world 's largest snake ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Mehrtens , John ( 1987 ) . Living Snakes of the World . New York : Sterling . ISBN 0 - 8069 - 6461 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Murphy , J.C. ; Henderson , R.W. ( 1997 ) . Tales of Giant Snakes : A Historical Natural History of Anacondas and Pythons . Krieger Pub. Co. pp. 2 , 19 , 37 , 42 , 55 -- 56 . ISBN 0 - 89464 - 995 - 7 . Jump up ^ Rarest Python in the World . SnakeBytesTV . December 18 , 2013 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ Breeding plan aims to save snakes . ABC News ( Australia ) . March 29 , 2012 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ Smith , Deborah ( June 20 , 2012 ) . `` Snakes alive -- if only he 'd been seeing double '' . Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : Barker , David G. ; Barten , Stephen L. ; Ehrsam , Jonas P. ; Daddono , Louis ( 2012 ) . `` The Corrected Lengths of Two Well - known Giant Pythons and the Establishment of a new Maximum Length Record for Burmese Pythons , Python bivittatus '' ( PDF ) . Bull . Chicago Herp . Soc. 47 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 6 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ Gordon , David George , `` The Search for the $50,000 Snake '' . MSN Encarta . Archived October 31 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Fredriksson , G.M. ( 2005 ) . `` Predation on Sun Bears by Reticulated Python in East Kalimantan , Indonesian Borneo '' . Raffles Bulletin of Zoology. 53 ( 1 ) : 165 -- 168 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` Green anacondas : Eunectes murinus '' . National Geographic . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : Rivas , Jesús Antonio ( 2000 ) . The life history of the green anaconda ( Eunectes murinus ) , with emphasis on its reproductive Biology ( PDF ) ( Ph. D. thesis ) . University of Tennessee . pp. 7 , 36 ( esp . Table 3 -- 1 ) , 74 -- 80 ( esp . Table 5 -- 1 ) , 111 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : Mexico , Todd ( 2000 ) . `` Python reticulatus '' . Animal Diversity Web . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : Cotswold Wildlife Park and Gardens Reticulated python . Cotswoldwildlifepark.co.uk ^ Jump up to : `` Longest snake -- ever ( captivity ) '' . Guinness Book of World Records . October 12 , 2011 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Twinkie The World 's Largest Albino Reticulated Python Dies '' . Reptiles magazine . August 14 , 2014 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : `` R.I.P. Fluffy : Guinness record - holding reticulated python , 24 feet long , dies at Columbus Zoo '' . The Los Angeles Times . Associated Press . October 27 , 2010 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Reticulated Python , Malayopython , Clade '' . Giant Constricting Snakes : The Science of Large Serpents , JCM Natural History . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : Santora , Marc ( November 22 , 2002 ) . `` Never Leather , Samantha The Python Dies at the Zoo '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` African rock python '' . Oregon Zoo . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` African rock python ( Python sebae ) '' . Wildscreen . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` Python molurus : Indian Python '' . Animal Diversity Web . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : Minton , S.A. ( 1966 ) , `` A contribution to the herpetology of West Pakistan '' , Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History , 134 ( 2 ) : 117 -- 118 . ^ Jump up to : `` Amethystine Python , Simalia amethistina ( Schneider ) '' . Giant Constricting Snakes : The Science of Large Serpents , JCM Natural History . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : Obst , Fritz Jürgen ; Richter , Klaus ; Jacob , Udo ( 1988 ) . The Completely Illustrated Atlas of Reptiles and Amphibians for the Terrarium ( originally published in German in 1984 as Lexicon der Terraristik und Herpetologie by Edition Leipzig ) . T.F.H. Publications . pp. 496 -- 498 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 86622 - 958 - 6 . Jump up ^ Wood , Gerald ( 1983 ) . The Guinness Book of Animal Facts and Feats . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85112 - 235 - 9 . Jump up ^ Mendez , M ; Waller , T ; Micucci , P ; Alvarenga , E ; Morales , JC ( 2007 ) . `` Genetic population structure of the yellow anaconda ( Eunectes notaeus ) in Northern Argentina : management implications '' . In Robert W. Henderson and Robert Powell . Biology of the Boas and Pythons ( PDF ) . Eagle Mountain Publishing . pp. 405 -- 415 . ISBN 0972015434 . ^ Jump up to : Colthorpe , Kelly ( 2009 ) . `` Eunectes notaeus '' . Animal Diversity Web . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Yellow Anaconda , Eunectes notaeus ( Cope ) '' . Giant Constricting Snakes : The Science of Large Serpents , JCM Natural History . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ Boa Constrictor Fact Sheet -- Woodland Park Zoo Seattle WA . Zoo.org . Retrieved on 2012 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ Wagner , D. `` Boas '' . Barron 's . ISBN 0 - 8120 - 9626 - 6 Jump up ^ `` The Boa Clade '' . Giant Constricting Snakes : The Science of Large Serpents , JCM Natural History . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` De Schauensee 's Anaconda , Eunectes deschauenseei ( Dunn and Conant ) '' . Giant Constricting Snakes : The Science of Large Serpents , JCM Natural History . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 03 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ de Groot , Michael ( 2015 ) . `` Apodora Papuana : Papuan Olive Python '' . Pythonidae . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` Papuan Olive Python , Simalia papuana ( Peters and Doria , 1878 ) '' . Giant Constricting Snakes : The Science of Large Serpents , JCM Natural History . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 04 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_largest_snakes&oldid=854281412 '' Categories : Lists of largest animals Lists of snakes Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016 Talk About Wikipedia සිංහල Edit links This page was last edited on 10 August 2018 , at 05 : 43 ( UTC ) . 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hunter x hunter season 1 episode 11 english dub			List of Hunter × Hunter ( 2011 ) episodes	list of hunter × hunter ( 2011 ) episodes	Hunter × Hunter is an anime television series that aired from 2011 to 2014 based on Yoshihiro Togashi 's Hunter × Hunter manga . The story begins with a young boy named Gon Freecss , who one day discovers that the father who he thought was dead , is in fact alive and well . He learns that his father , Ging , is a legendary `` Hunter '' , an individual who has proven themselves an elite member of humanity . Despite the fact that Ging left his son with his relatives in order to pursue his own dreams , Gon becomes determined to follow in his father 's footsteps , pass the rigorous `` Hunter Examination '' , and eventually find his father to become a Hunter in his own right .	This new Hunter × Hunter anime was announced on July 24 , 2011 . It is a complete reboot of the series starting from the beginning of the manga , with no connections to the first anime from 1999 . It is directed by Hiroshi Kōjina , produced by Madhouse , and features scripts by Jun Maekawa and character designs by Takahiro Yoshimatsu . Instead of having the old cast reprise their roles for the new adaptation , the series features an entirely new cast to voice the characters . The new series premiered airing weekly on Nippon Television and the nationwide Nippon News Network from October 2 , 2011 . An hour after each episode is aired in Japan , American website Crunchyroll provided English subtitled simulcasts in the United States , Canada , the United Kingdom , Ireland , South Africa , Australia , and New Zealand . The series started to be collected in both DVD and Blu - ray format on January 25 , 2012 . Viz Media has licensed the anime for a DVD / Blu - ray release in North America with an English dub . On television , the series began airing on Adult Swim 's Toonami block on April 16 , 2016 . The anime series ' opening theme is alternated between the song `` Departure ! '' and an alternate version titled `` Departure ! - Second Version - '' both sung by Galneryus ' vocalist Masatoshi Ono . Five pieces of music were used as the ending theme ; `` Just Awake '' by the Japanese band Fear , and Loathing in Las Vegas in episodes 1 to 26 , `` Hunting for Your Dream '' by Galneryus in episodes 27 to 58 , `` Reason '' sung by Japanese duo Yuzu in episodes 59 to 75 , `` Nagareboshi Kirari '' also sung by Yuzu from episode 76 to 98 , which was originally from the anime film adaptation , Hunter × Hunter : Phantom Rouge , and `` Hyōri Ittai '' by Yuzu featuring Hyadain from episode 99 to 146 , which was also used in the film Hunter × Hunter : The Last Mission . The background music and soundtrack for the series was composed by Yoshihisa Hirano . Contents ( hide ) 1 Episode list 1.1 Hunter Exam arc 1.2 Heavens Arena arc 1.3 Phantom Troupe arc 1.4 Greed Island arc 1.5 Chimera Ant arc 1.6 Election arc 2 Notes 3 References 4 External links Episode list ( edit ) Arc No. of Episodes Original airdate English airdate First aired Last aired First aired Last aired Hunter Exam arc 26 October 2 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 02 ) April 8 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 08 ) April 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 16 ) November 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 05 ) Heavens Arena arc 12 April 15 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 15 ) July 7 , 2012 ( 2012 - 07 - 07 ) November 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 12 ) February 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 11 ) Phantom Troupe arc 20 July 14 , 2012 ( 2012 - 07 - 14 ) December 9 , 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 09 ) February 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 18 ) July 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 15 ) Greed Island arc 17 December 16 , 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 16 ) April 14 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 14 ) July 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 22 ) December 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 02 ) Chimera Ant arc 61 April 21 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 21 ) July 2 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 02 ) December 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 09 ) TBA ( TBA ) Election arc 12 July 9 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 09 ) September 24 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 24 ) TBA ( TBA ) TBA ( TBA ) Hunter exam Arc ( edit ) No . Arc No . Title Original airdate English airdate `` Departure × And × Friends '' `` Tabidachi to Nakama - tachi '' ( タビダチ × ト × ナカマタチ ) October 2 , 2011 April 16 , 2016 The story begins with a young boy named Gon who aspires to be just like his father Ging . Ging had left his son in the care of Mito , Gon 's aunt , and has not been back since . In order to prove his ability to take the exam , Gon catches the local monster fish , `` Lord of the Lake '' . Although Mito is reluctant to let Gon leave his home , she relents after seeing his determination to understand why his father left and what his interest of becoming a Hunter was . After saying goodbye to Mito and the townspeople , Gon boards a ship with participants from other lands and sets sail for the exam venue . After Gon predicts a violent storm approaching , the captain manages to steer the ship through the storm . He is later revealed to be one of the Hunter examiners , and he singles out Gon , Kurapika ( who wishes to become a Hunter in order to hunt down the Phantom Troupe , a band of criminals who massacred his clan ) , and Leorio ( who claims to want to be a Hunter just for the money ) . Kurapika and Leorio have an argument , stepping out onto the deck to fight during the storm , but are interrupted when Gon goes to save a crew member who fell out of the ship . Gon , Kurapika and Leorio help save the crew member , earning the captain 's approval , so he sends the three to the port closest to the exam site . `` Test × of × Tests '' `` Shiken no Shiken '' ( シケン × ノ × シケン ) October 9 , 2011 April 23 , 2016 Gon , Kurapika and Leorio arrive at Dolle Harbor and are given instructions by the captain to head for the cedar tree on the hilltop behind the city . Moving through a small town , their path is blocked by a group of people , where an old woman wo n't let them pass until they have answered a quiz question . Incorrect answers , refusal to answer , or attempts to head back will result in failure of the exam . A scheming participant who followed the trio from the harbor answers a question and is allowed to pass . The old woman then poses the question to the three , asking which of their loved ones they would rescue first : son or daughter . When Leorio complains that there 's no right answer , Kurapika understands that it 's a trick question and manages to stop Leorio from attacking the old woman . When the time is up and no answer is given , they pass , as the right answer was silence . The old woman shows Gon and the others to the correct path to the cedar tree . Upon reaching the tree , they find that the Navigators who live there are under attack by a shapeshifting creature , called a Kiriko . While Leorio tends to the wounded man , Gon and Kurapika go after the creature , only to discover that there are more than one of them . Impressed they were able to figure it out , the creatures revealed themselves to be the Navigators and fly them to the exam venue . `` Rivals × for × Survival '' `` Raibaru ga Sabaibaru '' ( ライバル × ガ × サバイバル ) October 16 , 2011 April 30 , 2016 With the navigators ' help , Gon , Kurapika and Leorio arrive at Zaban City , the venue of the exam . The Navigator leads them to a small restaurant , which is actually a front for the Hunter exam venue . Gon 's group is led to a back room , where an elevator takes them one hundred floors underground . Below , they meet the rest of the Hunter exam participants and are given their numbers . Tonpa , a regular participant who claims to have tried and failed 35 times in the exam , secretly goes about trying to fail all the rookie examinees by giving them drinks mixed with laxatives . However , he fails to convince any of them to take the drinks , including Gon 's group . Hisoka , a magician who attempted to kill an examiner in his previous attempt at the exam , is introduced . After accounting for the number of participants , an examiner by the name of Satotz tells the participants to follow him in the first phase of the exam , without telling them their destination or how far they are going to travel . `` Hope × and × Ambition '' `` Kibō to Yabō '' ( キボウ × ト × ヤボウ ) October 23 , 2011 May 7 , 2016 During the first phase , a number of participants drop out from fatigue after running for at least forty kilometers . Leorio almost gives up until he is encouraged by Gon , who waited for him . Killua , another rookie examinee , is introduced and he is curious about Gon when he discovers that they are the same age . Kurapika and Leorio run together and talk about their reasons for becoming Hunters . Kurapika wants to kill the Phantom Troupe , the group who massacred his clan for their precious scarlet eyes , which manifest when the Kurta experience intense emotion . Leorio aims to be a Hunter for money , but it is for altruistic reasons , as his childhood friend died of an illness because they did n't have the funds to save him . Leorio wishes to be a doctor so he can give his patients free treatment . Finally , the participants reach the end of the tunnel they were running in and surface in the Numere Wetlands , also known as Swindlers ' Swamp . Satotz warns them that the creatures often use devious tactics to lure and eat their prey in the wetlands , and that falling for their tricks equals death . Suddenly , a wounded man appears , claiming to be their original examiner and convincing everyone that Satotz was a man - faced ape masquerading as their examiner to fool them . Hisoka simultaneously throws his deadly playing cards at both the man and Satotz . The cards kill the man while Satotz catches the cards , proving that Satotz was the real examiner because examiners were supposed to be well - trained Hunters who are able to avoid such simple attacks . Hisoka is warned not to attack Satotz again , otherwise he will be disqualified . Satotz tells the participants to follow him into the swamp , and if any of them loses sight of him , they will never reach the second venue . 5 5 `` Hisoka × is × Sneaky '' `` Hisoka wa Hisoka '' ( ヒソカ × ハ × ヒソカ ) October 30 , 2011 May 14 , 2016 While following Satotz , a fog covers the swamp and most of the contestants are either rendered unconscious or killed by the traps and ferocious beasts . Gon and Killua are separated from Leorio and Kurapika , and both parties are attacked by monsters . Leorio and Kurapika encounter Hisoka , who is surrounded by a group of candidates who feel that he 's a threat they need to kill . Leorio and Kurapika are shocked to watch the magician easily take the group down . Hisoka then turns to Leorio and Kurapika next , but upon realizing that they are no match for him , Leorio and Kurapika run off in different directions to stop Hisoka from following . Leorio , however , returns , unable to run away from a fight . As expected , Leorio is beaten badly and knocked out by Hisoka . Gon , who got separated from Killua , arrives and hits Hisoka in the face with his fishing rod before he could kill Leorio . After the initial hit , Gon nearly gets strangled by Hisoka , but , after concluding that they have passed his `` test '' where he roleplayed as an examiner , Hisoka lets them go . He carries an unconscious Leorio off to the second venue , and it is shown that Hisoka is collaborating with an unknown candidate . Gon leaves by himself and finds Kurapika , who had returned and witnessed the entire scene , and they both head for the site of Phase Two of the exam . Kurapika analyzes Hisoka 's behavior , believing that the magician has his own standards of judging whether the person he meets is worthy of fighting against or killing . Gon confesses to Kurapika that he actually feels afraid of his encounter with Hisoka . 6 6 `` A × Surprising × Challenge '' `` Igai na Kadai '' ( イガイ × ナ × カダイ ) November 6 , 2011 May 21 , 2016 Gon and Kurapika reunite with Leorio and Killua at the Phase Two site . Satotz leads what remains of the candidates to meet the second phase examiners , Menchi and Buhara . The examiners declare the next phase is to test their cooking skills , much to the candidates ' disbelief . The test requires pork , so the candidates are sent to find pigs in the forest . However , the pigs living inside the forest are carnivorous and tear through the candidates . Thanks to Gon , they discover the pigs ' weakness and manage to each get one for their cooking . Upon tasting the candidates ' food ( wherein majority of the examinees simply roasted their pigs over a spit ) , Buhara gives a pass but Menchi fails all of them . Knowing the candidates will riot , Satotz informs Chairman Netero of the Hunter Selection Committee to make an appearance . Netero arrives to correct Menchi 's habit of getting biased whenever it 's related to cooking . Netero then allows Menchi to stay on as examiner , only if she participates in the event as well . Menchi gives the candidates a retest : boil eggs laid by spider eagles on Mt . Split - in - Half . The candidates ride on Netero 's airship to the mountain , where they have to jump down into a potentially fatal ravine to get the eggs . Having seen and learned how Menchi gets her egg , Gon leads some of the other candidates into successfully getting their own . Some candidates are killed while rashly trying to get their eggs , while others refuse to take the leap . Out of the 50 candidates who survive to reach Phase Two , 42 candidates now remain . 7 7 `` Showdown × On × The Airship '' `` Hikōsen no Kessen '' ( ヒコウセン × ノ × ケッセン ) November 13 , 2011 June 4 , 2016 Upon traveling to the Phase Three site , the 42 remaining contestants travel on Chairman Netero 's airship . All the candidates are told by Beans , Netero 's secretary , to get some food and rest to prepare for the Third Phase the next morning . Tonpa tries to sabotage the rookies again by trying to keep Kurapika and Leorio awake for the whole night , but is exasperated to find that neither of them fall for his tricks . Gon and Killua explore the airship , and Killua tells Gon that he is actually from a family of assassins . He wished to go out on his own , not wanting his whole life planned out for him , which his family did not take lightly . Netero then arrives and tests both boys ' instincts and asks how they felt about the difficulty of the exam . Netero invites both of them to participate in a game , which is simply taking a basketball from his hand . Gon and Killua find it too hard to pass up , but discovers that with Netero 's skills , they are unable to grab the ball . hours pass , and eventually Killua gives up , realizing that they will never be able to take the ball from Netero because Netero has n't been employing any strength or energy from his right hand or left leg . Killua retires , but then takes his frustration out on two candidates who harass him by killing them . Gon continues the game until the wee hours of the morning , trying to grab the ball , and then headbutts Netero . The old man realizes that Gon will crack his skull if he continues with his headbutt , so he uses his right hand to push Gon away from him . Gon then tells Neteros then he has finally managed to get him to use his right hand once , which Gon counts as a great achievement . Gon passes out happily from exhaustion , and Netero calls the pilot of the airship to fly the ship a little slower so Gon could get more rest . 8 8 `` Solution × Is × Majority Rules ? '' `` Kaiketsu wa Tasūketsu ? '' ( カイケツ × ハ × タスウケツ ? ) November 20 , 2011 June 11 , 2016 The airship reaches the Phase Three site , which is a tall featureless pillar built on an equally high platform . It 's called the Trick Tower . The candidates are told that to pass Phase 3 , they have to climb down from the top to the base of the tower within 72 hours . An experienced rock climber candidate tries to climb down the side but is eaten by some flying monsters . Later , Kurapika finds that more than half of the candidates have gone missing from the top platform . Gon and Killua then tell Kurapika and Leorio that they have discovered hidden trap doors that flip and go inside the tower . However , the catch is that there are many hidden doors and each one can be only used once by one person , which means they have to split up . Gon , Killua , Kurapika and Leorio try out different doors , saying goodbye , only to realize that they all end up in the same room . Gon 's group is given special wristwatches , and Lippo , the Phase 3 examiner , explains that the wristwatches can be used to vote for which paths to take through the Tower . They will need to cooperate in order to pass this phase . However , there are 5 watches and they can not proceed without a fifth member . Tonpa eventually falls through the trap door , joining in as the fifth member , and the exam proceeds . By following majority rule , the group eventually reaches an arena , where they have to face prisoners hired by Lippo to become combatants . Lippo explains that to pass , all they have to do is win three rounds . But the prisoners are given reduced sentences by one year for every hour they manage to keep the candidates here . Tonpa volunteers to go first , pitting himself against a combatant named Bendot in a death match . Tonpa immediately gives up , and Leorio accuses him of sabotaging candidates , which he admits to doing every year . Kurapika manages to stop Leorio , saying that this is part of their plan to make them fight each other and waste time . Gon decides to go for the second match , and is up against Sedokan , a jailed serial bomber . 9 9 `` Beware × Of × Prisoners '' `` Shūjin ni Goyōjin '' ( シュウジン × ニ × ゴヨウジン ) November 27 , 2011 June 18 , 2016 Gon wins his fight with Sedokan . Kurapika agrees to fight next . Kurapika 's opponent , Majitani , exposes a spider tattoo - a trademark of Phantom Troupe members . Kurapika can not control his rage , showing his clan 's special ability , and defeats Majitani . Leorio agrees to fight next . 10 10 `` Trick × To × The Trick '' `` Hikkake no Kikkake '' ( ヒッカケ × ノ × キッカケ ) December 4 , 2011 June 25 , 2016 Leroute claims that Majitani is only unconscious , thus Kurapika 's match has not been settled . Leorio , and even Killua can not persuade Kurapika to finish the fight for the latter refuses to fight a person who has lost the will to fight . Frustrated , Leorio decides to use the majority rule as a way out of the difficulty but no one supports him . Elsewhere , Hisoka is met by Togari , a former examiner whom Hisoka attacked and is now wanting revenge . Togari attacks with four crescent blades , only to be finished with one sweeping attack . Hisoka then becomes the first applicant to pass this phase . Meanwhile , the team suspects Majitani 's real condition . Leroute challenges Leorio to have a betting game instead . Leorio agrees and bets ten hours that Majitani is alive , which he wins . Next , he bets twenty hours on Majitani feigning unconsciousness . To confirm , he brings Majitani to the edge of the platform and threatens to drop him . Seeing that , Leroute changes her bet to forty hours on Majitani being conscious . When he is about to be dropped by Leorio , Majitani moves and admits defeat , putting the score at 2 - 1 in favor of Leorio 's team . However , they only have 20 hours left to wager . 11 11 `` Trouble × With × The Gamble '' `` Gyanburu de Toraburu '' ( ギャンブル × デ × トラブル ) December 11 , 2011 July 9 , 2016 Leorio is still betting with Leroute , a woman who plays mind tricks . He ends up losing after playing rock - paper - scissors and uses up all the team 's hours . Killua goes next , facing off against an infamous serial killer who has murdered countless people with his bare hands . Killua earns a swift victory by instantly tearing his opponent 's heart out , terrifying everyone but Gon , who already knew of his assassin history . With that the team has 3 victories and moves on to the next challenge . 12 12 `` Last Test × Of × Resolve '' `` Saigo no Kakugo '' ( サイゴ × ノ × カクゴ ) December 18 , 2011 July 16 , 2016 The team waits in a room for 50 hours , and then face a predicament right before the end . The group is challenged , having to choose between a short and easy route , which only three can enter , or a long and hard path , which all members of the group can enter . Gon comes up with the idea to choose the long route , and axe the wall dividing them between the short path , and all five of them make it down the base of the tower in time . 13 13 `` Letter × From × Gon '' `` Gon yori no Tayori '' ( ゴンヨリ × ノ × タヨリ ) December 25 , 2011 July 23 , 2016 A letter from Gon arrives at Whale Island for Aunt Mito . A recap of episodes 1 to 12 . 14 14 `` Hit × The × Target '' `` Tāgetto ni Hitto '' ( ターゲット × ニ × ヒット ) January 8 , 2012 July 30 , 2016 The applicants head to Zevil Island for the fourth phase of the exam . Each person draws a number which corresponds to the ID number of their target . The ID tag of their target is worth 3 points , their own ID tag is worth 3 points , and all other ID tags are worth 1 point . Each applicant must collect 6 points in order to pass this phase of the exam . Gon 's target turns out to be Hisoka , much to his dismay . 15 15 `` Scramble × Of × Deception '' `` Damashiai no Toriai '' ( ダマシアイ × ノ × トリアイ ) January 15 , 2012 August 6 , 2016 Gon is relying on Bloodcrazy Butterflies to find his target , Hisoka , before waiting for the perfect time to use his skill with the fishing rod to snatch Hisoka 's tag . Meanwhile , Leorio runs into Tonpa , who claims he is not his target and gives Leorio information about his target , Ponzu , who specializes in the use of traps and poison . However , while Leorio is distracted , Tonpa 's partner steals Leorio 's tag . Kurapika then arrives and knocks out both Tonpa and his partner , revealing Tonpa was his target . Now that Kurapika and Leorio know that neither is the other 's target , they decide to form an alliance . 16 16 `` Defeat × And × Disgrace '' `` Haiboku to Kutsujoku '' ( ハイボク × ト × クツジョク ) January 22 , 2012 August 13 , 2016 Kurapika and Leorio are being stalked by Hisoka , but they managed to negotiate their way out of a fight by giving him Tonpa 's partner 's badge . However , the encounter leaves Hisoka aroused , so he leaves in search of a new target . Gon is able to use his fishing rod to snatch Hisoka 's tag right when Hisoka attacks his target . However , as Gon tries to escape , he is attacked and temporarily paralyzed by another applicant who takes his tag . Shortly after , Hisoka , impressed with Gon 's patience and skill , kills the applicant who attacked Gon and returns his badge . Though Gon is reluctant to accept Hisoka 's charity , he is ultimately forced to and Hisoka expresses his desire to meet Gon in the next stage of the exam . 17 17 `` Trap × In × The Hole '' `` Ana de Wana '' ( アナ × デ × ワナ ) January 29 , 2012 August 20 , 2016 Killua grows tired of having Imori shadowing him so he challenges Imori , along with Amori and Umori to a fight and quickly dispatches him . Meanwhile , Gon has joined up with Leorio and Kurapika . The three of them devise a plan for taking Ponzu 's tag and track her down to a suspicious - looking cave . That is when Leorio insists on heading in alone . 18 18 `` Big × Time × Interview '' `` Taisetsu na Mensetsu '' ( タイセツ × ナ × メンセツ ) February 5 , 2012 August 27 , 2016 Gon and his friends have been trapped inside a cave by poisonous snakes . Bourbon , the person responsible for the trap , is already dead , and nobody knows how to disarm the trap . Meanwhile , Leorio , who was bitten by the snakes , is growing weak . Gon manages to get them out of the sticky situation and through to the final phase of the exam . But first , Netero wants an interview with each of the remaining applicants . The Fourth Phase ended and 9 applicants will go on through the Final Phase and the chairman interviewed each of them , after that Gon and Kurapika chat and thank each other . 19 19 `` Ca n't Win × But × Ca n't Lose '' `` Katenai ga Makenai '' ( カテナイ × ガ × マケナイ ) February 12 , 2012 September 10 , 2016 Gon and his friends have advanced to the final phase of the Hunter Exam . The final phase is a tournament where the winners are out and the losers advance . The rule is that if you kill your opponent , you 'll be disqualified . The first mach is Gon versus Hanzo . Gon ca n't do anything against Hanzo , but he refuses to give up . Hanzo is losing his patience and threatens to break Gon 's arm . 20 20 `` Baffling Turn × Of × Events '' `` Fukakai na Tenkai '' ( フカカイ × ナ × テンカイ ) February 19 , 2012 September 17 , 2016 Gon wakes up , and finds himself being congratulated by Satotz for being the first person to pass the Hunter Exam . Gon asks Satotz if the Exam was still going on , and Satotz tells him that it 's over . Satotz explains the events that occurred while he was unconscious . Hisoka and Kurapika engage in a short fight during which Hisoka whispers something to Kurapika , and promptly surrenders . In the next round Hanzo forces Pokkle to surrender . Bodoro is beaten by Hisoka . Hisoka whispers into Bodoro 's ear which convinces Bodoro to surrender . Killua forfeits the next round because he thinks fighting Pokkle would not interest him . Leorio asks to postpone the next round until Bodoro is in a proper shape to fight . Killua then fights Gittarackur , who is revealed to be Killua 's brother Illumi following his facial transformation from the previous phase of the exam . After a tense conversation in which Illumi kills an examiner and threatens to kill Gon , Killua surrenders and falls into a depressed state . The next round between Leorio and Bodoro finally commences , but Killua interrupts it by killing Bodoro and disqualifying himself . Gon then heads to the New Hunter orientation to confront Illumi . 21 21 `` Some × Brother × Trouble '' `` Kyōdai no Mondai '' ( キョウダイ × ノ × モンダイ ) March 4 , 2012 September 24 , 2016 Gon is upset that Killua was forced to kill . Gon is mad at Illumi and proclaims that he will go to Kukuroo Mountain to rescue Killua . As Gon and his friends depart , Satotz mentions that the Hunter Exam is n't over yet . 22 22 `` A × Dangerous × Watchdog '' `` Kiken na Banken '' ( キケン × ナ × バンケン ) March 11 , 2012 October 1 , 2016 After arriving in the Republic of Podokea , Gon , Leorio , and Kurapika board a tour bus to Kukuroo Mountain , where Killua lives . However , they 're blocked by a massive `` Testing Gate . '' Anyone who attempts to enter through the side door is eaten by Mike , the watchdog . Gon tells Zebro , the elderly gatekeeper , that they are friends of Killua and asks to be let in . Kurapika eventually realizes the front gate is not locked , unlike the smaller side gate , and Leorio struggles to open the gate . Zebro eventually explains that each door of the gate weights two tons , the minimum amount of strength required for opening just one door . ( The group learns that Killua opened three levels of doors , sixteen tons total . ) After arguing with the family butler and attempting to climb over the gate with his fishing pole , Gon 's spirit convinces Zebro to open the Testing Gate and accompany them so they can enter without Mike eating them . 23 23 `` The × Guard 's × Duty '' `` Ban'nin no Sekinin '' ( バンニン × ノ × セキニン ) March 18 , 2012 October 8 , 2016 Gon and his friends have decided to pass through the Testing Gate to see Killua . Zebro takes them to the servants ' quarters where they meet Seaquant and rest for the night . They discover that every thing in the house is extremely heavy , so they decide to train so they can be strong enough to open the Testing Gate on their own . Meanwhile , Killua is being tortured by his brother Milluki until he is ready to apologize to his mother . Killua learns from his family that his friends are at the estate to see him . Gon , Leorio , and Kurapika are able to open the gate after completing their training ( and Gon 's left arm heals ) , but the apprentice butler Canary stands in their way . Just like with Zebro , Gon 's conviction touches Canary 's heart . Just as Canary is about to let them pass , Killua 's mother attacks her . Killua 's mother then gives the group a sad message from Killua that may or may not be true . 24 24 `` The × Zoldyck × Family '' `` Zorudikku no Kazoku '' ( ゾルディック × ノ × カゾク ) March 25 , 2012 October 15 , 2016 We witness a few flashbacks from Killua 's earlier childhood , mostly between him and Canary . When the flashbacks end , Kikyo , Killua 's mother , tells them that Killua can not see them as he is in solitary confinement . While speaking with the trio , Kikyo suddenly begins screaming to `` Father '' that he not do anything hasty . Killua 's grandfather , Zeno , arrives in the dungeon and tells Killua he can go , despite Milluka insisting Killua is n't genuinely sorry yet . Killua is summoned by his father , Silva . With help from Canary , who is concerned about Killua , Gon and his friends are getting closer to the mansion . Meanwhile , Killua is bonding with his father ( much to Kikyo 's strong displeasure ) , and Silva asks him if he wants to see his friends . Killua answers truthfully that he does , so Silva grants him his freedom with the promise that Killua should never betray his friends . A short squabble between Kikyo and Silva reveals that he still believes Killua will one day return home as the leader of the Zoldyck family . 25 25 `` Ca n't See × If × You 're Blind '' `` Mienai to Aenai '' ( ミエナイ × ト × アエナイ ) April 1 , 2012 October 22 , 2016 Kikyo confides in Gotoh , the family butler , how emotionally distraught she is over Killua leaving again . With his father 's approval , Killua makes his way to the butler 's quarters . He instructs Gotoh to let him know the moment Gon and the other arrive . Gotoh complies , but internal dialogue reveals he has other intentions . Canary guides Gon and his friends to the butler office . There , they meet the butler Gotoh , who challenges them to a coin game so he can determine if they are worthy of being Killua 's friends . Leorio and Kurapika are disqualified for guessing the wrong hand , leaving only Gon to play the next round . After winning the game and reuniting with Killua , Gon now looks ahead to his next objective . He refuses to use his Hunter 's License until he can return Hisoka 's number badge . Kurapika reveals that he knows where to find Hisoka and that Hisoka has information about the Phantom Troupe . Leorio and Kurapika leave the group to pursue their own goals . Gon and Killua decide to spend their time training . Everyone agrees to meet again September 1 in Yorknew City . 26 26 `` Then × and × After '' `` Arekara to Sorekara '' ( アレカラ × ト × ソレカラ ) April 8 , 2012 November 5 , 2016 A letter from Gon arrives at Whale Island for Aunt Mito . A recap of episodes 14 to 25 . Heavens Arena Arc ( edit ) No . Arc No . Title Original airdate English airdate 27 `` Arrival × At × The Arena '' `` Tōgijō ni Tōjō '' ( トウギジョウ × ニ × トウジョウ ) April 15 , 2012 November 12 , 2016 Gon and Killua have arrived at Heavens Arena , where opponents get stronger as you ascend the tower , to train and make money . Both of them are immediately advanced to the 50th floor after their initial battles on the 1st floor . There , they meet Zushi , another young teen with amazing strength . When Killua faces off against Zushi , he has no difficulty at all , until Zushi uses a strange technique reminiscent of what Illumi used . Killua is frightened enough to back away , but Zushi 's martial arts master , Wing , instructs him to stop the technique . Killua and Gon continue winning fights until they reach the 100th floor . The pair decide to ask Zushi about his strange technique ( called `` Ren '' ) , but Wing warns them against it . Killua insists he knew because Ren is related to the secret behind his brother 's power . In the end , Killua agrees to study under Wing . 28 `` Nen × And × `` Nen '' '' `` Nen to Nen '' ( ネン × ト × ネン ) April 22 , 2012 November 19 , 2016 In Wing 's room , Gon , Killua and Zushi are being taught by Wing . He explains the 4 main principles : Ten , Ren , Zetsu and Hatsu . He demonstrates how Ren works , by giving Killua the idea of killing him . Because of the strong pressure , Killua was forced to stay back . Wing advised them to train with Zushi and start mastering Ten but Killua suggests that they should leave . Killua reveals to Gon that Wing was lying all along . Back in Wing 's room , he noticed Zushi 's Ten is unstable . Zushi is troubled because Wing lied to them . Wing only said that for them to know what the other meaning of Nen is dangerous . After clearing the 190th floor , Gon and Killua advanced to the 200th floor . They were stopped by a strong aura which made them both wary . An employee appears , stating that they should register before midnight . Hisoka out of nowhere appears in front of the two behind the employee , and warns them that they are not ready yet . Wing appears behind them and offers to teach them the real Nen . Before they left , the employee also informs Killua that if he ca n't be able to register at the given time , he will never be able to register again for he fails to register once . In Wing 's room , he finally teaches Gon and Killua the real Nen . 29 `` Awakening × And × Potential '' `` Kakusei to Kanōsei '' ( カクセイ × ト × カノウセイ ) April 29 , 2012 November 26 , 2016 Gon and Killua 's aura nodes finally open thanks to Wing 's help . He teaches them how to pass through Hisoka 's barrier of Nen . A few hours before midnight , Gon and Killua come back to the hallway that Hisoka is guarding . They successfully pass through and Gon challenges Hisoka to a fight . Hisoka only replies that if Gon manages to win even one match , Hisoka will accept his challenge . The two successfully register before time runs out . After registering , they are confronted by three fighters from the 200th floor , namely Gido , Sadaso , and Riehlvelt . The two leave and head towards their room . A message saying that Gon 's match will be on the next day is seen on the television . The next day , Gido and Gon face off in the arena . Gido launches his spinning tops he called Battle Waltz . Gon is left defenseless in the middle of the ring . 30 `` Fierce × And × Ferocious '' `` Gekitō to Kattō '' ( ゲキトウ × ト × カットウ ) May 6 , 2012 December 3 , 2016 Gon continues his fight with Gido and begins to understand how the Dancing Tops technique works . After he understands the principle behind the technique he is able to evade the attacks . However , he is not able to go on the offensive because of Gido 's Tornado Top defense . Gon continues to fight and manages to release some of his hidden talents but eventually loses the fight . After the fight is over Master Wing chastises Gon and forbids him from learning any more about Nen until his injuries heal . Kurapika is denied a job at the Agency and meets a stranger who tests his skills and offers to teach him about Nen . 31 5 `` Destiny × And × Tenacity '' `` In'nen to Shūnen '' ( インネン × ト × シュウネン ) May 13 , 2012 December 10 , 2016 One month after Gon is seriously injured ( and banned to directly practice Nen or be part of any match ) , the 2 - year - lap revenge of the Nen - user Kastro against the magician Hisoka is about to start in the Sky Arena . Kastro shows confidence , remembering an old saying , `` not to fight If you do not have a chance of winning '' in this game . Facing to the game , he is also filled with a fearless smile secretly . 32 6 `` A × Surprising × Win '' `` Dokkiri na Shōri '' ( ドッキリ × ナ × ショウリ ) May 20 , 2012 December 17 , 2016 Kastro and Hisoka face off in Heaven 's Arena . Kastro goes on the offensive and appears to have an advantage . Hisoka is unable to dodge because Kastro creates a Nen double that hides behind Kastro 's attacks . Despite losing both arms , Hisoka is confident and performs magic tricks , appearing to reattach one arm . He artfully and secretly uses his Hatsu , `` Bungee Gum '' , to kill Kastro with the playing cards from one of his tricks . After the fight , Machi approaches Hisoka and uses Nen to sew both of his arms back on . She has a message from the boss of the Phantom Troupe . After she leaves , Hisoka removes his spider tattoo , revealing that it is a fake . 33 7 `` An × Empty × Threat '' `` Keihaku na Kyōhaku '' ( ケイハク × ナ × キョウハク ) May 27 , 2012 January 7 , 2017 Gon recovered from his injuries and trains in Nen along with Killua and Zushi , under the instruction of Wing . Sadaso , Riehvelt , and Gido kidnap Zushi to coax Killua into agreeing to fight Sadaso if they leave Killua and friends alone , but Sadaso breaks his promise by tricking Gon for the same purpose with Zushi 's shoe . Killua threatens his life and Sadaso never shows up to their fight , causing him to lose by default , and giving Killua his first win in the battle of the 200 . 34 8 `` Power × To × Avenge '' `` Jitsuryoku de Setsujoku '' ( ジツリョク × デ × セツジョク ) June 3 , 2012 January 14 , 2017 Riehvalt and Gido hear of Killua 's threat from Sadaso and talk about cheating in their matches to gain the upper hand . Killua interrupts them , showing off his speed and cold - blooded demeanor to scare them into playing fairly . After training tirelessly with Zushi and Wing , Gon and Killua defeat Riehvelt and Gido in their battles . Hisoka , impressed with Gon 's progress , appears in Gon 's way afterwards and invites him to be his next opponent , to which Gon agrees . 35 9 `` The × True × Pass '' `` Seikaku na Gōkaku '' ( セイカク × ナ × ゴウカク ) June 17 , 2012 January 21 , 2017 Gon , Killua , and Zushi train in Nen and learn of the Nen aura types in preparation for Gon 's battle . Wing reveals at the end of the training that Gon has officially passed the second Hunter exam , and gives them an update on their friends ' progress in this secret Nen exam . The fight between Gon and Hisoka begins , with Hisoka dealing the first punch . Gon shatters a floor tile to create a distraction and manages to successfully land a punch on Hisoka in the face -- the bar that Hisoka set for Gon being a worthy opponent . 36 10 `` A Big Debt × And × A Small Kick '' `` Ōki na kari to Chīsa na keri '' ( オオキナカリ × ト × チイサナケリ ) June 22 , 2012 January 28 , 2017 Gon gives Hisoka his badge after he hits him in the face as part of their prior agreement . Hisoka explains the types of aura by their personality to distract Gon while using his bungee gum on him . The two keep fighting , with Hisoka using the bungee gum to take control of Gon 's movements . Hisoka wins the match because of his technique and a referee that awarded points to end the battle before Gon got seriously injured . He praises Gon for his progress and warns him that they will fight again , but in the real world where their lives are on the line . Killua and Gon bid farewell to Wing and Zushi as they depart to visit Gon 's aunt on Whale Island , finally leaving Heavens Arena behind . 37 11 `` Ging × And × Gon '' `` Jin to Gon '' ( ジン × ト × ゴン ) June 29 , 2012 February 4 , 2017 Gon heads home to Whale Island along with Killua . Mito and her grandmother tell Gon about Ging 's past . Gon receives a small box from his father . Gon eventually manages to open the small box with his Nen and finds three items . After examining the unusual ring , they decide to listen to the cassette tape which contains a voice recording of Ging . On the audio Ging asks Gon if he wants to see him . 38 12 `` Reply × From × Dad '' `` Oyaji no Henji '' ( オヤジ × ノ × ヘンジ ) July 7 , 2012 February 11 , 2017 Gon heard his father 's message through the cassette tape . Gon and Killua grab some information about the memory card from the item box . Killua gets a lead from his brother about the game which is going to be presented in the auction , which will be held in Yorknew City . The two leave Whale island and journey to Yorknew City . Phantom Troupe Arc ( edit ) No . Arc No . Title Original airdate English airdate 39 `` Wish × And × Promise '' `` Negai to Chikai '' ( ネガイ × ト × チカイ ) July 14 , 2012 February 18 , 2017 Kurapika leaves his master Mizuken in order to get a job . He finds himself in an interview to become a bodyguard for someone who has connections with the Southern Piece Auction . 40 `` Nen × Users × Unite ? '' `` Nōryokusha wa Kyōryokusha ? '' ( ノウリョクシャ × ハ × キョウリョクシャ ? ) July 22 , 2012 February 25 , 2017 Kurapika and the other applicants fight the assailants in order for them to escape the mansion . Meanwhile , Killua asks for his brother 's help to gather information about Greed Island . 41 `` Gathering × Of × Heroes '' `` Gōketsu no Shūketsu '' ( ゴウケツ × ノ × シュウケツ ) July 29 , 2012 March 4 , 2017 After receiving information from Milluki , Gon and Killua research Greed Island . At the Nostrade manor , the new employees meet their boss , Neon . Meanwhile , the Phantom Troupe gathers at Yorknew City . 42 `` Defend × And × Attack '' `` Mamoru to Semeru '' ( マモル × ト × セメル ) August 5 , 2012 March 11 , 2017 Gon and Killua meet back up with Leorio and continue to try to make some money . The Phantom Troupe moves out . Meanwhile , Kurapika and Melody have an intimate chat while on guard . 43 5 `` A × Shocking × Tragedy '' `` Shōgeki no Sangeki '' ( ショウゲキ × ノ × サンゲキ ) August 12 , 2012 March 18 , 2017 The Phantom Troupe storms into the auction room and kills everyone inside at the moment , but finds out that the merchandise has been moved before their attack by a special force of the mafia known as the Shadow Beasts . 44 6 `` Buildup × To A × Fierce Battle '' `` Gekisen no Fukusen '' ( ゲキセン × ノ × フクセン ) August 19 , 2012 March 25 , 2017 The Shadow Beasts take on Uvogin . Kurapika alone makes a move against the Phantom Troupe . 45 7 `` Restraint × And × Vow '' `` Kōsoku no Yakusoku '' ( コウソク × ト × ヤクソク ) September 2 , 2012 April 1 , 2017 The Shadow Beast Owl attempts to capture part of the Phantom Troupe . The Nostrade bodyguards interrogate Uvogin . Later , Hisoka and Kurapika meet up in an abandoned amusement park . 46 8 `` Chasing × And × Waiting '' `` Oumono to Matsumono '' ( オウモノ × ト × マツモノ ) September 9 , 2012 April 8 , 2017 Uvogin searches for the chain user . The Nostrade family restructures and plans their next move . Gon , Killua , and Leorio look for other ways to make some money . 47 9 `` Condition × And × Condition '' `` Seiyaku to Seiyaku '' ( セイヤク × ト × セイヤク ) September 16 , 2012 April 15 , 2017 On the outskirts of Yorknew , Kurapika seeks vengeance for his fallen brethren by facing Uvogin . 48 10 `` Very × Sharp × Eye '' `` Mekiki no Kikime '' ( メキキ × ノ × キキメ ) September 23 , 2012 April 22 , 2017 The trio make attempts to raise money . After Gon pawned his hunter licence for some seed money , he and Killua go to the outside auction market so they may find some hidden treasures to bid on in to raise money . Meanwhile Leorio tries to find more up to date and reliable info about the Phantom Troupe members . 49 11 `` Pursuit × And × Analysis '' `` Tsuiseki de Bunseki '' ( ツイセキ × デ × ブンセキ ) September 30 , 2012 April 29 , 2017 Gon and Killua tail two members of the Phantom Troupe , only to be captured . Meanwhile , other members of the Troupe continue to gather information on the Nostrade Family and the chain user . 50 12 `` Ally × And × Sword '' `` Nakama to Katana '' ( ナカマ × ト × カタナ ) October 7 , 2012 May 6 , 2017 The Phantom Troupe question Gon and Killua about the chain user , and that 's when Killua realizes he could be Kurapika . Then they manage to escape and decide to find Kurapika and ask him to teach them more about Nen so they could fight against the Phantom Troupe . 51 13 `` A × Brutal × Battlefield '' `` Hijō no Senjō '' ( ヒジョウ × ノ × センジョウ ) October 14 , 2012 May 13 , 2017 Neon escapes to enter the auction with Chrollo 's help who later steals her fortune telling ability . While Kurapika accompanies Light Nostrade to meet the professionals who were assigned to kill the spiders . The Troupe take action too and kill the guards . 52 14 `` Assault × And × Impact '' `` Shūgeki to Shōgeki '' ( シュウゲキ × ト × ショウゲキ ) October 21 , 2012 May 20 , 2017 The Troupe is attacking the auction with all their power . The Ten Dons hired assassins are no match , except for Zeno and Silva . 53 15 `` Fake × And × Psyche '' `` Feiku de Saiku '' ( フェイク × デ × サイク ) October 28 , 2012 June 3 , 2017 The leader of the Phantom Troupe is dead ... Kurapika is shocked by the news . Unconvinced , he tries to get a glimpse of the body . Meanwhile , the dead bodies of the other Phantom Troupe members have been discovered . 54 16 `` Fortunes × Are n't × Right ? '' `` Uranai ga Ataranai ? '' ( ウラナイ × ガ × アタラナイ ? ) November 4 , 2012 June 10 , 2017 Kurapika meets up with Gon and Killua . While they are having a picnic , Gon makes Kurapika realize that he can now concentrate on his main goal : getting the eyes of his people back . Kurapika reveals his nen ability and explains why he must not use it against anyone other than the Troupe . Chrollo uses his new fortune - telling ability to read the futures of the various Troupe members . Kurapika receives a message that Chrollo is n't dead as previously thought ! 55 17 `` Allies × And × Lies '' `` Nakama to Ikasama '' ( ナカマ × ト × イカサマ ) November 11 , 2012 June 17 , 2017 Chrollo uses his new ability to predict the future of all of his group members . He predicts that Hisoka is a traitor . Hisoka in his turn changes his fortune and deceives Chrollo into staying rather than leaving . 56 18 `` Beloved × And × Beleaguered '' `` Saiai to Saiaku '' ( サイアイ × ト × サイアク ) November 18 , 2012 June 24 , 2017 Chrollo uses the information he has on Neon to identify the location of the chain user , Kurapika . Meanwhile , Killua is keeping an eye on the Phantom Troupe base when he is joined by Melody , who helps determine that the Troupe is headed towards Kurapika 's hotel . The Troupe is finally closing in on Kurapika . 57 19 `` Initiative × And × Law '' `` Sente to Okite '' ( センテ × ト × オキテ ) December 2 , 2012 July 8 , 2017 Gon and Killua are captives of the spiders . Kurapika , Melody , and Leorio hatch a plan to capture Chrollo and use him as leverage to force the remaining Phantom Troupe members to release Gon and Killua . 58 20 `` Signal × To × Retreat '' `` Hikigiwa no Hikigane '' ( ヒキギワ × ノ × ヒキガネ ) December 9 , 2012 July 15 , 2017 Kurapika negotiates with Pakunoda to secure the exchange of Gon and Killua . Pakunoda returns to the Troupe 's hideout to announce the terms of the exchange to the remaining members . Greed Island Arc ( edit ) No . Arc No . Title Original air date English airdate 59 `` Bid × And × Haste '' `` Seri to Aseri '' ( セリ × ト × アセリ ) December 16 , 2012 July 22 , 2017 Gon and Killua attend an auction of Greed Island to scout out potential employers hiring Hunters to clear the game . 60 `` End × And × Beginning '' `` Kimari to Hajimari '' ( キマリ × ト × ハジマリ ) December 23 , 2012 July 29 , 2017 Gon and Killua attend the player selection test in a bid to gain access to Greed Island . And more training . 61 `` Invitation × And × Friend '' `` Kan'yū to Shin'yū '' ( カンユウ × ト × シンユウ ) January 6 , 2013 August 5 , 2017 Gon and Killua enter Greed Island . There they enter a town and meet other players , where they learn more about the game Greed Island . 62 `` Reality ? × And × Raw '' `` Genjitsu ? to Genseki '' ( ゲンジツ ? × ト × ゲンセキ ) January 13 , 2013 August 12 , 2017 Gon and Killua battle at the Rock , Paper , Scissors tournament , and decide to head to Masadora . Killua wins and gets the # 83 Card . Other players appear , attempting to steal the card . They see Biscuit stalking them and meet some monsters and bandits on their way as well . 63 5 `` A × Hard × Master ? '' `` Shishō wa Hijō ? '' ( シショウ × ハ × ヒジョウ ? ) January 20 , 2013 August 19 , 2017 Binolt all attacks Biscuit , she easily defeats him . Gon and Killua seeing her strength asked her to be their master and proceed to fight Binolt for 6 days . He gives up and they let him go . They go to the city of Masadora and got some cards but told them to go back to the rocky area again . Biscuit tells them that they are going exactly straight to Masadora but this time , they have to dig through the rocks , whilst doing so they discover another part of Ten , Shu . 64 6 `` Strengthen × And × Threaten '' `` Kyōka to Kyōkatsu '' ( キョウカ × ト × キョウカツ ) January 27 , 2013 August 26 , 2017 After learning how to use Shu , they made it to Masadora easily , only to be told to head back to the rocky area again to obtain the remaining monster cards there . They each catch a few and then they move on to the hardest monster in the area , the bubble horse . They got the card by dodging the white bubbles with Zetsu , and the red bubbles with ten . Biscuit comments that Gon and Killua make the perfect team . Gon and Killua also learned Ko , Ken and Ryu . Biscuit believes they are now ready for the final stage of the training which is training in the individual categories , starting with the Enhancer category . The Bomber identifies himself in the group whilst the Phantom Troupe discover the island and confirm their suspicion that Greed Island is in fact happening in the real world . 65 7 `` Evil Fist × And × Rock - Paper - Scissors '' `` Jaken to Janken '' ( ジャケン × ト × ジャンケン ) February 3 , 2013 September 9 , 2017 After hearing Biscuit 's lecture on rock - paper - scissors , Gon decides to work on a special technique modeled on rock - paper - scissors by using Enhancer , Emitter , and Transmuter abilities . Meanwhile , Killua leaves the game temporarily to take the Hunter Exam . While he 's gone , Gon and Biscuit find learn about the Bomber 's most recent attack . 66 8 `` Strategy × And × Scheme '' `` Kōryaku to Sakuryaku '' ( コウリャク × ト × サクリャク ) February 10 , 2013 September 16 , 2017 Killua returns after easily passing his second try at the Hunter Exam . Now that Gon , Killua , and Biscuit are together again , they begin working on beating this game by collecting cards . Meanwhile , the other players are scheming to gather the cards they need to complete the game . 67 9 `` 15 × 15 '' `` Jū - go to Jū - go '' ( 15 × ト × 15 ) February 17 , 2013 September 23 , 2017 Team Genthru now has 96 different types of restricted slot cards after tricking Team Tsezguerra . Gon and Killua receive an invitation from other players to team up to prevent Genthru from beating the game . They head to Soufrabi to monopolize Patch of Shore , one of the cards Genthru is missing . 68 10 `` Pirates × And × Guesses '' `` Kaizoku to Suisoku '' ( カイゾク × ト × スイソク ) February 24 , 2013 September 30 , 2017 When they reach Soufrabi , they meet the pirates and challenge the team in a sports battle . While their team loses , Killua does gather information and the other teams working with them disband from their group . They use the accompany card to meet up with Chrollo Lucilfer , which is actually Hisoka in disguise , and he leads them to the city of love , Aiai . 69 11 `` A × Heated × Showdown '' `` Taiketsu de Nekketsu '' ( タイケツ × デ × ネッケツ ) March 3 , 2013 October 7 , 2017 Gon and his friends have teamed up with Hisoka and Goreinu to challenge Razor again . To round out the party , they recruit Team Tsezgerra . Their preparations allow them to breeze through the first few matches , but then Razor challenges them to a game of dodgeball . 70 12 `` Guts × And × Courage '' `` Konjō to Yūjō '' ( コンジョウ × ト × ユウジョウ ) March 10 , 2013 October 14 , 2017 Gon is unable to hold onto Razor 's throw and is sent to the outfield . He uses Back to return , but Hisoka is also injured and the situation looks grim . However , Gon has an idea for defeating Razor , but he needs Killua 's help to pull it off . 71 13 `` Bargain × And × Deal '' `` Kakehiki to Torihiki '' ( カケヒキ × ト × トリヒキ ) March 17 , 2013 October 21 , 2017 Gon , Killua , and Hisoka manage to defeat Razor by working as a perfect team . After defeating Razor , Gon learns a little more about his father from Razor . The team gets Patch of Shore , and make two clones . Gon 's team receives the real card , which Genthru does not expect . Team Tsezgerra will delay Genthru for three weeks , giving Killua time to heal and Gon time to train to defeat Little Flower . 72 14 `` Chase × And × Chance '' `` Cheisu de Chansu '' ( チェイス × デ × チャンス ) March 24 , 2013 November 4 , 2017 Hisoka meets up with the members of the Phantom Troupe in order to track down the Nen user whose ability is to remove others nen . Meanwhile , Team Tsezgerra gathered enough Accompany cards to evade Team Genthru , declaring their decision to fight instead of surrender . Team Genthru had also collected Accompany cards and began `` a game of tag they can not lose '' . Gon continues his training whilst Killua is left to recover his hands while coming up with a plan to defeat the Bombers . Tsezgerra soon runs out of Accompany and Return cards , which was all according to plan , and uses Leave to exit the game . However , shockingly , no one was guarding the place . A cornered Tsezgerra finds Mr. Battera crying and discovers that the whole deal had been canceled . 73 15 `` Insanity × And × Sanity '' `` Kyōki to Shōki '' ( キョウキ × ト × ショウキ ) March 31 , 2013 November 11 , 2017 After Team Tsezgerra left the game , Mr. Battera reveals the true purpose behind why he purchased so many Greed Island games . Team Genthru have set camp up at the entrance awaiting Tsezgerra 's return to be disappointed when they do n't . Assuming that Tsezgerra and his team have given up on the game , Genthru approach Team Gon to propose a deal for the two remaining cards they require . When things turn sour , Team Gon force a one - on - one battle with Genthru 's team . 74 16 `` Victor × And × Loser '' `` Shōsha to Haisha '' ( ショウシャ × ト × ハイシャ ) April 7 , 2013 November 18 , 2017 With two of the members of Team Genthru down , Gon is left in a standoff with just Genthru himself . Everything Gon and his team had planned were coming together . Selfishly though , Gon decides to temporarily ignore the plan because he wanted to try something out , getting badly damaged in the process . Gon finally pulls through as Team Genthru is defeated . With the most dangerous team all tied up and Gon now having collected all 99 reserved card slots , a special game event is due to take place in order to receive the # 00 card . But before all that ... Gon and his team need to decide how they should use `` Breath of Archangel '' and whether to use it on themselves or Bomber and his team mates . 75 17 `` Ging 's Friends × And × True Friends '' `` Jin no tomo to Shin no tomo '' ( ジンノトモ × ト × シンノトモ ) April 14 , 2013 December 2 , 2017 Gon , Killua and Biscuit are challenged when they finally get all 99 reserved card slots . An in - game event takes place to win the # 00 card . Chimera Ant Arc ( edit ) No . Arc No . Title Original airdate English airdate 76 `` Reunion × And × Understanding '' `` Saikai to Rikai '' ( サイカイ × ト × リカイ ) April 21 , 2013 December 9 , 2017 Gon and Killua travel to Nigg who turns out to be Kite instead of Ging . Kite tells Gon of his past and how he came to meet Gon 's father and introduces them to a mysterious and extremely dangerous species , the Chimera Ant . 77 `` Unease × And × Sighting '' `` Fuan to Shutsugen '' ( フアン × ト × シュツゲン ) April 28 , 2013 December 16 , 2017 Kite is shown a huge severed arm which it is believed to be from a Chimera Ant Queen that has grown to the height of two meters . As Gon and Killua join him in his search for the Queen , their fears are confirmed when it starts consuming humans to enhance its army of soldiers . 78 `` Very × Rapid × Reproduction '' `` Kyūsoku na Zōshoku '' ( キュウソク × ナ × ゾウショク ) May 5 , 2013 January 6 , 2018 Kite and his party trace the whereabouts of the Chimera Queen and conclude that it is located in the neo-ludite nation of NGL . As both Kite 's group and another separate team of hunters depart to NGL to investigate , the Queen establishes her stronghold and instructs her soldiers to gather a huge number of humans for her to consume in order to give birth to the King . 79 `` No × Good × NGL '' `` NG na NGL '' ( NG × ナ × NGL ) May 12 , 2013 January 13 , 2018 Upholding their policy of not allowing any kind of manufactured or artificial material inside their borders , the NGL only allows Kite , Gon , Killua and two other members of their party to enter their country , with the rest forced to stand by and await their return . Meanwhile , the second team of Hunters is attacked by the Chimera Ants , whose human DNA triggers in them a sense of individuality that brings conflict among their ranks . 80 5 `` Evil × And × Terrible '' `` Gokuaku to Saiaku '' ( ゴクアク × ト × サイアク ) May 19 , 2013 January 20 , 2018 As the top echelons of the NGL are killed by the Chimera Ants who claim their weapons and facilities , the team of Hunters under attack is also taken down , but not before Ponzu sends a message to warn the Hunter Association that ends up on Kite 's hands . As he instructs the others to turn back and call for reinforcements , Kite decides to check up the situation further , accompanied by just Gon and Killua . 81 6 `` The × Fight × Begins '' `` Tatakai no Kaishi '' ( タタカイ × ノ × カイシ ) May 26 , 2013 January 27 , 2018 Confirming his suspicions , Kite finds clues about the dark side of the NGL and meet Rammot , one of the Chimera Ants . Knowing that much stronger foes await them ahead , Kite declares that Gon and Killua must defeat the enemy by themselves , or they will not be allowed to proceed further with him . Meanwhile , the Chimera Ant commanders take heed of Nen - enhanced humans and make plans to capture them in order to attend the Queen 's increasing demands for nutrition . 82 7 `` Kite × And × Slots '' `` Kaito no Surotto '' ( カイト × ノ × スロット ) June 2 , 2013 February 3 , 2018 Searching for the Chimera Ant 's nest , Kite and the boys confirm their suspicions about the NGL and must face three dangerous Chimera Ants in order to proceed . Meanwhile , Rammot wants to payback Gon and Killua for his defeat and ends up unwittingly unlocking the power of Nen in his body . 83 8 `` Inspiration × To × Evolve '' `` Kanka Shite Shinka '' ( カンカ × シテ × シンカ ) June 9 , 2013 February 10 , 2018 News about the Chimera Ants threat reach the Hunter Association and an expedition is assembled to exterminate them . Meanwhile , Kite , Gon and Killua are surrounded by a large number of enemies and must fight for their lives . Back at the nest , the other squadron leaders look for a way to awaken the Nen in their bodies just like Rammot did . 84 9 `` A × Fated × Awakening '' `` Sadame no Mezame '' ( サダメ × ノ × メザメ ) June 16 , 2013 February 17 , 2018 As Gon , Killua and Kite approach the nest , one of the Chimera Ant Royal Guards , Neferpitou , awakens . Upon extracting information from Pokkle , Neferpitou learns the secrets of Nen , including the means to awaken and control it . 85 10 `` Light × And × Darkness '' `` Hikari to Kage '' ( ヒカリ × ト × カゲ ) June 23 , 2013 February 24 , 2018 As the Chimera Ants are reunited to unlock the power of Nen into their bodies , Neferpitou feels the presence of Kite approaching and leaves to confront him . Realizing that the enemy is too powerful for them , Kite warns Gon and Killua to flee , but Gon is taken by rage upon seeing Kite 's arm being severed by Neferpitou and Killua is forced to knock him down and escape carrying him . After escaping the NGL , with Gon still uncounscious , Killua is approached by Chairman Netero who is sent there to wipe out the Chimera Ants assisted by two other Pro Hunters , Morel and Knov . 86 11 `` Promise × And × Reunion '' `` Chikai to Saikai '' ( チカイ × ト × サイカイ ) June 30 , 2013 March 3 , 2018 Gon and Killua meet Knov 's student Palm and learn that to earn a place in the Extermination Squad and return to the NGL , they must win against Morel 's students Knuckle and Shoot in one month . To increase their chances of winning , Palm asks for Biscuit 's help and they start a harsh training routine with her . Meanwhile at the Chimera Ants nest , Shaiapouf , the second Royal Guard awakens . 87 12 `` Duel × And × Escape '' `` Kettō Shite Tōsō '' ( ケットウ × シテ × トウソウ ) July 7 , 2013 March 10 , 2018 After completing their training , Biscuit sends the exhausted Gon and Killua to face Knuckle . Looking at the condition of their opponents , Knuckle boasts that they could never move him an inch and bets his token on it . However his assumptions are proven wrong when Gon manages to land a powerful hit that knocks him out cold , and after awakening , Knuckle agrees that he will help them with their training until the deadline for returning the token comes . Meanwhile at the nest , Neferpitou focuses itself into reviving Kite for a second chance to fight him and Netero 's team starts taking down small groups of Chimera Ants that bring the attention of the captains , while the king grows strong inside the queen 's womb . As Gon and Killua spend their days training with Biscuit and sparring with Knuckle , Shoot , the second of Morel 's disciples make plans about how to deal with them . 88 13 `` Rock - Paper - Scissors × And × Weakness '' `` Janken to Jakuten '' ( ジャンケン × ト × ジャクテン ) July 14 , 2013 March 17 , 2018 As the deadline established by Netero approaches , the Chairman and his companions keep wiping out the Chimera Ant squads one by one and the remaining squad captains try to deal with the problem , while the third member of the royal guard , Menthuthuyoupi is born . Meanwhile , Gon and Killua complete their training and challenge Knuckle for real . 89 14 `` Compassion × And × Strength '' `` Yasashisa to Tsuyosa '' ( ヤサシサ × ト × ツヨサ ) July 21 , 2013 March 24 , 2018 Knuckle points out that Gon 's Jajanken technique has two major weaknesses : that it takes too long to charge and the distribution of aura in his body makes him more vulnerable during said charge . However Gon keeps using it instead , making use of these flaws to confuse his opponent . Unfortunately , just as Gon has a chance to deal a finishing blow , he collapses from exhaustion . Killua than carries Gon away , promising to return in the next day for the decisive battle against Knuckle and Shoot . As Gon rests for the upcoming fight , Biscuit approaches Killua and after sparring with him in her most powerful form , she exposes his own biggest flaw : Killua always fights on the verge of fleeing . 90 15 `` Interest × And × Curse '' `` Risoku to Jubaku '' ( リソク × ト × ジュバク ) July 28 , 2013 April 7 , 2018 The final duel between Gon and Knuckle begins . Just as he promised , Knuckle does not hold back and uses his special technique on him , forcing Gon to look for a way to defeat him as fast as possible . Meanwhile , Killua confronts Shoot , but he also gets himself in a pinch when his old habit to avoid stronger enemies is triggered . 91 16 `` The Strong × And × The Weak '' `` Kyōsha to Jakusha '' ( キョウシャ × ト × ジャクシャ ) August 4 , 2013 April 14 , 2018 The Chimera Ant King is born earlier than expected , leaving the queen in a critical condition . As the king abandons the nest accompanied by the royal guard , the squadron leaders disband except for a few loyal ones who surrender to Netero 's party in exchange for help to save the queen 's life . Meanwhile , Shoot and Knuckle , having defeated Gon and Killua , arrive at the NGL to join the others . Killua promises to protect Gon as long as his powers are sealed but decides to leave his side for good once he recovers . 92 17 `` One Wish × And × Two Promises '' `` Hitotsu no Negai to Futatsu no Chikai '' ( ヒトツノネガイ × ト × フタツノチカイ ) August 11 , 2013 April 21 , 2018 Despite all efforts to save the queen , she does not resist her wounds and dies , but not before revealing to Colt the name she had chosen for the king , `` Meruem '' . A final live offspring is found inside her body and Morel offers himself to protect both after he makes Colt promise that they will never eat humans again . As the other squad leaders leave to build their own colonies , the king and the royal guard arrive at the neighboring country of East Gorteau . 93 18 `` Date × With × Palm '' `` Pāmu to Dēto '' ( パーム × ト × デート ) August 18 , 2013 April 28 , 2018 As the king kills the ruler of East Gorteau and takes over the country , Gon and Killua return to meet Palm , prepared to face her fury upon failing to fulfill their promise , but she decides to forgive them when Gon accepts her request to have a date with her . After learning from Morel that they found Kite , Gon takes Palm for her date , while Killua keeps trailing them in case of an enemy attack , and his fears are confirmed when Rammot appears before him . 94 19 `` Friend × And × Journey '' `` Tomodachi to Tabidachi '' ( トモダチ × ト × タビダチ ) September 1 , 2013 May 5 , 2018 Divided between his drive to flee and his will to protect Gon , Killua find himself in a dire situation until he realizes that he is under the effect of one Illumi 's needles , easily killing Rammot after he breaks free from it . Meanwhile , Gon 's date with Palm turns to the worse when he claims that he ca n't stay by her side . As Shoot returns to check on them , Morel and Knuckle confront Cheetu , one of the Chimera Ants on the run . 95 20 `` Grudge × And × Dread '' `` Urami to Sugomi '' ( ウラミ × ト × スゴミ ) September 8 , 2013 May 12 , 2018 After a brief fight with Cheetu , Morel and Knuckle return to check on Gon and Killua as they finally reunite with Kite , but upon seeing that he was turned into a mindless rogue by Neferpitou , Gon swears to avenge him . The Hunters then travel to East Gorteau , where the government summons all the population to meet at the capital for an undisclosed event in ten days . Knowing that it is all a plan of the Chimera Ants , Netero contacts the others and they start making plans to confront the king and the royal guard in the night preceding said event . 96 21 `` A × Lawless × Home '' `` Muhō na Hōmu '' ( ムホウ × ナ × ホーム ) September 15 , 2013 May 19 , 2018 As news about the rogue Chimera Ants spread around the world , six members of the Phantom Troupe appear at Meteor City to wipe out some of them which had established a colony there . 97 22 `` Carnage × And × Devastation '' `` Gekitō de Gekimetsu '' ( ゲキトウ × デ × ゲキメツ ) September 22 , 2013 June 2 , 2018 The Phantom Troupe reaches Zazan , the leader of the Ants , eliminating all opposition on the way . Fighting Zazan by himself , Feitan is forced to unleash his true power against her , which is feared even by his companions . 98 23 `` Infiltration × And × Selection '' `` Sennyū to Senbetsu '' ( センニュウ × ト × センベツ ) September 29 , 2013 June 9 , 2018 Once inside East Gorteau , Gon and Killua take separate ways in preparation for the attack on the palace , but once alone , it does not take long for Gon to be attacked by Ants sent by Meleoron whose presence is concealed thanks to his Chameleon - like powers . 99 24 `` Combination × And × Evolution '' `` Konbinēshon to Eboryūshon '' ( コンビネーション × ト × エボリューション ) October 9 , 2013 June 16 , 2018 As Gon deals with his enemies , Killua tries his best to save the citizens of nearby villages from falling prey to the Chimera Ants ' scheme until the Government , under the Royal Guards ' control , declares martial law to hinder his plans . Meanwhile , Shoot and Knuckle detect Cheetu 's presence and attempt to intercept him . 100 25 `` Tracking × And × Pursuit '' `` Tsuiseki ni wa Tsuigeki '' ( ツイセキ × ニハ × ツイゲキ ) October 16 , 2013 TBA Leol 's party is sent by the Royal Guard to stop Killua 's interference and Meleoron is found out by Gon , but instead of fighting , the Chimera Ant attempts to reason with him while hiding his true intentions . 101 26 `` Ikalgo × And × Lightning '' `` Ikarugo to Ikazuchi '' ( イカルゴ × ト × イカズチ ) October 23 , 2013 TBA Killua confronts Ikalgo but later , saves him from getting eaten by his own subordinates . The Ortho Siblings confront Killua in their game , a 1 - 501 dart game where he gets continuously attacked . After feigning death , Killua beheads his opponents in a flash , but he collapses due to extreme blood loss and Ikalgo decides to repay the favor by taking him to be treated . 102 27 `` Power × And × Games '' `` Nōryoku to Taikyoku '' ( ノウリョク × ト × タイキョク ) October 30 , 2013 TBA Gon becomes friends with Meleoron , who in return reveals the true extent of his powers and the reason why he wants the king dead . As the Hunters make adjustments in their preparations to storm the palace , the king entertains himself with board games until an unusual player appears before him . 103 28 `` Check × And × Mate '' `` Tsumi to Yomi '' ( ツミ × ト × ヨミ ) November 6 , 2013 TBA Despite having mastered the rules of the board game `` Gungi '' , the king is upset for still being unable to defeat the champion , Komugi . Meanwhile , Morel is approached by Cheetu who uses his new abilities to trap him inside a closed space , claiming that he ca n't leave unless he manages to catch him in 8 hours . 104 29 `` Doubt × And × Hesitation '' `` Mayoi to Tomadoi '' ( マヨイ × ト × トマドイ ) November 13 , 2013 TBA As the king is yet to defeat his opponent , Cheetu tries to provoke Morel into running after him with no success , unaware that he is setting a trap for him . Meanwhile , Knov realizes the enemy 's trick to detect him and comes with countermeasures against it . 105 30 `` Resolve × And × Awakening '' `` Kakugo to Kakusei '' ( カクゴ × ト × カクセイ ) November 20 , 2013 TBA The king attempts to intimidate the Gungi champion but moved by her determination , he rips off his own arm as a form of apology . With Neferpitou using her powers to treat the king , the palace 's defenses are lowered and Knov rushes to sneak inside it in preparations for the hunters ' attack . Meanwhile , Palm prepares to infiltrate the palace as well . 106 31 `` Knov × And × Morel '' `` Novu to Morau '' ( ノヴ × ト × モラウ ) November 27 , 2013 TBA Knov succeeds in his mission to breach the palace 's security , but just feeling the proximity of Royal Guards ' overwhelming aura is enough to drive him into hopelesness . Palm takes advantage of the lecherous secretary Bizelf to infiltrate the palace as well and Morel is confronted by the Chimera Ant Leol , who fights using the powers of those who owe him a favour . 107 32 `` Return × And × Retire '' `` Ritān to Ritaia '' ( リターン × ト × リタイア ) December 4 , 2013 TBA Even with his borrowed powers , Leol has been defeated by Morel while Killua recovers from his wounds and invites Ikalgo to join his side . Meanwhile , Palm starts her investigation when a massive and ominous aura surrounds her . 108 33 `` Gungi × Of × Komugi '' `` Komugi no Gungi '' ( コムギ × ノ × グンギ ) December 11 , 2013 TBA Gon and his friends make the final preparations for their assault on the palace . Meanwhile , the king is yet to defeat Komugi , the Gungi champion and when he decides to kill her , he ends up protecting her instead , for reasons that even he ca n't explain . 109 34 `` Taking Stock × And × Taking Action '' `` Kōshin Kaishi de Kōdō Kaishi '' ( コウシンカイシ × デ × コウドウカイシ ) December 18 , 2013 TBA The time has come for Gon and his friends to infiltrate the palace and confront the Royal Guard , who are making preparations for the upcoming selection . As his concerns about Komugi increase , the king starts questioning his own existence and purpose . 110 35 `` Confusion × And × Expectation '' `` Konwaku to Omowaku '' ( コンワク × ト × オモワク ) December 25 , 2013 TBA The selection is at hand , but the king starts isolating himself from his servants , including the Royal Guard . Meanwhile , Gon 's party is about to break into the palace . 111 36 `` Charge × And × Invade '' `` Totsunyū Shite Shinnyū '' ( トツニュウ × シテ × シンニュウ ) January 8 , 2014 TBA The Hunters assault on the royal palace begins . Gon and his friends break inside and come across Menthuthuyoupi , while Netero and Zeno strike from the sky and Neferpitou jumps up to confront them , just to be driven away when the chairman makes a small demonstration of his powers . Part of the chairman 's backstory is explained in the process . 112 37 `` Monster × And × Monster '' `` Kaibutsu to Kaibutsu '' ( カイブツ × ト × カイブツ ) January 15 , 2014 TBA Gon 's party confronts Youpi while Pouf and Pitou rush to the palace to assist the king , who is distraught with Komugi 's condition as she gets herself badly injured during the attack . 113 38 `` An × Indebted × Insect '' `` Mushi Dakedo Kashi '' ( ムシ × ダケド × カシ ) January 22 , 2014 TBA Shoot and Knuckle stay behind to fight Youpi while Morel rushes forward to face Pouf . While looking for Pitou , Killua turns back briefly to assist Ikalgo unaware that he accidentally put his friend 's cover at risk . 114 39 `` Divide × And × Conquer '' `` Bundan to Gosan '' ( ブンダン × ト × ゴサン ) January 29 , 2014 TBA Separated from the Royal Guard , the king departs from the palace with Netero to have their fight elsewhere and Gon , learning of Pitou 's location , steels himself to confront it . Meanwhile , Pouf enters in a cocoon in preparation to confront Morel , and Shoot fights Youpi to the limit of his forces until Knuckle steps in to protect him . 115 40 `` Duty × And × Question '' `` Gimu to Gimon '' ( ギム × ト × ギモン ) February 5 , 2014 TBA The disguised Ikalgo reaches the lower levels of the palace to look for Palm , unaware that he is being followed . Meanwhile , Meleoron leaves Knuckle 's side and proceeds further into the palace , but another Chimera Ant , Welfin , tracks his smell . Elsewhere , Gon and Killua find Pitou , who is too busy to fight them while tending to Komugi 's wounds . 116 41 `` Revenge × And × Recovery '' `` Fukushū to Shūfuku '' ( フクシュウ × ト × シュウフク ) February 12 , 2014 TBA Face to face with Pitou , Gon ca n't hold back his rage and urges the chimera to fight him . Realizing that Pitou is willing to sacrifice itself to protect Komugi , Killua attempts to calm down his friend down with no success , but in the end , Gon gives one hour for Pitou to treat Komugi in exchange of accompanying him to meet Kite and help him recover his senses . 117 42 `` Insult × And × Payback '' `` Bujoku ni wa Setsujoku '' ( ブジョク × ニハ × セツジョク ) February 19 , 2014 TBA Cheetu attempts to provoke Zeno into fighting him , but Silva appears to pick up his father , killing the ant instantly in the occasion . Separated from the others , Youpi realizes that he failed to prevent the intruders from approaching the king and attempts to vent out his anger on Knuckle and Shoot , creating an overwhelming explosion , a feat that surprised even himself . Knuckle believes this could prove itself as an opportunity to make a comeback , while Youpi plans to use it to defeat them for good . 118 43 `` A × False × Rage '' `` Itsuwari no Ikari '' ( イツワリ × ノ × イカリ ) February 26 , 2014 TBA Ikalgo infiltrates the palace 's lower levels to look for Palm with no success . While returning to the surface , his cover is blown and he finds himself trapped in the underground with an enemy . Meanwhile , Youpi pretends to be angered in order to have Knuckle falsely believe there is an opening for him to attack . Youpi 's plan works , but just before he could kill his opponent , Killua paralyzes the ant with a lighting bolt and steps in to fight him . 119 44 `` Strong × Or × Weak '' `` Tsuyoi ka Yowai ka '' ( ツヨ × イカ × ヨワ × イカ ) March 5 , 2014 TBA Taking advantage of Youpi 's distraction , Killua vents out his anger by beating him up , but is forced to flee after his lighting power runs out . Meanwhile , Ikalgo makes use of the underground security system to outsmart his pursuer and find a way to escape back to surface . Morel , on the other hand , is in doubt about whether he should make the first move against Pouf or not . 120 45 `` Fake × And × Real '' `` Nisemono to Honmono '' ( ニセモノ × ト × ホンモノ ) March 12 , 2014 TBA Morel decides to make the first move and unwillingly frees Pouf from his restrain . Upon realizing that Shoot is missing , unaware that he was taken by Knov to be treated , Knuckle confronts Youpi , assisted by Morel , whose options are drastically reduced upon having his pipe stolen by Pouf , who after realizing that the king is nowhere to be found , decides to rejoin Pitou , who is still working to stabilize Komugi under Gon 's vigilant eyes . 121 46 `` Defeat × And × Dignity '' `` Haiboku to Menboku '' ( ハイボク × ト × メンボク ) March 19 , 2014 TBA Knuckle and Morel confront Youpi with their lives on the line , but just a few moments left of neutralizing his nen with his ability , he is forced to choose between abandoning his master or giving up on the last chance they have to defeat him . 122 47 `` Pose × And × Name '' `` Tatemae to Namae '' ( タテマエ × ト × ナマエ ) March 26 , 2014 TBA Far away from the palace , Netero prepares himself to confront the king , who much to his surprise , recognizes his value as a fighter and is not willing to kill him . Meanwhile , Pouf learns the situation from Pitou and sneaks past Gon 's vigilance to rejoin Youpi as they leave the palace to search for the king . 123 48 `` Centipede × And × Memory '' `` Mukade to Omoide '' ( ムカデ × ト × オモイデ ) April 2 , 2014 TBA Ikalgo is attacked by Welfin but the enemy 's attempt to restrain him backfires and they find themselves in a stand off . In the occasion , Welfin regains some of his lost memories from when he was still human and gives him a hint regarding Palm 's location . 124 49 `` Breakdown × And × Awakening '' `` Kekkai to Kakusei '' ( ケッカイ × ト × カクセイ ) April 9 , 2014 TBA Killua meets Palm and learns that she was transformed into a Chimera . Refusing to let her see Gon in fear of what effects this could have on his already unstable mind , Killua is attacked by her , unaware that she is under Pouf 's control . 125 50 `` Great Power × And × Ultimate Power '' `` Bu no Tsuyomi to Bu no Kiwami '' ( ブノツヨミ × ト × ブノキワミ ) April 16 , 2014 TBA Netero convinces the king to fight him by revealing that he will tell him his true name once defeated . The chairman then unleashes his most powerful technique that despite striking the king countless times , only manages to scratch him . 126 51 `` Zero × And × Rose '' `` Zero to Rōzu '' ( ゼロ × ト × ローズ ) April 23 , 2014 TBA The king bypasses Netero 's defenses and tears up an arm and a leg from his body . Refusing to give up , the chairman focuses all his Nen into a final attack that also fails to defeat him . Having won the match , the king finally learns from Netero his true name - Meruem , just before Netero commits suicide to trigger a weapon of mass destruction stored inside his body in a last attempt to destroy him . 127 52 `` Hostility × And × Determination '' `` Tekii to Ketsui '' ( テキイ × ト × ケツイ ) April 30 , 2014 TBA Pitou completes Komugi 's treatment and Gon forces her to accompany him to Peijing in order to restore Kite 's mind , while Komugi stays behind with Killua and the others . Meanwhile , Pouf and Youpi reach the site of Netero 's battle with Meruem and ca n't hide their feelings of sadness upon finding their king 's maimed body . 128 53 `` Unparalleled Joy × And × Unconditional Love '' `` Mujō no Yorokobi to Mushō no Ai '' ( ムジョウノヨロコビ × ト × ムショウノアイ ) May 7 , 2014 TBA Pouf and Youpi use part of their own bodies to heal Meruem , who revives stronger than before , but missing most of his memories and Pouf decides to take advantage of the situation to dispose of Komugi in order to ensure that he does not remember her at all . Meanwhile , the other hunters learn , much to their horror , that the king is still alive and is returning to the palace . 129 54 `` Formidable Enemy × And × Clear Objective '' `` Hyōteki to Mokuteki '' ( ヒョウテキ × ト × モクテキ ) May 14 , 2014 TBA As Meruem approaches the palace , Pouf continues his search for Komugi until he finds her under Killua 's guard . Claiming that he intends to rescue her , Pouf convinces her to resist against Killua to give him an opening to kill her instead , but Killua realizes this and successfully protects her from him . Meanwhile , Gon and Pitou are about to reach Kite 's location . 130 55 `` Magic × And × Despair '' `` Mahou de Zetsubou '' ( マホウ × デ × ゼツボウ ) May 21 , 2014 TBA As Meruem returns to the palace , the remaining hunters conceal their presence while Gon and Pitou come across Kite . In the occasion , Pouf contacts Pitou and lies to her , claiming that Komugi was rescued thus it does not need to obey Gon anymore . However , when Gon asks Pitou to heal Kite , the Chimera explains that he was dead all along , only moving under the influence of its powers , much to his despair . 131 56 `` Anger × And × Light '' `` Ikari to Hikari '' ( イカリ × ト × ヒカリ ) May 28 , 2014 TBA Determined to sacrifice everything to avenge Kite , Gon unleashes all of his latent energy and attains a level of power that far exceeds the limits of his body . Upon knowing that his friend is in a predicament , Killua rushes to his aid , arriving just to see a hopeless Gon destroying Pitou for good . 132 57 `` Flash × And × Trigger '' `` Senkou to Hatsudou '' ( センコウ × ト × ハツドウ ) June 4 , 2014 TBA Back to the palace , Meruem attempts to recover his lost memories while Pouf and Youpi struggle to prevent him from remembering about Komugi . In a demonstration of his new powers , the king detects and captures Knuckle and Meleoron before returning to the palace in a few seconds , while Palm and Ikalgo flee to the underground , taking Komugi with them . 133 58 `` Deadline × To × Live '' `` Seizon no Kigen '' ( セイゾン × ノ × キゲン ) June 11 , 2014 TBA Ikalgo and Palm send Welfin back with a message to the king asking for a hostage exchange . On the way , Welfin meets Youpi and decides to fight him . Meanwhile , Meruem 's memories return little by little and while Pouf gets desperate upon finding a dead Youpi , Palm and Ikalgo hide Komugi in a safe place as part of their plan to stall the chimera ants as long as possible because according to Palm , the king has not much time left to live . 134 59 `` The Word × Is × That Person '' `` Hito Koto wa Sono Hito '' ( ヒトコト × ハ × ソノヒト ) June 18 , 2014 TBA Unaware that both he and the king were poisoned by Netero 's bomb , Pouf ca n't shake the feeling that something is wrong , when Meruem locates Welfin and sensing a deep hatred towards him , inquires the Chimera about it . Certain that he is about to be killed , a desperate Welfin surprisingly utters Komugi 's name , and Meruem finally remembers about her . The king then takes his leave , without punishing either Welfin or Pouf for their disobedience , to look for Komugi . 135 60 `` This Day × And × This Moment '' `` Kono hi to Kono shunkan '' ( コノヒ × ト × コノシュンカン ) June 25 , 2014 TBA Now knowing his fate , Meruem admits defeat and reveals that all he wants now is to spend his final moments playing with Komugi , convincing Palm to tell him where she is hidden . East Gorteau and the NGL fall into turmoil after the fall of the Chimera Ants and the Hunter Association starts making preparations to decide who will succeed Netero as its president . Despite knowing that she will also be poisoned to death by staying close to Meruem , Komugi stays by his side until his last breath and passes away in sequence . 136 61 `` Homecoming × And × Real Name '' `` Kikyō to Honmyou '' ( キキョウ × ト × ホンミョウ ) July 2 , 2014 TBA After the fall of the king , the remaining Chimera Ants move on with their lives , each following their own path . However , Gon is still in critical condition after his battle with Neferpitou and Killua departs in search for a way to heal his body . Meanwhile , the top members of the Hunter Association , the Zodiacs , assemble to organize the election to choose the next president , following the will of Netero 's last message . Election Arc ( edit ) No . Arc No . Title Original airdate English airdate 137 `` Twelve Zodiac × In × Discussion '' `` Jyunishin de Giron '' ( ジュウニシン × デ × ギロン ) July 9 , 2014 TBA To ensure that Netero 's last wish will be followed , Ging convinces the other members of the Zodiacs to proceed with the election according to some rules defined by him . However , after the first round of voting , a winner is not decided and a second round begins . Meanwhile , Illumi informs Hisoka about Gon 's condition and asks for his help to ensure Killua 's safety as well , in a plan that somehow involves a fifth , yet unrevealed member of the Zoldyck siblings . 138 `` Plea × and × Favor '' `` Onedari to Onegai '' ( オネダリ × ト × オネガイ ) July 16 , 2014 TBA With the elections in a stalemate , Pariston , the current vice-president proposes a new set of rules to his fellow Zodiacs in order to solve the impasse , but the others know that he actually plans to make use of this to secure a victory for himself . Meanwhile , Killua returns home and asks his father to let him see his younger sibling Alluka , intending to use her mysterious and frightening power to grant wishes in order to save Gon 's life . 139 `` Alluka × and × That Thing '' `` Alluka to Nanika '' ( アルカ × ト × ナニカ ) July 21 , 2014 TBA Killua reunites with Alluka and uses her as a leverage for them to be allowed to leave the Zoldyck estate , as her powers can only be used to heal Gon if she is close to him . Meanwhile , Illumi asks for Hisoka 's help to stop Killua 's plans , and with elections yet to reach a conclusion , the Zodiacs keep arguing about a possible way to bring it to end . 140 `` Third Election × And × Re-election '' `` Sansen to Kaisen '' ( サンセン × ト × カイセン ) July 30 , 2014 TBA Killua is allowed by his family to leave the Zoldyck estate with Alluka , but only under supervision of several butlers including Gotoh with orders to bring them home if he ever leaves Alluka 's side or allows any of their secrets to be leaked . Meanwhile , Leorio appears and confronts Ging , asking him why he had not ever paid a visit to Gon at the hospital yet . 141 5 `` Magician × And × Butler '' `` Tejinashi to Hitsuji '' ( テジナシ × ト × ヒツジ ) August 6 , 2014 TBA Leorio 's confrontation with Ging earns him the respect of his fellow Hunters and make him one of the frontrunners for the election . Meanwhile , Illumi begins an attack on Killua as part of his plan to kill Alluka , assisted by Hisoka , who has other plans for him , like to be killed . 142 6 `` Needle × And × Debt '' `` Hari x to x Kari '' ( ハリ × ト × カリ ) August 13 , 2014 TBA Gotoh is killed by Hisoka , while the other butlers keep following Killua until he manages to shake them off . Meanwhile , Illumi uses his needles to take control of several people to assist on his plans and when news of it come to the Association , a team of Hunters is assembled to bring him to justice , while some of them decide to take advantage of it in order to win the election . 143 7 `` Sin × And × Claw '' `` Tsumi to Tsume '' ( ツミ × ト × ツメ ) August 20 , 2014 TBA The election proceeds without a winner determined yet , and Killua is cornered by Illumi , who demands him to reveal which secrets he is hiding regarding Alluka 's powers . Meanwhile , Hisoka murders the hunters who were trying to expose his and Illumi 's identities . 144 8 `` Approval × And × Coalition '' `` Kessai to Kassai '' ( ケッサイ × ト × カッサイ ) August 27 , 2014 TBA With only four candidates left , the election draws to its conclusion and has an unexpected turn when Leorio receives the support from two of the other remaining contestants , who are eager to prevent Pariston from winning . Meanwhile , Killua and Alluka finally arrive at the hospital where Gon is being treated . 145 9 `` Defeat × And × Reunion '' `` Kanpai to Saikai '' ( カンパイ × ト × サイカイ ) September 3 , 2014 TBA Leorio is about to win the election , but loses all motivation to continue after a fully healed Gon appears before him , thanks to the power of Alluka , opening the way to Pariston 's victory . Surrounded by his friends and the other hunters who celebrate his recovery , Gon meets his father at last . 146 10 `` Chairman × And × Release '' `` Kaichō to Hōshutsu '' ( カイチョウ × ト × ホウシュツ ) September 10 , 2014 TBA Gon apologizes to Ging for failing to save Kite and his father instructs him to apologize to Kite himself instead , affirming that he will wait for him to return . Meanwhile , Pariston wins the election , but renounces in favor of fellow Zodiac Cheadle and Killua tries to seal Alluka 's powers away to ensure that she can live a normal life , but changes his mind after Alluka tells him that he should accept both her personalities . 147 11 `` Salvation × And × Future '' `` Sukui to Mirai '' ( スクイ × ト × ミライ ) September 17 , 2014 TBA Gon meets Kite who claims that there is nothing to apologize for , as only he was at fault for what happened to him . Back to meet his father , Gon learns that he is waiting for him on the top of the World Tree , and he journeys with Killua and Alluka there , where he finally part ways with them , promising to meet them again someday and introduce his father to them . 148 12 `` Until Now × and × From Now '' `` Koremade to Korekara '' ( コレマデ × ト × コレカラ ) September 24 , 2014 TBA Gon climbs to the top of the World Tree where Ging is expecting him , and the two finally have a heart to heart . In the occasion , Ging reveals his intentions to explore the world beyond the current boundaries known by mankind and Gon tells him of all his adventures , while his friends keep following their separate ways , each one of them with their own dreams and goals to pursue . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ On the broadcast night of May 28 , 2016 , Adult Swim hosted a Samurai Champloo Memorial Day marathon where they played episodes 15 -- 21 . The English dub of episode 7 aired on Adult Swim on June 4 . Jump up ^ On the broadcast night of July 2 , 2016 , Adult Swim hosted a Hunter × Hunter marathon where they played the first seven episodes . The English dub of episode 11 aired on Adult Swim on July 9 . Jump up ^ On the broadcast night of September 3 , 2016 , Adult Swim hosted a One - Punch Man Labor Day marathon where they played episodes 1 -- 7 . The English dub of episode 19 aired on Adult Swim on September 10 . Jump up ^ On the broadcast night of October 29 , 2016 , Adult Swim hosted a Mobile Suit Gundam : Iron Blooded Orphans marathon where they played episodes 13 -- 19 . The English dub of episode 26 aired on Adult Swim on November 5 . Jump up ^ On the broadcast night of May 27 , 2017 , Adult Swim hosted a Samurai Jack Memorial Day marathon where they played all ten episodes of Season 5 . The English dub of episode 53 aired on Adult Swim on June 3 . Jump up ^ On the broadcast night of July 1 , 2017 , Adult Swim hosted a Attack on Titan marathon where they played the first 9 episodes of Season 2 . The English dub of episode 57 aired on Adult Swim on July 8 . Jump up ^ On the broadcast night of September 2 , 2017 , Adult Swim hosted a Dragon Ball Z Kai : The Final Chapters Labor Day marathon where they played episodes 123 - 130 followed by an episode of Attack on Titan . The English dub of episode 65 aired on Adult Swim on September 9 . Jump up ^ On the broadcast night of October 28 , 2017 , Adult Swim hosted a Samurai Jack marathon where they played all ten episodes of Season 5 The English dub of episode 72 aired on Adult Swim on November 4 . Jump up ^ Also aired in Japanese on March 31 , 2018 as part of Adult Swim 's April Fools prank References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Hunter x Hunter TV Anime Series Confirmed for This Fall '' . Anime News Network . July 24 , 2011 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 Hunter × Hunter Anime to Retell Story From Start '' . Anime News Network . August 1 , 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Crunchyroll to Stream New Hunter x Hunter Anime '' . Anime News Network . September 30 , 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : `` Blu - ray & DVD '' ( in Japanese ) . NTV . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Viz Media Adds 2011 Hunter x Hunter Anime '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved October 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Adult Swim 's Toonami to Run Hunter x Hunter TV Anime '' . Anime News Network . April 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` VIZ Media '' . Twitter . Retrieved 3 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hunter X Hunter Debuts on Toonami Starting April 16th '' . Toonami Faithful . Retrieved April 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ( Hunter × Hunter ) OP 曲は小野正利ら「 Galneryu 」の「 departure 」 '' . ホビーマイコミジャーナル . September 17 , 2011 . Archived from the original on July 11 , 2012 . Retrieved September 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` GALNERYUS to provide new theme song for `` HUNTER x HUNTER '' `` . tokyohive.com . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` ゲスト声優 & 主題歌決定 ! '' . 11 December 2012 . Hunter x Hunter news . Archived from the original on 9 January 2013 . Retrieved 2 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` '' Hunter x Hunter '' Chimera Ant Arc to Feature New Ending `` . Crunchyroll. 2013 - 04 - 04 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Yuzu , Hyadain Make Their 2nd Hunter x Hunter Film Theme Song '' . Anime News Network . September 24 , 2013 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` HUNTER × HUNTER '' ( in Japanese ) . Web Newtype . Archived from the original on October 1 , 2011 . Retrieved October 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hunter × Hunter '' ( in Japanese ) . NTV . Retrieved October 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Here 's what Toonami 's got coming up ! Catch a double header of DBZ Kai on May 21st from midnight to 1am . Then , buckle up for an all night Samurai Champloo marathon on May 28th '' . Facebook . May 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hunter X Hunter marathon on July 2 '' . Twitter . June 22 , 2016 . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hunter X Hunter marathon on July 2 '' . Facebook . June 22 , 2016 . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Labor Day weekend is n't just about getting an extra day off . It 's also about the One - Punch Man Marathon ! Get ready for seven back - to - back episodes of your favorite bald hero . Happening September 3rd , starting at 11 : 30 '' . Facebook . August 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Happy Fan Art Friday ! Today 's submission is helping us announce our Halloween weekend marathon ! On Oct 29 , do n't miss out on seven back - to - back episodes of Gundam Iron - Blooded Orphans . Only on Toonami , starting at midnight ! '' . Facebook . September 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ストーリー HUNTER × HUNTER 日本テレビ '' . Ntv.co.jp . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` ストーリー HUNTER × HUNTER 日本テレビ '' . Ntv.co.jp . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Ca n't get enough of Samurai Jack ? Catch our marathon happening Saturday , May 27th ! Starting at 11p , Toonami 's extending to 4 am to show all 10 episodes of your favorite Samurai in action ! '' . Facebook . May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Toonami Announces Attack On Titan Marathon '' . Comicbook . June 13 , 2017 . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Toonami Announces DBZ Kai : The Final Chapters Marathon '' . Facebook . August 18 , 2017 . How much Kai can you handle ? Tune in during Labor Day weekend for 9 back - to - back - to - back episodes of Dragon Ball Z Kai : The Final Chapters . All happening September 2 from 11p -- 3 : 30a ! Jump up ^ `` Toonami Announces ' Samurai Jack ' Marathon Plans '' . comicbook . Retrieved October 14 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Hunter × Hunter at Nippon Television Hunter x Hunter at Crunchyroll Hunter x Hunter at Netflix Hunter x Hunter ( anime ) at Anime News Network 's encyclopedia Hunter × Hunter ( 2011 ) on IMDb ( hide ) Hunter × Hunter by Yoshihiro Togashi Media Chapters Characters Nippon Animation series ( 1999 ) Episodes OVAs Madhouse series ( 2011 ) Episodes Films Phantom Rouge The Last Mission Related Jump Super Stars Jump Ultimate Stars J - Stars Victory VS Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Hunter_ × _Hunter_ ( 2011 ) _episodes&oldid = 842817281 '' Categories : Hunter × Hunter episode lists Hidden categories : CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Español Français Italiano ქართული 日本語 Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 24 May 2018 , at 21 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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who played lady capulet in romeo and juliet 1996	Diane Venora as Gloria Capulet , Juliet 's mother	Diane Venora	Romeo + Juliet	romeo + juliet		Romeo + Juliet Theatrical release poster Directed by Baz Luhrmann Produced by Baz Luhrmann Gabriella Martinelli Screenplay by Craig Pearce Baz Luhrmann Based on Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare Starring Leonardo DiCaprio Claire Danes Brian Dennehy John Leguizamo Pete Postlethwaite Paul Sorvino Paul Rudd Diane Venora Music by Nellee Hooper Marius de Vries Craig Armstrong Cinematography Donald M. McAlpine Edited by Jill Bilcock Production company Bazmark Productions Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date October 27 , 1996 ( 1996 - 10 - 27 ) ( Mann 's Chinese Theatre ) November 1 , 1996 ( 1996 - 11 - 01 ) ( United States ) Running time 120 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $14.5 million Box office $147.5 million William Shakespeare 's Romeo and Juliet ( shortened to Romeo + Juliet ) is a 1996 American romantic crime film directed , co-produced , and co-written by Baz Luhrmann , co-produced by Gabriella Martinelli , and co-written by Craig Pearce , being an adaptation and modernization of William Shakespeare 's tragedy Romeo and Juliet . The film stars Leonardo DiCaprio and Claire Danes in the leading roles of Romeo and Juliet , who instantly fall in love when Romeo crashes a party and meets her , despite their being members of the Montague and Capulet family ; Brian Dennehy , John Leguizamo , Pete Postlethwaite , Paul Sorvino , and Diane Venora star in supporting roles . While it retains the original Shakespearean dialogue , the film represents the Montagues and the Capulets as warring mafia empires ( with legitimate business fronts ) during 1990s America , and swords are replaced with guns ( with brand names such as `` Dagger '' and `` Sword '' ) . Some characters ' names are also changed . Lord and Lady Montague and Lord and Lady Capulet are given first names ( in the original , their first names are never mentioned ) ; Friar Laurence becomes Father Laurence , and Prince Escalus is renamed Captain Prince . The adaptation eliminates the character of Friar John , and some characters change families -- in the original , Gregory and Sampson are Capulets , but in the film , they are Montagues ( Abram , as Abra , and Petruchio , conversely , are shifted from the Montague to the Capulet family ) . In addition , a few plot details are shifted , most notably toward the ending . The film was released on November 1 , 1996 by 20th Century Fox to commercial success , and was met with generally positive reviews . The film grossed over $147.5 million over a $14.5 million budget . At the 47th Berlin International Film Festival in 1997 , DiCaprio won the Silver Bear for Best Actor and Luhrmann won the Alfred Bauer Prize . Luhrmann was also nominated for the Golden Bear Award for Best Picture . At the 69th Academy Awards , Catherine Martin and Brigitte Broch were nominated for Best Art Direction / Set Decoration . In 2005 , the film was included on the BFI list of the 50 films you should see by the age of 14 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Reception 4.1 Box office 4.2 Critical response 4.3 Home media 5 Soundtrack 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) In Verona Beach , the Capulets and the Montagues are arch - rivals . The animosity of the older generation -- Fulgencio and Gloria Capulet and Ted and Caroline Montague -- is felt by their younger relatives . A gunfight between the Montague boys led by Benvolio , Romeo 's cousin , and the Capulet boys led by Tybalt , Juliet 's cousin , creates chaos in the city . The Chief of Police , Captain Prince , reprimands the families , warning them that if such behavior continues , their lives `` shall pay the forfeit of the peace '' . Benvolio meets Romeo on a beach . While playing a game of pool they learn of a party being held by the Capulets that evening which they decide to gate - crash . Romeo agrees to come after discovering that Rosaline , with whom he is in love , is attending . Later , the Montague boys meet their friend , Mercutio , who has tickets to the party . Romeo takes ecstasy Mercutio gave him and they proceed to the Capulet mansion . The effects of the drug and the party overwhelm Romeo , who goes to the restroom . While admiring an aquarium , he sees Juliet on the other side , and the two instantly fall in love . Tybalt spots Romeo and vows to kill him for invading his family 's home , but Fulgencio stops him . Romeo and Juliet sneak into an elevator and kiss . The nurse spots them when the doors open and drags Juliet away , telling her that Romeo is a Montague . At the same time , Romeo realizes that Juliet is a Capulet . Mercutio removes Romeo from the party , but he sneaks back to the mansion , hiding under Juliet 's balcony . Juliet emerges into the courtyard and proclaims her love for Romeo before he sneaks up behind her . Juliet warns him that he is risking his life , but Romeo tells her he does n't care whether he is caught . Knowing her nurse is looking for her , Juliet tells him that , if he sends word by the following day , they will be betrothed . The next day , Romeo visits Father Laurence , telling him he wants to marry Juliet . He agrees to marry the pair in hopes that their marriage will end the violence between the families . Romeo passes the word on to Juliet 's nurse and the lovers are married . Tybalt encounters Mercutio at the beach just as Romeo arrives . Romeo attempts to make peace , but Tybalt assaults him . Mercutio intervenes and batters Tybalt , and is about to finish him off when Romeo stops him . Tybalt then slashes Mercutio with a shard of glass in his stomach . Mercutio curses both the Montagues and the Capulets before dying in Romeo 's arms . Enraged , Romeo chases after a fleeing Tybalt and guns him down . Captain Prince banishes Romeo from the city . Romeo goes into hiding with Father Laurence , who treats his injuries and says that , after some time passes , he will help Romeo and Juliet return to the city and reconcile with their family and friends . The nurse arrives and tells Romeo that Juliet is waiting for him . When Romeo climbs over Juliet 's balcony , she kisses him and they consummate their marriage . Meanwhile , Fulgencio decides Juliet will marry Dave Paris , the governor 's son . The next morning , Romeo narrowly escapes the Capulet mansion as Gloria tells Juliet that the family has promised she will marry Paris . She refuses , and Fulgencio threatens to disown her . Her mother and nurse insist it would be in her best interest to marry Paris . To get out of this , Juliet runs away and seeks out Father Laurence , imploring him to help her and threatening to commit suicide . Father Laurence proposes she fake her own death and be put in the Capulet vault to awaken 24 hours later . Romeo will be told of the plot , sneak into the vault , and once reunited the two can escape to Mantua . He gives her a potion which mimics death . After saying goodnight to her mother , Juliet drinks the potion and slips into a coma . She is found in the morning , declared dead , and placed in the vault . Balthasar , one of Romeo 's cousins , learns that Juliet is dead and tells Romeo , who is not home when the messenger arrives with a letter from Father Laurence . Romeo returns to Verona and buys a vial of poison . As he goes to the church , Captain Prince finds out he is back , and tries to capture him , without success . Father Laurence learns that Romeo never got his letter and has no idea Juliet is alive . Romeo enters the church where Juliet lies and bids her goodbye . She awakens just as Romeo takes the poison ; the two thus see each other and share a final kiss before he dies . A distraught Juliet picks up Romeo 's gun and shoots herself in the head , dying instantly . The two lovers are soon discovered in each other 's arms . Prince condemns both families , whose feuding led to such tragedy , while coroners quickly transport the two bodies to the morgue . Cast ( edit ) The House of Montague Brian Dennehy as Ted Montague , Romeo 's father Christina Pickles as Caroline Montague , Romeo 's mother Leonardo DiCaprio as Romeo Montague Dash Mihok as Benvolio Montague , Romeo 's cousin Jesse Bradford as Balthasar Montague , Romeo 's cousin Zak Orth as Gregory Montague , Romeo 's cousin Jamie Kennedy as Sampson Montague , Romeo 's cousin The House of Capulet Paul Sorvino as Fulgencio Capulet , Juliet 's father Diane Venora as Gloria Capulet , Juliet 's mother Claire Danes as Juliet Capulet / Juliet Capulet - Montague John Leguizamo as Tybalt Capulet , Juliet 's cousin Vincent Laresca as Abra Capulet , Juliet 's cousin Carlos Martín Manzo Otálora as Petruchio Capulet , Juliet 's cousin Miriam Margolyes as Nurse , Juliet 's nanny Others Harold Perrineau as Mercutio , Romeo 's best friend Pete Postlethwaite as Father Laurence , the priest who marries Romeo and Juliet Paul Rudd as Dave Paris , the governor 's son and Juliet 's fiance Vondie Curtis - Hall as Captain Prince , the chief of police M. Emmet Walsh as Apothecary Quindon Tarver as Choir Boy , the singer at Romeo and Juliet 's wedding Edwina Moore as the Anchorwoman , who assumes the role of the Chorus Natalie Portman had been cast as Juliet but , during rehearsals , it was felt that the footage looked as though DiCaprio was `` molesting '' her . Baz Luhrmann has also stated that Portman was too young at the time , and made DiCaprio look older than intended . He was 21 at the time of filming and Portman was only 14 . After Sarah Michelle Gellar turned down the role due to scheduling conflicts , DiCaprio proclaimed that Danes should be cast , as he felt she was genuine in her line delivery and did not try to impress him by acting flirtatious . Production ( edit ) After the success of Strictly Ballroom , Luhrmann took some time over deciding what his next project would be : Our philosophy has always been that we think up what we need in our life , choose something creative that will make that life fulfilling , and then follow that road . With Romeo and Juliet what I wanted to do was to look at the way in which Shakespeare might make a movie of one of his plays if he was a director . How would he make it ? We do n't know a lot about Shakespeare , but we do know he would make a ' movie ' movie . He was a player . We know about the Elizabethan stage and that he was playing for 3000 drunken punters , from the street sweeper to the Queen of England - and his competition was bear - baiting and prostitution . So he was a relentless entertainer and a user of incredible devices and theatrical tricks to ultimately create something of meaning and convey a story . That was what we wanted to do . Luhrmann obtained some funds from Fox to do a workshop and shoot some teaser footage in Sydney . Leonardo DiCaprio agreed to pay his own expenses to fly to Sydney and be part of it . Once Fox saw footage of the fight scene , they agreed to support it . All of the development was done in Australia , with pre-production in Australia and Canada and post-production in Australia . While some parts of the film were shot in Miami , most of the film was shot in Mexico City and Boca del Rio , Veracruz . For instance , the Capulet mansion was set at Chapultepec Castle while the ballroom was built on Stage One of Churubusco Studios ; and the church is Immaculate Heart of Mary in the Del Valle neighborhood . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) The film premiered on November 1 , 1996 in the United States and Canada , in 1,276 theaters , and grossed $11.1 million its opening weekend , ranking # 1 at the box office . It went on to gross $46.3 million in the United States and Canada , with a worldwide total of USD $147,554,998 . Critical response ( edit ) Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes rated the film `` Fresh '' , with 72 % of 53 critics giving positive reviews with an average rating of 6.5 / 10 with the consensus that says , `` Baz Luhrmann 's visual aesthetic is as divisive as it is fresh and inventive '' . James Berardinelli gave the film 3 out of 4 stars and wrote , `` Ultimately , no matter how many innovative and unconventional flourishes it applies , the success of any adaptation of a Shakespeare play is determined by two factors : the competence of the director and the ability of the main cast members . Luhrmann , Danes , and DiCaprio place this Romeo and Juliet in capable hands . '' Leonardo DiCaprio won Favorite Actor and Claire Danes won Favorite Actress in a Romance at the 1997 Blockbuster Entertainment Awards . At the 1997 MTV Movie Awards , Danes won Best Female Performance . DiCaprio was nominated for Best Male Performance , and DiCaprio and Danes were both nominated for Best Kiss and Best On - Screen Duo . At the 51st BAFTA Film Awards , director Baz Luhrmann won Best Direction , Luhrmann and Mary Haile won the Best Adapted Screenplay , Nellee Hooper won the Best Film Music , and Catherine Martin won the Best Production Design . The film was also nominated for Best Cinematography , Best Editing , and Best Sound . The film won several awards . At the 47th Berlin International Film Festival in 1997 , DiCaprio won the Silver Bear for Best Actor and Luhrmann won the Alfred Bauer Prize . Luhrmann was also nominated for the Golden Bear Award for Best Picture . At the 69th Academy Awards , Catherine Martin and Brigitte Broch were nominated for Best Art Direction / Set Decoration . Conversely , Roger Ebert gave the film a mixed review of only 2 stars out of 4 , saying , `` I 've seen `` King Lear '' as a samurai drama and `` Macbeth '' as a Mafia story , and two different `` Romeo and Juliets '' about ethnic difficulties in Manhattan ( `` West Side Story '' and `` China Girl '' ) , but I have never seen anything remotely approaching the mess that the new punk version of `` Romeo & Juliet '' makes of Shakespeare 's tragedy . '' The film was nominated to appear on the American Film Institute 's 100 Years ... 100 Passions list in 2002 . Home media ( edit ) The film was originally released on VHS and DVD in 1997 . A 10th anniversary special edition DVD containing extra features and commentary was released on February 6 , 2007 , while a Blu - ray edition was released on October 19 , 2010 . Soundtrack ( edit ) Main article : Romeo + Juliet ( soundtrack ) `` # 1 Crush '' -- Garbage `` Local God '' -- Everclear `` Angel '' -- Gavin Friday `` Pretty Piece of Flesh '' -- One Inch Punch `` Kissing You ( Love Theme from Romeo & Juliet ) '' -- Des'ree `` Whatever ( I Had a Dream ) '' -- Butthole Surfers `` Lovefool '' -- The Cardigans `` Young Hearts Run Free '' -- Kym Mazelle `` Everybody 's Free ( To Feel Good ) '' -- Quindon Tarver `` To You I Bestow '' -- Mundy `` Talk Show Host '' -- Radiohead `` Little Star '' -- Stina Nordenstam `` You and Me Song '' -- The Wannadies `` Layers of Darkness '' - Marching Show Concept 's Recording `` Exit Music ( For a Film ) '' - Radiohead References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE 'S ROMEO + JULIET ( 12 ) '' . 20th Century Fox . British Board of Film Classification . December 2 , 1996 . Retrieved October 10 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Romeo + Juliet ( 1996 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` Berlinale : 1997 Prize Winners '' . berlinale.de . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` Romeo + Juliet ( 1996 ) : Awards '' . IMDb.com . IMDb . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ Packard , Kim . `` CONSIDERING ' THE BFI LIST OF 50 FILMS YOU SHOULD WATCH BY THE AGE OF 14 ' '' . MUBI . Retrieved 24 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Whitington , Paul ( November 21 , 2007 ) . `` From stage to screen '' . Irish Independent . Retrieved 5 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Lahr , John ( September 9 , 2013 ) . `` Where do Claire Danes ' Volcanic Performances Come From ? '' . New Yorker Magazine . New Yorker Magazine . p. 2 . Retrieved September 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ryan , James ( February 25 , 1996 ) . `` UP AND COMING : Natalie Portman ; Natalie Portman ( Not Her Real Name ) '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Lahr , John . `` Where do Claire Danes ' Volcanic Performances Come From ? '' . NewYorker.com . The New Yorker . Retrieved 3 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Interview with Baz Luhrmann '' , Signet , 19 December 1996 accessed 19 November 2012 Jump up ^ `` Romeo + Juliet - Official Website , Production Notes '' . Jump up ^ `` Romeo + Juliet ( 1996 ) - Weekend Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` William Shakespeare 's Romeo & Juliet - Rotten Tomatoes '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ Berardinelli , James ( 1996 ) . `` Review : Romeo and Juliet ( 1996 ) '' . ReelReviews.net . Retrieved 4 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger . `` Romeo + Juliet Movie Review & Film Summary ( 1996 ) Roger Ebert '' . www.rogerebert.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Passions Nominees '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 19 . General Lehmann , Courtney . `` Strictly Shakespeare ? Dead Letters , Ghostly Fathers , and the Cultural Pathology of Authorship in Baz Luhrmann 's ' William Shakespeare 's Romeo + Juliet ' . '' Shakespeare Quarterly . 52.2 ( Summer 2001 ) pp. 189 -- 221 . Malone , Toby . Behind the Red Curtain of Verona Beach : Baz Luhrmann 's ' William Shakespeare 's Romeo + Juliet ' Shakespeare Survey . 65 ( 1 ) , 2012 . pp 398 - 412 . External links ( edit ) Film in the United States portal 1990s portal Wikiquote has quotations related to : Romeo + Juliet Official website ( Archive ) Romeo + Juliet on IMDb Romeo + Juliet at Box Office Mojo Romeo + Juliet at Rotten Tomatoes Romeo + Juliet at Metacritic Romeo + Juliet at Virtual History William Shakespeare 's Romeo and Juliet Characters Romeo Juliet Mercutio Tybalt Benvolio Friar Laurence Nurse Paris Rosaline Queen Mab Atomy Sources The Tragical History of Romeus and Juliet Pyramus and Thisbe Palace of Pleasure Troilus and Criseyde Ballets Romeo and Juliet ( 1938 , Prokofiev ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1962 , Cranko ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1965 , MacMillan ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1977 , Nureyev ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1965 , Lavery ) Radio and Juliet ( 2005 ) Romeo + Juliet ( 2007 , Martins ) Romeo and Juliet ( 2008 , Pastor ) Operas Romeo und Julie ( 1776 , Benda ) Giulietta e Romeo ( 1796 , Zingarelli ) Giulietta e Romeo ( 1825 , Vaccai ) I Capuleti ei Montecchi ( 1830 , Bellini ) Gloria ( 1874 , Cilea ) Roméo et Juliette ( 1867 , Gounod ) A Village Romeo and Juliet ( 1907 , Delius ) Romeo und Julia ( 1940 , Sutermeister ) Romeo und Julia ( 1943 , Blacher ) Musicals The Belle of Mayfair ( 1906 ) West Side Story ( 1957 ) Once on This Island ( 1990 ) Roméo et Juliette , de la Haine à l'Amour ( 2001 ) Giulietta e Romeo ( 2007 ) Classical Beethoven 's String Quartet No. 1 ( c. 1800 ) Roméo et Juliette ( 1839 , Berlioz ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1870 , Tchaikovsky ) On screen 1900 1908 1916 Metro Pictures 1916 Fox 1936 1953 1954 1955 1964 1968 1978 ( TV ) 1992 ( TV ) 2006 2013 Film adaptations English Beneath the 12 - Mile Reef ( 1953 ) Romanoff and Juliet ( 1961 ) West Side Story ( 1961 ) Gonks Go Beat ( 1965 ) Lonesome Cowboys ( 1968 ) Romie - 0 and Julie - 8 ( TV ; 1979 ) The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet ( 1982 ) Valley Girl ( 1983 ) Bullies ( 1986 ) China Girl ( 1987 ) Romeo. Juliet ( 1990 ) Tromeo and Juliet ( 1996 ) Love Is All There Is ( 1996 ) Rose by Any Other Name ... ( 1997 ) The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride ( 1998 ) Shakespeare in Love ( 1998 ) The Magical Legend of the Leprechauns ( 1999 ) Romeo Must Die ( 2000 ) Brooklyn Babylon ( 2001 ) Pizza My Heart ( TV ; 2005 ) West Bank Story ( 2005 ) Life and Lyrics ( 2006 ) Romeo & Juliet : Sealed with a Kiss ( 2006 ) Rome & Jewel ( 2006 ) David & Fatima ( 2008 ) The Cross Road ( 2008 ) Vicious Circle ( 2008 ) Gnomeo & Juliet ( 2011 ) Private Romeo ( 2011 ) Warm Bodies ( 2013 ) Make Your Move ( 2013 ) Romeo & Juliet ( 2013 ) Hindi Ek Duuje Ke Liye ( 1981 ) Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak ( 1988 ) Saudagar ( 1991 ) Kuch Tum Kaho Kuch Hum Kahein ( 2002 ) Bollywood Queen ( 2002 ) Ishaqzaade ( 2012 ) Goliyon Ki Raasleela Ram - Leela ( 2013 ) Issaq ( 2013 ) Telugu Maro Charitra ( 1978 ) Akkada Ammayi Ikkada Abbayi ( 1996 ) Kalisundam Raa ( 2000 ) Maro Charitra ( 2010 ) Spanish Romeo and Juliet ( 1940 ) Los Tarantos ( 1963 ) 30 : e november ( Swedish / Spanish 1995 ) Amar te duele ( 2002 ) Italian Fury of Johnny Kid ( 1967 ) Ma che musica maestro ( 1971 ) Portuguese Mônica e Cebolinha : No Mundo de Romeu e Julieta ( 1979 ) O Casamento de Romeu e Julieta ( 2005 ) Other Ambikapathy ( Tamil 1937 ) Les amants de Vérone ( French 1949 ) Romeo , Juliet and Darkness ( Czech 1960 ) The Phantom Lover ( Mandarin 1995 ) Chicken Rice War ( Cantonese / English 2000 ) Ondagona Baa ( Kannada 2003 ) Mamay ( Ukrainian 2003 ) The District ! ( Hungarian 2004 ) In Fair Palestine : A Story of Romeo and Juliet ( 2006 ) The Bubble ( Hebrew / Arabic 2006 ) Priyatama ( Marathi 2014 ) Arshinagar ( Bengali 2015 ) Eeda ( Malayalam 2017 ) The Sea Prince and the Fire Child ( Japanese 1981 ) TV series Sons and Daughters ( 1982 ) Family and Friends ( 1990 ) Villa Quintana ( 1995 ) Yo amo a Paquita Gallego ( 1998 ) Skin ( 2003 ) A Touch Away ( 2006 ) Dangerous ( 2007 ) Romeo × Juliet ( 2007 ) Romeo y Julieta ( 2007 ) Saints & Sinners ( 2007 ) Harina de otro costal ( 2010 ) Villa Quintana ( 2013 ) Westside ( 2013 pilot ) Star - Crossed ( 2014 ) Still Star - Crossed ( 2017 ) Plays Romanoff and Juliet ( 1956 ) Romeo and Juliet ( 2013 ) Songs Lan và Điệp ( 1930s ) `` Montagues and Capulets '' ( 1935 ) `` Fever '' ( 1956 ) Love Theme from Romeo and Juliet ( 1968 ) `` ( Do n't Fear ) The Reaper '' ( 1976 ) `` Angelo '' ( 1978 ) `` Romeo and Juliet '' ( 1978 ) `` Romeo and Juliet '' ( 1981 ) `` Cherish '' ( 1989 ) `` Amor Prohibido '' ( 1994 ) `` Kissing You '' ( 1996 ) `` Exit Music '' ( 1997 ) `` Starcrossed '' ( 2004 ) `` Peut - être toi '' ( 2006 ) `` Mademoiselle Juliette '' ( 2007 ) `` Love Story '' ( 2008 ) `` Love Me Again '' `` Laal Ishq '' `` Mor Bani Thanghat Kare '' `` Nagada Sang Dhol '' `` Ram Chahe Leela '' ( 2013 ) Albums Romeo and Juliet ( 1968 ) Romeo + Juliet ( 1996 ) Romeo & Julia ( 2006 ) Tragic Lovers ( 2008 ) Literature Les Chouans The Wandering Jew ( 1844 ) The Stolen Dormouse ( 1941 ) The Faraway Lurs ( 1963 ) Romiette and Julio ( 2001 ) New Moon ( 2006 ) Warm Bodies ( 2010 ) Art Romeo and Juliet : the Tomb Scene ( 1790 ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1978 ) Phrases `` Star - crossed '' `` A rose by any other name would smell as sweet '' Story within a story Nicholas Nickleby 1912 film 1947 film 1980 play 2001 film 2002 film The Picture of Dorian Gray 1910 film 1913 film 1915 film 1916 film 1917 film 1918 film 1945 film 1976 TV special 2009 film Harlequinade W Juliet `` Nothing Broken but My Heart '' Panic Button Bare : A Pop Opera `` '' Into the Light '' Bolji život The Sky Is Everywhere Pay as You Exit The White Mercedes She Died a Lady `` Moonshine River '' Rendez - vous Fame `` I Am Unicorn '' The Frog Prince Molly Smart Girls Get What They Want Tumbleweeds `` The Thief of Baghead '' The Songs of a Sentimental Bloke Prince Charming Km. 0 Phileine Says Sorry Hamateur Night `` Say You 'll Be Mine '' Into the Gauntlet Wandering Son K - On ! 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where do we find the garden of eden			Garden of Eden	garden of eden	The Garden of Eden ( Hebrew גַּן עֵדֶן , Gan ʿEḏen ) or ( often ) Paradise , is the biblical `` garden of God '' , described most notably in the Book of Genesis chapters 2 and 3 , and also in the Book of Ezekiel . Genesis 13 : 10 refers to the `` garden of God '' ( not called Eden by name ) , and the `` trees of the garden '' are mentioned in Ezekiel 31 . The Book of Zechariah and the Book of Psalms also refer to trees and water in relation to the temple without explicitly mentioning Eden .	Traditionally , scholars favored deriving the name `` Eden '' from the Akkadian edinnu , derived from a Sumerian word edin meaning `` plain '' or `` steppe '' . Eden is now believed to be more closely related to an Aramaic root word meaning `` fruitful , well - watered . '' Another interpretation associates the name `` Eden '' with a Hebrew word for `` pleasure '' ; thus the Douay - Rheims Bible in Genesis 2 : 8 has the wording `` And the Lord God had planted a paradise of pleasure '' ( rather than `` a garden in Eden '' ) . The Hebrew term is translated `` pleasure '' in Sarah 's secret saying in Genesis 18 : 12 . Much like records of the great flood , the creation story and the account of the confusion of languages , the story of Eden echoes the Mesopotamian myth of a king , as a primordial man , who is placed in a divine garden to guard the Tree of life . The Hebrew Bible depicts Adam and Eve as walking around the Garden of Eden naked due to their innocence . Eden and its rivers may signify the real Jerusalem , the Temple of Solomon , or the Promised Land . It may also represent the divine garden on Zion , and the mountain of God , which was also Jerusalem . The imagery of the Garden , with its serpent and cherubim , has been compared to the images of the Solomonic Temple with its copper serpent ( the nehushtan ) and guardian cherubs . Contents ( hide ) 1 Biblical narratives 1.1 Genesis 1.2 Ezekiel 2 Proposed locations 3 Parallel concepts 4 Other views 4.1 Jewish eschatology 4.2 Islamic view 4.3 Latter - day Saints 5 Art 6 See also 7 References 8 Bibliography 9 External links Biblical narratives ( edit ) Expulsion from Paradise , painting by James Jacques Joseph Tissot The Expulsion illustrated in the English Caedmon manuscript , c. 1000 CE Genesis ( edit ) Main articles : Genesis creation narrative and Adam and Eve The second part of the Genesis creation narrative , Genesis , opens with Adonai Elohim ( the LORD God , lit . YHWH Elohim , see Names of God in Judaism ) creating the first man ( Adam ) , whom he placed in a garden that he planted `` eastward in Eden '' . And out of the ground made the Lord God to grow every tree that is pleasant to the sight , and good for food ; the tree of life also in the midst of the garden , and the tree of knowledge of good and evil . -- Genesis 2 : 9 The man was free to eat from any tree in the garden except the tree of the knowledge of good and evil . Last of all , the God made a woman ( Eve ) from a rib of the man to be a companion for the man . In chapter three , the man and the woman were seduced by the serpent into eating the forbidden fruit , and they were expelled from the garden to prevent them from eating of the tree of life , and thus living forever . Cherubim were placed east of the garden , `` and a flaming sword which turned every way , to keep him away from the tree of life '' ( Genesis 3 : 24 ) . Genesis 2 : 10 -- 14 lists four rivers in association with the garden of Eden : Pishon , Gihon , the Tigris , and the Euphrates . It also refers to the land of Cush -- translated / interpreted as Ethiopia , but thought by some to equate to Cossaea , a Greek name for the land of the Kassites . These lands lie north of Elam , immediately to the east of ancient Babylon , which , unlike Ethiopia , does lie within the region being described . In Antiquities of the Jews , the first - century Jewish historian Josephus identifies the Pishon as what `` the Greeks called Ganges '' and the Geon ( Gehon ) as the Nile . Ezekiel ( edit ) Main article : Ezekiel 's cherub in Eden In Ezekiel 28 : 12 -- 19 the prophet Ezekiel the `` son of man '' sets down God 's word against the king of Tyre : the king was the `` seal of perfection '' , adorned with precious stones from the day of his creation , placed by God in the garden of Eden on the holy mountain as a guardian cherub . But the king sinned through wickedness and violence , and so he was driven out of the garden and thrown to the earth , where now he is consumed by God 's fire : `` All the nations who knew you are appalled at you , you have come to a horrible end and will be no more . '' ( v. 19 ) . According to Terje Stordalen , the Eden in Ezekiel appears to be located in Lebanon . `` ( I ) t appears that the Lebanon is an alternative placement in Phoenician myth ( as in Ez 28 , 13 , III. 48 ) of the Garden of Eden '' , and there are connections between paradise , the garden of Eden and the forests of Lebanon ( possibly used symbolically ) within prophetic writings . Edward Lipinski and Peter Kyle McCarter have suggested that the Garden of the gods ( Sumerian paradise ) , the oldest Sumerian version of the Garden of Eden , relates to a mountain sanctuary in the Lebanon and Anti-Lebanon ranges . Proposed locations ( edit ) Map showing the rivers in the Middle East known in English as the Tigris and Euphrates . Map by Pierre Mortier , 1700 , based on theories of Pierre Daniel Huet , Bishop of Avranches . A caption in French and Dutch reads : Map of the location of the terrestrial paradise , and of the country inhabited by the patriarchs , laid out for the good understanding of sacred history , by M. Pierre Daniel Huet . Although the Garden of Eden is considered to be mythological by most scholars , there have been other suggestions for its location : for example , at the head of the Persian Gulf , in southern Mesopotamia ( now Iraq ) where the Tigris and Euphrates rivers run into the sea ; and in the Armenian Highlands or Armenian Plateau . British archaeologist David Rohl claims it may have been located in Iran , and in the vicinity of Tabriz , but this suggestion has not caught on with scholarly sources . According to the Bible , the location of Eden is described in the Book of Genesis , chapter 2 , verses 10 -- 14 : A river flowed from Eden to water the garden , and from there it divided to make four streams . The first is named the Pishon , and this winds all through the land of Havilah where there is gold . The gold of this country is pure ; bdellium and cornelian stone are found there . The second river is named the Gihon , and this winds all through the land of Cush . The third river is named the Tigris , and this flows to the east of Ashur . The fourth river is the Euphrates . Parallel concepts ( edit ) The city of Dilmun in the Sumerian mythological story of Enki and Ninhursag is a paradisaical abode of the immortals , where sickness and death were unknown . The garden of the Hesperides in Greek mythology was somewhat similar to the Christian concept of the Garden of Eden , and by the 16th century a larger intellectual association was made in the Cranach painting ( see illustration at top ) . In this painting , only the action that takes place there identifies the setting as distinct from the Garden of the Hesperides , with its golden fruit . The Persian term `` paradise '' ( Hebrew פרדס , pardes ) , meaning a royal garden or hunting - park , gradually became a synonym for Eden after c. 500 BCE . The word `` pardes '' occurs three times in the Old Testament , but always in contexts other than a connection with Eden : in the Song of Solomon iv. 13 : `` Thy plants are an orchard ( pardes ) of pomegranates , with pleasant fruits ; camphire , with spikenard '' ; Ecclesiastes 2 . 5 : `` I made me gardens and orchards ( pardes ) , and I planted trees in them of all kind of fruits '' ; and in Nehemiah ii. 8 : `` And a letter unto Asaph the keeper of the king 's orchard ( pardes ) , that he may give me timber to make beams for the gates of the palace which appertained to the house , and for the wall of the city . '' In these examples pardes clearly means `` orchard '' or `` park '' , but in the apocalyptic literature and in the Talmud `` paradise '' gains its associations with the Garden of Eden and its heavenly prototype , and in the New Testament `` paradise '' becomes the realm of the blessed ( as opposed to the realm of the cursed ) among those who have already died , with literary Hellenistic influences . In ancient Hindu mythology , Nandankanan is a garden of the deities where the virtuous souls of the dead can roam freely . Other views ( edit ) Jewish eschatology ( edit ) In the Talmud and the Jewish Kabbalah , the scholars agree that there are two types of spiritual places called `` Garden in Eden '' . The first is rather terrestrial , of abundant fertility and luxuriant vegetation , known as the `` lower Gan Eden '' . The second is envisioned as being celestial , the habitation of righteous , Jewish and non-Jewish , immortal souls , known as the `` higher Gan Eden '' . The Rabbanim differentiate between Gan and Eden . Adam is said to have dwelt only in the Gan , whereas Eden is said never to be witnessed by any mortal eye . According to Jewish eschatology , the higher Gan Eden is called the `` Garden of Righteousness '' . It has been created since the beginning of the world , and will appear gloriously at the end of time . The righteous dwelling there will enjoy the sight of the heavenly chayot carrying the throne of God . Each of the righteous will walk with God , who will lead them in a dance . Its Jewish and non-Jewish inhabitants are `` clothed with garments of light and eternal life , and eat of the tree of life '' ( Enoch 58 , 3 ) near to God and His anointed ones . This Jewish rabbinical concept of a higher Gan Eden is opposed by the Hebrew terms gehinnom and sheol , figurative names for the place of spiritual purification for the wicked dead in Judaism , a place envisioned as being at the greatest possible distance from heaven . In modern Jewish eschatology it is believed that history will complete itself and the ultimate destination will be when all mankind returns to the Garden of Eden . Islamic view ( edit ) Spanish - Arabic world map from 1109 CE with Eden in east ( at top ) Events taking place in the Garden of Eden are spoken about prominently in the Quran and the tafsir ( interpretation ) . The term `` Jannāt ` Adni '' ( `` Gardens of Eden '' or `` Gardens of Perpetual Residence '' ) is used in the Qur'an for the destination of the righteous . There are several mentions of `` the Garden '' in the Qur'an ( 2 : 35 , 7 : 19 , 20 : 117 ) , meaning the Garden of Eden , but without the word `` ` Adn '' . There are other places that talk about events there , without mentioning the location . This includes surat Sad , which features 18 verses on the subject ( 38 : 71 -- 88 ) , surat al - Baqarah , surat al - A'raf , and surat al - Hijr . The narrative mainly surrounds the resulting expulsion of Iblis from the garden and his subsequent tempting of Adam and Eve . After Iblis refuses to follow God 's command to bow down to Adam for being his greatest creation , Allah transforms him into Satan as a punishment . Despite the Biblical account , the Quran mentions only one tree in Eden , the tree of immortality , which Allah specifically claimed it was forbidden to Adam and Eve . Despite this , however , Satan , disguised as a serpent , repeatedly told Adam to eat from the tree , and eventually both Adam and Eve did so , resulting in disobeying Allah . These stories are also featured in the Islamic hadith collections , including al - Tabari . Latter - day Saints ( edit ) See also : Adam and Eve ( LDS Church ) Members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints ( also known as Mormons or Latter - day Saints ) believe that after Adam and Eve were expelled from the Garden of Eden they resided in a place known as Adam - ondi - Ahman , located in present - day Daviess County , Missouri . It is recorded in the Doctrine and Covenants that Adam blessed his posterity there and that he will return to that place at the time of the final judgement in fulfillment of biblical prophecy . Numerous early leaders of the Church , including Brigham Young , Heber C. Kimball , and George Q. Cannon , taught that the Garden of Eden itself was located in nearby Jackson County , Missouri , but there are no surviving first - hand accounts of that doctrine being taught by Joseph Smith himself . LDS doctrine is unclear as to the exact location of the Garden of Eden , but tradition among Latter - Day Saints places it somewhere in the vicinity of Adam - ondi - Ahman , or in Jackson County . Art ( edit ) The Garden of Eden motifs most frequently portrayed in illuminated manuscripts and paintings are the `` Sleep of Adam '' ( `` Creation of Eve '' ) , the `` Temptation of Eve '' by the Serpent , the `` Fall of Man '' where Adam takes the fruit , and the `` Expulsion '' . The idyll of `` Naming Day in Eden '' was less often depicted . Much of Milton 's Paradise Lost occurs in the Garden of Eden . Michelangelo depicted a scene at the Garden of Eden in the Sistine Chapel ceiling . In the Divine Comedy , Dante places the Garden at the top of Mt . Purgatory . For many medieval writers , the image of the Garden of Eden also creates a location for human love and sexuality , often associated with the classic and medieval trope of the locus amoenus . One of oldest depictions of Garden of Eden is made in Byzantine style in Ravenna , while the city was still under Byzantine control . A preserved blue mosaic is part of the mausoleum of Galla Placidia . Circular motifs represent flowers of the garden of Eden . The Garden of Eden by Lucas Cranach der Ältere , a 16th - century German depiction of Eden The Garden of Eden with the Fall of Man by Jan Brueghel the Elder and Pieter Paul Rubens , depicting both domestic and exotic wild animals such as tigers , parrots and ostriches co-existing in the garden 5th century `` Garden of Eden '' mosaic in mausoleum of Galla Placidia in Ravenna , Italy . UNESCO World heritage site . `` The Garden of Eden '' by Thomas Cole ( c. 1828 ) `` The Garden of Eden '' by Adi Holzer made in the year 2012 . See also ( edit ) Antelapsarianism Christian naturism Epic of Gilgamesh Eridu Fertile Crescent Golden Age Heaven in Judaism Jannah Nondualism Persian gardens Tamoanchan The Summerland Utopia References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Gibson , Walter S. Hieronymus Bosch . New York : Hudson , 1973 . p. 26 . ISBN 0 - 500 - 20134 - X Jump up ^ Metzger , Bruce Manning ; Coogan , Michael D ( 2004 ) . The Oxford Guide To People And Places Of The Bible . Oxford University Press . p. 62 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 517610 - 0 . Retrieved 22 December 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Cohen 2011 , pp. 228 -- 229 Jump up ^ http://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Genesis+13 Jump up ^ http://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Ezekiel+31 Jump up ^ Luttikhuizen 1999 , p. 37 Jump up ^ H5731 Eden -- The same as H5730 ( masculine ) ; Eden = `` pleasure '' ... the first habitat of man after the creation ; site unknown Jump up ^ Davidson 1973 , p. 33 . Jump up ^ Donald Miller ( 2007 ) Miller 3 - in - 1 : Blue Like Jazz , Through Painted Deserts , Searching for God , Thomas Nelson Inc , ISBN 978 - 1418551179 , p . PT207 Jump up ^ Stordalen 2000 , p. 307 -- 310 . Jump up ^ Levenson 2004 , p. 13 `` The root of Eden denotes fertility . Where the wondrously fertile gard was thought to have been located ( if a realistic location was ever conceived ) is unclear . The Tigris and Euphrates are the two great rivers of the Mesopotamia ( now found in modern Iraq ) . But the Piston is unidentified , and the only Gihon in the Bible is a spring in Jerusalem ( 1 Kings 1.33 , 38 ) . '' Jump up ^ `` The Jewish Quarterly Review '' . The Jewish Quarterly Review . University of Pennsylvania Press . 64 - 65 : 132 . 1973 . ISSN 1553 - 0604 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 19 ... as Cossaea , the country of the Kassites in Mesopotamia ( ... ) Jump up ^ Speiser 1994 , p. 38 Jump up ^ Josephus , Antiquities of the Jews . Book I , Chapter 1 , Section 3 . Jump up ^ Stordalen 2000 , p. 164 Jump up ^ Brown 2001 , p. 138 Jump up ^ Swarup 2006 , p. 185 Jump up ^ Smith 2009 , p. 61 Jump up ^ Levenson 2004 , p. 11 `` How much history lies behind the story of Genesis ? Because the action of the primeval story is not represented as taking place on the plane of ordinary human history and has so many affinities with ancient mythology , it is very far - fetched to speak of its narratives as historical at all . '' Jump up ^ Schwartz , Howard ; Loebel - Fried , Caren ; Ginsburg , Elliot K. ( 2007 ) . Tree of Souls : The Mythology of Judaism . Oxford University Press . p. 704 . Jump up ^ George , Arthur ; George , Elena ( 2014 ) . The Mythology of Eden . Hamilton Books . p. 458 . Jump up ^ Delumeau , Jean ; O'Connell , Matthew ( 2000 ) . History of Paradise : The Garden of Eden in Myth and Tradition . University of Illinois Press . p. 276 . Jump up ^ Graves , Robert ; Patai , Raphael ( 1986 ) . Hebrew Myths : The Book of Genesis . Random House . p. 315 . Jump up ^ Albright , W.F. ( October 1922 ) . `` The Location of the Garden of Eden '' . The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures . The University of Chicago Press . 39 ( 1 ) : 15 -- 31 . doi : 10.1086 / 369964 . JSTOR 528684 . Jump up ^ Wilensky - Lanford , Brook ( 2012 ) . Paradise Lust : Searching for the Garden of Eden . Grove Press . Jump up ^ Hamblin , Dora Jane ( May 1987 ) . `` Has the Garden of Eden been located at last ? ( Dead Link ) '' ( PDF ) . Smithsonian. 18 ( 2 ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 9 January 2014 . Retrieved 8 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Zevit , Ziony . What Really Happened in the Garden of Eden ? 2013 . Yale University Press , p. 111 . Jump up ^ Day , John . Yahweh and the Gods and Goddesses of Canaan . 2002 . Sheffield Academic Press , p. 30 . Jump up ^ Duncan , Joseph E. Milton 's Earthly Paradise : A Historical Study of Eden . 1972 . University Of Minnesota Press , pp. 96 , 212 . Jump up ^ Scafi , Alessandro . Return to the Sources : Paradise in Armenia , in : Mapping Paradise : A History of Heaven on Earth . 2006 . London - Chicago : British Library - University of Chicago Press , pp. 317 - 322 Jump up ^ Cline , Eric H. ( 2007 ) . From Eden to Exile : Unraveling Mysteries of the Bible . National Geographic . p. 10 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4262 - 0084 - 7 . Jump up ^ Mathews 1996 , pp. 96 . Jump up ^ Cohen 2011 , pp. 229 . ^ Jump up to : Gan Eden -- JewishEncyclopedia ; 02 - 22 - 2010 . Jump up ^ Olam Ha - Ba -- The Afterlife - JewFAQ.org ; 02 - 22 - 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Eshatology -- JewishEncyclopedia ; 02 - 22 - 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Gehinnom is the Hebrew name ; Gehenna is Yiddish . '' Gehinnom -- Judaism 101 websourced 02 - 10 - 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Gan Eden and Gehinnom '' . Jewfaq.org . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` End of Days '' . End of Days . Aish . Retrieved 1 May 2012 . Jump up ^ See list of occurrences . Jump up ^ Leaman , Oliver The Quran , an encyclopedia , p. 11 , 2006 Jump up ^ Wheeler , Brannon Mecca and Eden : ritual , relics , and territory in Islam p. 16 , 2006 Jump up ^ `` Doctrine and Covenants 107 : 53 '' . Jump up ^ `` Doctrine and Covenants 116 : 1 '' . Jump up ^ `` Daniel 7 : 13 - 14 , 22 '' . Jump up ^ `` Joseph Smith / Garden of Eden in Missouri '' , FairMormon Answers Jump up ^ Bruce A. Van Orden , `` I Have a Question : What do we know about the location of the Garden of Eden ? '' , Ensign , January 1994 , pp. 54 -- 55 . Jump up ^ http://www.mormonnewsroom.org/article/mormonism-101#C18 `` Mormonism 101 : FAQ '' Jump up ^ Curtius 1953 , p. 200 , n. 31 Bibliography ( edit ) Brown , John Pairman ( 2001 ) . Israel and Hellas , Volume 3 . Walter de Gruyter . ISBN 9783110168822 . Cohen , Chaim ( 2011 ) . `` Eden '' . In Berlin , Adele ; Grossman , Maxine . The Oxford Dictionary of the Jewish Religion . Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780199730049 . Curtius , Ernst Robert ( 1953 ) . European Literature and the Latin Middle Ages . Princeton UP . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 01899 - 7 . Translated by Willard R. Trask . Davidson , Robert ( 1973 ) . Genesis 1 - 11 ( commentary by Davidson , R. 1987 ( Reprint ) ed . ) . Cambridge , Eng. : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 9780521097604 . Levenson , Jon D. ( 2004 ) . `` Genesis : introduction and annotations '' . In Berlin , Adele ; Brettler , Marc Zvi . The Jewish study Bible . Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780195297515 . Mathews , Kenneth A. ( 1996 ) . Genesis . Nashville , Tenn. : Broadman & Holman Publishers . ISBN 9780805401011 . Smith , Mark S. ( 2009 ) . `` Introduction '' . In Pitard , Wayne T . The Ugaritic Baal Cycle , volume II . BRILL . ISBN 9004153489 . Speiser , E.A. ( 1994 ) . `` The Rivers of Paradise '' . In Tsumura , D.T. ; Hess , R.S. I Studied Inscriptions from Before the Flood . Eisenbrauns . ISBN 9780931464881 . Stordalen , Terje ( 2000 ) . Echoes of Eden . Peeters . ISBN 9789042908543 . Swarup , Paul ( 2006 ) . The self - understanding of the Dead Sea Scrolls Community . Continuum . Willcocks , Sir William , Hormuzd Rassam . Mesopotamian Trade . Noah 's Flood : The Garden of Eden , in : The Geographical Journal 35 , No. 4 ( April 1910 ) . DOI : 10.2307 / 1777041 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Garden of Eden . Look up Garden of Eden in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Smithsonian article on the geography of the Tigris - Euphrates region Many translations of II Kings 19 : 12 `` Eden '' . The American Cyclopædia. 1879 . 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who sang on don't leave me this way	`` Do n't Leave Me This Way '' is a song written by Kenneth Gamble , Leon Huff and Cary Gilbert . First charting as a hit for Harold Melvin & the Blue Notes featuring Teddy Pendergrass , an act on Gamble & Huff 's Philadelphia International label in 1975 , `` Do n't Leave Me This Way '' was later a huge disco hit for Motown artist Thelma Houston in 1977 . The song was also a major hit for British group the Communards in 1986 .	Harold Melvin & the Blue Notes\|Thelma Houston\|the Communards	Do n't Leave Me This Way	don't leave me this way		`` Tell the World How I Feel about ' Cha Baby '' ( 1976 ) `` Do n't Leave Me This Way '' ( 1977 ) `` Reaching for the World '' ( 1977 ) Audio sample file help `` Do n't Leave Me This Way '' is a song written by Kenneth Gamble , Leon Huff and Cary Gilbert . First charting as a hit for Harold Melvin & the Blue Notes featuring Teddy Pendergrass , an act on Gamble & Huff 's Philadelphia International label in 1975 , `` Do n't Leave Me This Way '' was later a huge disco hit for Motown artist Thelma Houston in 1977 . The song was also a major hit for British group the Communards in 1986 . Contents 1 Harold Melvin & the Blue Notes version 1.1 Chart performance 2 Thelma Houston version 2.1 HIV / AIDS significance 2.2 Chart performance 2.3 Weekly charts 2.4 Year - end charts 3 The Communards version 3.1 Chart performance 4 Cover versions 5 References Harold Melvin & the Blue Notes version ( edit ) The Blue Notes ' original version of the song , featuring Teddy Pendergrass 's lead vocal , was included as an album track on the group 's successful album Wake Up Everybody released in November 1975 . Though not issued as a single in the United States at the time , the Blue Notes ' recording reached number 3 on the US Billboard Disco Chart in the wake of Thelma Houston 's version . The song proved to be the group 's biggest hit in the UK , number 5 on the UK singles chart , when released there as a single in 1977 . It became the title track of a budget LP issued on the CBS Embassy label in the UK in 1978 . The track was finally issued as a 12 - inch single in the US in 1979 , coupled with `` Bad Luck '' . Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 1975 ) Peak position US Billboard Disco Chart Chart ( 1977 ) Peak position Swedish Singles Chart 13 UK Singles Chart 5 Thelma Houston version ( edit ) `` Do n't Leave Me This Way '' Single by Thelma Houston from the album Any Way You Like It B - side `` Today Will Soon Be Yesterday '' Released December 2 , 1976 Format 7 '' vinyl 12 '' vinyl Recorded 1976 Genre Disco soul rhythm and blues Length 3 : 37 Label Motown Songwriter ( s ) Kenneth Gamble Leon Huff Cary Gilbert Producer ( s ) Hal Davis Thelma Houston singles chronology `` You 've Been Doing Wrong for So Long '' ( 1976 ) `` Do n't Leave Me This Way '' ( 1976 ) `` If It 's the Last Thing I Do '' ( 1977 ) `` You 've Been Doing Wrong for So Long '' ( 1976 ) `` Do n't Leave Me This Way '' ( 1976 ) `` If It 's the Last Thing I Do '' ( 1977 ) `` Do n't Leave Me This Way '' was covered by Motown in 1976 . Originally assigned to Diana Ross , it was intended to be the follow - up to her hit `` Love Hangover '' but was reassigned and given to the upcoming Motown artist Thelma Houston instead . Following the release of her third album Any Way You Like It , a Boston record pool unanimously reported positive audience response to `` Do n't Leave Me This Way '' in discos , and the song was selected for release as a single . Houston 's version became a massive international hit , topping the soul singles chart and , nine weeks later , the Billboard Hot 100 for one week in April 1977 . The song peaked at number 13 in the UK . The song went to number one on the disco chart . Later in the year , it was featured on the soundtrack of the movie , Looking for Mr. Goodbar . In 1978 , `` Do n't Leave Me This Way '' won the award for Best R&B Vocal Performance , Female at the 20th Annual Grammy Awards . Houston 's version was revived in 1995 in several remixes , which reached number 19 on the US Billboard Dance Chart and number 35 in the UK . This version got Houston ranked number 86 on VH1 's `` 100 Greatest One - hit Wonders '' , as well as the number 2 spot on their `` 100 Greatest Dance Songs '' list . The 1994 / 1995 remixes are : R&B vs 4 : 00 Remix radio vs 4 : 00 7 '' radio edit 4 : 00 Club remix vertigo 5 : 40 House club remix 5 : 40 Factory team remix 5 : 50 U.S. club edit 5 : 50 Serious rope club remix 7 : 10 Serious rope 7 '' remix 4 : 10 Jazz voice 's classic club trax 6 : 10 Jazz voice 's dub mix 7 : 35 Xs'2 house pump mix 7 : 30 Joe T. Vanelli dubby mix 8 : 40 Joe T. Vanelli light mix 5 : 20 Joe T. Vanelli Radio Cut 3 : 54 Joe T. Vanelli Extra Dubby 5 : 17 Junior sound factory mix 9 : 30 Tribe dub ( acid vocal ) 7 : 20 Junior 's factory dub 9 : 30 Junior gospel dub 7 : 55 Junior 's Tribe Prank Mix and Radio Edit 3 : 20 . Hiv / AIDS significance ( edit ) Throughout the 1980s and 1990s , Houston 's version of the song became an unofficial theme song for the AIDS epidemic in gay male communities of the west . American artist Nayland Blake created a work for American Foundation of AIDS research about the epidemic that referenced the song and its significance in the community . An art exhibition at the National Gallery of Australia entitled `` Do n't Leave Me This Way - Art in the age of AIDS '' opened in 1994 containing various works about the epidemic . A 246 - page publication of the exhibition also followed . Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1976 -- 77 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) 6 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 18 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) France ( IFOP ) 13 Germany ( Media Control Charts ) 5 Italy ( FIMI ) 15 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 17 South Africa ( Springbok Radio ) Spain ( AFYVE ) 11 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) UK Singles Chart 13 US Billboard Hot 100 US Billboard Hot Disco Singles US Billboard Hot Soul Singles US Billboard Adult Contemporary 40 US Cash Box Top 100 Chart ( 1995 ) ( remix version ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 83 UK Singles Chart 35 US Billboard Hot Dance Club Play 19 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1977 ) Rank Australia 21 Canada 48 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 7 U.S. Cash Box 17 The Communards version ( edit ) `` Do n't Leave Me This Way '' Single by the Communards with Sarah Jane Morris from the album Communards B - side `` Sanctified '' Released August 1986 Format 7 '' vinyl , 12 '' vinyl , CD single , Cassette single Recorded 1985 -- 1986 Genre Hi - NRG Length 4 : 50 Label London Songwriter ( s ) Kenneth Gamble , Leon Huff and Cary Gilbert Producer ( s ) Mike Thorne the Communards singles chronology `` Disenchanted '' ( 1986 ) `` Do n't Leave Me This Way '' ( 1986 ) `` So Cold The Night '' ( 1986 ) The song was covered by the Communards in a Hi - NRG version . This recording topped the UK charts for four weeks in September 1986 , becoming the biggest selling record of the year in the process . The featured guest vocalist was the female jazz singer Sarah Jane Morris . The song became a Top 40 hit on the US Billboard Hot 100 and topped the Billboard Dance chart . In 2015 the song was voted by the British public as the nation 's 16th favourite 1980s number one in a poll for ITV. . Several remixes were issued , notably the `` Gotham City Mix '' which was split across two sides of a 12 '' single and ran for a total of 22 minutes 55 seconds . It was one of the songs played at Burberry 's February 2018 show , presented on 17 February at the Dimco Buildings in West London , marking Christopher Bailey 's final outing for the brand . The album liner notes dedicate the song to the GLC . Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 1986 -- 87 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 19 Belgium ( VRT Top 30 Flanders ) Europe ( Eurochart Hot 100 Singles ) France ( SNEP ) 6 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 5 Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( FIMI ) 5 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Spain ( AFYVE ) 6 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) United Kingdom ( The Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 40 Cover versions ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Jeanie Tracy released a cover version of this in 1985 on Megatone Records . A version of the song is featured in the stage musical , Priscilla Queen of the Desert -- the Musical during a funeral scene . Episode 6 of the 2004 BBC miniseries Blackpool featured the Communards version , accompanied on screen by the singing and dancing of the characters , as part of the story . Cher did a cover of the song during her Las Vegas residency show Cher . The 2012 song `` Lying Together '' by French Kiwi Juice samples vocals from Houston 's cover . The song appeared in the 2015 film The Martian directed by Ridley Scott and starring Matt Damon . Bakermat covered the song in 2017 with their single `` Baby '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Andrew Hamilton . `` Do n't Leave Me this Way - Harold Melvin & the Blue Notes Songs , Reviews , Credits '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Allmusic -- Harold Melvin & the Blue Notes -- Billboard singles '' . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` swedishcharts.com '' . Retrieved December 3 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` everyhit.com search results for `` Do n't Leave Me This Way '' `` . Archived from the original on March 19 , 2008 . Retrieved December 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Stibal , Mary E. ( October 1977 ) . `` Disco -- Birth of a New Marketing System '' . Journal of Marketing . American Marketing Association . 41 ( 4 ) : 82 -- 88 . doi : 10.2307 / 1250240 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Top R&B / Hip - Hop Singles : 1942 - 2004 . Record Research . p. 262 . ^ Jump up to : `` Official Charts > Thelma Houston '' . The Official UK Charts Company . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Hot Dance / Disco : 1974 - 2003 . Record Research . p. 124 . Jump up ^ `` Past Winners Search '' . Grammy Foundation . Retrieved January 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Cosgrove , Stuart ( May 10 , 1995 ) . `` Do n't leave me this way '' . The Independent . London . Jump up ^ Kent , David ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 -- 1992 ( illustrated ed . ) . St Ives , N.S.W. : Australian Chart Book . p. 142 . ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Thelma Houston -- Do n't Leave Me This Way '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved June 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 4701a . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved June 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Offizielle Deutsche Charts > Thelma Houston ( single ) ( screen shot of search results from offiziellecharts.de ) '' ( in German ) . GfK Entertainment . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.nz -- Thelma Houston -- Do n't Leave Me This Way '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved June 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Thelma Houston -- Do n't Leave Me This Way '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved June 15 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Allmusic -- Thelma Houston -- Billboard singles '' . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1993 ) . Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 -- 1993 . Record Research . p. 113 . Jump up ^ `` Cash Box Top 100 4 / 16 / 77 '' . Tropicalglen.com. 1977 - 04 - 16 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` The ARIA Australian Top 100 Singles Chart -- Week Ending 21 May 1995 '' . Imgur.com ( original document published by ARIA ) . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 25 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Gavin ( 2011 ) . Australia 's Music Charts 1988 -- 2010 . Mt . Martha , VIC , Australia : Moonlight Publishing . Jump up ^ `` Australian Chart Book '' . Austchartbook.com.au . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 05 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Image : RPM Weekly - Library and Archives Canada '' . Bac-lac.gc.ca . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1977 / Top 100 Songs of 1977 '' . Musicoutfitters.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Cash Box YE Pop Singles - 1977 '' . Tropicalglen.com. 1977 - 12 - 31 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ Robbins , Ira ; Rompers , Terry . `` Bronski Beat '' . Trouser Press . Retrieved 25 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Reviews > Dance > Picks > Communards -- Do n't Leave Me This Way '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media . 98 ( 38 ) : 73 . 20 September 1986 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Jump up ^ Morris will record later ( 2001 ) an acoustic version of the song , included in her album `` August '' Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Hot Dance / Disco : 1974 - 2003 . Record Research . p. 62 . Jump up ^ Westbrook , Caroline ( 25 July 2015 ) . `` The Nation 's Favourite 80s Number One : 12 more classic 80s chart - toppers which did n't make the cut '' . Metro . Retrieved 27 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Laura , Hawkins . `` United Visual Artists lights up Christopher Bailey 's final Burberry show '' . Wallpaper * . Retrieved 18 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Kent , David ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 -- 1992 ( illustrated ed . ) . St Ives , N.S.W. : Australian Chart Book . p. 72 . ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- The Communards -- Do n't Leave Me This Way '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` do n't leave me this way - the communards '' . VRT ( in Dutch ) . Top30-2.radio2.be . Archived from the original on 9 April 2012 . Retrieved 25 July 2013 . Hoogste notering in de top 30 : 1 Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- The Communards -- Do n't Leave Me This Way '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved 21 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- The Communards -- Do n't Leave Me This Way '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 39 , 1986 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` I singoli più venduti del 1986 '' . HitParadeItalia ( in Italian ) . Creative Commons . Retrieved 1 June 2013 . 10 . Do n't Leave Me This Way - The Communards ( # 5 ) Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- The Communards '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Communards with Sarah Jane Morris -- Do n't Leave Me This Way '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.nz -- The Communards -- Do n't Leave Me This Way '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved 21 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Salaverri , Fernando ( January 1987 ) . Sólo éxitos : año a año , 1959 -- 2002 ( 1st ed . ) . Spain : Fundación Autor - SGAE . ISBN 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- The Communards -- Do n't Leave Me This Way '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . p. 117 . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Harold Melvin & the Blue Notes Harold Melvin Bernard Williams Roosevelt Brodie Jesse Gillis , Jr . Franklin Peaker John Atkins Teddy Pendergrass Lawrence Brown Bernard Wilson Lloyd Parks Jerry Cummings Sharon Paige David Ebo Dwight Johnson William Spratelly Gil Saunders Studio albums I Miss You Black & Blue To Be True Wake Up Everybody Reaching for the World Compilation albums Collectors ' Item : All Their Greatest Hits ! Singles `` If You Do n't Know Me by Now '' `` The Love I Lost '' `` Bad Luck '' `` Hope That We Can Be Together Soon '' `` Wake Up Everybody '' `` Do n't Leave Me This Way '' Related articles Discography Philadelphia International Records Book : Harold Melvin & the Blue Notes Thelma Houston Studio albums Sunshower Thelma Houston ( 1972 ) I 've Got the Music in Me Any Way You Like It Thelma & Jerry The Devil in Me Two to One Ready to Roll Ride to the Rainbow Reachin ' All Around Breakwater Cat Never Gonna Be Another One Thelma Houston ( 1983 ) Qualifying Heat Throw You Down Thelma Houston ( 1994 ) A Woman 's Touch Collaboration albums Tore Down House Well to the Bone Associated albums Good News in Hard Times Soundtracks The Bingo Long Traveling All - Stars & Motor Kings Thank God It 's Friday Into the Night Lean on Me 54 Singles `` Baby Mine '' `` Jumpin ' Jack Flash '' `` Save the Country '' `` Me and Bobby McGee '' `` Do n't Leave Me This Way '' `` Love Machine '' `` Suspicious Minds '' `` 96 Tears '' `` You Used to Hold Me So Tight '' `` Moonlight Serenade '' `` My Lucille '' `` Lean on Me '' `` Let It Be '' Related articles Fame Divas of Disco Jerry Butler Scott Henderson Sisters of Glory Book : Thelma Houston The Communards Richard Coles Jimmy Somerville Studio albums Communards Red Compilations The Singles Collection 1984 / 1990 The Very Best of Jimmy Somerville , Bronski Beat and The Communards For a Friend : The Best of Bronski Beat , The Communards & Jimmy Somerville Singles `` Do n't Leave Me This Way '' `` Never Can Say Goodbye '' `` For a Friend '' Best - selling singles by year in the United Kingdom 1952 -- 1969 1952 : `` Here in My Heart '' -- Al Martino 1953 : `` I Believe '' -- Frankie Laine 1954 : `` Secret Love '' -- Doris Day 1955 : `` Rose Marie '' -- Slim Whitman 1956 : `` I 'll Be Home '' -- Pat Boone 1957 : `` Diana '' -- Paul Anka 1958 : `` Jailhouse Rock '' -- Elvis Presley 1959 : `` Living Doll '' -- Cliff Richard ( UK ) 1960 : `` It 's Now or Never '' -- Elvis Presley 1961 : `` Wooden Heart '' -- Elvis Presley 1962 : `` I Remember You '' -- Frank Ifield ( UK ) 1963 : `` She Loves You '' -- The Beatles ( UK ) 1964 : `` Ca n't Buy Me Love '' -- The Beatles ( UK ) 1965 : `` Tears '' -- Ken Dodd ( UK ) 1966 : `` Green , Green Grass of Home '' -- Tom Jones ( UK ) 1967 : `` Release Me '' -- Engelbert Humperdinck ( UK ) 1968 : `` Hey Jude '' -- The Beatles ( UK ) 1969 : `` Sugar , Sugar '' -- The Archies 1970 -- 1989 1970 : `` The Wonder of You '' -- Elvis Presley 1971 : `` My Sweet Lord '' -- George Harrison ( UK ) 1972 : `` Amazing Grace '' -- Royal Scots Dragoon Guards ( UK ) 1973 : `` I Love You Love Me Love '' -- Gary Glitter ( UK ) 1974 : `` Tiger Feet '' -- Mud ( UK ) 1975 : `` Bye Bye Baby '' -- Bay City Rollers ( UK ) 1976 : `` Save Your Kisses for Me '' -- Brotherhood of Man ( UK ) 1977 : `` Mull of Kintyre '' / `` Girls ' School '' -- Wings ( UK ) 1978 : `` Rivers of Babylon '' / `` Brown Girl in the Ring '' -- Boney M . 1979 : `` Bright Eyes '' -- Art Garfunkel 1980 : `` Do n't Stand So Close to Me '' -- The Police ( UK ) 1981 : `` Tainted Love '' -- Soft Cell ( UK ) 1982 : `` Come On Eileen '' -- Dexys Midnight Runners ( UK ) 1983 : `` Karma Chameleon '' -- Culture Club ( UK ) 1984 : `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' -- Band Aid ( UK ) 1985 : `` The Power of Love '' -- Jennifer Rush 1986 : `` Do n't Leave Me This Way '' -- The Communards ( UK ) 1987 : `` Never Gonna Give You Up '' -- Rick Astley ( UK ) 1988 : `` Mistletoe and Wine '' -- Cliff Richard ( UK ) 1989 : `` Ride on Time '' -- Black Box 1990 -- 2009 1990 : `` Unchained Melody '' -- The Righteous Brothers 1991 : `` ( Everything I Do ) I Do It for You '' -- Bryan Adams 1992 : `` I Will Always Love You '' -- Whitney Houston 1993 : `` I 'd Do Anything for Love ( But I Wo n't Do That ) '' -- Meat Loaf 1994 : `` Love Is All Around '' -- Wet Wet Wet ( UK ) 1995 : `` Unchained Melody '' -- Robson & Jerome ( UK ) 1996 : `` Killing Me Softly '' -- Fugees 1997 : `` Something About the Way You Look Tonight '' / `` Candle in the Wind 1997 '' -- Elton John ( UK ) 1998 : `` Believe '' -- Cher 1999 : `` ... Baby One More Time '' -- Britney Spears 2000 : `` Can We Fix It ? '' -- Bob the Builder ( UK ) 2001 : `` It Was n't Me '' -- Shaggy featuring Rikrok ( UK ) 2002 : `` Anything Is Possible '' / `` Evergreen '' -- Will Young ( UK ) 2003 : `` Where Is the Love ? '' -- The Black Eyed Peas 2004 : `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' -- Band Aid 20 ( UK ) 2005 : `` Is This the Way to Amarillo '' -- Tony Christie featuring Peter Kay ( UK ) 2006 : `` Crazy '' -- Gnarls Barkley 2007 : `` Bleeding Love '' -- Leona Lewis ( UK ) 2008 : `` Hallelujah '' -- Alexandra Burke ( UK ) 2009 : `` Poker Face '' -- Lady Gaga 2010 -- present 2010 : `` Just the Way You Are '' -- Bruno Mars 2011 : `` Someone Like You '' -- Adele ( UK ) 2012 : `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' -- Gotye featuring Kimbra 2013 : `` Blurred Lines '' -- Robin Thicke featuring T.I. & Pharrell Williams 2014 : `` Happy '' -- Pharrell Williams 2015 : `` Uptown Funk '' -- Mark Ronson ( UK ) featuring Bruno Mars 2016 : `` One Dance '' -- Drake featuring Wizkid and Kyla ( UK ) 2017 : `` Shape of You '' - Ed Sheeran ( UK ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Don%27t_Leave_Me_This_Way&oldid=849251194 '' Categories : 1975 songs 1977 singles 1986 singles Thelma Houston songs Harold Melvin & the Blue Notes songs Songs written by Leon Huff Songs written by Kenny Gamble Disco songs The Communards songs Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs number - one singles Billboard Dance Club Songs number - one singles UK Singles Chart number - one singles Dutch Top 40 number - one singles Single Top 100 number - one singles Irish Singles Chart number - one singles Philadelphia International Records singles Motown singles London Records singles Song recordings produced by Hal Davis Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2013 Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Canadatopsingles Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Irish Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Swiss Articles needing additional references from August 2017 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Italiano Nederlands Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 7 July 2018 , at 17 : 02 ( UTC ) . 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who sang the super mario bros super show theme song	`` Plumber Rap '' ( Lou Albano and Danny Wells ) : The main theme , which is divided into two parts . The first part opens the show while the second part opens the Super Mario Bros. animated segments . `` Do the Mario '' ( Lou Albano ) : The ending theme to the show performed in front of a greenscreen of the animated show 's backgrounds , which featured an accompanying dance performed by Albano described within the lyrics . The song is sung to the tune of the classic `` Overworld '' theme from Super Mario Bros .	Lou Albano and Danny Wells\|Lou Albano	The Super Mario Bros. Super show !	the super mario bros. super show!	The Super Mario Bros. Super Show ! is an American television series based upon Nintendo 's Super Mario Bros. and Super Mario Bros. 2 . It is the first of three TV shows based on the video game series , with the other being The Adventures of Super Mario Bros. 3 and Super Mario World . It was originally broadcast via first - run syndication from September 4 , 1989 to December 1 , 1989 , with reruns continuing until September 6 , 1991 . The Family Channel picked up the series on September 23 , 1991 , and aired it until August 26 , 1994 . The show was produced by DiC Animation and was distributed by Viacom Enterprises in association with Nintendo of America .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Production 2 Format 2.1 Mario Bros. Plumbing 2.2 Super Mario Bros . 2.3 The Legend of Zelda 3 Club Mario 4 Mario All Stars 5 Songs 5.1 Theme songs 5.2 Featured songs 6 Cast 6.1 Super Mario Bros. cast 6.1. 1 Additional voices 6.2 The Legend of Zelda cast 6.2. 1 Additional voices 6.3 Club Mario cast 7 Reception 8 Ratings 9 Home video releases 10 UK VHS history 11 References 12 External links Production ( edit ) Before the series was conceived , Andy Heyward , the then - CEO of DIC Entertainment , spent about a year trying to convince Nintendo to license the characters . In an interview with USA Today , Heyward said `` The Mario Bros. is such a unique property we had to do it in a different way ... We wanted to do a cartoon but also do a show that extended beyond the cartoon . '' In February 1989 , it was announced that the show would premiere in September 1989 . To promote the series , Captain Lou Albano appeared on Live with Regis and Kathie Lee in May 1989 with his beard shaven . When the series first aired , it was distributed by Viacom Enterprises and was marketed by MTV . The opening theme song was composed by Shuki Levy . In David Sheff 's book Game Over , Bill White , the then - director of advertising and public relations for Nintendo , said that the purpose of the television series was to `` boost awareness of the characters . '' Format ( edit ) Mario Bros. plumbing ( edit ) The first and last parts of each episode were live segments which showed Mario ( professional wrestler and manager Captain Lou Albano ) and Luigi ( Danny Wells ) , two Italian - American plumbers living in Brooklyn , where they would often be visited by celebrity guest stars . It appears that the live segments take place before Mario and Luigi went to the Mushroom Kingdom . Some of the celebrity guest stars were popular television stars , such as Nedra Volz , Norman Fell , Donna Douglas , Eve Plumb , Vanna White , Jim Lange , Danica McKellar , Nicole Eggert , Clare Carey and Brian Bonsall or professional athletes such as Lyle Alzado and Magic Johnson and WWE ( then WWF ) stars like Roddy Piper and Sgt . Slaughter . In one episode , Ernie Hudson appeared as a Slimebuster , a parody of his Ghostbusters persona Winston Zeddemore and on another occasion Mario and Luigi receive a visit from Inspector Gadget , performed live by Maurice LaMarche who voiced Chief Quimby in the second season of the show and later went on to voice Gadget himself in Inspector Gadget 's Last Case and Gadget & the Gadgetinis . There was also another episode with Cassandra Peterson as Elvira , Mistress of the Dark , but the episode was not included in the DVDs . In an interview for the first DVD release of the show , Lou Albano talked about filming these live action skits , which mainly involved him and Wells getting a central plot and mostly improvising the dialogue as they went along . In one episode , Lou Albano portrays himself , forcing his regular character to leave the scene in order for him to return as himself . In the episode in question , pop star Cyndi Lauper states she 's looking for Lou Albano because he 's missing , due to the note she got from him ( although there is an important part missing from the note ) . Mario exclaims how much he wants to meet Lou , and later Lou appears as himself supposedly while Mario 's out shopping for pizza . As a result , Luigi gets to meet Lou , but Mario does not . Lou Albano and Danny Wells also once played female versions of themselves , Marianne and Luigeena ( their cousins ) , and also two hillbilly cousins , named Mario Joe and Luigi Bob . Super Mario Bros. ( edit ) Each Super Mario Bros. cartoon served as the second segment of every show , following the introduction and first few minutes of the episode 's live - action segment . The cartoon featured characters and situations based upon the NES games Super Mario Bros. and Super Mario Bros. 2 , as well as several sound effects and musical cues from the two games . Each episode featured Mario , Luigi , Toad and Princess Toadstool defending the Mushroom Kingdom from the reptilian villain King Koopa , often in a movie or pop - culture parody . Getting into the spirit of these parodies , Koopa often used alter egos fitting the current theme . The theme song for the cartoon segments revealed that the Super Mario Brothers were accidentally warped into the Mushroom Kingdom while working on a bathtub drain in Brooklyn . After traveling via the warp drain , the Super Mario Brothers defeated King Koopa 's Koopa Troopas , saved Princess Toadstool and halted Koopa 's plan to conquer the Mushroom Kingdom . At the beginning of every cartoon segment , Mario recites an entry into his `` Plumber 's Log '' , a parody of the Captain 's Log from Star Trek . When Mario and Luigi are in danger , they often do their patty - cake routine : `` Patty - cake , Patty - cake , Pasta - Man ! Gimme Pasta power as fast as you can ! '' The Super Mario Bros. cartoons aired four days a week , from Monday through Thursday . The Legend of Zelda ( edit ) Main article : The Legend of Zelda ( TV series ) On every Friday episode of The Super Mario Bros. Super Show , a cartoon based on The Legend of Zelda video game series was featured instead of the Super Mario Bros. cartoons . In the series , the Hylian hero Link and Princess Zelda battled against the forces of the evil wizard Ganon . Scenes from each episode of the show were shown during the sitcom segments on the preceding Super Mario Bros. Super Show ! episodes during the week , and then broadcast as sneak peeks . The Zelda cartoons consisted of thirteen episodes , which ended when the Super Mario Bros. Super Show ! ended its initial broadcast run . The characters of Link , Zelda and Ganon , along with their respective voice actors ( Jonathan Potts , Cynthia Preston and Len Carlson ) , were later featured in an episode of Captain N : The Game Master , based on the Zelda II : The Adventure of Link NES game , another animated series based on NES video games , and also produced by DiC Animation around the same period , airing on NBC as part of its Saturday morning cartoon schedule . Club Mario ( edit ) In the 1990 -- 91 season after the original animated series had ended , the Albano / Wells live - action sequences were replaced on September 10 , 1990 with new continuity under the title Club Mario . The Super Mario Bros. cartoons ( as well as The Legend of Zelda on Fridays ) remained intact but the live - action format now featured Mario - obsessed teenagers Tommy and Tammy Treehugger , along with Cool MC `` commandeering '' the `` satellite signal '' of the Super Show using a satellite dish atop their apartment building ( despite the reality of the show going out on tapes to stations well in advance ) , goofing around , and in at least one episode , running around the studio and harassing DiC executive and executive producer Andy Heyward . Cool MC also had to deal with his evil twin Eric ( played by the same actor ) , who attempted fruitlessly to take over the show . An additional added segment was a one - to - two - minute viewing of Space Scout Theater / Spaced Out Theater , hosted by Princess Centauri , a green alien woman , which was sourced and edited from the science fiction children television series Photon . The segments had an unpopular reception and further distribution of the series after the 1990 -- 91 season has featured only the original cut of the show with the Albano / Wells live - action sequences . Mario All stars ( edit ) In 1993 , The Family Channel aired the show in a package named Mario All Stars , consisting of time compressed versions of The Super Mario Bros. Super Show ! cartoon segments and the Super Mario World cartoons . It ran for 39 episodes in double episode format , and was promoted as `` the Super Mario Bros. in 40 brand new adventures '' . Although clips from the Super Mario Bros. 3 cartoons were used in promos for the show , none of the show 's episodes were featured . All Stars was later seen on the USA Network from January 6 -- June 6 , 1997 , when it was replaced by Sonic the Hedgehog reruns . Before being re-edited for All Stars in 1993 , Family Channel played the episodes slower than their normal speed and included the live action segments . The package 's title is most likely inspired by the title of the video game compilation Super Mario All - Stars that was released the previous year . Songs ( edit ) Theme songs ( edit ) `` Plumber Rap '' ( Lou Albano and Danny Wells ) : The main theme , which is divided into two parts . The first part opens the show while the second part opens the Super Mario Bros. animated segments . `` Do the Mario '' ( Lou Albano ) : The ending theme to the show performed in front of a greenscreen of the animated show 's backgrounds , which featured an accompanying dance performed by Albano described within the lyrics . The song is sung to the tune of the classic `` Overworld '' theme from Super Mario Bros . Featured songs ( edit ) At some point in the cartoon segments , a song would be played to go along with the scene . These were usually notable singles from famous singers , songwriters , and musical artists of the era . When the program was re-released on DVD in North America , the songs were replaced by instrumentals of songs from The Adventures of Super Mario Bros. 3 and one song from Super Mario World . Episode / song combinations are shown on the list of Mario television episodes . Cast ( edit ) Super Mario Bros. cast ( edit ) `` Captain '' Lou Albano as Mario ( live - action and animated ) Danny Wells as Luigi ( live - action and animated ) Jeannie Elias as Princess Toadstool / Princess Peach John Stocker as Toad Harvey Atkin as King Koopa Maurice LaMarche as Inspector Gadget ( live action segments ) Additional voices ( edit ) Robert Bockstael Dorian Joe Clark Robert Cowan Diane Fabian Paulina Gillis Joyce Gordon Marilyn Lightstone Marla Lukofsky Greg Morton Steve Schirrinall Greg Swanson Ron Rubin Keith Knight The Legend of Zelda cast ( edit ) Jonathan Potts as Link Cyndy Preston as Princess Zelda Len Carlson as Ganon Colin Fox as King Harkinian Allen Stewart - Coates as The Triforce of Power Elizabeth Hanna as The Triforce of Wisdom Paulina Gillis as Spryte Additional voices ( edit ) Don Francks Marvin Goldhar Christopher Ward Club Mario cast ( edit ) Chris Coombs as Tommy Treehugger Michael Anthony Rawlins as Co-MC / Evil Eric Kurt Weldon as Dr. Know - It - All Victoria Delaney as Tammy Treehugger Jeff Rose as The Big Kid James Abbott as The Band Shanti Kahn as Princess Centauri Andy Heyward as himself Reception ( edit ) Upon the series premiere on September 1989 , Mike Hughes of USA Today described the series as a `` surprising disappointment '' , opining that the series has `` little of the wit and spark '' and relies too heavily on slapstick . In a retrospective review , Mark Bozon of IGN referred the series as `` the biggest offender among Nintendo 's many embarrassing moments '' but thought that the animated shorts were `` interesting to look back on '' . Bozon gave the overall series a 7 out of 10 . However , Common Sense Media rated the show 1 out of 5 stars , stating that the `` frenetic ' 80s cult fave with stereotypes has n't aged well . '' Ratings ( edit ) Upon the first week of its premiere , the series had a cumulative 4.1 / 12 rating / share , making the series the highest rated first - run syndicated series at the time . However , within the next two weeks , the series ( 3.8 / 11 ) was beat out by Buena Vista Television 's Chip ' n Dale : Rescue Rangers ( 4.5 / 11 ) and faced competition with Claster Television 's Muppet Babies reruns . Home video releases ( edit ) From 1989 to 1990 , Kids Klassics ( with the sponsorship of Nesquik ) released episodes of the series on VHS . Starting in 1991 , Kids Klassics ' parent company GoodTimes Entertainment continued releasing episodes on VHS up through 1993 . 1989 Releases ( Each volume begins and ends with a complete live - action segment , with the featured complete animated segment in the middle ) Mario 's Magic Carpet Mario Meets Koop - zilla King Mario of Cramalot The Great Gladiator Gig Butch Mario & the Luigi Kid The Great BMX Race The Ringer ( The Legend of Zelda ) Sing for the Unicorn ( The Legend of Zelda ) There were also 3 VHS tapes only available through a mail - in offer with Nestle Quik . They follow the same format as the volumes listed above . The Bird ! The Bird ! Pirates of the Koopa Kiss'N Tell ( The Legend of Zelda ) 1990 Releases ( Each volume has 1 complete live action segment and 3 complete animated segments ) Koopa Claus ( plus `` Santa Claus Is Coming to Flatbush '' , `` Stars in Their Eyes '' , and `` Too Hot to Handle '' ) Count Koopula ( plus `` Vampire Until Ready '' , `` Koopenstein '' , and `` Robo Koopa '' ) The Missing Link ( The Legend of Zelda ) ( plus `` Captain Lou Is Missing '' , `` Cold Spells '' , and `` The Moblins Are Revolting '' ) Princess , I Shrunk The Mario Brothers ( plus `` Rowdy Roddy 's Rotten Pipes '' , `` Rollin ' Down The River '' , and `` Brooklyn Bound '' ) 1991 Releases ( The Kids Klassics logo is retained although these volumes were released by GoodTimes ) ( Each volume has 4 complete animated segments and no live - action segments ) Two Plumbers and a Baby ( plus `` On Her Majesty 's Sewer Service '' , `` The Great Gold Coin Rush '' , and `` Flatbush Koopa '' ) Robo Koopa ( plus `` Bad Rap '' , `` Karate Koopa '' , and `` The Koopas Are Coming ! `` The Koopas Are Coming ! '' ) Hooded Robin and His Mario Men ( Plus `` Plummers Academy '' , `` Quest for Pizza '' , and `` Escape from Koopatraz '' ) 1993 Release ( Released in a clamshell packaging , contains 6 complete animated sgements and no live - action segments ) Super Mario Bros. Super Show ( `` Jungle Fever '' , `` Mario and the Beanstalk '' , `` 20,000 Koopas Under the Sea '' , `` Mario of the Apes '' , `` Mario of the Deep '' , and `` King Mario of Cramalot '' ) In 1996 , the animated segment `` Koopa Klaus '' and the live - action segment `` Santa Claus is Coming to Flatbush '' were included on the VHS release Super Mario Bros. Super Christmas Adventures , alongside the Super Mario World episode `` The Night Before Cave Christmas '' . In 2006 , Shout ! Factory and Sony BMG Music Entertainment released the series on two 4 - disc DVD sets . DVD Name Ep # Release Date Additional Information Volume 1 24 March 28 , 2006 New interviews with Captain Lou Albano ( Mario ) Original art gallery Storyboard - to - Screen : The Super Mario Bros. Super Show Opening Title Sequence Volume 2 24 October 31 , 2006 4 Bonus Animated Episodes `` Meeting Mario : A Fan 's Tale '' Featurette Super Mario Bros. Fan Costume Gallery The Worlds of The Super Mario Bros. Super Show ! Concept Art Galleries Interactive Tour Of The Mario Bros. Plumbing These two sets were discontinued in 2012 after Shout ! 's deal with Cookie Jar Entertainment expired . Notably , a bare bones `` Best of '' DVD was released by DiC and Lions Gate Entertainment . In 2012 NCircle Entertainment released the complete series to DVD across two sets with the same extras as the Shout ! Factory sets , but with the live - action segments omitted and `` On Her Majesty 's Sewer Service '' excluded . Uk VHS history ( edit ) Abbey Home Media ( 1991 -- 1993 ) From 1991 to 1993 , Abbey Home Entertainment Distribution released six videos of the `` Super Mario Bros. Super Show '' with the only animated segmented episodes , the animated segmented intro and the live - action segment of `` Do the Mario '' in the closing credits . VHS video title Year of release Episodes The Super Mario Bros. Super Show ( 94792 ) 15 April 1991 The Great Gladiator Gig , Mario of the Apes , The Bird1 The Bird ! The Super Mario Bros. Super Show : Special Edition ( 95112 ) 15 July 1991 The Fire Of Herculfleas , King Mario of Cramalot , Rollin ' Down the River , Mario and the Beanstalk DVD Releases References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Intelligencer -- September 23 , 1991 Jump up ^ The Intelligencer -- August 26 , 1994 ^ Jump up to : `` Game Playing '' . USA Today . July 31 , 1989 . p. 3D . The Nintendo craze comes to TV this fall with NBC 's `` Captain N : The Game Master '' and a syndicated show , `` The Super Mario Bros. Super Show , '' both from the DIC animation factory . DIC president Andrew Hayward says he spent a year convincing the toy company to license rights to the addictive characters . Capt. Lou Albano plays super-plumber Mario in the syndicated show , which wraps live action around cartoon adventures . Steve Binder ( `` Pee - wee 's Playhouse '' ) directed the live bits , including camp cameos by Vanna White , Elvira and Magic Johnson . Rock ' n ' roll songs have been licensed and will be woven into each episode . Hayward says a music video of the `` Mario dance '' will premiere within the next few weeks . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` For kids : A ' Chip ' off the Disney block '' . USA Today . September 11 , 1989 . p. 3D . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Healy , Michelle ( February 1 , 1989 ) . `` Nintendo hungry ? Try the cereal '' . USA Today . p. 1D . The Super Mario Brothers Super Show , a syndicated TV program for kids , airs in September . It will feature live action and animation . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` ' Super ' Man '' . USA Today . May 17 , 1989 . p. 3D . Capt. Lou Albano , the bizarre wrestling manager , has been cast to play Mario , one of the two Brooklyn plumber brothers . Thursday , in anticipation of a big announcement bash , Albano will appear on `` Live With Regis & Kathie Lee '' to shed his beard . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Syndication Marketplace '' ( PDF ) . Broadcasting . 117 ( 9 ) : 42 . August 28 , 1989 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McDonald , Marlon ( July 10 , 2015 ) . `` This Man Is Responsible for ( Nearly ) All of Your 80s / 90s Kid 's Show Memories , and You 've Probably Never Even Heard of Him ... '' . Movie Pilot . Retrieved June 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Groves , Martha ( April 30 , 1990 ) . `` Taking On Nintendo : Games : Atari may be crazy to confront the Japanese giant . But it plans to slug it out anyway . '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sheff , David ( November 2 , 2011 ) . Game Over : How Nintendo Conquered The World . Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Angelle , Denny ( September 1989 ) . `` What 's New on TV '' . Boys ' Life . 79 ( 9 ) : 16 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Albano , Lou ( 2006 ) . The Super Mario Bros. Super Show Vol. 1 ( DVD ) . Shout ! Factory . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Super Mario Bros. - Cartoon Resource Website entry # 76 '' . Web.archive.org . Archived from the original on 2009 - 10 - 27 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 27 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Recipe : Roasted Vegetable Pasta Salad with Asiago Cheese - Everything Zoomer - Boomers with Zip '' . Everything Zoomer . December 9 , 2013 . Retrieved June 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hughes , Mike ( September 14 , 1989 ) . `` This is the time for NBC to grab a slice of TV history : It should become the first force to abandon the Saturday - morning cartoon business . '' . USA Today . The show runs five days a week , however , and there is a saving grace : Each Friday has a `` Legend of Zelda '' episode that 's quite a bit better than the rest of the week . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` DIC Enterprises gets animated over a new tour '' ( PDF ) . Broadcasting . 118 ( 20 ) : 35 ; 38 . May 14 , 1990 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Join the club '' ( PDF ) . Broadcasting . 118 ( 22 ) : 53 . May 28 , 1990 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Damian Inwood . `` The Baroness and the Pig '' . Pi Theatre . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2012 . Retrieved October 30 , 2011 . That 's what Vancouver actresses Diane Brown and Tabitha St. Germain do with the delightful black comedy , The Baroness and the Pig . ( ... ) St. Germain -- better known to Vancouver audiences as Paulina Gillis -- plays the Baroness as a naïve gentlewoman , full of prissy mannerisms and twittering , bird - like movements . Jump up ^ Hughes , Mike ( September 14 , 1989 ) . `` This is the time for NBC to grab a slice of TV history : It should become the first force to abandon the Saturday - morning cartoon business . '' . USA Today . ' The Super Mario Brothers Super Show ' emerges as a surprising disappointment . This has the same producers as `` Captain N '' and the same basis - Nintendo video games . Yet it has little of the wit and spark ; there are live - action bits surrounding the cartoons , but they merely remind us of why slapstick comedy is no longer an American artform . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Bozon , Mark ( January 25 , 2006 ) . `` Super Mario Bros. Super Show ! Volume 1 '' . IGN . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Super Mario Bros. Super Show TV Review '' . Commonsensemedia.org . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Doubling Up '' ( PDF ) . Broadcasting . 117 ( 13 ) : 6 . September 25 , 1989 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Metering Syndication Progress '' ( PDF ) . Broadcasting . 117 ( 14 ) : 41 -- 42 . October 2 , 1989 . Retrieved August 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` GoodTimes / KK Tapes Roll With Nestle Ads '' ( PDF ) . Billboard. 101 ( 39 ) : 51 . September 30 , 1989 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Super Mario Bros Super Show ! ( 2 DVDs ) . Vol. 1 ( Collectors ' ed . ) . Los Angeles , CA : NCircle Entertainment . 2006 . OCLC 795409356 . Retrieved June 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ NCircle Entertainment ; Cookie Jar Entertainment Inc. ; Nintendo of America Inc. ( 2012 ) . Super Mario Bros Super Show ! ( 2 DVDs ) . Vol. 2 ( Collectors ' ed . ) . DIC Entertainment . OCLC 812542271 . Retrieved June 14 , 2014 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) External links ( edit ) Mario portal The Super Mario Bros. Super Show ! on IMDb The Super Mario Bros. Super Show ! at TV.com ( hide ) Mario television series ( Episodes ) The Super Mario Bros. Super Show ! The Adventures of Super Mario Bros. 3 Super Mario World King Koopa 's Kool Kartoons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Super_Mario_Bros._Super_Show!&oldid=805395495 '' Categories : 1989 American television series debuts 1989 American television series endings 1980s American animated television series Animated series based on Mario Animated series based on video games English - language television programs First - run syndicated television programs in the United States Works based on Mario American children 's action television series American children 's adventure television series American children 's animated television series American children 's comedy television series American children 's fantasy television series Animated adventure television series Animated fantasy television series Television series about siblings Television series by DIC Entertainment Television series by CBS Television Studios Television spin - offs Animated duos Television series with live action and animation Works based on Nintendo video games Television series by Saban Entertainment Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 15 October 2017 , at 02 : 45 . 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british establish colony in new south wales australia			History of New South Wales	history of new south wales	The history of New South Wales refers to the history of the state of New South Wales and the area 's preceding Indigenous and British colonial societies . The Mungo Lake remains indicate occupation of parts of the New South Wales area by Indigenous Australians for at least 40,000 years . The English navigator James Cook became the first European to map the coast in 1770 and a First Fleet of British convicts followed to establish a penal colony at Sydney in 1788 . The colony established an autonomous Parliamentary democracy from the 1840s and became a state of the Commonwealth of Australia in 1901 following a vote to Federate with the other British colonies of Australia . Through the 20th century , the state was a major destination for an increasingly diverse collection of migrants from many nations . In the 21st century , the state is the most populous in Australia , and its capital , Sydney is a major financial capital and host to international cultural and economic events .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Ancient history 2 Arrival of Europeans 2.1 1770 James Cook 's proclamation 2.2 1788 : Establishment of the colony 3 Development of the colony 3.1 Exploration 3.2 Gold Rush 3.3 Cultural development 3.4 Self - government and democracy 4 Statehood 4.1 Federation 4.2 Federation to World War II 4.3 World War II 5 Post World War II 5.1 Post 1970s 5.2 Post-Labor era 6 Boundary and naming 7 See also 8 Notes and references 9 Further reading 10 External links Ancient History ( edit ) Petroglyph in Sydney 's Ku - ring - gai Chase National Park . Main article : Prehistory of Australia The first people to occupy the area now known as New South Wales were Australian Aborigines . Their presence in Australia began around 40,000 -- 60,000 years ago with the arrival of the first of their ancestors by boat from what is now Indonesia . Their descendants moved south and , though never large in numbers , occupied all areas of Australia , including the future New South Wales . Mungo Man and other remains have been found at the dried up Lake Mungo in New South Wales , some 3000 km south of the North Coast of Australia , and have been dated to approximately 40,000 years ago . These early humans appear to have been buried with ceremonial accompaniment and have been found close to stone tools and the bones of now extinct mega fauna ( such as giant kangaroos and wombats ) . These are the earliest human remains yet found in Australia , though precise dating is difficult and debated . They nevertheless appear to confirm that New South Wales was populated some tens of thousands of years before the arrival of the British First Fleet at a time when the climate was far wetter and humans were conducting some of their earliest religious and artistic practices . Examples of Aboriginal stone tools and Aboriginal art ( often recording the stories of the Dreamtime religion ) can be found throughout New South Wales : even within the metropolis of modern Sydney , as in Ku - ring - gai Chase National Park . Arrival of Europeans ( edit ) 1770 James Cook 's proclamation ( edit ) In 1770 Lieutenant ( later Captain ) James Cook , in command of the HMS Endeavour , sailed along the east coast of Australia , becoming the first known Europeans to do so . On 19 April 1770 , the crew of the Endeavour sighted the east coast of Australia and ten days later landed at a bay in what is now southern Sydney . The ship 's naturalist , Sir Joseph Banks , was so impressed by the volume of flora and fauna hitherto unknown to European science , that Cook named the inlet Botany Bay . Cook charted the East coast to its northern extent and , on 22 August , at Possession Island in the Torres Strait , Cook wrote in his journal : `` I now once more hoisted English Coulers ( sic ) and in the Name of His Majesty King George the Third , took possession of the whole Eastern Coast from the above Latitude 38 ° S down to this place by the name of New South Wales . '' This name was already applied to the south west coast of Hudson Bay , Canada , which had been called New South Wales after his native land , by the Welshman Thomas James on 20 August 1631 , during a voyage of discovery in search of a Northwest Passage into the South Sea . It was 139 years later that James Cook gave the same name , without explanation , to the east coast of New Holland . Cook and Banks then reported favourably to London on the possibility of establishing a British colony at Botany Bay . The Kingdom of Great Britain thereby became the first European power to officially claim any area on the Australian mainland . `` New South Wales '' , as defined by Cook 's proclamation , covered most of eastern Australia , from 38 ° S 145 ° E / 38 ° S 145 ° E / - 38 ; 145 ( Cook 's proclamation of NSW ) ( near the later site of Mordialloc , Victoria ) , to the tip of Cape York , with an unspecified western boundary . By implication , the proclamation excluded : Van Diemen 's Land ( later Tasmania ) , which had been claimed for the Netherlands by Abel Tasman in 1642 ; a small part of the mainland south of 38 ° ( later southern Victoria ) and ; the west coast of the continent ( later Western Australia ) , which Jean Mengaud , an officer of Louis de Saint Aloüarn officially claimed for France in 1772 -- even though it had been mapped previously by Dutch mariners . 1788 : establishment of the colony ( edit ) Arthur Phillip , first Governor of New South Wales . A General Chart of New Holland including New South Wales & Botany Bay with The Adjacent Countries and New Discovered Lands , published in An Historical Narrative of the Discovery of New Holland and New South Wales , London , Fielding and Stockdale , November 1786 . The British claim remained theoretical until January 1788 , when Arthur Phillip arrived with the First Fleet to found a convict settlement at what is now Sydney . Phillip , as Governor of New South Wales , exercised nominal authority over all of Australia east of the 135th meridian east between the latitudes of 10 ° 37 'S and 43 ° 39 'S , which included most of New Zealand except for the southern part of South Island . Aboriginal tribes in New South Wales , from an 1892 map Governor Arthur Phillip hoists the British flag over the new colony at Sydney in 1788 . The First Fleet of 11 vessels carried over a thousand settlers , including 778 convicts ( 192 women and 586 men ) . A few days after arrival at Botany Bay the fleet moved to the more suitable Port Jackson where Phillip established a settlement at the place he named Sydney Cove ( in honour of the Secretary of State , Lord Sydney ) on 26 January 1788 . This date later became Australia 's national day , Australia Day . The colony was formally proclaimed by Governor Phillip on 7 February 1788 at Sydney . Sydney Cove offered a fresh water supply and a safe harbour , which Phillip famously described as : `` ' being with out exception the finest Harbour in the World ... Here a Thousand Sail of the Line may ride in the most perfect Security . ' '' Governor Phillip was vested with complete authority over the inhabitants of the colony . Enlightened for his Age , Phillip 's personal intent was to establish harmonious relations with local Aboriginal people and try to reform as well as discipline the convicts of the colony . Phillip and several of his officers - most notably Watkin Tench -- left behind journals and accounts of which tell of immense hardships during the first years of settlement . Often Phillip 's officers despaired for the future of New South Wales . Early efforts at agriculture were fraught and supplies from overseas were scarce . Between 1788 and 1792 about 3546 male and 766 female convicts were landed at Sydney -- many `` professional criminals '' with few of the skills required for the establishment of a colony . Many new arrivals were also sick or unfit for work and the conditions of healthy convicts only deteriorated with hard labour and poor sustenance in the settlement . The food situation reached crisis point in 1790 and the Second Fleet which finally arrived in June 1790 had lost a quarter of its ' passengers ' through sickness , while the condition of the convicts of the Third Fleet appalled Phillip . From 1791 however , the more regular arrival of ships and the beginnings of trade lessened the feeling of isolation and improved supplies . Phillip sent exploratory missions in search of better soils and fixed on the Parramatta region as a promising area for expansion and moved many of the convicts from late 1788 to establish a small township , which became the main centre of the colony 's economic life , leaving Sydney Cove as an important port and focus of social life . Poor equipment and unfamiliar soils and climate continued to hamper the expansion of farming from Farm Cove to Parramatta and Toongabbie , but a building programme , assisted by convict labour , advanced steadily . Between 1788 and 1792 , convicts and their gaolers made up the majority of the population - but after this , a population of emancipated convicts began to grow who could be granted land and these people pioneered a non-government private sector economy and were later joined by soldiers whose military service had expired - and finally , free settlers who began arriving from Britain . Governor Phillip departed the colony for England on 11 December 1792 , with the new settlement having survived near starvation and immense isolation for four years . For the next 40 years the history of New South Wales was identical with the History of Australia , since it was not until 1803 that any settlements were made outside the current boundaries of New South Wales , and these , at Hobart and Launceston in Van Diemen 's Land ( Tasmania ) , were at first dependencies of New South Wales . It was not until 1825 that Van Diemen 's Land became a separate colony . Also that year , on 16 July , the border of New South Wales was set further west at the 129th meridian to encompass the short lived settlement on Melville Island . In 1829 this border became the border with Western Australia , which was proclaimed a colony . The indigenous Australians or Aboriginal people had lived in what is now New South Wales for at least 50,000 years , making their living through hunting , gathering and fishing . The impact of European settlement on these people was immediate and devastating . They had no natural resistance to European diseases , and epidemics of measles and smallpox spread far ahead of the frontier of settlement , radically reducing population and fatally disrupting indigenous society . Although there was some resistance to European occupation , in general the indigenous people were evicted from their lands without difficulty . Dispossession , disease , violence and alcohol reduced them to a remnant within a generation in most areas . Accounts of early encounters between Sydney 's Aboriginal people and the British are provided by the author Watkin Tench , who was an officer on the First Fleet and the writer of one of the first works of literature about New South Wales . The colony struggled in its early days for economic self - sufficiency , since supplies from Britain were few and inadequate . The whaling industry provided some early revenue , but it was the development of the wool industry by John MacArthur and his wife Elizabeth Macarthur and other enterprising settlers that created the colony 's first major export industry . For the first half of the 19th century New South Wales was essentially a sheep run , supported by the port of Sydney and a few subsidiary towns such as Newcastle ( where a permanent settlement was established in 1804 ) and Bathurst ( 1815 ) . Newcastle , north of Sydney , named after the English coal port city , was initially established as a severe punishment camp for troublesome convicts following the Castle Hill Rebellion but would grow to be a major industrial centre and the State 's second largest city . The State 's third city , Wollongong , south of Sydney , was founded in 1829 as an outpost for a contingent of soldiers sent in response to conflict between local Aborigines and the unruly timber - getters who had established themselves in the area . Agriculture soon established itself , dairy and coal mining had begun by the 1840s , and the city grew to become a major industrial centre . The Hawkesbury and Nepean Wars ( 1795 -- 1816 ) were fought between Kingdom of Great Britain and the Indigenous clans of the Hawkesbury and Nepean rivers . Constitutionally , New South Wales was founded as an autocracy run by the Governor , although he nearly always exercised his powers within the restraints of British law . In practice the early Governors ruled by consent , with the advice of military officers , officials and leading settlers . The New South Wales Corps was formed in England in 1789 as a permanent regiment to relieve the marines who had accompanied the First Fleet . Officers of the Corps soon became involved in the corrupt and lucrative rum trade in the colony . In the Rum Rebellion of 1808 , the Corps , working closely with the newly established wool trader John Macarthur , staged the only successful armed takeover of government in Australian history , deposing Governor William Bligh and instigating a brief period of military rule in the colony prior to the arrival from Britain of Governor Lachlan Macquarie in 1810 . The 5th Governor of New South Wales , Lachlan Macquarie , was influential in establishing civil society in Australia . Macquarie served as the last autocratic Governor of New South Wales , from 1810 to 1821 and had a leading role in the social and economic development of New South Wales which saw it transition from a penal colony to a budding free society . He established public works , a bank , churches , and charitable institutions and sought good relations with the Aborigines . In 1813 he sent Blaxland , Wentworth and Lawson on an expedition across the Blue Mountains , where they found the great plains of the interior . Central , however to Macquarie 's policy was his treatment of the emancipists , whom he decreed should be treated as social equals to free - settlers in the colony . Against opposition , he appointed emancipists to key government positions including Francis Greenway as colonial architect and William Redfern as a magistrate . London judged his public works to be too expensive and society was scandalised by his treatment of emancipists . His legacy lives on with Macquarie Street , Sydney bearing his name as the well as the New South Wales Parliament and various buildings designed during his tenure including the UNESCO listed Hyde Park Barracks . In 1821 there were still only 36,000 Europeans in the country . Although the number of free settlers began to increase rapidly after the end of the Napoleonic Wars in 1815 , convicts were still 40 % of the population in 1820 , and it was not until the 1820s that free settlers began to occupy most of what is now rural New South Wales . An inland settlement was established at Bathurst , west of the Blue Mountains , on the banks of the Macquarie River . It was proclaimed a town in 1815 and properties across the plains began to support cattle and grow wheat , vegetables and fruit and produce fine wool for export to the knitting mills of industrial Britain . The period from 1820 to 1850 is regarded as the golden age of the squatters . 1825 saw the establishment of the New South Wales Legislative Council , Australia 's oldest legislative body , as an appointed body to advise the Governor . In the same year trial by jury was introduced , ending the military 's judicial power . In 1842 the Council was made partly elective , through the agitation of democrats like William Wentworth . This development was made possible by the abolition of transportation of convicts to New South Wales in 1840 , by which time 150,000 convicts had been sent to Australia . After 1840 the settlers saw themselves as a free people and demanded the same rights they would have had in Britain . New Zealand , originally part of the colony of New South Wales , became a separate Colony of New Zealand on 1 July 1841 . Development of the colony ( edit ) Exploration ( edit ) Early expeditions of Charles Sturt . In October 1795 George Bass and Matthew Flinders , accompanied by William Martin sailed the boat Tom Thumb out of Port Jackson to Botany Bay and explored the Georges River further upstream than had been done previously by the colonists . Their reports on their return led to the settlement of Banks ' Town . In March 1796 the same party embarked on a second voyage in a similar small boat , which they also called the Tom Thumb . During this trip they travelled as far down the coast as Lake Illawarra , which they called Tom Thumb Lagoon . They discovered and explored Port Hacking . In 1798 - 99 , Bass and Flinders set out in a sloop and circumnavigated Tasmania , thus proving it to be an island . Aboriginal guides and assistance in the European exploration of the colony were common and often vital to the success of missions . In 1801 - 02 Matthew Flinders in The Investigator lead the first circumnavigation of Australia . Aboard ship was the Aboriginal explorer Bungaree , of the Sydney district , who became the first person born on the Australian continent to circumnavigate the Australian continent . Previously , the famous Bennelong and a companion had become the first people born in the area of New South Wales to sail for Europe , when , in 1792 they accompanied Governor Phillip to England and were presented to King George III . In 1813 , Gregory Blaxland , William Lawson and William Wentworth succeeded in crossing the formidable barrier of forested gulleys and sheer cliffs presented by the Blue Mountains , west of Sydney , by following the ridges instead of looking for a route through the valleys . At Mount Blaxland they looked out over `` enough grass to support the stock of the colony for thirty years '' , and expansion of the British settlement into the interior could begin . In 1824 the Governor , Sir Thomas Brisbane , commissioned Hamilton Hume and former Royal Navy Captain William Hovell to lead an expedition to find new grazing land in the south of the colony , and also to find an answer to the mystery of where New South Wales 's western rivers flowed . Over 16 weeks in 1824 - 25 , Hume and Hovell journeyed to Port Phillip and back . They made many important discoveries including the Murray River ( which they named the Hume ) , many of its tributaries , and good agricultural and grazing lands between Gunning , New South Wales and Corio Bay , Victoria . Charles Sturt led an expedition along the Macquarie River in 1828 and discovered the Darling River . A theory had developed that the inland rivers of New South Wales were draining into an inland sea . Leading a second expedition in 1829 , Sturt followed the Murrumbidgee River into a ' broad and noble river ' , the Murray River , which he named after Sir George Murray , secretary of state for the colonies . His party then followed this river to its junction with the Darling River , facing two threatening encounters with local Aboriginal people along the way . Sturt continued down river on to Lake Alexandrina , where the Murray meets the sea in what is now South Australia . Suffering greatly , the party had to then row back upstream hundreds of kilometers for the return journey . Surveyor General Sir Thomas Mitchell conducted a series of expeditions from the 1830s to ' fill in the gaps ' left by these previous expeditions . He was meticulous in seeking to record the original Aboriginal place names around the colony , for which reason the majority of place names to this day retain their Aboriginal titles . In 1836 a new colony of South Australia was established , and its territory separated from New South Wales . The Polish scientist / explorer Count Paul Edmund Strzelecki conducted surveying work in the Australian Alps in 1839 and became the first European to ascend Australia 's highest peak , which he named Mount Kosciuszko in honour of the Polish patriot Tadeusz Kościuszko . Gold rush ( edit ) A 630 lb gold specimen from Hill End , unearthed in 1872 A golden age of a new kind began in 1851 with the announcement of the discovery of payable gold at Ophir near Bathurst by Edward Hargraves . In that year New South Wales had about 200,000 people , a third of them within a day 's ride of Sydney , the rest scattered along the coast and through the pastoral districts , from the Port Phillip District in the south to Moreton Bay in the north . The gold rushes of the 1850s brought a huge influx of settlers , although initially the majority of them went to the richest gold fields at Ballarat and Bendigo , in the Port Phillip District , which in 1851 was separated to become the colony of Victoria . Hill End , also near Bathurst N.S.W. was a locality that grew , boomed and faded with the N.S.W. Gold Rush . Called ' Bald Hills ' in 1850 , ' Forbes ' in 1860 and finally Hill End in 1862 was part of the Tambaroora district . At it 's peak had a population of 7 000 people . Absolutely reliant on mining , the towns decline was dramatic once the gold ran out . Hill End 's fame is the finding of the ' Holtermann Specimen ( Correctly the Beyers Holtermann Specimen ) ' being the largest single mass of gold ever discovered in the world , a record that still stands today . Found in 1872 at the Star Hope Mine this single mass of quartz and gold weighed 630 lbs and when crushed produced and est. of 3000 troy oz ( 205 lbs or 93 kg ) of gold , thus processed held more gold then the processed gold from largest nugget ever found , that being the Welcome Stranger from the Victorian Goldfields . Holtermann recognizing the significance of the find attempted to preserve it by buying it from the Company of which he was one of a number of directors . His efforts were in vain . It is reported that a larger mass was discovered a few days later in the same mine but was broken up underground . Victoria soon had a larger population than New South Wales , and its upstart capital , Melbourne , outgrew Sydney . But the New South Wales gold fields also attracted a flood of prospectors , and by 1857 the colony had more than 300,000 people . Inland towns like Bathurst , Goulburn , Orange and Young flourished . Gold brought great wealth but also new social tensions . Multiethnic migrants came to New South Wales in large numbers for the first time . Young became the site of an infamous anti-Chinese miner riot in 1861 and the official Riot Act was read to the miners on 14 July -- the only official reading in the history of New South Wales . Despite some tension , the influx of migrants also brought fresh ideas from Europe and North America to New South Wales -- Norwegians introduced Skiing in Australia to the hills above the Snowy Mountains gold rush town of Kiandra around 1861 . A famous Australian son was also born to a Norwegian miner in 1867 , when the bush balladeer Henry Lawson was born at the Grenfell goldfields . In 1858 , a new gold rush began in the far north , which led in 1859 to the separation of Queensland as a new colony . New South Wales thus attained its present borders , although what is now the Northern Territory remained part of the colony until 1863 , when it was handed over to South Australia . The separation and rapid growth of Victoria and Queensland mark the real beginning of New South Wales as a political and economic entity distinct from the other Australian colonies . Rivalry between New South Wales and Victoria was intense throughout the second half of the 19th century , and the two colonies developed in radically different directions . Once the easy gold ran out by about 1860 , Victoria absorbed the surplus labour force from the gold fields in manufacturing , protected by high tariff walls . Victoria became the Australian stronghold of protectionism , liberalism and radicalism . New South Wales , which was less radically affected demographically by the gold rushes , remained more conservative , still dominated politically by the squatter class and its allies in the Sydney business community . New South Wales , as a trading and exporting colony , remained wedded to free trade . At Broken Hill , New South Wales in the 1880s , BHP Billiton ( now a major global mining and gas company ) began as a silver , lead and zinc mine operation . By 1891 , the population of the Outback town had passed 21,000 , making Broken Hill the third largest town in the colony of New South Wales . Cultural development ( edit ) Hyde Park , Sydney with the Australian Museum under construction in the distance , 1842 In the course of the 19th century the increasingly ambitious colony established many of its major cultural institutions . The first Sydney Royal Easter Show , an agricultural exhibition and New South Wales cultural institution , began in 1823 . Alexander Macleay started collecting the exhibits of Australia 's oldest museum - Sydney 's Australian Museum -- in 1826 and the current building opened to the public in 1857 . The Sydney Morning Herald newspaper began printing in 1831 . The University of Sydney commenced in 1850 . The Royal National Park , south of Sydney opened in 1879 ( second only to Yellowstone National Park in the USA ) . An academy of art formed in 1870 and the present Art Gallery of New South Wales building began construction in 1896 . The New South Wales Rugby Union ( or then , The Southern RU -- SRU ) was established in 1874 , and the very first club competition took place in Sydney that year . In 1882 the first New South Wales team was selected to play Queensland in a two - match series ( initially popular , the sport would become secondary in popularity in New South Wales after the creation of the New South Wales Rugby League as a professional code in 1907 ) . In 1878 the inaugural first class cricket match at the Sydney Cricket Ground was played between New South Wales and Victoria . The Sydney International Exhibition of 1879 showcased the colonial capital to the world . Some exhibits from this event were kept to constitute the original collection of the new Technological , Industrial and Sanitary Museum of New South Wales ( today 's Powerhouse Museum ) . Two Sydney journalists , J.F. Archibald and John Haynes , founded The Bulletin magazine : the first edition appeared on 31 January 1880 . It was intended to be a journal of political and business commentary , with some literary content . Initially radical , nationalist , democratic and racist , it gained wide influence and became a celebrated entry - point to publication for Australian writers and cartoonists such as Henry Lawson , Banjo Paterson , Miles Franklin , and the illustrator and novelist Norman Lindsay . A celebrated literary debate played out on the pages of the Bulletin about the nature of life in the Australian bush featuring the conflicting views of such as Paterson ( called romantic ) and Lawson ( who saw bush life as exceedingly harsh ) and notions of an Australian ' national character ' were taking firmer root . Self - government and Democracy ( edit ) The New South Wales Parliament is Australia 's oldest parliament . First elections were held in 1843 . It is one of the least grand and most architecturally restrained parliament houses in the country . William Wentworth established the Australian Patriotic Association ( Australia 's first political party ) in 1835 to demand democratic government for New South Wales . The reformist attorney general , John Plunkett , sought to apply Enlightenment principles to governance in the colony , pursuing the establishment of equality before the law , first by extending jury rights to emancipists , then by extending legal protections to convicts , assigned servants and Aborigines . Plunkett twice charged the colonist perpetrators of the Myall Creek massacre of Aborigines with murder , resulting in a conviction and his landmark Church Act of 1836 disestablished the Church of England and established legal equality between Anglicans , Catholics , Presbyterians and later Methodists . Sir Henry Parkes was a Premier of New South Wales and one of the `` Fathers of Australian Federation '' . In 1838 , the celebrated humanitarian Caroline Chisolm arrived at Sydney and soon after began her work to alleviate the conditions for the poor women migrants of the colony . She met every immigrant ship at the docks , found positions for immigrant girls and established a Female Immigrants ' Home . Later she began campaiging for legal reform to alleviate poverty and assist female immigration and family support in the colonies . In 1840 , the Sydney City Council was established . Men who possessed property worth at least £ 1000 were able to stand for election and wealthy landowners were permitted up to four votes each in elections . Australia 's first parliamentary elections were conducted for the New South Wales Legislative Council in 1843 , again with voting rights ( for males only ) tied to property ownership or financial capacity . The Australian Colonies Government Act in 1850 was a landmark development which granted representative constitutions to New South Wales , Victoria , South Australia and Tasmania and the colonies enthusiastically set about writing constitutions which produced democratically progressive parliaments -- though the constitutions generally maintained the role of the colonial upper houses as representative of social and economic `` interests '' and all established constitutional monarchies with the British monarch as the symbolic head of state . The end of transportation and the rapid growth of population following the gold rush led to a demand for `` British institutions '' in New South Wales , which meant an elected parliament and responsible self - government . In 1851 the franchise for the Legislative Council was expanded , but this did not satisfy the settlers , many of whom ( such as the young Henry Parkes ) had been Chartists in Britain in the 1840s . Successive Governors warned the Colonial Office of the dangers of republicanism if the demands for self - government were not met . There was , however , a prolonged battle between the conservatives , now led by Wentworth , and the democrats as to what kind of constitution New South Wales would have . The key issue was control of the pastoral lands , which the democrats wanted to take away from the squatters and break up into farms for settlers . Wentworth wanted a hereditary upper house controlled by the squatters to prevent any such possibility . The radicals , led by rising politicians like Parkes and journalists like Daniel Deniehy , ridiculed suggestions of a `` bunyip aristocracy . '' 1855 saw the granting of the right to vote to all male British subjects 21 years or over in South Australia . This right was extended to Victoria in 1857 and New South Wales the following year ( the other colonies followed until , in 1896 , Tasmania became the last colony to grant universal male suffrage ) . The New South Wales Constitution Act of 1855 , steered through the British Parliament by the veteran radical Lord John Russell , who wanted a constitution which balanced democratic elements against the interests of property , as did the Parliamentary system in Britain at this time . The Act created a bicameral Parliament of New South Wales , with a lower house , the New South Wales Legislative Assembly , consisting of 54 members elected by adult males who met a moderate property qualification ( anyone who owned property worth £ 100 , or earned £ 100 a year , or held a pastoral licence , or who paid £ 10 a year for lodgings , could vote ) . The Assembly was heavily malapportioned in favour of the rural areas . The Legislative Council was to consist of at least 21 members ( but with no upper limit ) appointed for life by the Governor , and Council members had to meet a higher property qualification . These seemed like formidable barriers to democracy , but in practice they did not prove so , because the Constitution Act could be modified by simple majorities of both Houses . In 1858 the property franchise for the Assembly was abolished , and the secret ballot introduced . Since the principle that the Governor should always act on the advice of his ministers was soon established , a Premier whose bills were rejected by the Council could simply advise the Governor to appoint more members until the opposition was `` flooded '' : usually the threat of `` flooding '' was enough . The ministry of Charles Cowper marked the victory of colonial liberalism , although New South Wales liberals were never as radical as those in Victoria or South Australia . The major battle for the liberals , unlocking the lands from the squatters , was more or less won by John Robertson , five times Premier during the 1860s , who passed the Robertson Land Acts to break up the squatters ' estates . Sir George Reid was Premier of New South Wales in the lead up to Federation . From the 1860s onwards government in New South Wales became increasingly stable and assured . Fears of class conflict faded as the population bulge resulting from the gold rushes was accommodated on the newly available farmlands and in the rapidly growing towns . The last British troops left the colony in 1870 , and law and order was maintained by the police and a locally raised militia , which had little to do apart from catching a few bushrangers . The only issue which really excited political passions in this period was education , which was the source of bitter conflict between Catholics , Protestants , and secularists , who all had conflicting views on how schools should be operated , funded and supervised . This was a major preoccupation for Henry Parkes , the dominant politician of the period ( he was Premier five times between 1872 and 1889 ) . In 1866 Parkes , as Education Minister , brought in a compromise Schools Act that brought all religious schools under the supervision of public boards , in exchange for state subsidies . But in 1880 the secularists won out when Parkes withdrew all state aid for church schools and established a statewide system of free secular schools . New South Wales and Victoria continued to develop along divergent paths . Parkes and his successor as leader of the New South Wales liberals , George Reid , were Gladstonian liberals committed to free trade , which they saw as both economically beneficial and as necessary for the unity of the British Empire . They regarded Victorian protectionism as economically foolish and narrowly parochial . It was this hostility between the two largest colonies , symbolised by Victorian customs posts along the Murray River , which prevented any moves towards uniting the Australian colonies , even after the advent of the railways and the telegraph made travel and communication between the colonies much easier by the 1870s . So long as Victoria was larger and richer than New South Wales , the mother colony ( as it liked to see itself ) would never agree to surrender its free trade principles to a national or federal government which would be dominated by Victorians . Statehood ( edit ) Federation Pavilion , Centennial Park , Sydney , 1 January 1901 . Federation ( edit ) By the 1890s , several new factors were drawing the Australian colonies towards political union . The great land boom in Victoria in the 1880s was followed by a prolonged depression , which allowed New South Wales to recover the economic and demographic superiority it had lost in the 1850s . There was a steady rise in imperial sentiment in the 1880s and ' 90s , which made the creation of united Australian dominion seem an important imperial project . The intrusion of other colonial powers such as France and Germany into the south - west Pacific area made colonial defence an urgent question , which became more urgent with the rise of Japan as an expansionist power . Finally the issue of Chinese and other non-European immigration made federation of the colonies an important issue , with advocates of a White Australia policy arguing the necessity of a national immigration policy . As a result the movement for federation was initiated by Parkes with his Tenterfield Oration of 1889 ( earning him the title `` Father of Federation '' ) , and carried forward after Parkes ' death by another New South Wales politician , Edmund Barton . Opinion in New South Wales about federation remained divided through the 1890s . The northern and southern border regions , which were most inconvenienced by the colonial borders and the system of intercolonial tariffs , were strongly in favour , while many in the Sydney commercial community were sceptical , fearing that a national Parliament would impose a national tariff ( which was indeed what happened ) . The first attempt at federation in 1891 failed , mainly as a result of the economic crisis of the early 1890s . It was the federalists of the border regions who revived the federal movement in the later 1890s , leading up to the Constitutional Convention of 1897 - 98 which adopted a draft Australian Constitution . When the draft was put to referendum in New South Wales in 1899 , Reid ( Free Trade Premier from 1894 to 1899 ) , adopted an equivocal position , earning him the nickname `` Yes - No Reid . '' The draft was rejected , mainly because New South Wales voters thought it gave the proposed Senate , which would be dominated by the smaller states , too much power . Reid was able to bargain with the other Premiers to modify the draft so that it suited New South Wales interests , and the draft was then approved . On 1 January 1901 , following a proclamation by Queen Victoria , New South Wales ceased to be a self - governing colony and became a state of the Commonwealth of Australia . Although the new Governor - General and Prime Minister 's swearing - in ceremonies were held in Sydney , Melbourne was to be the temporary seat of government until the permanent seat of government was established . This was to be in New South Wales , but at least 100 miles ( 160 km ) from Sydney . The first Prime Minister ( Barton ) the first Opposition Leader ( Reid ) and the first Labor leader ( Chris Watson ) were all from New South Wales . Federation to World War II ( edit ) Bondi Beach - a photo from circa 1900 from The Powerhouse Museum At the time of federation the New South Wales economy was still heavily based on agriculture , particularly wool growing , although mining - coal from the Hunter Region and silver , lead and zinc from Broken Hill - was also important . Federation was followed by the imposition of protective tariffs just as the Sydney Free Traders had feared , and this boosted domestic manufacturing . Farmers , however , suffered from increased costs , as well as from the prolonged drought that afflicted the state at the turn of the century . A further boost to both manufacturing and farming came from the increased demand during World War I. By the 1920s New South Wales was overtaking Victoria as the centre of Australian heavy industry , symbolised by the Broken Hill Proprietary ( BHP ) steelworks at Newcastle , opened in 1915 , and another steel mill at Port Kembla in 1928 . The growth of manufacturing and mining brought with it the growth of an industrial working class . Trade unions had been formed in New South Wales as early as the 1850s , but it was great labour struggles of the 1890s that led them to move into politics . The most important was the Australian Workers ' Union ( AWU ) , formed from earlier unions by William Spence and others in 1894 . The defeat of the great shearers ' and maritime strikes in the 1890s led the AWU to reject direct action and to take the lead in forming the Labor Party . Labor had its first great success in 1891 , when it won 35 seats in the Legislative Assembly , mainly in the pastoral and mining areas . This first parliamentary Labor Party , led by Joseph Cook , supported Reid 's Free Trade government , but broke up over the issue of free trade versus protection , and also over the `` pledge '' which the unions required Labor members to take always to vote in accordance with majority decisions . After federation , Labor , led by James McGowen , soon recovered , and won its first majority in the Assembly in 1910 , when McGowen became the state 's first Labor Premier . This early experience of government , plus the social base of New South Wales party in the rural areas rather than in the militant industrial working class of the cities , made New South Wales Labor notably more moderate than its counterparts in other states , and this in turn made it more successful at winning elections . The growth of the coal , iron , steel and shipbuilding industries gave Labor new `` safe '' areas in Newcastle and Wollongong , while the mining towns of Broken Hill and the Hunter also became Labor strongholds . As a result of these factors , Labor has ruled New South Wales for 59 of the 96 years since 1910 , and every leader of the New South Wales Labor Party except one has become Premier of the state . Ribbon ceremony to open the Sydney Harbour Bridge on 20 March 1932 . Breaking protocol , the soon to be dismissed Premier Jack Lang cuts the ribbon while Governor Philip Game looks on . But Labor came to grief in New South Wales as elsewhere during World War I , when the Premier , William Holman , supported the Labor Prime Minister Billy Hughes in his drive to introduce conscription . New South Wales voters rejected both attempts by Hughes to pass a referendum authorising conscription , and in 1916 Hughes , Holman , Watson , McGowen , Spence and many other founders of the party were expelled , forming the Nationalist Party under Hughes and Holman . Federal Labor did not recover from this split for many years , but New South Wales Labor was back in power by 1920 , although this government lasted only 18 months , and again from 1925 under Jack Lang . In the years after World War I it was the farmers rather than the workers who were the most discontented and militant class in New South Wales . The high prices enjoyed during the war fell with the resumption of international trade , and farmers became increasingly discontented with the fixed prices paid by the compulsory marketing authorities set up as a wartime measure by the Hughes government . In 1919 the farmers formed the Country Party , led at national level by Earle Page , a doctor from Grafton , and at state level by Michael Bruxner , a small farmer from Tenterfield . The Country Party used its reliable voting base to make demands on successive non-Labor governments , mainly to extract subsidies and other benefits for farmers , as well as public works in rural areas . The Great Depression , which began in 1929 , ushered in a period of unprecedented political and class conflict in New South Wales . The mass unemployment and collapse of commodity prices brought ruin to both city workers and to farmers . Lang 's second government was elected in November 1930 on a policy of repudiating New South Wales ' debt to British bondholders and using the money instead to help the unemployed through public works . This was denounced as illegal by conservatives , and condemned by James Scullin 's federal Labor government . The result was that Lang 's supporters in the federal Caucus brought down Scullin 's government , causing a second bitter split in the Labor Party . in May 1932 the Governor , Sir Philip Game , convinced that Lang was acting illegally , dismissed his government , and Labor spent the rest of the 1930s in opposition . In a Sheffield Shield cricket match at the Sydney Cricket Ground in 1930 , Don Bradman , a young New South Welshman of just 21 years of age wrote his name into the record books by smashing the previous highest batting score in first - class cricket with 452 runs not out in just 415 minutes . Although Bradman would later transfer to play for South Australia , his world beating performances provided much needed joy to Australians through the emerging Great Depression . The 1938 British Empire Games were held in Sydney from 5 -- 12 February , timed to coincide with Sydney 's sesqui - centenary ( 150 years since the foundation of British settlement in Australia ) . World War II ( edit ) Main articles : Australian home front during World War II and Military history of Australia during World War II Japanese POW camp at Cowra , shortly before the Cowra Breakout By the outbreak of World War II in 1939 , the differences between New South Wales and the other states that had emerged in the 19th century had faded as a result of federation and economic development behind a wall of protective tariffs . New South Wales continued to outstrip Victoria as the centre of industry , and increasingly of finance and trade as well . World War II saw another surge in industrial development to meet the needs of a war economy , and also the elimination of unemployment . When Ben Chifley , a railwayman from Bathurst , became prime minister in 1945 , New South Wales Labor assumed what it saw as its rightful position of national leadership . After launching their Pacific War , the Imperial Japanese Navy managed to infiltrate New South Wales waters and in late May and early June 1942 , Japanese submarines made a series of attacks on the cities of Sydney and Newcastle . Though casualties were light , the population feared Japanese invasion . The main Japanese naval advance towards Australian territory was however halted with the assistance of the United States Navy , in May 1942 , at the Battle of the Coral Sea . The Cowra Breakout of 1944 saw Japanese prisoners of war launch a suicidal escape attempt from their camp in the Central West of New South Wales . This is considered the only fighting within New South Wales of the war . Post World War II ( edit ) Tumut 3 Power Station was constructed as part of the vast Snowy Mountains Scheme in New South Wales ( 1949 -- 1974 ) . Construction necessitated the expansion of Australia 's immigration program . The postwar years , however , saw renewed industrial conflict , culminating in the 1949 coal strike , largely fomented by the Communist Party of Australia , which crippled the state 's industry . This contributed to the defeat of the Chifley government at the 1949 elections and the beginning of the long rule at a Federal level of Robert Menzies , a politician from Victoria , of the newly founded Liberal Party of Australia . The postwar years also saw massive immigration to Australia , begun by Chifley 's Immigration Minister , Arthur Calwell , and continued under the Liberals . Sydney , hitherto an almost entirely British and Irish city by origin ( apart from a small Chinese community ) , became increasingly multi-cultural , with many immigrants from Italy , Greece , Malta and eastern Europe ( including many Jews ) , and later from Lebanon and Vietnam , permanently changing its character . The Snowy Mountains Scheme began construction in the state 's south . This hydroelectricity and irrigation complex in the Snowy Mountains called for the construction of sixteen major dams and seven power stations between 1949 and 1974 . It remains the largest engineering project undertaken in Australia and necessitated the employment of 100,000 people from over 30 countries . Socially this project symbolises a period during which Australia became an ethnic `` melting pot '' of the twentieth century but which also changed Australia 's character and increased its appreciation for a wide range of cultural diversity . The Scheme built several temporary towns for its construction workers , several of which have become permanent : notably Cabramurra , which became highest town in Australia . The sleepy rural town of Cooma became a bustling construction economy , while small rural townships like Adaminaby and Jindabyne had to make way for the construction of Lakes Eucumbene and Jindabyne . Improved vehicular access to the High Country enabled ski - resort villages to be constructed at Thredbo and Guthega in the 1950s by ex-Snowy Scheme workers who realised the potential for expansion of Skiing in Australia . Labor remained in power in New South Wales until 1965 when the Liberal Party led by Robert Askin won government . Post 1970s ( edit ) The Sydney Opera House was opened in 1973 . Since the 1970s New South Wales has undergone an increasingly rapid economic and social transformation . Old industries such as steel and shipbuilding have largely disappeared , and although agriculture remains important , its share of the state 's income is smaller than ever before . New industries such as information technology , education , financial services and the arts , largely centred in Sydney , have risen to take their place . Coal exports to China are increasingly important to the state 's economy . Tourism has also become hugely important , with Sydney as its centre but also stimulating growth on the North Coast , around Coffs Harbour and Byron Bay . As aviation has replaced shipping , most new migrants to Australia have arrived in Sydney by air rather than in Melbourne by ship , and Sydney now gets the lion 's share of new arrivals , mostly from Asia , Latin America and the Middle East . Olympic colours on the Sydney Harbour Bridge in the year 2000 . Dry paddocks in the Riverina region during the 2007 drought World leaders with Prime Minister John Howard in Sydney for the 2007 APEC conference . Although generally of mild climate , the State endured several notable natural disasters around the turn of the century . In 1989 , an earthquake struck Newcastle . It was a Richter magnitude 5.6 earthquake and one of Australia 's most serious natural disasters , killing 13 people and injuring more than 160 . The damage bill has been estimated at A $ 4 billion ( including an insured loss of about $1 billion ) . The Newcastle earthquake was the first Australian earthquake in recorded history to claim human lives . The following , year , 1990 , saw major flooding in the State 's central west , with Nyngan suffering a devasting inundation . In 1993 - 4 , the State suffered a serious bushfire season , causing destruction even within urban areas of Sydney . Agricultural production was severely curtailed by prolonged drought during the late 1990s and early 2000s , particularly in the Murray - Darling basin . The drought was followed by severe flooding in 2010 . In 1973 , after a long period of planning and construction , the Sydney Opera House was officially opened . The building was from a design by Joern Utzon . It became a symbol not only of Sydney , but of the Australian nation and was inscribed by UNESCO in 2007 . Sydney has maintained extensive political , economic and cultural influence over Australia as well as international renown in recent decades . The city hosted the 2000 Olympic Games , the 2003 Rugby World Cup and the APEC Leaders conference of 2007 . From 1991 to 2007 , Sydney - siders governed as Prime Minister of Australia - first Paul Keating ( 1991 -- 1996 ) and later John Howard ( 1996 -- 2007 ) . In recent decades Sydney has also undergone a major social liberalisation , with huge entertainment and gambling industries . Though there has been a decline in the dominance of Christianity through increased secularisation and the growing presence of an increasingly diverse migrant population , Sydney 's two outspoken Archbishops , George Pell ( Catholic ) and Peter Jensen ( Anglican ) remain vocal in national debates and the hosting of Catholic World Youth Day 2008 , led by Pope Benedict XVI , drew huge crowds of worshipers to the city . An evangelical Christian `` bible belt '' has developed in the north - western suburbs . Buddhist and Muslim communities in particular are growing , but so is irreligiosity . While a grant from the State government permitted the final completion of the spires of St Mary 's Cathedral , Sydney in 2000 ( the foundation stone was laid in 1868 ) , construction of the present structure of the large Auburn Gallipoli Mosque began in 1986 and at Wollongong , south of Sydney , Nan Tien Temple opened in 1995 as one of the southern hemisphere 's largest Buddhist temples . Sydney has gained a reputation for secularism and hedonism , with the Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras becoming a world - famous event . Star City Casino opened in the mid-1990s as Sydney 's only legal casino . The Australian Labor Party has had long periods of governance in New South Wales in recent decades , holding power under Neville Wran and Barrie Unsworth from 1976 to 1988 . A period of Liberal - National Coalition rule followed under Nick Greiner and John Fahey from 1988 to 1995 , but the Labor Party was led back to power by Bob Carr in 1995 and remained in office until 2011 . Carr retired and was succeeded by a series of Labor premiers between 2005 and 2011 : Morris Iemma won the 2007 Election but his party replaced him with Nathan Rees in 2007 , who was , in turn , replaced by Kristina Keneally in 2008 . Two recent Premiers have been of non-British background : Greiner ( Liberal 1988 - 92 ) , who is of Hungarian descent , and Iemma whose parents are Italian . The current Governor of New South Wales , Marie Bashir , is of Lebanese origin and is the first woman to be appointed to the office of governor . Most commentators predict that Sydney and the coast areas of northern New South Wales will continue to grow in the coming decades , although Bob Carr and others have argued that Sydney ( which by 2006 had over 4 million people ) can not grow any bigger without putting intolerable strain on its environment and infrastructure . The southern coastal areas around Canberra are also expected to grow , although less rapidly . The rest of the state , however , is expected to continue to decline , as traditional industries disappear . Already many small towns in western New South Wales have lost so many services and businesses that they are no longer viable , causing population to consolidate in regional centres like Dubbo and Wagga Wagga . Post-labor era ( edit ) On 26 March 2011 , the Liberal / National Coalition , led by Barry O'Farrell , won a landslide victory over the ALP . This has been regarded by political pundits as being a realignment of New South Wales politics away from Labor being the traditional party of Government . Boundary and naming ( edit ) In one of those peculiarities of history , New South Wales was only officially named and had its boundaries declared in 2001 , two hundred and thirty one years after James Cook first uttered the name in 1770 when taking possession of an area covering most of eastern Australia . The reason why this peculiarity arose relates to the territorial evolution of Australia . So after James Cook , the colony of New South Wales was established and named by way of imperial proclamation in 1788 by the then Governor in Chief of New South Wales , the Royal Navy officer Arthur Phillip . At this time , New South Wales was defined ( by Britain ) as covering approximately half of the Australian continent . New South Wales was further increased in size to around two - thirds of the Australian continent in 1828 . All the Australian states and two territories , bar Western Australia , were then created from New South Wales during the 1800s and early 1900s . Each new state and territory , bar the Australian Capital Territory , were created by Britain through letters patent and they were constitutionally connected to Britain . As the new States and the Australian Capital Territory ( the Northern Territory was made from South Australia ) were created , they steadily reduced the size of New South Wales . At no stage over this period of time , as New South Wales shrunk , was the boundary of New South Wales ever officially defined . The remains of New South Wales were only finally and officially defined in the New South Wales government gazette , by boundary and name , on 24 August 2001 by the Geographical Names Board of New South Wales . The results of this meant that although New South Wales was the progenitor state of Australia , the text of the gazettal defines New South Wales in terms of its borders with the other states that were created from and after it : `` Pursuant to the provisions of section 7 ( 1 ) of the Geographical Names Act 1966 , the Geographical Names Board has this day assigned the name New South Wales to the land that is bounded on the north by Queensland , bounded on the west by South Australia , bounded on the south by Victoria , and bounded on the east by the coastline of the Pacific Ocean and including all the lands under the control of the New South Wales Government but not including the Australian Capital Territory . '' See also ( edit ) New South Wales portal Convict ships to New South Wales History of Australia Governor of New South Wales History of Sydney History of Newcastle History of infrastructure development in Bathurst List of colonial vessels of New South Wales Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ Geoffrey Blainey ; A Very Short History of the World ; Penguin Books ; 2004 ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 300559 - 9 Jump up ^ `` Mungo National Park - NSW nature and national parks '' . Us.sydney.com . Archived from the original on 19 May 2013 . Retrieved 26 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ku Ring Gai Chase National Park , Sydney , Australia . Information and Map '' . Auinfo.com . Archived from the original on 29 January 2013 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ Miller Christy ( ed . ) , The Voyages of Captain Luke Foxe of Hull and Captain Thomas James of Bristol , in Search of a North - west Passage , in 1631 - 32 , London , Hakluyt Society , 1894 , p. 485 . C.M. MacInnes , Captain Thomas James and the North West Passage , Bristol , Historical Association ( Bristol Branch ) , 1967 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ J.C. Beaglehole and R.A. Skelton ( eds . ) , The Journals of Captain James Cook on His Voyages of Discovery , Vol. 1 , The Voyage of the Endeavor , 1768 -- 1771 , Cambridge University Press , Hakluyt Society , 1955 , pp. 387 - 388 ; G. Arnold Wood , The Discovery of Australia , London , Macmillan , 1922 , pp. 442 - 443 . Jump up ^ `` Governor Phillip 's Instructions 25 April 1787 ( UK ) '' . Documenting a Democracy . National Archives of Australia . Archived from the original on 15 June 2006 . Retrieved 28 May 2006 . Robert J. King , `` Terra Australis , New Holland and New South Wales : the Treaty of Tordesillas and Australia '' , The Globe , no. 47 , 1998 , pp. 35 - 55 . Jump up ^ Rosalind Miles ( 2001 ) Who Cooked the Last Supper : The Women 's History of the World Three Rivers Press . ISBN 0 - 609 - 80695 - 5 ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Peter Hill ( 2008 ) p. 141 - 150 ; Andrew Tink , Lord Sydney : The Life and Times of Tommy Townshend , Melbourne , Australian Scholarly Publishing , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Arthur Phillip State Library of New South Wales '' . Sl.nsw.gov.au. 2009 - 10 - 09 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : B.H. Fletcher . `` Biography - Arthur Phillip - Australian Dictionary of Biography '' . Adbonline.anu.edu.au . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Newcastle City Council - Discovery & founding '' . Newcastle.nsw.gov.au. 19 November 2010 . Archived from the original on 30 April 2013 . Retrieved 26 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Newcastle '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . 8 February 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Wollongong - Culture and History '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . 26 November 2008 . Jump up ^ A.G.L. Shaw . `` Biography - William Bligh - Australian Dictionary of Biography '' . Adb.online.anu.edu.au . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ Wendy Lewis , Simon Balderstone and John Bowan ( 2006 ) . Events That Shaped Australia . New Holland . ISBN 978 - 1 - 74110 - 492 - 9 . Jump up ^ N.D. McLachlan . `` Biography - Lachlan Macquarie - Australian Dictionary of Biography '' . Adb.online.anu.edu.au . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` History of Bathurst & its surrounding areas '' . Bathurst-nsw.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Crown colony era -- the Governor - General '' . Ministry for Culture and Heritage . March 2009 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ Scott , Ernest ( 1914 ) . The Life of Captain Matthew Flinders , RN . Sydney : Angus & Robertson . p. 86 . Jump up ^ Flinders , Matthew . Narrative of expeditions along the coast of New South Wales , for the further discovery of its harbours from the year 1795 to 1799 . ^ Jump up to : Macrae , Keith . `` Biography - George Bass - Australian Dictionary of Biography '' . Adbonline.anu.edu.au . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ Conway , Jill . `` Biography - Gregory Blaxland - Australian Dictionary of Biography '' . Adbonline.anu.edu.au . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ Hume , Stuart H. ( 1960 - 08 - 17 ) . `` Biography - Hamilton Hume - Australian Dictionary of Biography '' . Adbonline.anu.edu.au . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ H.J. Gibbney . `` Biography - Charles Sturt - Australian Dictionary of Biography '' . Adbonline.anu.edu.au . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ D.W.A. Baker . `` Biography - Sir Thomas Livingstone Mitchell - Australian Dictionary of Biography '' . Adbonline.anu.edu.au . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ Heney , Helen . `` Biography - Sir Paul Edmund de Strzelecki - Australian Dictionary of Biography '' . Adbonline.anu.edu.au . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` History & Heritage '' . Visityoung.com.au . Archived from the original on 9 April 2011 . Retrieved 26 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Matthews , Brian ( 1922 - 09 - 02 ) . `` Biography - Henry Lawson - Australian Dictionary of Biography '' . Adbonline.anu.edu.au . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Home '' . BHP Billiton . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived 23 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` History '' . rasnsw.com.au . Archived from the original on 6 October 2014 . Retrieved 1 October 2014 . Jump up ^ australianmuseum.net.au Jump up ^ `` History : : About us '' . Art Gallery NSW . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 8 April 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ Suttor , T.L. `` Plunkett , John Hubert ( 1802 -- 1869 ) '' . Australian Dictionary of Biography . Australian National University . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Biography - Caroline Chisholm - Australian Dictionary of Biography '' . adbonline.anu.edu.au . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : `` Australia 's major electoral developments Timeline : 1788 - 1899 - Australian Electoral Commission '' . aec.gov.au . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Right to Vote in Australia - Australian Electoral Commission '' . aec.gov.au . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Don Bradman - Australia 's Culture Portal '' . Archived from the original on 1 January 2004 . Retrieved 1 October 2014 . Jump up ^ The Snowy Mountains Scheme Archived 30 August 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Adaminaby '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . 1 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 1 July 2010 . Retrieved 30 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 11 May 2010 . Retrieved 30 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Thredbo Winter Ski & Snowboard Summer Biking & Hiking '' . thredbo.com.au . Archived from the original on 24 April 2013 . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Guthega NSW - Accommodation , Perisher , Skiing and Things to Do VisitNSW.com '' . visitnsw.com . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : `` Earthquake '' . Newcastle City Council . Archived from the original on 2011 - 03 - 10 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Mining triggered Newcastle quake , says US academic '' . ABC News Online . 9 January 2007 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Earthquakes '' . Emergency Disaster Management Inc . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` WebCite query result '' . webcitation.org . Archived from the original on 26 September 2009 . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Pouring rain worsens NSW floods - ABC News ( Australian Broadcasting Corporation ) '' . abc.net.au . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 01 . Jump up ^ UNESCO World Heritage Centre . `` Sydney Opera House - UNESCO World Heritage Centre '' . whc.unesco.org . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Pope 's message at the end of the earth '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . 17 July 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Antony Green 's Election Blog : Is NSW still a ' Natural ' Labor State ? '' . blogs.abc.net.au . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Documenting a Democracy : Places '' . Museum of Australian Democracy and the National Archives of Australia . 2005 . Retrieved 5 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Government Gazette of the State of New South Wales , No 129 , 6530 '' . New South Wales Government . August 2011 . Retrieved 3 July 2015 . Further reading ( edit ) Freudenberg , Graham . Cause for Power : The Official History of the New South Wales Labor Party , Pluto Press 1991 . Greenwood , Gordon . Australia : A Social and Political History , Angus and Robertson 1955 . Melbourne , A.C.V. Early Constitutional Development in Australia , University of Queensland Press 1963 . Shann , Edward , An Economic History of Australia , Georgian House 1930 . External links ( edit ) NSW Migration Heritage Centre New South Wales General Economy Energy Flag Geography Geology Government History Local Government Parliament Police Politics People Rail transport Regions Sport Regions Central Coast Central Tablelands Central Western Slopes Hunter Mid North Coast Northern Rivers North West Slopes Northern Tablelands Riverina South Coast South West Slopes Southern Tablelands Western Plains Cities Sydney Albury Armidale Bathurst Blue Mountains Broken Hill Cessnock Coffs Harbour Dubbo Gosford Goulburn Grafton Griffith Hawkesbury Lake Macquarie Lismore Lithgow Maitland Newcastle Orange Queanbeyan Shellharbour Shoalhaven Tamworth Greater Taree Wagga Wagga Wollongong New South Wales portal History of Australia States New South Wales Queensland South Australia Tasmania Victoria Western Australia Territories Australian Capital Territory Jervis Bay Territory Northern Territory External territories Ashmore and Cartier Islands Australian Antarctic Territory Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Coral Sea Islands Heard Island and McDonald Islands Norfolk Island Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_New_South_Wales&oldid=810633289 '' Categories : History of New South Wales Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use Australian English from February 2012 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2011 Use dmy dates from January 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Bahasa Melayu Português Edit links This page was last edited on 16 November 2017 , at 13 : 46 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20New%20South%20Wales	1,140
star trek next generation episode picard falls in love	`` Lessons '' is the 19th episode of the sixth season of the American science fiction television series Star Trek : The Next Generation and was originally aired in the United States on April 5 , 1993 , in broadcast syndication . Set in the 24th century , the series follows the adventures of the crew of the Starfleet starship USS Enterprise - D. In `` Lessons '' , Captain Picard 's ( Patrick Stewart ) shared love of music with Lt. Commander Nella Daren ( Wendy Hughes ) leads to romance , resulting in conflicting emotions on his behalf . After incorrectly believing her to have died , he realizes that he is incapable of carrying out a relationship with someone under his command .	the 19th episode of the sixth season	Lessons ( Star Trek : the Next Generation )	lessons ( star trek : the next generation )	`` Lessons '' is the 19th episode of the sixth season of the American science fiction television series Star Trek : The Next Generation and was originally aired in the United States on April 5 , 1993 , in broadcast syndication . Set in the 24th century , the series follows the adventures of the crew of the Starfleet starship USS Enterprise - D. In `` Lessons '' , Captain Picard 's ( Patrick Stewart ) shared love of music with Lt. Commander Nella Daren ( Wendy Hughes ) leads to romance , resulting in conflicting emotions on his behalf . After incorrectly believing her to have died , he realizes that he is incapable of carrying out a relationship with someone under his command .	The episode was directed by Robert Wiemer , the episode was written by Ron Wilkerson and Jean Louise Matthias , with some uncredited revisions by René Echevarria . Stand - ins were used to perform the pieces by Picard and Daren , which required the use of close - up camera angles by the director . The episode was received warmly by critics reviewing it after the end of the series , who praised the performances of Hughes and Stewart . Contents 1 Plot 2 Production 3 Reception and home media 4 Notes 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) Picard is irritated that the stellar cartography department has shut down several systems on the Enterprise , and visits the section to discover what is going on . He meets the head of the department , Lt. Commander Nella Daren , who makes an impression on Picard . It is a meeting memorable enough to later discuss with Dr. Beverly Crusher ( Gates McFadden ) . At a musical recital by Lt. Commander Data ( Brent Spiner ) , Picard is surprised to see Daren , once again , playing the piano . The two discuss music , and later meet in Picard 's quarters and participate in a duet . Daren plays a portable piano and Picard performs on his Ressikan flute . The two meet more often ; even in a Jefferies tube , which Daren claims has the best acoustics on the ship . In this private setting , their attraction for one another is expressed in a kiss . The moment of intimacy is fleeting , however . When they enter a turbolift , and are joined by another crewmember , Picard resumes the professional demeanour of Captain . The Enterprise is diverted from its mission , when it is directed to investigate a report of firestorms at a Federation outpost . While in transit , Picard consults Counsellor Troi ( Marina Sirtis ) about pursuing a relationship with Daren . Picard then goes to Daren to apologize and to explain . He recounts the experience shown in the episode `` The Inner Light '' in which he had a wife and family , became a grandfather , grew old , and learned to play the flute . The experience imparted to Picard a deep appreciation for music , and he is pleased to have someone to share it with . Daren speaks to Commander Riker ( Jonathan Frakes ) requesting a transfer for another crew member to stellar cartography . Riker says he will consider the request . Afterwards , he speaks with Picard , explaining that Picard and Daren 's relationship makes the decision complicated . After determining from Riker that Daren 's request is not unusual or taking advantages , Picard assures Riker that he will support any decision he makes . Later at dinner , Picard relates to Daren his talk with Riker , saying that they need to be careful about anyone else misunderstanding their relationship . The Enterprise arrives at the Federation outpost to find that firestorms are heading toward the facility . Daren suggests a means of deflecting the storms , but the equipment requires trained personnel on the ground to operate it . Daren is assigned to the surface team , along with a number of other crewmembers . The outpost is evacuated during the dangerous mission , leaving only the Enterprise away team on surface . The firestorms overwhelm the position that Daren 's team occupies before they can be retrieved . Believing Daren to be dead , Picard sits contemplating his decision in his quarters . He then hears that survivors are being transported aboard , and heads to the transporter room . Daren is not among the initial group of survivors , but is later transported to the ship . Eight members of the team have died . Afterwards , Picard and Daren discuss their relationship . They conclude that it can not continue , as Picard could not bear to put her in danger once more . They discuss giving up their Starfleet careers to be together . Daren realizes that Picard , although still cherishing the family life he experienced as Kamin , has nonetheless chosen duty , career , and loneliness . They both know that Daren must transfer off the Enterprise . They kiss once more , and Daren makes Picard promise not to give up music . Production ( edit ) Ron Wilkerson and Jean Louise Matthias had previously written the episodes `` Imaginary Friend '' and `` Schisms '' , but in both instances the writing of the teleplay for the initial story idea had been given to a staff writer due to time constraints . Co-executive producer Jeri Taylor instead allowed the pair to write the teleplay for `` Lessons '' , their first for Star Trek . René Echevarria did some minor uncredited re-writes to the final version of the script as staff - writer Brannon Braga wished to avoid working on `` Lessons '' after recently working on another love story related script for the episode `` Aquiel '' . Writer and producer Michael Piller likened `` Lessons '' to the 1945 Noël Coward film Brief Encounter . Director Robert Wiemer used tight camera angles such as these to allow musicians to play off screen in time with the actors . The production crew sought to give Picard a romantic peer and equal in Daren , and were pleased with the actors ' performances . Director Robert Wiemer said that `` we had really turned - on performances ... if we 'd had only moderate performances it would have fallen flat '' . However , as neither Stewart nor Hughes could play their instruments , it required a number of camera techniques to be used in order to disguise the musicians playing just off screen . Husband and wife duo Natalie and Bryce Martin played the piano and tin whistle respectively to portray Daren and Picard 's abilities . Bryce had played his instrument to represent Picard 's Ressikan flute since it first appeared in `` The Inner Light '' . However , while Stewart did the majority of his flute fingering , he was doubled in several scenes by Noel Webb and John Mayham . Webb also doubled for Brent Spiner early in the episode when Data was playing Frédéric Chopin 's trio in G minor . A variety of pieces are played throughout the episode , including Frère Jacques , Ludwig van Beethoven 's Piano Sonata No. 14 and Johann Sebastian Bach 's Third Brandenburg Concerto . The `` Flute song '' by Jay Chattaway , which originally appeared in `` The Inner Light '' , reappears in this episode . The firestorm itself was created by Dan Curry and Ronald B. Moore by pouring liquid nitrogen onto black velvet and then blowing it with an air hose . The effect was then enhanced by digital effects and was digitally inserted into the background of the exterior standing set ( usually referred to by cast and crew as `` planet hell '' ) . `` Lessons '' was the first appearance of the stellar cartography on board the Enterprise , but the set would be completely replaced for its reappearance in the movie Star Trek Generations . Reception and home media ( edit ) James Van Hise and Hal Schuster wrote in their 1995 book , The Complete Next Generation , that they thought the relationship between Picard and Daren was believable , and that the story itself was very effective . They thought that the loneliness Picard feels at the end of the episode was part of an ongoing story which would culminate in the subplot about Picard 's loneliness in Star Trek Generations . Several reviewers re-watched Star Trek : The Next Generation after the end of the series . Keith DeCandido watched the episode for Tor.com , and described the performance of Wendy Hughes as `` magnificent '' and `` never not wonderful '' . However , he commented that whenever a double was not used to play the piano , it was obvious that Hughes was n't playing . Overall , he appreciated the script and thought that the ending was not contrived ; however , he would have preferred for the episodic structure of The Next Generation to have been changed a little to allow for the romance to be portrayed as a subplot over several episodes . He gave the episode a score of 9 / 10 , saying `` this is one of TNG 's best romances and an absolute joy . '' DeCandido subsequently named `` Lessons '' as one of the best episodes of season six , which he said was the best season of the series . Zack Handlen , who reviewed `` Lessons '' for The A.V. Club , thought that the episode works because of Patrick Stewart and that the episode was well - handled . He gave `` Lessons '' a score of B+ , saying that he `` was n't hugely sold on Daren , but when Picard makes a special point of explaining the flute 's significance to her , it helps solidify the connection between them . '' The episode was first released on VHS cassette on August 4 , 1998 . The episode was later included on the Star Trek : The Next Generation season six DVD box set , released in the United States on December 3 , 2002 , and on Blu - ray on June 24 , 2014 . Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Nemecek ( 2003 ) : p. 241 ^ Jump up to : Nemecek ( 2003 ) : p. 242 ^ Jump up to : DeCandido , Keith ( November 20 , 2012 ) . `` Star Trek : The Next Generation Rewatch : `` Lessons '' `` . Tor.com . Retrieved January 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Broadfoot , Amanda ( June 12 , 2005 ) . `` Star Trek Composer Jay Chattaway Strikes a Chord '' . Yahoo ! Voices . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2014 . Retrieved January 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Van Hise , Schuster ( 1995 ) : p. 144 Jump up ^ Van Hise , Schuster ( 1995 ) : p. 145 Jump up ^ DeCandido , Keith ( December 21 , 2012 ) . `` Star Trek : The Next Generation Rewatch : Sixth Season Overview '' . Tor.com . Retrieved January 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Handlen , Zack ( August 4 , 2011 ) . `` '' Starship Mine `` / '' Lessons `` '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved January 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Star Trek : The Next Generation - Episode 145 ( VHS ) '' . Tower Video . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2015 . Retrieved January 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ordway , Holly E. ( December 6 , 2002 ) . `` Star Trek the Next Generation - Season 4 '' . DVD Talk . Retrieved January 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Star Trek the Next Generation - Season 6 '' . References ( edit ) Van Hise , James ; Schuster , Hal ( 1995 ) . The Complete Next Generation . Las Vegas : Pioneer Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55698 - 377 - 1 . Nemecek , Larry ( 2003 ) . Star Trek : The Next Generation Companion ( 3rd ed . ) . New York : Pocket Books . ISBN 0 - 7434 - 5798 - 6 . External links ( edit ) Star Trek portal `` Lessons '' on IMDb `` Lessons '' at TV.com Lessons at Memory Alpha ( a Star Trek wiki ) Lessons at StarTrek.com Star Trek : The Next Generation episodes Seasons 5 6 7 Season 6 `` Time 's Arrow , Part II '' `` Realm of Fear '' `` Man of the People '' `` Relics '' `` Schisms '' `` True Q '' `` Rascals '' `` A Fistful of Datas '' `` The Quality of Life '' `` Chain of Command , Part I '' `` Chain of Command , Part II '' `` Ship in a Bottle '' `` Aquiel '' `` Face of the Enemy '' `` Tapestry '' `` Birthright , Part I & II '' `` Starship Mine '' `` Lessons '' `` The Chase '' `` Frame of Mind '' `` Suspicions '' `` Rightful Heir '' `` Second Chances '' `` Timescape '' `` Descent , Part I '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lessons_(Star_Trek:_The_Next_Generation)&oldid=847600531 '' Categories : Star Trek : The Next Generation ( season 6 ) episodes 1993 American television episodes Hidden categories : Pages using infobox television episode with incorrectly formatted episode list Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Português Edit links This page was last edited on 26 June 2018 , at 14 : 19 ( UTC ) . 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where was series 7 of game of thrones filmed			Game of Thrones ( season 7 )	game of thrones ( season 7 )		Game of Thrones ( season 7 ) Region 1 DVD cover Starring See List of Game of Thrones cast Country of origin United States No. of episodes 7 Release Original network HBO Original release July 16 ( 2017 - 07 - 16 ) -- August 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 27 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 6 Next → Season 8 List of Game of Thrones episodes The seventh and penultimate season of the fantasy drama television series Game of Thrones premiered on HBO on July 16 , 2017 , and concluded on August 27 , 2017 . Unlike previous seasons that consisted of ten episodes each , the seventh season consisted of only seven . Like the previous season , it largely consisted of original content not found in George R.R. Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire series , while also incorporating material Martin revealed to showrunners about the upcoming novels in the series . The series was adapted for television by David Benioff and D.B. Weiss . The penultimate season focuses primarily on the convergence of the show 's main plotlines in preparation for the final season . Daenerys Targaryen arrives in Westeros with her army and three dragons and wages war against the Lannisters . Jon Snow forges an alliance with Daenerys in an attempt to unite their forces against the White Walker army . Arya and Bran return to Winterfell and reunite with their sister Sansa . At the end of the season , the Army of the Dead breaches the Wall ( with the help of a reanimated wight dragon ) and finally enters the Seven Kingdoms . HBO ordered the seventh season on April 21 , 2016 , three days before the premiere of the show 's sixth season , and began filming on August 31 , 2016 . The season was filmed primarily in Northern Ireland , Spain , Croatia and Iceland . Game of Thrones features a large ensemble cast , including Peter Dinklage , Nikolaj Coster - Waldau , Lena Headey , Emilia Clarke , and Kit Harington . The season introduces several new cast members , including Jim Broadbent and Tom Hopper . Contents 1 Episodes 2 Cast 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Guest cast 2.2. 1 In the North , including the Wall 2.2. 2 Beyond the Wall 2.2. 3 In the Riverlands 2.2. 4 In King 's Landing 2.2. 5 In Oldtown 2.2. 6 At Dragonstone 2.2. 7 In flashbacks 3 Production 3.1 Crew 3.2 Writing 3.3 Filming 3.4 Casting 3.5 Episodes 3.6 Music 4 Reception 4.1 Critical response 4.2 Ratings 4.3 Accolades 5 Release 5.1 Broadcast 5.2 Marketing 5.3 Home media 5.4 Illegal distribution 6 References 7 External links Episodes See also : List of Game of Thrones episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 61 `` Dragonstone '' Jeremy Podeswa David Benioff & D.B. Weiss July 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 16 ) 10.11 At the Twins , Arya fatally poisons the remaining lords of House Frey . The White Walkers march toward the Wall , where Tollett allows Bran and Meera inside . At Winterfell , despite Sansa 's disapproval , Jon secures the loyalties of Houses Umber and Karstark , who fought alongside Ramsay in the Battle of the Bastards . At the Citadel , Samwell steals books that reveal a large reservoir of dragonglass in Dragonstone , and sends word to Jon . He later finds Jorah in a cell . In the Riverlands , Arya meets a group of friendly Lannister soldiers , who take her intention to kill Cersei as a joke . Thoros shows Sandor a vision in the fire . The revelation leads him to believe in the Lord of Light . In King 's Landing , Jaime tells Cersei of the crucial need for allies . She welcomes Euron , who proposes marriage to her in exchange for his Iron Fleet and a chance to kill Theon and Yara . Cersei declines , citing trust as a concern , so Euron promises to return with a `` gift '' to prove his loyalty . Daenerys arrives at Dragonstone , the home of House Targaryen once occupied by Stannis , with her army and dragons . 62 `` Stormborn '' Mark Mylod Bryan Cogman July 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 23 ) 9.27 Daenerys sends the Dornishmen with Yara 's fleet to Sunspear and the Unsullied to Casterly Rock , deciding to place King 's Landing under siege . She questions Varys ' loyalty and threatens to burn him alive if he ever betrays her . Melisandre arrives and encourages her to invite Jon Snow to Dragonstone . Grey Worm and Missandei consummate their relationship . Cersei gathers several lords , asking for their fealties and elevating Randyll Tarly as Warden of the South . Qyburn shows Cersei a prototype ballista capable of harming dragons . Arya meets with Hot Pie and learns of Jon 's ascension to King in the North , halting plans to travel to King 's Landing and instead setting course for Winterfell . After receiving Samwell 's letter , Jon leaves for Dragonstone in hopes of convincing Daenerys to support the fight against the White Walkers . He leaves Sansa in charge and aggressively warns Littlefinger to keep his distance . Samwell applies a forbidden treatment on Jorah 's greyscale infection . Euron 's fleet attacks Yara 's . Obara and Nymeria are killed , while Ellaria , Tyene , and Yara are captured . Theon shows flashes of his time as Reek , hesitating to challenge Euron before fleeing the carnage by jumping into the sea . 63 `` The Queen 's Justice '' Mark Mylod David Benioff & D.B. Weiss July 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 30 ) 9.25 Jon arrives at Dragonstone . Daenerys demands his fealty . He refuses and focuses instead on convincing her to fight the Army of the Dead . Following Tyrion 's advice , Daenerys grants Jon access to the island 's dragonglass . Melisandre hides her presence from Jon and leaves for Volantis . Bran arrives at Winterfell and reveals his newfound role as the Three - Eyed Raven to Sansa . In King 's Landing , Euron returns with Ellaria and Tyene as a gift for Cersei , who promises to marry him after the war is won . She also awards him co-control of her military alongside Jaime . Cersei administers to Tyene the same poison used to kill Myrcella , forcing Ellaria to watch her daughter 's impending death . In Oldtown , a healed Jorah leaves to find Daenerys . Ebrose forgives Samwell . Grey Worm and the Unsullied attack Casterly Rock , only to find it mostly abandoned . Jaime led most of the Lannister forces in an attack on Highgarden , while Euron 's fleet ambushes and destroys the Unsullied 's ships . The Lannister forces overwhelm Olenna 's army . Jaime induces Olenna to drink poison , offering her a quick and painless death . After drinking it , she confesses to poisoning Joffrey . 64 `` The Spoils of War '' Matt Shakman David Benioff & D.B. Weiss August 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 06 ) 10.17 Arya returns to Winterfell , where she reunites with Sansa and spars with Brienne , both of whom are unnerved by her exceptional fighting skills . Bran unemotionally bids farewell to Meera , divulging that he is no longer the boy she accompanied through the North . Littlefinger presents Bran with the dagger that was previously used in his attempted assassination . Cersei assures the Iron Bank a full return on their investment , as a train carrying gold from Highgarden is on its way to King 's Landing . In a cave filled with dragonglass , Jon reveals ancient paintings to Daenerys depicting the First Men and the Children of the Forest joining forces against the undead . Later , Daenerys learns of the sacking of Highgarden by Lannister forces and realizes her attack on Casterly Rock was a distraction . Despite Tyrion 's protests , she decides to take action . Led by Daenerys riding Drogon , the Dothraki cavalry catches the Lannister army by surprise and decimate or capture its remaining forces . Drogon is wounded during the fight by a spear fired from the scorpion ballista being manned by Bronn . Jaime mounts a desperate charge on horseback at a vulnerable Daenerys , but Drogon spews fire in time to thwart the attack . Bronn tackles Jaime into the river in time to save him . 65 5 `` Eastwatch '' Matt Shakman Dave Hill August 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 13 ) 10.72 Jaime and Bronn return to King 's Landing . Against Tyrion 's advice , Daenerys has Drogon burn Randyll and Dickon Tarly alive for remaining allegiant to Cersei , forcing the other captives to pledge fealty to the former . Jorah arrives at Dragonstone and reunites with Daenerys . Maester Wolkan alerts Jon and the Citadel about the approaching wights to Eastwatch by the Sea . Jon decides to travel beyond the Wall and capture a wight in order to convince Cersei for a temporary alliance . Davos smuggles Tyrion inside King 's Landing , where he secretly meets with Jaime and offers an armistice , which Cersei accepts , informing Jaime that she is pregnant . Davos rendezvous with Gendry and returns him to Dragonstone . With the Citadel ignoring Wolkan 's letter , Samwell steals several books and leaves with Gilly and Little Sam . At Winterfell , Littlefinger notices Arya spying on him and leads her to take a letter written by Sansa from his room . Jon , Jorah , and Gendry , joined by the Hound , the Brotherhood , and a group of the Free Folk led by Tormund , leave Eastwatch and pass the Wall , intending to capture a wight as evidence for Cersei that the Army of the Dead is real . 66 6 `` Beyond the Wall '' Alan Taylor David Benioff & D.B. Weiss August 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 20 ) 10.24 At Winterfell , Littlefinger plots to isolate Sansa . Tensions between Arya and Sansa grow following Arya 's discovery of the letter Sansa sent as a child begging for Robb 's fealty to Joffrey . Sansa discovers Arya 's bag of faces she took from Braavos . At Dragonstone , Tyrion counsels Daenerys about her upcoming negotiations with Cersei . Beyond the Wall , Jon leads a raiding party to capture a wight to bring South as evidence of the White Walkers ' existence . After successfully capturing one , the group is besieged by the White Walker army . Jon has Gendry return to Eastwatch and send a raven to Daenerys to request her help . Thoros freezes to death overnight . Daenerys arrives and saves the group from the wights , with the help of her dragons . The Night King , leader of the White Walkers , throws an ice spear at Viserion , one of Daenerys ' dragons , and kills it . Daenerys flies off , along with the raiding party , but is unable to save Jon . Benjen Stark intervenes and sacrifices himself to allow Jon to escape . When Jon and Daenerys are reunited , Jon pledges himself and the North to Daenerys as Queen . The Night King resurrects Viserion , making the dragon a part of his army . 67 7 `` The Dragon and the Wolf '' Jeremy Podeswa David Benioff & D.B. Weiss August 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 27 ) 12.07 At King 's Landing , the wight is presented to the Lannisters . Cersei demands Jon 's neutrality in the Great War , but he upholds his oath to Daenerys , provoking Cersei to leave . Tyrion meets privately with Cersei , apparently persuading her to ally . Cersei later reveals to Jaime that she was lying and instead intends to use the Golden Company of Braavos to secure her hold on Westeros . Disgusted , Jaime deserts her and rides north . Bound for White Harbor , Jon and Daenerys make love . At Dragonstone , Theon earns the respect of his men and leads them to rescue Yara . At Winterfell , Littlefinger sows dissent using Arya 's threatening demeanor with Sansa , who assembles a trial . After listing Littlefinger 's acts of treason against House Stark and the North , Sansa has Arya execute him . Samwell arrives at Winterfell and meets with Bran , where both discuss Jon 's parentage . They realise Jon is a trueborn Targaryen named Aegon and valid heir to the Iron Throne , with his parents -- Rhaegar Targaryen and Lyanna Stark -- having married in secret . At Eastwatch , the Night King rides the undead dragon Viserion and collapses a section of the Wall with blue dragon fire , allowing the Army of the Dead to march south . Cast See also : List of Game of Thrones characters Peter Dinklage ( Tyrion Lannister ) Nikolaj Coster - Waldau ( Jaime Lannister ) Lena Headey ( Cersei Lannister ) Emilia Clarke ( Daenerys Targaryen ) Kit Harington ( Jon Snow ) Sophie Turner ( Sansa Stark ) Main cast Peter Dinklage as Tyrion Lannister Nikolaj Coster - Waldau as Jaime Lannister Lena Headey as Cersei Lannister Emilia Clarke as Daenerys Targaryen Kit Harington as Jon Snow Aidan Gillen as Petyr `` Littlefinger '' Baelish Liam Cunningham as Davos Seaworth Sophie Turner as Sansa Stark Maisie Williams as Arya Stark Carice van Houten as Melisandre Nathalie Emmanuel as Missandei Indira Varma as Ellaria Sand Alfie Allen as Theon Greyjoy Gwendoline Christie as Brienne of Tarth Conleth Hill as Varys John Bradley as Samwell Tarly Isaac Hempstead Wright as Bran Stark Hannah Murray as Gilly Kristofer Hivju as Tormund Giantsbane Rory McCann as Sandor `` The Hound '' Clegane Jerome Flynn as Bronn Joe Dempsie as Gendry Iain Glen as Jorah Mormont Guest cast The recurring actors listed here are those who appeared in season 7 . They are listed by the region in which they first appear . In the North , including the Wall Richard Dormer as Beric Dondarrion Paul Kaye as Thoros of Myr Ben Crompton as Eddison Tollett Ellie Kendrick as Meera Reed Bella Ramsey as Lyanna Mormont Tim McInnerny as Robett Glover Megan Parkinson as Alys Karstark Daniel Portman as Podrick Payne Richard Rycroft as Maester Wolkan Rupert Vansittart as Yohn Royce Beyond the Wall Vladimir Furdik as the Night King Joseph Mawle as Benjen Stark Neil Fingleton as giant wight Ian Whyte as giant wight In the Riverlands David Bradley as Walder Frey Ben Hawkey as Hot Pie In King 's Landing Pilou Asbæk as Euron Greyjoy Anton Lesser as Qyburn Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson as Gregor Clegane James Faulkner as Randyll Tarly Tom Hopper as Dickon Tarly Mark Gatiss as Tycho Nestoris In Oldtown Jim Broadbent as Archmaester Ebrose At Dragonstone Jacob Anderson as Grey Worm Diana Rigg as Olenna Tyrell Gemma Whelan as Yara Greyjoy Jessica Henwick as Nymeria Sand Rosabell Laurenti Sellers as Tyene Sand Keisha Castle - Hughes as Obara Sand Brendan Cowell as Harrag Staz Nair as Qhono In flashbacks Aisling Franciosi as Lyanna Stark Wilf Scolding as Rhaegar Targaryen Robert Aramayo as Eddard Stark Production Crew Series creators and executive producers David Benioff and D.B. Weiss serve as showrunners for the seventh season . The directors for the seventh season are Jeremy Podeswa ( episodes 1 and 7 ) , Mark Mylod ( episodes 2 and 3 ) , Matt Shakman ( episodes 4 and 5 ) and Alan Taylor ( episode 6 ) . This marks Taylor 's return to the series after an absence since the second season . Shakman is a first - time Game of Thrones director , with the rest each having directed multiple episodes in previous seasons . Michele Clapton returned to the show as costume designer , after spending some time away from the show in the sixth season . She previously worked on the show for the first five seasons , as well as the end of the sixth season . Writing The seventh season contains original material not found in the A Song of Ice and Fire series . Some of the show 's sixth season also consists of material revealed to the writers of the television series during discussions with Martin . Filming The shores of Gaztelugatxe were used as a location for filming Season 7 . Filming began on August 31 , 2016 , at Titanic Studios in Belfast , and ended in February 2017 . In an interview with the showrunners , it was announced that the filming of the seventh season would be delayed until later in the year due to necessary weather conditions for filming . The showrunners stated `` We 're starting a bit later because , you know , at the end of this season , winter is here , and that means that sunny weather does n't really serve our purposes any more . We kind of pushed everything down the line so we could get some grim , gray weather even in the sunnier places that we shoot . '' Girona , Spain did not return as one of the filming locations . Girona stood in for Braavos and parts of King 's Landing . It was later announced that the seventh season would film in Northern Ireland , Spain and Iceland , with filming in Northern Ireland beginning in August 2016 . The series filmed in the Spanish cities Seville , Cáceres , Almodóvar del Río , Santiponce , Zumaia and Bermeo . Spanish sources announced that the series would be filming the seventh season on Muriola Beach in Barrika , Las Atarazanas , the Royal Dockyards of Seville and at the shores of San Juan de Gaztelugatxe , an islet belonging to the city of Bermeo . The series returned to film at The Dark Hedges in Stranocum , which was previously used as the Kingsroad in the second season . Some scenes were filmed in Iceland . Filming also occurred in Dubrovnik , Croatia , which is used for location of King 's Landing . The scene where Arya was reunited with Nymeria was filmed in Alberta , Canada . Casting Deadline reported on June 21 , 2016 , that the five main cast members , Peter Dinklage , Nikolaj Coster - Waldau , Lena Headey , Emilia Clarke , and Kit Harington had been in contract negotiations for the final two seasons . It was reported that the cast members have increased their salary to $500,000 per episode for the seventh and eighth season . It was later reported that the actors had gone through a renegotiation , for which they had increased their salary to $1.1 million per episode for the last two seasons . On August 31 , 2016 , Entertainment Weekly reported that Jim Broadbent had been cast for the seventh season in a `` significant '' role . It was announced that the role of Dickon Tarly has been recast , with Tom Hopper replacing Freddie Stroma , who had previously played the role in `` Blood of My Blood '' . The seventh season sees the return of Mark Gatiss as Tycho Nestoris , who did not appear in the sixth season , Ben Hawkey as Hot Pie , who last appeared in the fourth season , and Joe Dempsie as Gendry , who last appeared in the third season and maintains his status as starring cast member . Members of the British indie pop band Bastille were reported to have filmed cameo appearances . British singer - songwriter Ed Sheeran also makes a cameo appearance in the season . Frontman of American heavy metal band Mastodon , Brent Hinds , has also revealed he would have a cameo appearance . This is Hinds ' second cameo in the series , following his appearance ( along with bandmates Brann Dailor and Bill Kelliher ) in the fifth season . New York Mets baseball pitcher Noah Syndergaard made a background cameo as a javelin - throwing Lannister soldier in `` The Spoils of War . '' Episodes On April 21 , 2016 , HBO officially ordered the seventh season of Game of Thrones , just three days prior to the premiere of the show 's sixth season . In a June 2016 interview with Variety , co-creators David Benioff and D.B. Weiss revealed the seventh season would likely consist of fewer episodes , stating at the time of the interview that they were `` down to our final 13 episodes after this season . We 're heading into the final lap . '' Director Jack Bender , who worked on the show 's sixth season , said that the seventh season would consist of seven episodes . Benioff and Weiss stated that they were unable to produce 10 episodes in the show 's usual 12 to 14 month time frame , as Weiss said `` It 's crossing out of a television schedule into more of a mid-range movie schedule . '' HBO confirmed on July 18 , 2016 , that the seventh season would consist of seven episodes , and would premiere later than usual in mid-2017 because of the later filming schedule . Later it was confirmed that the season would debut on July 16 . The seventh season of the series includes its longest episode , with the finale running for 81 minutes . The penultimate episode also runs for 71 minutes -- around 16 minutes longer than an average Game of Thrones episode . The first five episodes mostly run longer than average ( 55 minutes ) , at 59 , 59 , 63 , 50 , and 59 minutes respectively . The previous longest episode in the series was the sixth - season finale , `` The Winds of Winter '' , which ran for 69 minutes . Music See also : Game of Thrones : Season 7 ( soundtrack ) Ramin Djawadi returned as the composer of the show for the seventh season . Reception Critical response On Metacritic , the season ( based on the first episode ) has a score of 77 out of 100 based on 12 reviews , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . On Rotten Tomatoes , the seventh season has a 94 % approval rating from 46 critics with an average rating of 8.31 out of 10 , and a 92 % average episode score , with the site 's consensus reading , `` After a year - long wait , Game of Thrones roars back with powerful storytelling and a focused interest in its central characters -- particularly the female ones . '' Game of Thrones ( season 7 ) : Critical reception by episode Season 7 ( 2017 ) : Percentage of positive reviews tracked by the website Rotten Tomatoes Ratings See also : Game of Thrones § Viewer numbers The series premiere surpassed 30 million viewers across all of the network 's domestic platforms weeks after its release . The show 's numbers continued to climb in other countries as well . In the UK , the premiere got up to 4.7 million viewers after seven days , setting a new record for Sky Atlantic . Compared to the previous season , HBO Asia saw an increases of between 24 percent to 50 percent . HBO Latin America saw a record viewership in the region , with a 29 percent climb . In Germany , the show went up 210 percent , in Russia it climbed 40 percent and in Italy it saw a 61 percent increase . In the United States , the finale was watched by 12.1 million viewers on its first airing on television , and 16.5 million when viewings on HBO Now and HBO Go apps are included . Over the season , the viewer numbers averaged at over 30 million per episode across all platforms . No . Title Air date Rating ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Dragonstone '' July 16 , 2017 4.7 10.11 1.1 2.62 5.8 12.74 `` Stormborn '' July 23 , 2017 4.3 9.27 1.4 3.08 5.7 12.37 `` The Queen 's Justice '' July 30 , 2017 4.3 9.25 1.1 2.72 5.4 11.97 `` The Spoils of War '' August 6 , 2017 4.6 10.17 1.7 3.76 6.3 13.94 5 `` Eastwatch '' August 13 , 2017 5.0 10.72 1.6 3.67 6.6 14.41 6 `` Beyond the Wall '' August 20 , 2017 4.7 10.24 1.6 3.74 6.3 13.98 7 `` The Dragon and the Wolf '' August 27 , 2017 5.7 12.07 1.4 3.35 7.1 15.44 ^ 1 Live + 7 ratings were not available , so Live + 3 ratings have been used instead . Accolades Main article : List of awards and nominations received by Game of Thrones Year Award Category Nominee ( s ) Result Ref . 2017 American Film Institute Awards 2017 AFI TV Award Game of Thrones Won 2017 American Society of Cinematographers Awards Outstanding Achievement in Cinematography in Regular Series for Non-Commercial Television Robert McLachlan ( for `` The Spoils of War '' ) Nominated Gregory Middleton ( for `` Dragonstone '' ) Nominated IGN Awards Best Action Series Game of Thrones Won Best TV Episode `` The Spoils of War '' Won IGN People 's Choice Award Best Action Series Game of Thrones Won Best TV Episode `` The Spoils of War '' Won Humanitas Prize 60 Minute Network or Syndicated Television David Benioff , D.B. Weiss ( for `` The Dragon and the Wolf '' ) Nominated Hollywood Post Alliance Outstanding Color Grading Joe Finley ( for `` Dragonstone '' ) Nominated Outstanding Editing Tim Porter ( for `` Stormborn '' ) Nominated Jesse Parker ( for `` The Queen 's Justice '' ) Nominated Crispin Green ( for `` Dragonstone '' ) Nominated Outstanding Sound Tim Kimmel , Paula Fairfield , Mathew Waters , Onnalee Blank , Bradley C. Katona , Paul Bercovitch ( for `` The Spoils of War '' ) Nominated 2018 22nd Satellite Awards Best Genre Series Game of Thrones Won 23rd National Television Awards Best Drama Game of Thrones Nominated 8th Critics ' Choice Television Awards Best Drama Series Game of Thrones Nominated Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series Peter Dinklage Nominated Best Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Emilia Clarke Nominated 75th Golden Globe Awards Best Television Series -- Drama Game of Thrones Nominated 24th Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series Game of Thrones Nominated Outstanding Action Performance by a Stunt Ensemble in a Television Series Game of Thrones Won Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Drama Series Peter Dinklage Nominated 60th Annual Grammy Awards Best Score Soundtrack for Visual Media Ramin Djawadi Nominated American Cinema Editors Awards 2018 Best Edited Drama Series for Non-Commercial Television Tim Porter ( for `` Beyond the Wall '' ) Nominated 45th Annie Awards Outstanding Achievement , Character Animation in a Live Action Production Paul Story , Todd Labonte , Matthew Muntean , Cajun Hylton , Georgy Arevshatov ( for `` Beyond the Wall '' ) Nominated Art Directors Guild Awards 2017 One - Hour Single Camera Period Or Fantasy Television Series Deborah Riley ( for `` Dragonstone '' , `` The Queen 's Justice '' , and `` Eastwatch '' ) Won Cinema Audio Society Awards 2017 Outstanding Achievement in Sound Mixing -- Television Series -- One Hour Ronan Hill , Richard Dyer , Onnalee Blank , Mathew Waters , Brett Voss ( for `` Beyond the Wall '' ) Won Costume Designers Guild Awards 2017 Outstanding Fantasy Television Series Michele Clapton Won 70th Directors Guild of America Awards Dramatic Series Jeremy Podeswa ( for `` The Dragon and the Wolf '' ) Nominated Matt Shakman ( for `` The Spoils of War '' ) Nominated Alan Taylor ( for `` Beyond the Wall '' ) Nominated Make - Up Artists and Hair Stylists Guild Best Period and / or Character Makeup -- Television Jane Walker , Nicola Matthews Won Best Period and / or Character Hair Styling -- Television Kevin Alexander , Candice Banks Nominated Best Special Makeup Effects -- Television Barrie Gower , Sarah Gower Won Producers Guild of America Awards 2017 `` The Norman Felton Award for Outstanding Producer of Episodic Television , Drama '' David Benioff , D.B. Weiss , Bernadette Caulfield , Frank Doelger , Carolyn Strauss , Bryan Cogman , Lisa McAtackney , Chris Newman , Greg Spence Nominated Writers Guild of America Awards 2017 Television Drama Series David Benioff , Bryan Cogman , Dave Hill , D.B. Weiss Nominated 16th Visual Effects Society Awards Outstanding Visual Effects in a Photoreal Episode Joe Bauer , Steve Kullback , Chris Baird , David Ramos , Sam Conway ( for `` Beyond the Wall '' ) Won Outstanding Animated Character in an Episode or Real - Time Project Paul Story , Todd Labonte , Matthew Muntean , Nicholas Wilson ( for `` Beyond the Wall '' -- `` Zombie Polar Bear '' ) Nominated Jonathan Symmonds , Thomas Kutschera , Philipp Winterstein , Andreas Krieg ( for `` Eastwatch '' -- `` Drogon Meets Jon '' ) Nominated Murray Stevenson , Jason Snyman , Jenn Taylor , Florian Friedmann ( for `` The Spoils of War '' -- `` Drogon Loot Train Attack '' ) Won Outstanding Created Environment in an Episode , Commercial or Real - Time Project Daniel Villalba , Antonio Lado , José Luis Barreiro , Isaac de la Pompa ( for `` Beyond the Wall '' -- `` Frozen Lake '' ) Won Patrice Poissant , Deak Ferrand , Dominic Daigle , Gabriel Morin ( for `` Eastwatch '' ) Nominated Outstanding Effects Simulations in an Episode , Commercial , or Real - Time Project Manuel Ramírez , Óscar Márquez , Pablo Hernández , David Gacituaga ( for `` Beyond the Wall '' -- `` Frozen Lake '' ) Nominated Thomas Hullin , Dominik Kirouac , Sylvain Nouveau , Nathan Arbuckle ( for `` The Dragon and the Wolf '' -- `` Wall Destruction '' ) Won Outstanding Compositing in a Photoreal Episode Óscar Perea , Santiago Martos , David Esteve , Michael Crane ( for `` Beyond the Wall '' -- `` Frozen Lake '' ) Nominated Thomas Montminy Brodeur , Xavier Fourmond , Reuben Barkataki , Sébastien Raets ( for `` Eastwatch '' ) Nominated Dom Hellier , Thijs Noij , Edwin Holdsworth , Giacomo Matteucci ( for `` The Spoils of War '' -- `` Loot Train Attack '' ) Won Golden Reel Awards Outstanding Achievement in Sound Editing - Episodic Short Form -- Effects / Foley Tim Kimmel , Paula Fairfield , Bradley Katona , Brett Voss and Jeffrey Wilhoit ( for `` The Spoils of War '' ) Won Outstanding Achievement in Sound Editing - Episodic Short Form -- Dialogue / ADR Tim Kimmel , Paul Bercovitch and Tim Hands ( for `` The Spoils of War '' ) Won Outstanding Achievement in Sound Editing - Episodic Short Form -- Music / Musical David Klotz ( for `` Beyond the Wall '' ) Nominated 15th Irish Film & Television Awards Best Television Drama Game of Thrones Won Actor in a Supporting Role -- Television Liam Cunningham Won Aidan Gillen Nominated Best Sound Ronan Hill , Onnalee Blank and Matthew Waters Nominated Best VFX Ed Bruce & Nicholas Murphy Nominated 5th Location Managers Guild Awards Outstanding Locations in a Period Television Series Robert Boake , Matt Jones , Tate Araez Guzman Won 44th Saturn Awards Best Fantasy Television Series Game of Thrones Nominated Best Actress on a Television Series Lena Headey Nominated Best Supporting Actor on a Television Series Kit Harington Nominated Nikolaj Coster - Waldau Nominated 2018 British Academy Television Awards Must - See Moment `` Viserion is Killed by the Night King '' ( for Beyond the Wall ) Nominated 2018 British Academy Television Craft Awards Costume Design Michele Clapton Won Production Design Deborah Riley , Rob Cameron Won Special Award Game of Thrones Won Webby Award Best Overall Social Presence Game of Thrones Won Best Trailer Game of Thrones Won Best Digital Campaign Game of Thrones Won 2018 MTV Movie & TV Awards Best Show Game of Thrones Nominated Best Performance in a Show Maisie Williams Nominated Best Hero Emilia Clarke Nominated 70th Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Drama Series Pending Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series Nikolaj Coster - Waldau Pending Peter Dinklage Pending Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Lena Headey Pending Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series Alan Taylor ( for `` Beyond the Wall '' ) Pending Jeremy Podeswa ( for `` The Dragon and the Wolf '' ) Pending Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series David Benioff and D.B. Weiss ( for `` The Dragon and the Wolf '' ) Pending 70th Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards Outstanding Casting for a Drama Series Nina Gold , Robert Sterne , and Carla Stronge Pending Outstanding Costumes for a Fantasy / Sci - Fi Series Michele Clapton , Alexander Fordham , Emma O'Loughlin , Kate O'Farrell , ( for `` Beyond the Wall '' ) Pending Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series Diana Rigg Pending Outstanding Hairstyling for a Single - Camera Series Kevin Alexander , Candice Banks , Nicola Mount , Rosalia Culora ( for `` The Dragon and the Wolf '' ) Pending Outstanding Make - up for a Single - Camera Series ( Non-Prosthetic ) Jane Walker , Kay Bilk , Marianna Kyriacou , Pamela Smyth , Kate Thompson , Nicola Mathews ( for `` The Dragon and the Wolf '' ) Pending Outstanding Production Design for a Fantasy Program Deborah Riley , Paul Ghirardani , Rob Cameron ( for `` Dragonstone '' ) Pending Outstanding Prosthetic Makeup for a Series Jane Walker , Paul Spateri , Emma Sheffield , Barrie Gower ( for `` Beyond the Wall '' ) Pending Outstanding Single - Camera Picture Editing for a Drama Series Tim Porter ( for Beyond the Wall ) Pending Crispin Green ( for `` The Spoils of War '' ) Pending Katie Weiland ( for `` The Dragon and the Wolf '' ) Pending Outstanding Music Composition for a Series ( Original Dramatic Score ) Ramin Djawadi ( for `` The Dragon and the Wolf '' ) Pending Outstanding Sound Editing for a Comedy or Drama series Tim Kimmel , Paula Fairfield , Tim Hands , Paul Bercovitch , Bradley C. Katona , John Matter , Brett Voss , David Klotz , Jeffrey Wilhoit , Dylan T. Wilhoit ( for `` The Spoils of War '' ) Pending Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Series Onnalee Blank , Mathew Waters , Richard Dyer , Ronan Hill ( for `` Beyond the Wall '' ) Pending Outstanding Special Visual Effects Steve Kullback , Joe Bauer , Adam Chazen , Michelle Blok , Sam Conway , Ted Rae , David Ramos , Wayne Stables , Derek Spears ( for `` Beyond the Wall '' ) Pending Outstanding Stunt Coordination for a Series Rowley Irlam Pending Release Broadcast The season was simulcast around the world by HBO and its broadcast partners in 186 countries . In some countries , it aired the day after its first release . Marketing On July 23 , 2016 , a teaser production trailer was released by HBO at the 2016 San Diego Comic - Con . The trailer mostly consisted of voice overs , and shots of crew members creating sets and props . The first footage from the season was revealed in a new promotional video released by HBO highlighting its new and returning original shows for the coming year on November 28 , 2016 , showcasing Jon Snow , Sansa Stark and Arya Stark . On March 1 , 2017 , HBO and Game of Thrones teamed up with Major League Baseball ( MLB ) for a cross-promotional partnership . At least 19 individual teams participated in this promotion . On March 8 , 2017 , HBO released the first promotional poster for the season ahead of the SXSW Festival in Austin , Texas , which teases the battle of `` ice vs. fire '' . Showrunners Benioff and Weiss also spoke at the event , along with fellow cast members Sophie Turner and Maisie Williams . On March 9 , 2017 , HBO hosted a live stream on the Game of Thrones Facebook page that revealed the premiere date for the seventh season as being July 16 , 2017 . It was accompanied by a teaser trailer . On March 30 , 2017 , the first official promo for the show was released , highlighting the thrones of Daenerys Targaryen , Jon Snow , and Cersei Lannister . On April 20 , 2017 , HBO released 15 official photos shot during the season . On May 22 , 2017 , HBO released several new photos from the new season . On May 23 , 2017 , HBO released the official posters featuring the Night King . The first official trailer for season 7 was released on May 24 , 2017 . The trailer set a world record for being the most viewed show trailer ever , being viewed 61 million times across digital platforms , in the first 24 hours . The second official trailer was released on June 21 , 2017 . The season premiere was screened at the Walt Disney Concert Hall in Los Angeles on July 12 , 2017 . Home media The season was released on Blu - ray and DVD in region 1 on December 12 , 2017 . Illegal distribution The season premiere was pirated 90 million times in the first three days after it aired . On August 4 , 2017 , it was reported that , two days before its original broadcast , the fourth episode of the season was leaked online from Star India , one of HBO 's international network partners . The leaked copy has the `` for internal viewing only '' watermark . On July 31 , 2017 , due to a security breach , HBO was the victim of 1.5 terabytes of stolen data . However , `` this was not related to this episode leak '' , according to The Verge . On August 16 , 2017 , four days before its intended release , it was reported that HBO Spain and HBO Nordic accidentally allowed the sixth episode of the series on - demand viewing for one hour before being removed . Data from piracy monitoring firm MUSO indicates that season seven was pirated more than one billion times mostly by unauthorized streaming , with torrent and direct downloads accounting for about 15 percent of this piracy . On average , each episode is estimated to have been pirated 140 million times , making Game of Thrones the most - pirated television series in 2017 . References Jump up ^ `` HBO Renews Hit Series `` Game of Thrones , '' `` Silicon Valley '' and `` Veep '' for 2017 '' ( Press release ) . HBO . April 21 , 2016 . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2017 . Retrieved April 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Opam , Kwame ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 7 premieres on July 16th '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2017 . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shows A-Z - game of thrones on hbo '' . The Futon Critic . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2017 . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( July 18 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones : HBO announces summer return , 7 episodes '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved July 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` George R.R. Martin revealed 3 huge shocks to Game of Thrones producers '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( July 17 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' scores series - best audience with Season 7 premiere '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2017 . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( July 25 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Phelps vs. Shark ' strong , ' Game of Thrones ' boosts ' Ballers , ' ' Insecure ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2017 . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( August 1 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Rick & Morty ' returns strong , more highs for ' Insecure ' and ' Ballers ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2017 . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( August 8 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Sharknado 5 ' lacks bite , ' Game of Thrones ' hits total - viewer high '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2017 . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( August 15 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' scores another series high '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 15 , 2017 . Retrieved August 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( August 22 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Survivor 's Remorse ' premiere steady , ' Game of Thrones ' down a little '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2017 . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( August 29 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : VMAs hit all - time low opposite ' Game of Thrones ' finale '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 29 , 2017 . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Emmy ( R ) - and Golden Globe - Winning HBO Series `` Game of Thrones '' Returns for Seventh Season July 16 '' ( Press release ) . HBO . July 7 , 2017 . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rodman , Sarah ( July 12 , 2017 ) . `` Gendry 's back ! The lost son of King Baratheon will return during the 7th season of ' Game of Thrones ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2017 . Retrieved July 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kain , Erik ( April 21 , 2017 ) . `` New ' Game Of Thrones ' Photos Hint At Season 7 Clues '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2017 . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones star is delighted to be back at Castle Black '' . The Shield Gazette . October 15 , 2016 . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2016 . Retrieved October 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Bryant , Jacob ( April 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Season 7 : First Photos '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2017 . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cain , Dan ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` PICTURE EXCLUSIVE : Game Of Thrones cast film battle scenes for new series in Northern Ireland ... a day after scooping 12 awards at the Emmys '' . The Daily Mail . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2017 . Retrieved September 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` # WinterIsComing # Belfast # Irishthrones Just a casual walk amongst the green fields of Corbet and i bump into these people ! ! '' . Twitter . September 28 , 2016 . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2017 . Retrieved September 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Megan Parkinson CV '' . Independent Talent . June 22 , 2017 . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pearson , Ben ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` New ' Game of Thrones ' Season 7 Photos and Special Effects Featurette '' . / Film . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` # watchersOTthewall # Irishthrones # Belfast These are a few more sightings of many ! ! Care to work out what the plot might be hehe ? ? '' . Twitter . October 3 , 2016 . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2017 . Retrieved October 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` @ IrishThrones @ WatchersOTWall @ magnificentMR @ GameOfThrones More pics for your theories ! ! '' . Twitter . October 12 , 2016 . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2017 . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Evans , Greg ( June 21 , 2017 ) . `` New Game Of Thrones Season 7 Trailer : ' Fight Every Battle ! ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2017 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Wigler , Josh ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Season 7 Trailer : `` The Great War is Here '' `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Collins , Sean T. ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Season 7 : Everything We Know So Far '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2017 . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hooton , Christopher ( November 18 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 7 spoilers : Tom Hopper lands recast role '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on November 19 , 2016 . Retrieved November 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Busis , Hillary ( April 10 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones : Expect to See a Lot More of Braavos in Season 7 '' . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2017 . Retrieved April 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( August 31 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones casts Jim Broadbent in first season 7 role '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved August 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Collin , Robbie ( April 10 , 2017 ) . `` Jim Broadbent on Game of Thrones , public school , and his ' arrogant , pompous ' Sense Of An Ending role ' '' . Telegraph.co.uk . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2017 . Retrieved April 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vineyard , Jennifer ( July 6 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones ' Gemma Whelan on Yara 's Sexuality and Freezing on Set '' . Vulture . Archived from the original on September 9 , 2016 . Retrieved September 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( June 27 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones : Jessica Henwick 's Sandsnake almost vanished from show '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2017 . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kurp , Josh ( December 15 , 2016 ) . `` Everyone 's Least Favorite ' Game Of Thrones ' Characters Are Returning In Season 7 '' . Uproxx . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2017 . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( June 29 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 7 directors revealed '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Joanna ( June 27 , 2016 ) . `` What We Can Expect from Game of Thrones Season 7 '' . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Noble , Matt ( August 18 , 2015 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' director Jeremy Podeswa dishes Jon Snow death , teases season six ( Exclusive Video ) '' . GoldDerby . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2016 . Retrieved August 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Smith , Oliver ( September 23 , 2016 ) . `` The incredible locations that will star in Game of Thrones season 7 '' . Telegraph . London . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2017 . Retrieved January 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( July 18 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones Season 7 Premiere Pushed to Summer 2017 '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2016 . Retrieved July 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Li , Shirley ( July 22 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones team on season 7 , who should be on Iron Throne '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2016 . Retrieved July 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Riefe , Jordan ( February 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Parodies Proliferate as Filming Wraps on Season 7 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2017 . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( July 6 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones Season 7 Production Delayed '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2016 . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Trivedi , Sachin ( June 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Season 7 : Braavos may not be featured ; Multiple battles near castles '' . International Business Times . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` EMMY ® - AND GOLDEN GLOBE - WINNING HBO SERIES GAME OF THRONES TO BEGIN PRODUCTION ON SEASON SEVEN THIS SUMMER '' ( Press release ) . HBO . July 18 , 2016 . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved July 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ZUMAIA Y ZONA NORTE : '' . Facebook . August 31 , 2016 . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2017 . Retrieved September 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Las Atarazanas será escenario del rodaje de la séptima temporada de ' Juego de Tronos ' '' . El Correoweb . September 6 , 2016 . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2017 . Retrieved September 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Juego de Tronos ' grabará en Trujillo el 18 de noviembre '' . Hoy.es . August 20 , 2016 . Archived from the original on September 2 , 2016 . Retrieved September 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` We have had confirmation that The Dark Hedges at Stranocum in Ireland will be used for # GameOfThrones Season 7 filming this week # KingsRoad '' . Twitter . October 11 , 2016 . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2017 . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( July 18 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones Season 7 '' . Hollywood Reporter . Los Angeles . Archived from the original on December 21 , 2016 . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` EXCLUSIVE -- Game of Thrones is back in Dubrovnik '' . The Dubrovnik Times . December 14 , 2016 . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2017 . Retrieved July 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mertz , Emily ( February 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' was in Banff to film some scenes with wolves '' . Global News . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2017 . Retrieved August 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game Of Thrones ' Stars Set For Potential Season 8 On HBO With Big Raises '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Joanna ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones : Are These Characters `` Safe '' After Renewing Contracts Through Season 8 ? `` . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( November 17 , 2016 ) . `` Robert De Niro 's Making How Much ? ! TV Is Becoming an ATM for Top Talent '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2017 . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hooton , Christopher ( January 23 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 7 : Bastille ' film cameo in battle sequence ' '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on January 25 , 2017 . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Huff , Lauren ( March 12 , 2017 ) . `` Ed Sheeran to Appear in ' Game of Thrones ' Season 7 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2017 . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Toney , Jordan ( March 14 , 2017 ) . `` Mastodon 's Brent Hinds is returning back to ' Game of Thrones ' '' . Alternative Press . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2017 . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hoffman , Benjamin ( August 7 , 2017 ) . `` Noah Syndergaard 's ' Game of Thrones ' Cameo Ends in Fiery Death '' . New York Times . Retrieved July 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( April 21 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones Renewed for Season 7 '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Birnbaum , Debra ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Creators Mull Shorter Final Seasons ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Considering Shorter Final Seasons '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Joanna ( June 1 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones Director Jack Bender Talks Direwolf Deaths , Lost , and Holding That Door '' . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Van Boom , Daniel ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' season 7 finale will be pretty damn long '' . CNET . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2017 . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Season 7 Will Have the Show 's Longest Episode Ever '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2017 . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tassi , Paul ( June 9 , 2017 ) . `` HBO 's ' Game of Thrones ' Season 7 Finale Is Practically Movie - Length '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2017 . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Bill ( January 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game Of Thrones ' Composer Says You 're Not Hearing What You Think You Are '' . The Huffington Post . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2017 . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones - Season 7 Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2017 . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season 7 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Archived from the original on April 30 , 2016 . Retrieved June 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( August 2 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones boom : Ratings hit 30 million viewers '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2017 . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Koblin , John ( August 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Finale Sets Ratings Record '' . New York Times . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones , ' ' Nashville ' and ' Orphan Black ' lead the cable Live + 7 ratings for July 10 -- 16 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 27 , 2017 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones , ' ' Descendants 2 ' make big gains in cable Live + 7 ratings for July 17 -- 23 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2017 . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' rules the cable Live + 3 ratings for July 24 -- 30 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2017 . Retrieved August 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Sinner ' premiere triples in cable Live + 7 ratings for July 31 - Aug. 6 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2017 . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Nashville , ' ' Orphan Black ' finales score in cable Live + 7 ratings for Aug. 7 - 13 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 25 , 2017 . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Sinner ' makes more strong gains in cable Live + 7 ratings for Aug. 14 - 20 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 31 , 2017 . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' finale reaches all - time highs : Cable Live + 7 ratings for Aug. 21 - 27 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2017 . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AFI AWARDS 2017 '' . American Film Institute . 2017 . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tapley , Kristopher ( January 9 , 2018 ) . `` ' Blade Runner , ' ' Mudbound , ' ' Game of Thrones ' Land ASC Cinematography Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2017 '' . IGN. 2017 . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Holloway , Daniel ( January 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones , ' ' Black - ish ' Top Humanitas Prize Finalists '' . Variety . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( November 16 , 2017 ) . `` HPA Awards : ' Dunkirk ' Wins Best Editing in a Feature '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 NOMINEES '' . International Press Academy . Retrieved February 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Rebecca ( January 23 , 2018 ) . `` National Television Awards 2018 winners '' . Metro . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( December 6 , 2017 ) . `` Critics ' Choice Awards 2018 : Netflix , FX 's FEUD Lead TV Nominations '' . TVLine . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rubin , Rebecca ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` Golden Globe Nominations : Complete List '' . Variety . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rubin , Rebecca ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` SAG Award Nominations : Complete List '' . Variety . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sheehan , Paul ( January 28 , 2018 ) . `` 2018 Grammys : Full list of winners at the 60th Grammy Awards ( UPDATING LIVE ) '' . GoldDerby . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( January 26 , 2018 ) . `` Best Edited Drama Series for Non-Commercial Television - Eddie Awards : ' Dunkirk , ' ' I , Tonya ' Top American Cinema Editors ' Honors '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( December 4 , 2017 ) . `` Annie Awards : Disney / Pixar 's ' Coco ' Tops Nominations '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Grobar , Matt ; Petski , Denise ( January 27 , 2018 ) . `` ADG Awards : ' The Shape Of Water ' , ' Blade Runner 2049 ' , ' Logan ' & ' Coco ' Take Film Trophies -- Complete Winners List '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( February 24 , 2018 ) . `` Cinema Audio Society Awards : Sound Mixers Hear ' Dunkirk ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Brockington , Ariana ( February 21 , 2018 ) . `` ' I , Tonya , ' ' The Shape of Water ' Win at 2018 Costume Designers Guild Awards '' . Variety . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` DGA Announces Nominees for Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Television , Commercials and Documentary for 2017 '' . Directors Guild of America . January 10 , 2018 . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( February 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' Darkest Hour ' Tops Makeup Artists and Hair Stylists Guild Awards '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Dupre , Elyse ( January 5 , 2018 ) . `` 2018 Producers Guild Award Nominations : The Full List of Film and TV Nominees '' . E ! News . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Littleton , Cynthia ( December 7 , 2017 ) . `` Writers Guild Award TV Nominations : ' The Americans , ' ' Handmaid 's Tale , ' ' GLOW ' Grab Multiple Mentions '' . Variety . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( February 13 , 2018 ) . `` Visual Effects Society Awards : ' War for the Planet of the Apes ' Wins Big '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( February 18 , 2018 ) . `` Golden Reel Awards : Oscar Nominees ' Blade Runner 2049 , ' ' Dunkirk ' Among Sound Editor Winners '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ifta Awards 2018 : the full list of nominations '' . The Irish Times . January 11 , 2018 . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` IFTAs : Full list of winners as Gabriel Byrne is honoured with Lifetime Achievement Award '' . Irish Independent . February 16 , 2018 . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Caranicas , Peter ( April 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' Dunkirk , ' ' Baby Driver ' Score Motion Picture Wins at LMGI Awards '' . Variety . Retrieved April 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther , ' ' Walking Dead ' Rule Saturn Awards Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Crown ' Battles It Out With ' Black Mirror ' & ' Line Of Duty ' As BAFTA TV Nominations Are Unveiled '' . Deadline Hollywood . April 4 , 2018 . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` BAFTA TV Craft Award Winners Include ' Game Of Thrones ' & ' The Crown ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . April 22 , 2018 . Retrieved April 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Webby Awards : ' Game Of Thrones ' , Lin - Manuel Miranda , Lady Gaga Among Winners '' . Deadline Hollywood . April 24 , 2018 . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ramos , Dino - Ray ( May 3 , 2017 ) . `` MTV Movie & TV Awards : ' Black Panther ' , ' Stranger Things ' Lead Pack In Nominations '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Emmy Awards Nominations '' ( PDF ) . Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . Retrieved July 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Setaro , Shawn ( July 23 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Drops Season 7 Teaser '' . Complex . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2016 . Retrieved July 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Roots , Kiberley ( November 28 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones : Does First Season 7 Footage Hint at Stark Reunion ? '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2016 . Retrieved November 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Vincent , Alice ( November 28 , 2016 ) . `` Starks back on form as Game of Thrones season 7 teaser trailer airs '' . The Daily Telegraph . London , England . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2016 . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lieberman , David ( March 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game Of Thrones ' Teams With Major League Baseball For Cross Promotions '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2017 . Retrieved March 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( March 8 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 7 first poster teases ice vs. fire '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2017 . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roots , Kimberly ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones : Watch the Haunting First Season 7 Teaser Trailer Now '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on March 31 , 2017 . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( April 20 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones first season 7 photos '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on April 21 , 2017 . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones unleashes epic season 7 dragon war photo '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2017 . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roots , Kimberly ( May 23 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones Season 7 : The Night King Is Coming in Eerie New Poster '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2017 . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( May 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game Of Thrones ' Season 7 Trailer Snags 61 Million Views In First 24 Hours , HBO Says '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2017 . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wigler , Josh ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` Inside the ' Game of Thrones ' Season 7 Premiere as HBO Brings Winter to Downtown L.A. '' The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2017 . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones - ' The Complete 7th Season ' Already Planned for DVD and Blu - ray Disc '' . TVShowsOnDVD . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2017 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dornnush , Jonathon ( September 14 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones : Season 7 Blu - Ray , DVD , Digital Download Release Dates , Bonus Features Announced '' . IGN . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2017 . Retrieved September 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Price , Rob ( July 21 , 2017 ) . `` The ' Game of Thrones ' season 7 premiere was pirated a staggering 90 million times '' . Business Insider . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2017 . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( August 4 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones episode 4 leaks online '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2017 . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Plaugic , Lizzie ( July 31 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones script and other HBO episodes reportedly leak online following hack '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2017 . Retrieved August 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Warren , Tom ( August 4 , 2017 ) . `` Latest Game of Thrones episode leaks online before TV broadcast '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2017 . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hooton , Christopher ( August 16 , 2017 ) . `` HBO has accidentally broadcast this week 's Game of Thrones '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2017 . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ernesto ( September 5 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones Season 7 Pirated Over a Billion Times '' . TorrentFreak . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2017 . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Van der Sar , Ernesto ( December 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Most Torrented TV - Show of 2017 '' . TorrentFreak . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . External links Official website -- ( U.S. ) Official website -- ( U.K. ) Game of Thrones -- The Viewers Guide on HBO.com Making Game of Thrones on HBO.com List of Game of Thrones episodes on IMDb List of Game of Thrones episodes at TV.com George R.R. Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire A Game of Thrones ( 1996 ) A Clash of Kings ( 1998 ) A Storm of Swords ( 2000 ) A Feast for Crows ( 2005 ) A Dance with Dragons ( 2011 ) The Winds of Winter ( TBA ) Franchise media Novellas Tales of Dunk and Egg ( 1998 -- 2010 ) The Princess and the Queen ( 2013 ) The Rogue Prince ( 2014 ) The Sons of the Dragon ( 2017 ) TV series Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 Awards Characters Music `` Game of Thrones Theme '' `` The Rains of Castamere '' `` The Bear and the Maiden Fair '' `` Light of the Seven '' Catch the Throne Live Concert Experience Soundtracks Season 1 5 6 7 Title sequence After the Thrones Thronecast Video games A Game of Thrones : Genesis Game of Thrones ( 2012 ) Game of Thrones Ascent Game of Thrones ( 2014 ) Other media The World of Ice & Fire ( 2014 ) Fire and Blood ( 2018 ) Board game Card game ( Second edition ) Comic book series Characters Petyr Baelish Myrcella Baratheon Joffrey Baratheon Renly Baratheon Robert Baratheon Stannis Baratheon Tommen Baratheon Ramsay Bolton Roose Bolton Bronn Gregor Clegane Sandor Clegane Khal Drogo Gendry Tormund Giantsbane Gilly Theon Greyjoy Cersei Lannister Jaime Lannister Tyrion Lannister Tywin Lannister Oberyn Martell Melisandre Missandei Jorah Mormont Daario Naharis Ellaria Sand Davos Seaworth Jon Snow High Sparrow Arya Stark Bran Stark Catelyn Stark Ned Stark Rickon Stark Robb Stark Sansa Stark Daenerys Targaryen Viserys Targaryen Samwell Tarly Brienne of Tarth Margaery Tyrell Olenna Tyrell Varys Ygritte World Languages Dothraki Valyrian Themes Iron Throne White Walker Miscellaneous Fandom Book Category Game of Thrones episodes Seasons : 1 5 6 7 8 Season 7 `` Dragonstone '' `` Stormborn '' `` The Queen 's Justice '' `` The Spoils of War '' `` Eastwatch '' `` Beyond the Wall '' `` The Dragon and the Wolf '' Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Stunt Ensemble in a Television Series 24 , season 6 ( 2007 ) Heroes , season 3 , part I ( 2008 ) 24 , season 7 ( 2009 ) True Blood , season 3 ( 2010 ) Game of Thrones , season 1 ( 2011 ) Game of Thrones , season 2 ( 2012 ) Game of Thrones , season 3 ( 2013 ) Game of Thrones , season 4 ( 2014 ) Game of Thrones , season 5 ( 2015 ) Game of Thrones , season 6 ( 2016 ) Game of Thrones , season 7 ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Game_of_Thrones_(season_7)&oldid=856347498 '' Categories : 2017 American television seasons Game of Thrones Hidden categories : Pages using Timeline Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use mdy dates from July 2018 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from September 2017 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from August 2017 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Official website not in Wikidata Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Languages Azərbaycanca Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Lietuvių Magyar Polski Português Română Русский Suomi Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська 中文 15 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 August 2018 , at 15 : 43 ( UTC ) . 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what kind of currency is used in australia	The Australian dollar ( sign : $ ; code : AUD ) is the currency of the Commonwealth of Australia , including its external territories Christmas Island , Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands , and Norfolk Island , as well as the independent Pacific Island states of Kiribati , Nauru , Papua New Guinea , Tonga , Tuvalu , and Vanuatu . Within Australia , it is almost always abbreviated with the dollar sign ( $ ) , with A $ or AU $ sometimes used to distinguish it from other dollar - denominated currencies . It is subdivided into 100 cents .	The Australian dollar ( sign : $ ; code : AUD )	Australian dollar	australian dollar	$5 , $10 , $20 , $50 ,	$100 Coins 5c , 10c , 20c , 50c , $1 , $2 Demographics Official user ( s ) Australia 7 Australian territories ( show ) Ashmore and Cartier Islands Australian Antarctic Territory Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Coral Sea Islands Heard Island and McDonald Islands Norfolk Island 6 other countries ( show ) Kiribati ( alongside Kiribati dollar ) Nauru Papua New Guinea ( alongside Papua New Guinean kina ) Tonga ( alongside Tongan pa'anga ) Tuvalu ( alongside Tuvaluan dollar ) Vanuatu ( alongside Vanuatu vatu ) Unofficial user ( s ) Botswana Cambodia Gambia New Caledonia ( France ) Zimbabwe Issuance Central bank Reserve Bank of Australia Website www.rba.gov.au Printer Note Printing Australia Website www.noteprinting.com Mint Royal Australian Mint Website www.ramint.gov.au Valuation Inflation 1.3 % ( Australia only ) ( March 2016 Reserve Bank estimate ) Source Reserve Bank of Australia , March 2016 . Pegged by Tuvaluan dollar and Kiribati dollar at par The Australian dollar ( sign : $ ; code : AUD ) is the currency of the Commonwealth of Australia , including its external territories Christmas Island , Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands , and Norfolk Island , as well as the independent Pacific Island states of Kiribati , Nauru , Papua New Guinea , Tonga , Tuvalu , and Vanuatu . Within Australia , it is almost always abbreviated with the dollar sign ( $ ) , with A $ or AU $ sometimes used to distinguish it from other dollar - denominated currencies . It is subdivided into 100 cents . In 2016 , the Australian dollar was the fifth most traded currency in the world , accounting for 6.9 % of the world 's daily share ( down from 8.6 % in 2013 ) . It trades in the world foreign exchange markets behind the US dollar , the euro , the yen and the pound sterling . The Australian dollar is popular with currency traders , because of the comparatively high interest rates in Australia , the relative freedom of the foreign exchange market from government intervention , the general stability of Australia 's economy and political system , and the prevailing view that the Australian dollar offers diversification benefits in a portfolio containing the major world currencies , especially because of its greater exposure to Asian economies and the commodities cycle . The currency is commonly referred to by foreign - exchange traders as the `` Aussie dollar '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Coins 3 Banknotes 3.1 First series 3.2 Polymer series 3.3 New Polymer series 4 Value 5 Exchange rate policies 6 Design and denominations 6.1 Australian currency tactile feature 6.2 Current exchange rates 7 See also 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) Further information : Economy of Australia The former $5 Australian note The $10 Australian note , as of 20 September 2017 The former $10 Australian note $20 Australian note $50 Australian note $100 Australian note With pounds , shillings and pence to be replaced by decimal currency on 14 February 1966 , many names for the new currency were suggested . In 1963 , Prime Minister , Sir Robert Menzies , a monarchist , wished to name the currency the royal . Other proposed names from a public naming competition included more exotic suggestions such as the austral , the oz , the boomer , the roo , the kanga , the emu , the koala , the digger , the zac , the kwid , the dinkum , and the ming ( Menzies ' nickname ) . Menzies ' influence resulted in the selection of the royal , and trial designs were prepared and printed by the Reserve Bank of Australia . Australian treasurer and future Prime Minister , Harold Holt , announced the decision in Parliament on 5 June 1963 . The royal would be subdivided into 100 cents , but the existing names shilling , florin and crown would be retained for the 10 - cent , 20 - cent and 50 - cent coins respectively . The name royal for the currency proved very unpopular , with Holt and his wife even receiving death threats . On 24 July Holt told the Cabinet the decision had been a `` terrible mistake '' and it would need to be revisited . On 18 September Holt advised Parliament that the name was to be the dollar , of 100 cents . The Australian pound , introduced in 1910 and officially distinct in value from the pound sterling since devaluation in 1931 , was replaced by the dollar on 14 February 1966 . The rate of conversion for the new decimal currency was two dollars per Australian pound , or ten Australian shillings per dollar . The exchange rate was pegged to the pound sterling at a rate of $1 = 8 shillings ( $2.50 = UK £ 1 ) . In 1967 , Australia effectively left the sterling area , when the pound sterling was devalued against the US dollar and the Australian dollar did not follow . It maintained its peg to the US dollar at the rate of A $1 = US $1.12 . On 27 September 2012 , the Reserve Bank of Australia stated that it had ordered work on a project to upgrade the current banknotes . The upgraded banknotes would incorporate a number of new future proof security features and include Braille dots for ease of use of the visually impaired . The first new banknotes ( of the five dollar denomination ) were issued from 1 September 2016 , with the remaining denominations to be issued in the coming years . Coins ( edit ) Main article : Coins of the Australian dollar In 1966 , coins were introduced in denominations of 1 , 2 , 5 , 10 , 20 and 50 cents . The initial 50 - cent coins contained 80 % silver and were withdrawn after a year when the intrinsic value of the silver content was found to considerably exceed the face value of the coins . One - dollar coins were introduced in 1984 , followed by two - dollar coins in 1988 to replace the banknotes of that value , while the one - and two - cent coins were discontinued in 1991 and withdrawn from circulation . In commemoration of the 40th anniversary of decimal currency , the 2006 mint proof and uncirculated sets included one - and two - cent coins . In early 2013 , Australia 's first triangular coin was introduced to mark the 25th anniversary of the opening of Parliament House . The silver $5 coin is 99.9 % silver , and depicts Parliament House as viewed from one of its courtyards . Cash transactions are rounded to the nearest five cents . As with most public changes to currency systems , there has been a great amount of seignorage of the discontinued coins . All coins portray the reigning Australian Sovereign , Queen Elizabeth II , on the obverse , and are produced by the Royal Australian Mint . Australia has regularly issued commemorative 50 - cent coins . The first was in 1970 , commemorating James Cook 's exploration along the east coast of the Australian continent , followed in 1977 by a coin for Queen Elizabeth II 's Silver Jubilee , the wedding of Charles , Prince of Wales and Lady Diana Spencer in 1981 , the Brisbane Commonwealth Games in 1982 , and the Australian Bicentenary in 1988 . Issues expanded into greater numbers in the 1990s and the 21st century , responding to collector demand . Australia has also made special issues of 20 - cent , one - dollar and two - dollar coins . Current Australian 5 - , 10 - and 20 - cent coins are identical in size to the former Australian , New Zealand , and British sixpence , shilling , and two shilling ( florin ) coins . In 1990 , the UK replaced these coins with smaller versions , as did New Zealand in 2006 -- at the same time discontinuing the five - cent coin . With a mass of 15.55 grams ( 0.549 oz ) and a diameter of 31.51 millimetres ( 1 ⁄ in ) , the Australian 50 - cent coin is one of the largest coins used in the world today . In circulation , the old New Zealand 5 - , 10 - and 20 - cent coins were often mistaken for Australian coins of the same value , owing to their identical size and shape . Until the size of the New Zealand coins was changed in 2004 , Australian coins below the dollar in value were in circulation in both countries . Still , some confusion occurs with the larger - denomination coins in the two countries ; Australia 's $1 coin is similar in size to New Zealand 's $2 coin , and the New Zealand $1 coin is similar in size to Australia 's $2 coin . As a result , Australian coins are occasionally found in New Zealand and vice versa . Banknotes ( edit ) Main article : Banknotes of the Australian dollar First series ( edit ) The first paper issues of the Australian dollar were issued in 1966 . The $1 , $2 , $10 and $20 notes had exact equivalents in the former pound banknotes . The $5 note was issued in 1967 , the $50 note was issued in 1973 and the $100 was issued in 1984 . Polymer series ( edit ) The first polymer banknotes were issued in 1988 by the Reserve Bank of Australia , specifically polypropylene polymer banknotes ( produced by Note Printing Australia ) , to commemorate the bicentenary of European settlement in Australia . All Australian notes are now made of polymer . Australia was the first country to develop and use polymer banknotes . New polymer series ( edit ) A new series of banknotes is being introduced , starting with the $5 note from 1 September 2016 . A new $10 banknote has been released into circulation from September 20 , 2017 . A new $50 note will be coming out in late 2018 . Value ( edit ) Most traded currencies by value Currency distribution of global foreign exchange market turnover Rank Currency ISO 4217 code ( symbol ) % daily share ( April 2016 ) United States dollar USD ( US $ ) 87.6 % Euro EUR ( € ) 31.4 % Japanese yen JPY ( ¥ ) 21.6 % Pound sterling GBP ( £ ) 12.8 % 5 Australian dollar AUD ( A $ ) 6.9 % 6 Canadian dollar CAD ( C $ ) 5.1 % 7 Swiss franc CHF ( Fr ) 4.8 % 8 Renminbi CNY ( 元 ) 4.0 % 9 Swedish krona SEK ( kr ) 2.2 % 10 New Zealand dollar NZD ( NZ $ ) 2.1 % 11 Mexican peso MXN ( $ ) 1.9 % 12 Singapore dollar SGD ( S $ ) 1.8 % 13 Hong Kong dollar HKD ( HK $ ) 1.7 % 14 Norwegian krone NOK ( kr ) 1.7 % 15 South Korean won KRW ( ₩ ) 1.7 % 16 Turkish lira TRY ( ₺ ) 1.4 % 17 Russian ruble RUB ( ₽ ) 1.1 % 18 Indian rupee INR ( ₹ ) 1.1 % 19 Brazilian real BRL ( R $ ) 1.0 % 20 South African rand ZAR ( R ) 1.0 % Other 7.1 % Total 200.0 % The cost of one Euro in Australian Dollar . In 1966 , when the dollar was introduced , the international currency relationships were maintained under the Bretton Woods system , a fixed exchange rate system using a U.S. dollar standard . The Australian dollar , however , was effectively pegged to the British pound at an equivalent value of approximately 1 gram of gold . The highest valuation of the Australian dollar relative to the U.S. dollar was during the period of the peg to the U.S. dollar . On 9 September 1973 , the peg was adjusted to US $1.4875 , the fluctuation limits being changed to US $1.485 -- US $1.490 ; on both 7 December 1973 and 10 December 1973 , the noon buying rate in New York City for cable transfers payable in foreign currencies reached its highest point of 1.4885 U.S. dollars to one dollar . On 12 December 1983 , the dollar was floated , allowing its value to fluctuate dependent on supply and demand on international money markets . The decision was made on 8 December 1983 and announced on 9 December 1983 . In the two decades that followed , its highest value relative to the US dollar was $0.881 in December 1988 . The lowest ever value of the dollar after it was floated was 47.75 US cents in April 2001 . It returned to above 96 US cents in June 2008 , and reached 98.49 later that year . Although the value of the dollar fell significantly from this high towards the end of 2008 , it gradually recovered in 2009 to 94 US cents . On 15 October 2010 , the dollar reached parity with the US dollar for the first time since becoming a freely traded currency , trading above US $1 for a few seconds . The currency then traded above parity for a sustained period of several days in November , and fluctuated around that mark into 2011 . On 27 July 2011 , the dollar hit a record high since floating . It traded at a $1.1080 against the US dollar . Some commentators speculated that the value of the dollar in 2011 was related to Europe 's sovereign debt crisis , and Australia 's strong ties with material importers in Asia and in particular China . Economists posit that commodity prices are the dominant driver of the Australian dollar , and this means changes in exchange rates of the Australian dollar occur in ways opposite to many other currencies . For decades , Australia 's balance of trade has depended primarily upon commodity exports such as minerals and agricultural products . This means the Australian dollar varies significantly during the business cycle , rallying during global booms as Australia exports raw materials , and falling during recessions as mineral prices slump or when domestic spending overshadows the export earnings outlook . This movement is in the opposite direction to other reserve currencies , which tend to be stronger during market slumps as traders move value from falling stocks into cash . The Australian dollar is a reserve currency and one of the most traded currencies in the world . Other factors in its popularity include a relative lack of central bank intervention , and general stability of the Australian economy and government . In January 2011 at the World Economic Forum in Davos , Switzerland , Alexey Ulyukaev announced that the Central Bank of Russia would begin keeping Australian dollar reserves . Exchange rate policies ( edit ) Play media 1983 ABC news report on the first day of trading with a floating Dollar . Prior to 1983 , Australia maintained a fixed exchange rate . The first peg was between the Australian and British pounds , initially at par , and later at 0.8 GBP ( 16 shillings sterling ) . This reflected its historical ties as well as a view about the stability in value of the British pound . From 1946 to 1971 , Australia maintained a peg under the Bretton Woods system , a fixed exchange rate system that pegged the U.S. dollar to gold , but the Australian dollar was effectively pegged to sterling until 1967 . With the breakdown of the Bretton Woods system in 1971 , Australia converted the traditional peg to a fluctuating rate against the US dollar . In September 1974 , Australia valued the dollar against a basket of currencies called the trade weighted index ( TWI ) in an effort to reduce the fluctuations associated with its tie to the US dollar . The daily TWI valuation was changed in November 1976 to a periodically adjusted valuation . On 12 December 1983 , the Australian Labor government led by Prime Minister Bob Hawke and Treasurer Paul Keating floated the dollar , with the exchange rate reflecting the balance of payments and other market drivers . Design and denominations ( edit ) Australia was the first country in the world to have a complete system of banknotes made from plastic ( polymer ) . These notes provide much greater security against counterfeiting . The polymer notes are cleaner than paper notes , are more durable and easily recyclable . Australia 's currency comprises coins of 5 , 10 , 20 and 50 cent and one and two dollar denominations ; and notes of 5 , 10 , 20 , 50 and 100 dollar denominations . Many forms of currency were used in the Australian colonies after the arrival of the first European settlers in 1788 . In the rough early conditions barter was necessary , and payment in commodities like rum sometimes replaced money in transactions . Some of the first official notes used in Australia were Police Fund Notes , issued by the Bank of New South Wales in 1816 . After 1901 , when the Australian colonies federated into a single Commonwealth , the federal government became responsible for the currency . The Bank Notes Tax Act 1910 effectively brought private and state currencies to an end . In 1913 the first series of Australian notes was issued , based on the old British system of 12 pence to a shilling , 20 shillings to a pound . In 1963 , Australia initiated the change to decimal currency . More than 1000 submissions were made about the name of the new currency unit . The Prime Minister of the day , Sir Robert Menzies , proposed the ' royal ' . The ' dollar ' was eventually chosen as the name , and decimal currency was introduced on 14 February 1966 . Shortly after the changeover , substantial counterfeiting of $10 notes was detected . This provided an impetus for the Reserve Bank of Australia to develop new note technologies jointly with the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation . The revolutionary polymer notes were first introduced in 1988 with the issue of a commemorative $10 note , marking Australia 's bicentenary by featuring the theme of settlement . The note depicted on one side a young male Aboriginal person in body paint , with other elements of Aboriginal culture . On the reverse side was the ship Supply from the First Fleet , with a background of Sydney Cove , as well as a group of people to illustrate the diverse backgrounds from which Australia has evolved over 200 years . The $100 note features world - renowned soprano Dame Nellie Melba ( 1861 -- 1931 ) , and the distinguished soldier , engineer and administrator General Sir John Monash ( 1865 -- 1931 ) . The $50 note features Aboriginal writer and inventor David Unaipon ( 1872 -- 1967 ) , and Australia 's first female parliamentarian , Edith Cowan ( 1861 -- 1932 ) . The $20 note features the founder of the world 's first aerial medical service ( the Royal Flying Doctor Service of Australia ) , the Reverend John Flynn ( 1880 -- 1951 ) , and Mary Reibey ( 1777 -- 1855 ) , who arrived in Australia as a convict in 1792 and went on to become a successful shipping magnate and philanthropist . The $10 note features the poets AB `` Banjo '' Paterson ( 1864 -- 1941 ) and Dame Mary Gilmore ( 1865 -- 1962 ) . This note incorporates micro-printed excerpts of Paterson 's and Gilmore 's work . On 17 February , the Reserve Bank revealed the design of the new $10 banknote . The $5 note features Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II and Parliament House , Canberra , the national capital . ( Note that a special centenary issue of the $5 note featured Sir Henry Parkes and Catherine Helen Spence in 2001 . ) In 2015 - 2016 there was a petition to feature Fred Hollows on a new $5 note , the outcome of this campaign is yet to be announced . On 11 February 2016 it was announced that on 1 September 2016 a new $5 banknote would be released featuring a depiction of native Australian wattle and bird . On 12 April , the design of the new $5 banknote was released . Polymer note technology was developed by Australia , and Australia prints polymer banknotes for a number of other countries . In 1988 , Australia introduced its first polymer bank note and in 1996 , Australia became the first country in the world to have a complete series of polymer notes . Australia 's notes are printed by Note Printing Australia , a wholly owned subsidiary of the Reserve Bank of Australia . Note Printing Australia prints polymer notes or simply supplies the polymer substrate for a growing number of other countries including Bangladesh , Brunei , Chile , Indonesia , Kuwait , Malaysia , Mexico , Nepal , New Zealand , Papua New Guinea , Romania , Samoa , Singapore , Solomon Islands , Sri Lanka , Thailand and Vietnam . Many other countries are showing a strong interest in the new technology . All Australian coins depict Queen Elizabeth II on the obverse , with different images on the reverse of each coin . The $2 coin , which replaced the paper two dollar note in 1988 , depicts an Aboriginal tribal elder set against a background of the Southern Cross and native grasstrees . ( Designed by Horst Hahne ) The $1 coin , which replaced the paper $1 note in 1984 , depicts five kangaroos . ( Designed by Stuart Devlin ) The 50 cent coin carries the coat of arms of Australia : the six state badges on a central shield supported by a kangaroo and an emu , with a background of golden wattle , Australia 's floral emblem ( Designed by Stuart Devlin ) The 20 cent coin carries a platypus , one of only two egg - laying mammals in the world . It has webbed feet and a duck - like bill that it uses to hunt for food along the bottom of streams and rivers . ( Designed by Stuart Devlin ) The 10 cent coin features a male lyrebird dancing . A clever mimic , the lyrebird inhabits the dense , damp forests of Australia 's eastern coast . ( Designed by Stuart Devlin ) The 5 cent coin depicts an echidna , or spiny anteater , the world 's only other egg - laying mammal . ( Designed by Stuart Devlin ) The 2 cent coin ( withdrawn from circulation since 1992 ) depicted a frilled lizard . ( Designed by Stuart Devlin ) The 1 cent coin ( withdrawn from circulation since 1992 ) depicted a feather tailed glider ( Designed by Stuart Devlin ) The 5 , 10 , 20 and 50 cent coins are made of cupronickel ( 75 percent copper and 25 percent nickel ) . The one and two dollar coins are made of aluminium bronze ( 92 percent copper , 6 per cent aluminium and 2 per cent nickel ) . The two dollar , one dollar , 50 and 20 cent circulating coins occasionally feature commemorative designs . Australia 's coins are produced by the Royal Australian Mint , which is located in the nation 's capital , Canberra . Since opening in 1965 , the Mint has produced more than 14 billion circulating coins , and has the capacity to produce more than two million coins per day , or more than 600 million coins per year . The Royal Australian Mint has an international reputation for producing quality numismatic coins , and won an international award for ' Best Silver Coin 2006 ' for its Silver Kangaroo coin design . Australian currency tactile feature ( edit ) In early 2015 the Reserve Bank of Australia announced that a tactile feature will be added to all new notes . The tactile feature is an embossed feature to assist the vision - impaired in identifying the denomination . A similar feature is used on the Canadian currency . Current exchange rates ( edit ) Current AUD exchange rates From Google Finance : CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD CNY INR From Yahoo ! Finance : CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD CNY INR From XE : CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD CNY INR From OANDA : CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD CNY INR From fxtop.com : CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD CNY INR See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Coins of Australia and Banknotes of Australia . Banking in Australia Brass razoo Coins of Australia Economy of Australia Note Printing Australia Section 51 ( xii ) of the Constitution of Australia References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Alongside Zimbabwean dollar ( suspended indefinitely from 12 April 2009 ) , Pound sterling , Euro , US Dollar , South African rand , Botswana pula , Indian rupee , Chinese yuan , and Japanese yen ( 1 ) . The U.S. Dollar has been adopted as the official currency for all government transactions . Jump up ^ McGovern , Gerry ; Norton , Rob ; O'Dowd , Catherine ( 2002 ) . The Web content style guide : an essential reference for online writers ... FT Press . p. 104 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 273 - 65605 - 0 . Retrieved 30 July 2010 . Jump up ^ The Canadian Style . Dundurn Press / Translation Bureau . 1997 . ISBN 1 - 55002 - 276 - 8 . Retrieved 30 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Jeff Desjardins ( 29 December 2016 ) . `` Here are the most traded currencies in 2016 '' . Business Insider . Retrieved 30 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Triennial Central Bank Survey Foreign exchange turnover in April 2016 '' ( PDF ) . Triennial Central Bank Survey . Basel , Switzerland : Bank for International Settlements. 11 December 2016 . p. 7 . Retrieved 22 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Yeates , Clancy ( 2 September 2010 ) . `` Aussie now fifth most traded currency '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 19 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Richard Hughes , `` Holt 's folly : one royal we rejected '' , Sydney Morning Herald , 5 June 2013 . Retrieved 21 December 2017 Jump up ^ `` The Royal Controversy '' . Reserve Bank of Australia Museum . Reserve Bank of Australia . Retrieved 31 December 2015 . Jump up ^ The Age , 5 June 2013 , Money , p. 8 Jump up ^ `` Banknotes of the 1930s '' . Reserve Bank of Australia Museum . Reserve Bank of Australia . Retrieved 31 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Introducing the New Decimal Banknotes '' . Reserve Bank of Australia Museum . Reserve Bank of Australia . Retrieved 31 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Media Release : R.B.A. : Upgrading Australia 's Banknotes http://www.rba.gov.au/media-releases/2012/mr-12-27.html Jump up ^ The Next Generation Banknote Project http://www.rba.gov.au/publications/bulletin/2014/mar/1.html Jump up ^ ABC News Triangular coin celebrates Parliament House 's birthday http://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-05-09/first-triangular-coin-celebrates-parliament-birthday/4679654 Jump up ^ History of Banknotes http://banknotes.rba.gov.au/australias-banknotes/history/ Jump up ^ `` Wi - fi , dual - flush loos and eight more Australian inventions '' . BBC News . 8 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Next Generation of Banknotes : $5 Banknote Design Reveal '' . Reserve Bank of Australia . 12 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Next Generation of Banknotes : $10 Design Reveal '' . Reserve Bank of Australia . February 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ The total sum is 200 % because each currency trade always involves a currency pair . Jump up ^ World Currency Yearbook , 1984 . p. 75 . ISBN 0 - 917645 - 00 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. / Australia Foreign Exchange Rate '' . Retrieved 26 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 20 years since Aussie dollar floated '' . Australian Broadcasting Corporation . 8 December 2003 . Archived from the original on 11 October 2010 . Retrieved 14 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Global risk weighs on Howard 's agenda '' . CNN . 12 November 2001 . Retrieved 14 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Dollar Falls Before RBA Meeting : New Zealand 's Drops '' . Bloomberg. 30 June 2008 . Retrieved 14 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Dollar hits parity vs US dollar '' . Reuters. 15 October 2010 . Archived from the original on 18 October 2010 . Retrieved 15 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Davis , Bradley ( 4 November 2010 ) . `` Dollar hits new post-float high after US central bank move '' . The Australian . Archived from the original on 22 January 2011 . Retrieved 25 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` AUD / USD Slides After Topping 1.10 Level -- Westpac '' . Retrieved 2 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Sky News : Aussie dollar hits new highs '' . Sky News . 28 March 2011 . Retrieved 19 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Westpac Market Insights March 2011 '' ( PDF ) . Westpac . p. 4 . Jump up ^ Dorsch , Gary ( 14 Feb 2006 ) . `` Analyzing the Dollar -- Up , Down , and Under '' . SafeHaven.com . Jump up ^ `` Russia to Keep Dollar Reserves From February '' . Davos , Switzerland : RIA Novosti. 26 January 2012 . Retrieved 27 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1350.0 -- Australian Economic Indicators , Mar 1998 '' . Australian Bureau of Statistics . 8 December 2006 . Retrieved 19 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Other Banknotes http://banknotes.rba.gov.au/australias-banknotes/other-banknotes/ Jump up ^ $100 Banknote http://banknotes.rba.gov.au/australias-banknotes/banknotes-in-circulation/hundred-dollar/ Jump up ^ $50 Banknote http://banknotes.rba.gov.au/australias-banknotes/banknotes-in-circulation/fifty-dollar/ Jump up ^ $20 Banknote http://banknotes.rba.gov.au/australias-banknotes/banknotes-in-circulation/twenty-dollar/ Jump up ^ $10 Banknote http://banknotes.rba.gov.au/australias-banknotes/banknotes-in-circulation/ten-dollar/ Jump up ^ Australia , scheme = AGLSTERMS. AglsAgent ; corporateName = Reserve Bank of . `` Next Generation of Banknotes : $10 Design Reveal '' . Reserve Bank of Australia . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 30 . Jump up ^ $5 Banknote http://banknotes.rba.gov.au/australias-banknotes/banknotes-in-circulation/five-dollar/ Jump up ^ `` Fred Hollows for Aussie fiver ? '' . Stuff . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ Australia , scheme = AGLSTERMS. AglsAgent ; corporateName = Reserve Bank of . `` Next Generation of Banknotes : Issuance Date for the New $5 Banknote Media Releases '' . www.rba.gov.au . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ Australia , scheme = AGLSTERMS. AglsAgent ; corporateName = Reserve Bank of . `` Next Generation of Banknotes : $5 Banknote Design Reveal '' . Reserve Bank of Australia . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Paying with Polymer : Developing Canada 's New Bank Notes '' ( PDF ) . Bank of Canada . 20 June 2011 . p. 4 . Retrieved 12 Aug 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Next Generation Banknotes : Additional Feature for the Vision Impaired '' . www.rba.gov.au ( Press release ) . Media Office - Reserve Bank of Australia . 13 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Haxton , Nance ( 19 February 2015 ) . `` RBA to introduce tactile banknotes after 13yo blind boy Connor McLeod campaigns for change '' . ABC . Retrieved 19 February 2015 . Notes Krause , Chester L. ; Clifford Mishler ( 1991 ) . Standard Catalog of World Coins : 1801 -- 1991 ( 18th ed . ) . Krause Publications . ISBN 0873411501 . Pick , Albert ( 1994 ) . Standard Catalog of World Paper Money : General Issues . Colin R. Bruce II and Neil Shafer ( editors ) ( 7th ed . ) . Krause Publications . ISBN 0 - 87341 - 207 - 9 . External links ( edit ) Sound recording of 1966 Decimal Currency radio advertisement held at the National Archives of Australia Reserve Bank of Australia : Current Banknotes The Perth Mint is Australia 's precious metals mint , making non-circulating / collector coins in silver , gold , and platinum . Note Printing Australia is the printer of Australia 's notes , and also inventor of the abovementioned polymer banknotes , and world exporter of this technology . The Money Tracker site allows users to track Australian banknotes as they circulate around Australia . Images of historic and modern Australian bank notes Reserve Bank of Australia -- daily value of AUD against 13 currencies , special drawing right and trade weighted index http://www.forexuklv.net/Major_Currency_Pairs/Chart_25.html - historical exchange rates of AUD / USD ( from the year 1800 to present time ) . http://www.forexuklv.net/Major_Currency_Pairs/Chart_03.html - historical chart of AUD / USD ( from the year 1800 to present time ) . The banknotes of Australia ( ( in English ) ) ( ( in German ) ) Preceded by : Australian pound Reason : decimalisation Ratio : 2 dollars = 1 pound Currency of Australia , Christmas Island , Cocos Islands , Norfolk Island , Nauru , Kiribati , Tuvalu 1966 -- Succeeded by : Current Preceded by : New Guinea pound Reason : decimalisation Ratio : 2 dollars = 1 pound Currency of Papua New Guinea 1966 -- 1975 Succeeded by : Papua New Guinean kina Preceded by : Australian pound Reason : decimalisation Ratio : 2 dollars = 1 pound Currency of Solomon Islands 1966 -- 1977 Succeeded by : Solomon Islands dollar hide Australian currency Decimal coins 1c 2c 5c 10c 20c 50c ( round ) $1 $2 Coins of the $ Commemorative coins Decimal notes $1 $2 $5 $10 $20 $50 $100 Banknotes of the $ Pre-decimal coins ⁄ d 1d 3d 6d 1s 2s 5s Pre - £ coins Coins of the £ Pre-decimal notes 5s 10s £ 1 £ 5 £ 10 £ 20 £ 50 £ 100 £ 1000 Mints Sydney Mint ( 1855 -- 1926 ) Melbourne Mint ( 1872 -- 1967 ) Perth Mint ( 1899 -- ) Royal Australian Mint ( 1965 -- ) Topics Australian dollar Australian pound ( obsolete ) Banknotes of the Australian pound ( obsolete ) Note Printing Australia Pound sterling ( obsolete ) Reserve Bank of Australia Currencies named dollar or similar Circulating Australian dollar Bahamian dollar Barbadian dollar Belize dollar Bermudian dollar Brunei dollar Canadian dollar Cayman Islands dollar Cook Islands dollar Eastern Caribbean dollar Fijian dollar Guyanese dollar Hong Kong dollar Jamaican dollar Kiribati dollar Liberian dollar Namibian dollar New Zealand dollar Samoan tālā Singapore dollar Solomon Islands dollar Surinamese dollar New Taiwan dollar Trinidad and Tobago dollar Tuvaluan dollar United States dollar Circulating , but renamed Chinese yuan Ethiopian birr Malaysian ringgit Obsolete Antigua dollar British Columbia dollar British North Borneo dollar British West Indies dollar Ceylonese rixdollar Confederate States dollar Continental dollar Danish rigsdaler Danish West Indian daler Danish West Indian rigsdaler Dominican dollar Dutch rijksdaalder Greenlandic rigsdaler Grenadan dollar Hawaiian dollar Japanese occupation dollar Kiautschou dollar Malaya and British Borneo dollar Malayan dollar Mauritian dollar Mongolian dollar Nevisian dollar New Brunswick dollar Newfoundland dollar Norwegian rigsdaler Norwegian speciedaler Nova Scotian dollar Penang dollar Prince Edward Island dollar Puerto Rican dollar Rhodesian dollar Saint Kitts dollar Saint Lucia dollar Saint Vincent dollar Sarawak dollar Sierra Leonean dollar Slovenian tolar Spanish dollar Straits dollar Sumatran dollar Swedish riksdaler Old Taiwan dollar Texas dollar Trinidadian dollar Tobagan dollar Zimbabwean dollar Noncirculating Marshall Islands dollar Nauru dollar Niue dollar Palau dollar Pitcairn Islands dollar Conceptual Eurodollar Petrodollar Geary -- Khamis dollar Virtual Linden dollar Project Entropia Dollar Fictional Angus Bucks Private Antarctican dollar Arizona dollar Calgary dollar Canadian Tire money Disney dollar Liberty dollar Salt Spring dollar Toronto dollar Bristol Pound See also Dollar sign Half dollar Holey dollar Thaler Tolar Trade dollar Zimbabwean bond coins Zimbabwean bond notes Currencies of Oceania Australia Australian dollar ( Norfolk Island ) Melanesia CFP franc ( New Caledonia ) Fijian dollar Papua New Guinean kina Solomon Islands dollar Vanuatu vatu Micronesia Australian dollar ( Kiribati , Nauru ) Kiribati dollar U.S. dollar ( Guam , Federated States of Micronesia , Marshall Islands , Northern Mariana Islands , Palau , United States Minor Outlying Islands ) Polynesia Australian dollar ( Tuvalu ) CFP franc ( French Polynesia , Wallis and Futuna ) Chilean peso ( Easter Island ) Cook Islands dollar New Zealand dollar ( Cook Islands , Niue , Pitcairn Islands , Tokelau ) Pitcairn Islands dollar Samoan tālā Tongan paʻanga Tuvaluan dollar U.S. dollar ( American Samoa , Hawaii ) Australia articles History Timeline Bibliography Prehistory Archaeology European Exploration Territorial evolution 1788 -- 1850 1851 -- 1900 1901 -- 1945 Since 1945 By topic Constitutional Diplomatic Economic Federation Immigration Indigenous Military Monarchy Railway Geography Climate Continent Deserts Environment issues Earthquakes Flora Fauna Forests Geology Islands Mountains Regions Protected areas Rivers Subdivisions States and territories Capitals Cities Politics Constitution Courts Elections Donations Electoral system Parties Federal budget Foreign relations Government Governor - 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list of largest shopping malls in the world			List of largest shopping malls	list of largest shopping malls	This is a complete list of the world 's largest shopping malls based on their gross leasable area .	Contents ( hide ) 1 List by gross leasable area 1.1 Over 400,000 m 1.2 300,000 to 399,999 m 1.3 200,000 to 299,999 m 1.4 100,000 to 199,999 m 2 Gallery 3 Dual function shopping malls 4 See also 5 References List by gross leasable area ( edit ) Over 400,000 m ( edit ) Mall Country City Year opened Gross leasable area ( GLA ) Total area Shops Remarks South China Mall China Dongguan 2005 659,612 m ( 7,100,000 sq ft ) 892,000 m ( 9,600,000 sq ft ) 2350 Until at least 2014 most of the stores were empty , occupancy rates of only 10 % occurred . SM Tianjin China Tianjin 2016 565,000 m ( 5,812,511 sq. ft ) 2500 + Owned and operated by SM Prime Holdings of the Philippines , a chain of shopping malls that has 71 malls located across the Philippines and 7 in China . Golden Resources Mall China Beijing 557,419 m ( 6,000,010 sq ft ) 1000 + CentralPlaza WestGate Thailand Bangkok 2015 550,278 m ( 5,923,140 sq ft ) Gross floor area includes the floor areas of the mall and IKEA . The mall floor area is 500,000 square meters . The IKEA connected to the mall has a floor area of 50,278 square meters . 5 CentralWorld Thailand Bangkok 1990 550,000 m ( 5,900,000 sq ft ) 600 Area of the full complex is 1,024,000 m ( 11,020,000 sq ft ) including two skyscrapers . 6 SM City North EDSA Philippines Quezon City 1985 498,000 m ( 5,360,000 sq ft ) 1000 + Largest mall in the Philippines . Daily foot traffic of average 950,000 people , adding up to 350,000,000 people a year . 7 1 Utama Malaysia Damansara 1995 480,700 m ( 5,174,000 sq ft ) 1000 + The largest shopping mall in Malaysia . Phase 1 ( Old Wing ) opened in 1995 while Phase 2 ( New Wing ) opened in 2003 . Anchored by four department stores ( AEON , Isetan , Tangs and Parkson ) , two supermarkets ( AEON and Cold Storage ) as well as two cinemas ( GSC and TGV Cinemas ) . Launched of 1 Utama E in 2018 January , adds an additional 592,015 sq ft of gross built - up area ( 164,687 sq ft net lettable area ) to the mall 's existing 5 million sq ft . 8 SM Megamall Philippines Mandaluyong 1991 474,000 m ( 5,100,000 sq ft ) 1000 + Daily foot traffic of 800,000 people , adding up to 292,000,000 people a year . Caters the most cinema screens ( 14 ) in the Philippines . 9 SM Seaside City Cebu Philippines Cebu City 2015 470,490 m ( 5,064,300 sq ft ) 450 + Largest shopping mall in the Philippines outside Metro Manila . 10 Isfahan City Center Iran Isfahan 2012 465,500 m ( 5,011,000 sq ft ) 600,000 m ( 6,500,000 sq ft ) 700 + Mixed - use shopping mall complex including a 5 - star hotel , Cinema , the biggest indoor amusement park in the Middle East with 345,000 m ( 3,710,000 sq ft ) , restaurants , International Financial Exchange Center , Office tower , Exhibition center and Hotel apartment . 11 Persian Gulf Complex Iran Shiraz 2012 450,000 m ( 4,800,000 sq ft ) 450,000 m ( 4,800,000 sq ft ) 2500 + World 's largest by number of stores . 12 SM Mall of Asia Philippines Pasay 2006 406,962 m ( 4,380,500 sq ft ) 407,101 m ( 4,382,000 sq ft ) 1000 + Currently 4th largest mall in the Philippines w / ongoing major expansions . The mall is expected to have a GLA of 700,000 m2 and to be completed in 2018 . T - 13 intu MetroCentre United Kingdom Newcastle - upon - Tyne ( Gateshead ) 1986 400,000 m ( 4,300,000 sq ft ) 975,000 m ( 10,490,000 sq ft ) 370 + The largest shopping mall in the UK and Europe operated by intu Properties . T - 13 New Century Global Center China Chengdu 2013 400,000 m ( 4,300,000 sq ft ) 1,700,000 m ( 18,000,000 sq ft ) 2,300 Opened in 2013 , the New Century Global Center stole the record of largest shopping mall in the world by total area from Dubai Mall . T - 13 Dream Mall Taiwan Kaohsiung 2007 400,000 m ( 4,300,000 sq ft ) 2,300 T - 13 Siam Paragon Thailand Bangkok 2005 400,000 m ( 4,300,000 sq ft ) 500,000 m ( 5,400,000 sq ft ) 270 + 300,000 to 399,999 m ( edit ) Mall Country City Year opened Gross leasable area ( GLA ) Total area Shops Remarks 17 Sunway Pyramid Malaysia Subang Jaya 1997 396,000 m ( 4,260,000 sq ft ) 800 + 2nd largest shopping mall in Malaysia behind 1 Utama . The mall has an Egyptian - inspired pyramid with a lion design . 18 Festival Alabang Philippines Muntinlupa 1998 388,600 m ( 4,183,000 sq ft ) 700 + There is a creek traversing the mall , with gardens on both banks . There is also a bike trail . It also features a miniature railway , a mini car track , a two level carousel , Ferris wheel and a roller coaster , all indoors . 19 Lotte World Mall South Korea Seoul 2014 383,470 m ( 4,127,600 sq ft ) 826,450 m ( 8,895,800 sq ft ) 1000 + Largest shopping mall in South Korea . 20 Albrook Mall Panama Panama City 2002 380,000 m ( 4,100,000 sq ft ) 555 Largest shopping mall in the Americas . 21 Mal Taman Anggrek Indonesia Jakarta 360,000 m ( 3,900,000 sq ft ) 528 Mall Taman Anggrek hosts the world 's largest LED display recorded by Guinness World Record . 22 The Avenues Mall Kuwait Kuwait City 2007 357,000 m ( 3,840,000 sq ft ) 412,709 m ( 4,442,360 sq ft ) 800 + 252,000 m ( 2,710,000 sq ft ) GLA as of Q1 2012 , phase IV ( under construction ) brings total GLA to 357,000 m ( 3,840,000 sq ft ) with an extra 400 stores and 5,000 extra car parking spaces . As of 2011 , footfall was an average of 462,500 visitors per week . T - 23 Fashion Island ( Thailand ) Thailand Bangkok 1995 350,000 m ( 3,800,000 sq ft ) 300 T - 23 West Edmonton Mall Canada Edmonton , Alberta 1981 350,000 m ( 3,800,000 sq ft ) 490,000 m ( 5,300,000 sq ft ) 800 + Largest shopping mall in North America T - 23 The Dubai Mall United Arab Emirates Dubai 2008 350,000 m ( 3,800,000 sq ft ) 1,124,000 m ( 12,100,000 sq ft ) 1200 The second largest mall in the world by total land area . Dubai Mall was overtaken by New Century Global Center in Chengdu , China which opened in 2013 and has a total floor space of 1,700,000 m ( 18,000,000 sq ft ) . 26 Lucky One Mall Pakistan Karachi 2017 340,000 m ( 3,700,000 sq ft ) 590,000 m ( 6,400,000 sq ft ) 200 + Largest mall in Pakistan and South Asia 27 Gandaria City Indonesia Jakarta 336,279 m ( 3,619,677.03 sq ft ) 500 T - 28 Berjaya Times Square Malaysia Kuala Lumpur 2003 320,000 m ( 3,400,000 sq ft ) 700,000 m ( 7,500,000 sq ft ) 1000 + The largest shopping mall in Kuala Lumpur and 3rd largest shopping mall in Malaysia behind 1 Utama and Sunway Pyramid . T - 28 Beijing Mall China Beijing 2005 320,000 m ( 3,400,000 sq ft ) 440,000 m ( 4,700,000 sq ft ) 600 200,000 to 299,999 m ( edit ) Mall Country City Year opened Gross leasable area ( GLA ) Total area Shops Remarks T - 30 Future Park Rangsit Thailand Pathum Thani ( suburb of Bangkok ) 1995 280,000 m ( 3,000,000 sq ft ) 500,000 m ( 5,400,000 sq ft ) 900 The huge complex currently has 120,000 shoppers on weekdays and 150,000 on weekends . T - 30 Zhengjia Plaza ( Grandview Mall ) China Guangzhou 2005 280,000 m ( 3,000,000 sq ft ) 420,000 m ( 4,500,000 sq ft ) T - 30 Centro Mayor Colombia Bogota 280,000 m ( 3,000,000 sq ft ) 354 + T - 33 Medan Centre Point Indonesia Medan 2013 270,000 m ( 2,900,000 sq ft ) The biggest shopping mall in North Sumatra . Medan Center Point Complex consists two of the tallest five buildings in North Sumatra T - 33 Mal Artha Gading Indonesia Jakarta 270,000 m ( 2,900,000 sq ft ) 35 SM City Cebu Philippines Cebu City 1993 268,611 m ( 2,891,300 sq ft ) 273,804 m ( 2,947,200 sq ft ) 680 The average daily foot traffic reaches 140,000 to 150,000 on weekends as Cebu is a major transportation hub in the country . Owned by SM Group . 36 Mall of Arabia Egypt 6th of October 267,000 m ( 2,870,000 sq ft ) 882,000 m ( 9,490,000 sq ft ) 900 Features a hypermarket , cinema , car dealership , a centre dome food court , kid zone , and 2 furniture outlet stores . 37 King of Prussia Mall United States King of Prussia , Pennsylvania ( suburb of Philadelphia ) 1963 259,500 m ( 2,793,000 sq ft ) 400 + Originally built as two buildings , a 2016 renovation made it one continuous building , making up the largest mall in the United States , larger than Mall of America by 1,300 m ( 14,000 sq ft ) . 38 Mall of America United States Bloomington , Minnesota ( suburb of Minneapolis ) 1992 258,200 m ( 2,779,000 sq ft ) 390,000 m ( 4,200,000 sq ft ) 520 The ranking area does not include Nickelodeon Universe , a large indoor amusement park at the center of the mall , which would add an additional 131,800 m ( 1,419,000 sq ft ) , and make it the largest in North America and the 12th largest in the world . 39 Tunjungan Plaza Indonesia Surabaya 1986 253,187 m ( 2,725,280 sq ft ) ( 2 ) 500 The biggest mall in East Java 40 SM Aura Premier Philippines Taguig 2013 251,094 m ( 2,702,750 sq ft ) Owned by SM Group . T - 41 Morocco Mall Morocco Casablanca 2011 250,000 m ( 2,700,000 sq ft ) 350 + The largest shopping centre in Morocco . It features a 1,000,000 - litre cylinder shaped aquarium with a 360 - degree view of the sea life , that contains over 40 different species of fish . T - 41 Aventura Mall United States Aventura , Florida ( suburb of Miami ) 250,000 m ( 2,700,000 sq ft ) 300 + Largest shopping mall in Florida . T - 41 Glorietta Philippines Makati 1991 250,000 m ( 2,700,000 sq ft ) 300 + Largest mall by the Ayala Corporation in the Philippines , tied with Greenbelt . Glorietta is integrated with Greenbelt . T - 41 Greenbelt Philippines Makati 1991 250,000 m ( 2,700,000 sq ft ) 300 + A complex of five buildings , namely Greenbelt 1 , Greenbelt 2 , Greenbelt 3 , Greenbelt 4 and Greenbelt 5 . With a vast garden in the middle , and the Greenbelt Chapel . Largest mall by the Ayala Corporation in the Philippines , tied with Glorietta . Greenbelt is integrated with Glorietta . T - 41 South Coast Plaza United States Costa Mesa , California ( suburb of Los Angeles ) 1967 250,000 m ( 2,700,000 sq ft ) 286 T - 41 Centro Comercial Santafé Colombia Bogotá 2006 250,000 m ( 2,700,000 sq ft ) 485 47 Centro Comercial Aricanduva Brazil São Paulo 1991 247,000 m ( 2,660,000 sq ft ) 425,000 m ( 4,570,000 sq ft ) 535 46 AEON Lake Town Centre Japan Koshigaya , Saitama ( suburb of Tokyo ) 2008 245,223 m ( 2,639,560 sq ft ) 393,916 m ( 4,240,080 sq ft ) 706 47 Doha Festival City Qatar Doha 2017 244,000 m ( 2,630,000 sq ft ) 600,000 m ( 6,500,000 sq ft ) 540 T - 48 Del Amo Fashion Center United States Torrance , California ( suburb of Los Angeles ) 1961 240,000 m ( 2,600,000 sq ft ) 300 + Believed to be the largest shopping mall in the Western continental United States . T - 48 Robinsons Place Manila Philippines Manila 1997 240,000 m ( 2,600,000 sq ft ) 500 + Largest shopping mall in the city of Manila and largest Robinsons mall in the Philippines . T - 48 Millcreek Mall United States Millcreek Township , Pennsylvania ( suburb of Erie ) 240,000 m ( 2,600,000 sq ft ) 142 T - 48 Super Brand Mall China Shanghai 2005 240,000 m ( 2,600,000 sq ft ) 52 SM Xiamen China Xiamen 2001 238,125 m ( 2,563,160 sq ft ) SM 's first mall in China and second largest SM Mall in China . 53 Mall of the Emirates United Arab Emirates Dubai 2005 233,467 m ( 2,513,020 sq ft ) T - 54 LuLu International Shopping Mall India Cochin 2013 230,000 m ( 2,500,000 sq ft ) 360 + India 's largest shopping mall . Also has a five - star Marriott Hotel adjacent to it within the mall compound . T - 54 Dongfang Xin Tiandi ( Oriental Plaza ) China Foshan 230,000 m ( 2,500,000 sq ft ) 800,000 m ( 8,600,000 sq ft ) T - 54 Aviapark Russia Moscow 2014 230,000 m ( 2,500,000 sq ft ) 390,000 m ( 4,200,000 sq ft ) `` Aviapark '' is considered to be Europe 's largest shopping mall per total area . It also has a 23 - meter tall and 6 - meter wide aquarium with seawater fish and animals built into the centerspace . T - 54 Sta . Lucia East Grand Mall Philippines Cainta 1991 230,000 m ( 2,500,000 sq ft ) T - 54 Grand Canyon Parkway United States Las Vegas , Nevada 2003 230,000 m ( 2,500,000 sq ft ) T - 54 Queensbay Mall Malaysia Bayan Lepas , Penang Island 2006 230,000 m ( 2,500,000 sq ft ) The largest shopping mall in Penang ( include Seberang Perai ) 60 WESTGATE Shopping City Croatia Zagreb 2009 226,000 m ( 2,430,000 sq ft ) 250,000 m ( 2,700,000 sq ft ) 240 + 61 MEGA Belaya Dacha Russia Kotelniki , Moscow Oblast 2007 225,000 m ( 2,420,000 sq ft ) 303,000 m ( 3,260,000 sq ft ) 330 + Consists of two buildings connected by a footbridge across the road T - 62 Sawgrass Mills United States Sunrise , Florida 1990 221,472 m ( 2,383,900 sq ft ) 300 + T - 62 Destiny USA United States Syracuse , New York 1990 221,472 m ( 2,383,900 sq ft ) 300 + The largest shopping mall in the state of New York . T - 64 Hartono Mall Indonesia Surakarta , Central Java 2015 220,000 m 300 The biggest shopping mall in Central Java T - 64 Gateway Theatre of Shopping South Africa Durban 2001 220,000 m ( 2,400,000 sq ft ) 400 + Gateway was previously described as the largest mall in Africa before the completion of Morocco Mall in Casablanca , Morocco and Mall of Arabia in Egypt respectively . T - 64 Roosevelt Field United States Garden City , New York 1956 220,000 m ( 2,400,000 sq ft ) 294 Located in a suburb of New York City , it is the second largest shopping mall in the state of New York . 67 Robinsons Galleria Philippines Quezon City 1990 216,000 m ( 2,330,000 sq ft ) 400 + 2nd largest Robinsons mall in the Philippines . 68 Plaza Las Americas Puerto Rico San Juan , Puerto Rico 1968 215,440 m ( 2,319,000 sq ft ) 300 + 69 Houston Galleria United States Houston , Texas 1970 213,530 m ( 2,298,400 sq ft ) 375 Largest mall in Texas . 70 Suntec City Singapore Singapore 1993 ( reopen on 2013 ) 212,404 m ( 2,286,300 sq ft ) 619 You will find the largest water fountain in the world right in the middle of the mall . 69 Ayala Center Cebu Philippines Cebu City 1994 210,000 m ( 2,300,000 sq ft ) 800 + Largest shopping mall outside Metro Manila operated by Ayala Corporation . 70 Trafford Centre United Kingdom Manchester 1998 207,000 m ( 2,230,000 sq ft ) 605,000 m ( 6,510,000 sq ft ) 280 71 SM City Dasmariñas Philippines Dasmariñas 206,231 m ( 2,219,850 sq ft ) 400 + shops & dining The mall attracts a daily pedestrian count of 400,000 during weekends and 150,000 during weekdays . 72 Puerto Venecia Spain Zaragoza 2012 206,000 m ( 2,220,000 sq ft ) 250 + This is the biggest open air lifestyle center in Europe . All activities are arranged around a man - made lagoon . 73 SM Southmall Philippines Las Piñas 1995 205,120 m ( 2,207,900 sq ft ) 400 + Underwent major renovations on 14 July 2011 , including the addition of an IMAX theatre , a new south wing facade and a new north wing facade . T - 74 Ala Moana Center United States Honolulu , Hawaii 1959 200,000 m ( 2,200,000 sq ft ) 310 + The mall opened in the year 1958 . Largest open - air mall in the world . T - 74 Bluewater United Kingdom Greenhithe 1999 200,000 m ( 2,200,000 sq ft ) 900,000 m ( 9,700,000 sq ft ) Attracts over 30 million visitors a year T - 74 Tysons Corner Center United States McLean , Virginia ( suburb of Washington , D.C. ) 1968 200,000 m ( 2,200,000 sq ft ) 300 + T - 74 AEON Bukit Tinggi Shopping Centre Malaysia Klang 2007 200,000 m ( 2,200,000 sq ft ) 200 + The largest AEON Mall in Southeast Asia and Malaysia 100,000 to 199,999 m ( edit ) Mall Country City Year opened Gross leasable area ( GLA ) Total area Shops Remarks 77 Mall of Qatar Qatar Al Rayyan 2016 195,000 m ( 2,100,000 sq ft ) 500,000 m ( 5,400,000 sq ft ) 500 78 TriNoma Philippines Quezon City 2007 195,000 m ( 2,100,000 sq ft ) 550 Was dubbed as a super regional mall ; more than 550 high - end shopping and retail establishments . 79 Shopping City Süd Austria Vösendorf 1976 192,500 m ( 2,072,000 sq ft ) 330 + 80 SM City Fairview Philippines Quezon City 1997 188,681 m ( 2,030,950 sq ft ) 202,000 m ( 2,170,000 sq ft ) 500 One of the largest shopping malls in Quezon City with over 500 shops and restaurants . 81 Central Park Mall Indonesia Jakarta 2008 188,077 m ( 2,024,440 sq ft ) 500 + Central Park Jakarta is the 10th largest building in the world 82 Westend City Center Hungary Budapest 1999 186,000 m ( 2,000,000 sq ft ) 400 + 83 Chadstone Shopping Centre Australia Melbourne 1960 185,810 m ( 2,000,000 sq ft ) 530 + The centre 's owners have sought a further expansion to include a 180 - room hotel and 15,000 m ( 160,000 sq ft ) of offices , to take total floor space to 221,217 m ( 2,381,160 sq ft ) , including 156,924 m ( 1,689,120 sq ft ) of shop floor space . 84 SM City San Lazaro Philippines Manila 2005 181,593 m ( 1,954,650 sq ft ) 2nd largest shopping mall in the city of Manila . T - 85 Pakuwon Mall Indonesia Surabaya , East Java 2017 180,000 m ( 1,900,000 sq ft ) ( net leastable area ) The largest shopping mall in the city of Surabaya T - 85 Avenham Centre United Kingdom Preston 2013 180,000 m ( 1,900,000 sq ft ) 450,000 m ( 4,800,000 sq ft ) 158 Part of The City of Preston 's Tithebarn project T - 85 Seacon Square Thailand Bangkok 1994 180,000 m ( 1,900,000 sq ft ) 500,000 m ( 5,400,000 sq ft ) 400 + Yoyoland -- Children 's amusement park on top floor . 88 SM City Marikina Philippines Marikina 2008 178,485 m ( 1,921,200 sq ft ) 400 + Largest shopping mall in Marikina . 89 SM CDO Downtown Premier Philippines Cagayan de Oro 2017 177,743 m ( 1,913,210 sq ft ) 400 + Largest SM mall in Mindanao . 90 Gurnee Mills United States Gurnee , Illinois 1991 177,721 m ( 1,912,970 sq ft ) 200 + 91 Menlyn Park South Africa Pretoria 1979 177,000 m2 ( 1,905,212 sq ft ) 500 + 92 Forum Istanbul Turkey Istanbul 2009 176,380 m ( 1,898,500 sq ft ) 286 T - 93 Arena Centar Croatia Zagreb 2011 175,000 m2 ( 1,880,000 sq ft ) 200 + T - 93 Westfield Stratford City United Kingdom London 2011 175,000 m ( 1,880,000 sq ft ) 350 The first large - scale use of Pavegen floor tiles to harness kinetic energy . It is one of the biggest urban shopping centres in Western World . It is adjacent to the Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park , East Village , London T - 93 Paradise Center Bulgaria Sofia 2013 175,000 m ( 1,880,000 sq ft ) 330 + 96 MEGA Khimki Russia Khimki , Moscow Oblast 174,688 m ( 1,880,330 sq ft ) 210,618 m ( 2,267,070 sq ft ) 250 + 97 Costanera Center Chile Santiago 2012 172,800 m ( 1,860,000 sq ft ) 700,000 m ( 7,500,000 sq ft ) 330 + Includes 3 anchor stores , supermarket , a retailer of home improvement and construction products and services , and a movie theatre . Adjacent to the tallest building in Latin America and second in the southern hemisphere . 98 SM City Bacolod Philippines Bacolod 2007 171,380 m ( 1,844,700 sq ft ) 350 + 99 Market ! Market ! Philippines Taguig 2003 170,000 m ( 1,800,000 sq ft ) 520 One of the largest shopping malls in Taguig . 100 SM City Jinjiang China Jinjiang 2005 167,830 m ( 1,806,500 sq ft ) The 2nd SM Mall in China 101 SM City Manila Philippines Manila 2000 167,812 m ( 1,806,310 sq ft ) 2nd largest shopping mall in the city of Manila . 102 SM City Chengdu China Chengdu 2006 166,665 m ( 1,793,970 sq ft ) 103 Metropolis at Metrotown Canada Burnaby ( suburb of Vancouver ) 1986 165,646.6 m ( 1,783,005 sq ft ) 500 T - 104 AEON Mall Jakarta Garden City Indonesia East Jakarta , Jakarta 2017 165,000 m ( 1,780,000 sq ft ) 227 T - 104 Tunjungan Plaza Indonesia Surabaya , East Java 1986 165,000 m ( 1,780,000 sq ft ) 500 + 2nd largest shopping mall in Surabaya City T - 104 Mall of Egypt Egypt 6th of October 2017 165,000 m ( 1,780,000 sq ft ) 400,000 m ( 4,300,000 sq ft ) Houses a Carrefour hypermarket , Africa 's first indoor skiing slope , Ski Egypt , a 21 multi-screen VOX Cinemas and a Magic Planet family entertainment centre . T - 104 Ocean Plaza Ukraine Kiev 2012 165,000 m ( 1,780,000 sq ft ) 107 Vincom MegaMall Royal City Vietnam Hanoi 2013 163,000 m ( 1,750,000 sq ft ) 230,000 m ( 2,500,000 sq ft ) 200 + The largest shopping mall in Vietnam T - 108 Cairo Festival City Egypt New Cairo 2013 160,000 m ( 1,700,000 sq ft ) 300 + Includes over 300 shops , 95 restaurants and cafés anchored by a 10,750 m ( 115,700 sq ft ) Carrefour hypermarket and furniture flagship store IKEA as well as a multi-screen Cineplex . T - 108 Quicentro Sur Shopping Ecuador Quito ? 160,000 m ( 1,700,000 sq ft ) 350 The largest shopping mall in Ecuador T - 110 Starfield Hanam South Korea Hanam 2016 158,000 m ( 1,700,000 sq ft ) 460,000 m ( 5,000,000 sq ft ) 275 T - 110 Mid Valley Megamall Malaysia Kuala Lumpur 1995 158,000 m ( 1,700,000 sq ft ) 420,000 m ( 4,500,000 sq ft ) T - 112 Robinsons Galleria Cebu Philippines Cebu 2015 155,000 m ( 1,670,000 sq ft ) 300 Largest Robinsons mall outside Metro Manila and the second mall under `` Robinsons Galleria '' brand . T - 112 Starmall Alabang Philippines Muntinlupa 2015 155,000 m ( 1,670,000 sq ft ) The largest StarMall branch in terms of GLA . Largest shopping mall of Vista Land and still under expansion . There are plans to rename this mall as `` Vista Mall '' , making as the flagship mall of Vista Land . T - 112 Unicenter Argentina Greater Buenos Aires 155,000 m ( 1,670,000 sq ft ) 238,788 m ( 2,570,290 sq ft ) 300 + 115 SM City Cabanatuan Philippines Cabanatuan 2015 154,020 m ( 1,657,900 sq ft ) 300 + Largest shopping mall in Northern Luzon . T - 116 Liverpool One United Kingdom Merseyside 2008 154,000 m ( 1,660,000 sq ft ) 590,000 m ( 6,400,000 sq ft ) 169 The cost of construction associated with the project was £ 500 million , with a total investment value of £ 920 million . T - 116 Intu Merry Hill United Kingdom Dudley , West Midlands 1985 154,000 m ( 1,660,000 sq ft ) 210 118 Mall Plaza Oeste Chile Santiago 1994 152,237 m ( 1,638,670 sq ft ) 119 SM Zibo China Zibo 2015 150,600 m ( 1,621,000 sq ft ) Owned by SM Prime Holdings of the Philippines . T - 120 Park Meadows United States Lone Tree , Colorado ( suburb of Denver ) 150,000 m ( 1,600,000 sq ft ) 160 T - 120 Citystars Egypt Cairo 150,000 m ( 1,600,000 sq ft ) 750,000 m ( 8,100,000 sq ft ) 650 + The development includes two five - star hotels ( InterContinental and Holiday Inn ) , a modern office tower , a sixteen - screen movie complex and two indoor amusement parks . T - 120 Jamuna Future Park Bangladesh Dhaka 2013 150,000 m ( 1,600,000 sq ft ) 345,000 m ( 3,710,000 sq ft ) 510 South Asia 's largest shopping mall . JW Marriott Hotel is also located within the complex . 123 Square One Shopping Centre Canada Mississauga 1973 149,594 m ( 1,610,220 sq ft ) 360 + The largest shopping mall in the province of Ontario 124 Mall Plaza Vespucio Chile Santiago 1990 149,536 m ( 1,609,590 sq ft ) 125 Gradski Trgovski Centar Macedonia Skopje 1973 149,531 m ( 1,609,540 sq ft ) 400 + The largest shopping mall in Republic of Macedonia 126 SM Chongqing China Chongqing 2012 149,429 m ( 1,608,440 sq ft ) 127 MEGA Teply Stan Russia Moscow 2002 146,591 m ( 1,577,890 sq ft ) 189,076 m ( 2,035,200 sq ft ) 250 128 SM Lanang Premier Philippines Davao City 2012 145,450 m ( 1,565,600 sq ft ) 640,000 m ( 6,900,000 sq ft ) 300 The first premier mall by SM in Mindanao . 129 Park Handlowy Bielany Poland Bielany Wrocławskie ( suburb of Wroclaw ) 145,000 m ( 1,560,000 sq ft ) 170,000 m ( 1,800,000 sq ft ) Largest shopping mall in Poland 130 SM City Clark Philippines Angeles 2006 142,585 m ( 1,534,770 sq ft ) 420 Largest shopping mall in Pampanga 131 Canal Walk South Africa Cape Town 2000 141,000 m ( 1,520,000 sq ft ) 400 + 132 Living World Alam Sutera Indonesia South Tangerang 2011 140,000 m 200 + The largest shopping mall in Banten T - 133 VivoCity Singapore Singapore 2006 139,355 m ( 1,500,000 sq ft ) 340 The largest shopping mall in Singapore . T - 133 MyTown Shopping Centre Malaysia Cheras 2016 139,355 m ( 1,500,000 sq ft ) 460 The mall is built together and alongside IKEA Cheras . T - 133 IOI City Mall Malaysia Putrajaya 2015 139,355 m ( 1,500,000 sq ft ) 400 + Largest shopping mall in Putrajaya . 139,355 m ( 1,500,000 sq ft ) GLA . IOI City Mall shopping outlet such Parkson , Tesco , Golden Screen Cinemas and many more . T - 133 Meadowhall Centre United Kingdom Sheffield , Yorkshire 1990 139,355 m ( 1,500,000 sq ft ) 230 includes an 11 screen cinema complex and 50 + places to eat 137 AEON Mall Shah Alam Malaysia Shah Alam 2016 139,000 m ( 1,500,000 sq ft ) 160 The mall prides itself on having a one - of - a-kind four - season themed decor , inspired by Japan 's seasonal changes -- summer , autumn , winter and spring . 138 Limketkai Mall Philippines Cagayan de Oro 1992 135,000 m ( 1,450,000 sq ft ) Cagayan de Oro 's homegrown mall . The mall 's anchor includes two Robinsons supermarkets , Shopwise hypermarket , Robinsons department store , Handyman and Robinsons Cagayan de Oro , the first Robinsons mall in Mindanao . 139 Abreeza Philippines Davao City 2011 134,102 m ( 1,443,460 sq ft ) 360 + Owned by Accendo Commercial Corporation , a joint venture company of Ayala Land and Anflocor . T - 140 Mall Plaza Trébol Chile Talcahuano 1995 131,028 m ( 1,410,370 sq ft ) T - 140 Mall of Africa South Africa Midrand 2016 131,000 m ( 1,410,000 sq ft ) 550,000 m ( 5,900,000 sq ft ) T - 142 Donau Zentrum ( de ) Austria Vienna 130,000 m ( 1,400,000 sq ft ) 225,000 m ( 2,420,000 sq ft ) 260 T - 142 Pacific Place Jakarta Indonesia Jakarta 2007 130,000 m ( 1,400,000 sq ft ) T - 142 Grand Indonesia Shopping Town Indonesia Jakarta 1998 130,000 m ( 1,400,000 sq ft ) 400 + Grand Indonesia complex is one of the largest building in the world . T - 142 Mal Kelapa Gading Indonesia Jakarta 1990 130,000 m ( 1,400,000 sq ft ) 600 + 146 Sandton City South Africa Sandton 1973 128,000 m ( 1,380,000 sq ft ) 215,000 m ( 2,310,000 sq ft ) 300 147 New Era Mall China Shanghai 2007 126,000 m ( 1,360,000 sq ft ) 148 Plaza Medan Fair Indonesia Medan 125,053 m T - 149 Ruhr - Park ( de ) Germany Bochum 1964 125,000 m ( 1,350,000 sq ft ) 16 The largest shopping mall in Germany . T - 149 SM City Davao Philippines Davao City 2001 125,000 m ( 1,350,000 sq ft ) 300 Built in 2001 with an initial of 78,735 m ( 847,500 sq ft ) , the mall was the first SM mall in Mindanao and located right next to the city 's Ecoland Bus Terminal . Since SM Lanang Premier came to Davao in 2012 , the mall was dubbed by the locals as `` SM Ecoland '' to avoid their confusion to these SM Malls in their city . Following SM Lanang Premier 's entry , SM City Davao has undergone renovations and expansion . Thus , SM Davao Annex building was built right next to the main mall , gaining its GFA to 125,000 m ( 1,350,000 sq ft ) . T - 149 Supermall Karawaci Indonesia Tangerang 1992 125,000 m 152 Dolce Vita Tejo Portugal Lisbon 2009 122,000 m ( 1,310,000 sq ft ) 300 153 Robinsons Metro East Philippines Marikina 2001 121,000 m ( 1,300,000 sq ft ) Located at the boundaries between the barangays of Dela Paz in Pasig and San Roque in Marikina . 154 Gaisano Mall of Davao Philippines Davao City 1997 120,061 m ( 1,292,330 sq ft ) 500 The largest Gaisano mall . T - 155 AEON Mall Long Biên Vietnam Hanoi 2015 120,000 m ( 1,300,000 sq ft ) 72,000 m ( 780,000 sq ft ) T - 155 KCC Mall de Zamboanga Philippines Zamboanga City 2015 120,000 m ( 1,300,000 sq ft ) 36,000 m ( 390,000 sq ft ) 102 Largest shopping mall in Zamboanga Peninsula and biggest mall of KCC Malls so far . KCC Mall de Zamboanga has the biggest department store in Mindanao and one of the biggest supermarkets in the Philippines ( with 83 counters ) . It also houses the first Burger King store in Mindanao . T - 155 City Gate Philippines Makati 2017 120,000 m ( 1,300,000 sq ft ) Ayala Land 's new development in Makati . It will consists of 53,000 m ( 570,000 sq ft ) for business process outsourcing ( BPO ) while and some parts of the mall will include a hotel and traditional headquarter - type offices . T - 155 Evia City Philippines Las Piñas 2015 120,000 m ( 1,300,000 sq ft ) Vista Land 's flagship mall , and currently under expansion in attaining 120,000 m ( 1,300,000 sq ft ) . T - 155 Shanghai Wheelock Square China Shanghai 2007 120,000 m ( 1,300,000 sq ft ) 160 CentrO Germany Oberhausen 119,000 m ( 1,280,000 sq ft ) 161 Mall Plaza Norte Chile Santiago 2003 118,159 m ( 1,271,850 sq ft ) 162 Parque Arauco Chile Santiago 1982 113,500 m ( 1,222,000 sq ft ) Chile 's first shopping mall . 163 Alto Las Condes Chile Santiago 1993 115,258 m ( 1,240,630 sq ft ) 164 AEON Mall Bình Tân Vietnam Ho Chi Minh City 2016 114,000 m ( 1,230,000 sq ft ) 60,000 m ( 650,000 sq ft ) 160 + The largest shopping mall in Ho Chi Minh City . T - 165 Florida Center Chile Santiago 2003 110,000 m ( 1,200,000 sq ft ) 300,000 m ( 3,200,000 sq ft ) 300 + T - 166 Plaza Lima Norte Peru Lima 2009 110,000 m ( 1,200,000 sq ft ) 350 + 167 Tsawwassen Mills Canada Tsawwassen 2016 110,000 m ( 1,200,000 sq ft ) 200 + 168 Akropolis Lithuania Vilnius 2002 109,000 m 240 + See also : List of shopping malls in Lithuania 169 Sun Plaza Indonesia Medan 107,373 m 363 170 Robinsons Magnolia Philippines Quezon City 2013 108,000 m ( 1,160,000 sq ft ) Quezon City 's first `` green '' mall . 171 Elante Mall India Chandigarh 106,838 m ( 1,149,990 sq ft ) 172 Belle Épine France Thiais 1971 141,000 m ( 1,520,000 sq ft ) 220 The largest mall in France . 173 Plaza Indonesia Indonesia Jakarta 2008 105,072 m ( 1,130,990 sq ft ) 450 + T - 174 Val d'Europe France Serris 2000 136,000 m ( 1,460,000 sq ft ) 190 T - 174 Oriocenter Italy Orio al Serio 1998 105,000 m ( 1,130,000 sq ft ) 280 The largest shopping mall in Italy . 176 Mega Lithuania Kaunas 2005 102,000 m ( 1,100,000 sq ft ) 200 + The 2nd largest shopping mall in the Baltics . See also : List of shopping malls in Lithuania 177 Sello Finland Espoo 2003 102,000 m ( 1,100,000 sq ft ) 170 The largest shopping mall in Finland and the 2nd largest in the Nordic countries . 178 Mall of Scandinavia Sweden Solna 2015 101,048 m ( 1,087,670 sq ft ) 224 The largest shopping mall in Sweden and 3rd largest in the Nordic countries . 179 Riomar Recife Brazil Brazil Recife 2012 101,000 m ( 1,090,000 sq ft ) 410 180 Mall Plaza Los Dominicos Chile Santiago 2017 100,152 m ( 1,078,030 sq ft ) 323,516 m ( 3,482,300 sq ft ) 240 + Scheduled opening for August 28 , 2017 was delayed . Mall finally opened on September 1 , 2017 . Gallery ( edit ) South China Mall China Golden Resources Mall China Persian Gulf Complex Iran SM City North EDSA Philippines Jamuna Future Park Bangladesh Bashundhara City Bangladesh SM Megamall Philippines Isfahan City Center Iran 1 Utama Malaysia CentralWorld Thailand SM Mall of Asia Philippines intu Metrocentre ( Red Mall ) United Kingdom New Century Global Center China Dream Mall Taiwan Siam Paragon Thailand Sunway Pyramid Malaysia Festival Alabang Philippines Lotte World Tower & Lotte World Mall South Korea Mall Taman Anggrek Indonesia West Edmonton Mall Canada The Dubai Mall United Arab Emirates Berjaya Times Square Malaysia Centro Mayor Colombia Mal Artha Gading Indonesia King of Prussia Mall United States SM Aura Premier Philippines Emporium Mall Pakistan Morocco Mall Morocco Aventura Mall United States Glorietta Philippines Greenbelt Philippines South Coast Plaza United States Centro Comercial Santafé Colombia Centro Sambil Venezuela Centro Comercial Aricanduva Brazil Del Amo Fashion Center United States Robinsons Place Manila Philippines Millcreek Mall United States Super Brand Mall China Mall of the Emirates United Arab Emirates Queensbay Mall Malaysia MEGA Family Shopping Centre Russia Sawgrass Mills United States Destiny USA United States Gateway Theatre of Shopping South Africa Robinsons Galleria Philippines Plaza Las Américas Puerto Rico Houston Galleria United States Ayala Center Cebu Philippines Trafford Centre United Kingdom SM City Dasmariñas Philippines SM Southmall Philippines Ala Moana Center United States Tysons Corner Center United States AEON Bukit Tinggi Shopping Centre Malaysia TriNoma Philippines Shopping City Süd Austria SM City Fairview Philippines MetroCentre United Kingdom Seacon Square Thailand SM City Marikina Philippines SM CDO Downtown Premier Philippines Westfield Stratford City United Kingdom Costanera Center Chile SM City Bacolod Philippines Market ! Market ! Philippines Metropolis at Metrotown Canada LuLu International Shopping Mall India Mid Valley Megamall Malaysia Bluewater United Kingdom Liverpool One United Kingdom Merry Hill Shopping Centre United Kingdom Park Meadows United States SM Lanang Premier Philippines SM City Clark Philippines Canal Walk South Africa VivoCity Singapore Meadowhall United Kingdom SM City Davao Philippines Robinsons Metro East Philippines Gaisano Mall of Davao Philippines Shanghai Wheelock Square China Elante Mall India Sello Finland Mall of Scandinavia Sweden Dual function shopping malls ( edit ) Some wholesale market complexes also function as shopping malls in that they contain retail space which operate as stores in normal malls do but also act as producer vendor outlets that can take large orders for export . Mall Country City Year Opened Gross leasable area ( GLA ) Total area Shops Remarks Yiwu market China Yiwu 2002 5,500,000 m ( 59,000,000 sq ft ) 75,000 See also ( edit ) All pages with a title containing List of largest shopping malls Lists of shopping malls by country Business portal Companies portal Lists portal References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Fich , Naima ( 5 May 2012 ) . `` Emporis : February 7 , 2012 -- List of the Top 10 World 's Largest Shopping Mall '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 13 November 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Jevtic , Aleksandar ( 26 August 2015 ) . `` 15 Biggest Malls in the World -- Insider Monkey '' . InsiderMonkey.com . Retrieved 4 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` SM City Tianjin : SM Prime 's 7th mall in China SM Investments '' . sminvestments.com . Retrieved 19 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` WestGate mall opens to major crowds '' . Tourism Authority of Thailand . Retrieved 14 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Bangkok https://coconuts.co/bangkok/news/thailand-get-largest-ikea-southeast-asia-exits/work=Coconuts Bangkok Check url = value ( help ) . Retrieved 14 March 2018 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` CENTRALWORLD '' . Tourism Authority of Thailand . Retrieved 14 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Securities and Exchange Commission SRC Form 17 - A '' ( PDF ) . SM Prime . 17 April 2014 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 19 April 2014 . Retrieved 28 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SM Prime plans to continue developing SM North Edsa '' . BusinessMirror . Archived from the original on 20 August 2016 . Retrieved 13 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 1Utama among biggest malls in the world '' . Jump up ^ `` 1 Utama opens phase one of 1 Utama E '' . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` SM Megamall now PH 's largest mall '' . Inquirer Business . Retrieved 7 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SM Prime opens the Mega Fashion ; Transforms SM Megamall into the Philippines ' Largest Mall '' . SM Investments Corporation . Retrieved 13 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Biggest mall in Vis - Min , SM Seaside City Cebu , opens November 27 '' . Interaksyon . Retrieved 13 August 2016 . SM said that the largest mall is SM Megamall at 474,000 square meters , followed by SM North EDSA at 470,000 square meters . Jump up ^ `` SM Megamall undergoing P1. 5 B expansion '' . Rappler . Archived from the original on 27 September 2013 . Retrieved 12 June 2013 . Jump up ^ https://www.clickthecity.com/movies/theaters/sm-megamall Jump up ^ `` Biggest mall in Vis - Min , SM Seaside City Cebu , opens November 27 '' . Interaksyon . Retrieved 13 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Shopaholics Rejoice : The 12 Biggest Malls in the World '' . Jump up ^ `` The Biggest Mall In The World Measures 7.1 Million Square Feet - Industry Tap '' . www.industrytap.com . Jump up ^ `` Mall Designer 's website ) ( http://www.mallsguide.com/ShoppingCenter.aspx?sc_id=1888&title=Fars%20Shopping%20Complex Public Directory '' . Archived from the original on 4 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mall List Mall of Asia '' . SM Prime . Archived from the original on 13 April 2014 . Retrieved 12 April 2014 . Jump up ^ SM Mall of Asia # Mall expansion and redevelopments Jump up ^ After multiple expansions . Figure includes Transport Interchange & MetrOasis Jump up ^ Including parking and company owned Metro Business Park which houses the UK 's 2nd biggest IKEA store . Jump up ^ `` Siam Paragon '' . Bangkok.com . Retrieved 28 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : http://cwglobalretailguide.com/seoul/ Jump up ^ `` Mal Taman Anggrek Cetak Rekor `` The World Largest LED Illuminated Facade '' `` . Jump up ^ `` The Avenues Phase III '' . Pace . Retrieved 28 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Mabanee Company Report '' ( PDF ) . Mabanee. 29 April 2010 . Retrieved 28 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Full of confidence '' . The Report : Kuwait 2012 . Oxford Business Group . Retrieved 28 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` About the Avenues '' . The Avenues . Retrieved 28 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` About WEM : Overview '' . West Edmonton Mall . Retrieved 28 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dubai Mall '' . Retrieved 14 January 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Zawya -- The Dubai Mall '' . Retrieved 6 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid al - Maktoum formally opens the Dubai Mall '' . Retrieved 12 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Lucky One Mall ( South Asia 's Largest Mall ) '' . Archived from the original on 7 February 2008 . Retrieved 14 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Gandaria City Mall in Jakarta - Shopping in Jakarta , Indonesia - Justgola '' . Justgola . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Berjaya Times Square info page '' . Archived from the original on 7 February 2008 . Retrieved 14 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` PTI Architects '' . www.pti-architects.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` List of tallest buildings in Medan '' . Wikipedia . 2017 - 07 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cairo Festival City '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 23 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` International Council of Shopping Centers '' . ICSC . Archived from the original on 26 July 2011 . Retrieved 14 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` International Council of Shopping Centers : King of Prussia Mall '' . Archived from the original on 21 October 2007 . Retrieved 14 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` ICSC DMM Display '' . Icsc.org . Archived from the original on 14 October 2012 . Retrieved 28 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ICSC DMM Display '' . Icsc.org . Archived from the original on 11 October 2012 . Retrieved 14 February 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Centro Comercial Aricanduva '' . Abrasce . Archived from the original on 6 July 2011 . Retrieved 3 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ICSC DMM Display '' . Icsc.org . Archived from the original on 10 January 2001 . Retrieved 14 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Mall of the Emirates . `` Shopping 's never been better ! , Mall of the Emirates '' . malloftheemirates.com . Retrieved 17 September 2015 . Jump up ^ http://content.knightfrank.com/research/598/documents/en/2014-annualkf-retailmarketreportmscen-2681.pdf Jump up ^ http://mega.ru/r/_content/02b982bed28c3d5b17e40312baa4a35e/MEGA_Belaya_dacha_ENG_lease_brochure.pdf Jump up ^ Media , Kompas Cyber . `` Mal Terbesar Se - Jawa Bagian Tengah Beroperasi Mei 2015 - Kompas.com '' . KOMPAS.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Simon Property Group Fights to Reinvent the Shopping Mall '' . Fortune.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` About Plaza '' . Plaza Las Americas . Retrieved 28 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Costa , Dennis ( 27 July 2013 ) . `` Plaza Las Américas looking to build hotel on mall grounds '' . Caribbean Business . Retrieved 28 July 2014 . Jump up ^ D ? az , Marian ( 1 March 2013 ) . `` Sports Authority llegar ? a Plaza Las Américas '' . El Nuevo D ? a . Retrieved 28 July 2014 . Jump up ^ International Council of Shopping Centers : The Galleria ( Houston ) , accessed 5 April 2012 Archived 9 January 2001 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` SUNTEC REIT '' . www.suntecreit.com . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` The Fountain of Wealth at Suntec City , Singapore '' . Travel + Leisure . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ After expansion . Jump up ^ The most expensive real estate purchase in British history at £ 1.6 bn Jump up ^ `` Spain 's biggest store signs for Puerto Venecia '' ( Press release ) . British Land . 24 January 2007 . Retrieved 28 July 2014 . Jump up ^ International Council of Shopping Centers : Tysons Corner Center , accessed 28 August 2007 Archived 16 January 2001 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` TriNoma '' . myAyalaMalls . Retrieved 9 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Geschichte '' . Shopping City Süd . Retrieved 6 April 2014 . Jump up ^ . SWestend City Center http://westend.hu/ . Retrieved 23 December 2016 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Includes West Coast Mainline Rail & Bus Interchange Jump up ^ Cotter , Molly ( 29 September 2011 ) . `` Kinetic Energy Generating Pavegen Floor Tiles Will Harvest Footsteps to Light UK Shopping Center '' . inhabitat.com . Retrieved 30 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Metropolis at Metrotown I & II : Quick Facts '' . Ivanhoe Cambridge . Retrieved 28 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2nd Aeon Mall to open in Indonesia in late September '' . The Jakarta Post . Retrieved 6 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Самый большой `` де - юре '' ТЦ Украины не является таковым `` де - факто '' / / Столичная недвижимость , 26 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Vincom Mega Mall '' . Vincom Shopping Mall . 14 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Starfield Hanam '' . www.taubman.com . Jump up ^ http://nnews.mk.co.kr/newsRead.php?year=2016&no=630192&sc=30000001&sID=501 Jump up ^ `` Robinsons Land to Open Robinsons Galleria Cebu Later This Year '' . Retrieved 28 August 2016 . Jump up ^ source : Official website Archived 22 December 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Key Facts '' . Grosvenor Group . Archived from the original on 11 June 2009 . Retrieved 14 June 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jamuna Future Park The Biggest Shopping Mall in South Asia ! '' . jamunafuturepark.com . Archived from the original on 20 September 2013 . Retrieved 3 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Square One Shopping Centre '' . Oxford Properties . 26 January 2014 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) , retrieved 3 August 2015 Jump up ^ `` about us livingworld.co.id '' . www.livingworld.co.id . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` 2 giant malls to open in Cheras - Business News The Star Online '' . www.thestar.com.my . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : Lim , Jessie ( 26 March 2016 ) . `` Royal mall opening '' . The Star Malaysia . ^ Jump up to : Xue , Charlie W.L. ( 1 August 2010 ) . World Architecture in China . 三聯書店 ( 香港 ) 有限公司 . ISBN 9789620428906 . Jump up ^ `` Lippo Malls Indonesia Retail Trust Plaza Medan Fair '' . www.lmir-trust.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Malls in Davao City '' . Click Davao . Retrieved 30 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Management - Supermal Karawaci '' . Supermal Karawaci . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` City Gate : A new lifestyle spot to watch for '' . KMC MAG Group Inc . Retrieved 30 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Gonzales , Iris . `` Vista Land spending P18 B for new malls '' . The Philippine Star . Retrieved 30 November 2016 . Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20171021113455/https://www.delfi.lt/verslas/verslas/vilniuje-antrasis-mazdaug-tokio-paties-dydzio-akropolis.d?id=14497584 Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20171021113443/https://www.delfi.lt/verslas/verslas/vilniuje-prekybos-ir-pramogu-kompleksas-akropolis.d?id=973552 Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20171021113436/http://www.akropolis.eu/projektai/vilniaus-akropolis/ Jump up ^ `` Sun Plaza '' . Jump up ^ `` Robinsons Magnolia certified as first ' green ' mall '' . BusinessWorld . Retrieved 30 November 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.klepierre.com/en/centres/belle-epine/ Jump up ^ http://www.klepierre.com/en/centres/belle-epine/ Jump up ^ http://www.klepierre.com/content/uploads/2013/07/Val-deurope-Plaquette.pdf Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20171021124846/http://www.vz.lt/sektoriai/nekilnojamasis-turtas-statyba/2016/01/08/isibegeja-47-mln-eur-vertesmegos-rekonstrukcija Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20171021120000/http://www.mega.lt/apie-mega/apie-mega Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20171021115051/http://www.vz.lt/sektoriai/prekyba/2016/11/11/mole-baigti-atnaujinimo-darbai-pakeistas-logotipas ^ Jump up to : Roxburgh , Helen ( 23 March 2017 ) . `` Welcome to Yiwu : China 's testing ground for a multicultural city '' . The Guardian . ( hide ) Structural extremes Tallest Buildings Structures Bridges Chimneys Churches Orthodox Cities Dams Oil platforms Educational Freestanding Hospitals Hotels Lighthouses Residential Statues Towers Twin buildings and structures Wood Largest Buildings Churches City squares Dams Domes Hindu temples Hotels Mosques Palace Power stations hydroelectric Shopping malls Longest Buildings Bridges arched cable - stayed cantilevered continuous truss masonry arch suspension Churches Tunnels Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_largest_shopping_malls&oldid=834566595 '' Categories : Lists of shopping malls Lists of largest buildings and structures Lists of superlatives Architecture records Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Pages with URL errors Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from May 2017 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from February 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2014 Interlanguage link template link number Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Bahasa Indonesia 日本語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 April 2018 , at 12 : 34 . 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who plays william conway in house of cards	Charles Joel Nordström Kinnaman ( born 25 November 1979 ) is a Swedish American actor , best known in Sweden for playing the lead role in the Swedish film Easy Money , a role that earned him a Guldbagge Award in the `` Best Actor '' category , and also for his roles as Frank Wagner in the Johan Falk film series and Governor Will Conway in the U.S. version of House of Cards . He starred as detective Stephen Holder on AMC 's The Killing , and played Alex Murphy in the 2014 RoboCop remake , and Rick Flag in the film adaptation of Suicide Squad ( 2016 ) , based on the DC Comics anti-hero team of the same name .	Charles Joel Nordström Kinnaman	Joel Kinnaman	joel kinnaman	Charles Joel Nordström Kinnaman ( born 25 November 1979 ) is a Swedish American actor , best known in Sweden for playing the lead role in the Swedish film Easy Money , a role that earned him a Guldbagge Award in the `` Best Actor '' category , and also for his roles as Frank Wagner in the Johan Falk film series and Governor Will Conway in the U.S. version of House of Cards . He starred as detective Stephen Holder on AMC 's The Killing , and played Alex Murphy in the 2014 RoboCop remake , and Rick Flag in the film adaptation of Suicide Squad ( 2016 ) , based on the DC Comics anti-hero team of the same name .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 5 Awards and nominations 5.1 Film 6 References 7 External links Early life ( edit ) Kinnaman was born and raised in Stockholm . His mother , Bitte , a therapist , is a Swedish citizen . His father , Steve Kinnaman ( originally David Kinnaman ) , is an American who was drafted during the Vietnam War and deserted the military from his base in Bangkok . Kinnaman has both Swedish and American citizenship , because of his father 's American nationality . Kinnaman 's father , whose family was from the American Midwest , is of English , German , Irish , and Scottish descent , while Kinnaman 's mother is Ukrainian Jewish descent . He has five sisters , one of whom is actress Melinda Kinnaman ( his half - sister ) . During his childhood , Kinnaman learned two languages as he `` spoke English with my dad and Swedish with my mom . '' Kinnaman spent a year in Texas as a high school exchange student . Career ( edit ) Kinnaman at the 2016 San Diego Comic - Con to promote Suicide Squad He originally started his career as a child actor in 1990 , in the soap opera Storstad . His older sister was dating one of the show 's directors , and he asked Joel to try out for a role . After portraying Felix Lundström in 22 episodes , he stepped away from acting . Kinnaman restarted his acting career in 2002 , taking part in a thriller called The Invisible and enrolling in the Swedish Academic School of Drama in Malmö , where actors such as Michael Nyqvist have studied . He graduated in 2007 , and afterwards attracted the attention of Swedish media in a stage adaptation of Crime and Punishment . Kinnaman then went on to star in nine Swedish movies in 14 months . He made his breakthrough in the 2009 film I skuggan av värmen and his success continued with a role in six films of the Johan Falk film series . He was then cast in the film Easy Money ( released January 2010 ) , which brought him attention in Sweden and the rest of the world . Looking to expand his acting career , Kinnaman hired an agent in the United States , the same agent that represents Johnny Depp . It was announced in the spring of 2010 that he would be making his international film debut in the thriller The Darkest Hour , which began filming in Moscow in June 2010 and was released in December 2011 . Beginning in April 2011 , Kinnaman had a starring role as Detective Stephen Holder in the AMC television series The Killing . Kinnaman was one of the contenders for the lead roles in Thor ( 2011 ) and Mad Max : Fury Road ( 2015 ) . He told the newspaper Östran that he `` was really close to getting the lead role in Mad Max 4 . It was between me and two others , and the one who got the role was Tom Hardy . ( The director ) was very pleased ( with my performance ) -- but they needed someone who seemed older . '' Regarding Thor , he has stated that `` they wanted someone with a Scandinavian touch . There were only five candidates left in the end , but unfortunately I could n't fly over ( to the United States ) and do test shoots with Natalie Portman , because it would interfere with the filming of Easy Money . '' Although Kinnaman has said that he is eager to work and become recognized in America , he added that `` I absolutely do n't feel that I have to take any role that I can get just because it is the United States . I 'm looking for something interesting , I 'm still young in my artistry , and I must dare to do things even when there 's a risk for failure '' . Kinnaman reunited with Easy Money director Daniel Espinosa in his Hollywood debut , 2012 's Safe House . On 3 March 2012 , it was confirmed that Kinnaman would play the lead role of Alex James Murphy / Robocop in the 2014 remake of 1987 's RoboCop . The film was released in February 2014 . In 2015 , he appeared in the drama Knight of Cups and starred in the thrillers Run All Night and Child 44 . Kinnaman next played Rick Flag Jr. in the Warner Bros. and DC Comics adaptation of Suicide Squad ( 2016 ) , directed by David Ayer . In 2016 , Kinnaman also starred in the independent drama - thriller film Edge of Winter . He plays Elliot Baker , a father of two who takes his children on a shooting trip that goes horribly wrong . The film was released on demand on 27 July , and in select theatres on 12 August . Joel has also been cast as the main protagonist in Netflix 's Altered Carbon , an adaption to Richard K. Morgan 's hardboiled cyberpunk science fiction novel of the same name . Netflix has ordered a 10 - episode season one . Kinnaman will portray Takeshi Kovacs , a native of the planet Harlan 's World . Kovacs is of Japanese and Eastern - European descent , and was a teenage gang member before enlisting in the military . After leaving the Envoy Corps , an elite military force , Kovacs returned to criminal life and became a mercenary , and was eventually imprisoned , his cortical `` stack '' stored without a body for decades at a time as punishment before being paroled or hired out to work high - risk situations . Personal life ( edit ) In mid-2014 , Kinnaman began dating Swedish tattoo artist Cleo Wattenström . In April 2016 , Kinnaman revealed he and Wattenström are married . Filmography ( edit ) Film Year Title Role Notes 2002 Den osynlige Kalle 2003 Hannah med H Andreas 2005 Storm The Bartender 2005 Tjenare kungen Dickan 2006 Vinnarskallar Gurra 2007 Arn -- The Knight Templar Sverker Karlsson 2008 Arn -- The Kingdom at Road 's End Sverker Karlsson 2009 In Your Veins Erik 2009 183 dagar Byron 2009 Johan Falk - Gruppen för särskilda insatser Frank Wagner Nominated -- Guldbagge Award for the Best Supporting Actor 2009 Johan Falk - Vapenbröder Frank Wagner 2009 Johan Falk - National Target Frank Wagner 2009 Johan Falk - Leo Gaut Frank Wagner 2009 Johan Falk - Operation Näktergal Frank Wagner 2009 Johan Falk - De fredlösa Frank Wagner 2009 Simon & Malou Stefan Easy Money Johan `` JW '' Westlund Guldbagge Award for the Best Actor 2011 The Darkest Hour Skyler 2011 The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo Christer Malm 2012 Safe House Keller 2012 Lola Versus Luke 2012 Easy Money II : Hard to Kill Johan `` JW '' Westlund 2012 Johan Falk -- Spelets regler Frank Wagner 2012 Johan Falk -- De 107 patrioterna Frank Wagner 2012 Johan Falk -- Alla råns moder Frank Wagner 2012 Johan Falk -- Organizatsija Karayan Frank Wagner 2012 Johan Falk -- Barninfiltratören Frank Wagner 2013 Johan Falk -- Kodnamn Lisa Frank Wagner 2013 Easy Money III : Life Deluxe Johan `` JW '' Westlund 2014 RoboCop Alex Murphy / RoboCop 2015 Knight of Cups Errol 2015 Run All Night Mike Conlon 2015 Child 44 Wasilij Nikitin 2016 Suicide Squad Rick Flag 2016 Edge of Winter Elliot Baker Television Year Title Role Notes Storstad Felix Lundström Swedish TV series ; credited as Joel Nordström 2008 Andra Avenyn Gustav Swedish TV series 2011 -- 2014 The Killing Stephen Holder U.S. TV series Nominated -- Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actor on Television 2016 -- present House of Cards Governor Will Conway Main Role 2017 Altered Carbon Takeshi Kovacs Upcoming series Awards and nominations ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Award Notes 2011 Guldbagge Awards Best Actor - Easy Money 2012 Saturn Award Nominated - Best Supporting Actor on Television - The Killing References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Joel Kinnaman '' ( in Swedish ) . The Swedish Film Database ( Swedish Film Institute ) . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : Rehlin , Gunnar ( 7 April 2010 ) . `` Joel Kinnaman klar för Hollywoodfilm '' . Helsingborgs Dagblad . Retrieved 18 July 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Hägred , Per ( 19 January 2010 ) . `` Joel Kinnaman : ' Min revisor är i chocktillstånd ' '' . Expressen . Retrieved 18 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ' Suicide Squad ' Update : ' RoboCop 's Joel Kinnaman Cast as Rick Flagg '' . 13 February 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Rochlinfer , Margy ( 7 February 2014 ) . `` Emotions Churning Under Armor : Joel Kinnaman Jumps From ' The Killing ' to ' RoboCop ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Helen ( 6 February 2014 ) . `` Robocop Joel Kinnaman 's Mom Tried to Send Him to Therapy for Walking Like a Robot '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Yglesias , Matthew . `` Joel Kinnaman from The Killing : An Interview '' . Slate . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ Tweet Lina Wennersten 08 - 13 59 36 [email protected] . `` Kroppslig kamp Kultur SvD '' ( in Swedish ) . Svd.se . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ Eichel , Larry ( 9 December 1990 ) . `` Home Swede Home : Why Some Vietnam Dodgers Have n't Returned '' . The Seattle Times . David Kinnaman , as Steve was known for the first half of his life ... Jump up ^ Ventre , Michael ( 16 June 2011 ) . `` Killing actors all hiding secrets '' . Variety . Jump up ^ https://archive.is/20120913141051/www.thedaily.com/page/2012/04/02/040212-gossip-tv-joel-kinnaman-1-2 Jump up ^ `` Joel Kinnaman regerar i `` Arn '' - Film '' ( in Swedish ) . www.arbetarbladet.se . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` RoboCop 's Jewish ! '' . ^ Jump up to : Andersson , Jan - Olov ( 22 August 2009 ) . `` -- Jag fick sparka ihjäl Skarsgård '' . Aftonbladet . Retrieved 18 July 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Albiniak , Paige . `` In for the kill '' . New York Post . Jump up ^ `` -- Jag ville slå honom '' . aftonbladet.se . Retrieved 24 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Gradvall.se . `` Gradvall.se -- Artiklar Intervjuer Essäer 1979 - 2016 '' . gradvall.se . Retrieved 24 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Helmerson , Erik ( 11 January 2010 ) . `` Joel Kinnaman nära roll i Mad Max 4 '' . Östran . Retrieved 18 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Zac Efron to play drug smuggler in thriller '' . Reuters. 15 April 2010 . Retrieved 18 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Holmqvist , Emilia ( 22 March 2010 ) . `` Kinnaman ska få oss att springa '' . Aftonbladet . Retrieved 18 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( 14 April 2010 ) . `` AMC adds four actors to Killing pilot '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 18 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Vejvoda , Jim ( 16 March 2009 ) . `` Natalie Portman Joining Thor ? '' . IGN . Retrieved 18 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Vineyard , Jen . `` Joel Kinnaman Talks Easy Money , His Marty Scorsese - Style Relationship With Daniel Espinosa & The Future Of The Dragon Tattoo Films '' . IndieWire . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( 13 February 2015 ) . `` Joel Kinnaman eyed for Rick Flagg role in Suicide Squad '' . Variety . Jump up ^ `` Edge of Winter actor Joel Kinnaman says ' toughest shoot ' was filming in a freezing Sudbury lake '' . The Hamilton Spectator. 23 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( 12 May 2016 ) . `` Joel Kinnaman to star in Netflix 's Altered Carbon series ; Miguel Sapochnik directs '' . Deadline.com . Jump up ^ `` Här myser Kinnaman med svenska Cleo , 22 '' . Aftonbladet. 9 August 2014 . Retrieved 30 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cleo Wattenström , Joel Kinnaman 's Wife : 5 Fast Facts You Need to Know '' . Heavy . 29 May 2017 . Retrieved 4 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Bacardi , Francesca ( April 26 , 2016 ) . `` Surprise ! Joel Kinnaman and Cleo Wattenström Are Married '' . Eonline.com . Retrieved April 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gugliemi , Jodi ( April 26 , 2016 ) . `` Joel Kinnaman Reveals He Secretly Married Cleo Wattenström '' . People.com . Retrieved April 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` De kan vinna en Guldbagge '' . Dagens Nyheter. 8 January 2010 . Retrieved 18 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( 29 February 2012 ) . `` Saturn Award Nominations Announced ; Hugo and Harry Potter Lead with 10 Nominations Each '' . Collider . Retrieved 22 March 2014 . External links ( edit ) Joel Kinnaman on IMDb Joel Kinnaman on Facebook Joel Kinnaman on Twitter Joel Kinnaman on Instagram ( hide ) Guldbagge Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role 1963 -- 1990 Keve Hjelm ( 1963 / 64 ) Jarl Kulle ( 1964 / 65 ) Thommy Berggren ( 1965 / 66 ) Per Oscarsson ( 1966 / 67 ) Halvar Björk ( 1967 / 68 ) Roland Hedlund ( 1968 / 69 ) Carl - Gustaf Lindstedt ( 1969 / 70 ) Eddie Axberg ( 1971 / 72 ) Gösta Ekman ( 1972 / 73 ) Allan Edwall ( 1973 / 74 ) Göran Stangertz ( 1974 / 75 ) Toivo Pawlo ( 1975 / 76 ) Håkan Serner ( 1976 / 77 ) Anders Lönnbro ( 1977 / 78 ) Anders Åberg ( 1978 / 79 ) Peter Lindgren ( 1979 / 80 ) Ingvar Hirdwall ( 1980 / 81 ) Stellan Skarsgård ( 1981 / 82 ) Jarl Kulle ( 1982 / 83 ) Sven Wollter ( 1984 ) Anton Glanzelius ( 1985 ) Erland Josephson ( 1986 ) Max von Sydow ( 1987 ) Tomas Bolme ( 1988 ) Stellan Skarsgård ( 1989 ) Börje Ahlstedt ( 1990 ) 1991 -- present Lasse Åberg ( 1991 ) Rolf Lassgård ( 1992 ) Sven Lindberg ( 1993 ) Sven - Bertil Taube ( 1994 ) Loa Falkman ( 1995 ) Max von Sydow ( 1996 ) Göran Stangertz ( 1997 ) Krister Henriksson ( 1998 ) Björn Kjellman ( 1999 ) Kjell Bergqvist ( 2000 ) Sven Wollter ( 2001 ) Michael Nyqvist ( 2002 ) Jonas Karlsson ( 2003 ) Robert Gustafsson ( 2004 ) Krister Henriksson ( 2005 ) Gustaf Skarsgård ( 2006 ) Michael Segerström ( 2007 ) Mikael Persbrandt ( 2008 ) Claes Ljungmark ( 2009 ) Joel Kinnaman ( 2010 ) Sven - Bertil Taube ( 2011 ) Johannes Brost ( 2012 ) Mikael Persbrandt ( 2013 ) Sverrir Gudnason ( 2014 ) Rolf Lassgård ( 2015 ) Anders Mossling ( 2016 ) VIAF : 207335285 ISNI : 0000 0001 4006 500X GND : 1021087246 SUDOC : 15556465X BNF : cb16613955q ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joel_Kinnaman&oldid=802907058 '' Categories : 1979 births 20th - century American male actors 20th - century Swedish male actors 21st - century American male actors 21st - century Swedish male actors Swedish emigrants to the United States American male film actors American male television actors American people of English descent American people of German descent American people of Irish descent American people of Scottish descent American people of Swedish - Jewish descent American people of Ukrainian - Jewish descent Best Actor Guldbagge Award winners Jewish American male actors Living people Male actors from Stockholm Swedish Jews Swedish male film actors Swedish male television actors Swedish people of American descent Swedish people of English descent Swedish people of German descent Swedish people of Irish descent Swedish people of Scottish descent Swedish people of Ukrainian descent Hidden categories : CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Use dmy dates from April 2011 Articles containing Swedish - language text Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Magyar მარგალური Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 29 September 2017 , at 06 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel%20Kinnaman	1,145
who is the donor in power of attorney	A power of attorney ( POA ) or letter of attorney is a written authorization to represent or act on another 's behalf in private affairs , business , or some other legal matter . The person authorizing the other to act is the principal , grantor , or donor ( of the power ) . The one authorized to act is the agent or , in some common law jurisdictions , the attorney - in - fact .	The person authorizing the other to act	Power of attorney	power of attorney	A power of attorney ( POA ) or letter of attorney is a written authorization to represent or act on another 's behalf in private affairs , business , or some other legal matter . The person authorizing the other to act is the principal , grantor , or donor ( of the power ) . The one authorized to act is the agent or , in some common law jurisdictions , the attorney - in - fact .	Formerly , the term `` power '' referred to an instrument signed under seal while a `` letter '' was an instrument under hand , meaning that it was simply signed by the parties , but today a power of attorney need not be signed under seal . Some jurisdictions require that powers of attorney be notarized or witnessed , but others will enforce a power of attorney as long as it is signed by the grantor . Contents ( hide ) 1 Attorney - in - fact 2 Structure and requirements 2.1 Capacity of the grantor 2.2 Oral and written 2.3 Equal dignity rule 2.4 Execution 3 Types 3.1 Durable 3.2 Health care 3.2. 1 Relationship with advance health care directive 3.3 Springing 3.4 Standardized forms 4 Implied limitations on agent 's power 5 Specialized uses 5.1 Proxy voting 5.2 Finance 6 Legal status by country 6.1 England and Wales 6.2 Republic of Ireland 6.2. 1 Creating powers of attorney 6.3 Russia 7 See also 8 References Attorney - in - fact ( edit ) The term attorney - in - fact is used in many jurisdictions instead of the term agent . That term should be distinguished from the term attorney - at - law . In the United States , an attorney - at - law is a solicitor who is also licensed to be an advocate in a particular jurisdiction . An attorney - in - fact may be a layperson and is authorized to act pursuant to the powers granted by a power of attorney , but may not engage in acts that would constitute the unauthorized practice of law . In the context of the unincorporated reciprocal inter-insurance exchange ( URIE ) the attorney - in - fact is a stakeholder / trustee who takes custody of the subscriber funds placed on deposit with him , and then uses those funds to pay insurance claims . When all the claims are paid , the attorney - in - fact then returns the leftover funds to the subscribers . The Uniform Power of Attorney Act employs the term agent . As an agent , an attorney - in - fact is a fiduciary for the principal , so the law requires an attorney - in - fact to be completely honest with and loyal to the principal in their dealings with each other . Care must be taken when selecting an attorney - in - fact , as some attorneys - at - fact have used their authority to steal the assets of vulnerable individuals such as the elderly ( see elder abuse ) . Structure and requirements ( edit ) Capacity of the grantor ( edit ) Main article : Capacity ( law ) The person who creates a power of attorney , known as the grantor , can only do so when he / she has the requisite mental capacity . Suppose the grantor loses capacity to grant permission after the power of attorney has been created ( for example , from Alzheimer 's disease or a head injury in a car crash ) ; then the power will probably no longer be effective . In some powers of attorney the grantor states that he / she wishes the document to remain in effect even after he / she becomes incapacitated . This type of power is commonly referred to as a durable power of attorney . If someone is already incapacitated , it is not possible for that person to execute a valid power . If a person does not have the capacity to execute a power of attorney ( and does not already have a durable power in place ) , often the only way for another party to act on their behalf is to have a court impose a conservatorship or a guardianship . Oral and written ( edit ) Depending on the jurisdiction , a power of attorney may be oral and , whether witnessed , will hold up in court , the same as if it were in writing . For some purposes , the law requires a power of attorney to be in writing . Many institutions , such as hospitals , banks and , in the United States , the Internal Revenue Service , require a power of attorney to be in writing before they will honor it , and they will usually keep a duplicate original or a copy for their records . Nursing homes often follow the same practice . Equal dignity rule ( edit ) The equal dignity rule is a principle of law that requires an authorization for someone performing certain acts for another person to have been appointed with the same formality as required for the act the representative is going to perform . This means , for example , that if a principal authorizes someone to sell the principal 's house or other real property , and the law requires a contract for the sale of real property to be in writing ( which is required under the Statute of Frauds in most U.S. jurisdictions ) , then the authorization for the other person to sign the sales contract and deed must be in writing too . Likewise , in common - law jurisdictions other than the U.S. , a power of an attorney to execute a deed ( i.e. instrument under seal or executed in presence of two witnesses ) must be itself executed as a deed . Execution ( edit ) In order for a power of attorney to become a legally enforceable document , at a minimum it must be signed and dated by the principal . Some jurisdictions also require that a power of attorney be witnesses , notarized , or both . Even when not required , having the document reviewed and signed ( and often stamped ) by a notary public may increase the likelihood of withstanding a legal challenge . If the attorney - in - fact is being paid to act on behalf of the principal , a contract for payment may be separate from the document granting power of attorney . If that separate contract is in writing , as a separate document it may be kept private between the principal and agent even when the power of attorney is presented to others for the purposes of carrying out the agent 's duties . Types ( edit ) A power of attorney may be : special ( also called limited ) , general , or temporary . A special power of attorney is one that is limited to a specified act or type of act . A general power of attorney is one that allows the agent to make all personal and business decisions A temporary power of attorney is one with a limited time frame . If ever required , a durable power of attorney can be revoked or changed as long as the principal is still mentally competent to act . Durable ( edit ) Under the common law , a power of attorney becomes ineffective if its grantor dies or becomes `` incapacitated , '' meaning unable to grant such a power , because of physical injury or mental illness , for example , unless the grantor ( or principal ) specifies that the power of attorney will continue to be effective even if the grantor becomes incapacitated . This type of power of attorney is called `` power of attorney with durable provisions '' in the United States or `` enduring power of attorney '' elsewhere . In effect , under a durable power of attorney ( DPA ) , the authority of the attorney - in - fact to act and / or make decisions on behalf of the grantor continues until the grantor 's death . Health care ( edit ) In some jurisdictions , a durable power of attorney can also be a `` health care power of attorney . '' This particular affidavit gives the attorney - in - fact the authority to make health - care decisions for the grantor , up to and including terminating care and life support . The grantor can typically modify or restrict the powers of the agent to make end - of - life decisions . In many jurisdictions a health care power of attorney is also referred to as a `` health care proxy '' and , as such , the two terms are sometimes used interchangeably . Relationship with advance health care directive ( edit ) Related to the health care power of attorney is a separate document known as an advance health care directive , also called a `` living will '' . A living will is a written statement of a person 's health care and medical wishes but does not appoint another person to make health care decisions . Depending upon the jurisdiction , a health care power of attorney may or may not appear with an advance health care directive in a single , physical document . For example , the California legislature has adopted a standard power of attorney for health care and advance health care directive form that meets all of that state 's legal wording requirements for a power of attorney and advance health care directive in a single document . Compare this to New York State , which enacted a Health Care Proxy law that requires a separate document be prepared appointing one as your health care agent . Springing ( edit ) In some U.S. states and other jurisdictions , it is possible to grant a springing power of attorney ; i.e. , a power that takes effect only after the incapacity of the grantor or some other definite future act or circumstance . After such incapacitation the power is identical to a durable power , but can not be invoked before the incapacity . This power may be used to allow a spouse or family member to manage the grantor 's affairs in case illness or injury makes the grantor unable to act . If a springing power is used , the grantor should specify exactly how and when the power springs into effect . As the result of privacy legislation in the U.S. , medical doctors will often not reveal information relating to capacity of the principal unless the power of attorney specifically authorizes them to do so . Determining whether the principal is `` disabled '' enough to initiate this type of representation is a formal process . Springing powers of attorney are not automatic , and institutions may refuse to work with the attorney - in - fact . Disputes are then resolved in court . Unless the power of attorney has been made irrevocable by its own terms or by some legal principle , the grantor may revoke the power of attorney by telling the attorney - in - fact it is revoked . However , if the principal does not inform third parties and it is reasonable for the third parties to rely upon the power of attorney being in force , the principal might still be bound by the acts of the agent , though the agent may also be liable for such unauthorized acts . Standardized forms ( edit ) Standardized forms are available for various kinds of powers of attorney , and many organizations provide them for their clients , customers , patients , employees , or members . However , the grantor should exercise caution when using a standardized POA form obtained from a source other than a lawyer because there is considerable variation in approved formats among the states . In some states statutory power of attorney forms are available . Examples include the California Statutory Form Power of Attorney , New York Form Power of Attorney and Wisconsin Form Power of Attorney . Implied limitations on agent 's power ( edit ) Although a power of attorney grants the agent powers to perform acts in the absence of the grantor , the POA can not grant powers to the agent that conflict with rules and regulations governing people and companies that the agent deals with . For example , if a bank has regulations that require the grantor to be physically present in the bank to perform certain actions , the POA can not grant the agent power to perform those actions in the absence of the grantor . Specialized uses ( edit ) Proxy voting ( edit ) Robert 's Rules of Order notes that proxy voting involves granting a power of attorney . The term `` proxy '' refers to both the power of attorney itself and the person to whom it is granted . Finance ( edit ) In financial situations wherein a principal requests a securities broker to perform extensive investment functions on the principal 's behalf , independent of the principal 's advice , power of attorney must be formally granted to the broker to trade in the principal 's account . This rule also applies to principals who instruct their brokers to perform certain specific trades and principals who trust their brokers to perform certain trades in the principal 's best interest . Legal status by country ( edit ) England and wales ( edit ) In English and Welsh law , anyone with capacity can grant a power of attorney . These can be general ( i.e. , to do anything which can legally be done by an attorney ) , or relate to a specific act ( e.g. , to sell freehold property ) . A power of attorney is only valid while the donor has the capacity to ratify the attorney 's actions , unless it is made in the form of a lasting power of attorney and registered with the Office of the Public Guardian . This new form of power of attorney was introduced in 2007 under the Mental Capacity Act 2005 and replaced the former enduring power of attorney , although EPAs correctly made before the law changed are still valid . EPAs only need to be registered if the donor has since lost capacity . It should be noted that many of the provisions in the earlier paragraphs above use terminology different from either common UK usage or terms used in the Mental Capacity Act 2005 . Examples are enduring power of attorney , advance directive , and notary public . Republic of ireland ( edit ) Irish law there are two forms of power of attorney : Power of attorney , which may be general or specific , which ceases once the donor becomes incapacitated Enduring power of attorney , which takes effect once the donor is incapacitated The death of the donor ends both . The relevant legislation is the Powers of Attorney Act 1996 and the Enduring Powers of Attorney Regulations 1996 ( SI No. 196 / 1996 ) as amended by SI No. 287 / 1996 . Part 7 of the Assisted Decision - Making ( Capacity ) Act 2015 provides for new arrangements for those who wish to make an Enduring Power of Attorney and once the 2015 act is commenced , no new powers of attorney will be created under the 1996 act . Creating powers of attorney ( edit ) A solicitor is not necessary when creating Power of Attorney - it can be created when signed by the donor in the presence of a witness . Creating an Enduring Power of Attorney requires the following : it must be in a particular format a statement from a doctor stating that the doctor thought the donor had the mental capacity to understand the effect of creating the power of attorney when the document was executed a statement from the donor to say that they understood the effect of creating the power a statement from a solicitor to say they are satisfied that the donor understood the effect of creating the power of attorney a statement from a solicitor to say the donor was not acting under undue influence The process of creating Enduring Power of Attorney is complex and courts have a general supervisory role in the implementation of the power . Russia ( edit ) Under Russian law , specifically art . 185 of the Russian Civil Code , a power of attorney may be executed under hand or in notarial form . The power of attorney to act must be notarially executed . Notarial execution is required for any power of attorney made for concluding a contract subject to special public recordation , namely those dealing with interests in immovable property . A power of attorney , pursuant to art . 186 of the Russian Civil Code , must also be dated . Any POA without an express date of execution is void . Predstavitelstvo , Doverennost ( in Russian ) A power of attorney can not be irrevocable . The grantor may terminate the POA at any time at his or her sole discretion . Any waiver of this right is void , as provided by the Civil Code . See also ( edit ) Cestui que Delegata potestas non potest delegari Estate planning References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Under Louisiana state law only , the agent is referred to as a `` mandatary '' . See Louisiana Civil Code Art . 2989 Jump up ^ `` Attorney - in - Fact '' . Wex . Cornell University Law School . Retrieved 4 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Uniform Power of Attorney Act , 2006 Jump up ^ Hughes , Michele . `` Remedying Financial Abuse by Agents Under a Power of A orney for Finances '' . Marquette Elder 's Advisor. 2 ( 4 ) : 39 -- 48 . Retrieved 4 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Power of Attorney '' . Cornell Legal Information Institute . Retrieved 22 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Irving , Shae . `` Durable Financial Power of Attorney : How It Works '' . Nolo . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Larson , Aaron . `` How a Power of Attorney Works '' . ExpertLaw.com . ExpertLaw . Retrieved 4 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Preventing Challenges to Your Power of Attorney '' . AssistGuide Information Services . Retrieved 4 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Powers of Attorney '' . People 's Law Library . Retrieved 18 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` General Power of Attorney vs. Special Power of Attorney '' . RocketLawyer . Retrieved 18 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Temporary Power of Attorney '' . oregonlawhelp.org . Retrieved 18 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Clark , Elias ; et al. ( 2007 ) . Gratuitous Transfers : Wills , Intestate Succession , Trusts , Gifts , Future Interests , and Estate and Gift Taxation . St. Paul , MN : Thomson / West . p. 310 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 314 - 16040 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Living Wills And The Durable Power Of attorney For Health Care '' . Kansas Bar Association . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ Clark , Elias ; et al. ( 2007 ) . Gratuitous Transfers : Wills , Intestate Succession , Trusts , Gifts , Future Interests , and Estate and Gift Taxation . St. Paul , MN : Thomson / West . p. 311 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 314 - 16040 - 9 . Jump up ^ New York Code , Public Health Law , Sec. 2981 . State of New York . Jump up ^ `` Financial Power of Attorney '' . AARP . Retrieved 5 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Robert , Henry M. ( 2011 ) . Robert 's Rules of Order Newly Revised , 11th ed. , p. 428 ( RONR ) ^ Jump up to : `` Power of Attorney '' . Retrieved 27 February 2017 . This article contains quotations from this source , which is available under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International ( CC BY 4.0 ) license . ^ Jump up to : See the Civil Code of Russian Federation ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ See Section 16 of Act 122 of 200З `` On state registration of interests in immovable property and related transactions '' ( in Russian ) ( 1 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Power_of_attorney&oldid=800280906 '' Categories : Power of attorney Common law Legal terminology Medical law Decision - making Agency law Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Articles with disproportional geographic scope from November 2013 Articles needing additional references from November 2008 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles that are too technical from January 2011 All articles that are too technical Articles needing expert attention from January 2011 All articles needing expert attention All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2011 Articles with Russian - language external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Қазақша Lietuvių Nederlands Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Татарча / tatarça ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 September 2017 , at 15 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power%20of%20attorney	1,146
how many eps in attack on titan season 1	Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 25 April 7 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 07 ) September 29 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 29 ) 12 April 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 01 ) June 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 17 )	25	List of Attack on Titan episodes	list of attack on titan episodes	Attack on Titan is an anime series adapted from the manga of the same title by Hajime Isayama . It is set in a world where humanity lives inside cities surrounded by enormous walls due to the Titans , gigantic humanoid beings who devour humans seemingly without reason . The story follows the adventures of Eren Yeager , his adopted sister Mikasa Ackerman , and their friend Armin Arlert , whose lives are changed forever after a Colossal Titan breaches the wall of their home town . Vowing revenge and to reclaim the world from the Titans , Eren and his friends join the Scout Regiment , an elite group of soldiers who fight Titans .	Produced by IG Port 's Wit Studio and directed by Tetsurō Araki , Attack on Titan was broadcast on the Mainichi Broadcasting System from April 7 to September 29 , 2013 , and later aired on Tokyo MX , FBS , TOS , HTB , TVA and BS11 . Both Funimation and Crunchyroll have streamed the series with subtitles on their respective websites . Funimation has also licensed the anime for home video release in 2014 . Episode 1 of the English version premiered at Anime Boston , with other episodes put on Funimation 's subscription services . On television of the series has broadcast weekly on Adult Swim 's Toonami block on May 3 , 2014 , starting at 11 : 30 p.m. EST . From episode 1 to 13 , the anime 's opening theme song is `` Feuerroter Pfeil und Bogen '' ( 紅蓮の弓矢 , Guren no Yumiya , lit . `` Crimson Bow and Arrow '' ) by Linked Horizon and the ending theme song is `` Utsukushiki Zankoku na Sekai '' ( 美しき残酷な世界 , lit . `` A Beautiful Cruel World '' ) by Yōko Hikasa . From episode 14 to 25 , the anime 's opening theme song is `` Die Flügel der Freiheit '' ( 自由の翼 , Jiyū no Tsubasa , lit . `` The Wings of Freedom '' ) by Linked Horizon and the ending theme song is `` great escape '' by Cinema Staff . The opening themes were collected on Linked Horizon 's single `` Jiyū e no Shingeki '' which sold over 100 thousand copies in its first week of sales . A second season aired from April 1 to June 17 , 2017 on MBS and other television networks . Funimation and Crunchyroll streamed the second season on their respective websites , with Adult Swim aired a dubbed version . The opening theme song is `` Opfert eure Herzen ! '' ( 心臓を捧げよ ! , Shinzō o Sasageyo ! , lit . `` Dedicate Your Hearts ! '' ) by Linked Horizon and the ending theme song is `` Yūgure no Tori '' ( 夕暮れの鳥 ) by Shinsei Kamattechan . On June 17 , 2017 , a third season was announced at the close of the second season 's final episode , with a release date slated for July 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episode list 2.1 Season 1 ( 2013 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2017 ) 3 Special episodes 3.1 OVA episodes 3.2 Bonus shorts 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 25 April 7 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 07 ) September 29 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 29 ) 12 April 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 01 ) June 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 17 ) Episode list ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2013 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date English airdate `` To You , in 2000 Years : The Fall of Shiganshina , Part 1 '' `` Ni - sen Nen - go no Kimi e - Shiganshina Kanraku ( 1 ) - '' ( 二千年後の君へ ― シガンシナ陥落 1 ― ) Hiroyuki Tanaka Tetsurō Araki Yasuko Kobayashi April 7 , 2013 May 3 , 2014 For over a century , humans have been living in settlements surrounded by three gigantic walls , which prevent the Titans , giant humanoid creatures who eat humans , from entering . Eren Jaeger , of the town called the Shiganshina District , wishes to see the outside world by joining the Scout Regiment , as he likens living in the cities to livestock . Despite this , his adopted sister Mikasa Ackermann and their mother Carla Jaeger are against him joining the Scouts . Even after seeing the Scouts return home with large casualties , Eren expresses his interest to join , which impresses his father Grisha Jaeger . After Eren and Mikasa rescue their friend Armin Arlelt from a group of delinquents due to his views that the walls will not protect them forever , the Colossal Titan suddenly appears and knocks down the gate to the Shiganshina District , which lies in the outer edge of Wall Maria , allowing smaller Titans to enter . As the town erupts into mass panic , Eren and Mikasa rush back to Carla , only to see her pinned under their collapsed house . Carla begs them to flee , but they refuse until city guard Hannes arrives and takes them away . Eren watches in horror as a Smiling Titan eats Carla . `` That Day : The Fall of Shiganshina , Part 2 '' `` Sono Hi - Shiganshina Kanraku ( 2 ) - '' ( その日 ― シガンシナ陥落 2 ― ) Masashi Koizuka Yasuko Kobayashi April 14 , 2013 May 10 , 2014 Hannes apologizes to Eren for not saving his mother , admitting he was afraid of the Smiling Titan and that both Eren and Mikasa are still weak children . Some of townsfolk of the Shiganshina District escape to the inner Wall Maria , while the soldiers try to hold off the Titans . The soldiers try to close the gate , but the Armored Titan rams the gate , breaching the inner Wall Maria , and causing those inside to retreat even further inside Wall Rose . Some time later , Eren has a strange dream in which his grieving father forcefully gives him an injection and his key before being woken up by Mikasa . Eren grows disgusted with the people of Wall Rose as the latter do not like sharing their food or homes with the refugees . During the next year , as a food shortage becomes apparent , the government orders the refugees to either work on the farms or fight to reclaim Wall Maria . About 250,000 people , 20 % of the populace , choose to fight , only to be wiped out by the Titans . Eren vows revenge and joins the army along with Mikasa and Armin . `` A Dim Light Amid Despair : Humanity 's Comeback , Part 1 '' `` Zetsubō no Naka de Nibuku Hikaru - Jinrui no Saiki ( 1 ) - '' ( 絶望の中で鈍く光る ― 人類の再起 1 ― ) Kiyoshi Fukumoto Hiroshi Seko April 21 , 2013 May 17 , 2014 The drill instructor Keith Sadies inspects the new recruits of the 104th Cadet Corps and provides a barrage of verbal insults . When he comes across Sasha Braus , who is eating a potato , he punishes her by having her run around the camp until sunset and not giving her any food or drink . Eren develops a rivalry with Jean Kirschtein , who desires a safe and easy position in the Military Police Regiment within the inner city walls . The recruits train on an omni - directional mobility gear apparatus , where they have to balance themselves while suspended on cables . After Eren has trouble balancing , he asks Reiner Braun and Bertholdt Hoover for help and discover they too are among the few who have personally encountered Titans . The next day , Eren balances on the apparatus but falls , but Keith discovers that Eren 's apparatus was defective and passes him after a retry with different equipment . `` The Night of the Closing Ceremony : Humanity 's Comeback , Part 2 '' `` Kaisan Shiki no Yoru - Jinrui no Saiki ( 2 ) - '' ( 解散式の夜 ― 人類の再起 2 ― ) Makoto Bessho Yasuko Kobayashi April 28 , 2013 May 24 , 2014 Five years since Wall Maria fell , Keith evaluates the recruits for their strengths and weaknesses . After training in hand - to - hand combat with Reiner and Annie Leonhart , Eren learns later that night that Jean and several other recruits hope to join the Military Police Regiment to avoid having to fight Titans . On graduation day , Eren and Mikasa rank among the top ten of their class . They are eligible to join the Military Police Regiment , but Eren declines and announces that he is joining the Scout Regiment on the front lines , leading Armin and Mikasa to join him . They are assigned to the Trost District , one of the cities which is at the outer edge of Wall Rose , where they discover other classmates have joined . The Colossal Titan appears and breaches the gate . Once Eren regains his composure , he takes command and orders a counterattack . 5 5 `` First Battle : The Struggle for Trost , Part 1 '' `` Uijin - Torosuto - ku Kōbōsen ( 1 ) - '' ( 初陣 ― トロスト区攻防戦 1 ― ) Shinpei Ezaki Hiroshi Seko May 5 , 2013 May 31 , 2014 The Colossal Titan destroys the wall 's cannons , but it vanishes into a burst of stream before Eren prepares to attack its weak point . The Military Police Regiment scrambles to evacuate the people of the Trost District and set up defenses before the Titans enter the city . Assigned by Commander Kitts Woerman of the Garrison Regiment to different squads , Mikasa helps with the evacuation , while Eren and Armin provide backup at the front lines . With the Titans now in the city , Eren recalls his lessons that in order to kill a Titan , they must strike the nape of its neck . As Eren and Armin 's squad attack , their comrades are killed or eaten by the Titans one by one , with Eren himself losing his left leg . Armin , paralyzed with fear upon seeing his comrades ' fates , is picked up by a Bearded Titan and almost swallowed . Eren , recalling when he and Armin wished to see the world outside the walls , manages to drag and toss Armin out of the Bearded Titan 's mouth at the last moment . He reaches for Armin with his left arm out of the Bearded Titan 's mouth , but the Bearded Titan closes its jaws , severing Eren 's arm and swallowing him . 6 6 `` The World the Girl Saw : The Struggle for Trost , Part 2 '' `` Shōjo ga Mita Sekai - Torosuto - ku Kōbōsen ( 2 ) - '' ( 少女が見た世界 ― トロスト区攻防戦 2 ― ) Tomomi Ikeda Hiroshi Seko May 12 , 2013 June 7 , 2014 Armin awakens to find himself surrounded by Conny Springer , Christa Lenz and Ymir . As Armin heads back to the rearguard , he blames himself not being strong enough to save Eren . Meanwhile , an Abnormal Titan approaches the city 's exit gate , which is crowded by refugees . Once Mikasa kills the Abnormal Titan , she threatens a greedy merchant holding cargo to let the refugees pass first . After she is thanked by a mother and daughter , Mikasa has a flashback . In the year 844 , a year before the fall of Wall Maria , Mikasa was targeted by three slave traders , who murdered her parents in a struggle . After Grisha and Eren discovered the corpses while making a visit , Eren secretly tracked down the slave traders to a nearby hut and killed two of them in an attempt to save Mikasa . However , the third slave trader appeared and began strangling Eren . Encouraged by Eren , Mikasa overcame her fear and gained resolve to kill the third slave trader . After the children are found by the Military Police Regiment , Mikasa was invited to live with Eren and Grisha . Back in the present , Mikasa slays more Titans and goes to help the other squads evacuate . 7 7 `` Small Blade : The Struggle for Trost , Part 3 '' `` Chiisana Yaiba - Torosuto - ku Kōbōsen ( 3 ) - '' ( 小さな刃 ― トロスト区攻防戦 3 ― ) Yuzuru Tachikawa Hiroshi Seko May 19 , 2013 June 14 , 2014 The surviving squads , unable to reach the inner walls due to their omni - directional mobility gear being low on gas , lose their fighting spirit as the nearby supply depot is overrun by Titans . Mikasa seems unfazed after learning from Armin that his entire squad perished , including Eren . She rallies the others to reclaim the supply depot , inspiring them to join her in the attack , but Mikasa ends up running out of gas midair and falls into an alleyway . Jean assumes command , but he loses his nerve when he sees some of his comrades being eaten by Titans . As a blonde Titan approaches Mikasa , she prepares to attack with her remaining broken blade , but a Mysterious Titan appears behind her and brutally kills the blonde Titan , much to her confusion . Armin and Conny show up , shocked to witness the Mysterious Titan not only fighting other Titans , but also showing knowledge of their weak point and using hand - to - hand combat techniques , while completely ignoring the humans . Armin gives Mikasa his gas tanks and blades so that she can support the others at the supply depot . Mikasa , however , refuses to leave him behind and ponders on the Mysterious Titan 's strange behavior . 8 8 `` I Can Hear His Heartbeat : The Struggle for Trost , Part 4 '' `` Shinzō no Kodō ga Kikoeru - Torosuto - ku Kōbōsen ( 4 ) - '' ( 心臓の鼓動が聞こえる ― トロスト区攻防戦 4 ― ) Satonobu Kikuchi Shinpei Ezaki Tatsuma Minamikawa Noboru Takagi May 26 , 2013 June 21 , 2014 With the supply depot swarming with Titans , Armin has the idea of using the Mysterious Titan to defeat them . Mikasa and Conny agree with his plan and defeat the Titans attacking it , before rushing to the supply depot . Meanwhile , Jean and the others reach the supply depot despite suffering more casualties on the way , with Armin , Mikasa and Conny arriving soon after . Armin 's plan works , but while the Mysterious Titan is able to attract the enemies outside , seven smaller Titans remain in the fuel storage area . With their equipment out of fuel , Armin devises another plan . The survivors draw the Titans ' attention to an elevator and shoot them in the eyes to blind them , while seven of them jump from the ceiling to finish them off . Sasha and Conny fail to kill their targets but are saved by Mikasa and Annie . Having successfully replenished their fuel , the soldiers prepare to retreat . As they see the Mysterious Titan defeating all of the other Titans before collapsing , they are shocked to watch Eren emerge from its body . Mikasa reaches Eren and cries upon confirming that he is alive , while Armin notices that Eren 's severed leg and arm have somehow regenerated as well . 9 9 `` Whereabouts of His Left Arm : The Struggle for Trost , Part 5 '' `` Hidariude no Yukue - Torosuto - ku Kōbōsen ( 5 ) - '' ( 左腕の行方 ― トロスト区攻防戦 5 ― ) Yoshiyuki Fujiwara Yasuko Kobayashi June 2 , 2013 June 28 , 2014 Captain Levi of the Scout Regiment and his squad successfully retake a town from the Titans until they are called to an emergency at the Trost District as the Titans have invaded the city . When Eren was eaten and swallowed by the Bearded Titan , he found himself in its stomach along with the bodies of its victims . His rage at the Titans caused him to burst out of the Bearded Titan 's stomach by transforming himself into the Mysterious Titan and going on a rampage against them . Although Eren 's comrades saw him emerge from the Mysterious Titan , they all agreed to keep it a secret and bring him back inside Wall Rose . However , Kitts also witnessed this and has his men aim their weapons at Eren . Armin and Mikasa try to defend Eren , but to no avail . As Kitts fearfully orders the cannons to fire on the three of them , Eren recalls hazy memories of his father giving him an injection , telling him to reclaim Wall Maria and go to their home 's basement with his key . In order to protect Mikasa and Armin from the cannons , Eren partially transforms himself into the Mysterious Titan , sheltering them inside his ribs . 10 10 `` Response : The Struggle for Trost , Part 6 '' `` Kotaeru - Torosuto - ku Kōbōsen ( 6 ) - '' ( 応える ― トロスト区攻防戦 6 ― ) Hiroyuki Tanaka Hiroshi Seko June 9 , 2013 July 12 , 2014 Eren climbs out of the partially transformed Titan , telling Mikasa and Armin about the basement in his former house . He believes that it holds the secret to mankind 's preservation and the key to destroying the Titans . Kitts once again orders the cannon to be loaded out of fear . Eren comes up with two plans of escape . The first is for Eren to retreat as the Mysterious Titan and criminalize himself in the eyes of humanity , and the second is to have Armin convince Kitts that Eren is an asset rather than a danger . Armin comes to the conclusion that he can still defend his friends despite being cowardice , deciding to try and talk their way out of being executed . Armin tentatively convinces Kitts , only to have him be overcome by fear and give the order to fire once more . The order is halted when Commander Dot Pyxis and his men intervene , sparing their lives . In return , Pyxis asks Eren if he will transform himself to block the gap in Wall Rose to prevent more Titans from getting in . Eren agrees , regardless of whether or not he will be able to control himself as the Mysterious Titan . 11 11 `` Idol : The Struggle for Trost , Part 7 '' `` Gūzō - Torosuto - ku Kōbōsen ( 7 ) - '' ( 偶像 ― トロスト区攻防戦 7 ― ) Kiyoshi Fukumoto Hiroshi Seko June 16 , 2013 July 19 , 2014 As Armin helps Pyxis 's subordinates coordinate a plan , morale among the troops begin to drop , as some want to desert and be with their families . Pyxis silences everyone by reminding them that if they abandon this chance to finally win against the Titans , they will be subjecting their families to their terror , which convinces the troops to stay . Claiming that Eren is the result of a secret project to turn humans into Titans , Pyxis plans to have most of the troops gather at a far corner of the Trost District to lure most of the Titans away while Eren as the Mysterious Titan carries the giant boulder to seal the hole . Along with Mikasa , Eren will be guarded during the mission by three of the best elites of the Garrison , them being Ian Dietrich , Rico Brzenska and Mitabi Jarnach . As they approach the giant boulder , Rico , who is doubtful of the mission 's success and does not completely trust Eren , reminds him that many lives are at stake . Finally reaching the boulder , Eren transforms himself into a Titan , only to suddenly attack Mikasa . 12 12 `` Wound : The Struggle for Trost , Part 8 '' `` Kizu - Torosuto - ku Kōbōsen ( 8 ) - '' ( 傷 ― トロスト区攻防戦 8 ― ) Shintaro Itoga Noboru Takagi June 23 , 2013 July 26 , 2014 Mikasa tries to reason with Eren in as the Mysterious Titan , but to no avail . Eren continues his attack and accidentally incapacitates himself , slumping to the ground . The squad protecting Eren sends up a red flare to signal that the plan has failed , much to the dismay of the troops observing from the wall . As Armin heads toward Eren to investigate , the elite squadron argues and eventually agrees to protect Eren instead of abandoning him , still recognizing him as a valuable military asset . During the operation , Jean is separated from Connie and Annie after his omni - directional mobility gear malfunctions , forcing him to hide from two Titans in a building . Armin reaches the unconscious Eren , but Mikasa calls to him , warning that he is in a dangerous state . Armin plunges his sword into the side of Eren 's neck , which briefly awakens him . As Armin speaks to him of the outside world and reminds him of his promise to kill all the Titans , Eren leaves his dreamlike state and regains control . 13 13 `` Primal Desire : The Struggle for Trost , Part 9 '' `` Genshoteki Yokkyū - Torosuto - ku Kōbōsen ( 9 ) - '' ( 原初的欲求 ― トロスト区攻防戦 9 ― ) Masashi Koizuka Noboru Takagi June 30 , 2013 August 2 , 2014 Jean manages to acquire another set of omni - directional mobility gear from a dead soldier and escapes , thanks to Annie , Conny and Marco Bott distracting the Titans . With Eren as the Mysterious Titan carrying the boulder towards the gate , Ian orders everyone to protect Eren from the Titans at all costs . Eren finally blocks the open gate with the boulder , and Rico fires a yellow flare to signal that the operation was a success . As Armin tries to pull Eren from his Titan body , they are cornered by two Titans , but Levi saves them in the nick of time . All Titans remaining in the Trost Districts are eliminated except two , which are captured for research . Jean , Sasha and Annie all mourn the deaths of their fellow comrades among several casualties . Meanwhile , Eren is chained in a cell guarded by the Military Police Regiment , where he is visited by Levi and Commander Erwin Smith of the Scout Regiment . After listening to his story and reasons for wanting the Titans dead , Levi allows Eren to join his squad under his command , though Eren is warned that Levi would personally kill him if he ever betrays the squad or loses control again . 13.5 13.5 `` Since That Day '' `` Ano Hi kara '' ( あの日から ) Hiroyuki Tanaka -- July 7 , 2013 -- This is a recap episode of the events during the first thirteen episodes . 14 14 `` Ca n't Look Into His Eyes Yet : Eve of the Counterattack , Part 1 '' `` Mada Me o Mirenai - Hangeki Zen'ya ( 1 ) - '' ( まだ目を見れない ― 反撃前夜 1 ― ) Keisuke Onishi Shinpei Ezaki Yasuko Kobayashi July 14 , 2013 August 9 , 2014 The populace is divided over whether Eren is their savior or their end . Eren is brought to a military tribunal to be judged by Commander - in - Chief Dhalis Zachary , who will decide whether Eren should be given to the Military Police Regiment or the Scout Regiment , both of whom have their own reasons for wanting him . The Military Police Regiment wants Eren killed as he is seen by them as a menace , while the Scout Regiment wants to use him to retake Wall Maria . Becoming furious upon hearing from a merchant that Mikasa is accused of being a Titan as well , Eren calls out the Military Police Regiment and their supporters for their cowardice . Levi brutally beats down Eren in retaliation , but Eren does not transform into the Mysterious Titan . Levi uses this to show to the court that the Scout Regiment can control Eren , and proposes that Eren is to be made part of his squad . In the end , Zachary gives Eren to the Scout Regiment , where Erwin and Hange Zoë welcome him . As Eren is getting treatment for his wounds , they discover that he grew back a tooth knocked out after being beaten down by Levi . 15 15 `` Special Operations Squad : Eve of the Counterattack , Part 2 '' `` Tokubetsu Sakusen - han - Hangeki Zen'ya ( 2 ) - '' ( 特別作戦班 ― 反撃前夜 2 ― ) Kiyoshi Fukumoto Hiroshi Seko July 21 , 2013 August 16 , 2014 Levi and his Special Operations Squad , composed of Eld Gin , Oruo Bozad , Petra Rall and Günther Schultz , bring Eren to the old Scout Regiment headquarters , where Eren will learn to control his Titan powers under their watch . As Levi orders the castle to be cleaned , Petra assures Eren that Levi does care about the people under his command despite his rude and harsh demeanor . Meanwhile , Erwin and Miche Zacharius discuss the new recruits joining the Scout Regiment and how they must prove Eren 's usefulness to Military Command within a month . Hange asks Eren to help her in her experiments with the two Titans they have captured , which she named Sawney and Beane . She has an obsession with Titans where she treats them like people despite the many times she puts herself in danger . It is revealed that the Titans need sunlight to survive and their bodies are disproportionately light despite their size . The next day , the Scout Regiment discover that Sawney and Beane have been killed . As Hange mourns for them , the Scout Regiment deduce that the culprit is a soldier who escaped using their omni - directional mobility gear , which makes Eren wonder who their true enemy is . 16 16 `` What Needs to be Done Now : Eve of the Counterattack , Part 3 '' `` Ima , Nani o Subeki ka - Hangeki Zen'ya ( 3 ) - '' ( 今、何をすべきか ― 反撃前夜 3 ― ) Keisuke Onishi Yasushi Muroya Yasuko Kobayashi July 28 , 2013 August 23 , 2014 As the recruits are investigated over Sawney and Beane 's deaths , Annie , who will be joining the Military Police Regiment later , gives advice to Armin and Conny that it is their choice to decide on which military division they should join . The 104th Cadets are later greeted by Erwin at the Decision Ceremony , where he tells them that the goal of the Scout Regiment 's expedition on the following month is to reclaim the Shiganshina District and find the secret hidden in Eren 's home basement . After telling the recruits of the Scout Regiment 's high mortality rate during each expedition , Erwin tells the recruits that they may stay and join them or leave to join the other branches . Most recruits leave , but Jean joins the Scout Regiment in honor of Marco with others joining him as well including Mikasa , Armin , Reiner , Bertholdt , Conny , Sasha , Christa and Ymir , despite their fears . As the Scout Regiment prepare themselves for the expedition , Eren is reunited with his friends and learns what happened to the others . Jean questions whether Eren can truly control his Titan powers as they are risking their lives for him . With everything ready , the Scout Regiment begin their 57th Expedition beyond the walls . 17 17 `` Female Titan : The 57th Exterior Scouting Mission , Part 1 '' `` Megata no Kyojin - Dai Gojū - Nana Kai Hekigai Chōsa ( 1 ) - '' ( 女型の巨人 ― 第 57 回壁外調査 1 ― ) Daisuke Tokudo Masashi Koizuka Hiroshi Seko August 4 , 2013 September 6 , 2014 As the 57th Expedition gets underway , the Scout Regiment assemble into their Long - Range Scouting Formation , wherein the Scouts spread out around the main wagon train and report by flare gun if Titans are nearby so the group can steer to avoid conflict with them if possible . After Armin 's squad manages to kill an Abnormal Titan , a Female Titan suddenly appears from the right flank at high speed . Much to Armin 's shock , the Female Titan 's body can withstand their blades and is intelligent enough to kill his seniors easily . The Female Titan captures Armin , but after removing his hood and seeing his face , she leaves him alive and continues running . Armin is picked up by Reiner and Jean , who reveals that their right flank was wiped out by the Titans , which makes Armin realize not only was it the Female Titan 's work , but also is she possibly another Titan Shifter like Eren . When the three of them give conflicting sources on where Eren is in the formation , they realize the Female Titan 's target is Eren and they must stop her . Despite their failed attempts to attack , she leaves them and heads towards the center group . 18 18 `` Forest of Giant Trees : The 57th Exterior Scouting Mission , Part 2 '' `` Kyodaiju no Mori - Dai Gojū - Nana Kai Hekigai Chōsa ( 2 ) - '' ( 巨大樹の森 ― 第 57 回壁外調査 2 ― ) Hiroyuki Tanaka Shin Wakabayashi Hiroshi Seko August 11 , 2013 September 13 , 2014 Armin , Reiner and Jean are left stranded after their encounter with the Female Titan leaves them with only one horse , but they are soon saved by Christa , who arrives with extra horses . They wait for the order to withdraw , but to their surprise , they discover that their operation is continuing albeit heading in a different direction . Meanwhile , news reaches the center group about their right flank being annihilated by the Female Titan as the latter continues to wreak havoc within the formation . The whole formation soon reaches the Forest of Giant Trees with only the center row entering it , while the rest defend the forest from Titans . Eren realizes something is wrong when his squad has no idea what Erwin 's orders are and what Levi is doing . As the Female Titan chases them at their heels , the squad desperately await Levi 's command to attack , but Levi instead tells his squad to cover their ears as he fires his flare gun . 19 19 `` Bite : The 57th Exterior Scouting Mission , Part 3 '' `` Kamitsuku - Dai Gojū - Nana Kai Hekigai Chōsa ( 3 ) - '' ( 噛み付く ― 第 57 回壁外調査 3 ― ) Kiyoshi Fukumoto Tomomi Ikeda Noboru Takagi August 18 , 2013 September 20 , 2014 Levi fires a noise round and tells the squad to keep moving forward . With more of the rearguard getting killed by the Female Titan , Eren begs his squad to let him fight , but they tell him to trust Levi 's decision . Eren starts remembering when he was unable to transform into the Mysterious Titan for experimental purposes in front of Hange , Levi and his squad . During a break when he tried to pick up a teaspoon , Eren suddenly partially transformed , leading Hange to deduce that Eren is able to transform into a Titan not by solely injuring himself but also due to his desire to fulfill his goals . The squad apologized to Eren and told him they should trust each other . Remembering this , Eren decides to trust his squad 's plan . It is then revealed that Levi 's squad is bait to lure the Female Titan into an ambush , where Erwin and his men fire hundreds of grappling hooks to trap the Female Titan . Levi leaves his squad to meet up with Erwin to find out the identity of the Female Titan . 20 20 `` Erwin Smith : The 57th Exterior Scouting Mission , Part 4 '' `` Eruvin Sumisu - Dai Gojū - Nana Kai Hekigai Chōsa ( 4 ) '' ( エルヴィン・スミス ― 第 57 回壁外調査 4 ― ) Shintaro Itoga Yasuko Kobayashi August 25 , 2013 September 27 , 2014 With the Female Titan restrained , Erwin and Levi try to figure out its identity with no success as it is able to crystallize its skin to prevent them from cutting out the human inside . Armin , Jean and the rest of Levi 's squad realize it was Erwin 's plan to use Eren as bait to draw out the mole within the army who joined them after the Walls fell and only told his real plan to those who were part of the Scout Regiment before the fall . Meanwhile , the others wonder about what is happening inside the forest , and Levi taunts the Female Titan , prompting her to give a loud scream that draws all Titans in the vicinity to her . Despite the Scout Regiment 's attempt to stop them , the Titans ignore the humans and eat the Female Titan 's body in a frenzy , which makes Erwin call off the expedition . However , knowing that there is no confirmation that the mole has also been eaten by the Titans , Erwin orders Levi to regroup with his squad , while the mole , disguised as a cloaked Scout Regiment member , attacks Levi 's squad and kills Günther . 21 21 `` Crushing Blow : The 57th Exterior Scouting Mission , Part 5 '' `` Tettsui - Dai Gojū - Nana Kai Hekigai Chōsa ( 5 ) - '' ( 鉄槌 ― 第 57 回壁外調査 5 ― ) Hiroyuki Tanaka Yasushi Muroya Noboru Takagi September 1 , 2013 October 4 , 2014 Erwin tells Hange that it was a mistake to think all Titan Shifters are like Eren , since the Female Titan has unique abilities far beyond that of a novice . Elsewhere , the mole transforms into the Female Titan and chases after Levi 's squad . Armin theorizes that the mole is someone who had seen Eren transform during the invasion of the Trost District . Eren wants to transform into the Mysterious Titan , but the squad tells him to trust in their skills and keep moving forward . Eld , Oruo and Petra manage to blind the Female Titan and attempt to cut off her arms . However , the Female Titan quickly regenerates her right eye and kills the three . Seeing his comrades dead , a grieving Eren transforms into the Mysterious Titan . Believing his comrades and squad 's death could have been avoided if he had transformed in the first place , Eren fights the Female Titan in a long battle . The Female Titan finally defeats Eren by taking off his head and swallowing his human body . Mikasa attempts to stop the Female Titan , but to no avail . She is later joined by Levi , who tells her to keep their distance , as the Female Titan is getting tired . 22 22 `` Defeated : The 57th Exterior Scouting Mission , Part 6 '' `` Haisha - tachi - Dai Gojū - Nana Kai Hekigai Chōsa ( 6 ) - '' ( 敗者達 ― 第 57 回壁外調査 6 ― ) Makoto Bessho Shinpei Ezaki Noboru Takagi September 8 , 2013 October 11 , 2014 While Mikasa distracts the Female Titan in order to get Eren back , Levi debilitates the Female Titan at high speeds , but Levi injures his leg when saving Mikasa from leaving herself vulnerable . Mikasa then goes with Levi , who retrieves Eren from inside the mouth of the Female Titan , leaving it badly wounded and slumped against a tree . The Scout Regiment retrieve the corpses of their fallen comrades , with Erwin ordering that the lost corpses be reported missing in action . One their way back into town , the Scouts are chased two Titans , one of which are killed by Mikasa . They outrun the other Titan after Levi reluctantly orders to dispose some of the corpses in order to lighten the wagon 's load . Later , Eren wakes up from a dream of his past and finds himself and the Scout Regiment back at town safely behind Wall Sina . The townspeople not only berate the Scout Regiment 's ineptitude , but also become enraged and upset at Erwin over the failure of the mission and the casualties that were sustained . As a result of the failed expedition , Erwin and his subordinates are summoned to the capital , where the final decision of Eren 's custody will be made . 23 23 `` Smile : Assault on Stohess , Part 1 '' `` Hohoemi - Sutohesu - ku Kyūshū ( 1 ) - '' ( 微笑み ― ストヘス区急襲 1 ― ) Hirokazu Yamada Hiroshi Seko September 15 , 2013 October 18 , 2014 Annie has a dream of being trained by her father before waking up . In the Stohess District , the Military Police Regiment are ordered to escort the Scout Regiment convoy once they enter the capital . Annie 's colleagues Hitch Dreyse and Marlo Sand joined the Military Police Regiment for opposite reasons , one for its current corruption and the other its possible reformation . After the convoy has entered the Stohess District , Annie is secretly called by Armin in the alleyways . Armin begs for her help , as he is helping Eren escape the capital , and the one riding in the convoy is actually Jean in disguise . Although declining at first , she finally agrees when Armin believes that she is a good person . Armin leads Eren , Mikasa and Annie to an underground tunnel , but Annie refuses to enter . Armin finally reveals his suspicion that Annie is the Female Titan , noting that she used Marco 's omni - directional mobility gear to kill Sawney and Beane and that the Female Titan did not kill him during the 57th Expedition . After Eren and Armin beg Annie to prove them wrong by following them , she laughs and soon transforms using the spike in her ring . 24 24 `` Mercy : Assault on Stohess , Part 2 '' `` Jihi - Sutohesu - ku Kyūshū ( 2 ) - '' ( 慈悲 ― ストヘス区急襲 2 ― ) Akitoshi Yokoyama Hiroyuki Tanaka Yasuko Kobayashi September 22 , 2013 October 25 , 2014 A few days before Eren is escorted to the capital , Erwin and Armin told him about a plan to capture Annie , the person shockingly believed to be the Female Titan . Back in the present , Eren , Mikasa and Armin manage to escape a tunnel collapse while being hunted by Annie as the Female Titan . Eren tries to transform but is unable to , and Mikasa suspects that his feelings for Annie are preventing him to do so . When Eren is trapped in another tunnel collapse , Mikasa and Armin distract Annie away from Eren . Meanwhile , Commander Nile Dawk of the Military Police Regiment demands an explanation from Erwin on what is happening as his men hold him at gunpoint . Mikasa and the rest of the Scout Regiment distract and try to capture Annie , while Armin and Jean attempt to free Eren from the rubble . Armin tells Eren that he has to fight Annie as anyone who refuses to sacrifice can never change anything . As Eren thinks about what Armin said , he remembers his hatred for the Smiling Titan who killed his mother . Eren finally transforms into the Mysterious Titan and charges at Annie in a rage , smashing into a cathedral . 25 25 `` Wall : Assault on Stohess , Part 3 '' `` Kabe - Sutohesu - ku Kyūshū ( 3 ) - '' ( 壁 ― ストヘス区急襲 3 ― ) Daisuke Tokudo Masashi Koizuka Shintaro Itoga Tetsurō Araki Yasuko Kobayashi September 29 , 2013 November 1 , 2014 Inside the cathedral , a group of worshipers are crushed to their deaths , leaving the surviving priest awestruck . Eren and Annie fight each other in their Titan forms throughout the Stohess District , causing destruction and civilian deaths . Erwin , who accepts responsibility for the damage his plan has caused , is arrested by Nile , who orders the Military Police Regiment to help evacuate the civilians . After exchanging several blows , Annie is overpowered by Eren and attempts to escape by climbing up Wall Sina , but Mikasa cuts off Annie 's fingers and sends her falling . Eren prepares to eat Annie , but he stops when she starts to cry . Her body starts encasing itself in crystal before he recuperates in human form . Erwin attends a government inquiry to clear his name , explaining that he kept his plans secret to prevent leaks , despite the casualties during his plans . His new plan is to find Titan Shifters and use them to launch a counterattack against the Titans . Eren stays with the Scout Regiment , and Annie is put under the custody of the Scout Regiment . In the epilogue , a piece of Wall Sina crumbles , revealing the face of a Titan within the wall . Season 2 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date English airdate 26 `` Beast Titan '' `` Kemono no Kyojin '' ( 獣の巨人 ) Hiroyuki Tanaka Yasuko Kobayashi April 1 , 2017 April 22 , 2017 Hange Zoë and her team discover the Wall Titan sealed inside the wall . Pastor Nick of the Wall Cult arrives and urges the team to cover it from sunlight with sheets . However , Pastor Nick refuses to tell Hange why it is there , even after she threatens to kill him , leading Hange to suspect that there are more Wall Titans hidden within the walls . Meanwhile , Erwin Smith is informed that Wall Rose was breached and Titans are roaming inside . Twelve hours earlier , the rest of the 104th Cadets are stationed at an outpost when Titans are seen advancing from the south . Miche Zacharius orders the soldiers and cadets to spread out and inform the nearby villages and the capital about the Titans while he stays behind to delay them . Miche buys enough time and prepares to escape , but is captured by a Beast Titan , which is apelike in appearance and capable of speaking . Miche hesitates to respond when the Beast Titan inquires him about his omni - directional mobility gear , so the Beast Titan strips Miche of his omni - directional mobility gear and leaves him to be eaten by the other Titans . 27 `` I 'm Home '' `` Tadaima '' ( ただいま ) Yoshihide Ibata Yasuko Kobayashi April 8 , 2017 April 29 , 2017 Armin Arlelt and Hange each deduce that the Wall Titans sealed within the walls provide its strength . The Scout Regiment depart from the Stohess District to deal with the Titans that appeared inside Wall Rose , and Hange takes Pastor Nick along , intending to gain more information from him . Meanwhile , Sasha Braus rushes to Dauper in order to warn her father and the villagers . She arrives to find the entire village deserted except for a woman being eaten by a Titan , and her daughter nearby in a state of shock . Sasha takes the girl and flees , but they are chased by the Titan . Deciding to stay and fight while urging the girl to run away , Sasha succeeds in blinding the Titan with her arrows just as a group of villagers , including her father and the girl , return to pick her up . Meanwhile , Conny Springer and his group arrive at Ragako , only to find that it had already been attacked by Titans . Upon reaching his house , Conny discovers a Titan on its back trapped inside , and he wonders how it was able to travel so far from the walls since its legs seem too feeble to support its body . 28 `` Southwestward '' `` Nansei e '' ( 南西へ ) Kenji Imura Hiroshi Seko April 15 , 2017 May 6 , 2017 Conny learns from Lynne and Gelgar that his family could still be alive since there are no traces of carnage , but before Conny rejoins his group to find the breach in the wall , he is startled when the Titan in his house faintly speaks and welcomes him back home . Elsewhere , Christa Lenz tells Ymir not to worry about her when the latter asks Nanaba and Henning to allow the two to leave their group . Both groups eventually meet up at nighttime , discovering that no breaches occurred at the walls and deciding to rest up at Castle Utgard . Meanwhile , Eren Jaeger learns from Hange he could learn how to seal the breach in the Shiganshina District , seeing as the crystallized skin from Annie Leonhart as the Female Titan is the same material from the walls . Pastor Nick eventually reveals to Hange that Christa is the key to finding all the answers . Soon after , Sasha arrives and hands Hange a scroll from Erwin , advising Hange and the Scouts to head to Castle Utgard . In the meantime , the Beast Titan leads the other Titans to attack Castle Utgard . This prompts Nanaba , Henning , Lynne and Gelgar to defend the 104th Cadets . 29 `` Soldier '' `` Heishi '' ( 兵士 ) Hitomi Ezoe Hiroshi Seko April 22 , 2017 May 13 , 2017 Two hours before the attack by the Titans at Castle Utgard , the 104th Cadets rest as their seniors keep watch . Conny mentions that the Titan he encountered at Ragako resembled his mother , but Ymir plays it off . Reiner Braun becomes suspicious when Ymir is able to read the unknown language on a food can labeled herring . The Titans soon appear , and the senior soldiers hold them off from the outside while the 104th Cadets defend themselves against smaller Titans that have breached the castle . In the process , Reiner has his arm badly injured after it is bitten by a Titan . After clearing the area of Titans , the Beast Titan throws chunks of Wall Rose at the castle , killing the group 's horses . A second wave of Titans subsequently attack the castle , and the senior soldiers are soon overwhelmed and killed . As the Titans surround the tower which the unarmed 104th Cadets are on , Ymir jumps off the tower and transforms into a Titan in order to honor a promise that she made with Christa . 30 5 `` Historia '' `` Hisutoria '' ( ヒストリア ) Tetsuya Wakano Yasuko Kobayashi April 29 , 2017 May 20 , 2017 In the past , Christa and Ymir became lost in a blizzard during their winter training in the mountains as cadets , while trying to save fellow cadet Daz . Ymir accused Christa of having a death wish rather than saving Daz for selfless reasons . She was also aware that Christa is an unwanted illegitimate daughter of a nobleman 's mistress who was forced by the Wall Cult to change her name and join the army . Ymir then made Christa promise that she must live her own life if she ever reveals her true name . Back in the present , Ymir transforms into the Dancing Titan and fights off the other Titans . Christa tells Ymir to destroy the tower in order to crush the Titans . As the tower begins to collapse , Ymir orders Christa and the others to grab on to her . Despite this effort , the Titans overwhelm Ymir , but Hange and the other Scouts arrive on time to save the 104th Cadets . With the battle over , Christa attends a gravely injured Ymir as the rest of the 104th Cadets learn that Ymir is a Titan Shifter . Just before Ymir loses consciousness , Christa reveals that her real name is Historia Reiss . 31 6 `` Warrior '' `` Senshi '' ( 戦士 ) Hiroyuki Tanaka Hiroshi Seko May 6 , 2017 June 3 , 2017 The Scouts prepare to take the comatose Ymir to the Trost District for medical attention . Later , Hannes comes with his vanguard and reports that the walls were never breached . Before leaving for the Trost District , Eren learns that Reiner and Bertholdt are the Armored Titan and the Colossal Titan , respectively . Reiner explains that the mission to destroy all of humanity can be avoided if Eren would simply join them . Twelve hours earlier in the Ehrmich District , Hange explained that the scroll received from Sasha contained a background report on Annie , suggesting a connection with Reiner and Bertholdt , as all three are from the same area but otherwise have little information available . The Scouts eventually realized that they may have helped Annie find Eren 's location within the formation during the 57th Expedition . Therefore , Hange ordered the others to keep an eye on Reiner and Bertholdt without raising undue suspicion . Back in the present , Reiner and Bertholdt both shift into their Titan forms , despite a quick intervention by Mikasa Ackermann . The Armored Titan grabs Eren and slides down the wall as the Colossal Titan grabs Ymir . Feeling betrayed , Eren shifts into the Mysterious Titan and begins to fight the Armored Titan . 32 7 `` Close Combat ( Strike ・ Throw ・ Submit ) '' `` Da - Tō - Kyoku '' ( 打・投・極 ) Takayuki Hirao Hiroshi Seko May 13 , 2017 June 10 , 2017 As Eren and the Armored Titan engage in battle , the Colossal Titan consumes Ymir and another Scout . Hange and the other Scouts move in for an attack , but the Colossal Titan releases an enormous amount of steam , wounding several Scouts and preventing further attacks . The Armored Titan gains the upper hand in his fight against Eren , and the situation seems desperate even with assistance from Mikasa . However , Eren uses hand - to - hand combat techniques that he learned from Annie during their recruit training , enabling him to give serious damage to the Armored Titan . Eren obliges when Armin implores him to fall back to the wall for his own safety . As the Armored Titan charges Eren once more , Eren utilizes grappling techniques advised by Hange in order to overcome his strength disadvantage and regain the upper hand . Eren is nearly successful at beheading the Armored Titan and extracting Reiner from within , only to be foiled when the Armored Titan roars for assistance . The Colossal Titan begins to deteriorate and plummets towards Eren and the Armored Titan . 33 8 `` The Hunters '' `` Oumono '' ( 迫う者 ) Yūmi Kawai Yasuko Kobayashi May 20 , 2017 June 17 , 2017 The Colossal Titan hits the ground , releasing a massive amount of steam . The Armored Titan frees itself from being grasped and extracts Eren from the Mysterious Titan , while Bertholdt carries the still unconscious Ymir and uses stolen omni - directional mobility gear to leave with the Armored Titan . Five hours later in the Trost District , the military divisions are informed about the recent battle that took place . Back at the walls , an unconscious Mikasa has a dream about the past , wherein she tried to protect Eren from the neighborhood delinquents , but she is distraught to find him gone when she awakes . Armin tells Mikasa that Eren and Ymir were captured , but nothing can be done in their current state . Hannes reminds Mikasa and Armin that Eren has a steadfast resolve . As Erwin soon arrives with reinforcements , Hange posits that Reiner and Bertholdt may seek the Forest of Giant Trees nearby to safely rest until nightfall , assuming that their goal is to relocate outside of Wall Maria . Eren and Ymir are shown waking in the forest as their bodies begin to regenerate their limbs , while Reiner and Bertholdt watch over them . The Scouts depart from Wall Rose to mount a rescue operation . 34 9 `` Opening '' `` Kaikō '' ( 開口 ) Yoshihide Ibata Yasuko Kobayashi May 27 , 2017 June 24 , 2017 As Erwin leads the expedition away from Wall Rose , Hange requests a horseback ride to Ragako to see the immobilized Titan , but Moblit decides to go in her stead since she is badly injured . Meanwhile , in the Forest of Giant Trees , as Eren and Ymir continue to regenerate their limbs , Ymir points out that not only are they are surrounded by Titans , but also Reiner and Bertholdt stole their omni - directional mobility gear . Reiner and Bertholdt plan to take Eren and Ymir to their hometown , but are waiting until nightfall when the surrounding Titans can not move . Eren is reminded by Ymir that they are in no position to fight or flee until they regenerate . Reiner begins to ramble about his duty as a soldier and as a warrior , which Ymir deduces that there is confusion between his undercover and real personas . Ymir is highly concerned about the Beast Titan , who caused the recent Titan invasion and may be their real enemy . Reiner then uses Ymir 's concern for Christa 's safety as leverage to drive a wedge between Eren and Ymir . The discussion is interrupted by the sound of flare guns , signalling the arrival of the Scouts . 35 10 `` Children '' `` Kodomotachi '' ( 子供達 ) Kenji Imura Hiroshi Seko June 3 , 2017 July 8 , 2017 Moblit arrives at Ragako and recognizes the disabled Titan as Conny 's mother after seeing a portrait of Conny 's parents . At the Forest of Giant Trees , after Eren is restrained , Ymir says that Reiner and Bertholdt must take Christa with them . In a flashback , Ymir was worshiped by a cult as a child under supposed royalty . The cult was later apprehended and punished by soldiers , in which Ymir was injected with something and thrown off a wall , resulting in her transforming into the Dancing Titan . Ymir spent the next sixty years as a Titan , and she ate Marcel , a childhood friend of Reiner , Bertholdt and Annie , before returning to human form . She realized that her freedom of accepting her true identity was why she developed such empathy with Christa . In the present , Ymir convinces Reiner and Bertholdt to allow her to transform into the Dancing Titan and take Christa with them . When the Scouts enter the forest , Ymir finds and swallows Christa before rejoining Reiner and Bertholdt . Reiner transforms as the Armored Titan , while Bertholdt , Eren and Ymir climb on its shoulders , as they flee at the edge of the forest with the Scouts in hot pursuit . 36 11 `` Charge '' `` Totsugeki '' ( 突撃 ) Hiroyuki Tanaka Yasuhiro Akamatsu Hiroshi Seko June 10 , 2017 July 15 , 2017 As the Armored Titan flees , Ymir regurgitates Christa and exits her Titan form in order to explain her seemingly selfish actions to Christa . The Scouts close in on the Armored Titan , but Mikasa is foiled when the Armored Titan blocks her from attacking Bertholdt and saving Eren . The other 104th Cadets arrive to reason with Bertholdt , but he professes that there is no turning back from their mission , despite being their comrade . Erwin uses himself as bait to lure a group of Titans charging towards the Scouts chasing the Armored Titan , and the Scouts are ordered to scatter their formation and charge at the Titans . The Armored Titan is consequently attacked by the Titans , forcing it to defend itself and release Eren and Bertholdt . Armin , Erwin and Mikasa work together to distract Bertholdt , cut Eren free and rescue Eren . Conny and Sasha retrieve Christa and explain that Ymir is lying about her recent actions . The Scouts are hampered from retreating when the Armored Titan throws Titans at them , knocking Eren and Mikasa off their horse . Eren and Mikasa then come face - to - face with the Smiling Titan , the same one that ate Carla Jaeger . 37 12 `` Scream '' `` Sakebi '' ( 叫び ) Satonobu Kikuchi Takayuki Hirao Tetsurō Araki Yoshihide Ibata Yasuko Kobayashi June 17 , 2017 July 22 , 2017 The Scouts are at a loss as more Titans thrown by the Armored Titan surround their position . Hannes sacrifices himself protecting Eren and Mikasa from the Smiling Titan . After Eren breaks down from failing to transform , he rekindles his spirit by vowing to protect Mikasa , activating an unknown power within him that causes the surrounding Titans to devour the Smiling Titan . Ymir realizes that Reiner and Bertholdt want Eren because he possesses the Coordinate , the ability to control other Titans . The surviving Scouts escape after Eren causes the Titans to go after the Armored Titan . Ymir decides to leave Christa in order to save the Armored Titan and Bertholdt from the Titans . A week later , Hange and Conny give a report to Erwin , Levi and Dot Pyxis , which reveals that the Titans that appeared within Wall Rose were the citizens of Ragako . Remembering how many died to rescue him , Eren vows to use his new power to help humanity , while Erwin is determined to learn more of the truth behind the Titans . Elsewhere , the Beast Titan looks out from atop Wall Maria , as a mysterious blonde man with glasses emerges from its back uttering the words , `` not just yet '' . Special episodes ( edit ) Ova episodes ( edit ) For the No Regrets OVAs , see Attack on Titan : No Regrets . For the Lost Girls OVAs , see Attack on Titan : Lost Girls . The following bonus original video animation episodes were released alongside select volumes of the manga . No . Title Original air date 3.5 `` Ilse 's Notebook : Memoirs of a Recon Corps Member '' `` Iruze no Techō - Aru Chōsa Heidan'in no Shuki - '' ( イルゼの手帳 ― ある調査兵団員の手記 ― ) December 9 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 09 ) In the year 850 , whilst Eren and the others are in training , the Recon Corps go on a mission , with Hange deciding to pursue a Titan spotted in the forest in the hopes she can capture it . Curiously , as Hange gets the Titan to chase after her , it suddenly retreats to the forest . Hange follows it to the center of the forest , where she finds it banging its head against a certain tree . The Titan turns hostile when Hange gets close to it , but Levi and the others arrive and kill it , much to Hange 's dismay . Upon inspecting the scene , they discover the decapitated body of Ilse Langnar , a soldier from the 34th Recon Corps division , resting inside of the tree , and find a notebook belonging to her lying on the ground . The notebook details Ilse 's records , as she escaped on foot after her squad was killed by Titans . She eventually became cornered by a Titan , but instead of killing her right away , it started to speak to her in the human language , calling her `` Ymir '' . Ilse attempted to communicate with the Titan , but it inevitably became hostile again and bit off her head , curiously choosing not to devour her body but instead rest it inside the tree . Having read through all of Ilse 's notes , Hange uses the notebook as leverage to convince Erwin to approve of operations to capture Titans alive and study them , before returning Ilse 's belongings to her grief - stricken family . 3.25 `` The Sudden Visitor : The Torturous Curse of Youth '' `` Totsuzen no Raihōsha - Sainamareru Seishun no Noroi - '' ( 突然の来訪者 ― 苛まれる青春の呪い ― ) April 9 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 09 ) In the year 849 , Jean returns home after two years in training . After Jean gets into a dispute with Sasha following a training exercise , Commander Pyxis suggests they settle things in a cooking contest . With Armin and Annie joining Jean 's team and Reiner and Conny teaming up with Sasha , the two groups head into the forest in search of a notorious giant boar to use as meat . Sasha 's group come across the boar first and engage it in battle , with Sasha managing to kill it and claim it for her group . Later , after Jean is visited by his mother , shouting at her when he feels she is embarrassing him , he concocts a plan to steal some quality beef from the office so he can beat Sasha , but Armin and Annie refuse to help him . After inevitably giving up on his plan , Jean opens a lunchbox his mother left him containing an omelette , remembering all the times his mother stood by him . The cooking contest soon takes place , with Sasha presenting a prime boar steak whilst Jean presents a humble omelette . Although wowed by the taste of the steak , Pyxis declares Jean the winner as he showed more skill in cooking . Content with his victory , Jean considers paying a visit to his mother . 3.75 `` Distress '' `` Konnan '' ( 困難 ) August 8 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 08 ) In the year 848 , the recruits are split into two groups for a wilderness exercise to learn how to sustain themselves in times of peace . Marco has trouble leading his group due to the arrogance of both Eren and Jean . Meanwhile , Mikasa 's group learns of the presence of a gang of thieves , who managed to steal their omni - directional mobility gear . That night , the thieves ambush Eren 's group , taking Christa hostage along with their equipment . Putting aside their petty squabbles in order to rescue her , the group discover the thieves ' hideout , using each of their talents to come up with a plan to ambush them . After Eren and Jean manage to recover the group 's maneuver equipment and put a stop to the thieves ' wagons , the thieves hold Christa at knifepoint , but she is rescued by the arrival of Mikasa and Annie after Armin had signalled for help . As the thieves are arrested , with no casualties taken , Armin wonders if the thieves ' attack was part of the exercise all along . Bonus shorts ( edit ) Chibi Theater : Fly , Cadets , Fly ! ( ちみキャラ劇場とんでけ ! 訓練兵団 , Chimi Kyara Gekijō -- Tondeke ! Kunren Heidan ) is a series of flash animated gag shorts included with the Blu - ray Disc / DVD releases , featuring the characters in chibi form based on designs by Yuupon . No . Title Original air date `` Day 01 / Day 02 '' `` Ichinichime / Futsukame '' ( 01 日目 / 02 日目 ) July 17 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 17 ) Eren has trouble getting to school on time , before he and Armin find themselves in the nurse 's office . `` Day 03 / Day 04 '' `` Mikkame / Yokkame '' ( 03 日目 / 04 日目 ) August 21 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 21 ) Eren tries to make a strong impression before his instructor , whilst Jean becomes jealous of Eren 's closeness with Mikasa . `` Day 05 / Day 06 / Day 07 '' `` Itsukame / Muikame / Nanokame '' ( 05 日目 / 06 日目 / 07 日目 ) September 18 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 18 ) Sasha is accused of a crime she did n't commit , whilst Armin finds a rather dubious book . Later , Eren and Mikasa try to learn about the Titan 's weakness . `` Day 08 / Day 09 / Day 10 '' `` Yōkame / Kokonokame / Tōkame '' ( 8 日目 / 9 日目 / 10 日目 ) October 16 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 16 ) Eren accidentally stumbles into the classroom as the girls were taking off their clothes , Mikasa competes against Ymir for Eren 's pudding , Christa and Ymir discuss who they should spend the day with . 5 `` Day 11 / Day 12 / Day 13 '' `` Jūichinichime / Jūninichime / Jūsannichime '' ( 11 日目 / 12 日目 / 13 日目 ) November 20 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 20 ) Eren attempts to improve his body by following Reiner 's every move , Bertholdt tries to improve his confidence , Mikasa and Annie compete to see who can inflict more pain on Eren . 6 `` Day 14 / Day 15 / Day 16 '' `` Jūyokkame / Jūgonichime / Jūrokunichime '' ( 14 日目 / 15 日目 / 16 日目 ) December 18 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 18 ) Conny and Sasha attempt to prank Shadis , Eren decides to shave his hair , Armin tutors Eren , Sasha , and Conny when they failed their test . 7 `` Day 17 / Day 18 / Day 19 '' `` Jūshichinichime / Jūhachinichime / Jūkunichime '' ( 17 日目 / 18 日目 / 19 日目 ) January 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 15 ) Eren struggles to balance himself on the omni - directional mobility gear , Jean gets lost during training , Marco sneaks into the Girl 's Dormitory to return a lost pink bag . 8 `` Day 20 / Day 21 / Day 22 '' `` Nijūnichime / Nijūichinichime / Nijūninichime '' ( 20 日目 / 21 日目 / 22 日目 ) February 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 19 ) Franz and Hannah try to help Eren reconcile with Mikasa after an argument , Mikasa tries to act on her feelings with Eren , and Hange tries to communicate with a Titan . 9 `` Day 23 / Day 24 / Day 25 '' `` Nijūsannichime / Nijūyonnichime / Nijūgonichime '' ( 23 日目 / 24 日目 / 25 日目 ) March 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 19 ) Erwin tries to change his appearance to appeal to cadets , Levi analyzes himself from another 's point of view , and the graduation ceremony of the 104th Cadet Corps takes place . See also ( edit ) Anime and manga portal List of Attack on Titan chapters List of Attack on Titan light novels Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Funimation dub spells Eren 's surname as Jaeger . Jump up ^ The Funimation dub spells Mikasa 's surname as Ackermann . Jump up ^ The Funimation dub spells Armin 's surname as Arlelt . References ( edit ) Sources `` Japanese dates '' . Tokyo MX ( in Japanese ) . `` List of Attack on Titan episode titles '' . Shingeki.tv ( in Japanese ) . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2013 . `` Attack of Titan Anime Episodes '' . Funimation . References ^ Jump up to : Ferreira , Mike ( January 14 , 2014 ) . `` Attack on Titan 's Netflix Debut Hit by Translation Woes '' . Anime Herald . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : 「進撃の巨人」製作委員会 . `` 放送情報 '' ( Broadcast Information ) . shingeki.tv ( in Japanese ) . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2013 . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 . `` MBS 4 月 6 日より毎週土曜 25 時 58 分 ~ ※ 4 月 13 日は 26 時 10 分 ~ '' See rest of article for other broadcasting times . Jump up ^ `` Funimation Streams Attack on Titan TV Anime '' . Anime News Network . April 12 , 2013 . Retrieved April 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Crunchyroll to Stream `` Attack on Titan '' Anime `` . Crunchyroll. April 13 , 2013 . Retrieved April 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Funimation Plans Attack on Titan on Home Video in 2014 '' . Anime News Network . May 19 , 2013 . Retrieved May 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan English Dub Premiere at Anime Boston '' . Funimation . February 14 , 2014 . Retrieved June 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Funimation ( April 22 , 2013 ) . `` FUNimation - Thank you all for your patience ! Attack on ... '' Facebook . Retrieved June 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan to Run on Adult Swim 's Toonami Block '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved April 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan Opening CD Sells 129,000 in 1st Week '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved December 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan 2nd Season 's New Visual , Linked Horizon Song Revealed '' . Anime News Network . February 6 , 2017 . Retrieved April 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Toonami Premieres Attack on Titan Season 2 on April 22 '' . Anime News Network . April 3 , 2017 . Retrieved April 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Crunchyroll Streams Attack on Titan Season 2 Anime ( Updated ) '' . Anime News Network . March 30 , 2017 . Retrieved April 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TV アニメ「進撃の巨人」 Season 3 '' . shingeki.tv ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 作品情報 ( シリーズ ) -- 進撃の巨人 attack on titan '' ( Work information ( series ) -- Attack on Titan ) . Media Arts Database ( in Japanese ) . Japan : Agency for Cultural Affairs . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` July 5th Line Up - Space Dandy Season 2 Premiere ! '' . Toonami Tumblr . Retrieved June 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Know When to Watch - Schedule - Adult Swim '' . AdultSwim.com . Turner Broadcasting System . August 9 , 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ 進撃の巨人 Season2 ( Attack on Titan Season 2 ) ( in Japanese ) . Mainichi Broadcasting System . Retrieved April 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan Manga 's 2nd Anime DVD Bundle Listed '' . Anime News Network . November 20 , 2013 . Retrieved November 21 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Attack on Titan on Funimation Attack on Titan on Crunchyroll ( hide ) Attack on Titan by Hajime Isayama Media Chapters Episodes Before the Fall Junior High Lost Girls No Regrets Spoof on Titan Harsh Mistress of the City Live - action Attack on Titan Counter Rockets Video games Humanity in Chains Attack on Titan Attack on Titan 2 Related Characters Eren Yeager `` Jiyū e no Shingeki '' by Linked Horizon Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Attack_on_Titan_episodes&oldid=825096637 '' Categories : Lists of anime episodes Attack on Titan Hidden categories : CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) CS1 uses Japanese - language script ( ja ) Use mdy dates from June 2014 Articles containing Japanese - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano Polski Português Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 11 February 2018 , at 13 : 23 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Attack%20on%20Titan%20episodes	596
when do jim and karen break up on the office			The Job ( the Office )	the job ( the office )	`` The Job '' is the third - season finale of the U.S. version of The Office , and the show 's 52nd and 53rd episodes overall . In this episode , Michael prepares for his interview for the corporate job and names Dwight as his successor , whose managing methods are unpopular . Jan arrives at the office to see Michael and everyone is shocked when it appears she has undergone breast augmentation . Jim and Karen also interview for the corporate position , and Pam deals with the consequences of her earlier outburst .	The episode was written by Paul Lieberstein and Michael Schur , and was directed by Ken Kwapis . It was cut down from an hour and twelve minutes to forty - two minutes , making it the season 's second hour - long episode after `` A Benihana Christmas '' . Kwapis carefully shot Jim 's reaction shots , as he did not want to reveal Jim 's choice of Karen or Pam to the audience . The cast were unaware how the season would end , as multiple endings were shot by the crew . Filming wrapped up in April 2007 . The finale first aired in the United States on May 17 , 2007 on NBC . An estimated 7.9 million viewers watched the episode ; it earned a 3.9 / 12 ratings share among adults 18 -- 49 , making it rank first for the night . Television critics gave positive reviews to the finale . It won the Writers Guild of America Award for Best Screenplay -- Episodic Comedy and the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Single - Camera Picture Editing for a Comedy Series . In addition , Jenna Fischer received a nomination for Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Production 3 Reception 4 References 5 External links Plot ( edit ) Confident that he will get the corporate job in New York City , Michael Scott ( Steve Carell ) sells his condo and names Dwight Schrute ( Rainn Wilson ) his successor as Regional Manager . Pam Beesly ( Jenna Fischer ) cheerfully withstands her colleagues ' teasing over her speech from `` Beach Games , '' and tells Karen Filippelli ( Rashida Jones ) that she is not sorry about what she said but regrets putting Karen in an awkward position . Meanwhile , Kevin Malone ( Brian Baumgartner ) asks Jim Halpert ( John Krasinski ) whom he finds more attractive between Karen and Pam . Though Jim initially refuses to answer , he becomes intrigued when Kevin starts to compare the two women . He tells Kevin to keep thinking about it in a joking way , but appears to be very interested in the results . Jan Levinson ( Melora Hardin ) arrives at the office to win Michael back . In a panic , Michael consults the women of the office . Pam tells him not to reconcile with Jan . Michael attempts to reject Jan , but reverses himself immediately when he sees that she has had a breast augmentation . Jim and Karen drive to New York City together and spend the night before their interviews . Karen tells Jim that if either of them gets the job , both should move to New York . She promises to do so , but is met with awkward silence when she asks Jim to reciprocate . Meanwhile , Dwight begins his new regime , assigning Andy Bernard ( Ed Helms ) the role of his number two and asking Pam to be his secret `` Assistant to the Regional Manager . '' Dwight 's new motivational style is not popular , and so he and Andy repaint the walls of Dwight 's new office black in order to instill fear . During his interview at Corporate , Michael learns from CFO David Wallace ( Andy Buckley ) that he is interviewing for the job currently held by Jan , who will be fired . Michael goes to Jan 's office after the interview and quickly bumbles into revealing her impending termination . Jan storms into Wallace 's office , interrupting Karen 's interview , and refuses to leave . After Jan is escorted out by security , Michael learns that he will not be getting the position . On the drive home , Jan tells Michael that she will make their relationship her `` full - time job '' . Upon hearing that , Michael becomes visibly uncomfortable . Jim 's interview with David goes well until he discovers an encouraging note from Pam along with a yogurt lid medal ( reminiscent of an earlier episode ) . Jim recalls a conversation with Pam after her confession on the beach . He discreetly admits that he left Scranton because of her rejection and that he feels that he has `` never really come back , '' meaning that he has been actively fighting his feelings for her . Pam tells him that she wishes that he would come back . Just as Pam is telling the cameras that she does not think that it would work out between her and Jim , he bursts into the room and asks her out to dinner . Stunned , she agrees , and Jim says , `` Alright . Then , it 's a date . '' After Jim exits the room , Pam becomes visibly joyous and forgets what she was talking about . During a phone call , David Wallace offers the job to Ryan Howard ( B.J. Novak ) , who accepts and immediately breaks up with Kelly Kapoor ( Mindy Kaling ) . Production ( edit ) `` The Job '' was co-written by Paul Lieberstein , who plays Toby Flenderson on the series . `` The Job '' was written by Paul Lieberstein and Michael Schur . It was directed by Ken Kwapis , who had , around the same time , directed The Office actor John Krasinski in the 2007 film License to Wed . Script reading for the episode took place on a beach during the filming of the season 's twenty - third episode , `` Beach Games '' . Actress Kate Flannery remarked that `` we were so excited that we almost had another hot dog eating contest . Not . It 's a great script . Lots of questions answered . Lots . The Office fans have been anxiously awaiting a one - hour episode , and guess what ? You got it . '' The original cut of the episode was an hour and twelve minutes long , and had to be edited down to forty - two minutes of screentime . It was the second Office episode to fill the entire hour timeslot ; the first was the third - season episode `` A Benihana Christmas '' . Krasinski received a haircut due to production on another film , Leatherheads ( 2008 ) , which he thought `` ended up working perfectly '' for the season finale . Co-creator Greg Daniels had wanted Jim to get a haircut for a while , as he thought it would `` change ( him ) up a little bit . '' Krasinski thought it was `` really smart '' to make it seem like Karen 's idea . Kwapis was careful with Jim 's reaction shots in the episode , as he did not want to `` tip anything '' to the audience about Jim 's choice of Karen or Pam . Kwapis explained , `` That to me was actually one of the big challenges of the episode is how to keep you on your toes in terms of not knowing where the story was going . '' Jim 's flashback scene with Pam on the beach was initially intended to be the cold open of the episode before Michael Schur suggested it be moved . Kwapis shot multiple endings , and the cast was unaware how the season would end . Jenna Fischer enjoyed doing her individual scenes with Rainn Wilson because their characters rarely interacted one - on - one . The filming of these scenes took place on the last days of production for the season , and not many people were still on set . The episode finished shooting in April 2007 . Two weeks before the finale , actor Oscar Nunez gave brief allusions in an interview with Entertainment Weekly , `` There will be some movement . Major things moving . Major shifts that affect the entire office . So there 's some good stuff coming up . That 's all I can say . '' Reception ( edit ) IGN opined that Pam 's `` reaction when Jim asks her to dinner is as honest and believable as any moment on television and reminds us why we care so much about this relationship . '' The episode first aired in the United States on May 17 , 2007 , several days after NBC announced a fourth season . `` The Job '' attracted 7.9 million viewers and earned a 3.9 / 12 ratings share among adults 18 to 49 . It ranked first for the night in that demographic , and was NBC 's highest among adults and total viewers in its timeslot since the broadcast of `` Cocktails '' . Among total viewers , The Office ranked third in its timeslot ( behind a CBS tribute to the retiring Bob Barker and ABC 's first season finale of Ugly Betty ) . The season finale received generally positive reviews from television critics . Entertainment Weekly columnist Abby West wrote that it `` was hands down one of the most satisfying hours of television I have ever had the pleasure of watching , '' explaining that it created `` entirely new dynamics '' for the fourth season , hit `` all major beats , '' and had `` real story progression '' and heart . Give Me My Remote writer Kath Skerry declared that the episode was `` brilliantly written , acted , and well paced . It was filled with twists and turns that I did n't see coming . And I know that it sounds cliche , and I know saying it sounds cliche , sounds cliche . Maybe I 'm being cliche but I do n't care . I am what I am -- a full fledged Office addict who got exactly what she wanted , and in fact needed from the finale . '' James Poniewozik of Time magazine voiced similar sentiments , believing the finale to be a `` good if not great season - ender , and if the conclusion did n't have the holy - crap factor of The Kiss last year , Pam 's closeup reaction to Jim 's return during her interview was -- like everything Jenna Fischer does on this show -- winning and sweet . '' Poniewozik disliked how the season left Karen , calling it `` an uncharacteristic way to end this love triangle , which was distinguished by the writers ' refusal to make anyone the bad guy . '' The best thing about the season - long Jam saga was that the writers , with Fischer 's able help , made it about more than the receptionist 's lonely pining for some guy . Ultimately -- and this was beautifully set up , going back to Pam 's art show and before -- it was about Pam missing herself , needing to become confident , brave and self - sufficient . She was delighted when Jim came back to her , but the nice thing is ( and this is something the British Office never managed with melancholy Dawn ) she had already found happiness unto herself . `` '' James Poniewozik , Time magazine IGN 's Travis Fickett rated `` The Job '' 8.2 / 10 . He believed that the episode `` pulled off some rather brilliant turns '' with the storylines concerning Jan and Jim , Karen , and Pam . Fickett opined however that the episode was at its weakest during the Dwight 's take - over scenes in Scranton , as he knew Michael would be returning . He concluded his review on a more positive note by commenting that Ryan 's selection `` makes for some interesting scenarios for next season . All in all this was a funny episode that wrapped up some key story lines while still leaving open some questions to be answered next season . It was n't a home run finale , but it certainly has us eagerly await the fall premiere . '' AOL TV contributor Jay Black highlighted scenes he found humorous , including Dwight 's preferred choice of an assistant and Michael 's reaction to Jan 's implants . He gave the episode `` 7 Shrute Bucks out of 7 . '' Various cast members were also lauded for their performances , including Jenna Fischer , John Krasinski , and Melora Hardin . In an article written after the episode 's broadcast , actress Kate Flannery observed that `` lots of questions '' were answered and that it was `` like a movie . '' Referring to the agreed - to date between Jim and Pam , Flannery said , `` The point is that the elephant in the room has not only been addressed but asked to dinner . Makes Season 4 seem filled with possibilities -- like an empty glass in front of a full bar . '' In an article written around the time of actor Steve Carell 's last performance on The Office in 2011 , IGN 's Cindy White listed Michael 's quote about Jan 's `` breast enhancement '' as among the best of the series . Dan Philipps , another writer for IGN , ranked Jim 's date proposal among the best moments for the couple , stating that `` after toying with fans ' expectations for two whole seasons , the series ' writers finally allowed fans to breathe a sigh of relief . For many , the moment was well worth the wait . '' For their writing of `` The Job '' , Paul Lieberstein and Michael Schur won the Writers Guild of America Award for Best Screenplay -- Episodic Comedy , beating The Office episodes `` Local Ad '' and `` Phyllis ' Wedding '' as well as episodes of 30 Rock , Flight of the Conchords , and Pushing Daisies . At the 59th Creative Arts Emmy Awards , editors David Rogers and Dean Holland won for Outstanding Single - Camera Picture Editing for a Comedy Series . For her work in `` The Job '' , Jenna Fischer received a nomination for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series , but lost to Jaime Pressly for her performance in My Name is Earl . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Wilson , Rainn ( December 13 , 2012 ) . `` Remember all of these ? # FinalSeason '' . Facebook.com . Retrieved December 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Movie Preview License to Wed ( 2007 ) '' . Entertainment Weekly . April 16 , 2007 . Retrieved May 24 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Flannery , Kate ( May 16 , 2007 ) . `` May 17 , 2007 : The Job '' . TV Guide . Retrieved May 24 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Fischer , Jenna , Ken Kwapis , Melora Hardin , John Krasinski , David Rogers ( 2007 ) . Audio commentary for `` The Job '' ( DVD ) . The Office : Season Three Disc 4 : Universal Studios Home Entertainment . Jump up ^ Keck , William ( March 29 , 2007 ) . `` Salchows and silliness at ' Blades ' bash '' . USA Today . Retrieved June 11 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : West , Abby ( May 3 , 2007 ) . `` High Nunez '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 24 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Fickett , Travis ( May 18 , 2007 ) . `` The Office : `` The Job , Parts 1 & 2 '' Review `` . IGN . Retrieved May 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` NBC Delivers the Quality Once Again This Fall , Introducing Five Ambitious New Dramas , an Inventive Comedy and a Variety of Innovative Unscripted Programs for Its 2007 -- 08 Primetime Schedule '' ( Press release ) . The Futon Critic . May 14 , 2007 . Retrieved May 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ugly Betty calls it a season , and what a season it was '' . The Ottawa Citizen . May 17 , 2007 . Retrieved May 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` NBC Ratings Results for the Week of April May 14 -- 20 and the 2006 -- 07 Television Season '' ( Press release ) . The Futon Critic . May 22 , 2007 . Retrieved May 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` CBS and ABC Set Thursday Pace -- Big numbers for a Bob Barker special and ' Grey 's Anatomy ' finale '' . Zap2it . May 18 , 2007 . Retrieved May 23 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : West , Abby ( May 20 , 2007 ) . `` Corporate Madder '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 24 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Skerry , Kath ( May 18 , 2007 ) . `` THE OFFICE Season Finale Recap : `` The Job '' `` . Give Me My Remote . Retrieved May 24 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Poniewozik , James ( May 18 , 2007 ) . `` The Office : Now That We 've Found Love , What Are We Going to Do With It ? '' . Time . Retrieved June 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Black , Jay ( May 17 , 2007 ) . `` The Office : The Job ( season finale ) '' . AOL TV . Retrieved May 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Flannery , Kate ( May 23 , 2007 ) . `` Season 3 Wrap - up '' . TV Guide . Retrieved May 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ White , Cindy ( April 27 , 2011 ) . `` The Office : Michael Scott 's Best Quotes '' . IGN . Retrieved May 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Dan ( October 6 , 2009 ) . `` The Office : Jim & Pam 's Best Moments '' . IGN . Retrieved May 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 Awards Winners '' ( Press release ) . Writers Guild of America , East . Retrieved May 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Perry , Byron ( December 12 , 2007 ) . `` WGA announce TV , radio nominees '' . Variety . Retrieved May 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Television Nominees '' ( Press release ) . Writers Guild of America , West . December 12 , 2007 . Archived from the original on December 19 , 2007 . Retrieved May 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Outstanding Single - Camera Picture Editing For A Comedy Series 2007 '' . Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . Retrieved June 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Primetime Emmy Awards Database '' . Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . Retrieved June 7 , 2012 . Select Supporting Actress Comedy and 2007 to view results External links ( edit ) `` The Job '' at NBC.com `` The Job '' on IMDb `` The Job '' at TV.com The Office ( U.S. ) episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` Diversity Day '' `` Health Care '' `` The Alliance '' `` Basketball '' `` Hot Girl '' Season 2 `` The Dundies '' `` Sexual Harassment '' `` Office Olympics '' `` The Fire '' `` Halloween '' `` The Fight '' `` The Client '' `` Performance Review '' `` Email Surveillance '' `` Christmas Party '' `` Booze Cruise '' `` The Injury '' `` The Secret '' `` The Carpet '' `` Boys and Girls '' `` Valentine 's Day '' `` Dwight 's Speech '' `` Take Your Daughter to Work Day '' `` Michael 's Birthday '' `` Drug Testing '' `` Conflict Resolution '' `` Casino Night '' Season 3 `` Gay Witch Hunt '' `` The Convention '' `` The Coup '' `` Grief Counseling '' `` Initiation '' `` Diwali '' `` Branch Closing '' `` The Merger '' `` The Convict '' `` A Benihana Christmas '' `` Back from Vacation '' `` Traveling Salesmen '' `` The Return '' `` Ben Franklin '' `` Phyllis ' Wedding '' `` Business School '' `` Cocktails '' `` The Negotiation '' `` Safety Training '' `` Product Recall '' `` Women 's Appreciation '' `` Beach Games '' `` The Job '' Season 4 `` Fun Run '' `` Dunder Mifflin Infinity '' `` Launch Party '' `` Money '' `` Local Ad '' `` Branch Wars '' `` Survivor Man '' `` The Deposition '' `` Dinner Party '' `` Chair Model '' `` Night Out '' `` Did I Stutter ? 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Schrute , ( Acting ) Manager '' `` Search Committee '' Season 8 `` The List '' `` The Incentive '' `` Lotto '' `` Garden Party '' `` Spooked '' `` Doomsday '' `` Pam 's Replacement '' `` Gettysburg '' `` Mrs. California '' `` Christmas Wishes '' `` Trivia '' `` Pool Party '' `` Jury Duty '' `` Special Project '' `` Tallahassee '' `` After Hours '' `` Test the Store '' `` Last Day in Florida '' `` Get the Girl '' `` Welcome Party '' `` Angry Andy '' `` Fundraiser '' `` Turf War '' `` Free Family Portrait Studio '' Season 9 `` New Guys '' `` Roy 's Wedding '' `` Andy 's Ancestry '' `` Work Bus '' `` Here Comes Treble '' `` The Boat '' `` The Whale '' `` The Target '' `` Dwight Christmas '' `` Lice '' `` Suit Warehouse '' `` Customer Loyalty '' `` Junior Salesman '' `` Vandalism '' `` Couples Discount '' `` Moving On '' `` The Farm '' `` Promos '' `` Stairmageddon '' `` Paper Airplane '' `` Livin ' the Dream '' `` A.A.R.M. 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who dropped the ball in times square 2017	1996 -- 1997 : Oseola McCarty 1997 -- 1998 : A group of five winners from a school essay contest honoring New York City 's centennial 1998 -- 1999 : Chinese gymnast Sang Lan ( who was injured during the 1998 Goodwill Games and was being rehabilitated in New York City ) 1999 -- 2000 : Dr. Mary Ann Hopkins from Doctors Without Borders 2000 -- 2001 : Muhammad Ali 2001 -- 2002 : Rudy Giuliani and Judith Nathan ; this was Giuliani 's final act as mayor . Michael Bloomberg officially became the new Mayor of New York City upon the beginning of 2002 , and took his oath of office shortly after midnight . 2002 -- 2003 : Christopher and Dana Reeve 2003 -- 2004 : Cyndi Lauper , along with Shoshana Johnson -- the first female American prisoner of war belonging to an ethnic minority 2004 -- 2005 : Secretary of State Colin Powell 2005 -- 2006 : Jazz musician Wynton Marsalis 2006 -- 2007 : A group of eight United States Armed Forces members 2007 -- 2008 : Karolina Wierzchowska , an Iraq War veteran and New York City Police Academy valedictorian 2008 -- 2009 : Bill and Hillary Clinton 2009 -- 2010 : Twelve students from New York City high schools on the U.S. News & World Report `` America 's Best High Schools Top 100 ' Gold Medal ' List '' 2010 -- 2011 : Former Staff sergeant Salvatore Giunta 2011 -- 2012 : Musician Lady Gaga 2012 -- 2013 : The Rockettes 2013 -- 2014 : U.S. Supreme Court Justice Sonia Sotomayor . 2014 -- 2015 : Cuban - American musician Jencarlos Canela , joined by a group of refugees who emigrated to New York City , in partnership with the International Rescue Committee 2015 -- 2016 : Hugh Evans 2016 -- 2017 : United Nations Secretary - General Ban Ki - moon ; this was Ban Ki - moon 's final act as UN Secretary - General , as António Guterres took office on January 1 , 2017 . 2017 -- 2018 : Tarana Burke	Tarana Burke	Times Square ball	times square ball	The Times Square Ball is a time ball located in New York City 's Times Square . Located on the roof of One Times Square , the ball is a prominent part of a New Year 's Eve celebration in Times Square commonly referred to as the ball drop , where the ball descends 141 feet ( 43 m ) in 60 seconds down a specially designed flagpole , beginning at 11 : 59 : 00 p.m. ET , and resting at midnight to signal the start of the new year . In recent years , the festivities have been preceded by live entertainment , including performances by musicians .	The event was first organized by Adolph Ochs , owner of The New York Times newspaper , as a successor to a series of New Year 's Eve fireworks displays he held at the building to promote its status as the new headquarters of the Times , while the ball itself was designed by Artkraft Strauss . First held on December 31 , 1907 , to welcome 1908 , the ball drop has been held annually since , except in 1942 and 1943 in observance of wartime blackouts . The ball 's design has been updated over the years to reflect improvements in lighting technology ; the ball was initially constructed from wood and iron , and lit with 100 incandescent light bulbs . The current incarnation , designed by Harlem - based architectural lighting firm Focus Lighting , features a computerized LED lighting system and an outer surface consisting of triangular crystal panels . These panels are produced by Waterford Crystal , and contain inscriptions representing a yearly theme . Since 2009 , the current ball has been displayed atop One Times Square year - round , while the original , smaller version of the current ball that was used in 2008 has been on display inside the Times Square visitor 's center . The event is organized by the Times Square Alliance and Countdown Entertainment , a company led by Jeff Strauss , and is among the most notable New Year 's celebrations internationally : it is attended by at least 1 million spectators yearly , and is nationally televised as part of New Year 's Eve specials broadcast by a number of networks and cable channels . The prevalence of the Times Square ball drop has inspired similar `` drops '' at other local New Year 's Eve events across the country ; while some use balls , some instead drop objects that represent local culture or history . Contents ( hide ) 1 Events 1.1 Event organization 1.2 Festivities 1.3 Cleanup 2 History 2.1 Beginnings ( 1907 -- 1908 ) 2.2 The second and third balls ( 1920 -- 98 ) 2.3 Into the new millennium ( 1999 -- 2007 ) 2.4 Present day ( 2008 -- present ) 2.5 Weather at midnight 3 Broadcasting 3.1 Past broadcasts 4 Notes 5 References 6 External links Events ( edit ) Event organization ( edit ) Spectators celebrate the arrival of 2013 . Oswaldo San Andres and Lillianne Perez join Michael Bloomberg in activating the drop for 2007 . To facilitate the arrival of attendees , Times Square is closed to traffic beginning in the late afternoon on New Year 's Eve . The square is then divided into different viewing sections referred to as `` pens '' , into which attendees are directed sequentially upon arrival . Security is strictly enforced by the New York City Police Department ( NYPD ) , even more so since the 2001 -- 02 edition in the wake of the September 11 attacks . Attendees are required to pass through security checkpoints before they are assigned a pen , and are prohibited from bringing backpacks or alcohol to the event . Security was increased further for 2017 -- 18 edition due to recent incidents such as the truck attack in New York on October 31 , and the Route 91 Harvest festival shootings in Las Vegas ; these included additional patrols of Times Square hotels , rooftop patrol squads and counter-snipers , and the installation of reflective markers on buildings to help officers identify the location of elevated shooters . Festivities ( edit ) Festivities formally begin in the early evening with the raising of the ball at around 6 : 00 p.m. ET . Party favors are distributed to attendees , which have historically included large balloons , hats , and other items branded with the event 's corporate sponsors . The hours before the drop are preceded by hourly countdowns for the arrival of the new year in other countries , along with live music performances by popular musicians . Some of these performances are organized by , and aired on New Year 's Eve television specials which are broadcast from Times Square . The drop itself occurs at 11 : 59 p.m. -- the last minute of the year , and is ceremonially `` activated '' by a dignitary or celebrity joined on - stage by the current Mayor of New York City . The conclusion of the drop is followed by fireworks shot from the roof of One Times Square , along with the playing of `` Auld Lang Syne '' by Guy Lombardo , `` Theme from New York , New York '' by Frank Sinatra , `` America the Beautiful '' by Ray Charles , `` What a Wonderful World '' by Louis Armstrong , and `` Over the Rainbow '' by IZ . Since the 1996 New Year 's Eve celebration , the current Mayor of New York City has been joined by a special guest , selected yearly to recognize their community involvement or significance , in ceremonially `` activating '' the ball drop by pressing a button , resembling a smaller version of the ball itself , at exactly one minute to midnight . The button itself does not actually trigger the drop ; that is done from a control room , synchronized using a government time signal . Special guests who have activated the ball drop have included : 1996 -- 1997 : Oseola McCarty 1997 -- 1998 : A group of five winners from a school essay contest honoring New York City 's centennial 1998 -- 1999 : Chinese gymnast Sang Lan ( who was injured during the 1998 Goodwill Games and was being rehabilitated in New York City ) 1999 -- 2000 : Dr. Mary Ann Hopkins from Doctors Without Borders 2000 -- 2001 : Muhammad Ali 2001 -- 2002 : Rudy Giuliani and Judith Nathan ; this was Giuliani 's final act as mayor . Michael Bloomberg officially became the new Mayor of New York City upon the beginning of 2002 , and took his oath of office shortly after midnight . 2002 -- 2003 : Christopher and Dana Reeve 2003 -- 2004 : Cyndi Lauper , along with Shoshana Johnson -- the first female American prisoner of war belonging to an ethnic minority 2004 -- 2005 : Secretary of State Colin Powell 2005 -- 2006 : Jazz musician Wynton Marsalis 2006 -- 2007 : A group of eight United States Armed Forces members 2007 -- 2008 : Karolina Wierzchowska , an Iraq War veteran and New York City Police Academy valedictorian 2008 -- 2009 : Bill and Hillary Clinton 2009 -- 2010 : Twelve students from New York City high schools on the U.S. News & World Report `` America 's Best High Schools Top 100 ' Gold Medal ' List '' 2010 -- 2011 : Former Staff sergeant Salvatore Giunta 2011 -- 2012 : Musician Lady Gaga 2012 -- 2013 : The Rockettes 2013 -- 2014 : U.S. Supreme Court Justice Sonia Sotomayor . 2014 -- 2015 : Cuban - American musician Jencarlos Canela , joined by a group of refugees who emigrated to New York City , in partnership with the International Rescue Committee 2015 -- 2016 : Hugh Evans 2016 -- 2017 : United Nations Secretary - General Ban Ki - moon ; this was Ban Ki - moon 's final act as UN Secretary - General , as António Guterres took office on January 1 , 2017 . 2017 -- 2018 : Tarana Burke Since the 2005 -- 06 edition of the event , the drop has been directly preceded by the playing of John Lennon 's song `` Imagine '' . Until 2009 -- 2010 , the original recording was used ; since 2010 -- 2011 , the song has been performed by the headlining act ; 2010 -- 2011 : Taio Cruz 2011 -- 2012 : Cee - Lo Green 2012 -- 2013 : Train 2013 -- 2014 : Melissa Etheridge 2014 -- 2015 : O.A.R. 2015 -- 2016 : Jessie J 2016 -- 2017 : Rachel Platten 2017 -- 2018 : Andy Grammer From 2001 - 02 until 2004 - 05 , the song played immediately before the drop was Lee Greenwood 's God Bless the U.S.A. . It was sung originally in remembrance of 9 / 11 , but the practice was retained for another three years . Cleanup ( edit ) After the conclusion of the festivities and the dispersal of attendees , cleanup is performed overnight to remove confetti and other debris from Times Square before it is re-opened to the public the following morning . Few traces of the previous night 's celebration remain after the cleanup process is completed : following the 2013 -- 14 drop , the New York City Department of Sanitation estimated that by 8 : 00 a.m. , it had cleared over 50 tons of refuse from Times Square , using 190 workers from their own crews and the Times Square Alliance . History ( edit ) Beginnings ( 1907 -- 1908 ) ( edit ) The first New Year 's Eve celebration in Times Square was held on December 31 , 1904 ; The New York Times ' owner , Adolph Ochs , decided to celebrate the opening of the newspaper 's new headquarters , One Times Square , with a New Year 's fireworks show on the roof of the building to welcome 1905 . Close to 200,000 people attended the event , displacing traditional celebrations that had normally been held at Trinity Church . However , following several years of fireworks shows , Ochs wanted a bigger spectacle at the building to draw more attention to the area . The newspaper 's chief electrician , Walter F. Palmer , suggested using a time ball , after seeing one used on the nearby Western Union Building . Ochs hired sign designer Artkraft Strauss to construct a ball for the celebration ; it was built from iron and wood , electrically lit with one hundred incandescent light bulbs , weighed 700 pounds ( 320 kg ) , and measured 5 feet ( 1.5 m ) in diameter . The ball was hoisted on the building 's flagpole with rope by a team of six men . Once it hit the roof of the building , the ball was designed to complete an electric circuit to light a 5 - foot tall sign indicating the new year , and trigger a fireworks show . The first ever `` ball drop '' was held on December 31 , 1907 , welcoming the year 1908 . In 1913 , only eight years after it moved to One Times Square , the Times moved its corporate headquarters to 229 West 43rd Street . The Times still maintained ownership of the tower , however , and Strauss continued to organize future editions of the drop . The second and third balls ( 1920 -- 98 ) ( edit ) The original ball was retired in 1920 in favor of a new design ; the second ball remained 5 feet ( 1.5 m ) in diameter , but was now constructed from iron , weighing 400 pounds ( 180 kg ) . The ball drop was placed on hiatus for New Year 's Eve 1942 and 1943 due to wartime lighting restrictions during World War II . Instead , a moment of silence was observed at midnight in Times Square , accompanied by the sound of church bells and chimes played from sound trucks . The second ball was retired in favor of a third design in 1955 ; again , it maintained the same diameter of its predecessors , but was now constructed from aluminium , and weighed 150 pounds ( 68 kg ) . In 1981 , the third ball was revamped in honor of the I Love New York campaign , with red lightbulbs and a green stem to give it the appearance of an apple . For 1988 , organizers acknowledged the addition of a leap second earlier that day ( leap seconds are appended at midnight UTC , which is five hours before midnight in New York ) by extending the drop to 61 seconds , and by including a special one - second light show during the extra second . The original white lightbulbs returned to the ball for 1989 , but were replaced by red , white , and blue bulbs in 1991 to salute the troops of Operation Desert Shield . The third ball was revamped again in 1995 for 1996 , adding a computerized lighting system with 180 halogen bulbs and 144 strobe lights , and over 12,000 rhinestones . Lighting designer Barry Arnold stated that the changes were `` something ( that ) had to be done to make this event more spectacular as we approach the millennium . '' The drop itself became computerized through the use of an electric winch synced with the National Institute of Standards and Technology 's time signal ; the new system was not without issues , however , as a glitch caused the ball to pause for a short moment halfway through its descent . After its 44th use in 1999 , the third ball was retired and placed on display at the Atlanta headquarters of Jamestown Group , owners of One Times Square . Most recent incarnations The fourth ball ( on display at Waterford Crystal 's headquarters in Ireland ) The 2008 ball ( on display at Times Square Visitors Center ) The current ball , as seen in 2009 Into the New millennium ( 1999 -- 2007 ) ( edit ) On December 28 , 1998 , during a press conference attended by New York City mayor Rudy Giuliani , organizers announced that the third ball would be retired for the arrival of the new millennium , and replaced by a new design constructed by Waterford Crystal . The year 2000 celebrations introduced more prominent sponsorship to the drop ; companies such as Discover Card , Korbel Champagne , and Panasonic were announced as official sponsors of the festivities in Times Square . The city also announced that Ron Silver would lead a committee known as `` NYC 2000 '' , which was in charge of organizing events across the city for year 2000 celebrations . A full day of festivities was held at Times Square to celebrate the arrival of the year 2000 , which included concerts and hourly cultural presentations with parades of puppets designed by Michael Curry , representing countries entering the new year at that hour . Organizers expected a total attendance exceeding 2 million spectators . The fourth ball , measuring 6 feet ( 1.8 m ) in diameter and weighing 1,070 pounds ( 490 kg ) , incorporated a total of over 600 halogen bulbs , 504 triangle - shaped crystal panels provided by Waterford , 96 strobe lights , and spinning , pyramid - shaped mirrors . The ball was constructed at Waterford 's factory in Ireland , and was then shipped to New York City , where the lighting system and motorized mirrors were installed . Many of the triangles were inscribed with `` Hope '' - themed designs changing yearly , such as `` Hope for Fellowship '' , `` Hope for Wisdom '' , `` Hope for Unity '' , `` Hope for Courage '' , and `` Hope for Abundance '' . For 2002 , as part of the theme `` Hope for Healing '' , 195 of the ball 's panels were engraved with the names of nations and organizations who were affected by or were involved in the aftermath of the September 11 attacks . In December 2011 , the `` Hope for Healing '' panels were accepted into the collection of the National September 11 Museum . Present day ( 2008 -- Present ) ( edit ) In honor of the ball drop 's centennial anniversary , a brand new fifth design debuted for New Year 's Eve 2008 . Once again manufactured by Waterford Crystal with a diameter of 6 feet ( 1.8 m ) , but weighing 1,212 pounds ( 550 kg ) , it used LED lamps provided by Philips ( which can produce 16,777,216 or 2 colors ) , with computerized lighting patterns developed by the New York City - based lighting firm Focus Lighting . The ball featured 9,576 energy - efficient bulbs that consumed the same amount of electricity as only 10 toasters . The 2008 ball was only used once , and was placed on display at the Times Square Visitors Center following the event . For 2009 , a larger version of the fifth ball was introduced -- an icosahedral geodesic sphere lit by 32,256 LED lamps . Its diameter is twice as wide as the 2008 ball , at 12 feet ( 3.7 m ) , and contains 2,688 Waterford Crystal panels , with a weight of 11,875 pounds ( 5,386 kg ) . It was designed to be weatherproof , as the ball would now be displayed atop One Times Square nearly year - round following the celebrations . Yearly themes for the ball 's crystal panels continued ; from 2008 to 2013 , the ball contained crystal patterns that were part of a Waterford series known as `` World of Celebration '' , including themes such as `` Let There Be Light '' and `` Let There Be Peace '' . For 2014 , all the ball 's panels were replaced , marking a new theme series known as `` Greatest Gifts '' , beginning with `` Gift of Imagination '' . The numerical sign indicating the year ( which remains atop the tower along with the ball itself ) uses Philips LED lamps . For 2014 , the final two digits of the sign used bulbs from the company 's `` Hue '' line of multi-color LED lamps , allowing them to have computerized lighting cues . Weather at midnight ( edit ) According to the National Weather Service , from 1907 to 2016 , the average temperature at midnight in Central Park was 34 ° F ( 1 ° C ) . The coldest event was in 1917 when the temperature was 1 ° F ( − 17 ° C ) and the wind chill was − 18 ° F ( − 28 ° C ) . The warmest temperature was 58 ° F ( 14 ° C ) , in 1965 and 1972 . It has snowed during the ball drop just seven times out of 111 events ( one being light snow ) -- 1926 , 1934 , 1948 , 1952 , 1961 , 1967 , and 2009 -- and it has rained multiple times . Festivities in 2018 were the second - coldest on record due to an arctic air mass , forecast at 11 ° F ( − 12 ° C ) before wind chill . Broadcasting ( edit ) ABC News ' presence at Times Square for ABC 2000 Today As a public event , the festivities and ball drop are often broadcast on television . As of 2016 - 17 , a host feed of 21 cameras across Times Square is provided to broadcasters to incorporate into their coverage . The event is covered as part of New Year 's Eve television specials on several major U.S. television networks . By far the most notable of these is Dick Clark 's New Year 's Rockin ' Eve ; created , produced , and originally hosted by the entertainer Dick Clark until his death in 2012 , and currently hosted by Ryan Seacrest and Jenny McCarthy , the program first aired on NBC in 1972 before moving to ABC , where it has been broadcast ever since . New Year 's Rockin ' Eve has consistently been the most - watched New Year 's Eve special in the U.S. annually , peaking at 25.6 million viewers for its 2018 edition . Following the death of Dick Clark in April 2012 , a crystal engraved with his name was added to the 2013 ball in tribute . Across the remaining networks , NBC broadcasts New Year 's Eve with Carson Daly , hosted from Times Square by Carson Daly of The Voice and Last Call while Fox has aired New Year 's specials covering Times Square with rotating hosts and themes , which were broadcast primarily under the title New Year 's Eve Live until 2014 . From 2015 to 2017 , Fox broadcast Pitbull 's New Year 's Revolution from Miami instead , but returned to New York - oriented coverage hosted by Steve Harvey for 2018 . Spanish - language network Univision broadcasts ¡ Feliz ! , hosted by Raúl de Molina of El Gordo y La Flaca , while Telemundo has the Bienvedido series with Daniel Sarcos from Un Nuevo Dia for 2017 and Jorge Bernal from ¡ Suelta La Sopa ! for 2018 . On cable , CNN carries coverage of the festivities , known as New Year 's Eve Live , which was historically hosted by Anderson Cooper and Kathy Griffin from Times Square . Griffin was removed from her role in 2017 after she published a controversial political photo ; she was replaced by Andy Cohen for 2018 . Fox News carries All - American New Year , which was most recently hosted by Elisabeth Hasselbeck and Bill Hemmer from Times Square . Since 2009 , an official webcast of the ball drop and its associated festivities has been produced , streamed via Livestream.com . Past broadcasts ( edit ) Beginning in the 1940s , NBC broadcast coverage from Times Square anchored by Ben Grauer on both radio and television . Its coverage was later incorporated into special episodes of The Tonight Show , continuing through Johnny Carson and Jay Leno 's tenures on the program . NBC would introduce a dedicated special , New Year 's Eve with Carson Daly , beginning in 2003 . From 1956 to 1976 , CBS was well known for its television coverage of the festivities hosted by bandleader Guy Lombardo from the ballroom of the Waldorf - Astoria Hotel in New York City , featuring his band 's famous rendition of `` Auld Lang Syne '' at midnight . After Lombardo 's death in 1977 , CBS and the Royal Canadians , now led by Victor Lombardo , attempted to continue the special . However , Guy 's absence and the growing popularity of ABC 's New Year 's Rockin ' Eve prompted CBS to eventually drop the band entirely . The Royal Canadians were replaced by a new special , Happy New Year , America , which ran in various formats with different hosts ( such as Paul Anka , Donny Osmond , Andy Williams , Paul Shaffer , and Montel Williams ) until it was discontinued after 1996 . CBS , barring a special America 's Millennium broadcast for 2000 , has no longer broadcast any national New Year 's programming since . For 2000 , in lieu of New Year 's Rockin ' Eve , ABC News covered the festivities as part of its day - long telecast , ABC 2000 Today . Hosted by Peter Jennings , the broadcast featured coverage of millennium festivities from around the world , including those in New York City . Jennings was joined by Dick Clark as a special correspondent for coverage from Times Square . MTV had broadcast coverage originating from the network 's Times Square studios at One Astor Plaza . For 2011 , MTV also held its own ball drop in Seaside Heights , New Jersey , the setting of its popular reality series Jersey Shore , featuring cast member Snooki lowered inside a giant `` hamster ball '' . Originally , MTV planned to hold the drop within its studio in Times Square , but the network was asked by city officials to conduct the drop elsewhere . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Michael Bloomberg , whose mayoral term ended at midnight , did not attend , and celebrated privately with his family instead . Unlike Bloomberg 's inauguration in 2002 , which was held shortly after midnight , Bill de Blasio was inaugurated in a ceremony the following morning at Gracie Mansion . Jump up ^ Cee - Lo 's performance was criticized by fans for his change of a lyric relating to religion . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Miller , Winter ( 2007 - 10 - 04 ) . `` A New Ball for New Year 's , Brighter Yet More Efficient '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Nearly 800 Hard At Work On Times Square New Year 's Eve Celebration '' . CBS New York . Retrieved December 31 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` NYC ball drop goes ' green ' on 100th anniversary '' . CNN . December 31 , 2007 . Retrieved December 2 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Countdown to Times Square party ; 1 million expected '' . CNN . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` New Year 's Eve security main focus for NYPD '' . CNN . December 30 , 2011 . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mueller , Benjamin ( 2017 - 12 - 28 ) . `` In Wake of Attacks , Tighter Security for Times Square on New Year 's Eve '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` For New Year 's Eve , the Tie - Ins Erupt '' . The New York Times . December 13 , 2010 . Retrieved November 10 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Very Confetti New Year 's '' . Time . January 2 , 2007 . Retrieved November 10 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Mansfield , Brian ( December 26 , 2013 ) . `` Etheridge added to Times Square New Year 's Eve lineup '' . USA Today . Retrieved December 27 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` MAYOR GIULIANI ANNOUNCES NEW TRADITION FOR NEW YEAR 'S EVE : COMMUNITY HERO TO LEAD TIMES SQUARE CELEBRATION '' . City of New York . Retrieved December 19 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Balkin , Adam ( December 30 , 2003 ) . `` Technology Helps Times Square New Year 's Eve Ball Drop Run Smoothly '' . NY1 . Retrieved April 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Across America , traditions of ham hocks , Watch Nights and the Times Square ball '' . NBCNews.com . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` CITY KEEPS THE BALL ROLLING IT 'S ANOTHER ROUND IN TIMES SQ . FOR SEASONED PARTYERS '' . New York Daily News . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` On the ball : Sang Lan was in the spotlight on New Year 's ... '' Chicago Tribune . January 5 , 1999 . Retrieved November 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` DOCTORS WITHOUT BORDERS TO JOIN TIMES SQUARE BALL DROP DURING NEW YEARS EVE FESTIVITIES '' . City of New York . Retrieved October 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ali To Drop Ball On New Year 's '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved November 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Inaugural Address Of Mayor Michael Bloomberg '' . Gotham Gazette . January 1 , 2002 . Retrieved April 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Huge Times Square Crowd Watches Ball Drop '' . Fox News . Associated Press . January 1 , 2003 . Retrieved November 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bloomberg Announces Special Guest For New Year 's 2004 Celebration In New York '' . Life . Retrieved November 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Regis , Colin Powell ring in New Year 's with'energy , enthusiasm ' '' . USA Today . January 1 , 2005 . Retrieved November 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Neither rain nor snow slows Times Sq . party '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved November 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Military Service Members Honored at Time Square Celebration '' . Navy.mil . Retrieved November 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Times Square New Year 's gala turns 100 '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved November 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Revelers ring in 2009 in Times Square '' . Associated Press . Retrieved November 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Best High Schools Heads to Times Square '' . U.S. News & World Report . Retrieved November 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sgt . Salvatore Giunta in NYC for New Year 's Eve '' . Associated Press . Retrieved November 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lady Gaga to perform on New Year 's Eve in Times Square '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved November 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Seifman , David ( December 28 , 2012 ) . `` Rockettes to join Mayor Bloomberg on New Year 's Eve '' . New York Post . Retrieved December 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Nearly 800 Hard At Work On Times Square New Year 's Eve Celebration '' . CBS New York . Retrieved December 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Costa , Robert ( December 30 , 2013 ) . `` Sotomayor to officiate at Times Square New Year 's Eve '' . Washington Post . Retrieved December 30 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Brrr - Braving the Ball Drop '' . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved January 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` New Year 's In Times Square : Jencarlos Canela Will Be The First Latino To Push Ball Drop Countdown Button '' . Latin Times . Retrieved December 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Crystal Ball Nearly Ready For New Year 's Eve In Times Square '' . CBSNewYork.com . CBS Radio . Retrieved December 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Activist to Help Drop Crystal Ball In Times Square '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 31 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` António Guterres appointed next UN Secretary - General by acclamation '' . United Nations . United Nations News Service . 13 October 2016 . Retrieved 15 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` U.N. secretary - general to kick off Times Square New Year 's Eve countdown '' . NBC News . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Founder of `` Me Too '' Movement , Tarana Burke , to be Special Guest of Times Square New Year 's Eve '' ( PDF ) . timessquarenyc.org . Times Square Alliance . 18 December 2017 . Retrieved 18 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Gael Fashingbauer ( January 1 , 2012 ) . `` Fans angry that Cee Lo changed ' Imagine ' lyrics '' . msnbc.com . Archived from the original on April 29 , 2012 . Retrieved April 18 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Golgowski , Nina ( January 1 , 2012 ) . `` Cee Lo Green changes lyrics to Lennon 's Imagine to include pro-religion message enraging fans '' . The Daily Mail . London . Retrieved April 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cruz To Perform ' Imagine ' During New Year 's Celebration '' . CBSNewYork.com . Retrieved December 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Live Times Square New Year 's Eve Webcast : Watch Train , Cassadee Pope '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved December 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` New Year 's Eve Organizers Release Star - Studded Roster Of Musical Talent Set To Perform Live In Times Square '' . TimesSquareNYC.org . Times Square Alliance . Retrieved December 26 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Workers To Install 288 New Waterford Crystals On New Year 's Eve Ball '' . CBS New York . CBS Radio . Retrieved 27 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Times Square Alliance : Gavin DeGraw and Rachel Platten to Headline Musical Lineup for Times Square New Year 's Eve Live , Commercial - Free Webcast and TV Pool Feed '' . TimesSquareNYC.org . Times Square Alliance . Retrieved December 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Multi-Platinum Pop Singer and Songwriter Andy Grammer to Headline Musical Lineup for Times Square New Year 's Eve Live , Commercial - Free Webcast and TV Pool Feed '' ( PDF ) . timessquarenyc.org . Times Square Alliance . 18 December 2017 . Retrieved 18 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Crews Clean Up Times Square After New Year 's Celebration '' . CBSNewYork.com . CBS Radio . 1 January 2014 . Retrieved 30 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Feuer , Alan ( December 27 , 2009 ) . `` Deconstructed -- Times Square Ball -- Lots of Sparkle for a Swift Fall '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kushner , David ( December 30 , 1999 ) . `` This New Year 's Eve , Technology Will Drop the Ball '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` History of Times Square '' . London : The Telegraph . July 27 , 2011 . Retrieved January 13 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Crump , William D. ( 2014 ) . Encyclopedia of New Year 's Holidays Worldwide . McFarland . p. 242 . ISBN 9781476607481 . Jump up ^ McFadden , Robert D. ( December 31 , 1987 ) . `` ' 88 Countdown : 3 , 2 , 1 , Leap Second , 0 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 2 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Sutton , Larry . `` Bigger Ball to Peg Square '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved November 6 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Barron , James ( December 31 , 2009 ) . `` When Party Is Over , the Ball Lands Here '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Goodnough , Abby ( December 29 , 1998 ) . `` Here Comes 2000 , With Sponsors , Too ; Official Products in the Right Place : Millennial Partying in Times Sq '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kelley , Tina ( December 30 , 1999 ) . `` There 's Another Countdown Before the Famed ' 10 , 9 , 8 ... ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` New Year Theme Right On The Ball '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NATIONAL SEPTEMBER 11 MEMORIAL MUSEUM TO ACCEPT SPECIAL COLLECTION OF WATERFORD CRYSTAL TRIANGLES FROM 2001 / 2002 TIMES SQUARE BALL '' ( PDF ) . nat . Retrieved 29 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` New Year 's Eve Preparations Under Way In Times Square '' . CBSNewYork.com . Retrieved December 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Waterford and Times Square New Year 's Eve Reveal `` Gift of Imagination '' Crystal Design as Part of New 10 - Year `` Greatest Gifts '' Series `` . Waterford Crystal press release . Retrieved December 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Philips hue to Mark Colorful Start to 2014 at Times Square New Year 's Eve Celebration '' ( Press release ) . Philips . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` New Year 's Eve / Ball Drop Weather at Central Park '' ( PDF ) . National Weather Service Forecast Office New York , New York . Retrieved 3 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Press , Associated ( 2017 - 12 - 31 ) . `` Times Square braces for one of coldest New Year 's Eve parties on record '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : `` Meet the Team Behind Times Square New Year 's Eve '' . TV Technology . NewBay Media . Retrieved 30 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Stelter , Brian ( December 31 , 2011 ) . `` 4 Decades Later , He Still Counts '' . New York Times . p . C1 . Retrieved January 1 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Barmash , Jerry . `` Marking New Year 's Eve at Times Square Without Dick Clark '' . FishbowlNY . Retrieved December 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( January 1 , 2018 ) . `` Ratings : Ryan Seacrest 's Rockin ' Eve Hits All - Time Highs , Fox 's Steve Harvey a Big Improvement Over Pitbull '' . TVLine . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Levin , Gary ( January 4 , 2012 ) . `` Nielsens : Clark 's ' Rockin ' Eve , ' football start year well '' . USA Today . Retrieved November 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Countdown to 2012 : What to watch on New Year 's Eve '' . The Daily Caller . Retrieved November 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ring in the new year with Ryan , Carson or Anderson '' . Bradenton Herald . Retrieved November 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pitbull to Host New Year 's Eve Live Show for Fox '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Fox Swaps Pitbull for Steve Harvey on New Year 's Eve '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ Steinberg , Brian ( 2017 - 10 - 11 ) . `` CNN Will Replace Kathy Griffin With Andy Cohen for New Year 's Eve '' . Variety . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` TV highlights : Networks compete for most entertaining New Year 's show '' . Washington Post . December 30 , 2013 . Retrieved December 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Taub , Erica A. ( December 24 , 2009 ) . `` New Year 's Eve in Times Square Is Now a Webcast '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Shriver , Jerry ( December 27 , 2007 ) . `` Extra-bright ball to drop at Times Square '' . USA Today . Retrieved December 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Oldenberg , Ann ( December 29 , 2005 ) . `` Battle of Times Square '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` More Americans Preferred Celebrating New Year 's Without Television '' . CNSNews.com . Retrieved 2 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Lynch , Stephen ( December 31 , 1999 ) . `` New Year 's song remains ingrained in public mind '' . The Orange County Register . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Collins , Scott ( December 25 , 2006 ) . `` Past , Present , and ... Future ? '' . Los Angeles Times . p . E1 . Jump up ^ Moore , Frazier ( December 26 , 2001 ) . `` Next week to be 25th New Year 's Eve without Guy Lombardo '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Associated Press . Retrieved January 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Terry , Carol Burton . `` New Guy Lombardo ? Dick Clark sees New Year 's tradition '' . The Milwaukee Sentinel . Retrieved December 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bobbin , Jay ( December 28 , 2000 ) . `` Dick Clark offers longer New Year 's Eve special '' . Ellensburg Daily Record . Retrieved April 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Snooki ' dropped ' from Times Square New Year 's Eve celebration '' . Staten Island Advance . December 30 , 2010 . Retrieved October 8 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to New Year celebrations in Times Square . Official website New Year 's Eve on the Times Square Alliance website ( hide ) New Year 's Eve and New Year 's Day Events America 's Party First Night Hogmanay New Year 's Eve in London Objects dropped on New Year 's Eve Peach Drop Pelican Drop Réveillon de Copacabana Sydney New Year 's Eve The Possum Drop Times Square Ball Vienna New Year 's Concert Sports College Football Playoff bowls Rose Orange Sugar Fiesta Cotton Peach Citrus Bowl Gator Bowl Outback Bowl Tour de Ski Four Hills Tournament NHL Winter Classic Spengler Cup Final IIHF World U20 Championship Saint Silvester Road Race New Year Sprint Nos Galan road race Parades Tournament of Roses Parade London 's New Year 's Day Parade Florida Citrus Parade Mummers Parade Television New Year 's Rockin ' Eve Fox 's New Year 's Eve with Steve Harvey New Year 's Eve with Carson Daly New Year Live CNN New Year 's Eve Live ¡ Feliz ! MTV New Year 's The Big Fat Quiz of the Year Bye Bye Dinner for One Happy New Year , America Hogmanay Live Hootenanny Kōhaku Uta Gassen Little Blue Light Only an Excuse ? Red Bull New Year No Limits Rudolph 's Shiny New Year Scotch and Wry Silvesterstadl `` Silvesterpunsch `` 2000 Today ( US , Ireland ) Happy New Year , Charlie Brown ! First Night 2013 with Jamie Kennedy Music `` Auld Lang Syne '' `` Happy New Year '' `` What Are You Doing New Year 's Eve ? '' `` Levy - Dew '' `` New Year 's Day '' Related topics New Year films Gregorian calendar Baby New Year Calennig Hogmanay Holiday season Leap second Guy Lombardo New Year 's resolution New Year tree Saint Sylvester 's Day Vasilopita Watchnight service Coordinates : 40 ° 45 ′ 23 '' N 73 ° 59 ′ 11 '' W / 40.7564 ° N 73.9865 ° W / 40.7564 ; - 73.9865 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Times_Square_Ball&oldid=828157512 '' Categories : Culture of New York City New Year celebrations Recurring events established in 1907 Times Square Winter traditions Festivals established in 1907 December events 1907 establishments in New York ( state ) Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Use mdy dates from January 2015 Good articles Pages using deprecated image syntax Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Nederlands 日本語 Português Русский Simple English Suomi ไทย Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 February 2018 , at 22 : 06 . 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in what year did the first drug to treat depression come out and what was this drug called			Antidepressant	antidepressant	Antidepressants are drugs used for the treatment of major depressive disorder and other conditions , including dysthymia , anxiety disorders , obsessive -- compulsive disorder , eating disorders , chronic pain , neuropathic pain and , in some cases , dysmenorrhoea , snoring , migraine , attention - deficit hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD ) , addiction , dependence , and sleep disorders . They may be prescribed alone or in combination with other medications .	The most important classes of antidepressants are the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors ( SSRIs ) , serotonin -- norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors ( SNRIs ) , tricyclic antidepressants ( TCAs ) , monoamine oxidase inhibitors ( MAOIs ) , reversible inhibitors of monoamine oxidase A ( RIMAs ) , tetracyclic antidepressants ( TeCAs ) , and noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressant ( NaSSAs ) . St John 's wort is also used in the treatment of depression . One theory regarding the cause of depression is that it is characterized by an overactive hypothalamic -- pituitary -- adrenal axis ( HPA axis ) that resembles the neuro - endocrine response to stress . These HPA axis abnormalities participate in the development of depressive symptoms , and antidepressants may serve to regulate HPA axis function . Contents ( hide ) 1 Medical uses 1.1 Major depressive disorder 1.1. 1 Clinical guidelines 1.1. 2 Systematic reviews 1.1. 3 The STAR * D Trial 1.1. 4 Limitations and strategies 1.1. 5 `` Trial and error '' switching 1.1. 6 Augmentation and combination 1.1. 7 Long - term use 1.2 Anxiety disorders 1.2. 1 Generalized anxiety disorder 1.2. 2 Obsessive -- compulsive disorder 1.3 Eating disorders 1.4 Pain 1.4. 1 Fibromyalgia 1.4. 2 Neuropathic pain 2 Adverse health effects 2.1 General 2.2 Pregnancy 2.3 Antidepressant - induced mania 2.4 Suicide 2.5 Sexual 2.6 Changes in weight 2.7 Discontinuation syndrome 2.8 Emotional blunting 3 Pharmacology 4 Types 4.1 Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors 4.2 Serotonin -- norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors 4.3 Serotonin modulators and stimulators 4.4 Serotonin antagonists and reuptake inhibitors 4.5 Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors 4.6 Tricyclic antidepressants 4.7 Tetracyclic antidepressants 4.8 Monoamine oxidase inhibitors 4.9 Others 5 Adjuncts 5.1 Less common adjunct medication 6 History 6.1 Isoniazid , iproniazid , and imipramine 6.2 Second generation antidepressants 7 Society and culture 7.1 Prescription trends 7.2 Most commonly prescribed 7.3 Social science perspective 7.4 Environmental impacts 8 See also 8.1 Categories 9 References 10 Additional reading 11 External links Medical uses ( edit ) See also : Comparative efficacy and tolerability of antidepressants For depression , the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale ( HAM - D ) is often used to measure the severity of depression . The maximum score for the 17 - item HAM - D questionnaire is 52 ; the higher the score , the more severe the depression . Major depressive disorder ( edit ) Clinical guidelines ( edit ) This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . Last update : https://psychnews.psychiatryonline.org/doi/full/10.1176/pn.45.19.psychnews_45_19_009 ( January 2018 ) The UK National Institute for Health and Care Excellence ( NICE ) 2009 guidelines indicate that antidepressants should not be routinely used for the initial treatment of mild depression , because the risk - benefit ratio is poor . The guidelines recommended that antidepressant treatment be considered for : People with a history of moderate or severe depression , Those with mild depression that has been present for a long period , As a second - line treatment for mild depression that persists after other interventions , As a first - line treatment for moderate or severe depression . The guidelines further note that antidepressant treatment should be used in combination with psychosocial interventions in most cases , should be continued for at least six months to reduce the risk of relapse , and that SSRIs are typically better tolerated than other antidepressants . American Psychiatric Association treatment guidelines recommend that initial treatment should be individually tailored based on factors that include severity of symptoms , co-existing disorders , prior treatment experience , and patient preference . Options may include pharmacotherapy , psychotherapy , electroconvulsive therapy ( ECT ) , transcranial magnetic stimulation ( TMS ) or light therapy . They recommended antidepressant medication as an initial treatment choice in people with mild , moderate , or severe major depression , that should be given to all patients with severe depression unless ECT is planned . Systematic Reviews ( edit ) Conflicting results have arisen from studies analyzing the efficacy of antidepressants by comparisons to placebo in people with acute mild to moderate depression . Stronger evidence supports the usefulness of antidepressants in the treatment of depression that is chronic ( dysthymia ) or severe . Researchers Irving Kirsch and Thomas Moore have contested the pharmacological activity of antidepressants in the relief of depression , and state that the evidence is most consistent a role as active placebos . Their study consisted of a meta analysis incorporating data from both published studies and unpublished data obtained from the FDA via a Freedom of Information Act request . Overall , antidepressant pills worked 18 % better than placebos , a statistically significant difference , but not one that is clinically significant . In a later publication , Kirsch concluded that the overall effect of new - generation antidepressant medication is below recommended criteria for clinical significance . A 2017 meta analysis comparing the efficacy of SSRIs against placebo found the mean reduction in Hamilton Depression Rating Scale ( HDRS ) to be - 1.94 points over 49 studies . This was statistically significant , but failed to meet the clinical significance threshold , predefined according to the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence recommended standard mean difference of 0.5 , equivalent to a 3 - point reduction in HDRS . A high risk of bias was found , which could possibly explain the statistically significant effect of SSRI , and the authors concluded that the frequency of adverse events outweighed the small clinical improvements . The efficacy of antidepressants was observed in one meta analysis to be dependent upon the baseline severity , as measured by the HDRS . Antidepressants in patients with a score less than 23 ( indicating mild to moderate depression ) demonstrated a small benefit over placebo . However , antidepressants in those with a score > 25 exhibited an advantage over placebo that cross the NICE threshold for clinical significance . Another study focusing on paroxetine ( Paxil ) and imipramine found that antidepressant drugs were only slightly better than placebo in cases of mild or moderate depression they surveyed but offered `` substantial '' benefit in those with severe depression . In 2014 the U.S. FDA published a systematic review of all antidepressant maintenance trials submitted to the agency between 1985 and 2012 . The authors concluded that maintenance treatment reduced the risk of relapse by 52 % compared to placebo , and that this effect was primarily due to recurrent depression in the placebo group rather than a drug withdrawal effect . A review commissioned by the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence concluded that there is strong evidence that SSRIs have greater efficacy than placebo on achieving a 50 % reduction in depression scores in moderate and severe major depression , and that there is some evidence for a similar effect in mild depression . The treatment guidelines developed in conjunction with this review suggest that antidepressants should be considered in patients with moderate to severe depression and those with mild depression that is persistent or resistant to other treatment modalities . The Cochrane Collaboration recently performed a systematic review of clinical trials of the tricyclic antidepressant amitriptyline . The study concluded that in spite of moderate evidence for publication bias , there is strong evidence that the efficacy of amitriptyline is superior to placebo . A 2015 systematic review of add - on therapies for treatment - resistant depression concluded that quetiapine and aripiprazole have the strongest evidence - base supporting their efficacy , but they are associated with additional treatment - related side effects when used as an add - on therapy . A 2008 Cochrane Collaboration review on St John 's wort ( specifically , any extracts which contain Hypericum perforatum ) , and a 2015 meta - analytic systematic review by some of the same authors , both concluded that it : has superior efficacy to placebo in treating depression ; is as effective as standard antidepressant pharmaceuticals for treating depression ; and has fewer adverse effects than other antidepressants . The 2015 meta analysis concluded that it is difficult to assign a place for St. John 's wort in the treatment of depression owing to limitations in the available evidence base , including large variations in efficacy seen in trials performed in German - speaking relative to other countries . Reversible inhibitors of monoamine oxidase A ( RIMAs ) have also been shown to be an effective drug therapy with greater tolerability than other antidepressants ; however , the efficacy of SSRIs , tricyclic , and tetracyclic antidepressants in treating depression is supported by a much larger evidence base compared to other antidepressant drug therapies ( i.e. , St John 's wort , rMAO - A inhibitors , serotonin -- norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor , serotonin antagonist and reuptake inhibitors , noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors , and noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressants ) . A study published in the Journal of the American Medical Association ( JAMA ) demonstrated that the magnitude of the placebo effect in clinical trials of depression have been growing over time , while the effect size of tested drugs has remained relatively constant . The authors suggest that one possible explanation for the growing placebo effect in clinical trials is the inclusion of larger number of participants with shorter term , mild , or spontaneously remitting depression as a result of decreasing stigma associated with antidepressant use . Placebo response rates in clinical trials of complementary and alternative ( CAM ) therapies are significantly lower than those in clinical trials of traditional antidepressants . A 2004 review concluded that antidepressant studies that failed to support efficacy claims were dramatically less likely to be published than those that did support favorable efficacy claims . Similar results were obtained for a study of publication of clinical trials of antidepressants in children . A 2015 investigation of meta - analyses of antidepressant studies found that 79 % of them had `` sponsorship or authors who were ( pharmaceutical ) industry employees and / or had conflicts of interest '' . A 2012 meta - analysis found that fluoxetine and venlafaxine were effective for major depression in all age groups . The authors also found no evidence of a relationship between baseline severity of depression and degree of benefit of antidepressants over placebo . A review published in 2012 found a negative correlation between study year and efficacy of antidepressants as measured by response rate . The change in response rate was largely driven by increase in placebo response . However the authors still concluded that antidepressants were effective in treating depression . The authors found that TCAs were the most effective drug , followed by SNRIs , MAOIs , SSRIs and atypical antidepressants . The STAR * D trial ( edit ) The largest and most expensive study conducted to date , on the effectiveness of pharmacological treatment for depression , was commissioned by the National Institute of Mental Health . The study was dubbed `` The Sequenced Treatment Alternatives to Relieve Depression '' ( STAR * D ) Study . The results are summarized here . Participants in the trial were recruited when they sought medical care at general medical or psychiatric clinics . No advertising was used to recruit subjects in order to maximize the generalizability of the study results . Participants were required to have a minimum score of 14 point on the Hamilton Depression Scale ( HAM - D17 ) in order to be enrolled in the trial . Generally accepted cutoffs are 7 -- 17 points for mild depression , 18 -- 24 points for moderate depression , and ≥ 24 for severe depression . The average participant baseline HAM - D17 score was 22 . The pre-specified primary endpoint of this trial was remission as determined by the HAM - D score , with all patients with missing scores rated as non-responders . In the aftermath of the trial , the investigators have presented the results mainly using the secondary endpoint of remission according to the QIDS - SR16 Score , which tend to be somewhat higher . After the first course of treatment , 27.5 % of the 2,876 participants reached remission with a HAM - D score of 7 or less and 33 % achieved remission according to the QIDS - SR scale . The response rate according to the QIDS - SR16 score was 47 % . Twenty - six percent dropped out . After the second course of treatment , 21 to 30 % of the remaining 1,439 participants remitted . Switching medications can achieve remission in about 25 % of patients . After the third course of treatment , 17.8 % of the remaining 310 participants remitted . After the fourth and last course of treatment , 10.1 % of the remaining 109 participants remitted . Relapse within 12 months was 33 % in those who achieved remission in the first stage , and 42 % to 50 % in those achieving remission in later stages . Relapse was higher in those who responded to medication but did not achieve remission ( 59 -- 83 % ) than in those who achieved remission . There were no statistical or meaningful clinical differences in remission rates , response rates , or times to remission or response among any of the medications compared in this study . These included bupropion sustained release , bupropion , citalopram , lithium , mirtazapine , nortriptyline , sertraline , triiodothyronine , tranylcypromine , and venlafaxine extended release . A 2008 review of randomized controlled trials concluded that symptomatic improvement with SSRIs was greatest by the end of the first week of use , but that some improvement continued for at least 6 weeks . Limitations and strategies ( edit ) Between 30 % and 50 % of individuals treated with a given antidepressant do not show a response . In clinical studies , approximately one - third of patients achieve a full remission , one - third experience a response and one - third are nonresponders . Partial remission is characterized by the presence of poorly defined residual symptoms . These symptoms typically include depressed mood , psychic anxiety , sleep disturbance , fatigue and diminished interest or pleasure . It is currently unclear which factors predict partial remission . However , it is clear that residual symptoms are powerful predictors of relapse , with relapse rates 3 -- 6 times higher in patients with residual symptoms than in those who experience full remission . In addition , antidepressant drugs tend to lose efficacy over the course of treatment . According to data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , less than one - third of Americans taking one antidepressant medication have seen a mental health professional in the previous year . A number of strategies are used in clinical practice to try to overcome these limits and variations . They include switching medication , augmentation , and combination . `` Trial and error '' switching ( edit ) The American Psychiatric Association 2000 Practice Guideline advises that where no response is achieved following six to eight weeks of treatment with an antidepressant , to switch to an antidepressant in the same class , then to a different class of antidepressant . A 2006 meta - analysis review found wide variation in the findings of prior studies ; for patients who had failed to respond to an SSRI antidepressant , between 12 % and 86 % showed a response to a new drug . However , the more antidepressants an individual had already tried , the less likely they were to benefit from a new antidepressant trial . However , a later meta - analysis found no difference between switching to a new drug and staying on the old medication ; although 34 % of treatment resistant patients responded when switched to the new drug , 40 % responded without being switched . Augmentation and combination ( edit ) For a partial response , the American Psychiatric Association guidelines suggest augmentation , or adding a drug from a different class . These include lithium and thyroid augmentation , dopamine agonists , sex steroids , NRIs , glucocorticoid - specific agents , or the newer anticonvulsants . A combination strategy involves adding another antidepressant , usually from a different class so as to have effect on other mechanisms . Although this may be used in clinical practice , there is little evidence for the relative efficacy or adverse effects of this strategy . Other tests recently conducted include the use of psychostimulants as an augmentation therapy . Several studies have shown the efficacy of combining modafinil to treatment - resistant patients . It has been used to help combat SSRI - associated fatigue . Long - term use ( edit ) The therapeutic effects of antidepressants typically do not continue once the course of medication ends . This results in a high rate of relapse . A 2003 meta - analysis of 31 placebo - controlled antidepressant trials , mostly limited to studies covering a period of one year , found that 18 % of patients who had responded to an antidepressant relapsed while still taking it , compared to 41 % whose antidepressant was switched for a placebo . A gradual loss of therapeutic benefit occurs in a minority of people during the course of treatment . A strategy involving the use of pharmacotherapy in the treatment of the acute episode , followed by psychotherapy in its residual phase , has been suggested by some studies . Anxiety disorders ( edit ) Generalized anxiety disorder ( edit ) Antidepressants are recommended by the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence ( NICE ) for the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder ( GAD ) that has failed to respond to conservative measures such as education and self - help activities . GAD is a common disorder of which the central feature is excessive worry about a number of different events . Key symptoms include excessive anxiety about multiple events and issues , and difficulty controlling worrisome thoughts that persists for at least 6 months . Antidepressants provide a modest - to - moderate reduction in anxiety in GAD , and are superior to placebo in treating GAD . The efficacy of different antidepressants is similar . Obsessive -- compulsive disorder ( edit ) SSRIs are a second - line treatment of adult obsessive -- compulsive disorder ( OCD ) with mild functional impairment and as first - line treatment for those with moderate or severe impairment . In children , SSRIs can be considered as a second - line therapy in those with moderate - to - severe impairment , with close monitoring for psychiatric adverse effects . SSRIs are efficacious in the treatment of OCD ; patients treated with SSRIs are about twice as likely to respond to treatment as those treated with placebo . Efficacy has been demonstrated both in short - term treatment trials of 6 to 24 weeks and in discontinuation trials of 28 to 52 weeks duration . Eating disorders ( edit ) Antidepressants are recommended as an alternative or additional first step to self - help programs in the treatment of bulimia nervosa . SSRIs ( fluoxetine in particular ) are preferred over other antidepressants due to their acceptability , tolerability , and superior reduction of symptoms in short - term trials . Long - term efficacy remains poorly characterized . Bupropion is not recommended for the treatment of eating disorders due to an increased risk of seizure . Similar recommendations apply to binge eating disorder . SSRIs provide short - term reductions in binge eating behavior , but have not been associated with significant weight loss . Clinical trials have generated mostly negative results for the use of SSRIs in the treatment of anorexia nervosa . Treatment guidelines from the National Institute of Health and Care Excellence recommend against the use of SSRIs in this disorder . Those from the American Psychiatric Association note that SSRIs confer no advantage regarding weight gain , but that they may be used for the treatment of co-existing depressive , anxiety , or obsessive -- compulsive disorders . Pain ( edit ) Fibromyalgia ( edit ) A 2012 meta - analysis concluded that antidepressants treatment favorably affects pain , health - related quality of life , depression , and sleep in fibromyalgia syndrome . Tricyclics appear to be the most effective class , with moderate effects on pain and sleep and small effects on fatigue and health - related quality of life . The fraction of people experiencing a 30 % pain reduction on tricyclics was 48 % versus 28 % for placebo . For SSRIs and SNRIs the fraction of people experiencing a 30 % pain reduction was 36 % ( 20 % in the placebo comparator arms ) and 42 % ( 32 % in the corresponding placebo comparator arms ) . Discontinuation of treatment due to side effects was common . Antidepressants including amitriptyline , fluoxetine , duloxetine , milnacipran , moclobemide , and pirlindole are recommended by the European League Against Rheumatism ( EULAR ) for the treatment of fibromyalgia based on `` limited evidence '' . Neuropathic pain ( edit ) A 2014 meta - analysis from the Cochrane Collaboration found the antidepressant duloxetine to be effective for the treatment of pain resulting from diabetic neuropathy . The same group reviewed data for amitriptyline in the treatment of neuropathic pain and found limited useful randomized clinical trial data . They concluded that the long history of successful use in the community for the treatment of fibromyalgia and neuropathic pain justified its continued use . The group was concerned about the potential for overestimating the amount of pain relief provided by amitriptyline , and highlighted that only a small number of people will experience significant pain relief by taking this medication . Adverse Health effects ( edit ) Difficulty tolerating adverse effects is the most common reason for antidepressant discontinuation . General ( edit ) Main articles : Serotonin syndrome and MAOIs Almost any medication involved with serotonin regulation has the potential to cause serotonin toxicity ( also known as serotonin syndrome ) -- an excess of serotonin that can induce mania , restlessness , agitation , emotional lability , insomnia and confusion as its primary symptoms . Although the condition is serious , it is not particularly common , generally only appearing at high doses or while on other medications . Assuming proper medical intervention has been taken ( within about 24 hours ) it is rarely fatal . MAOIs tend to have pronounced ( sometimes fatal ) interactions with a wide variety of medications and over-the - counter drugs . If taken with foods that contain very high levels of tyramine ( e.g. , mature cheese , cured meats , or yeast extracts ) , they may cause a potentially lethal hypertensive crisis . At lower doses the person may be bothered by only a headache due to an increase in blood pressure . In response to these adverse effects , a different type of MAOI has been developed : the reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase A ( RIMA ) class of drugs . Their primary advantage is that they do not require the person to follow a special diet , while being purportedly effective as SSRIs and tricyclics in treating depressive disorders . Pregnancy ( edit ) SSRI use in pregnancy has been associated with a variety of risks with varying degrees of proof of causation . As depression is independently associated with negative pregnancy outcomes , determining the extent to which observed associations between antidepressant use and specific adverse outcomes reflects a causative relationship has been difficult in some cases . In other cases , the attribution of adverse outcomes to antidepressant exposure seems fairly clear . SSRI use in pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of spontaneous abortion of about 1.7-fold , and is associated with preterm birth and low birth weight . A systematic review of the risk of major birth defects in antidepressant - exposed pregnancies found a small increase ( 3 % to 24 % ) in the risk of major malformations and a risk of cardiovascular birth defects that did not differ from non-exposed pregnancies . A study of fluoxetine - exposed pregnancies found a 12 % increase in the risk of major malformations that just missed statistical significance . Other studies have found an increased risk of cardiovascular birth defects among depressed mothers not undergoing SSRI treatment , suggesting the possibility of ascertainment bias , e.g. that worried mothers may pursue more aggressive testing of their infants . Another study found no increase in cardiovascular birth defects and a 27 % increased risk of major malformations in SSRI exposed pregnancies . The FDA advises for the risk of birth defects with the use of paroxetine and the MAOI should be avoided . A 2013 systematic review and meta - analysis found that antidepressant use during pregnancy was statistically significantly associated with some pregnancy outcomes , such as gestational age and preterm birth , but not with other outcomes . The same review cautioned that because differences between the exposed and unexposed groups were small , it was doubtful whether they were clinically significant . A neonate ( infant less than 28 days old ) may experience a withdrawal syndrome from abrupt discontinuation of the antidepressant at birth . Antidepressants have been shown to be present in varying amounts in breast milk , but their effects on infants are currently unknown . Moreover , SSRIs inhibit nitric oxide synthesis , which plays an important role in setting vascular tone . Several studies have pointed to an increased risk of prematurity associated with SSRI use , and this association may be due to an increase risk of pre-eclampsia of pregnancy . Antidepressant - induced mania ( edit ) Another possible problem with antidepressants is the chance of antidepressant - induced mania in patients with bipolar disorder . Many cases of bipolar depression are very similar to those of unipolar depression . Therefore , the patient can be misdiagnosed with unipolar depression and be given antidepressants . Studies have shown that antidepressant - induced mania can occur in 20 -- 40 % of bipolar patients . For bipolar depression , antidepressants ( most frequently SSRIs ) can exacerbate or trigger symptoms of hypomania and mania . Suicide ( edit ) Main article : Antidepressants and suicide risk Studies have shown that the use of antidepressants is correlated with an increased risk of suicidal behaviour and thinking ( suicidality ) in those aged under 25 . This problem has been serious enough to warrant government intervention by the US Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) to warn of the increased risk of suicidality during antidepressant treatment . According to the FDA , the heightened risk of suicidality is within the first one to two months of treatment . The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence ( NICE ) places the excess risk in the `` early stages of treatment '' . A meta - analysis suggests that the relationship between antidepressant use and suicidal behavior or thoughts is age - dependent . Compared to placebo the use of antidepressants is associated with an increase in suicidal behavior or thoughts among those aged under 25 ( OR = 1.62 ) . This increase in suicidality approaches that observed in children and adolescents . There is no effect or possibly a mild protective effect among those aged 25 to 64 ( OR = 0.79 ) . Antidepressant treatment has a protective effect against suicidality among those aged 65 and over ( OR = 0.37 ) . Sexual ( edit ) Sexual side - effects are also common with SSRIs , such as loss of sexual drive , failure to reach orgasm , and erectile dysfunction . Although usually reversible , these sexual side - effects can , in rare cases , last for months or years after the drug has been completely withdrawn . In a study of 1022 outpatients , overall sexual dysfunction with all antidepressants averaged 59.1 % with SSRIs values between 57 and 73 % , mirtazapine 24 % , nefazodone 8 % , amineptine 7 % and moclobemide 4 % . Moclobemide , a selective reversible MAO - A inhibitor , does not cause sexual dysfunction , and can actually lead to an improvement in all aspects of sexual function . Biochemical mechanisms suggested as causative include increased serotonin , particularly affecting 5 - HT and 5 - HT receptors ; decreased dopamine ; decreased norepinephrine ; blockade of cholinergic and α adrenergic receptors ; inhibition of nitric oxide synthetase ; and elevation of prolactin levels . Mirtazapine is reported to have fewer sexual side - effects , most likely because it antagonizes 5 - HT and 5 - HT receptors and may , in some cases , reverse sexual dysfunction induced by SSRIs by the same mechanism . Bupropion , a weak NDRI and nicotinic antagonist , may be useful in treating reduced libido as a result of SSRI treatment . Changes in weight ( edit ) Changes in appetite or weight are common among antidepressants , but largely drug - dependent and are related to which neurotransmitters they affect . Mirtazapine and paroxetine , for example , have the effect of weight gain and / or increased appetite , while others ( such as bupropion and venlafaxine ) achieve the opposite effect . The antihistaminic properties of certain TCA - and TeCA - class antidepressants have been shown to contribute to the common side - effects of increased appetite and weight gain associated with these classes of medication . Discontinuation syndrome ( edit ) Main article : Antidepressant discontinuation syndrome Antidepressant discontinuation symptoms were first reported with imipramine , the first tricyclic antidepressant ( TCA ) , in the late 1950s , and each new class of antidepressants has brought reports of similar conditions , including monoamine oxidase inhibitors ( MAOIs ) , SSRIs , and SNRIs . As of 2001 , at least 21 different antidepressants , covering all the major classes , were known to cause discontinuation syndromes . The problem has been poorly studied , and most of the literature has been case reports or small clinical studies ; incidence is hard to determine and controversial . People with discontinuation syndrome have been on an antidepressant for at least four weeks and have recently stopped taking the medication , either abruptly or after a fast taper . Common symptoms include flu - like symptoms ( nausea , vomiting , diarrhea , headaches , sweating ) , sleep disturbances ( insomnia , nightmares , constant sleepiness ) , sensory / movement disturbances ( imbalance , tremors , vertigo , dizziness , electric - shock - like experiences ) , mood disturbances ( dysphoria , anxiety , agitation ) and cognitive disturbances ( confusion and hyperarousal ) . Over fifty symptoms have been reported . Most cases of discontinuation syndrome last between one and four weeks , are relatively mild , and resolve on their own ; in rare cases symptoms can be severe or extended . Paroxetine and venlafaxine seem to be particularly difficult to discontinue and prolonged withdrawal syndrome lasting over 18 months have been reported with paroxetine . With the explosion of use and interest in SSRIs in the late 1980s and early 1990s , focused especially on Prozac , interest grew as well in discontinuation syndromes . In the late 1990s , some investigators thought that symptoms that emerged when antidepressants were discontinued , might mean that antidepressants were causing addiction , and some used the term `` withdrawal syndrome '' to describe the symptoms . Addictive substances cause physiological dependence , so that drug withdrawal causes suffering . These theories were abandoned , since addiction leads to drug - seeking behavior , and people taking antidepressants do not exhibit drug - seeking behavior . The term `` withdrawal syndrome '' is no longer used with respect to antidepressants , to avoid confusion with problems that arise from addiction . There are case reports of antidepressants being abused , but these are rare and are mostly limited to antidepressants with stimulant effects and to people who already had a substance use disorder . A 2012 comparison of the effects of stopping therapy with benzodiazepines and SSRIs argued that because the symptoms are similar , it makes no sense to say that benzodiazepines are addictive while SSRIs are not . Responses to that review noted that there is no evidence that people who stop taking SSRIs exhibit drug - seeking behavior while people who stop taking benzodiazepines do , and that the drug classes should be considered differently . Emotional blunting ( edit ) Antidepressants can cause emotional blunting , or numbness . This is a reduction in extremes of emotion , both positive and negative . While the patient may feel less depressed , they may also feel less happiness or empathy in some situations . This may be cause for a dose reduction or medication change . The exact mechanism is unknown . Pharmacology ( edit ) Main article : Pharmacology of antidepressants The earliest and probably most widely accepted scientific theory of antidepressant action is the monoamine hypothesis ( which can be traced back to the 1950s ) , which states that depression is due to an imbalance ( most often a deficiency ) of the monoamine neurotransmitters ( namely serotonin , norepinephrine and dopamine ) . It was originally proposed based on the observation that certain hydrazine anti-tuberculosis agents produce antidepressant effects , which was later linked to their inhibitory effects on monoamine oxidase , the enzyme that catalyses the breakdown of the monoamine neurotransmitters . All currently marketed antidepressants have the monoamine hypothesis as their theoretical basis , with the possible exception of agomelatine which acts on a dual melatonergic - serotonergic pathway . Despite the success of the monoamine hypothesis it has a number of limitations : for one , all monoaminergic antidepressants have a delayed onset of action of at least a week ; and secondly , there are a sizeable portion ( > 40 % ) of depressed patients that do not adequately respond to monoaminergic antidepressants . A number of alternative hypotheses have been proposed , including the glutamate , neurogenic , epigenetic , cortisol hypersecretion and inflammatory hypotheses . Types ( edit ) See also : List of antidepressants Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors ( edit ) Blister pack of Prozac ( fluoxetine ) , a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors ( SSRIs ) are believed to increase the extracellular level of the neurotransmitter serotonin by limiting its reabsorption into the presynaptic cell , increasing the level of serotonin in the synaptic cleft available to bind to the postsynaptic receptor . They have varying degrees of selectivity for the other monoamine transporters , with pure SSRIs having only weak affinity for the norepinephrine and dopamine transporters . SSRIs are the most widely prescribed antidepressants in many countries . The efficacy of SSRIs in mild or moderate cases of depression has been disputed . Serotonin -- norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors ( edit ) The chemical structure of venlafaxine ( Effexor ) , an SNRI Serotonin -- norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors ( SNRIs ) are potent inhibitors of the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine . These neurotransmitters are known to play an important role in mood . SNRIs can be contrasted with the more widely used selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors ( SSRIs ) , which act mostly upon serotonin alone . The human serotonin transporter ( SERT ) and norepinephrine transporter ( NET ) are membrane proteins that are responsible for the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine . Balanced dual inhibition of monoamine reuptake can possibly offer advantages over other antidepressants drugs by treating a wider range of symptoms . SNRIs are sometimes also used to treat anxiety disorders , obsessive -- compulsive disorder ( OCD ) , attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD ) , chronic neuropathic pain , and fibromyalgia syndrome ( FMS ) , and for the relief of menopausal symptoms . Serotonin modulators and stimulators ( edit ) Serotonin modulator and stimulators ( SMSs ) , sometimes referred to more simply as serotonin modulators , are a type of drug with a multimodal action specific to the serotonin neurotransmitter system . To be precise , SMSs simultaneously modulate one or more serotonin receptors and inhibit the reuptake of serotonin . The term was created to describe the mechanism of action of the serotonergic antidepressant vortioxetine , which acts as a serotonin reuptake inhibitor ( SRI ) , partial agonist of the 5 - HT receptor , and antagonist of the 5 - HT and 5 - HT receptors . However , it can also technically be applied to vilazodone , which is an antidepressant as well and acts as an SRI and 5 - HT receptor partial agonist . An alternative term is serotonin partial agonist / reuptake inhibitor ( SPARI ) , which can be applied only to vilazodone . Serotonin antagonists and reuptake inhibitors ( edit ) Serotonin antagonist and reuptake inhibitors ( SARIs ) while mainly used as antidepressants , are also anxiolytics and hypnotics . They act by antagonizing serotonin receptors such as 5 - HT and inhibiting the reuptake of serotonin , norepinephrine , and / or dopamine . Additionally , most also act as α - adrenergic receptor antagonists . The majority of the currently marketed SARIs belong to the phenylpiperazine class of compounds . They include trazodone and nefazodone . Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors ( edit ) This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . Last update : PMID 26411968 ( January 2018 ) Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors ( NRIs or NERIs ) are a type of drug that acts as a reuptake inhibitor for the neurotransmitter norepinephrine ( noradrenaline ) by blocking the action of the norepinephrine transporter ( NET ) . This in turn leads to increased extracellular concentrations of norepinephrine . NRIs are commonly used in the treatment of conditions like ADHD and narcolepsy due to their psychostimulant effects and in obesity due to their appetite suppressant effects . They are also frequently used as antidepressants for the treatment of major depressive disorder , anxiety and panic disorder . Additionally , many drugs of abuse such as cocaine and methylphenidate possess NRI activity , though it is important to mention that NRIs without combined dopamine reuptake inhibitor ( DRI ) properties are not significantly rewarding and hence are considered to have a negligible abuse potential . However , norepinephrine has been implicated as acting synergistically with dopamine when actions on the two neurotransmitters are combined ( e.g. , in the case of NDRIs ) to produce rewarding effects in psychostimulant drugs of abuse . Tricyclic antidepressants ( edit ) The majority of the tricyclic antidepressants ( TCAs ) act primarily as serotonin -- norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors ( SNRIs ) by blocking the serotonin transporter ( SERT ) and the norepinephrine transporter ( NET ) , respectively , which results in an elevation of the synaptic concentrations of these neurotransmitters , and therefore an enhancement of neurotransmission . Notably , with the sole exception of amineptine , the TCAs have negligible affinity for the dopamine transporter ( DAT ) , and therefore have no efficacy as dopamine reuptake inhibitors ( DRIs ) . Although TCAs are sometimes prescribed for depressive disorders , they have been largely replaced in clinical use in most parts of the world by newer antidepressants such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors ( SSRIs ) , serotonin -- norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors ( SNRIs ) and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors ( NRIs ) . Adverse effects have been found to be of a similar level between TCAs and SSRIs . Tetracyclic antidepressants ( edit ) Tetracyclic antidepressants ( TeCAs ) are a class of antidepressants that were first introduced in the 1970s . They are named after their chemical structure , which contains four rings of atoms , and are closely related to the tricyclic antidepressants ( TCAs ) , which contain three rings of atoms . Monoamine oxidase inhibitors ( edit ) Monoamine oxidase inhibitors ( MAOIs ) are chemicals which inhibit the activity of the monoamine oxidase enzyme family . They have a long history of use as medications prescribed for the treatment of depression . They are particularly effective in treating atypical depression . They are also used in the treatment of Parkinson 's disease and several other disorders . Because of potentially lethal dietary and drug interactions , monoamine oxidase inhibitors have historically been reserved as a last line of treatment , used only when other classes of antidepressant drugs ( for example selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and tricyclic antidepressants ) have failed . MAOIs have been found to be effective in the treatment of panic disorder with agoraphobia , social phobia , atypical depression or mixed anxiety and depression , bulimia , and post-traumatic stress disorder , as well as borderline personality disorder . MAOIs appear to be particularly effective in the management of bipolar depression according to a recent retrospective - analysis . There are reports of MAOI efficacy in obsessive -- compulsive disorder ( OCD ) , trichotillomania , dysmorphophobia , and avoidant personality disorder , but these reports are from uncontrolled case reports . MAOIs can also be used in the treatment of Parkinson 's disease by targeting MAO - B in particular ( therefore affecting dopaminergic neurons ) , as well as providing an alternative for migraine prophylaxis . Inhibition of both MAO - A and MAO - B is used in the treatment of clinical depression and anxiety disorders . Others ( edit ) See the list of antidepressants for other drugs which are not specifically characterized . Adjuncts ( edit ) Adjunct medications are an umbrella term used to describe substances that increase the potency or `` enhance '' antidepressants . They work by affecting variables very close to the antidepressant , sometimes affecting a completely different mechanism of action . This may be attempted when depression treatments have not been successful in the past . Common types of adjunct medication techniques generally fall into the following categories : Two or more antidepressants taken together From the same class ( affecting the same area of the brain , often at a much higher level ) From different classes ( affecting multiple parts of the brain not covered simultaneously by either drug alone ) An antipsychotic combined with an antidepressant , particularly atypical antipsychotics such as aripiprazole ( Abilify ) , quetiapine ( Seroquel ) , olanzapine ( Zyprexa ) , and risperidone ( Risperdal ) . It is unknown if undergoing psychological therapy at the same time as taking anti-depressants enhances the anti-depressive effect of the medication . Less common adjunct medication ( edit ) Lithium has been used to augment antidepressant therapy in those who have failed to respond to antidepressants alone . Furthermore , lithium dramatically decreases the suicide risk in recurrent depression . There is some evidence for the addition of a thyroid hormone , triiodothyronine , in patients with normal thyroid function . Psychopharmacologists have also tried adding a stimulant , in particular , d - amphetamine . However , the use of stimulants in cases of treatment - resistant depression is relatively controversial . A review article published in 2007 found psychostimulants may be effective in treatment - resistant depression with concomitant antidepressant therapy , but a more certain conclusion could not be drawn due to substantial deficiencies in the studies available for consideration , and the somewhat contradictory nature of their results . History ( edit ) St John 's wort Before the 1950s , opioids and amphetamines were commonly used as antidepressants . Their use was later restricted due to their addictive nature and side effects . Extracts from the herb St John 's wort have been used as a `` nerve tonic '' to alleviate depression . Isoniazid , iproniazid , and imipramine ( edit ) In 1951 , Irving Selikoff and Edward Robitzek , working out of Sea View Hospital on Staten Island , began clinical trials on two new anti-tuberculosis agents developed by Hoffman - LaRoche , isoniazid and iproniazid . Only patients with a poor prognosis were initially treated ; nevertheless , their condition improved dramatically . Selikoff and Robitzek noted `` a subtle general stimulation ... the patients exhibited renewed vigor and indeed this occasionally served to introduce disciplinary problems . '' The promise of a cure for tuberculosis in the Sea View Hospital trials was excitedly discussed in the mainstream press . In 1952 , learning of the stimulating side effects of isoniazid , the Cincinnati psychiatrist Max Lurie tried it on his patients . In the following year , he and Harry Salzer reported that isoniazid improved depression in two thirds of their patients and coined the term antidepressant to describe its action . A similar incident took place in Paris , where Jean Delay , head of psychiatry at Sainte - Anne Hospital , heard of this effect from his pulmonology colleagues at Cochin Hospital . In 1952 ( before Lurie and Salzer ) , Delay , with the resident Jean - Francois Buisson , reported the positive effect of isoniazid on depressed patients . The mode of antidepressant action of isoniazid is still unclear . It is speculated that its effect is due to the inhibition of diamine oxidase , coupled with a weak inhibition of monoamine oxidase A . Selikoff and Robitzek also experimented with another anti-tuberculosis drug , iproniazid ; it showed a greater psychostimulant effect , but more pronounced toxicity . Later , Jackson Smith , Gordon Kamman , George Crane , and Frank Ayd , described the psychiatric applications of iproniazid . Ernst Zeller found iproniazid to be a potent monoamine oxidase inhibitor . Nevertheless , iproniazid remained relatively obscure until Nathan Kline , the influential head of research at Rockland State Hospital , began to popularize it in the medical and popular press as a `` psychic energizer '' . Roche put a significant marketing effort behind iproniazid . Its sales grew until it was recalled in 1961 , due to reports of lethal hepatotoxicity . The antidepressant effect of a tricyclic , a three ringed compound , was first discovered in 1957 by Roland Kuhn in a Swiss psychiatric hospital . Antihistamine derivatives were used to treat surgical shock and later as neuroleptics . Although in 1955 reserpine was shown to be more effective than placebo in alleviating anxious depression , neuroleptics were being developed as sedatives and antipsychotics . Attempting to improve the effectiveness of chlorpromazine , Kuhn -- in conjunction with the Geigy Pharmaceutical Company -- discovered the compound `` G 22355 '' , later renamed imipramine . Imipramine had a beneficial effect in patients with depression who showed mental and motor retardation . Kuhn described his new compound as a `` thymoleptic '' `` taking hold of the emotions , '' in contrast with neuroleptics , `` taking hold of the nerves '' in 1955 -- 56 . These gradually became established , resulting in the patent and manufacture in the US in 1951 by Häfliger and SchinderA . Second generation antidepressants ( edit ) Main article : Second - generation antidepressants Antidepressants became prescription drugs in the 1950s . It was estimated that no more than 50 to 100 individuals per million suffered from the kind of depression that these new drugs would treat , and pharmaceutical companies were not enthusiastic in marketing for this small market . Sales through the 1960s remained poor compared to the sales of tranquilizers , which were being marketed for different uses . Imipramine remained in common use and numerous successors were introduced . The use of monoamine oxidase inhibitors ( MAOI ) increased after the development and introduction of `` reversible '' forms affecting only the MAO - A subtype of inhibitors , making this drug safer to use . By the 1960s , it was thought that the mode of action of tricyclics was to inhibit norepinephrine reuptake . However , norepinephrine reuptake became associated with stimulating effects . Later tricyclics were thought to affect serotonin as proposed in 1969 by Carlsson and Lindqvist as well as Lapin and Oxenkrug . Researchers began a process of rational drug design to isolate antihistamine - derived compounds that would selectively target these systems . The first such compound to be patented was zimelidine in 1971 , while the first released clinically was indalpine . Fluoxetine was approved for commercial use by the US Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) in 1988 , becoming the first blockbuster SSRI . Fluoxetine was developed at Eli Lilly and Company in the early 1970s by Bryan Molloy , Klaus Schmiegel , David Wong and others . SSRIs became known as `` novel antidepressants '' along with other newer drugs such as SNRIs and NRIs with various selective effects . St John 's wort fell out of favor in most countries through the 19th and 20th centuries , except in Germany , where Hypericum extracts were eventually licensed , packaged and prescribed . Small - scale efficacy trials were carried out in the 1970s and 1980s , and attention grew in the 1990s following a meta - analysis . It remains an over-the - counter drug ( OTC ) supplement in most countries . Research continues to investigate its active component hyperforin , and to further understand its mode of action . Society and culture ( edit ) Prescription trends ( edit ) In the United States , antidepressants were the most commonly prescribed medication in 2013 . Of the estimated 16 million `` long term '' ( over 24 months ) users , roughly 70 percent are female . In the UK , figures reported in 2010 indicated that the number of antidepressant prescribed by the National Health Service ( NHS ) almost doubled over a decade . Further analysis published in 2014 showed that number of antidepressants dispensed annually in the community went up by 25 million in the 14 years between 1998 and 2012 , rising from 15 million to 40 million . Nearly 50 % of this rise occurred in the four years after the 2008 banking crash , during which time the annual increase in prescriptions rose from 6.7 % to 8.5 % . These sources also suggest that aside from the recession , other factors that may influence changes in prescribing rates may include : improvements in diagnosis , a reduction of the stigma surrounding mental health , broader prescribing trends , GP characteristics , geographical location and housing status . Another factor that may contribute to increasing consumption of antidepressants is the fact that these medications now are used for other conditions including social anxiety and post traumatic stress . Most commonly prescribed ( edit ) Structural formula of the SSRI sertraline United States : The most commonly prescribed antidepressants in the US retail market in 2010 were : Drug name Commercial name Drug class Total prescriptions Sertraline Zoloft SSRI 33,409,838 Citalopram Celexa SSRI 27,993,635 Fluoxetine Prozac SSRI 24,473,994 Escitalopram Lexapro SSRI 23,000,456 Trazodone Desyrel SARI 18,786,495 Venlafaxine ( all formulations ) Effexor ( IR , ER , XR ) SNRI 16,110,606 Bupropion ( all formulations ) Wellbutrin ( IR , ER , SR , XL ) NDRI 15,792,653 Duloxetine Cymbalta SNRI 14,591,949 Paroxetine Paxil SSRI 12,979,366 Amitriptyline Elavil TCA 12,611,254 Venlafaxine XR Effexor XR SNRI 7,603,949 Bupropion XL Wellbutrin XL NDRI 7,317,814 Mirtazapine Remeron TeCA 6,308,288 Venlafaxine ER Effexor XR SNRI 5,526,132 Bupropion SR Wellbutrin SR NDRI 4,588,996 Desvenlafaxine Pristiq SNRI 3,412,354 Nortriptyline Sensoval TCA 3,210,476 Bupropion ER Wellbutrin XL NDRI 3,132,327 Venlafaxine Effexor SNRI 2,980,525 Bupropion Wellbutrin IR NDRI 753,516 Netherlands : In the Netherlands , paroxetine , marketed as Seroxat among generic preparations , is the most prescribed antidepressant , followed by amitriptyline , citalopram and venlafaxine . Social science. perspective ( edit ) In looking at the issue of antidepressant use , some academics have highlighted the need to examine the use of antidepressants and other medical treatments in cross-cultural terms , due to the fact that various cultures prescribe and observe different manifestations , symptoms , meanings and associations of depression and other medical conditions within their populations . These cross-cultural discrepancies , it has been argued , then have implications on the perceived efficacy and use of antidepressants and other strategies in the treatment of depression in these different cultures . In India antidepressants are largely seen as tools to combat marginality , promising the individual the ability to re-integrate into society through their use -- a view and association not observed in the West . Environmental impacts ( edit ) Because most antidepressants function by inhibiting the reuptake of neurotransmitters serotonin , dopamine , and norepinepherine these drugs can interfere with natural neurotransmitter levels in other organisms impacted by indirect exposure . Antidepressants fluoxetine and sertraline have been detected in aquatic organisms residing in effluent dominated streams . The presence of antidepressants in surface waters and aquatic organisms has caused concern because ecotoxicological effects to aquatic organisms due to fluoxetine exposure have been demonstrated . Coral reef fish have been demonstrated to modulate aggressive behavior through serotonin . Artificially increasing serotonin levels in crustaceans can temporarily reverse social status and turn subordinates into aggressive and territorial dominant males . Exposure to fluoxetine has been demonstrated to increase serotonergic activity in fish , subsequently reducing aggressive behavior . Perinatal exposure to fluoxetine at relevant environmental concentrations has been shown to lead to significant modifications of memory processing in 1 - month - old cuttlefish . This impairment may disadvantage cuttlefish and decrease their survival . Somewhat less than 10 % of orally administered fluoxetine is excreted from humans unchanged or as glucuronide . See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Antidepressants . Antidepressants in Japan Atypical antidepressant Atypical depression Depression and natural therapies Discovery and development of dual serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors Listening to Prozac by Peter Kramer Anatomy of an Epidemic by Robert Whittaker Rapid - acting antidepressant List of investigational antidepressants Categories ( edit ) ► Antidepressants ► Drug classes defined by psychological effects ► Drugs by psychological effects ► Psychoactive drugs References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Linde K , Kriston L , Rücker G , Jamila S , Schumann I , Meissner K , Sigterman K , Schneider A ( February 2015 ) . `` Efficacy and acceptability of pharmacological treatments for depressive disorders in primary care : systematic review and network meta - analysis '' . Ann Fam Med. 13 ( 1 ) : 69 -- 79 . doi : 10.1370 / afm. 1687 . PMC 4291268 . PMID 25583895 . In network meta - analysis , tricyclic and tetracyclic antidepressants ( TCAs ) , selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors ( SSRIs ) , a serotonin - noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor ( SNRI ; venlafaxine ) , a low - dose serotonin antagonist and reuptake inhibitor ( SARI ; trazodone ) and hypericum extracts were found to be significantly superior to placebo , with estimated odds ratios between 1.69 and 2.03 . There were no statistically significant differences between these drug classes . Reversible inhibitors of monoaminoxidase A ( rMAO - As ) and hypericum extracts were associated with significantly fewer dropouts because of adverse effects compared with TCAs , SSRIs , the SNRI , a noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor ( NRI ) , and noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressant agents ( NaSSAs ) ... TCAs and SSRIs have the most solid evidence base . Further agents ( hypericum , rMAO - As , SNRI , NRI , NaSSAs , SARI ) showed some positive results , but limitations of the currently available evidence makes a clear recommendation on their place in clinical practice difficult . ^ Jump up to : Linde K , Berner MM , Kriston L ( 2008 ) . `` St John 's wort for major depression '' . Cochrane Database Syst Rev ( 4 ) : CD000448 . doi : 10.1002 / 14651858. CD000448. pub3 . PMID 18843608 . Jump up ^ Pariante , Carmine M. ( 12 April 2017 ) . `` Depression , Stress and the Adrenal Axis '' . British Society for Neuroendocrinology , UK . Archived from the original on 12 April 2017 . Retrieved 12 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Hamilton M ( 1960 ) . `` A rating scale for depression '' . J. Neurol . Neurosurg . Psychiatry . 23 : 56 -- 62 . doi : 10.1136 / jnnp. 23.1. 56 . PMC 495331 . PMID 14399272 . Jump up ^ `` Depression in adults : The treatment and management of depression in adults '' . NICE guidelines ( CG90 ) . National Institute for Health and Care Excellence ( UK ) . October 2009 . Archived from the original on 23 September 2015 . Retrieved 23 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Patients With Major Depressive Disorder '' . PsychiatryOnline ( Third Edition ed . ) . CS1 maint : Extra text ( link ) Jump up ^ Kirsch I , Moore TJ , Scoboria A , Nicholls SS ( 2002 ) . `` The emperor 's new drugs : An analysis of antidepressant medication data submitted to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration '' . Prevention & Treatment . 5 . doi : 10.1037 / 1522 - 3736.5. 1.523 a . Jump up ^ `` Study : Antidepressant barely better than placebo '' . USA Today . 7 July 2002 . Archived from the original on 4 February 2009 . Retrieved 6 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Kirsch I , Deacon BJ , Huedo - Medina TB , Scoboria A , Moore TJ , Johnson BT ( 2008 ) . `` Initial Severity and Antidepressant Benefits : A Meta - Analysis of Data Submitted to the Food and Drug Administration '' . 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PMID 20051569 . ^ Jump up to : Fournier JC , DeRubeis RJ , Hollon SD , Dimidjian S , Amsterdam JD , Shelton RC , Fawcett J ( January 2010 ) . `` Antidepressant Drug Effects and Depression Severity '' . JAMA : The Journal of the American Medical Association . 303 ( 1 ) : 47 -- 53 . doi : 10.1001 / jama. 2009.1943 . PMC 3712503 . PMID 20051569 . Archived from the original on 3 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Borges S , Chen YF , Laughren TP , Temple R , Patel HD , David PA , Mathis M , Unger E , Yang P , Khin NA ( 2014 ) . `` Review of maintenance trials for major depressive disorder : a 25 - year perspective from the US Food and Drug Administration '' . J Clin Psychiatry . 75 ( 3 ) : 205 -- 14 . doi : 10.4088 / JCP. 13r08722 . PMID 24717376 . Jump up ^ `` Depression in Adults ( update ) '' ( PDF ) . National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health Commissioned by the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence . www.nice.org.uk . pp. 282 -- 292 . 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Media related to Antidepressants at Wikimedia Commons Antidepressants ( N06A ) ( hide ) Specific reuptake inhibitors and / or receptor modulators SSRIs Citalopram Escitalopram Fluoxetine Fluvoxamine Indalpine Paroxetine Sertraline Zimelidine SNRIs Desvenlafaxine Duloxetine Levomilnacipran Milnacipran Tofenacin Venlafaxine NRIs Atomoxetine Reboxetine Viloxazine NDRIs Amineptine Bupropion Nomifensine NaSSAs Mianserin Mirtazapine Setiptiline SARIs Etoperidone Nefazodone Trazodone SMS Vilazodone Vortioxetine Others Agomelatine Amisulpride Esketamine Etryptamine Indeloxazine flupentixol Ketamine Medifoxamine Metryptamine Oxaflozane Pivagabine Tandospirone Teniloxazine Tianeptine ( hide ) Tricyclic and tetracyclic antidepressants TCAs Amineptine Amitriptyline Amitriptylinoxide Butriptyline Clomipramine Demexiptiline Desipramine Dibenzepin Dimetacrine Dosulepin Doxepin Imipramine Imipraminoxide Iprindole Lofepramine Melitracen Metapramine Nitroxazepine Nortriptyline Noxiptiline Opipramol Pipofezine Propizepine Protriptyline Quinupramine Tianeptine Trimipramine TeCAs Amoxapine Maprotiline Mianserin Mirtazapine Setiptiline Others Tiazesim ( hide ) Monoamine oxidase inhibitors Non-selective Irreversible : Benmoxin Iproclozide Iproniazid Isocarboxazid Isoniazid Linezolid Mebanazine Nialamide Octamoxin Phenelzine Pheniprazine Phenoxypropazine Pivhydrazine Safrazine Tedizolid Tranylcypromine Reversible : Caroxazone Mixed : Bifemelane MAO - selective Reversible : Eprobemide Metralindole Minaprine Moclobemide Pirlindole Tetrindole Toloxatone MAO - selective Irreversible : Selegiline ( hide ) Adjunctive therapies Atypical antipsychotics ( aripiprazole , brexpiprazole , lurasidone , olanzapine , quetiapine , risperidone ) Buspirone Lithium ( lithium carbonate , lithium citrate ) Thyroid hormones ( triiodothyronine ( T ) , levothyroxine ( T ) ) ( hide ) Miscellaneous Ademetionine ( SAMe ) Hypericum perforatum ( St. John 's Wort ) Oxitriptan ( 5 - HTP ) Rubidium chloride ( RbCl ) Tryptophan WHO - EM Withdrawn from market Clinical trials : Phase III Never to phase III Pharmacology : major drug groups Gastrointestinal tract / metabolism ( A ) stomach acid Antacids H antagonists Proton pump inhibitors Antiemetics Laxatives Antidiarrhoeals / Antipropulsives Anti-obesity drugs Anti-diabetics Vitamins Dietary minerals Blood and blood forming organs ( B ) Antithrombotics Antiplatelets Anticoagulants Thrombolytics / fibrinolytics Antihemorrhagics Platelets Coagulants Antifibrinolytics Cardiovascular system ( C ) cardiac therapy / antianginals Cardiac glycosides Antiarrhythmics Cardiac stimulants Antihypertensives Diuretics Vasodilators Beta blockers Calcium channel blockers renin - 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Promoting Agents Respiratory system ( R ) Decongestants Bronchodilators Cough medicines H antagonists Sensory organs ( S ) Ophthalmologicals Otologicals Other ATC ( V ) Antidotes Contrast media Radiopharmaceuticals Dressings Senotherapeutics LCCN : sh85005661 GND : 4002263 - 8 NDL : 01140705 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antidepressant&oldid=825089981 '' Categories : Antidepressants Depression ( psychology ) Drug classes defined by psychological effects Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2016 CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Pages with DOIs inactive since 2017 Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Wikipedia articles in need of updating from January 2018 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating CS1 German - language sources ( de ) All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from March 2013 Use dmy dates from July 2015 Template : drugs.com link with non-standard subpage All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2012 All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from June 2016 Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Pages using PMID magic links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Azərbaycanca Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Kiswahili Kurdî Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 February 2018 , at 12 : 20 . 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who played enos on the dukes of hazzard	Otis Burt `` Sonny '' Shroyer , Jr. ( born August 28 , 1935 ) is an American actor who has appeared in various television and movie roles . He is known for his role as Deputy Sheriff Enos Strate in the television series The Dukes of Hazzard . He also starred in a spin - off called Enos based on his Dukes of Hazzard character . Shroyer is married and has two sons , Chris and Mark .	`` Sonny '' Shroyer , Jr.	Sonny Shroyer	sonny shroyer	Otis Burt `` Sonny '' Shroyer , Jr. ( born August 28 , 1935 ) is an American actor who has appeared in various television and movie roles . He is known for his role as Deputy Sheriff Enos Strate in the television series The Dukes of Hazzard . He also starred in a spin - off called Enos based on his Dukes of Hazzard character . Shroyer is married and has two sons , Chris and Mark .	Shroyer was born in the town of Valdosta , Georgia . He attended Florida State University on a football scholarship , but his career was cut short by an injury . He finished his degree at the University of Georgia . He began a career as a professional model in 1961 . His first screen role came in the 1972 film Payday . Shroyer almost became typecast as a bad guy before landing the role of the naive Deputy Enos Strate in the hit pop culture series The Dukes of Hazzard in 1978 ( first broadcast early 1979 ) . The Dukes of Hazzard role was Shroyer 's most visible . His character was written out at the start of the third season to be given a spinoff series titled Enos in 1980 . The new show was not a success and was canceled after eighteen episodes . Shroyer returned to The Dukes of Hazzard at the start of the fifth season in 1982 and remained with the series until it ended in 1985 . Shroyer also released a children 's album in 1982 . The album was called Back in Hazzard and featured a cover of Roger Miller 's classic , `` You Ca n't Rollerskate In a Buffalo Herd '' . He also recorded a song `` Children in Need '' with fellow actor Randall Franks for Franks 's 2001 CD God 's Children . He and Franks have made personal appearances together . Shroyer remains active as a character actor . He portrayed University of Alabama coach Paul `` Bear '' Bryant in Forrest Gump , Delbert Birdsong in The Rainmaker , and Governor Jimmie Davis in Ray . He is also a country and gospel singer . Filmography ( edit ) Payday ( 1972 ) - Dabney Sixteen ( 1973 ) The Longest Yard ( 1974 ) - Tannen Gator ( 1976 ) - 4th Agent The Farmer ( 1977 ) - Corrigan Roots ( 1977 , TV Mini-Series ) - Seaman Thompson ( uncredited ) Smokey and the Bandit ( 1977 ) - Motorcycle cop ( uncredited ) The Lincoln Conspiracy ( 1977 ) - Lewis Paine The Million Dollar Dixie Deliverance ( 1978 , TV Movie ) - Luke King ( 1978 , TV Mini-Series ) - Police Officer preventing King from visiting an injured friend ( uncredited ) They Went That - A-Way & That - A-Way ( 1978 ) - Carlie The Dukes of Hazzard ( 1979 - 1985 , TV Series ) - Enos Strate The Devil and Max Devlin ( 1981 ) - Big Billy Hunniker Enos ( 1980 - 1981 , TV Series ) - Enos Strate In the Heat of the Night ( 1990 , TV Series ) - Emory Tanner Love Crimes ( 1992 ) - Plainclothes Cop # 1 In The Heat of the Night ( 1993 , TV Series ) - Dwight Foster Forrest Gump ( 1994 ) - Bear Bryant Bastard Out of Carolina ( 1996 ) - Sheriff The Dukes of Hazzard : Reunion ! ( 1997 , TV Movie ) - Enos Strate Wild America ( 1997 ) - Bud Paradise Falls ( 1997 ) - Bert Kyler The Rainmaker ( 1997 ) - Delbert Birdsong The Gingerbread Man ( 1998 ) - Chatham County Sheriff Freedom Song ( 2000 , TV Movie ) - Police Chief The Dukes of Hazzard : Hazzard in Hollywood ( 2000 , TV Movie ) - Enos Strate Diggity 's Treasure ( 2001 ) - Otis Cane A Love Song for Bobby Long ( 2004 ) - Earl Ray ( 2004 ) - Gov. Jimmie Davis ( uncredited ) A Tale About Bootlegging ( 2005 ) - Sheriff Ed Cooper The Hole in Willie 's Guitar ( 2005 , Memarie Music Video ) - Sheriff The Price ( 2008 ) - Ghost of Matthew Goldyn Opening Day ( 2009 ) - Ray Hampton The Way Home ( 2010 ) - Ed Walker Unconditional ( 2012 ) - Pauly External links ( edit ) Sonny 's Official website Sonny Shroyer on IMDb The Dukes of Hazzard Episodes Characters Bo Duke Luke Duke Daisy Duke Sheriff Rosco P. Coltrane Boss Hogg Reunion films The Dukes of Hazzard : Reunion ! ( 1997 ) The Dukes of Hazzard : Hazzard in Hollywood ! ( 2000 ) Remake films The Dukes of Hazzard ( 2005 ) The Dukes of Hazzard : The Beginning ( 2007 ) Video games The Dukes of Hazzard Racing for Home Daisy Dukes It Out Return of the General Lee Spin - offs Enos The Dukes See also The General Lee Boar 's Nest Jerry Rushing `` Theme from The Dukes of Hazzard ( Good Ol ' Boys ) '' Moonrunners Hazard Run VIAF : 160475645 ISNI : 0000 0001 0793 1025 IATH : w6ps5qsv Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sonny_Shroyer&oldid=809550722 '' Categories : 1935 births Living people American male film actors American male television actors Florida State Seminoles football players People from Valdosta , Georgia Male actors from Georgia ( U.S. state ) University of Georgia alumni Florida State University alumni Hidden categories : Articles lacking in - text citations from March 2013 All articles lacking in - text citations Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk About Wikipedia Brezhoneg Français Frysk Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 9 November 2017 , at 21 : 13 . 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who wrote the song scars to your beautiful	`` Scars to Your Beautiful '' is a song by Canadian singer and songwriter Alessia Cara for her debut studio album , Know - It - All ( 2015 ) . It was released to Top 40 radio on July 26 , 2016 , as the third single from the album . It peaked at number eight and thus became Alessia Cara 's second top - ten single on US Billboard Hot 100 . The song was written by Cara , Warren Felder , Coleridge Tillman , and Andrew Wansel , with the production being handled by Felder , Tillman , and Wansel .	Alessia Cara	Scars to Your Beautiful	scars to your beautiful	`` Scars to Your Beautiful '' is a song by Canadian singer and songwriter Alessia Cara for her debut studio album , Know - It - All ( 2015 ) . It was released to Top 40 radio on July 26 , 2016 , as the third single from the album . It peaked at number eight and thus became Alessia Cara 's second top - ten single on US Billboard Hot 100 . The song was written by Cara , Warren Felder , Coleridge Tillman , and Andrew Wansel , with the production being handled by Felder , Tillman , and Wansel .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Critical reception 3 Music video 3.1 Background 4 Usage in media 5 Charts 6 Certifications 7 Release history 8 References Background ( edit ) In an interview with Idolator 's Mike Wass , Cara stated about the song , `` Basically , that song is about body image . It 's directed at women , but I think men can relate to it as well . It 's just a song about these things that certain women go through on a daily basis in order to feel loved or in order to love themselves . I think that 's such a thing that goes on in today 's world . These weird things are instilled in us . You know ? That tell us that we 're not good enough or that there 's only one kind of beauty . This song basically is contradicting that idea . It 's saying , ' Well , if the world does n't like how you look then they should change . They should change their perspective . You do n't have to change yourself . ' I mean , I thought that that was important , you know , just to put out next . Especially because I think that 's kind of the direction we 're going in , you know , with ' Here ' . ' Here ' was about not belonging anywhere and ' Wild Things ' was about finding a space you belong . Now ' Scars To Your Beautiful ' is basically about embracing yourself and finally coming to that conclusion where you feel love and you can love yourself . I think it 's cool to put out third because I feel like I have a bigger platform now . The point of the song is to reach as many women , or people , as possible . '' Critical reception ( edit ) The Guardian 's Kitty Empire said that `` There 's substance on ( Scars to Your Beautiful ) , where Cara tackles the beauty myth à la Beyoncé . The verses pack some good stuff -- ' What 's a little bit of hunger ? I can go a little bit longer . ' '' and later went on to say `` the thumping motivational chorus merely suggests we are all stars . '' Katy Iandoli of Idolator stated `` ( Scars to Your Beautiful ) is a modern - day version of TLC 's ' Unpretty ' , in its acknowledgment of the beauty in both visible and invisible imperfections . '' Billboard ranked `` Scars to Your Beautiful '' at number 77 on their Billboard 's 100 Best Pop Songs of 2016 : Critics ' Picks '' list , commenting `` Body - positivity anthems typically do n't get this dark , but on `` Scars To Your Beautiful , '' Alessia Cara is n't afraid to talk cutting , tears and eating disorders , before getting to the uplifting chorus , where she delivers some of the most empowering , horizon - expanding lyrics of this year : ' You do n't have to change a thing / The world could change its heart . ' '' Music Video ( edit ) On July 11 , 2016 , a music video directed by Aaron A was released . It features a cameo by singer JoJo . Background ( edit ) On the concept of the music video , Cara said in an interview with Cosmopolitan : `` I wanted to do this kind of video for a very long time . Since we had this song -- and since we knew it was going to be a single -- I had this vision of many different cinematic shots of different kinds of people . I wanted all kinds of people -- young , old , whatever their situation , whether it 's visible scars , non-visible scars -- just a bunch of different women , and there are some men in there as well because it can reach out to guys too . But I wanted real shots of real people telling their stories , and showing the story through little vignettes . '' Usage in media ( edit ) The song is featured in the television show The Bold Type . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2016 -- 17 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 8 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 18 Belgium ( Ultratip Flanders ) 17 Belgium ( Ultratip Wallonia ) 18 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 14 Canada AC ( Billboard ) Canada CHR / Top 40 ( Billboard ) 5 Canada Hot AC ( Billboard ) Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 32 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 37 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 19 Germany ( Airplay Chart ) Iceland ( RÚV ) Ireland ( IRMA ) 39 Italy ( FIMI ) 31 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 7 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 30 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 15 Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) 35 Portugal ( AFP ) 18 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 27 Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) 7 Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 37 Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) 6 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 10 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 18 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 55 US Billboard Hot 100 8 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) 9 US Dance / Mix Show Airplay ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) 14 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 2 × Platinum 140,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) Platinum 10,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) Gold 0 Germany ( BVMI ) Gold 200,000 Italy ( FIMI ) Platinum 50,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Gold 15,000 Sweden ( GLF ) 3 × Platinum 120,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver 200,000 United States ( RIAA ) 2 × Platinum 2,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Region Date Format Label Ref . United States July 26 , 2016 Digital download Def Jam UMG Top 40 radio Def Jam United Kingdom November 8 , 2016 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Top 40 / M Future Releases - Mainstream Hit Songs Being Released and Their Release Dates '' . AllAccess Music Group . Archived from the original on July 11 , 2016 . Retrieved July 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Scars to Your Beautiful - Alessia Cara - Song Info - AllMusic '' . AllMusic . Retrieved July 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wass , Mike ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` Alessia Cara On Touring With Coldplay & Her Next Single - Idolator '' . Idolator . Retrieved July 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Empire , Kitty ( March 13 , 2016 ) . `` Know - It - All by Alessa Cara review - teen rebel in search of better cause '' . The Guardian . Retrieved July 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Iandoli , Kathy ( November 13 , 2015 ) . `` Alessia Cara 's ' Know - It - All ' : Album Review - Idolator '' . Idolator . Retrieved July 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard 's 100 Best Pop Songs of 2016 : Critics ' Picks '' . Billboard . December 12 , 2016 . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Scars To Your Beautiful - Alessia Cara - Vevo '' . Vevo . July 11 , 2016 . Retrieved July 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Iandoli , Kathy ( July 11 , 2016 ) . `` Alessia Cara ' Scars To Your Beautiful ' Video - Alessia Cara Interview '' . Cosmopolitan . Retrieved July 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Alessia Cara -- Scars to Your Beautiful '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved December 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Alessia Cara -- Scars to Your Beautiful '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Alessia Cara -- Scars to Your Beautiful '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratip . Retrieved October 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Alessia Cara -- Scars to Your Beautiful '' ( in French ) . Ultratip . Retrieved October 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Alessia Cara -- Chart history '' Canadian Hot 100 for Alessia Cara . Retrieved November 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Alessia Cara -- Chart history '' Billboard Canada AC for Alessia Cara . Retrieved April 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alessia Cara -- Chart history '' Billboard Canada CHR / Top 40 for Alessia Cara . Retrieved November 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Alessia Cara -- Chart history '' Billboard Canada Hot AC for Alessia Cara . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201708 into search . Retrieved February 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Digital Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201642 into search . Retrieved October 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Track Top - 40 Uge 46 , 2016 '' . Hitlisten.NU . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Alessia Cara -- Scars to Your Beautiful '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Airplay Charts Deutschland -- Woche 05 / 2017 '' . German Charts . Retrieved 30 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alessia Cara Chart History '' . RÚV . Retrieved 24 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 45 , 2016 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved November 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Classifica settimanale WK 3 '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- week 3 , 2017 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Alessia Cara -- Scars to Your Beautiful '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved January 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NZ Top 40 Singles Chart '' . Recorded Music NZ . December 5 , 2016 . Retrieved December 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Airplay Top 100 . Retrieved April 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Portuguesecharts.com -- Alessia Cara -- Scars to Your Beautiful '' . AFP Top 100 Singles . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archive Chart : 2017 - 01 - 06 '' . Scottish Singles Top 40 . Retrieved January 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201716 into search . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201640 into search . Retrieved October 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SloTop50 -- Slovenian official singles chart '' . slotop50.si . Retrieved February 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sverigetopplistan - Sveriges Officiella Topplista '' . Sverigetopplistan . Retrieved November 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Alessia Cara -- Scars to Your Beautiful '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archive Chart : 2017 - 01 - 13 '' UK Singles Chart . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alessia Cara -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot 100 for Alessia Cara . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alessia Cara -- Chart history '' Billboard Adult Contemporary for Alessia Cara . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alessia Cara -- Chart history '' Billboard Adult Pop Songs for Alessia Cara . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alessia Cara -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot Dance Club Songs for Alessia Cara . Retrieved January 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alessia Cara -- Chart history '' Billboard Dance / Mix Show Airplay for Alessia Cara . Retrieved January 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alessia Cara -- Chart history '' Billboard Pop Songs for Alessia Cara . Retrieved January 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alessia Cara -- Chart history '' Billboard Rhythmic Songs for Alessia Cara . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Australian Top 50 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . February 27 , 2017 . Retrieved February 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Alessia Cara -- Scars To Your Beautiful '' . Music Canada . Retrieved December 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Danish single certifications -- Alessia Cara -- Scars To Your Beautiful '' . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved February 7 , 2017 . Click on næste to go to page if certification from official website Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Alessia Cara ; ' Scars to Your Beautiful ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Alessia Cara -- Scars To Your Beautiful '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved January 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- Alessia Cara -- Scars to Your Beautiful '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved December 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Guld - och Platinacertifikat '' ( in Swedish ) . IFPI Sweden . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Type Alessia Cara in the top right search bar . Click on `` Sok '' and select Scars To Your Beautiful and see certification . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Alessia Cara -- Scars To Your Beautiful '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved April 7 , 2017 . Enter Scars To Your Beautiful in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Alessia Cara -- Scars To Your Beautiful '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved July 5 , 2017 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Know - It - All ( Deluxe ) by Alessia Cara on iTunes '' . iTunes Store ( US ) . November 13 , 2016 . Retrieved July 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` BBC - Radio 1 - Playlist '' . BBC Radio 1 . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2016 . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Alessia Cara Discography Studio albums Know - It - All EPs Four Pink Walls Singles `` Here '' `` Wild Things '' `` Scars to Your Beautiful '' `` Seventeen '' `` How Far I 'll Go '' `` Stay '' Featured singles `` Wild '' `` 1 - 800 - 273 - 8255 '' `` I Can Only '' `` Remember Home '' MTV Video Music Award for Best Video with a Social Message ( 2010s ) 2011 Lady Gaga -- `` Born This Way '' 2012 Demi Lovato -- `` Skyscraper '' 2013 Macklemore and Ryan Lewis ( featuring Mary Lambert ) -- `` Same Love '' 2014 Beyoncé -- `` Pretty Hurts '' 2015 Big Sean ( featuring Kanye West and John Legend ) -- `` One Man Can Change the World '' 2016 NA 2017 All nominees -- Big Sean ( `` Light '' ) , Alessia Cara ( `` Scars to Your Beautiful '' ) , The Hamilton Mixtape ( `` Immigrants ( We Get The Job Done ) '' ) , John Legend ( `` Surefire '' ) , Logic ( `` Black Spiderman '' ) , and Taboo ( `` Stand Up '' ) Complete list ( 2010s ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scars_to_Your_Beautiful&oldid=800654919 '' Categories : 2015 songs 2016 singles Alessia Cara songs Def Jam Recordings singles Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Billboard Dance / Mix Show Airplay number - one singles Billboard Mainstream Top 40 ( Pop Songs ) number - one singles MTV Video Music Award for Best Video with a Social Message Music videos directed by Aaron A Song recordings produced by Pop & Oak Songs written by Andrew Wansel 2010s ballads Pop ballads Songs with feminist themes Body image in popular culture Billboard Adult Top 40 number - one singles Hidden categories : CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Tip Singlechart usages for Wallonia Tip Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadaac Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadachrtop40 Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadahotac Singlechart usages for Czech Republic Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Czechdigital Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Poland Singlechart usages for Portugal Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Slovakia Singlechart usages for Slovakdigital Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceclubplay Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceairplay Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark Pages using Certification Table Entry - Sales with missing information Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Italiano Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 14 September 2017 , at 21 : 49 . 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where is costa maya mexico on the map	Costa Maya is a small tourist region in the municipality of Othón P. Blanco in the state of Quintana Roo , Mexico , the only state bounded by the Caribbean Sea to its east . This municipality is close to Chetumal ( capital of the state ) on the border with Belize . The area was generally undeveloped but has been growing rapidly since construction of a large pier to accommodate cruise ships . Costa Maya is also the name of a subdivision near the village of Mahahual . The beach extends from Xcalak in the south to the southern border of Sian Ka'an in the north , a distance of approximately 100 kilometers ( 62 mi ) .		Costa Maya	costa maya	Costa Maya is a small tourist region in the municipality of Othón P. Blanco in the state of Quintana Roo , Mexico , the only state bounded by the Caribbean Sea to its east . This municipality is close to Chetumal ( capital of the state ) on the border with Belize . The area was generally undeveloped but has been growing rapidly since construction of a large pier to accommodate cruise ships . Costa Maya is also the name of a subdivision near the village of Mahahual . The beach extends from Xcalak in the south to the southern border of Sian Ka'an in the north , a distance of approximately 100 kilometers ( 62 mi ) .	The beach at Costa Maya Port , looking toward the cruise ship pier . The resort of Costa Maya Port viewed from a cruise ship docked at the pier . Xcalak is approximately 60 kilometers ( 37 mi ) south of the Costa Maya cruise port , and the fishing village of Mahahual is only about 3 kilometers ( 1.9 mi ) away . Cruise ships can easily be seen from the village . Mahahual has soft sand beaches , grass thatched palapas , and a coral reef a short distance off - shore called Banco Chinchorro , as well as several bars , restaurants , and shops . A new development called New Mahahual is being created directly inland from the port . When ships are in port , the village is busy with cruise passengers . Costa Maya 's port has a new and modern tourist shopping mall . The center has a central plaza with saltwater pools and ' swim - up ' style bars . There are several jewellery stores and many small shops selling ubiquitous souvenir items . It is generally open only to cruise ship passengers . Costa Maya is the closest port of access to many of the lesser - known Mayan ruins in the Yucatan including Chacchoben and Kohunlich . These sites are substantially less excavated than the better - known pyramids of Tulum and Coba to the north ; Chichen Itza and Uxmal in Yucatan . The port sustained heavy damage due to Hurricane Dean in August 2007 . This included the dock designed for cruise ships . Holland America 's Westerdam was the first cruise ship to return to the port since Hurricane Dean on October 31 , 2008 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Pre-Colonial 1.2 Colonial 1.2. 1 Yucatan 1.2. 2 Costa Maya 2 Current 3 Future 4 References 5 External links History ( edit ) Pre-colonial ( edit ) Around 6500 BC the Native Americans started agricultural activities . The agriculture was of the slash and burn type . Around 3500 BC the agricultural skill had developed as such that they formed permanent villages in the center of Mexico . The Maya are not the first culture to appear in Mexico ; they were preceded by the Olmecs near the Gulf coast . The first Maya like culture appeared around 200 BC in the south of Mexico ( Chiapas ) . The Maya were predominant in three areas : the northern area which is the Yucatán Peninsula , the central area which is the Petén area and the western area which are the lowlands bordering to Belize . The Costa Maya falls under the western lowlands . The agricultural skills evolved between 200 BC and 900 AD to the extent that workers could be made available to build the beautiful cities as we know them today . In the area around the Costa Maya the building styles called Rio Bec and Chennes are found . The Mayan culture weakened during the period of 900 AD to 1200 AD . Other cultures influenced the building styles in that period ( an example of this is Tulum ) . The Río Bec and Chennes sites are some of the most recent found in Mexico . Most of the sites were found by rubber farmers scouting the forest in search of rubber trees . The discovered sites are as follows : Río Bec Chennes Río Bec Chacchoben Calakmul Chicanná Río Azul ( Guatemala ) Becán Naachtúm ( Guatemala ) Xpuhil Uaxactún ( Guatemala ) Dzibanche Tikal ( Guatemala ) Kohunlich Nakum ( Guatemala ) Mutul ( Guatemala ) Tayasal ( Guatemala ) Naranjo ( Belize ) During the Mayan high times there was a flourishing maritime trade along the Yucatan coast . The Mayans used large dugout canoes . They traded in fabrics , jade , obsidian , salt , and shells . The area of Xcalak was a landing point because of the two openings in the reef . Xcalak means ' the twins ' in Yucatec Maya . A small unnamed site was found just east of the current village of Xcalak . Colonial ( edit ) Yucatan ( edit ) The first contact between the Spanish conquerors and the Maya took place in 1502 in Honduras . Initial contacts were friendly ; however when Francisco Hernández de Córdoba arrived on the Yucatán Peninsula in 1517 intent on conquest , the Maya resisted . Thousands of Spaniards were killed within a short period of time , giving subsequent conquistadores adequate excuse for subjugating the native population . Hernán Cortés landed in 1519 on Cozumel and within three years he had conquered most of the area , with more help from the smallpox with which his men had unintentionally infected the natives , than actual battle . Twenty years later the Mayans suffered their final defeat by Francisco de Montejo . Not content in having reduced the native population by half or more , the Spaniards destroyed many Mayan artifacts in an attempt to suppress the culture itself . Following Mexican independene in 1821 , the Mayan territories of Chiapas and Yucatan decided to join the United States of Mexico in 1840 . In the 19th century Mennonites came to Mexico from the Netherlands . The Mennonites can also be found around the Costa Maya and can easily be recognized by their denim overalls and checkered red shirts . Costa Maya ( edit ) The history of Xcalak dates back to pre-Hispanic times , with 16 archaeological sites having been discovered between Punta Herrero ( south of Bahia Espiritu Santo ) and Boca Bacalar Chico . Seven of these sites are located between Punta Gavilan ( just north of Guacamaya ) and Boca Bacalar Chico , the border with Belize . In the 16th century , English pirates took over a large part of the coast and attacked Spanish ships that transported gold and riches back to Spain . Spain tried to defend its interests by constructing forts such as the one at Bacalar . Pirates continued to devastate the region , intending to take over the entire peninsula in the name of the English Crown . The reign of the pirates lasted until the end of the 19th century , taking advantage of the indigenous rebellions and the abandonment in which the region was found . At the end of the 19th Century , the Mexican Navy took control over what is today the state of Quintana Roo . In 1897 , during the presidency of Porfirio Diaz , a treaty was signed which established the territorial limits between British Honduras ( now Belize ) and Mexico . This caused serious problems for Mexico because the territorial limit was at the center of Boca Bacalar Chico canal . This natural canal separates the Xcalak peninsula from Ambergris Key , and as a result , Mexican military vessels lost access to Chetumal Bay and remain at the mercy of Belize for permits . Due to the lack of access to Chetumal Bay , Brigadier Angel Ortiz Monasterio , the Mexican consulate , commissioned engineer Rebolledo to find a suitable place to build a port in this area . Rebolledo selected Xcalak because two natural entrances through the barrier reef would permit navigation . The port was established in an effort to permanently occupy this area . From this site , Mexico intended to direct a military campaign to stop the supply of arms to the Maya rebels of Quintana Roo , who were participating in what is known as the Caste War . This led to the establishment of a base on the southern limits of Xcalak peninsula . In October 1899 , a site was constructed on the Zaragoza Canal to provide access to Chetumal Bay . ( This canal south of town has recently been reopened and re-dredged in another effort to allow military vessels access to the bay . ) At the same time , on the Caribbean coast the widening of the entrance through the reef was initiated . In addition , a ' Decauville ' railroad was built between Xcalak and La Aguada ( on Chetumal Bay ) in order to relieve the boat traffic through the narrow international canal . The development resulted in a port system which overcame the lack of a direct entrance into Chetumal Bay . Equipment was unloaded in Xcalak , taken by train to La Aguada , and then reloaded and taken to Payo Obispo , which was founded two years earlier . Thus , the village of Xcalak was founded on May 19 , 1900 as the base for the ' Southern Fleet ' and the first shipyard in the Mexican Caribbean . At the same time , the first telegraph in the state was built . When the Federal Territory of Quintana Roo was created in 1902 , there were three important villages on the coast : Xcalak in the south , Vigia Chico in the middle , and Puerto Morelos in the north . The Xcalak village was the only village in the territory that did not depend on mahogany and chicle ( used for chewing gum ) . Xcalak relied upon fishing and the exportation of coconut . The organization of copra , or coconut ranches , began in Xcalak and expanded to the bay area . Copra exportation eventually replaced fishing . Current ( edit ) In the 1950s , Xcalak 's economy was very healthy , boasting developments such as stone and wood construction , an ice factory , and electric plant , storehouses for large quantities of copra , grocery stores , a billiard hall , a movie theater , and an ice cream factory . Xcalak was the most important supply center in the region . After Hurricane Janet ( 1955 ) , Xcalak was in ruins . Many of its inhabitants died , including the lighthouse keeper and many sailors . The survivors were traumatized and a large group migrated to interior towns . The survivors who remained in Xcalak returned to fishing . The area was repopulated with people from San Pedro and Sarteneja , Belize , as well as from Honduras and El Salvador . The fishing trade resulted in social organizations . On October 25 , 1959 , the Cooperative Fishing Production Society of Andrea Quintana Roo was founded . It consisted of 49 members . Fishing techniques were greatly altered with the arrival of the first outboard motors made by Calipso and Lister . In 1980 , a 120 kilometers ( 75 mi ) gravel road was built , forming the Chetumal − Carrillo Puerto highway . This established a land route between the village of Xcalak and the rest of the state . People often recall that the first vehicle to arrive in the village was a Land Rover . At the end of the 1980s Costa de Cocos and the first dive shop , ' Aventuras Chinchorro ' ( now XTC Dive Center ) , opened . Soon after that a second dive shop ' Xcalak Dive Center ' appeared . These developments increased tourism and marked the beginning of a new period . On August 24 , 1995 , the government of Quintana Roo published the decree for the ' Ecological regulation for the area referred to as the Maya Coast ' ( Punta Herero - Xcalak ) . The decree outlined tourism development plans for the Costa Maya corridor . Xcalak was designated as one of the sites for the greatest development . The restoration of the municipal pier in Xcalak was completed at the end of 1995 to facilitate tourism development . In June 1996 , a ferry pier was built at La Aguada in order to provide service between Chetumal and Xcalak . At the same time , the existing airstrip in Xcalak was enlarged . There are approximately 300 native inhabitants of Xcalak . Most rely on fishing for their livelihood ; however , many are now working in tourism and recently the Tourism Cooperative was formed . Officials that have their headquarters in Xcalak include : the Municipal Delegation , State Government representative of the Judicial Police , a port captain , immigration officer , and Navy base . As part of the social structure , other associations have been formed : the Parents Association , the Electricity Committee , the fishing Cooperative , and a Community Committee in which different representatives of all community sectors participate . It is through the Community Committee that issues regarding the management and conservation of natural resources are addressed . The resort was hit directly by Category 5 Hurricane Dean in August 2007 . The area was also hit significantly by Hurricane Ernesto in early August 2012 . Although much of the resort was not hit heavily , the surrounding town of Mahahual has experienced a large amount of damage . Future ( edit ) The Mexican government is trying to improve the standard of living for the indigenous population in the Costa Maya area by developing small scale ecologically - based tourism . Mahahual is to be a larger tourist center with an airport and a large dock for cruise ships . Xcalak is to be preserved as a middle - sized village with tourism based on ecological principles . To achieve this development , ecological laws have been implemented on the Costa Maya . Sian Ka'an South of Tulum is a protected natural reserve , Banco Chinchorro is declared as a protected archaeological marine park and the Mesoamerican Barrier Reef System in front of Xcalak is declared a natural reserve park . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Travel News , Tips , and Guides '' . usatoday.com . USA Today . Jump up ^ `` Hurricane Dean -- 9th strongest hurricane on record '' . wunderground.com . External links ( edit ) Satellite view of the Pier at Google Maps Satellite view of Mahahual Coordinates : 18 ° 42 ′ 50 '' N 87 ° 42 ′ 32 '' W / 18.714 ° N 87.709 ° W / 18.714 ; - 87.709 ( hide ) State of Quintana Roo Chetumal ( capital ) Municipalities ( seats ) Bacalar ( Bacalar ) Benito Juárez ( Cancún ) Cozumel ( San Miguel de Cozumel ) Felipe Carrillo Puerto ( Felipe Carrillo Puerto ) Isla Mujeres ( Isla Mujeres ) José María Morelos ( José María Morelos ) Lázaro Cárdenas ( Kantunilkín ) Othón P. Blanco ( Chetumal ) Puerto Morelos ( Puerto Morelos ) Solidaridad ( Playa del Carmen ) Tulum ( Tulum ) Places of interest Akumal Arrecifes de Cozumel National Park Banco Chinchorro Chacchoben Coba Isla Contoy Isla Holbox Kohunlich Mahahual Muyil Punta Allen Punta Sur Riviera Maya San Gervasio Sian Ka'an Tulum Xcalak Xcaret Xelha Yo'okop Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Costa_Maya&oldid=828382682 '' Categories : Tourism in Mexico Beaches of Quintana Roo Tourist attractions in Quintana Roo Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2009 Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Add links This page was last edited on 2 March 2018 , at 05 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa%20Maya	1,152
i've been going to the river to pray			Ghost ( Ella Henderson song )	ghost ( ella henderson song )	`` Ghost '' is the debut single by British singer and songwriter Ella Henderson . It was released on 8 June 2014 as the lead single from her debut studio album , Chapter One ( 2014 ) . Henderson co-wrote the song with Kenan Williams and its producers , Ryan Tedder and Noel Zancanella .	The music video was filmed in New Orleans , Louisiana in March 2014 . The song entered at number one on the UK Singles Chart , as well as in the Republic of Ireland . It has also peaked within the top ten of the charts in Australia , Belgium , Germany , Hungary and New Zealand . Since its release , it has sold over 1.2 million copies in the UK and in excess of one million in the US . It was also the sixth best - selling single of 2014 in the UK . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background and recording 2 Critical reception 3 Chart performance 4 Music videos 5 Live performances 6 Track listing 7 Charts and certifications 7.1 Weekly charts 7.2 Year - end charts 7.3 Certifications 8 Release history 9 References Background and Recording ( edit ) On 18 November 2012 , Henderson finished in sixth place on the ninth series of The X Factor , despite being the favourite to win . On 15 December , whilst being interviewed on The Saturday Night Show in Ireland , she revealed that she had signed a record deal with Sony Music . On 22 January 2013 , Henderson confirmed she had signed to Simon Cowell 's record label Syco Music . Regarding her decision to sign with Syco , Henderson said , `` The most important thing I was looking for was to be involved creatively , and which label presents me with the best team to bring the best out of me . The fact that Cowell is letting me be involved creatively is overwhelming . '' `` Ghost '' was co-written by Henderson , Kenan Williams , OneRepublic frontman Ryan Tedder and record producer Noel Zancanella and produced by Tedder and Zancanella . The song was recorded at Tedder 's recording studio in Denver by Smith Carlson on 12 January 2014 , Henderson 's 18th birthday . In March 2014 , Henderson announced that it would be her debut single , and released on 8 June 2014 . The song received its debut radio airplay on Capital FM on 10 May 2014 . Critical reception ( edit ) Lewis Corner of Digital Spy gave the song a positive review , stating : `` The end result , Ella 's first single ' Ghost ' , would make a worthy winner 's launch , let alone someone who fell victim to the mid-series shock elimination . `` I keep going to the river to pray / ' Cos I need something that can wash out the pain , '' Henderson professes over stomping Americana - folk beats and taut guitar twangs , falling somewhere between the rootsy heart of Adele and the pop sensibility of Leona Lewis . It 's dark , it 's brooding and it 's full of pain , but most importantly for Ella 's concerns , it 's an unforgettable debut . '' Chart performance ( edit ) `` Ghost '' was commercially successful , entering at number one on the UK Singles Chart on 15 June , selling 132,000 copies in its first week on sale . The song remained number one in the UK for a second week , outselling 5 Seconds of Summer 's `` Do n't Stop '' by 3,000 copies . The single has been certified Platinum by the BPI for sales of over 600,000 copies in the UK . It was the sixth best - selling song of 2014 in the UK , selling 750,000 copies . In the Republic of Ireland , the song debuted at the top of the Irish Singles Chart . It has also charted in the top 10 of the singles charts in Australia , Belgium , Germany , Hungary and New Zealand . `` Ghost '' debuted at number 75 on Billboard Hot 100 . On the week ending January 24 , 2015 , the song jumped from number 41 to number 28 . On the following week , it jumped to number 22 and rose from number 14 to number 10 on Hot Digital Songs and became her first top 10 . As of January 31 , 2015 , it has sold over 1,000,000 copies in the US alone . The song peaked at number 11 on US Mainstream Top 40 . Music videos ( edit ) The official music video was filmed in New Orleans , Louisiana on 10 March 2014 . The video was released to YouTube on 23 April 2014 . The video shows Henderson performing the track in a red - lit motel . All the while , an escaped convict accused of murder goes to confront the actual killer at the motel . Another video was released for the Switch remix of the song on 14 April 2014 . This video , directed by Jem Talbot , features a young woman ( played by Samara Zwain ) exploring an empty house and reminiscing on a relationship . Live performances ( edit ) On 26 May 2014 , Henderson performed `` Ghost '' for the first time on the first live semi-final of Britain 's Got Talent . She also performed an acoustic cover for 4Music . Henderson also performed the song at the Capital Summertime Ball on 22 June . Henderson made her American television debut on 6 August as she performed `` Ghost '' on Good Morning America . She later made her Australian television debut on 18 August when she sang the song on The X Factor Australia . Henderson has also performed the song on Dick Clark 's New Year 's Rockin ' Eve . Henderson also performed the song on the 14 February 2015 at the NBA All - Stars weekend . It has also been performed on The Ellen DeGeneres Show , The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon , and The Voice in both the US and Germany . The song was covered three times by contestants on her origin show , The X Factor , in series 11 -- firstly by Only The Young at judges ' houses , next by Paul Akister in the first live performance by a contestant in that series , and then by Andrea Faustini , who sang the song with Henderson in the celebrity duets round of the final . Track listing ( edit ) Digital download -- single No . Title Length 1 . `` Ghost '' 3 : 36 CD single No . Title Length 1 . `` Ghost '' 3 : 36 2 . `` Ghost '' ( Switch Remix Radio Edit ) 3 : 40 Digital download -- remixes No . Title Length 1 . `` Ghost '' ( Switch Remix Radio Edit ) 3 : 40 2 . `` Ghost '' ( Kastle Remix Radio Edit ) 3 : 36 3 . `` Ghost '' ( Oliver Nelson Remix ) 5 : 04 Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2014 -- 15 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 28 Brazil ( ABPD ) 27 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 12 Canada AC ( Billboard ) 5 Canada CHR / Top 40 ( Billboard ) 13 Canada Hot AC ( Billboard ) 6 Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) 8 Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 9 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 15 Europe ( Euro Digital Songs ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 20 Germany ( Official German Charts ) Hungary ( Rádiós Top 40 ) Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) 6 Ireland ( IRMA ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 37 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 32 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) 8 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 13 Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) 7 South Africa ( EMA ) 8 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 11 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 10 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 21 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 15 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 5 US Dance / Mix Show Airplay ( Billboard ) 20 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 11 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2014 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 31 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 40 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 37 Ireland ( IRMA ) 10 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 33 Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) 46 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 66 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 54 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 6 Chart ( 2015 ) Position Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 48 US Billboard Hot 100 93 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 36 US Adult Pop Songs ( Billboard ) 23 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 3 × Platinum 210,000 Germany ( BVMI ) Gold 200,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Platinum 15,000 Sweden ( GLF ) Gold 20,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) Gold 15,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) 2 × Platinum 1,200,000 United States ( RIAA ) Platinum 1,000,000 Streaming Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) Platinum 2,600,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Country Date Format Label Austria 6 June 2014 Digital download Syco Germany Ireland Switzerland United Kingdom 8 June 2014 France 9 June 2014 Spain Italy 10 June 2014 Digital download Italy 25 July 2014 Contemporary hit radio Sony Italy United States 29 July 2014 Digital download Columbia Austria 29 August 2014 CD single Syco Germany Switzerland References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Ella Henderson 's `` Ghost '' Arrives at US Pop Radio `` . Headline Planet . ^ Jump up to : Copsey , Rob ( 31 December 2014 ) . `` The Official Top 100 Biggest Songs of 2014 revealed '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 31 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Rigby , Sam ( 18 November 2012 ) . `` Ella Henderson leaves ' The X Factor ' '' . Digital Spy . Hearst Magazines UK . Retrieved 30 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Wilde , Joe ( 16 December 2012 ) . `` Ella Henderson Signs Recording Deal With Sony Music , Promises : `` This Is Just The Beginning '' `` . contactmusic.com . Retrieved 30 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Hind , Katie ( 9 January 2013 ) . `` I 've got the new ' Adella ' : Simon Cowell wins fight to sign X Factor 's Ella Henderson '' . Daily Mirror . Trinity Mirror . Retrieved 30 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Foster , Alistair ( 23 January 2013 ) . `` Ella Henderson : I signed with Simon Cowell after he put me in control '' . London Evening Standard . Daily Mail and General Trust . Retrieved 25 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Harvey , Gill ( 6 June 2014 ) . `` Ella Henderson marked 18th birthday by writing Ghost with Ryan Tedder '' . STV . Retrieved 7 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` X Factor 's Ella Henderson announces début single '' . RTÉ.ie. 10 March 2014 . Retrieved 30 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Moss , Liv ( 15 April 2014 ) . `` Ella Henderson unveils artwork for new single , Ghost '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 30 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ella Henderson 's debut single Ghost is played on Capital Radio '' . Grimsby Telegraph . 10 May 2014 . Archived from the original on 25 October 2014 . Retrieved 27 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Corner , Lewis ( 6 June 2014 ) . `` Ella Henderson : ' Ghost ' single review - ' An unforgettable debut ' - Music Review '' . Digital Spy . Hearst Magazines UK . Retrieved 7 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Lane , Daniel ( 15 June 2014 ) . `` Ella Henderson 's Ghost debuts at Number 1 with spooktacular sales '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 15 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Susannah ( 22 June 2014 ) . `` Ella Henderson holds on to No. 1 single , pushes 5SOS into second '' . Digital Spy . Hearst Magazines UK . Retrieved 22 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 -- Week of January 10 , 2015 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 1 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ella Henderson - Ghost ( Official Video ) '' . YouTube . Jump up ^ Corner , Lewis ( 23 April 2014 ) . `` Ella Henderson unveils debut single ' Ghost ' - watch the music video '' . Digital Spy . Hearst Magazines UK . Retrieved 8 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ella Henderson - Ghost ( Switch Remix ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved 8 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Brown , Jimmy ( 14 April 2014 ) . `` Ella Henderson ' Ghost ( Switch Remix ) by Jem Talbot '' . Promonews.tv . Retrieved 8 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Jess ( 26 May 2014 ) . `` Ella Henderson makes comeback on BGT semi-final '' . Daily Mirror . Trinity Mirror . Retrieved 27 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` This Week 's Fresh Music Top 20 '' . 15 June 2014 . 4Music . Missing or empty series = ( help ) Jump up ^ Smith , Carl ( 7 August 2014 ) . `` Ella Henderson heads Stateside to perform ' Ghost ' on Good Morning America - Watch '' . sugarscape.com . Retrieved 14 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Best , R ( 13 August 2014 ) . `` Ella Henderson to visit Australia for a promotional tour ! '' . Spotlight Report . Retrieved 13 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` iTunes - Music - Ghost - Single by Ella Henderson '' . iTunes . ^ Jump up to : `` iTunes - Music - Ghost ( Remixes ) - Single by Ella Henderson '' . iTunes . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Ella Henderson -- Ghost '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Ella Henderson -- Ghost '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Ella Henderson -- Ghost '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil '' ( PDF ) . ABPD . October 6 , 2001 . Retrieved April 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ella Henderson Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Ella Henderson Chart History ( Canada AC ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Ella Henderson Chart History ( Canada CHR / Top 40 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Ella Henderson Chart History ( Canada Hot AC ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201447 into search . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Digital Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201442 into search . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Ella Henderson -- Ghost '' . Tracklisten . Jump up ^ `` Euro Digital Songs -- Week Ending 22 June 2014 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 26 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ella Henderson : Ghost '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Ella Henderson -- Ghost '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Rádiós Top 40 játszási lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Single ( track ) Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 24 , 2014 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Ella Henderson '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Ella Henderson -- Ghost '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Ella Henderson -- Ghost '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Airplay Top 100 . Retrieved October 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 20151 into search . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201444 into search . Jump up ^ `` SloTop50 : Slovenian official singles weekly chart '' ( in Slovenian ) . SloTop50 . Retrieved 5 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` EMA Top 10 Airplay : Week Ending 2014 - 09 - 02 '' . Entertainment Monitoring Africa . Retrieved 16 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Ella Henderson -- Ghost '' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Ella Henderson -- Ghost '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Ella Henderson Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Ella Henderson Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Ella Henderson Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Ella Henderson Chart History ( Dance Mix / Show Airplay ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Ella Henderson Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` End of Year Charts -- ARIA Top 100 Singles 2014 '' . ARIA Charts . Australian Recording Industry Association . Archived from the original on 9 January 2015 . Retrieved 5 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jahreshitparade 2014 '' ( in German ) . Austrian Charts Portal . Hung Medien . Retrieved 20 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Single - Jahrescharts '' . GfK Entertainment ( in German ) . offiziellecharts.de . Retrieved 10 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` IRMA - Best of Singles '' . IRMA Charts . Irish Record Music Association . Retrieved December 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top Selling Singles of 2014 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved 1 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SloTop50 Slovenian official year - end singles charts '' ( in Slovenian ) . Retrieved 31 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Årslista Singlar - År 2014 '' ( in Swedish ) . Sverigetopplistan . Swedish Recording Industry Association . Retrieved 20 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jahreshitparade 2014 '' ( in German ) . Swiss Charts Portal . Hung Medien . Retrieved 20 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Hot 100 : Year End 2015 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 13 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 : Year End 2015 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 9 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Adult Contemporary Songs : Year End 2015 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 13 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Adult Pop Songs : Year End 2015 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 13 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2014 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved 13 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Ella Henderson ; ' Ghost ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved 21 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` NZ Top 40 Singles - 10 November 2014 '' . nztop40.com. 7 November 2014 . Retrieved 7 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ella Henderson Facebook Post 1 September 2014 '' . Ella Henderson Facebook Page . 1 September 2014 . Retrieved 1 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Awards 2014 '' . swisscharts.com. 10 January 2015 . Archived from the original on 6 October 2014 . Retrieved 10 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Ella Henderson -- Ghost '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 1 January 2015 . Enter Ghost in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Henderson , Ella -- Ghost '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved 5 January 2015 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Certificeringer - Ella Henderson - Gold '' ( in Danish ) . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved 21 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ghost : Ella Henderson : Amazon.de : Musik - Downloads '' . Amazon.de. 6 June 2014 . Retrieved 27 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ghost : Ella Henderson : Amazon.fr : Téléchargement de musique '' . Amazon.fr. 9 June 2014 . Retrieved 27 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ghost : Ella Henderson : Amazon.es : Música digital '' . Amazon.es. 9 June 2014 . Retrieved 27 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ghost : Ella Henderson : Amazon.it : Musica Digitale '' . Amazon.it. 10 June 2014 . Retrieved 27 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Corradini , Paola ( 23 July 2014 ) . `` Ella Henderson - Ghost ( Radio Date ) '' . Sony Music Entertainment Italy . Earone . Retrieved 24 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ghost : Ella Henderson : Amazon.com : Digital Music '' . Amazon.com. 29 July 2014 . Retrieved 30 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ghost : Ella Henderson : Amazon.de : Musik '' . Amazon.de. 29 August 2014 . Retrieved 2 August 2014 . 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does charlotte's web hemp oil have thc			Charlotte 's Web ( cannabis )	charlotte's web ( cannabis )	Charlotte 's Web is a high - cannabidiol ( CBD ) , low - tetrahydrocannabinol ( THC ) Cannabis cultivar . It does not induce the psychoactive `` high '' typically associated with recreational marijuana strains that are high in THC .	Charlotte 's Web is named after Charlotte Figi , born ( 2006 - 10 - 18 ) October 18 , 2006 ( age 11 ) , whose story has led to her being described as `` the girl who is changing medical marijuana laws across America . '' Her parents and physicians say she experienced a reduction of her epileptic seizures brought on by Dravet syndrome after her first dose of medical marijuana at five years of age . Her usage of Charlotte 's Web was first featured in the 2013 CNN documentary `` Weed '' . Media coverage increased demand for products derived from Charlotte 's Web and other high in CBD cultivars , which have been used to treat epilepsy in toddlers and children . It was originally called `` Hippie 's Disappointment '' as it was a strain that had high CBD instead of THC . While anecdotal reports have sparked interest in treatment with cannabinoids , there is not enough evidence to draw conclusions about their safety or efficacy . Physicians worry that some parents are willing to try treatments before proper research has been conducted , and that they may be disappointed . They are `` alarmed by parallels to past miracle - cure manias later proved false ... '' and `` ... wary of the heightened placebo effect in treatments involving children , when reports of progress depend on the view of parents . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Medical uses 1.1 Evidence 1.2 Statements 2 History 3 Society and culture 3.1 Legal status 3.2 Reactions to CBD - only laws 3.3 Name 3.4 Publicity and demand 3.5 Distribution 4 Research 5 References 6 External links Medical uses ( edit ) Evidence ( edit ) There is little evidence about the safety or efficacy of cannabinoids in the treatment of epilepsy . A 2014 Cochrane review did not find enough evidence to draw conclusions about its use . A 2014 review by the American Academy of Neurology similarly concluded that `` data are insufficient to support or refute the efficacy of cannabinoids for reducing seizure frequency . '' The Cochrane review suggests cannabinoids be reserved for people with symptoms that are not controllable by other means , who have been evaluated by EEG - video monitoring to confirm diagnosis , and are not eligible for better established treatments such as surgery and neurostimulation . A second review described four placebo - controlled trials of cannabadiol including 48 people with a disease that was not manageable by other means . Three out of four trials reported some reduction in seizures , but no comparison with placebo was possible due to the small number of people in the trials . The drugs were well tolerated . A third review found that no reliable conclusions about the effect of cannabis on epilepsy could be drawn due to the poor quality of available data , but further research may be warranted because of the good safety profile observed in small clinical trials . A 2017 study found cannabidiol reduced convulsive seizures but resulted in more side effects in people with Dravet syndrome . Statements ( edit ) Due to the anecdotal nature of the health claims being made medical bodies have published statements of concern . A position statement by the American Epilepsy Society states : The recent anecdotal reports of positive effects of the marijuana derivative cannabidiol for some individuals with treatment - resistant epilepsy give reason for hope . However , we must remember that these are only anecdotal reports , and robust scientific evidence for the use of marijuana is lacking ... at present , the epilepsy community does not know if marijuana is a safe and effective treatment , nor do they know the long - term effects that marijuana will have on learning , memory and behavior , especially in infants and young children . Cannabis - derived products are not mentioned in the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence epilepsy treatment guidelines . History ( edit ) Cannabis oil Charlotte 's Web was developed in 2011 by the Stanley brothers ( Joel , Jesse , Jon , Jordan , Jared and Josh ) through crossbreeding a strain of marijuana with industrial hemp . This process created a variety with less tetrahydrocannabinol ( THC ) and more cannabidiol ( CBD ) than typical varieties of marijuana . The variety shows potential for medical usage , especially for those who do not wish to experience the typical high of recreational marijuana use . As it is so low in THC , the variety was originally called `` Hippie 's Disappointment '' , and also has been labeled `` boring '' . It is a less profitable plant with `` close to no value to traditional marijuana consumers . '' Society and culture ( edit ) Legal status ( edit ) While the use of medicinal marijuana products is allowed in many U.S. states , the nationwide legal status of Charlotte 's Web is less clear . The publicity associated with Charlotte 's Web has inspired a number of legislative bills , some of which are in the planning stages , and others which have been proposed or actually passed . Children , as `` uniquely powerful advocates for medicinal pot across the country , '' have inspired `` the movement to legalize medicinal marijuana , '' a movement which `` has a face like Charlotte 's -- and it 's a young one that 's hard to ignore . Lawmakers across the country are pushing legislation to legalize marijuana oil as a treatment for children with epilepsy . '' Colorado law permits the use of medical cannabis for eight conditions : cancer , glaucoma , HIV / AIDS , muscle spasms , seizures , severe pain , severe nausea and dramatic weight loss , and muscle atrophy . The publicity surrounding anecdotal reports of successful treatment of intractable epilepsy with cannabinoids is likely to lead to a surge in interest . In 2013 , the parents of a two - year - old with Dravet syndrome confronted New Jersey governor Chris Christie , who signed a bill allowing access for sick children to medical marijuana in a controversy dubbed `` pot for tots '' . In 2014 , legislative proposals in Utah , Arizona , New York , Washington state , Minnesota , and Florida were considered , where `` even some staunch opponents of medical marijuana now are willing to make an exception '' to allow the marijuana extract for medical treatment . In Utah , Rep. Gage Froerer , R - Huntsville , said in October 2013 : `` Nothing in federal or state law prohibits the sale or use of hemp products . '' He pledged to consult with the Utah Substance Abuse Authority , saying : `` We need to take a strong look at this and make sure that we as a legislature and we as citizens understand really what this is and what it 's not . '' In November 2013 , he said he would address `` three components in sponsoring legislation : access , quality control and research . He said the Utah Department of Health would probably be involved in quality - control efforts ... '' Annette Maughan , President of the Epilepsy Association of Utah , said : `` The current Utah law does n't exclude its use but also does n't allow for its use . We are in limbo until Utah lawmakers decide what to call it . '' On March 21 , 2014 , Gary Herbert , the governor of Utah , signed a bill giving `` families access to the marijuana extract for treating epilepsy . '' The state bill , HB0105 , allows import of Charlotte 's Web extract across state lines from Colorado to Utah , and covers only use for intractable epilepsy with the consent of a neurologist . Also on March 21 , 2014 , an Arizona court found `` that Arizona 's medical marijuana law allows consumption of the plant in extract form . '' On March 20 , 2014 , the Florida House of Representatives Budget Committee passed the `` so - called Charlotte 's Web measure ( CS / HB 843 ) '' designed to limit prosecutors ' ability to prosecute those in possession of low THC / high CBD marijuana ( `` 0.5 percent or less of tetrahydrocannabinol and more than 15 percent of cannabidiol '' ) used for treating seizures . The law took effect July 1 , 2014 . Since then , Florida legislators have passed a bill with bipartisan support legalizing the use of Charlotte 's Web , and Governor Rick Scott signed the `` Compassionate Medical Cannabis Act of 2014 '' ( SB 1030 ) into law on June 6 , 2014 . The law is also referred to as the `` Charlotte 's Web '' law . The law specifies the number of distribution centers , which types of nurseries can grow the plants , requires various other controls , and provides funding for research . Federal legislation was introduced in 2014 ( U.S. 113th Congress 2013 - 2014 ) but was never brought to a vote and died in committee . Rep. Perry , Scott ( R - PA - 4 ) introduced to the U.S. 114th Congress ( 2015 - 2016 ) H.R. 1635 - Charlotte 's Web Medical Access Act of 2015 with 62 bipartisan co-sponsors . It has not been voted on yet , but it has made progress and been referred to the House Committee on Energy and Commerce , the House Committee on the Judiciary , the Subcommittee on Health and the United States House Judiciary Subcommittee on Crime , Terrorism , Homeland Security and Investigations . The Therapeutic Hemp Medical Access Act of 2015 ( Senate 1333 ) was introduced ( not passed yet ) with 11 co-sponsors to amend the Controlled Substances Act to exclude cannabidiol and cannabidiol - rich plants from the definition of marijuana . It was referred to the Committee on the Judiciary . Reactions to CBD - only laws ( edit ) The federal Schedule 1 drug classification blocks broad scientific research on cannabis . However , in late 2015 , the United States Drug Enforcement Administration ( DEA ) eased some regulatory requirements imposed by the Controlled Substances Act ( CSA ) for those who are conducting FDA - approved clinical trials on cannabidiol ( CBD ) . These modifications will streamline the research process regarding CBD 's possible medicinal value and help foster ongoing scientific studies . But the Marijuana Policy Project has expressed frustration over the fact that many legislative efforts inspired by Charlotte 's Web are aimed at only legalizing low or no THC , high CBD medical marijuana products . They believe that such legislation is too restrictive and ignores claimed benefits of THC , leaving `` behind around 98 % of the individuals who can benefit from it . '' Referring to the `` Charlotte 's Web Medical Hemp Act of 2014 '' , an editorial in Ladybud Magazine expressed concern that the law `` leaves thousands of patients out in the cold without safe , legal access to medical cannabis . It also ignores science that seems to indicate that whole plant medicine is optimal . '' Name ( edit ) Charlotte 's Web is named after an American girl , Charlotte Figi . She developed Dravet syndrome ( also known as severe myoclonic epilepsy of infancy or SMEI ) as a baby . By age three , Figi was severely disabled and having 300 grand mal seizures a week despite treatment . Her parents learned about another child with Dravet Syndrome , who had been using a different type of medical marijuana since June 2011 , and decided to try marijuana . Her parents and physicians said that she improved immediately . She now follows a regular regimen that uses a solution of the high - CBD marijuana extract in olive oil . She is given the oil under her tongue or in her food . Her parents said in 2013 that her epilepsy had improved so that she had only about four seizures per month , and she was able to engage in normal childhood activities . The type now named after Figi was not the first type her parents tried . As their original supply , a type called R4 that is also high in CBD and low in THC , was running out , they contacted the Stanley brothers . From the Stanleys ' stock , they chose the high - CBD variety that has since been renamed to Charlotte 's Web . Charlotte 's story has been featured on two CNN documentaries , The Doctors TV show , 60 Minutes Australia , and Dateline NBC , among many other sources . An article in the National Journal detailing the role of several children as `` uniquely powerful advocates for medicinal pot across the country '' described Charlotte as the `` first poster child for the issue ... '' Her story has led to her being described as `` the girl who is changing medical marijuana laws across America , '' as well as the `` most famous example of medicinal hemp use '' . Publicity and demand ( edit ) When Charlotte was five years old , her story was featured in the August 11 , 2013 CNN documentary `` Weed '' , hosted by Sanjay Gupta . On November 24 , 2013 , Paige Figi was a guest on The Doctors TV show , where Charlotte 's story was told . She was also featured in Gupta 's March 11 , 2014 CNN documentary `` Weed 2 : Cannabis Madness '' . The extract received more publicity on October 6 , 2014 , when The Doctors TV show again featured a story about usage of Charlotte 's Web . The physicians called for a change of the Federal classification . Sanjay Gupta has also expressed his support for Charlotte 's Web on The Doctors TV show . On the October 17 , 2014 episode of the ABC TV series The View , Paige Figi and Joel Stanley were interviewed by Whoopi Goldberg and Nicolle Wallace . The CNN documentaries received widespread publicity and popularized Charlotte 's Web as a possible treatment for epilepsy and other conditions . Colorado has legalized both the medicinal and recreational use of marijuana , and many parents have flocked there with their suffering children in search of Charlotte 's Web and other forms of medical marijuana . In November 2013 , CBS Denver reported that `` ( t ) here is now a growing community of 93 families with epileptic children using marijuana daily . Hundreds are on a waiting list and thousands are calling . '' In October 2014 , Time noted the Stanley brothers had a waiting list of `` more than 12,000 families . '' They have been termed `` marijuana refugees '' , `` part of a migration of families uprooting their lives and moving to Colorado , where the medicinal use of marijuana is permitted ... forced to flee states where cannabis is off limits . '' In November 2014 , David Nutt mentioned Charlotte 's Web in the Royal Pharmaceutical Society 's Pharmaceutical Journal , where he appealed for `` the UK government ( to ) acts on evidence , allowing the use of medicinal cannabis and reducing barriers to its research . '' Families who say they have run out of pharmaceutical options have moved to Colorado to access Charlotte 's Web . The demand has spurred calls for more research to determine whether these products actually do what is claimed . Amy Brooks - Kayal , vice president of the American Epilepsy Society , stated that epileptic seizures may come and go without any obvious explanation , and that Charlotte 's web could cause developmental harm . She recommended that parents relocate so that their affected children could have access to one of the nation 's top pediatric epilepsy centers rather than move to Colorado . The product has been described as the `` country 's most famous brand of CBD oil '' , the `` largest selling CBD oil in the country '' , and the `` number one brand '' , with 7 % of the market . Distribution ( edit ) In November 2013 , Josh Stanley said that Charlotte 's web was 0.5 % THC and 17 % CBD , and that it `` is as legal as other hemp products already sold in stores across Utah , including other oils , clothing and hand creams , but is illegal , federally , to take across state lines . '' The legalities of selling the product to people who transport it across state lines is complicated , with difficulties for both the sellers and transporters . Regardless of state laws in Colorado and Utah which would allow the practice , it is still a Federal offense to transport hemp products across state lines . In September 2014 , the content was measured at 0.3 % THC . Research ( edit ) The relationship between the Schedule I status of cannabis in the United States and the lack of scientific research on cannabis has been claimed by some to be directly related . The situation has been described as a `` catch - 22 '' paradox : `` Marijuana is restricted in large part because there is little research to support medical uses ; research is difficult to conduct because of tight restrictions . '' Sanjay Gupta has described the complex interaction between restrictive laws and lack of scientific research : Gupta repeated throughout the evening that the `` policy has outpaced the science . '' The states , he said , `` are moving forward without waiting for the science , and the issue is only compounded by the fact that the ' policies and the laws we have in ( the US ) make it challenging for the science to get done . '' Even though the Florida `` Compassionate Medical Cannabis Act of 2014 '' ( SB 1030 ) provides funding for research , the status of all cannabis products as illegal Schedule I drugs has limited the amount of research , with the University of Florida refusing to do such research for fear of losing federal funding . The interest created by the documentary highlighted a need for increased scientific research , as well as caution against `` bad medicine '' and raising false hopes : Ed Maa , a specialist in epilepsy , stated : `` This is not going away ... I think it needs to be studied vigorously and very quickly . '' He hopes to `` launch a clinical trial to study the pot and its potential . '' Physicians have called for more research to better understand the potential benefits of controlled use of medical marijuana ; Sharon Levy , director of the Adolescent Substance Abuse Program at Children 's Hospital Boston said : `` The AAP strongly supports more cannabinoid research to better understand both how these substances can be used therapeutically as well as their potential side effects -- which we may well be underestimating ... ( But ) the AAP does not support ' medical marijuana ' laws as they circumvent regulations put in place to protect patients , and children are a particularly vulnerable population . '' Physicians have expressed both positive interest and worry about the sudden explosion of interest in the legalization of medical marijuana and its research , admitting legalization is both `` a scientist 's dream or a doctor 's nightmare . '' They fear that some parents are too open to trying anything before proper research has been conducted , and that they may be disappointed . They are `` alarmed by parallels to past miracle - cure manias later proved false ... '' and `` ... wary of the heightened placebo effect in treatments involving children , when reports of progress depend on the view of parents . '' There is also danger that `` the ( legalization ) movement also opens the way for bad medicine ... through treatments at best giving hope to the hysterical and at worst delivering damaging side effects . '' According to Alan Shackelford , Charlotte Figi 's physician : `` We really do n't know how it works ... The cannabidiol seems to act as a neuro - stabilizer , but how ? The research is minuscule on this . '' Orrin Devinsky , a neurologist at New York University 's Comprehensive Epilepsy Center , where he will conduct clinical trials on Epidiolex , a high - CBD drug from GW Pharmaceuticals , expressed his sympathy for those who do not want to wait for research results : I had a child who had failed 15 medications and drug treatments and there was nothing else to do , and they were having many seizures a day that were terribly disabling , I think it would be a very reasonable thing to do to try a high - CBD cannabis product . He also expressed concern that the number of parents using the Charlotte 's Web extract will make it harder to find children for the clinical trials , and that : There are many more unknowns than knowns ... the focus of the community -- lay and scientific and governmental -- should be on getting good information . That should be the real focus of what we need right now . The Epilepsy Foundation and Devinsky issued a joint statement calling for increased research and immediate access to medical marijuana , specifically naming Charlotte Figi 's case . Devinsky said : We need to make a balanced decision about compassionate use . If I were Charlotte Figi 's parents and lived in Colorado I would have done exactly what they did . And as a doctor , I would gladly prescribe marijuana products for many of my patients who failed existing therapies if it were legal in my state ... Until we have the scientific data , we should make medical marijuana available to physicians who care for people with treatment - resistant epilepsy and their patients . Due to reports that some people with Dravet syndrome seem to benefit from treatment with Charlotte 's Web , an observational clinical trial was launched in September 2014 at the University of Colorado . The study will run until February 2016 , will focus on genetic differences between people who respond and do not respond , and attempt to determine if such genetic factors may be related to the success or failure of treatment . 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Signs Pot Extract For Epilepsy Bill , Associated Press , March 21 , 2014 , retrieved March 24 , 2014 ^ Jump up to : HB0105 : Plant Extract Amendments , Utah State Legislature , March 21 , 2014 , retrieved March 24 , 2014 ^ Jump up to : Flatow , Nicole ( March 24 , 2014 ) , Prosecutors Ca n't Go After Family Treating Child 's Seizures With Marijuana Extract , Judge Rules , Think Progress , retrieved March 24 , 2014 Jump up ^ Botelho , Kristina and Greg ( January 9 , 2014 ) , New York governor announces plan for medical marijuana at hospitals , CNN , retrieved January 16 , 2014 Jump up ^ Seavert , Lindsey ( January 31 , 2014 ) , Minnesota family makes painful decision to move to Colorado for medical marijuana , KARE , retrieved January 31 , 2014 ^ Jump up to : Cotterell , Bill ( June 16 , 2014 ) , UPDATE 2 - Florida governor signs law allowing limited medical marijuana use , Reuters , retrieved June 21 , 2014 ^ Jump up to : HB 843 -- Medical Marijuana ( PDF ) , Florida House of Representatives , 2014 , retrieved March 20 , 2014 PDF download . `` The term ( cannabis ) does not include any plant of the genus Cannabis that contains 0.5 percent or less of tetrahydrocannabinol and more than 15 percent of cannabidiol ; the seeds thereof ; the resin extracted from any part of such plant ; or any compound , manufacture , salt , derivative , mixture , or preparation of such plant or its seeds or resin . '' Jump up ^ Stewart , Kirsten ( October 12 , 2013 ) , Utah lawmaker will help moms import cannabis extract , The Salt Lake Tribune , retrieved January 1 , 2014 ^ Jump up to : Adams , Andrew ( October 11 , 2013 ) , Lawmaker joins fight in legalizing cannabis extract for medicinal use , KSL TV , retrieved January 1 , 2014 Jump up ^ Clark , Antone ( November 20 , 2013 ) , Rep. Gage Froerer predicts cannabis bill will pass , Standard - Examiner , retrieved January 17 , 2014 Jump up ^ Kennedy , John ( March 20 , 2014 ) , Charlotte 's Web marijuana bill advances in House , despite questions , Post on Politics , retrieved March 20 , 2014 Jump up ^ Smith , Nancy ( March 20 , 2014 ) , $1 Million for Medical Marijuana Research Sails Through House Appropriations , Sunshine State News , retrieved March 20 , 2014 Jump up ^ Perez , Andrew ( May 1 , 2014 ) , Florida Gov. Rick Scott Says He 'll Sign ' Charlotte 's Web ' Medical Marijuana Bill , The Huffington Post , retrieved May 4 , 2014 Jump up ^ CS / CS / SB 1030 : Cannabis , MyFloridaHouse.gov , June 16 , 2014 , retrieved June 21 , 2014 ^ Jump up to : Call , James ( July 29 , 2014 ) , University of Florida says it wo n't risk federal funding to participate in marijuana research , SaintPetersBlog , retrieved July 31 , 2014 Jump up ^ Sweeney , Dan ( June 21 , 2014 ) , Charlotte 's Web 101 : Medical marijuana and you , Sun - Sentinel , retrieved July 31 , 2014 Jump up ^ Larrabee , Brandon ( June 16 , 2014 ) , Governor Scott Signs Medical Marijuana Bill , CBS Miami , retrieved June 17 , 2014 Jump up ^ H.R. 5226 - Charlotte 's Web Medical Hemp Act of 2014 , House of Representatives , July 28 , 2014 , retrieved August 11 , 2014 `` Official Title as Introduced : To amend the Controlled Substances Act to exclude therapeutic hemp and cannabidiol from the definition of marihuana , and for other purposes . '' Jump up ^ `` Text - H.R. 5226 - 113th Congress ( 2013 - 2014 ) : Charlotte 's Web Medical Hemp Act of 2014 '' . Jump up ^ H.R. 525 - Industrial Hemp Farming Act of 2013 , House of Representatives , February 6 , 2013 , retrieved September 28 , 2014 Jump up ^ `` H.R. 525 - 114th Congress ( 2015 - 2016 ) : Industrial Hemp Farming Act of 2015 '' . Jump up ^ `` H.R. 1635 - 114th Congress ( 2015 - 2016 ) : Charlotte 's Web Medical Access Act of 2015 '' . Jump up ^ `` Cosponsors - H.R. 1635 - 114th Congress ( 2015 - 2016 ) : Charlotte 's Web Medical Access Act of 2015 '' . Jump up ^ `` Text - S. 1333 - 114th Congress ( 2015 - 2016 ) : Therapeutic Hemp Medical Access Act of 2015 '' . Jump up ^ `` DEA / Drug Scheduling '' . Jump up ^ `` DEA.gov / Headquarters News Releases , 12 / 23 / 15 '' . Jump up ^ Low or No THC , High CBD Medical Marijuana Bills : Leaving Most Patients Behind , Marijuana Policy Project , 2014 , retrieved April 6 , 2014 Jump up ^ Admin , Ladybud ( August 29 , 2014 ) , National CBD - Only Law Proposed : Is Charlotte 's Web Choking out Legalization ? , Ladybud Magazine , retrieved August 29 , 2014 ^ Jump up to : The View ( October 17 , 2014 ) , Medical Marijuana Charlotte 's Web . Paige Figi and Joel Stanley discuss medical marijuana , Charlotte 's Web. , The View , ABC , retrieved October 18 , 2014 Jump up ^ Waltz , Vanessa ( July 29 , 2014 ) , A Limited Amount of `` Caring '' : Parents and Advocates React to Realm of Caring 's Federal CBD - Only Bill , Ladybud Magazine , retrieved October 14 , 2014 Jump up ^ Cotter , Barb ( June 10 , 2013 ) , Medicinal marijuana stops seizures , brings hope to a little Black Forest girl , The Gazette , retrieved January 1 , 2014 Jump up ^ Tyrrell , Kelly ( December 16 , 2013 ) , Seeking Charlotte 's Web , The Philadelphia Inquirer , retrieved January 1 , 2014 ^ Jump up to : The Doctors TV Show ( November 24 , 2013 ) , November 24 , 2013 -- Unbelievable Nose Makeover ; Medical Marijuana For Kids , The Doctors TV series , retrieved March 9 , 2014 Other videos from this episode available on the website : `` Marijuana for Kids ? '' `` Medical Marijuana for Kids ? '' `` How Medicinal Marijuana Works '' `` Medical Marijuana Research Explained '' Jump up ^ Usher , Michael ( July 31 , 2014 ) , Green Rush : The push to legalise medical marijuana for Aussie children , 60 Minutes Australia , retrieved June 7 , 2015 Jump up ^ Garcia , Mario ( June 7 , 2015 ) , Growing Hope : The Fight for Medical Marijuana for Epileptic Kids , Dateline NBC , retrieved June 7 , 2015 See full Dateline video . Jump up ^ Schaaf , Melissa ( September 25 , 2014 ) , Hemp Industry Overview , Boulder Weekly , retrieved September 26 , 2014 Jump up ^ The Doctors TV Show ( October 6 , 2014 ) , New Mosquito - Borne Virus ; Medicinal Marijuana to Treat Seizures , The Doctors TV series , retrieved October 6 , 2014 Other videos from this episode available on the website : `` Medical Marijuana to Treat Seizures '' `` Searching for Treatment for Seizures '' `` Finding Hope in Medical Marijuana '' `` Changing Minds on Medical Marijuana '' Jump up ^ Gupta , Sanjay , Sanjay Gupta 's Marijuana Stance , The Doctors TV series , retrieved October 6 , 2014 Jump up ^ Healy , Jack ( December 5 , 2013 ) , Families See Colorado as New Frontier on Medical Marijuana , The New York Times , retrieved January 1 , 2014 Jump up ^ Pickert , Kate ( October 22 , 2014 ) , Pot Kids : Inside the quasi-legal , science - free world of medical marijuana for children , Time , retrieved October 23 , 2014 Jump up ^ Stewart , Kirsten ( November 11 , 2013 ) , Families migrate to Colorado for marijuana miracle , Delaware County Daily Times , retrieved January 1 , 2014 Jump up ^ Phillips , Dave ( October 27 , 2013 ) , Colorado 's new pot laws draw marijuana refugees , The Denver Post , retrieved January 1 , 2014 Jump up ^ Nutt , David ( November 19 , 2014 ) , Medicinal cannabis : time for a comeback ? , The Pharmaceutical Journal , Royal Pharmaceutical Society , archived from the original on November 29 , 2014 , retrieved November 20 , 2014 Jump up ^ `` Charlotte 's Web '' marijuana supposed cure for kids ' seizures but doctors skeptical , CBS News , February 18 , 2014 , retrieved May 16 , 2015 Jump up ^ Abcarian , Robin ( April 2 , 2017 ) . `` Could the extraordinary compound in cannabis that helps kids with epilepsy make you feel better ? '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Davidson , Sara ( April 20 , 2017 ) . `` Why Microdosing Is Taking Over Medical Marijuana '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved April 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Borchardt , Debra ( August 23 , 2017 ) . `` Hemp Cannabis Product Sales Projected To Hit $1 Billion In 3 Years '' . Forbes . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Leonard , Wendy ( November 12 , 2013 ) , Utah parents look to Colorado for ' life - improving therapy ' found in cannabis extract , Deseret News , retrieved January 1 , 2014 Jump up ^ Stewart , Kirsten ( March 25 , 2014 ) , How will marijuana grower decide who gets cannabis oil ? , The Salt Lake Tribune , retrieved March 26 , 2014 Jump up ^ Price , Michelle ( March 25 , 2014 ) , Utah to welcome marijuana for limited medical use , Associated Press , retrieved March 26 , 2014 Jump up ^ Waltz , Vanessa ( September 18 , 2014 ) , Realm of Caring Announces Charlotte 's Web to be Shipped to All 50 US States , Ladybud Magazine , archived from the original on October 20 , 2014 , retrieved September 19 , 2014 ^ Jump up to : Schroeder , Luca ( October 8 , 2014 ) , Sanjay Gupta Discusses Possibilities , Challenges of Medical Marijuana , The Harvard Crimson , retrieved October 9 , 2014 Jump up ^ Hellerman , Caleb ( July 28 , 2014 ) , Federal marijuana bill would legalize some cannabis strains , CNN , retrieved July 29 , 2014 Jump up ^ Curry , Christopher ( August 5 , 2014 ) , UF to say no to pot , even if marijuana amendment passes , The Gainesville Sun , retrieved August 7 , 2014 Jump up ^ Phillips , Dave ( October 30 , 2013 ) , ' This is the only option left ' , The Oklahoman , retrieved January 1 , 2014 Full article Jump up ^ GW Pharmaceuticals ( November 14 , 2013 ) , GW Pharmaceuticals Provides Update on Orphan Program in Childhood Epilepsy for Epidiolex ® , GW Pharmaceuticals , retrieved January 26 , 2014 Jump up ^ Gattone , Philip ( February 20 , 2014 ) , Epilepsy Foundation Calls for Increased Medical Marijuana Access and Research , Epilepsy Foundation , retrieved March 3 , 2014 Jump up ^ Genetic Analysis Between Charlotte 's Web Responders Versus Non - Responders in a Dravet Population . ( ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier : NCT02229032 ) , ClinicalTrials.gov , September 2014 , retrieved October 2 , 2014 Jump up ^ Pickert , Kate ( September 3 , 2014 ) , Finally , Some Hard Science on Medical Marijuana for Epilepsy Patients , Time , retrieved October 2 , 2014 External links ( edit ) Cannabis portal Realm of Caring foundation CW Botanicals , A Stanley Brothers Company Charlotte 's Dr. moves to Israel to continue research Weed : Dr. Sanjay Gupta Reports ( full transcript ) , CNN , Full CNN video Weed 2 : Cannabis Madness , Dr. Sanjay Gupta Reports ( full transcript ) , CNN , Full CNN video ( hide ) Cannabis plant Recreational and medical applications rights Industrial applications General Autoflowering cannabis Cannabis indica ruderalis sativa Difference between C. indica and C. sativa Cannabis flower essential oil Consumption Cultivation Etymology ( cannabis , marijuana ) Glossary Cannabis strains Synthetic cannabis Usage General Medical cannabis History Timeline Religious and spiritual use Chalice Hemp Hanfparade List of hemp diseases List of hemp products ( Hempcrete Jewelry Milk Oil ) Hemp for Victory Hemp Industries Association The Emperor Wears No Clothes Variants Bhang Cannabis edibles Cannabis smoking Cannabis tea Vaporizing Preparations Kief Charas Tincture Extracts by potency Hash oil Hashish Phytocannabinoids Cannabidiol ( CBD ) Tetrahydrocannabinol ( THC ) Effects Cannabis in pregnancy Effects of cannabis Long - term Endocannabinoid system Dependence Culture 420 Cannabis Culture Competitions Films High Times Music Religion Head shop Pro-Cannabis organizations ACT AMMA Aotearoa ( ALCP ) ASA Buyers Club CCRMG CLEAR CRC DPA FCA GMM LEAP MAPS MPP NCIA NORML SAFER Social Club SSDP SCC Use demographics Adult lifetime use by country Annual use by country Politics General Bootleggers and Baptists Drug testing Global Marijuana March Legality Legality by country Legal and medical status Legal history in the United States Marijuana Anonymous ( MA ) Marijuana Control , Regulation , and Education Act Marihuana Tax Act of 1937 Major legal reforms UK : Return to class B Uruguay : Law No. 19172 USA : Decriminalization of non-medical use Places that have decriminalized non-medical use Removal from Schedule I of the Controlled Substances Act Politicians and parties Cannabis political parties List of British politicians who have acknowledged cannabis use List of U.S. politicians who have acknowledged cannabis use Legal cases ADPF 187 Gonzales v. Raich Kyllo v. United States ( thermal imaging ) Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charlotte%27s_web_(cannabis)&oldid=805547120 '' Categories : Anticonvulsants Cannabis strains Hemp Medicinal use of cannabis Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles in need of updating from December 2016 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Use mdy dates from September 2014 Articles with ' species ' microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016 Talk Variants Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 16 October 2017 , at 02 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte%2527s%20web%20%28cannabis%29	1,154
where was the first police laboratory established in the us	The Los Angeles Police Department founded the first crime laboratory in the United States ( 1923 ) , followed by the Bureau of Investigation ( 1926 ) , forerunner to the Federal Bureau of Investigation . ( Every Contact Leaves a Trace , Connie Fletcher , St. Martin 's Press , New York , 2006 , interview with crime lab director )	Los Angeles Police Department	Crime lab	crime lab	A crime laboratory - often shortened to crime lab - is a scientific laboratory , using primarily forensic science for the purpose of examining evidence from criminal cases .	Contents ( hide ) 1 Lab personnel 2 Crime labs 2.1 United States 3 Crime labs in popular culture 4 See also 5 External links Lab personnel ( edit ) Police officer of the United States Park Police Identification Unit analysing evidence A typical crime lab has two sets of personnel : Field analysts - investigators that go to crime scenes , collect evidence , and process the scene . Job titles include : Forensic evidence technician Crime scene investigator Scenes of crime officer ( SOCO ) Laboratory analysts - scientists or other personnel who run tests on the evidence once it is brought to the lab ( i.e. , DNA tests , or bullet striations ) . Job titles include : Forensic Technician ( performs support functions such as making reagents ) Forensic Scientist / Criminalist ( performs scientific analyses on evidence ) Fingerprint Analyst Forensic Photographer Forensic Document Examiner Forensic Entomologist Crime labs ( edit ) United states ( edit ) In the United States , crime labs may be publicly or privately operated , although private laboratories typically do not respond to crime scenes to collect evidence . Public crime labs are organized at the city , county , state , or national level . A law enforcement agency that does not operate its own crime lab usually has free access to a higher level laboratory for analysis of their evidence . Most states have their own crime labs , for instance Oklahoma has the OSBI , many other places have smaller yet still sufficient crime labs . The Los Angeles Police Department founded the first crime laboratory in the United States ( 1923 ) , followed by the Bureau of Investigation ( 1926 ) , forerunner to the Federal Bureau of Investigation . ( Every Contact Leaves a Trace , Connie Fletcher , St. Martin 's Press , New York , 2006 , interview with crime lab director ) Crime labs in popular culture ( edit ) The term `` crime lab '' has become a part of popular culture , largely due to the TV dramas . Some of the more famous shows are : Bones ( TV series ) `` Castle ( TV series ) '' CSI : Crime Scene Investigation and spin - offs CSI : Miami and CSI : NY NCIS Quincy , M.E. - a 1970s television show featuring crime lab personnel and procedures . Several non-fiction television programs , document the resolution of criminal cases based on the scientific analysis of the evidence : Forensic Files See also ( edit ) Combined DNA Index System External links ( edit ) FBI Crime Lab Arkansas State Crime Lab Census of Publicly Funded Forensic Crime Laboratories Bureau of Justice Statistics Forensic Science Laboratories : Handbook for Facility Planning , Design , Construction , and Relocation National Institute of Standards and Technology US Postal Inspection Service Forensic Lab Reddy 's Forensic Page - link to US and international forensic laboratories Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crime_lab&oldid=803991991 '' Categories : Forensic facilities Hidden categories : Articles with limited geographic scope from December 2010 USA - centric Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 5 October 2017 , at 23 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime%20lab	1,155

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